Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derez_De%27Shon
Derez De'Shon
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Mixtapes","3.3 Singles","4 References"]
American rapper and singer Derez De'ShonDe'Shon in 2024Background informationBirth nameDerez De'Shon LenardAlso known asD DashD-BoBorn (1989-03-25) March 25, 1989 (age 35)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Occupation(s)RappersingersongwriterYears active2013—presentLabelsThe ConnectVeniceCommission MusicBMGBrick Squad MonopolyFormerly ofRich GangMusical artist Derez De'Shon Lenard (born March 25, 1989), formerly known as D-Dash, is an American rapper and singer from Atlanta, Georgia. He is best known for his 2017 single "Hardaway", which peaked at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut studio album, Pain 2 (2018), narrowly entered the Billboard 200. Early life Lenard was born on March 25, 1989, in Atlanta, Georgia. Career Lenard began his career as part of the short-lived hip hop group Dirt Gang, who were signed by fellow Atlanta rapper Waka Flocka Flame to his record label, Brick Squad Monopoly in 2011. Although Lenard gained some recognition with singles like "Emotionz" and "Came a Long Way", he did not break out into the mainstream until his single "Hardaway" was released. It became his first Billboard charting single, peaking at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut studio album, Pain 2 (2018) narrowly entered the Billboard 200. Prior to its release, he joined Birdman's hip hop collective Rich Gang, although he released no projects under its parent entity, Cash Money Records. His second album, Bigger Than Me (2022) failed to chart. In 2022, Lenard was credited as a songwriter on the album Still Over It for Summer Walker, as he frequently collaborates with the albums producer and fellow Atlanta native, London on da Track. Discography Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions US USHeat. Pain 2 Released: December 14, 2018 Label: Commission Music, BMG Format: Digital download, streaming 186 17 Bigger Than Me Released: November 4, 2022 Label: The Connect, Venice Format: Digital download, streaming — — Mixtapes Title Mixtape details Peak chart positions USHeat. The Warm Up Released: January 11, 2013 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download, streaming — Mill B4 Dinner Time Released: May 20, 2013 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download, streaming — The Warm Up 2 Released: March 26, 2014 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download, streaming — The Greatest Released: February 10, 2015 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download, streaming — AmeriKKKa Released: February 24, 2015 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download, streaming — Pain Released: August 21, 2017 Label: Commission Music, BMG Format: Digital download, streaming — Thank Da Streets Released: November 23, 2017 Label: Commission Music, BMG Format: Digital download, streaming — Pain 3 Released: August 21, 2020 Label: Commission Music, BMG Format: Digital download, streaming 10 Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B/HH USRhythmic USR&B/HHAir. "Emotionz"(featuring Kevin Gates) 2016 — — — — Non-album singles "Came A Long Way"(featuring Trae tha Truth and M.U.G.) — — — — "World Is Ours"(featuring K Camp and Ace Hood) — — — — "Pain" 2017 — — — — Pain "Hardaway"(solo or featuring 2 Chainz and Yo Gotti) 61 26 27 11 RIAA: Gold "Fed Up" 2018 — — — 31 "Beat The Odds"(featuring YFN Lucci) — — — — Pain 2 "Whaddup Doe"(featuring Mozzy) — — 37 — "How Many Shots" 2020 — — — — Non-album singles "Party Pack" — — — — "Calm Down" — — — — Pain 3 "In My Feelings" 2021 — — — — Bigger Than Me "Residue"(featuring Money Mu) — — — — "All Them Days"(featuring Morray) — — — — "Abandoned" — — — — "Dirty Mirror" 2022 — — — — "Save Me"(featuring 1Shot Dealz) — — — — "S.T.L.B."(featuring Big Boogie) — — — — References ^ "Maybe-Couple Birdman and Toni Braxton Link Up on a New Track "Heart Away"". ^ https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/derez-deshon-the-godfather-of-pain-rap-delivers-kazi-exclusive/ ^ "Derez Deshon Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ a b "Derez Deshon Chart History: Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. Retrieved September 16, 2020. ^ "Derez De'Shon Drops "Pain 2" Featuring Lil Baby, Mozzy, YFN Lucci, & More". HotNewHipHop. December 14, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ Bigger Than Me by Derez De'Shon, November 4, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ "The Warm Up Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "Mill B4 Dinner Time Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Drama". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "The Warm Up 2 Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics, DJ Ace & DJ Kash". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "D Dash – The GREATest (2015, 160 kbps, File)". Discogs. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "Amerikkka Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Ace". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "PAIN". HotNewHipHop. August 21, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Thank Da Streets Mixtape by Derez DeShon". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ Pain 3 by Derez De'Shon, August 21, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ "Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022. ^ "Derez Deshon Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022. ^ "Derez Deshon Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022. ^ "Derez De'Shon - Emotionz Feat. Kevin Gates (Prod. By TM88)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez De'Shon - Came A Long Way Feat. Trae Tha Truth & M.U.G. (Prod. By London On Da Track)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez De'Shon - World Is Ours Feat. K Camp & Ace Hood (Prod. By London On Da Track)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez De'Shon - Pain". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez De'Shon - "Hardaway"". HotNewHipHop. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez Deshon Recruits 2 Chainz & Yo Gotti For The Remix To "Hardaway"". HotNewHipHop. March 16, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "American certifications - Derez De'Shon". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "Derez Deshon Drops Off New Video For "Fed Up"". HotNewHipHop. June 16, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez Deshon Links Up With YFN Lucci For New Song "Beat The Odds"". HotNewHipHop. July 14, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ "Derez Deshon & Mozzy Link Up On "Whaddup Doe"". HotNewHipHop. November 20, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020. ^ How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon, February 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon, February 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ Calm Down - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ In My Feelings - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 6, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ Residue (feat. Money Mu) - Single by Derez De'Shon, September 14, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ All Them Days (feat. Morray) - Single by Derez De'Shon, October 28, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ Abandoned - Single by Derez De'Shon, December 16, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ Dirty Mirror - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 9, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ Save Me (ft. 1Shot Dealz) - Single by Derez De'Shon, September 13, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022 ^ S.T.L.B. (feat. Big Boogie) - Single by Derez De'Shon, October 28, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022 Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Pain 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_2"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"}],"text":"American rapper and singerMusical artistDerez De'Shon Lenard (born March 25, 1989), formerly known as D-Dash, is an American rapper and singer from Atlanta, Georgia. He is best known for his 2017 single \"Hardaway\", which peaked at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut studio album, Pain 2 (2018), narrowly entered the Billboard 200.","title":"Derez De'Shon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lenard was born on March 25, 1989, in Atlanta, Georgia.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waka Flocka Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_Flocka_Flame"},{"link_name":"Brick Squad Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1017_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pain 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_2"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Birdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rich Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Money_Records#Rich_Gang"},{"link_name":"Cash Money Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Money_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Still Over It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Over_It"},{"link_name":"Summer Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Walker"},{"link_name":"London on da Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_on_da_Track"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lenard began his career as part of the short-lived hip hop group Dirt Gang, who were signed by fellow Atlanta rapper Waka Flocka Flame to his record label, Brick Squad Monopoly in 2011.Although Lenard gained some recognition with singles like \"Emotionz\" and \"Came a Long Way\", he did not break out into the mainstream until his single \"Hardaway\" was released. It became his first Billboard charting single, peaking at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100.[citation needed] His debut studio album, Pain 2 (2018) narrowly entered the Billboard 200. Prior to its release, he joined Birdman's hip hop collective Rich Gang, although he released no projects under its parent entity, Cash Money Records. His second album, Bigger Than Me (2022) failed to chart.[1]In 2022, Lenard was credited as a songwriter on the album Still Over It for Summer Walker, as he frequently collaborates with the albums producer and fellow Atlanta native, London on da Track.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Maybe-Couple Birdman and Toni Braxton Link Up on a New Track \"Heart Away\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/listen-birdman-toni-braxton-heart-away","url_text":"\"Maybe-Couple Birdman and Toni Braxton Link Up on a New Track \"Heart Away\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Heatseekers Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/tln/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Heatseekers Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon Drops \"Pain 2\" Featuring Lil Baby, Mozzy, YFN Lucci, & More\". HotNewHipHop. December 14, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-de-shon-drops-pain-2-featuring-lil-baby-mozzy-yfn-lucci-and-more-new-mixtape.118738.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon Drops \"Pain 2\" Featuring Lil Baby, Mozzy, YFN Lucci, & More\""}]},{"reference":"Bigger Than Me by Derez De'Shon, November 4, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bigger-than-me/1649574942","url_text":"Bigger Than Me by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"\"The Warm Up Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics\". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185150/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-mixtape.441952.html","url_text":"\"The Warm Up Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics\""},{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-mixtape.441952.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mill B4 Dinner Time Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Drama\". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185157/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Mill-B4-Dinner-Time-mixtape.404813.html","url_text":"\"Mill B4 Dinner Time Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Drama\""},{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Mill-B4-Dinner-Time-mixtape.404813.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Warm Up 2 Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics, DJ Ace & DJ Kash\". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185153/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-2-mixtape.594873.html","url_text":"\"The Warm Up 2 Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics, DJ Ace & DJ Kash\""},{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-2-mixtape.594873.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"D Dash – The GREATest (2015, 160 kbps, File)\". Discogs. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/D-Dash-The-GREATest/release/11734734","url_text":"\"D Dash – The GREATest (2015, 160 kbps, File)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amerikkka Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Ace\". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185155/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Amerikkka-mixtape.690322.html","url_text":"\"Amerikkka Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Ace\""},{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Amerikkka-mixtape.690322.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAIN\". HotNewHipHop. August 21, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-pain-new-mixtape.117450.html","url_text":"\"PAIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thank Da Streets Mixtape by Derez DeShon\". DatPiff. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185151/https://www.datpiff.com/Derez-DeShon-Thank-Da-Streets-mixtape.872954.html","url_text":"\"Thank Da Streets Mixtape by Derez DeShon\""},{"url":"https://www.datpiff.com/Derez-DeShon-Thank-Da-Streets-mixtape.872954.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pain 3 by Derez De'Shon, August 21, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/pain-3/1527286408","url_text":"Pain 3 by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon - Emotionz Feat. Kevin Gates (Prod. By TM88)\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-emotionz-feat-kevin-gates-prod-by-tm88-new-song.1968381.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon - Emotionz Feat. Kevin Gates (Prod. By TM88)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon - Came A Long Way Feat. Trae Tha Truth & M.U.G. (Prod. By London On Da Track)\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-came-a-long-way-feat-trae-tha-truth-and-mug-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1968479.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon - Came A Long Way Feat. Trae Tha Truth & M.U.G. (Prod. By London On Da Track)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon - World Is Ours Feat. K Camp & Ace Hood (Prod. By London On Da Track)\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-world-is-ours-feat-k-camp-and-ace-hood-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1971088.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon - World Is Ours Feat. K Camp & Ace Hood (Prod. By London On Da Track)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon - Pain\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-pain-new-song.1972599.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon - Pain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez De'Shon - \"Hardaway\"\". HotNewHipHop. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-hardaway-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1973545.html","url_text":"\"Derez De'Shon - \"Hardaway\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Recruits 2 Chainz & Yo Gotti For The Remix To \"Hardaway\"\". HotNewHipHop. March 16, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-recruits-2-chainz-and-yo-gotti-for-the-remix-to-hardaway-new-song.1977789.html","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Recruits 2 Chainz & Yo Gotti For The Remix To \"Hardaway\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications - Derez De'Shon\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=derez+de%27shon#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications - Derez De'Shon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Drops Off New Video For \"Fed Up\"\". HotNewHipHop. June 16, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-drops-off-new-video-for-fed-up-new-video.43945.html","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Drops Off New Video For \"Fed Up\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon Links Up With YFN Lucci For New Song \"Beat The Odds\"\". HotNewHipHop. July 14, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-links-up-with-yfn-lucci-for-new-song-beat-the-odds-new-song.1979462.html","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon Links Up With YFN Lucci For New Song \"Beat The Odds\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derez Deshon & Mozzy Link Up On \"Whaddup Doe\"\". HotNewHipHop. November 20, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-and-mozzy-link-up-on-whaddup-doe-new-song.1981143.html","url_text":"\"Derez Deshon & Mozzy Link Up On \"Whaddup Doe\"\""}]},{"reference":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon, February 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/how-many-shots-party-pack-single/1496173803","url_text":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon, February 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/how-many-shots-party-pack-single/1496173803","url_text":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"Calm Down - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 7, 2020, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/calm-down-single/1526302711","url_text":"Calm Down - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"In My Feelings - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 6, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/in-my-feelings-single/1574774726","url_text":"In My Feelings - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"Residue (feat. Money Mu) - Single by Derez De'Shon, September 14, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/residue-feat-money-mu-single/1584044158","url_text":"Residue (feat. Money Mu) - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"All Them Days (feat. Morray) - Single by Derez De'Shon, October 28, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/all-them-days-feat-morray-single/1589865872","url_text":"All Them Days (feat. Morray) - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"Abandoned - Single by Derez De'Shon, December 16, 2021, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/abandoned-single/1598988802","url_text":"Abandoned - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"Dirty Mirror - Single by Derez De'Shon, August 9, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/dirty-mirror-single/1635436899","url_text":"Dirty Mirror - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"Save Me (ft. 1Shot Dealz) - Single by Derez De'Shon, September 13, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/save-me-ft-1shot-dealz-single/1642396124","url_text":"Save Me (ft. 1Shot Dealz) - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]},{"reference":"S.T.L.B. (feat. Big Boogie) - Single by Derez De'Shon, October 28, 2022, retrieved November 11, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/s-t-l-b-feat-big-boogie-single/1649471228","url_text":"S.T.L.B. (feat. Big Boogie) - Single by Derez De'Shon"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/a/cmplxjoshua-espinoza/listen-birdman-toni-braxton-heart-away","external_links_name":"\"Maybe-Couple Birdman and Toni Braxton Link Up on a New Track \"Heart Away\"\""},{"Link":"https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/derez-deshon-the-godfather-of-pain-rap-delivers-kazi-exclusive/","external_links_name":"https://kazimagazine.com/uncategorized/derez-deshon-the-godfather-of-pain-rap-delivers-kazi-exclusive/"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/tlp/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/tln/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Heatseekers Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-de-shon-drops-pain-2-featuring-lil-baby-mozzy-yfn-lucci-and-more-new-mixtape.118738.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon Drops \"Pain 2\" Featuring Lil Baby, Mozzy, YFN Lucci, & More\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/bigger-than-me/1649574942","external_links_name":"Bigger Than Me by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185150/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-mixtape.441952.html","external_links_name":"\"The Warm Up Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-mixtape.441952.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185157/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Mill-B4-Dinner-Time-mixtape.404813.html","external_links_name":"\"Mill B4 Dinner Time Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Mill-B4-Dinner-Time-mixtape.404813.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185153/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-2-mixtape.594873.html","external_links_name":"\"The Warm Up 2 Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by Trap-A-Holics, DJ Ace & DJ Kash\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-The-Warm-Up-2-mixtape.594873.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/D-Dash-The-GREATest/release/11734734","external_links_name":"\"D Dash – The GREATest (2015, 160 kbps, File)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185155/https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Amerikkka-mixtape.690322.html","external_links_name":"\"Amerikkka Mixtape by D Dash Hosted by DJ Ace\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/D-Dash-Amerikkka-mixtape.690322.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-pain-new-mixtape.117450.html","external_links_name":"\"PAIN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185151/https://www.datpiff.com/Derez-DeShon-Thank-Da-Streets-mixtape.872954.html","external_links_name":"\"Thank Da Streets Mixtape by Derez DeShon\""},{"Link":"https://www.datpiff.com/Derez-DeShon-Thank-Da-Streets-mixtape.872954.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/pain-3/1527286408","external_links_name":"Pain 3 by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/hsi/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: Rhythmic Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/derez-deshon/chart-history/bsi/","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-emotionz-feat-kevin-gates-prod-by-tm88-new-song.1968381.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon - Emotionz Feat. Kevin Gates (Prod. By TM88)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-came-a-long-way-feat-trae-tha-truth-and-mug-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1968479.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon - Came A Long Way Feat. Trae Tha Truth & M.U.G. (Prod. By London On Da Track)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-world-is-ours-feat-k-camp-and-ace-hood-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1971088.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon - World Is Ours Feat. K Camp & Ace Hood (Prod. By London On Da Track)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-pain-new-song.1972599.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon - Pain\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-hardaway-prod-by-london-on-da-track-new-song.1973545.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez De'Shon - \"Hardaway\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-recruits-2-chainz-and-yo-gotti-for-the-remix-to-hardaway-new-song.1977789.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Recruits 2 Chainz & Yo Gotti For The Remix To \"Hardaway\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=derez+de%27shon#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American certifications - Derez De'Shon\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-drops-off-new-video-for-fed-up-new-video.43945.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Drops Off New Video For \"Fed Up\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-links-up-with-yfn-lucci-for-new-song-beat-the-odds-new-song.1979462.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon Links Up With YFN Lucci For New Song \"Beat The Odds\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/derez-deshon-and-mozzy-link-up-on-whaddup-doe-new-song.1981143.html","external_links_name":"\"Derez Deshon & Mozzy Link Up On \"Whaddup Doe\"\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/how-many-shots-party-pack-single/1496173803","external_links_name":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/how-many-shots-party-pack-single/1496173803","external_links_name":"How Many Shots? / Party Pack - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/calm-down-single/1526302711","external_links_name":"Calm Down - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/in-my-feelings-single/1574774726","external_links_name":"In My Feelings - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/residue-feat-money-mu-single/1584044158","external_links_name":"Residue (feat. Money Mu) - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/all-them-days-feat-morray-single/1589865872","external_links_name":"All Them Days (feat. Morray) - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/abandoned-single/1598988802","external_links_name":"Abandoned - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/dirty-mirror-single/1635436899","external_links_name":"Dirty Mirror - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/save-me-ft-1shot-dealz-single/1642396124","external_links_name":"Save Me (ft. 1Shot Dealz) - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/s-t-l-b-feat-big-boogie-single/1649471228","external_links_name":"S.T.L.B. (feat. Big Boogie) - Single by Derez De'Shon"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/03d2f3bc-648b-4325-affd-59065b0f3a1e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Keszthelyi
Vivien Keszthelyi
["1 Career","2 Racing record","2.1 Career summary","2.2 Complete Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup results","2.3 Complete F3 Asian Winter Series results","2.4 Complete W Series results","2.5 Complete Euroformula Open Championship results","3 References"]
Hungarian racing driver A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vivien KeszthelyiVivien Keszthelyi in 2020Nationality HungarianBorn (2000-12-07) 7 December 2000 (age 23)Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar, HungaryPrevious series20142014-152016201720182019Suzuki Swift Cup AustriaSuzuki Swift Cup EuropeCentral European Zone TrophyAudi Sport TT CupAudi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS CupF3 Asian Championship Winter Series Vivien Keszthelyi (born 7 December 2000) is a Hungarian racing driver who started her career at the age of 13. She is a member of the Audi Sport Racing Academy. Keszthelyi started her professional career in 2014, in the Suzuki Swift Cup Europe series. She became the youngest and only female member of Audi Sport Racing Academy in 2015, also becoming the first Hungarian racing driver with factory connection. In 2016, she won her first races in an Audi TT in the Central European Zone Trophy, where she won both the sprint and the endurance categories. In 2017, Keszthelyi became the youngest Hungarian point scorer in international series, when she competed in the Audi Sport TT Cup. In 2018, she finished second in the Audi Sport R8 Cup, making her the youngest female racing driver in the international GT4 championships to finish the season in the top 3. Career When she first raced in an international competition, she finished third in the absolute and second in the junior category during the racing weekend at the Hungaroring. She was able to enter the Swift Cup Europe series with a special license, which was essential for her to compete at the international level at her age. At the end of the season, she finished third in the junior and sixth in the overall standings. The promoter of Swift Cup Austria invited her to one of the races of the competition, where she finished 4th. In her second season in the Swift Cup Europe she finished third in the absolute and second in the junior category. In 2016 she was included into the Audi Sport Racing Academy at the age of 15 among the three drivers chosen to be members of the academy. Keszthelyi then competed in the Central European Zone Trophy with an Audi TT. In her first season she became the D-2000 Hungarian national champion of both the sprint and the endurance category. In 2017, Keszthelyi continued in the Audi TT Cup where she only completed 7 out of 13 races. She collected 65 points and finished 13th in the championship. In 2018 Keszthelyi competed in the Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup with an Audi R8 LMS GT4. The 17-year-old delivered consistent performances throughout the season. Over the course of the season she collected 3 podiums. At the end of the season she was crowned vice-champion overall and champion of the rookie category. On 2 January 2019, it was confirmed that Keszthelyi would race in the F3 Asian Championship Winter Series. She scored 13 points and finished 13th. Keszthelyi qualified for W Series as one of two reserve drivers. Vivien Keszthelyi replaced Emma Kimilainen in the 2nd round at Zolder and the 3rd round at Misano where she scored her only point of the season. Normally a reserve driver, she was promoted to regular driver duties at Round 4 and Round 6. In 2020, she tested the Dallara 320 with Carlin Motorsport and Motopark. In 2021, she competed in the Euroformula Open Championship with Motopark. The 20-year-old was the first Hungarian to race in the competition. Racing record Career summary Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 2014 Suzuki Swift Cup Europe Oxxo Motorsport ? ? ? ? ? ? 6th 2015 Suzuki Swift Cup Europe Oxxo Motorsport ? ? ? ? ? ? 3rd 2016 Central European Zone Trophy Team VRS ? ? ? ? ? ? 1st 2017 Audi Sport TT Cup N/A 11 0 0 0 0 65 13th 2018 Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup Team VRS 12 0 0 0 3 129 2nd 2019 W Series Hitech GP 4 0 0 0 0 1 17th F3 Asian Championship - Winter Series BlackArts Racing Team 9 0 0 0 0 13 13th 2021 Euroformula Open Championship Team Motopark 12 0 0 0 0 12 20th * Season still in progress. Complete Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pos Points HOC LAU HUN BRA MIS NÜR 2018 Team VRS Absolute 3 3 4 4 4 2 7 4 4 6 11 4 2nd 129 Rookie 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 4 4 3 1st 154.5 Complete F3 Asian Winter Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pos Points 2019 BlackArts Racing Team CHA18 CHA111 CHA19 SEP19 SEP111 SEP110 SEP1Ret SEP1Ret SEP110 13th 13 Complete W Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 DC Points 2019 Hitech GP HOCPO ZOLRet MIS10 NOR13 ASSPO BRH14 17th 1 Complete Euroformula Open Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers) Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DC Points 2021 Team Motopark POR110 POR29 POR312 LEC110 LEC211 LEC311 SPA18 SPA210 SPA310 HUN111 HUN29 HUN3Ret IMO1 IMO2 IMO3 RBR1 RBR2 RBR3 MNZ1 MNZ2 MNZ3 CAT1 CAT2 CAT3 20th 12 References ^ "Vivien Keszthelyi". www.vivienkeszthelyi.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-09. ^ "Women in Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi". Style & Race. 2018-09-04. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Egy ifjú hölgy az OXXO Energy legújabb autóversenyzője (A young lady is the next member of OXXO Energy auto race team)" (in Hungarian). 2013-12-11. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ a b "Audi Sport racing academy: talent school for young race drivers". www.volkswagenag.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Első az elsők közt Keszthelyi Vivien (First among excellents: Vivien Keszthelyi)". www.autoszektor.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Audi Sport Racing Academy – Hungarian 15-year-old wins place at Audi racing academy" (PDF). Auto+ Women in Motor Sport. No. 10. FIA. May 2016. p. 14. Retrieved 18 February 2021. ^ a b "Swift Cup Europe 2014 Végeredmény (Swift Cup Europe 2014 Championship results)" (PDF). MNASZ (National Automobile Federation of Hungary). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2020-06-09. ^ "Csak három pilótára csapott le az Audi, a 15 éves Keszthelyi Vivien is köztük van (Just three young pilot was pounced on by Audi, 15-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi is among them)" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 2016-05-27. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien 7 trófeával és a magyar bajnoki címmel távozott Brnóból (Vivien Keszthelyi left Brno with 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title)" (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "A 17 éves Keszthelyi Vivien az Audi főhadiszállásán ünnepelt (17-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi celebrated at Audi's headquarters)" (in Hungarian). 24.hu. 2017-12-19. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Történelmi magyar siker a Nürburgringen (Historical Hungarian success at the Nürburgring)". 9900.hu (in Hungarian). 2018-09-09. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ Illmer, Harald. "Der alte und neue Champion heißt Christoph Zellhofer: Er holt sich die Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy zum zweiten Mal (The old and new champion is called Christoph Zellhofer: He has won the Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy for the second time)". Suzuki Motorsport Cup 2014 (in German). Zellhofer Motorsport. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien három serleget is hazavihetett a szombat esti MNASZ díjátadó-gálán (Vivien Keszthelyi could bring home 3 trophies from Hungarian National Motorsport Federation's award ceremony)". GP-live.hu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-19. ^ "Magyar tinilányt választott versenyzőjének az Audi (Audi chose a Hungarian teenage girl as its racer)" (in Hungarian). Heti Világgazdaság. 2016-04-12. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ "Vivien bekezdett (Vivien had a great season opening)" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport (Youth Sport). 2016-05-04. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ "Biztatóan kezdett Keszthelyi Vivien (Encouraging start of Vivien Keszthelyi)" (in Hungarian). Presztízs Magazin. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ H-g, Rachel (2017-07-11). "Speedqueens: Vivien Keszthelyi". Speedqueens. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien (15) hét trófeát és magyar bajnoki címet szerzett a Közép-európai Zóna Kupában (Vivien Keszthelyi (15) won 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title at Central European Zone Trophy)" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2016-09-13. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17. ^ "Keszthelyi: nyomtunk egy Verstappent pepitában! (Keszthelyi: "I had a year like Verstappen"!)" (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ "Magyar pontszerzés a legendás Nürburgringen (Hungarian scoring on the legendary Nürburgring)" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ "Túraautó: Keszthelyi Vivien pontokkal búcsúzott a TT-kupától (Touring car sport: Vivien Keszthely said goodbye to the TT Cup with scores)" (in Hungarian). NSO. 2017-10-15. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien visszaverte az ex-Forma-1-es pilóta támadásait (Vivien Keszthelyi repulsed the attacks of the ex-Formula 1 driver)" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien egyik legjobb versenyével zárta TT Cup szezonját (Vivien Keszthelyi closed the TT Cup season with one of the best races)" (in Hungarian). M4 Sport (Magyar Televízió). Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien magát is meglepte a parádés bemutatkozással – Kétszer is a dobogóra állhatott élete első GT versenyén. (Vivien Keszthelyi surprised even herself with the parade introduction - She was able to take the podium twice in the first GT race of her life.)". www.redbull.com (in Hungarian). Red Bull Hungária. 2018-09-05. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. ^ "Ezüst a dűnék közt (Silver medal won in the sand dunes)" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2018-05-21. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Keszthelyi Vivien pályafutása legnagyobb sikerét aratta a Hungaroringen (Vivien Keszthelyi had the greatest success of her career at the Hungaroring)" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn kétszer nyert, Keszthelyi Vivien második a bajnokságban (Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn won twice, Vivien Keszthelyi is second in the championship)". Racingline.hu (in Hungarian). 2018-08-14. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Egyetlen lépésre a dobogótól (One step from the podium)" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2018-08-25. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ "Vivien Keszthelyi becomes the first Hungarian woman in Formula 3". Speedcafe. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2019-01-07. ^ "Autósport: Keszthelyi Vivien a Formula–3-ban folytatja (Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi continues in Formula 3)" (in Hungarian). NSO. 2019-01-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2019-01-07. ^ "RACES / STANDINGS / Asian Winter Series - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA". F3 Asian Championship (Certified by FIA). Retrieved 2021-02-18. ^ "Vivien Keszthelyi – 2019 Reserve Driver". W Series. Retrieved 2021-02-18. ^ "Vivien Keszthelyi To Race In W Series Today At Zolder In Place Of Emma Kimilainen". W Series. 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2021-02-18. ^ "@WSeriesRacing on Twitter". Twitter. 6 July 2019. ^ "Hungary's woman talent Vivien Keszthelyi to race for Motopark in Euroformula". www.euroformulaopen.net. Retrieved 2021-04-18. vteW Series drivers Ayla Ågren Tereza Bábíčková Sarah Bovy Bianca Bustamante Jamie Chadwick Chloe Chambers Sabré Cook Emely de Heus Abbie Eaton Belén García Marta García Megan Gilkes Esmee Hawkey Jessica Hawkins Shea Holbrook Vivien Keszthelyi Emma Kimiläinen Miki Koyama Nerea Martí Sarah Moore Juju Noda Tasmin Pepper Vicky Piria Alice Powell Abbi Pulling Gosia Rdest Naomi Schiff Irina Sidorkova Bruna Tomaselli Beitske Visser Fabienne Wohlwend Caitlin Wood vteTeams and drivers that competed in the 2023 Euroformula Open ChampionshipCryptoTower RacingEffective RacingNoda RacingTeam MotoparkBVM RacingNV Racing 6. Vladislav Ryabov 15. Enzo Trulli 20. Benjámin Berta 21. Josh Mason 39. Gerrard Xie 77. Tim Tramnitz 99. Attila Pénzes 7. Vladimír Netušil 10. Juju Noda 19. Noel León 23. Bryce Aron 26. Jakob Bergmeister 73. Cian Shields 84. Francesco Simonazzi 212. Paolo Brajnik Other drivers:
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"racing driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_racing_drivers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Audi TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_TT"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Audi Sport TT Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Sport_TT_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Vivien Keszthelyi (born 7 December 2000[1]) is a Hungarian racing driver who started her career at the age of 13.[2][3] She is a member of the Audi Sport Racing Academy.[4][5][6]Keszthelyi started her professional career in 2014, in the Suzuki Swift Cup Europe series.[7] She became the youngest and only female member of Audi Sport Racing Academy in 2015, also becoming the first Hungarian racing driver with factory connection.[8] In 2016, she won her first races in an Audi TT in the Central European Zone Trophy, where she won both the sprint and the endurance categories.[9]In 2017, Keszthelyi became the youngest Hungarian point scorer in international series, when she competed in the Audi Sport TT Cup.[10] In 2018, she finished second in the Audi Sport R8 Cup, making her the youngest female racing driver in the international GT4 championships to finish the season in the top 3.[11]","title":"Vivien Keszthelyi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungaroring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroring"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Audi Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Sport_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Audi TT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_TT"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Audi TT Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Audi_Sport_TT_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Audi R8 LMS GT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_R8_LMS_GT4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"F3 Asian Championship Winter Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_F3_Asian_Championship#Winter_series"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_W_Series"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Emma Kimilainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kimil%C3%A4inen"},{"link_name":"Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Zolder"},{"link_name":"Misano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misano_World_Circuit_Marco_Simoncelli"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dallara 320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara"},{"link_name":"Carlin Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlin_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Motopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motopark_Academy"},{"link_name":"Euroformula Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Euroformula_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Motopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motopark_Academy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"When she first raced in an international competition, she finished third in the absolute and second in the junior category during the racing weekend at the Hungaroring.[citation needed] She was able to enter the Swift Cup Europe series with a special license, which was essential for her to compete at the international level at her age. At the end of the season, she finished third in the junior and sixth in the overall standings.[7] The promoter of Swift Cup Austria invited her to one of the races of the competition, where she finished 4th.[12]In her second season in the Swift Cup Europe she finished third in the absolute and second in the junior category.[13] In 2016 she was included into the Audi Sport Racing Academy at the age of 15 among the three drivers chosen to be members of the academy.[14][4]Keszthelyi then competed in the Central European Zone Trophy with an Audi TT.[15][16] In her first season she became the D-2000 Hungarian national champion of both the sprint and the endurance category.[17][18]In 2017, Keszthelyi continued in the Audi TT Cup where she only completed 7 out of 13 races.[19][20] She collected 65 points and finished 13th in the championship.[21][22][23]In 2018 Keszthelyi competed in the Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup with an Audi R8 LMS GT4. The 17-year-old delivered consistent performances throughout the season.[24][25][26][27][28] Over the course of the season she collected 3 podiums. At the end of the season she was crowned vice-champion overall and champion of the rookie category.On 2 January 2019, it was confirmed that Keszthelyi would race in the F3 Asian Championship Winter Series.[29][30] She scored 13 points and finished 13th.[31]Keszthelyi qualified for W Series as one of two reserve drivers.[32] Vivien Keszthelyi replaced Emma Kimilainen in the 2nd round at Zolder and the 3rd round at Misano where she scored her only point of the season.[33] Normally a reserve driver, she was promoted to regular driver duties at Round 4 and Round 6.[34]In 2020, she tested the Dallara 320 with Carlin Motorsport and Motopark.In 2021, she competed in the Euroformula Open Championship with Motopark. The 20-year-old was the first Hungarian to race in the competition.[35]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career summary","text":"* Season still in progress.","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete F3 Asian Winter Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete W Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete Euroformula Open Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)","title":"Racing record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi\". www.vivienkeszthelyi.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vivienkeszthelyi.com/","url_text":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311091412/http://www.vivienkeszthelyi.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Women in Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi\". Style & Race. 2018-09-04. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://styleandrace.com/en/allgemein-en/women-in-motorsport-vivien/","url_text":"\"Women in Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924174545/http://styleandrace.com/en/allgemein-en/women-in-motorsport-vivien/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Egy ifjú hölgy az OXXO Energy legújabb autóversenyzője (A young lady is the next member of OXXO Energy auto race team)\" (in Hungarian). 2013-12-11. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://propeller.hu/sport/2837293-egy-ifju-holgy-oxxo-energy","url_text":"\"Egy ifjú hölgy az OXXO Energy legújabb autóversenyzője (A young lady is the next member of OXXO Energy auto race team)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135402/https://propeller.hu/sport/2837293-egy-ifju-holgy-oxxo-energy","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audi Sport racing academy: talent school for young race drivers\". www.volkswagenag.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2016/4/racing_academy.html","url_text":"\"Audi Sport racing academy: talent school for young race drivers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104080309/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2016/4/racing_academy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Első az elsők közt Keszthelyi Vivien (First among excellents: Vivien Keszthelyi)\". www.autoszektor.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoszektor.hu/hu/content/elso-az-elsok-kozt-keszthelyi-vivien","url_text":"\"Első az elsők közt Keszthelyi Vivien (First among excellents: Vivien Keszthelyi)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110754/http://www.autoszektor.hu/hu/content/elso-az-elsok-kozt-keszthelyi-vivien","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audi Sport Racing Academy – Hungarian 15-year-old wins place at Audi racing academy\" (PDF). Auto+ Women in Motor Sport. No. 10. FIA. May 2016. p. 14. Retrieved 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/auto_women_in_motor_sport_10_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Audi Sport Racing Academy – Hungarian 15-year-old wins place at Audi racing academy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA","url_text":"FIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Swift Cup Europe 2014 Végeredmény (Swift Cup Europe 2014 Championship results)\" (PDF). MNASZ (National Automobile Federation of Hungary). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2020-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://mnasz.hu/uploads/documents/107/scee-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Swift Cup Europe 2014 Végeredmény (Swift Cup Europe 2014 Championship results)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075855/https://mnasz.hu/uploads/documents/107/scee-2014.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Csak három pilótára csapott le az Audi, a 15 éves Keszthelyi Vivien is köztük van (Just three young pilot was pounced on by Audi, 15-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi is among them)\" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 2016-05-27. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://index.hu/sport/motorsport/2016/05/27/keszthelyi_vivien_audi_akademia_fia_magazin/","url_text":"\"Csak három pilótára csapott le az Audi, a 15 éves Keszthelyi Vivien is köztük van (Just three young pilot was pounced on by Audi, 15-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi is among them)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021220750/https://index.hu/sport/motorsport/2016/05/27/keszthelyi_vivien_audi_akademia_fia_magazin/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien 7 trófeával és a magyar bajnoki címmel távozott Brnóból (Vivien Keszthelyi left Brno with 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title)\" (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://hu.motorsport.com/general/news/keszthelyi-vivien-7-trofeaval-es-a-magyar-bajnoki-cimmel-tavozott-brnobol/832970/","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien 7 trófeával és a magyar bajnoki címmel távozott Brnóból (Vivien Keszthelyi left Brno with 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616092933/https://hu.motorsport.com/general/news/keszthelyi-vivien-7-trofeaval-es-a-magyar-bajnoki-cimmel-tavozott-brnobol/832970/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A 17 éves Keszthelyi Vivien az Audi főhadiszállásán ünnepelt (17-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi celebrated at Audi's headquarters)\" (in Hungarian). 24.hu. 2017-12-19. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://24.hu/sport/2017/12/19/a-17-eves-keszthelyi-vivien-az-audi-gyarban-unnepelt/","url_text":"\"A 17 éves Keszthelyi Vivien az Audi főhadiszállásán ünnepelt (17-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi celebrated at Audi's headquarters)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106075105/https://24.hu/sport/2017/12/19/a-17-eves-keszthelyi-vivien-az-audi-gyarban-unnepelt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Történelmi magyar siker a Nürburgringen (Historical Hungarian success at the Nürburgring)\". 9900.hu (in Hungarian). 2018-09-09. Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075231/https://9900.hu/2018-09-09-tortenelmi-magyar-siker-a-nurburgringen/","url_text":"\"Történelmi magyar siker a Nürburgringen (Historical Hungarian success at the Nürburgring)\""},{"url":"https://9900.hu/2018-09-09-tortenelmi-magyar-siker-a-nurburgringen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Illmer, Harald. \"Der alte und neue Champion heißt Christoph Zellhofer: Er holt sich die Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy zum zweiten Mal (The old and new champion is called Christoph Zellhofer: He has won the Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy for the second time)\". Suzuki Motorsport Cup 2014 (in German). Zellhofer Motorsport. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suzuki-cup.at/site/presse2014_16.html","url_text":"\"Der alte und neue Champion heißt Christoph Zellhofer: Er holt sich die Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy zum zweiten Mal (The old and new champion is called Christoph Zellhofer: He has won the Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy for the second time)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094157/http://www.suzuki-cup.at/site/presse2014_16.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien három serleget is hazavihetett a szombat esti MNASZ díjátadó-gálán (Vivien Keszthelyi could bring home 3 trophies from Hungarian National Motorsport Federation's award ceremony)\". GP-live.hu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309130322/http://gp-live.hu/motorsportok/keszthelyi-vivien-harom-serleget-is-hazavihetett-a-szombat-esti-mnasz-dijatado-galan/","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien három serleget is hazavihetett a szombat esti MNASZ díjátadó-gálán (Vivien Keszthelyi could bring home 3 trophies from Hungarian National Motorsport Federation's award ceremony)\""},{"url":"http://gp-live.hu/motorsportok/keszthelyi-vivien-harom-serleget-is-hazavihetett-a-szombat-esti-mnasz-dijatado-galan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magyar tinilányt választott versenyzőjének az Audi (Audi chose a Hungarian teenage girl as its racer)\" (in Hungarian). Heti Világgazdaság. 2016-04-12. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://hvg.hu/cegauto/20160412_Magyar_tinilany_az_Audi_versenyzoje","url_text":"\"Magyar tinilányt választott versenyzőjének az Audi (Audi chose a Hungarian teenage girl as its racer)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heti_Vil%C3%A1ggazdas%C3%A1g","url_text":"Heti Világgazdaság"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094158/https://hvg.hu/cegauto/20160412_Magyar_tinilany_az_Audi_versenyzoje","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vivien bekezdett (Vivien had a great season opening)\" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport (Youth Sport). 2016-05-04. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2016/05/04/vivien-bekezdett/","url_text":"\"Vivien bekezdett (Vivien had a great season opening)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2016/05/04/vivien-bekezdett/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biztatóan kezdett Keszthelyi Vivien (Encouraging start of Vivien Keszthelyi)\" (in Hungarian). Presztízs Magazin. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presztizs.com/technikai-sportok/biztatoan-kezdett-keszthelyi-vivien","url_text":"\"Biztatóan kezdett Keszthelyi Vivien (Encouraging start of Vivien Keszthelyi)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094158/https://www.presztizs.com/technikai-sportok/biztatoan-kezdett-keszthelyi-vivien","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"H-g, Rachel (2017-07-11). \"Speedqueens: Vivien Keszthelyi\". Speedqueens. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://speedqueens.blogspot.com/2017/07/vivien-keszthelyi-is-hungarian-driver.html","url_text":"\"Speedqueens: Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094157/http://speedqueens.blogspot.com/2017/07/vivien-keszthelyi-is-hungarian-driver.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien (15) hét trófeát és magyar bajnoki címet szerzett a Közép-európai Zóna Kupában (Vivien Keszthelyi (15) won 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title at Central European Zone Trophy)\" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2016-09-13. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/up-gyors/keszthelyi-vivien-15-het-trofeat-es-magyar-bajnoki-cimet-szerzett-a-kozep-europai-zona-kupaban/","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien (15) hét trófeát és magyar bajnoki címet szerzett a Közép-európai Zóna Kupában (Vivien Keszthelyi (15) won 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title at Central European Zone Trophy)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/up-gyors/keszthelyi-vivien-15-het-trofeat-es-magyar-bajnoki-cimet-szerzett-a-kozep-europai-zona-kupaban/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi: nyomtunk egy Verstappent pepitában! (Keszthelyi: \"I had a year like Verstappen\"!)\" (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://hu.motorsport.com/other-cars/news/Keszthelyi-inkabb-Verstappent-valasztja-mint-Palmert/2167094/","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi: nyomtunk egy Verstappent pepitában! (Keszthelyi: \"I had a year like Verstappen\"!)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://hu.motorsport.com/other-cars/news/Keszthelyi-inkabb-Verstappent-valasztja-mint-Palmert/2167094/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Magyar pontszerzés a legendás Nürburgringen (Hungarian scoring on the legendary Nürburgring)\" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170910-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-nurburgring.html","url_text":"\"Magyar pontszerzés a legendás Nürburgringen (Hungarian scoring on the legendary Nürburgring)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origo_(website)","url_text":"Origo.hu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094202/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170910-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-nurburgring.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Túraautó: Keszthelyi Vivien pontokkal búcsúzott a TT-kupától (Touring car sport: Vivien Keszthely said goodbye to the TT Cup with scores)\" (in Hungarian). NSO. 2017-10-15. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/utanpotlassport/Turaauto_Keszthelyi_Vivien_pontokkal_bucsuzott_a_TT-kupatol-2597575","url_text":"\"Túraautó: Keszthelyi Vivien pontokkal búcsúzott a TT-kupától (Touring car sport: Vivien Keszthely said goodbye to the TT Cup with scores)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094203/https://www.nemzetisport.hu/utanpotlassport/Turaauto_Keszthelyi_Vivien_pontokkal_bucsuzott_a_TT-kupatol-2597575","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien visszaverte az ex-Forma-1-es pilóta támadásait (Vivien Keszthelyi repulsed the attacks of the ex-Formula 1 driver)\" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170820-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-forma-1.html","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien visszaverte az ex-Forma-1-es pilóta támadásait (Vivien Keszthelyi repulsed the attacks of the ex-Formula 1 driver)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094215/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170820-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-forma-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien egyik legjobb versenyével zárta TT Cup szezonját (Vivien Keszthelyi closed the TT Cup season with one of the best races)\" (in Hungarian). M4 Sport (Magyar Televízió). Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.m4sport.hu/2017/10/16/keszthelyi-vivien-egyik-legjobb-versenyevel-zarta-tt-cup-szezonjat/","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien egyik legjobb versenyével zárta TT Cup szezonját (Vivien Keszthelyi closed the TT Cup season with one of the best races)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3","url_text":"Magyar Televízió"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094219/https://m4sport.hu/2017/10/16/keszthelyi-vivien-egyik-legjobb-versenyevel-zarta-tt-cup-szezonjat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien magát is meglepte a parádés bemutatkozással – Kétszer is a dobogóra állhatott élete első GT versenyén. (Vivien Keszthelyi surprised even herself with the parade introduction - She was able to take the podium twice in the first GT race of her life.)\". www.redbull.com (in Hungarian). Red Bull Hungária. 2018-09-05. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbull.com/hu/keszthelyi-vivien-magat-is-meglepte-a-parades-bemutatkozassal","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien magát is meglepte a parádés bemutatkozással – Kétszer is a dobogóra állhatott élete első GT versenyén. (Vivien Keszthelyi surprised even herself with the parade introduction - She was able to take the podium twice in the first GT race of her life.)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094246/https://www.redbull.com/hu/keszthelyi-vivien-magat-is-meglepte-a-parades-bemutatkozassal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ezüst a dűnék közt (Silver medal won in the sand dunes)\" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2018-05-21. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/05/21/ezust-a-dunek-kozt/","url_text":"\"Ezüst a dűnék közt (Silver medal won in the sand dunes)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094243/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/05/21/ezust-a-dunek-kozt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien pályafutása legnagyobb sikerét aratta a Hungaroringen (Vivien Keszthelyi had the greatest success of her career at the Hungaroring)\" (in Hungarian). Origo.hu/. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20180604-keszthelyi-vivien-palyafutasa-legnagyobb-sikeret-aratta-a-hungaroringen-a-dobogo-masodik-fokara.html","url_text":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien pályafutása legnagyobb sikerét aratta a Hungaroringen (Vivien Keszthelyi had the greatest success of her career at the Hungaroring)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094318/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20180604-keszthelyi-vivien-palyafutasa-legnagyobb-sikeret-aratta-a-hungaroringen-a-dobogo-masodik-fokara.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn kétszer nyert, Keszthelyi Vivien második a bajnokságban (Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn won twice, Vivien Keszthelyi is second in the championship)\". Racingline.hu (in Hungarian). 2018-08-14. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingline.hu/fastest_slap/seyffarth-r8-heidorn-keszthelyi-vivien/2018/08/14/","url_text":"\"Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn kétszer nyert, Keszthelyi Vivien második a bajnokságban (Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn won twice, Vivien Keszthelyi is second in the championship)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094252/https://racingline.hu/fastest-slap/seyffarth-r8-heidorn-keszthelyi-vivien/2018/08/14/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Egyetlen lépésre a dobogótól (One step from the podium)\" (in Hungarian). UtánpótlásSport. 2018-08-25. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/08/25/egyetlen-lepesre-a-dobogotol/","url_text":"\"Egyetlen lépésre a dobogótól (One step from the podium)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094253/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/08/25/egyetlen-lepesre-a-dobogotol/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi becomes the first Hungarian woman in Formula 3\". Speedcafe. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedcafe.com/news_extra/vivien-keszthelyi-becomes-the-first-hungarian-woman-in-formula-3/","url_text":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi becomes the first Hungarian woman in Formula 3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094247/https://www.speedcafe.com/news_extra/vivien-keszthelyi-becomes-the-first-hungarian-woman-in-formula-3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Autósport: Keszthelyi Vivien a Formula–3-ban folytatja (Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi continues in Formula 3)\" (in Hungarian). NSO. 2019-01-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2019-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_auto_motor/autosport-keszthelyi-vivien-a-formula-3-ban-folytatja-2676587","url_text":"\"Autósport: Keszthelyi Vivien a Formula–3-ban folytatja (Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi continues in Formula 3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Sport","url_text":"NSO"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094242/https://www.nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_auto_motor/autosport-keszthelyi-vivien-a-formula-3-ban-folytatja-2676587","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RACES / STANDINGS / Asian Winter Series - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA\". F3 Asian Championship (Certified by FIA). Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f3asia.com/races/results/2019/Round_1/","url_text":"\"RACES / STANDINGS / Asian Winter Series - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi – 2019 Reserve Driver\". W Series. Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://wseries.com/drivers/vivien-keszthelyi/","url_text":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi – 2019 Reserve Driver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi To Race In W Series Today At Zolder In Place Of Emma Kimilainen\". W Series. 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/vivien-keszthelyi-to-race-in-w-series-today-at-zolder-in-place-of-emma-kimilainen/","url_text":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi To Race In W Series Today At Zolder In Place Of Emma Kimilainen\""}]},{"reference":"\"@WSeriesRacing on Twitter\". Twitter. 6 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/WSeriesRacing/status/1147213080520269824","url_text":"\"@WSeriesRacing on Twitter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary's woman talent Vivien Keszthelyi to race for Motopark in Euroformula\". www.euroformulaopen.net. Retrieved 2021-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euroformulaopen.net/en/news/4241/hungarys-woman-talent-vivien-keszthelyi-to-race-for-motopark-in-euroformula","url_text":"\"Hungary's woman talent Vivien Keszthelyi to race for Motopark in Euroformula\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.vivienkeszthelyi.com/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311091412/http://www.vivienkeszthelyi.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://styleandrace.com/en/allgemein-en/women-in-motorsport-vivien/","external_links_name":"\"Women in Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924174545/http://styleandrace.com/en/allgemein-en/women-in-motorsport-vivien/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://propeller.hu/sport/2837293-egy-ifju-holgy-oxxo-energy","external_links_name":"\"Egy ifjú hölgy az OXXO Energy legújabb autóversenyzője (A young lady is the next member of OXXO Energy auto race team)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135402/https://propeller.hu/sport/2837293-egy-ifju-holgy-oxxo-energy","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2016/4/racing_academy.html","external_links_name":"\"Audi Sport racing academy: talent school for young race drivers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104080309/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2016/4/racing_academy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.autoszektor.hu/hu/content/elso-az-elsok-kozt-keszthelyi-vivien","external_links_name":"\"Első az elsők közt Keszthelyi Vivien (First among excellents: Vivien Keszthelyi)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327110754/http://www.autoszektor.hu/hu/content/elso-az-elsok-kozt-keszthelyi-vivien","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/auto_women_in_motor_sport_10_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Audi Sport Racing Academy – Hungarian 15-year-old wins place at Audi racing academy\""},{"Link":"http://mnasz.hu/uploads/documents/107/scee-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Swift Cup Europe 2014 Végeredmény (Swift Cup Europe 2014 Championship results)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330075855/https://mnasz.hu/uploads/documents/107/scee-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://index.hu/sport/motorsport/2016/05/27/keszthelyi_vivien_audi_akademia_fia_magazin/","external_links_name":"\"Csak három pilótára csapott le az Audi, a 15 éves Keszthelyi Vivien is köztük van (Just three young pilot was pounced on by Audi, 15-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi is among them)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021220750/https://index.hu/sport/motorsport/2016/05/27/keszthelyi_vivien_audi_akademia_fia_magazin/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hu.motorsport.com/general/news/keszthelyi-vivien-7-trofeaval-es-a-magyar-bajnoki-cimmel-tavozott-brnobol/832970/","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien 7 trófeával és a magyar bajnoki címmel távozott Brnóból (Vivien Keszthelyi left Brno with 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616092933/https://hu.motorsport.com/general/news/keszthelyi-vivien-7-trofeaval-es-a-magyar-bajnoki-cimmel-tavozott-brnobol/832970/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://24.hu/sport/2017/12/19/a-17-eves-keszthelyi-vivien-az-audi-gyarban-unnepelt/","external_links_name":"\"A 17 éves Keszthelyi Vivien az Audi főhadiszállásán ünnepelt (17-year-old Vivien Keszthelyi celebrated at Audi's headquarters)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106075105/https://24.hu/sport/2017/12/19/a-17-eves-keszthelyi-vivien-az-audi-gyarban-unnepelt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075231/https://9900.hu/2018-09-09-tortenelmi-magyar-siker-a-nurburgringen/","external_links_name":"\"Történelmi magyar siker a Nürburgringen (Historical Hungarian success at the Nürburgring)\""},{"Link":"https://9900.hu/2018-09-09-tortenelmi-magyar-siker-a-nurburgringen/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.suzuki-cup.at/site/presse2014_16.html","external_links_name":"\"Der alte und neue Champion heißt Christoph Zellhofer: Er holt sich die Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy zum zweiten Mal (The old and new champion is called Christoph Zellhofer: He has won the Suzuki Motorsport Cup Trophy for the second time)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094157/http://www.suzuki-cup.at/site/presse2014_16.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309130322/http://gp-live.hu/motorsportok/keszthelyi-vivien-harom-serleget-is-hazavihetett-a-szombat-esti-mnasz-dijatado-galan/","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien három serleget is hazavihetett a szombat esti MNASZ díjátadó-gálán (Vivien Keszthelyi could bring home 3 trophies from Hungarian National Motorsport Federation's award ceremony)\""},{"Link":"http://gp-live.hu/motorsportok/keszthelyi-vivien-harom-serleget-is-hazavihetett-a-szombat-esti-mnasz-dijatado-galan/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hvg.hu/cegauto/20160412_Magyar_tinilany_az_Audi_versenyzoje","external_links_name":"\"Magyar tinilányt választott versenyzőjének az Audi (Audi chose a Hungarian teenage girl as its racer)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094158/https://hvg.hu/cegauto/20160412_Magyar_tinilany_az_Audi_versenyzoje","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2016/05/04/vivien-bekezdett/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien bekezdett (Vivien had a great season opening)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2016/05/04/vivien-bekezdett/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.presztizs.com/technikai-sportok/biztatoan-kezdett-keszthelyi-vivien","external_links_name":"\"Biztatóan kezdett Keszthelyi Vivien (Encouraging start of Vivien Keszthelyi)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094158/https://www.presztizs.com/technikai-sportok/biztatoan-kezdett-keszthelyi-vivien","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://speedqueens.blogspot.com/2017/07/vivien-keszthelyi-is-hungarian-driver.html","external_links_name":"\"Speedqueens: Vivien Keszthelyi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094157/http://speedqueens.blogspot.com/2017/07/vivien-keszthelyi-is-hungarian-driver.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/up-gyors/keszthelyi-vivien-15-het-trofeat-es-magyar-bajnoki-cimet-szerzett-a-kozep-europai-zona-kupaban/","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien (15) hét trófeát és magyar bajnoki címet szerzett a Közép-európai Zóna Kupában (Vivien Keszthelyi (15) won 7 trophies and the Hungarian championship title at Central European Zone Trophy)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/up-gyors/keszthelyi-vivien-15-het-trofeat-es-magyar-bajnoki-cimet-szerzett-a-kozep-europai-zona-kupaban/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hu.motorsport.com/other-cars/news/Keszthelyi-inkabb-Verstappent-valasztja-mint-Palmert/2167094/","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi: nyomtunk egy Verstappent pepitában! (Keszthelyi: \"I had a year like Verstappen\"!)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094200/https://hu.motorsport.com/other-cars/news/Keszthelyi-inkabb-Verstappent-valasztja-mint-Palmert/2167094/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170910-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-nurburgring.html","external_links_name":"\"Magyar pontszerzés a legendás Nürburgringen (Hungarian scoring on the legendary Nürburgring)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094202/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170910-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-nurburgring.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/utanpotlassport/Turaauto_Keszthelyi_Vivien_pontokkal_bucsuzott_a_TT-kupatol-2597575","external_links_name":"\"Túraautó: Keszthelyi Vivien pontokkal búcsúzott a TT-kupától (Touring car sport: Vivien Keszthely said goodbye to the TT Cup with scores)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094203/https://www.nemzetisport.hu/utanpotlassport/Turaauto_Keszthelyi_Vivien_pontokkal_bucsuzott_a_TT-kupatol-2597575","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170820-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-forma-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien visszaverte az ex-Forma-1-es pilóta támadásait (Vivien Keszthelyi repulsed the attacks of the ex-Formula 1 driver)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094215/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20170820-keszthelyi-vivien-audi-tt-cup-forma-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.m4sport.hu/2017/10/16/keszthelyi-vivien-egyik-legjobb-versenyevel-zarta-tt-cup-szezonjat/","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien egyik legjobb versenyével zárta TT Cup szezonját (Vivien Keszthelyi closed the TT Cup season with one of the best races)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094219/https://m4sport.hu/2017/10/16/keszthelyi-vivien-egyik-legjobb-versenyevel-zarta-tt-cup-szezonjat/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.redbull.com/hu/keszthelyi-vivien-magat-is-meglepte-a-parades-bemutatkozassal","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien magát is meglepte a parádés bemutatkozással – Kétszer is a dobogóra állhatott élete első GT versenyén. (Vivien Keszthelyi surprised even herself with the parade introduction - She was able to take the podium twice in the first GT race of her life.)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094246/https://www.redbull.com/hu/keszthelyi-vivien-magat-is-meglepte-a-parades-bemutatkozassal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/05/21/ezust-a-dunek-kozt/","external_links_name":"\"Ezüst a dűnék közt (Silver medal won in the sand dunes)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094243/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/05/21/ezust-a-dunek-kozt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20180604-keszthelyi-vivien-palyafutasa-legnagyobb-sikeret-aratta-a-hungaroringen-a-dobogo-masodik-fokara.html","external_links_name":"\"Keszthelyi Vivien pályafutása legnagyobb sikerét aratta a Hungaroringen (Vivien Keszthelyi had the greatest success of her career at the Hungaroring)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094318/https://www.origo.hu/sport/loero/20180604-keszthelyi-vivien-palyafutasa-legnagyobb-sikeret-aratta-a-hungaroringen-a-dobogo-masodik-fokara.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.racingline.hu/fastest_slap/seyffarth-r8-heidorn-keszthelyi-vivien/2018/08/14/","external_links_name":"\"Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn kétszer nyert, Keszthelyi Vivien második a bajnokságban (Audi Sport Seyffarth R8 LMS Cup: Heidorn won twice, Vivien Keszthelyi is second in the championship)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094252/https://racingline.hu/fastest-slap/seyffarth-r8-heidorn-keszthelyi-vivien/2018/08/14/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/08/25/egyetlen-lepesre-a-dobogotol/","external_links_name":"\"Egyetlen lépésre a dobogótól (One step from the podium)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094253/https://www.utanpotlassport.hu/2018/08/25/egyetlen-lepesre-a-dobogotol/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.speedcafe.com/news_extra/vivien-keszthelyi-becomes-the-first-hungarian-woman-in-formula-3/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi becomes the first Hungarian woman in Formula 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094247/https://www.speedcafe.com/news_extra/vivien-keszthelyi-becomes-the-first-hungarian-woman-in-formula-3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_auto_motor/autosport-keszthelyi-vivien-a-formula-3-ban-folytatja-2676587","external_links_name":"\"Autósport: Keszthelyi Vivien a Formula–3-ban folytatja (Motorsport: Vivien Keszthelyi continues in Formula 3)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094242/https://www.nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_auto_motor/autosport-keszthelyi-vivien-a-formula-3-ban-folytatja-2676587","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.f3asia.com/races/results/2019/Round_1/","external_links_name":"\"RACES / STANDINGS / Asian Winter Series - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA\""},{"Link":"https://wseries.com/drivers/vivien-keszthelyi/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi – 2019 Reserve Driver\""},{"Link":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/vivien-keszthelyi-to-race-in-w-series-today-at-zolder-in-place-of-emma-kimilainen/","external_links_name":"\"Vivien Keszthelyi To Race In W Series Today At Zolder In Place Of Emma Kimilainen\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/WSeriesRacing/status/1147213080520269824","external_links_name":"\"@WSeriesRacing on Twitter\""},{"Link":"http://www.euroformulaopen.net/en/news/4241/hungarys-woman-talent-vivien-keszthelyi-to-race-for-motopark-in-euroformula","external_links_name":"\"Hungary's woman talent Vivien Keszthelyi to race for Motopark in Euroformula\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Biermann
Wolf Biermann
["1 Early life","2 East Germany","3 Deprivation of citizenship","4 After moving to West Germany","5 Awards","6 Selected works","7 References","8 External links"]
German singer-songwriter Wolf BiermannWolf Biermann photographed by Oliver Mark, Hamburg 2007Background informationBirth nameKarl Wolf BiermannBorn (1936-11-15) 15 November 1936 (age 87)Hamburg, GermanyGenresFolk music, political balladsOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, poet, and dissidentYears active1960–presentLabelsBroadside RecordsWebsitewolf-biermann.deMusical artist Karl Wolf Biermann (German pronunciation: ⓘ; born 15 November 1936) is a German singer-songwriter, poet, and former East German dissident. He is perhaps best known for the 1968 song "Ermutigung" and his expatriation from East Germany in 1976. Early life Biermann was born in Hamburg, Germany. His mother, Emma (née Dietrich), was a Communist Party activist, and his father, Dagobert Biermann, worked on the Hamburg docks. Biermann's father, a Jewish member of the German Resistance, was sentenced to six years in prison for sabotaging Nazi ships. In 1942, the Nazis decided to eliminate their Jewish political prisoners and Biermann's father was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered on 22 February 1943. Biermann was one of the few children of workers who attended the Heinrich-Hertz-Gymnasium (high school) in Hamburg. After the Second World War, he became a member of the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend, FDJ) and in 1950, he represented the Federal Republic of Germany at the FDJ's first national meeting. East Germany Biermann in 2008 Upon finishing school at the age of 17, Biermann emigrated from West to East Germany where he believed he could live out his Communist ideals. He lived at a boarding school near Schwerin until 1955, and then began studying political economics at the Humboldt University of Berlin. From 1957 to 1959, he was an assistant director at the Berliner Ensemble. At university he changed courses to study philosophy and mathematics under Wolfgang Heise until 1963, when he completed his thesis. Despite his successful defense of his thesis, he did not receive his diploma until 2008 when he was also awarded an honorary doctorate degree. In 1960, Biermann met composer Hanns Eisler, who adopted the young artist as a protégé. Biermann began writing poetry and songs. Eisler used his influence with the East German cultural elite to promote the songwriter's career, but his death in 1962 deprived Biermann of his mentor and protector. In 1961, Biermann formed the Berliner Arbeiter-Theater ("Berlin Workers' Theater"), which was closed in 1963 before the production of Biermann's show Berliner Brautgang, which documented the building of the Berlin Wall. The play was officially banned and Biermann was forbidden to perform for six months. Although a committed communist, Biermann's nonconformist views soon alarmed the East German establishment. In 1963, he was refused membership in the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), although no reason was given at the time for his rejection. After the Wende, documents available from Biermann's file at the Stasi Records Agency revealed that the reviewers were under the impression that he was a regular user of stimulants, leading to the rejection of his application. In 1964, Biermann performed for the first time in West Germany. A performance in April 1965 in Frankfurt am Main on Wolfgang Neuss' cabaret program was recorded and released as an LP titled Wolf Biermann (Ost) zu Gast bei Wolfgang Neuss (West). Later that year, Biermann published a book of poetry, Die Drahtharfe, through the West German publisher Klaus Wagenbach. In December 1965, the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany denounced him as a "class traitor" and placed him onto the performance and publication blacklist. At this time, the Stasi developed a 20-point plan to "degrade" or discredit his person. While blacklisted, Biermann continued to write and compose, culminating in his 1968 album Chausseestraße 131, recorded on equipment smuggled from the west in his apartment at Chausseestraße 131 in Mitte, the central borough of Berlin. To break this isolation, artists like Joan Baez and many others visited him at his home during the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1973. Karsten Voigt, chairman of the West German Socialdemocratic Youth (Jusos) protested against the suppression of the freedom of opinion and information by the state security. Deprivation of citizenship Biermann 1977 in Hamburg In 1976, while Biermann was on an officially sanctioned tour of West Germany, the GDR government stripped him of his citizenship. Biermann's exile provoked protests by leading East German intellectuals, including actor Armin Mueller-Stahl and novelist Christa Wolf. In 1977, he was joined in West Germany by his wife at the time, Christine Barg, as well as actress Eva-Maria Hagen, her daughter Catharina (Nina Hagen), and Sibylle Havemann, the daughter of Robert Havemann and mother of two of Biermann's children. In West Germany, his manager was the musician Diether Dehm, who was secretly a Stasi informer reporting on Biermann's activities to the GDR authorities. After moving to West Germany Now living in the West, Biermann continued his musical career, criticizing East Germany's Stalinist policies. He was able to perform publicly again in East Germany on 1 and 2 December 1989 during the Wende that eventually toppled the Communist government. In 1998, he received the German national prize. He supported the 1999 NATO Kosovo War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In the Arab–Israeli conflict he supports Israel and is critical of the fact, as he sees it, that, under the influence of antisemitic views, a majority of Germans lack both understanding and empathy for the Israeli side. He lives in Hamburg and in France. He is the father of ten children, three of them with his second wife Pamela Biermann, née Rüsche. Awards 1969: Fontane-Preis der Stadt Berlin 1971: Jacques-Offenbach-Preis 1973: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis 1975: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis 1977: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis 1979: Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis for Chanson 1989: Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis der Stadt Bad Homburg 1991: Mörike-Preis der Stadt Fellbach 1991: Georg Büchner Prize 1993: Heinrich-Heine-Preis der Stadt Düsseldorf 1998: Deutscher Nationalpreis 2001: Heinz-Galinski-Preis 2006: Joachim-Ringelnatz-Preis für Lyrik 2006: Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz 2007: Honorary citizen of Berlin 2008: Theodor-Lessing-Preis 2008: Honorary doctorate Humboldt University of Berlin 2017: Point-Alpha-Preis 2018: Ernst-Toller-Preis 2020: Honorary doctorate from the University of Koblenz-Landau Selected works Wolf Biermann zu Gast bei Wolfgang Neuss (LP, 1965) Chausseestraße 131 (LP, 1969): recorded in his home in East Berlin, published in the West. Possessing home-recording charm, one can hear the noises from the streets. The German texts are very sarcastic, ironic, and to the point. This LP was recorded with a recorder smuggled in from West Germany and the title of the album was his address at the time, letting the political police know exactly who and where he was at the time. aah-ja! (LP, 1974) References ^ "Atlas". Atlas Communications. 30 December 1967. Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Gedenkbuch - Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945 (in German). Koblenz: German Federal Archives. 1986. ISBN 978-3-89192-003-9. ^ Liste der Opfer aus Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Todesregister, Staatliches Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, (List of the Victims of Auschwitz, Auschwitz Death Register, State Museum, Auschwitz-Birkenau) p. 9847/1943 (in German) ^ Photo of Wolf Biermann, with description. Retrieved 26 March 2010 ^ Rodden, John (2002). Repainting the Little red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education, 1945–1995. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-511244-3. ^ "Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Wolf Biermann". Dhm.de. Retrieved 30 December 2017. ^ a b c Lutz Kirchenwitz. "Biermann, Wolf * 15.11.1936 Liedermacher". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 9 December 2014. ^ a b "Wolf Biermann erhält den Ehrendoktor der Humboldt-Universität – und endlich auch sein Diplom". Berliner Zeitung. 8 November 2008. ^ "Das Schlimmste war die Entmündigung". Der Spiegel. 13 November 2006. ^ Biermann, Wolf; Hagen, Eva-Maria; Hagen, Nina (1996). Schwarzkopf, Oliver (ed.). Ausgebürgert. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf Verlag. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-89602-060-4. ^ Dirk von Nayhauss: "Heimatkunde". Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.. Cicero, November 2006. ^ Adams, Jefferson (1 September 2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8108-6320-0. ^ Article in "Der Spiegel": Brachiale Friedensliebe ^ Biermann, Wolf (26 October 2006). "Deutschland verrät Israel" . Die Zeit (in German). ^ "The eternal dissident: Singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann turns 80". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 21 January 2018. ^ "Liedermacher Wolf Biermann: "Die Zeit des Fremdgehens ist vorbei!"". Focus Online. Retrieved 21 January 2018. ^ a b c d e f g "Wolf Biermann". www.literaturportal.de. ^ "Wolf Biermann – dissidenten.eu – Biografisches Lexikon". dissidenten.eu. ^ a b c "Im Osten war ich Drachentöter, im Westen Wolf, doch niemals Köter. Liedermacher Wolf Biermann" (PDF). nemcina.org (in German). Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ Reininghaus, Frieder (11 April 1980). "Biermanns West-Alltag". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Galinski-Preis für Wolf Biermann und Arno Lustiger | DW | 19.11.2001". DW.COM. ^ "Dichterpreis für Biermann". Die Welt (in German). Berlin. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Mit Ecken und Kanten". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Biermann ist Ehrenbürger Berlins". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ^ "Lessing-Preis für Biermann". www.bz-berlin.de. 7 March 2008. ^ "Diplom und Ehrendoktor für Wolf Biermann — Presseportal". www.hu-berlin.de. ^ "Wolf Biermann mit Point-Alpha-Preis ausgezeichnet". Point Alpha Stiftung. 20 June 2017. ^ "Preisträgerinnen Archive". 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2022. ^ "Wolf Biermann erhält Ehrendoktorwürde der Universität Koblenz-Landau". neue musikzeitung (in German). Regensburg. dpa. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wolf Biermann. Official website Wolf Biermann: Bio, excerpts, interviews and articles in the archives of the Prague Writers' Festival Biography in German Wolf Biermann singing Hasta Siempre on YouTube The ghosts are leaving the shadows on "The Life of the others", a film about the Stasi, the East German Secret Police. Biermann comments on its closeness to reality. vteRecipients of the Georg Büchner Prize1923–1950 1923 Adam Karrillon and Arnold Mendelssohn 1924 Alfred Bock and Paul Thesing 1925 Wilhelm Michel and Rudolf Koch 1926 Christian Heinrich Kleukens and Wilhelm Petersen 1927 Kasimir Edschmid and Johannes Bischoff 1928 Richard Hoelscher and Well Habicht 1929 Carl Zuckmayer and Adam Antes 1930 Nikolaus Schwarzkopf and Johannes Lippmann 1931 Alexander Posch and Hans Simon 1932 Albert H. Rausch and Adolf Bode 1933–1944 not given 1945 Hans Schiebelhuth 1946 Fritz Usinger 1947 Anna Seghers 1948 Hermann Heiss 1949 Carl Gunschmann 1950 Elisabeth Langgässer Since 1951 1951 Gottfried Benn 1952 not given 1953 Ernst Kreuder 1954 Martin Kessel 1955 Marie Luise Kaschnitz 1956 Karl Krolow 1957 Erich Kästner 1958 Max Frisch 1959 Günter Eich 1960 Paul Celan 1961 Hans Erich Nossack 1962 Wolfgang Koeppen 1963 Hans Magnus Enzensberger 1964 Ingeborg Bachmann 1965 Günter Grass 1966 Wolfgang Hildesheimer 1967 Heinrich Böll 1968 Golo Mann 1969 Helmut Heißenbüttel 1970 Thomas Bernhard 1971 Uwe Johnson 1972 Elias Canetti 1973 Peter Handke 1974 Hermann Kesten 1975 Manès Sperber 1976 Heinz Piontek 1977 Reiner Kunze 1978 Hermann Lenz 1979 Ernst Meister 1980 Christa Wolf 1981 Martin Walser 1982 Peter Weiss 1983 Wolfdietrich Schnurre 1984 Ernst Jandl 1985 Heiner Müller 1986 Friedrich Dürrenmatt 1987 Erich Fried 1988 Albert Drach 1989 Botho Strauß 1990 Tankred Dorst 1991 Wolf Biermann 1992 George Tabori 1993 Peter Rühmkorf 1994 Adolf Muschg 1995 Durs Grünbein 1996 Sarah Kirsch 1997 H. C. Artmann 1998 Elfriede Jelinek 1999 Arnold Stadler 2000 Volker Braun 2001 Friederike Mayröcker 2002 Wolfgang Hilbig 2003 Alexander Kluge 2004 Wilhelm Genazino 2005 Brigitte Kronauer 2006 Oskar Pastior 2007 Martin Mosebach 2008 Josef Winkler 2009 Walter Kappacher 2010 Reinhard Jirgl 2011 Friedrich Christian Delius 2012 Felicitas Hoppe 2013 Sibylle Lewitscharoff 2014 Jürgen Becker 2015 Rainald Goetz 2016 Marcel Beyer 2017 Jan Wagner 2018 Terézia Mora 2019 Lukas Bärfuss 2020 Elke Erb 2021 Clemens J. Setz 2022 Emine Sevgi Özdamar 2023: Lutz Seiler Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland 2 Portugal Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈvɔlf ˈbiːɐ̯ˌman]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/De-Wolf_Biermann.ogg/De-Wolf_Biermann.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Wolf_Biermann.ogg"},{"link_name":"dissident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident"},{"link_name":"Ermutigung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermutigung"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"}],"text":"Musical artistKarl Wolf Biermann (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlf ˈbiːɐ̯ˌman] ⓘ; born 15 November 1936) is a German singer-songwriter, poet, and former East German dissident. He is perhaps best known for the 1968 song \"Ermutigung\" and his expatriation from East Germany in 1976.","title":"Wolf Biermann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Dagobert Biermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobert_Biermann"},{"link_name":"German Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodden-5"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Free German Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_German_Youth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Biermann was born in Hamburg, Germany. His mother, Emma (née Dietrich), was a Communist Party activist, and his father, Dagobert Biermann, worked on the Hamburg docks. Biermann's father, a Jewish member of the German Resistance, was sentenced to six years in prison for sabotaging Nazi ships.[1] In 1942, the Nazis decided to eliminate their Jewish political prisoners and Biermann's father was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered on 22 February 1943.[2][3][4][5]Biermann was one of the few children of workers who attended the Heinrich-Hertz-Gymnasium (high school) in Hamburg. After the Second World War, he became a member of the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend, FDJ) and in 1950,[6] he represented the Federal Republic of Germany at the FDJ's first national meeting.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolf_Biermann_Lauter_Lyrik.jpg"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin"},{"link_name":"political economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economics"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenWB-7"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_director"},{"link_name":"Berliner Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bz2008-8"},{"link_name":"Hanns Eisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Eisler"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bz2008-8"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel2006-9"},{"link_name":"Wende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wende"},{"link_name":"Stasi Records Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_the_Stasi_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausgebuergert-10"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Neuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Neuss"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"class traitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_traitor"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"degrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zersetzung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chausseestraße 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausseestra%C3%9Fe_131"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte"},{"link_name":"Joan Baez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Baez"},{"link_name":"World Festival of Youth and Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students"},{"link_name":"Karsten Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsten_Voigt"},{"link_name":"Jusos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusos"}],"text":"Biermann in 2008Upon finishing school at the age of 17, Biermann emigrated from West to East Germany where he believed he could live out his Communist ideals. He lived at a boarding school near Schwerin until 1955, and then began studying political economics at the Humboldt University of Berlin.[7] From 1957 to 1959, he was an assistant director at the Berliner Ensemble. At university he changed courses to study philosophy and mathematics under Wolfgang Heise until 1963, when he completed his thesis. Despite his successful defense of his thesis, he did not receive his diploma until 2008 when he was also awarded an honorary doctorate degree.[8]In 1960, Biermann met composer Hanns Eisler, who adopted the young artist as a protégé. Biermann began writing poetry and songs. Eisler used his influence with the East German cultural elite to promote the songwriter's career, but his death in 1962 deprived Biermann of his mentor and protector. In 1961, Biermann formed the Berliner Arbeiter-Theater (\"Berlin Workers' Theater\"), which was closed in 1963 before the production of Biermann's show Berliner Brautgang, which documented the building of the Berlin Wall. The play was officially banned and Biermann was forbidden to perform for six months.[8]Although a committed communist, Biermann's nonconformist views soon alarmed the East German establishment. In 1963, he was refused membership in the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), although no reason was given at the time for his rejection.[9] After the Wende, documents available from Biermann's file at the Stasi Records Agency revealed that the reviewers were under the impression that he was a regular user of stimulants, leading to the rejection of his application.[10]In 1964, Biermann performed for the first time in West Germany. A performance in April 1965 in Frankfurt am Main on Wolfgang Neuss' cabaret program was recorded and released as an LP titled Wolf Biermann (Ost) zu Gast bei Wolfgang Neuss (West). Later that year, Biermann published a book of poetry, Die Drahtharfe, through the West German publisher Klaus Wagenbach. In December 1965, the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany denounced him as a \"class traitor\" and placed him onto the performance and publication blacklist. At this time, the Stasi developed a 20-point plan to \"degrade\" or discredit his person.[11]While blacklisted, Biermann continued to write and compose, culminating in his 1968 album Chausseestraße 131, recorded on equipment smuggled from the west in his apartment at Chausseestraße 131 in Mitte, the central borough of Berlin.To break this isolation, artists like Joan Baez and many others visited him at his home during the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1973. Karsten Voigt, chairman of the West German Socialdemocratic Youth (Jusos) protested against the suppression of the freedom of opinion and information by the state security.","title":"East Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BiermannKind.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenWB-7"},{"link_name":"Armin Mueller-Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Mueller-Stahl"},{"link_name":"Christa Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Eva-Maria Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva-Maria_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Nina Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Robert Havemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Havemann"},{"link_name":"Diether Dehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diether_Dehm"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intel-12"}],"text":"Biermann 1977 in HamburgIn 1976, while Biermann was on an officially sanctioned tour of West Germany, the GDR government stripped him of his citizenship.[7] Biermann's exile provoked protests by leading East German intellectuals, including actor Armin Mueller-Stahl and novelist Christa Wolf.In 1977, he was joined in West Germany by his wife at the time, Christine Barg, as well as actress Eva-Maria Hagen, her daughter Catharina (Nina Hagen), and Sibylle Havemann, the daughter of Robert Havemann and mother of two of Biermann's children. In West Germany, his manager was the musician Diether Dehm, who was secretly a Stasi informer reporting on Biermann's activities to the GDR authorities.[12]","title":"Deprivation of citizenship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenWB-7"},{"link_name":"Wende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Kosovo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arab–Israeli conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Now living in the West, Biermann continued his musical career, criticizing East Germany's Stalinist policies. He was able to perform publicly again in East Germany on 1 and 2 December 1989[7] during the Wende that eventually toppled the Communist government. In 1998, he received the German national prize. He supported the 1999 NATO Kosovo War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[13] In the Arab–Israeli conflict he supports Israel and is critical of the fact, as he sees it, that, under the influence of antisemitic views, a majority of Germans lack both understanding and empathy for the Israeli side.[14] He lives in Hamburg and in France. He is the father of ten children,[15] three of them with his second wife Pamela Biermann, née Rüsche.[16]","title":"After moving to West Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Schallplattenpreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Schallplattenpreis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nemcina-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nemcina-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nemcina-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis der Stadt Bad Homburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-H%C3%B6lderlin-Preis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"Mörike-Preis der Stadt Fellbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6rike-Preis_der_Stadt_Fellbach"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"Georg Büchner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"Heinrich-Heine-Preis der Stadt Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-Heine-Preis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portal-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdienstorden_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Theodor-Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Lessing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ernst-Toller-Preis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-Toller-Preis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"University of Koblenz-Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Koblenz-Landau"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"1969: Fontane-Preis der Stadt Berlin[17]\n1971: Jacques-Offenbach-Preis[17]\n1973: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis[18][19]\n1975: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis[19]\n1977: Deutscher Schallplattenpreis[19]\n1979: Deutscher Kleinkunstpreis for Chanson[20]\n1989: Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis der Stadt Bad Homburg[17]\n1991: Mörike-Preis der Stadt Fellbach[17]\n1991: Georg Büchner Prize[17]\n1993: Heinrich-Heine-Preis der Stadt Düsseldorf[17]\n1998: Deutscher Nationalpreis[17]\n2001: Heinz-Galinski-Preis[21]\n2006: Joachim-Ringelnatz-Preis für Lyrik[22]\n2006: Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz[23]\n2007: Honorary citizen of Berlin[24]\n2008: Theodor-Lessing-Preis[25]\n2008: Honorary doctorate Humboldt University of Berlin[26]\n2017: Point-Alpha-Preis[27]\n2018: Ernst-Toller-Preis[28]\n2020: Honorary doctorate from the University of Koblenz-Landau[29]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chausseestraße 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausseestra%C3%9Fe_131"}],"text":"Wolf Biermann zu Gast bei Wolfgang Neuss (LP, 1965)\nChausseestraße 131 (LP, 1969): recorded in his home in East Berlin, published in the West. Possessing home-recording charm, one can hear the noises from the streets. The German texts are very sarcastic, ironic, and to the point. This LP was recorded with a recorder smuggled in from West Germany and the title of the album was his address at the time, letting the political police know exactly who and where he was at the time.\naah-ja! (LP, 1974)","title":"Selected works"}]
[{"image_text":"Biermann in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wolf_Biermann_Lauter_Lyrik.jpg/220px-Wolf_Biermann_Lauter_Lyrik.jpg"},{"image_text":"Biermann 1977 in Hamburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BiermannKind.jpg/220px-BiermannKind.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Atlas\". Atlas Communications. 30 December 1967. Retrieved 30 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QknhAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"Gedenkbuch - Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945 [Victims of Jewish Persecution under Nazi Dictatorship in Germany, 1933–1945] (in German). Koblenz: German Federal Archives. 1986. ISBN 978-3-89192-003-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkbuch","url_text":"Gedenkbuch - Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89192-003-9","url_text":"978-3-89192-003-9"}]},{"reference":"Rodden, John (2002). Repainting the Little red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education, 1945–1995. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-511244-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzZlw2jBTIC&pg=PA150","url_text":"Repainting the Little red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education, 1945–1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511244-3","url_text":"978-0-19-511244-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Wolf Biermann\". Dhm.de. Retrieved 30 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BiermannWolf/","url_text":"\"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Wolf Biermann\""}]},{"reference":"Lutz Kirchenwitz. \"Biermann, Wolf * 15.11.1936 Liedermacher\". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 9 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=286","url_text":"\"Biermann, Wolf * 15.11.1936 Liedermacher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält den Ehrendoktor der Humboldt-Universität – und endlich auch sein Diplom\". Berliner Zeitung. 8 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wolf-biermann-bekommt-sein-philosophie-diplom-li.6351","url_text":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält den Ehrendoktor der Humboldt-Universität – und endlich auch sein Diplom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung","url_text":"Berliner Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"\"Das Schlimmste war die Entmündigung\". Der Spiegel. 13 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/wolf-biermann-das-schlimmste-war-die-entmuendigung-a-447688.html","url_text":"\"Das Schlimmste war die Entmündigung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Biermann, Wolf; Hagen, Eva-Maria; Hagen, Nina (1996). Schwarzkopf, Oliver (ed.). Ausgebürgert. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf Verlag. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-89602-060-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=waqzAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ausgebürgert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89602-060-4","url_text":"978-3-89602-060-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Heimatkunde\". Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212203400/http://cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=7&item=1410","url_text":"\"Heimatkunde\""},{"url":"http://cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=7&item=1410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Jefferson (1 September 2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8108-6320-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA77","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6320-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6320-0"}]},{"reference":"Biermann, Wolf (26 October 2006). \"Deutschland verrät Israel\" [Germany is Betraying Israel]. Die Zeit (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/2006/44/Biermann/komplettansicht","url_text":"\"Deutschland verrät Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"The eternal dissident: Singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann turns 80\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 21 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.com/en/the-eternal-dissident-singer-songwriter-wolf-biermann-turns-80/a-36386619","url_text":"\"The eternal dissident: Singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann turns 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liedermacher Wolf Biermann: \"Die Zeit des Fremdgehens ist vorbei!\"\". Focus Online. Retrieved 21 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.focus.de/kultur/musik/nach-27-jahren-ehe-mit-seiner-pamela-liedermacher-wolf-biermann-die-zeit-des-fremdgehens-ist-vorbei_id_6444590.html","url_text":"\"Liedermacher Wolf Biermann: \"Die Zeit des Fremdgehens ist vorbei!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf Biermann\". www.literaturportal.de.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.literaturportal.de/autorenportraits_autor_452.html","url_text":"\"Wolf Biermann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf Biermann – dissidenten.eu – Biografisches Lexikon\". dissidenten.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://dissidenten.eu/laender/deutschland-ddr/biografien/wolf-biermann/","url_text":"\"Wolf Biermann – dissidenten.eu – Biografisches Lexikon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Im Osten war ich Drachentöter, im Westen Wolf, doch niemals Köter. Liedermacher Wolf Biermann\" (PDF). nemcina.org (in German). Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nemcina.org/download/biermann_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Im Osten war ich Drachentöter, im Westen Wolf, doch niemals Köter. Liedermacher Wolf Biermann\""}]},{"reference":"Reininghaus, Frieder (11 April 1980). \"Biermanns West-Alltag\". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/1980/16/biermanns-west-alltag","url_text":"\"Biermanns West-Alltag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]},{"reference":"\"Galinski-Preis für Wolf Biermann und Arno Lustiger | DW | 19.11.2001\". DW.COM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/de/galinski-preis-f%C3%BCr-wolf-biermann-und-arno-lustiger/a-326021","url_text":"\"Galinski-Preis für Wolf Biermann und Arno Lustiger | DW | 19.11.2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dichterpreis für Biermann\". Die Welt (in German). Berlin. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/article223634/Dichterpreis-fuer-Biermann.html","url_text":"\"Dichterpreis für Biermann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"\"Mit Ecken und Kanten\". Der Spiegel (in German). Hamburg. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/bundesverdienstkreuz-fuer-biermann-mit-ecken-und-kanten-a-448669.html","url_text":"\"Mit Ecken und Kanten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Biermann ist Ehrenbürger Berlins\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/auszeichnung-biermann-ist-ehrenbuerger-berlins/828064.html","url_text":"\"Biermann ist Ehrenbürger Berlins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"Lessing-Preis für Biermann\". www.bz-berlin.de. 7 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/lessing-preis-fuer-biermann","url_text":"\"Lessing-Preis für Biermann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diplom und Ehrendoktor für Wolf Biermann — Presseportal\". www.hu-berlin.de.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hu-berlin.de/de/pr/medien/publikationen/presse/tsp/ws08_09/diplom-und-ehrendoktor-fur-wolf-biermann","url_text":"\"Diplom und Ehrendoktor für Wolf Biermann — Presseportal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf Biermann mit Point-Alpha-Preis ausgezeichnet\". Point Alpha Stiftung. 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pointalpha.com/pressemitteilungen/wolf","url_text":"\"Wolf Biermann mit Point-Alpha-Preis ausgezeichnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preisträgerinnen Archive\". 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ernst-toller.de/category/preistraegerinnen/","url_text":"\"Preisträgerinnen Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält Ehrendoktorwürde der Universität Koblenz-Landau\". neue musikzeitung (in German). Regensburg. dpa. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/wolf-biermann-erhaelt-ehrendoktorwuerde-der-universitaet-koblenz-landau","url_text":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält Ehrendoktorwürde der Universität Koblenz-Landau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_musikzeitung","url_text":"neue musikzeitung"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://wolf-biermann.de/","external_links_name":"wolf-biermann.de"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QknhAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Atlas\""},{"Link":"http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=2829","external_links_name":"Photo of Wolf Biermann, with description"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzZlw2jBTIC&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Repainting the Little red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education, 1945–1995"},{"Link":"http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BiermannWolf/","external_links_name":"\"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Wolf Biermann\""},{"Link":"http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=286","external_links_name":"\"Biermann, Wolf * 15.11.1936 Liedermacher\""},{"Link":"https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wolf-biermann-bekommt-sein-philosophie-diplom-li.6351","external_links_name":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält den Ehrendoktor der Humboldt-Universität – und endlich auch sein Diplom\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/wolf-biermann-das-schlimmste-war-die-entmuendigung-a-447688.html","external_links_name":"\"Das Schlimmste war die Entmündigung\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=waqzAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Ausgebürgert"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212203400/http://cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=7&item=1410","external_links_name":"\"Heimatkunde\""},{"Link":"http://cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=7&item=1410","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA77","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-26448585.html","external_links_name":"Brachiale Friedensliebe"},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/2006/44/Biermann/komplettansicht","external_links_name":"\"Deutschland verrät Israel\""},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/the-eternal-dissident-singer-songwriter-wolf-biermann-turns-80/a-36386619","external_links_name":"\"The eternal dissident: Singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann turns 80\""},{"Link":"https://www.focus.de/kultur/musik/nach-27-jahren-ehe-mit-seiner-pamela-liedermacher-wolf-biermann-die-zeit-des-fremdgehens-ist-vorbei_id_6444590.html","external_links_name":"\"Liedermacher Wolf Biermann: \"Die Zeit des Fremdgehens ist vorbei!\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.literaturportal.de/autorenportraits_autor_452.html","external_links_name":"\"Wolf Biermann\""},{"Link":"https://dissidenten.eu/laender/deutschland-ddr/biografien/wolf-biermann/","external_links_name":"\"Wolf Biermann – dissidenten.eu – Biografisches Lexikon\""},{"Link":"https://www.nemcina.org/download/biermann_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Im Osten war ich Drachentöter, im Westen Wolf, doch niemals Köter. Liedermacher Wolf Biermann\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeit.de/1980/16/biermanns-west-alltag","external_links_name":"\"Biermanns West-Alltag\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/de/galinski-preis-f%C3%BCr-wolf-biermann-und-arno-lustiger/a-326021","external_links_name":"\"Galinski-Preis für Wolf Biermann und Arno Lustiger | DW | 19.11.2001\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/article223634/Dichterpreis-fuer-Biermann.html","external_links_name":"\"Dichterpreis für Biermann\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/bundesverdienstkreuz-fuer-biermann-mit-ecken-und-kanten-a-448669.html","external_links_name":"\"Mit Ecken und Kanten\""},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/auszeichnung-biermann-ist-ehrenbuerger-berlins/828064.html","external_links_name":"\"Biermann ist Ehrenbürger Berlins\""},{"Link":"https://www.bz-berlin.de/artikel-archiv/lessing-preis-fuer-biermann","external_links_name":"\"Lessing-Preis für Biermann\""},{"Link":"https://www.hu-berlin.de/de/pr/medien/publikationen/presse/tsp/ws08_09/diplom-und-ehrendoktor-fur-wolf-biermann","external_links_name":"\"Diplom und Ehrendoktor für Wolf Biermann — Presseportal\""},{"Link":"https://pointalpha.com/pressemitteilungen/wolf","external_links_name":"\"Wolf Biermann mit Point-Alpha-Preis ausgezeichnet\""},{"Link":"https://www.ernst-toller.de/category/preistraegerinnen/","external_links_name":"\"Preisträgerinnen Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/wolf-biermann-erhaelt-ehrendoktorwuerde-der-universitaet-koblenz-landau","external_links_name":"\"Wolf Biermann erhält Ehrendoktorwürde der Universität Koblenz-Landau\""},{"Link":"http://wolf-biermann.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.pwf.cz/en/authors-archive/wolf-bierman/","external_links_name":"Wolf Biermann"},{"Link":"http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BiermannWolf","external_links_name":"Biography in German"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhszn6tucjA","external_links_name":"Wolf Biermann singing Hasta Siempre"},{"Link":"http://www.signandsight.com/features/682.html","external_links_name":"The ghosts are leaving the shadows"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36594/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109318419","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108717279","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311279772","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqFj6mBBDTKQTyJjb6bBd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90093948","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11891997g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11891997g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616201606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118510789","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV080118","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258629005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13925528","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060308","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/hftwz4512l62xsf","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040982&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620370","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600863&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35018579","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record110083","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201908068","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068480148","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581059905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659696105606","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/166411","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01047600?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a6a07c01-805f-4b2a-8ec4-69406a974f2d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118510789.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/792978","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026728133","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDrew
KDrew
["1 References"]
KDrewBirth nameKevin Nicholas DrewOriginNew Jersey, United StatesGenresEDM, reggae, dancehallMusical artist Kevin Nicholas Drew, better known as his alias KDrew, is an American record producer and DJ from New Jersey. KDrew produces primarily EDM and is perhaps best known for his remixes for Zedd and Lady Gaga, although his original records "Bullseye" and "Circles" have generated millions of plays online. The Boston Celtics of the NBA used "Circles" as the intro music for their home games at TD Garden. KDrew has also done official remixes for Nelly Furtado, Adventure Club, T.I. and others and collaborated with Taryn Manning on "Summer Ashes", which was released on July 23, 2013. On February 5, 2015, MTV premiered KDrew's music video for "Let Me Go". KDrew performed at Global Dance Festival at Red Rocks Amphitheatre. He co-wrote the song "I Want You to Know" by Zedd featuring Selena Gomez, alongside Zedd and Ryan Tedder. KDrew also features as an additional producer on the tracks "Done with Love" and "Straight into the Fire" off Zedd's True Colors album. KDrew co-produced two songs on Hilary Duff's Breathe In. Breathe Out. album, "Confetti" and "Arms Around a Memory". References ^ Codd, Nathan. "Zedd and Kevin Drew Invite You to Stay the Night Again". Lessthan3.com. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ^ Daniel, Stefan. "Lady Gaga Bares All In This "G.U.Y." Remix From KDrew". Thissongslaps.com. Retrieved 22 April 2014. ^ Emiliano, Daniel. "Celtics Intro 2014-2015". Celticsbrasil.com.br. Retrieved 31 October 2014. ^ Weiss, Heather. "KDrew featuring Taryn Manning - Summer Ashes". Tarynmanning.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013. ^ Cameron, John. "KDrew Premieres Music Video for Let Me Go on MTV". Edm.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ O'Neil, Shane. "Ten Artists to See at Global Dance Festival". Edm.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014. ^ Hau, Ha. "Global Dance Festival Phase 2 Lineup". Globaldancefestival.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014. ^ Murray, Gordon. "Zedd, Selena Gomez Launch in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart's Top 10". Billboard.com. Retrieved 27 February 2015. ^ Obasi, Anita. "KDrew Reaches 100,000 Followers on SoundCloud, Releases New Single 'Come Alive'". EDM.com. EDM.com. Retrieved 24 May 2015. ^ Sherif, Mohammed. "Hilary Duff releases new album "Breathe In. Breathe Out."". Hamadamania.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"EDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Zedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedd_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nelly Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Furtado"},{"link_name":"Adventure Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Club"},{"link_name":"T.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.I."},{"link_name":"Taryn Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taryn_Manning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Rocks Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rocks_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"I Want You to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_You_to_Know_(Zedd_song)"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tedder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"True Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Colors_(Zedd_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hilary Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Duff"},{"link_name":"Breathe In. Breathe Out.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_In._Breathe_Out."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Musical artistKevin Nicholas Drew, better known as his alias KDrew, is an American record producer and DJ from New Jersey. KDrew produces primarily EDM and is perhaps best known for his remixes for Zedd[1] and Lady Gaga,[2] although his original records \"Bullseye\" and \"Circles\" have generated millions of plays online.The Boston Celtics of the NBA used \"Circles\" as the intro music for their home games at TD Garden.[3] KDrew has also done official remixes for Nelly Furtado, Adventure Club, T.I. and others and collaborated with Taryn Manning[4] on \"Summer Ashes\", which was released on July 23, 2013.On February 5, 2015, MTV premiered KDrew's music video for \"Let Me Go\".[5] KDrew performed at Global Dance Festival at Red Rocks Amphitheatre.[6][7] He co-wrote the song \"I Want You to Know\" by Zedd featuring Selena Gomez, alongside Zedd and Ryan Tedder.[8] KDrew also features as an additional producer on the tracks \"Done with Love\" and \"Straight into the Fire\" off Zedd's True Colors album.[9] KDrew co-produced two songs on Hilary Duff's Breathe In. Breathe Out. album, \"Confetti\" and \"Arms Around a Memory\".[10]","title":"KDrew"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Codd, Nathan. \"Zedd and Kevin Drew Invite You to Stay the Night Again\". Lessthan3.com. Retrieved 11 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.lessthan3.com/2013/12/zedd-and-kevin-drew-invite-you-to-stay-the-night-again-remix/","url_text":"\"Zedd and Kevin Drew Invite You to Stay the Night Again\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel, Stefan. \"Lady Gaga Bares All In This \"G.U.Y.\" Remix From KDrew\". Thissongslaps.com. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thissongslaps.com/2014/04/lady-gaga-bares-g-u-y-remix-kdrew/","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga Bares All In This \"G.U.Y.\" Remix From KDrew\""}]},{"reference":"Emiliano, Daniel. \"Celtics Intro 2014-2015\". Celticsbrasil.com.br. Retrieved 31 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://celticsbrasil.com.br/celtics-intro-2014-15/","url_text":"\"Celtics Intro 2014-2015\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Heather. \"KDrew featuring Taryn Manning - Summer Ashes\". Tarynmanning.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tarynmanning.com/2013/summer-ashes/","url_text":"\"KDrew featuring Taryn Manning - Summer Ashes\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, John. \"KDrew Premieres Music Video for Let Me Go on MTV\". Edm.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218011459/http://edm.com/blog/kdrew-let-me-go-music-video-mtv-premiere","url_text":"\"KDrew Premieres Music Video for Let Me Go on MTV\""},{"url":"http://edm.com/blog/kdrew-let-me-go-music-video-mtv-premiere","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Neil, Shane. \"Ten Artists to See at Global Dance Festival\". Edm.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140721190233/http://edm.com/blog/ten-artists-global-dance-festival","url_text":"\"Ten Artists to See at Global Dance Festival\""},{"url":"http://edm.com/blog/ten-artists-global-dance-festival","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hau, Ha. \"Global Dance Festival Phase 2 Lineup\". Globaldancefestival.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140602040408/http://globaldancefestival.com/CO/global-dance-festival-phase-2-lineup/","url_text":"\"Global Dance Festival Phase 2 Lineup\""},{"url":"http://globaldancefestival.com/CO/global-dance-festival-phase-2-lineup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Gordon. \"Zedd, Selena Gomez Launch in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart's Top 10\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6487371/zedd-selena-gomez-launch-in-hot-danceelectronic-songs-charts-top","url_text":"\"Zedd, Selena Gomez Launch in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart's Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Obasi, Anita. \"KDrew Reaches 100,000 Followers on SoundCloud, Releases New Single 'Come Alive'\". EDM.com. EDM.com. Retrieved 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://edm.com/articles/2015-05-24/KDrew-reaches-100k-soundcloud-followers-releases-come-alive","url_text":"\"KDrew Reaches 100,000 Followers on SoundCloud, Releases New Single 'Come Alive'\""}]},{"reference":"Sherif, Mohammed. \"Hilary Duff releases new album \"Breathe In. Breathe Out.\"\". Hamadamania.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hamadamania.com/2015/06/17/hilary-duff-releases-new-album-breathe-in-breathe-out/","url_text":"\"Hilary Duff releases new album \"Breathe In. Breathe Out.\"\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://blog.lessthan3.com/2013/12/zedd-and-kevin-drew-invite-you-to-stay-the-night-again-remix/","external_links_name":"\"Zedd and Kevin Drew Invite You to Stay the Night Again\""},{"Link":"http://www.thissongslaps.com/2014/04/lady-gaga-bares-g-u-y-remix-kdrew/","external_links_name":"\"Lady Gaga Bares All In This \"G.U.Y.\" Remix From KDrew\""},{"Link":"http://celticsbrasil.com.br/celtics-intro-2014-15/","external_links_name":"\"Celtics Intro 2014-2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.tarynmanning.com/2013/summer-ashes/","external_links_name":"\"KDrew featuring Taryn Manning - Summer Ashes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218011459/http://edm.com/blog/kdrew-let-me-go-music-video-mtv-premiere","external_links_name":"\"KDrew Premieres Music Video for Let Me Go on MTV\""},{"Link":"http://edm.com/blog/kdrew-let-me-go-music-video-mtv-premiere","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140721190233/http://edm.com/blog/ten-artists-global-dance-festival","external_links_name":"\"Ten Artists to See at Global Dance Festival\""},{"Link":"http://edm.com/blog/ten-artists-global-dance-festival","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140602040408/http://globaldancefestival.com/CO/global-dance-festival-phase-2-lineup/","external_links_name":"\"Global Dance Festival Phase 2 Lineup\""},{"Link":"http://globaldancefestival.com/CO/global-dance-festival-phase-2-lineup/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6487371/zedd-selena-gomez-launch-in-hot-danceelectronic-songs-charts-top","external_links_name":"\"Zedd, Selena Gomez Launch in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Chart's Top 10\""},{"Link":"http://edm.com/articles/2015-05-24/KDrew-reaches-100k-soundcloud-followers-releases-come-alive","external_links_name":"\"KDrew Reaches 100,000 Followers on SoundCloud, Releases New Single 'Come Alive'\""},{"Link":"http://hamadamania.com/2015/06/17/hilary-duff-releases-new-album-breathe-in-breathe-out/","external_links_name":"\"Hilary Duff releases new album \"Breathe In. Breathe Out.\"\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/11176b7a-5060-42f3-bc13-5851ad2f664c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Martina
Mia Martina
["1 Biography","2 Musical career","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
Canadian singer and songwriter Not to be confused with Mia Martini or Mija Martina. This article is about the Canadian singer. For the self-titled album, see Mia Martina (album). Mia MartinaMia Martina at the "Go Crazy" video shoot in Miami (2012)Background informationBirth nameMartine JohnsonOriginSaint-Ignace, New Brunswick, CanadaGenresPopDance-popreggaetonEuropopOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterYears active2009–presentLabelsCP Music GroupWebsitewww.miamartina.comMusical artist Martine Johnson, better known by her stage name Mia Martina, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is known for her hit singles "Stereo Love", "Burning", "Latin Moon" and "Beast". Martina has received Juno Awards nominations for "Stereo Love" and "HeartBreaker", as well as a SOCAN award in 2014 for co-writing "Burning". Biography Martine Johnson grew up in Saint-Ignace, New Brunswick. She speaks fluent French and English; her father has French roots. At age 18, Johnson moved to Ottawa, Ontario to study at Carleton University. During her time there, she saw an ad for an intern position at CP Music Group. After a year, Johnson went from delivering CDs to radio stations and office administration work to singing backup for other recording artists at the label. Musical career Johnson's first single release was a cover version of Edward Maya’s and Vika Jigulina's "Stereo Love". It reached number 10 in the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 in November 2010. To date, "Stereo Love" has reached platinum sales and earned a nomination for Dance Single of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards. In late 2010, Don Omar collaborated with Johnson to release a remix version of "Stereo Love". The singer followed up with "Latin Moon" in May 2011, a song which reached gold sales and was re-released in French and Spanish. The single also saw a fourth release featuring Massari. The original version was nominated in the Dance/Urban/Rhythmic category at the 2012 Canadian Radio Music Awards. Johnson's debut album Devotion was released on August 29, 2011 and reached number 77 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album earned nominations for Dance Recording of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards and World Recording of the Year at the 2012 East Coast Music Awards. Two more singles were released off Devotion, "Burning", "Go Crazy" (produced by Adrian Sina of the group Akcent) and "Missing You". Johnson made a comeback with her song "Different Kind of Love" as well as her other songs that later came in fall: "DJ Saved My Life", a remix of Mariah Carey song of the same name, and "Daydream". Discography Albums Title Details Peak chart positions CAN Devotion Released: 29 August 2011 Label: CP Records, Universal Music Canada Format: Digital download, CD 77 Mia Martina Released: 14 October 2014 Label: CP Records, Universal Music Canada Format: Digital download, CD — Daydream Released: 22 November 2019 Label: Independent Format: Digital download — Singles Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Album CAN USDance RUS 2010 "Stereo Love" (with Edward Maya) 10 — — CAN: 2× Platinum Devotion 2011 "Latin Moon" 30 — — CAN: Gold 2012 "Burning" 25 — 186 CAN: Gold "Go Crazy" (featuring Adrian Sînă) — — — "Missing You" — — 2 2013 "HeartBreaker" 44 25 — CAN: Gold Mia Martina "La La..." 68 45 159 "Danse" (featuring Dev) 29 38 — CAN: Gold 2014 "HFH" 91 — — "Beast" (featuring Waka Flocka Flame) 39 — — CAN: Gold "C'est zéro" — — 126 2017 "Sooner or Later" (featuring Kent Jones) — — — Single Non-album 2019 "DJ Saved My Life" (featuring Breikthru) — — — "Worst in Me" — — — 2020 "What I Want"(with Huu Banga Production) — — — "Latin Moon" Remix (with Jyye) — — — "Chanter Noël"(with Sabrina Sabatage) — — — 2021 "Without You" — — — 2022 "Tu Me Manques" "Franchise Version" — — — References ^ a b c d Mersereau, Bob (29 February 2012). "New Brunswick Singer Martina Breaking Through In Dance Scene". East Coast Music with Bob Mersereau. CBC New Brunswick. Retrieved 9 October 2013. ^ "Flo Rida and Mia Martina to play at Sunnybrook benefit concert". www.theglobeandmail.com. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ "Juno Awards Nominees' Luncheon – Mia Martina". www.news1130.com. News1130. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ "Juno Awards 2014: The full list of winners". arts.nationalpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ "POP/ROCK MUSIC AWARDS- "Burning"". www.socan.ca. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2014. ^ "Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Mia Martina on etalk discussing "Different Kind of Love", archived from the original on 2021-12-15, retrieved 2020-02-29 ^ "An Interview With The Multi-Talented Artist MIA MARTINA On Her New Track 'DJ Saved My Life' and More! | All Access Music". Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ a b "Mia Martina Album & Song Chart History". Billboard charts. Retrieved 11 December 2011. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Stereo Love". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Latin Moon". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Burning". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – HeartBreaker". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Danse". Music Canada. ^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Beast". Music Canada. External links Mia Martina Official Website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mia Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Martini"},{"link_name":"Mija Martina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mija_Martina"},{"link_name":"Mia Martina (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Martina_(album)"},{"link_name":"Stereo Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Love#Mia_Martina_version"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Mia_Martina_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe1-2"},{"link_name":"Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news1130-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natpost1-4"},{"link_name":"SOCAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Music_Publishers_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-socan1-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Mia Martini or Mija Martina.This article is about the Canadian singer. For the self-titled album, see Mia Martina (album).Musical artistMartine Johnson, better known by her stage name Mia Martina, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is known for her hit singles \"Stereo Love\", \"Burning\", \"Latin Moon\" and \"Beast\".[2] Martina has received Juno Awards nominations for \"Stereo Love\"[3] and \"HeartBreaker\",[4] as well as a SOCAN award in 2014 for co-writing \"Burning\".[5]","title":"Mia Martina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Ignace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ignace,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-1"},{"link_name":"CP Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-1"}],"text":"Martine Johnson grew up in Saint-Ignace, New Brunswick. She speaks fluent French and English; her father has French roots. At age 18, Johnson moved to Ottawa, Ontario to study at Carleton University.[1] During her time there, she saw an ad for an intern position at CP Music Group.[1] After a year, Johnson went from delivering CDs to radio stations and office administration work to singing backup for other recording artists at the label.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maya"},{"link_name":"Vika Jigulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vika_Jigulina"},{"link_name":"Stereo Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_Love#Mia_Martina_version"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2011"},{"link_name":"Don Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Omar"},{"link_name":"Massari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massari"},{"link_name":"Canadian Radio Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Devotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotion_(Mia_Martina_album)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"2012 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2012"},{"link_name":"East Coast Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Akcent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Johnson's first single release was a cover version of Edward Maya’s and Vika Jigulina's \"Stereo Love\". It reached number 10 in the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 in November 2010.[6] To date, \"Stereo Love\" has reached platinum sales and earned a nomination for Dance Single of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards. In late 2010, Don Omar collaborated with Johnson to release a remix version of \"Stereo Love\". The singer followed up with \"Latin Moon\" in May 2011, a song which reached gold sales and was re-released in French and Spanish. The single also saw a fourth release featuring Massari. The original version was nominated in the Dance/Urban/Rhythmic category at the 2012 Canadian Radio Music Awards.Johnson's debut album Devotion was released on August 29, 2011 and reached number 77 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album earned nominations for Dance Recording of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards and World Recording of the Year at the 2012 East Coast Music Awards. Two more singles were released off Devotion, \"Burning\", \"Go Crazy\" (produced by Adrian Sina of the group Akcent) and \"Missing You\".Johnson made a comeback with her song \"Different Kind of Love\"[7] as well as her other songs that later came in fall: \"DJ Saved My Life\", a remix of Mariah Carey song of the same name, and \"Daydream\".[8]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mersereau, Bob (29 February 2012). \"New Brunswick Singer Martina Breaking Through In Dance Scene\". East Coast Music with Bob Mersereau. CBC New Brunswick. Retrieved 9 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/nb/mt/east-coast-music/2012/02/new-brunswick-singer-martina-breaking-through-in-dance-scene.html","url_text":"\"New Brunswick Singer Martina Breaking Through In Dance Scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"CBC New Brunswick"}]},{"reference":"\"Flo Rida and Mia Martina to play at Sunnybrook benefit concert\". www.theglobeandmail.com. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/advsunnybrook/sunnybrookfeatures/flo-rida-and-mia-martina-to-play-at-sunnybrook-benefit-concert/article4364656/","url_text":"\"Flo Rida and Mia Martina to play at Sunnybrook benefit concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juno Awards Nominees' Luncheon – Mia Martina\". www.news1130.com. News1130. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news1130.com/2011/03/22/juno-awards-nominees-luncheon-mia-martina/","url_text":"\"Juno Awards Nominees' Luncheon – Mia Martina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juno Awards 2014: The full list of winners\". arts.nationalpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2014/03/30/juno-awards-2014-the-full-list-of-nominees-and-winners/","url_text":"\"Juno Awards 2014: The full list of winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"POP/ROCK MUSIC AWARDS- \"Burning\"\". www.socan.ca. Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socan.ca/content/poprock-music-awards-burning","url_text":"\"POP/ROCK MUSIC AWARDS- \"Burning\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Hot 100\". Billboard. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts#/charts/canadian-hot-100?chartDate=2010-11-24","url_text":"\"Canadian Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Mia Martina on etalk discussing \"Different Kind of Love\", archived from the original on 2021-12-15, retrieved 2020-02-29","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHREVRsNo0E","url_text":"Mia Martina on etalk discussing \"Different Kind of Love\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/OHREVRsNo0E","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An Interview With The Multi-Talented Artist MIA MARTINA On Her New Track 'DJ Saved My Life' and More! | All Access Music\". Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.allaccess.com/an-interview-with-the-multi-talented-artist-mia-martina-on-her-new-track-dj-saved-my-life-and-more/","url_text":"\"An Interview With The Multi-Talented Artist MIA MARTINA On Her New Track 'DJ Saved My Life' and More! | All Access Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mia Martina Album & Song Chart History\". Billboard charts. Retrieved 11 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mia-martina/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Mia Martina Album & Song Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts","url_text":"Billboard charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Stereo Love\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Stereo+Love%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Stereo Love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Latin Moon\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Latin+Moon%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Latin Moon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Burning\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Burning%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Burning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – HeartBreaker\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=HeartBreaker%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – HeartBreaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Danse\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Danse%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Danse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Beast\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Beast%20Mia+Martina","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Beast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.miamartina.com/","external_links_name":"www.miamartina.com"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/nb/mt/east-coast-music/2012/02/new-brunswick-singer-martina-breaking-through-in-dance-scene.html","external_links_name":"\"New Brunswick Singer Martina Breaking Through In Dance Scene\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/advsunnybrook/sunnybrookfeatures/flo-rida-and-mia-martina-to-play-at-sunnybrook-benefit-concert/article4364656/","external_links_name":"\"Flo Rida and Mia Martina to play at Sunnybrook benefit concert\""},{"Link":"http://www.news1130.com/2011/03/22/juno-awards-nominees-luncheon-mia-martina/","external_links_name":"\"Juno Awards Nominees' Luncheon – Mia Martina\""},{"Link":"http://arts.nationalpost.com/2014/03/30/juno-awards-2014-the-full-list-of-nominees-and-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Juno Awards 2014: The full list of winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.socan.ca/content/poprock-music-awards-burning","external_links_name":"\"POP/ROCK MUSIC AWARDS- \"Burning\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts#/charts/canadian-hot-100?chartDate=2010-11-24","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHREVRsNo0E","external_links_name":"Mia Martina on etalk discussing \"Different Kind of Love\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/OHREVRsNo0E","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://music.allaccess.com/an-interview-with-the-multi-talented-artist-mia-martina-on-her-new-track-dj-saved-my-life-and-more/","external_links_name":"\"An Interview With The Multi-Talented Artist MIA MARTINA On Her New Track 'DJ Saved My Life' and More! | All Access Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/mia-martina/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Mia Martina Album & Song Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Stereo+Love%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Stereo Love\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Latin+Moon%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Latin Moon\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Burning%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Burning\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=HeartBreaker%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – HeartBreaker\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Danse%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Danse\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Beast%20Mia+Martina","external_links_name":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Mia Martina – Beast\""},{"Link":"http://www.miamartina.com/","external_links_name":"Mia Martina Official Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000380530054","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/260104769","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBRXvkFrHTTCYctdDQbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1075197082","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017025481","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5962880f-b006-42d3-a765-22911828141a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_57
Hill 57
["1 Geology","2 Name","2.1 Great Falls High School logo","3 Native American presence","3.1 Hill 57 camp","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335Hill 57 is a sandstone-capped hill on the benchland northwest of Great Falls, Montana, United States. The origin of the name is in dispute, but probably derives from an advertisement for "Heinz 57" food products that was created on the hillside in the early 20th century. Hill 57 was home to a small and poverty-stricken community of Cree, Métis, and Ojibwe (also known as Chippewa) Native Americans from about the 1880s to the 1960s. Although much reduced in number, some of these landless Native Americans continue to reside on Hill 57. The extreme economic deprivation of Native Americans in the area led to the term "Hill 57" becoming a symbol and "a byword for urban Indian poverty". This community subsequently became the most widely cited example of "landless Indians" in Montana. Geology Hill 57 is a low-rise plateau located adjacent to the city limits of Great Falls, Montana, about 2,000 feet (610 m) north of 9th Avenue North/Northwest Bypass on Stuckey Road and abutting to the Valley View neighborhood. Hill 57 consists of rock belonging to the Colorado Group, a stratigraphic unit consisting largely of shale. Within this group is a subunit known as the Blackleaf Formation (or the Albian Formation), a shale with a small proportion of fine-to-medium grain sandstone. At the bottom of the Blackleaf Formation is another geologic subunit, the Flood Member, a sandstone consisting of layers (from top to bottom) of very hard calcareous sandstone, fissile sandstone with concretions of ironstone or stained limestone, and medium-hard light-colored sandstone. Flood Member rock makes up the majority of the rock beneath Hill 57. A very hard, undefined sandstone structure, described by geologists as "massive" in size, sits atop the hill. About 65,000 years ago, before the Iowa Period of the Wisconsin glaciation, the Missouri River flowed north rather than east. The river laid down a fluvial terrace consisting of quartzite gravel. A layer of this gravel, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) deep, now covers the top and sides of Hill 57. About 15,000 years ago, the Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked the north-flowing Missouri River, creating Lake Great Falls. Lake silt in turn covered this gravel, creating the current topsoil of Hill 57. About 13,000 years ago, the ice sheet retreated and Lake Great Falls drained. This exposed Hill 57, which has retained this form into the current period. Hill 57 is distinguished from Mount Royal, a somewhat taller adjacent hill/plateau to the north and northwest. Name Sources vary widely as to the origin of the name "Hill 57". The most complete version of the name's original was reported by Ralph Pomnichowski in the Great Falls Tribune in 2009, who wrote that, in 1926, Heinz 57 salesman Art Hinck (or Henck) arranged rocks on the hill into the form of a gigantic "57" and then painted them white. Historian Don Peterson relates substantially the same story, although he says the advertisement was created about 1900. Historian Jeanne Eder has written that the advertisement went up during administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, which puts its creation between September 1901 and March 1909. Attorney Ellen Thompson, who has written about the landless Native Americans living at the site, also says that a Heinz 57 salesman arranged rocks on the hill in the form of a giant "57", although she does not say whether they were painted white or not. Others sources agree that the "57" was an advertisement (although they are not specific as to the form it took), while some say that it was "painted" but do not specify whether it was on the grass, on rocks, or took some other form. Historian Matthew Basso does not identify Art Hinck as the creator of the advertisement, but merely says the individual was a "pickle salesman". Sources agree that the advertisement could be seen for miles. Two alternative origins for the name "Hill 57" have also been suggested. Historian Ken Robison says that, in addition to the Heinz advertisement, Hill 57 was named for James J. Hill, chief executive officer of the Great Northern Railway and a close friend of Great Falls founder Paris Gibson. In 1969, Representative John Melcher cited "legend" that the hill's name came from the large number of "Heinz 57" cans strewn over the landscape there. As of 2009, the "57" advertisement could no longer be seen on the hill. Great Falls High School logo Since the 1920s, students from Great Falls High School have maintain a giant "GF" logo on the side of Hill 57. The logo is composed of whitewashed stones, which GFHS students regularly repaint and keep in place. Native American presence Hill 57 camp Just when the Hill 57 area was occupied by Native Americans is not clear. Some sources put the date at about 1900. A major drought which hit Montana in 1917 (and lasted until 1920) drove many landless Native Americans off the plains and into these settlements near Great Falls. Initially, landless Native Americans settled on the west bank of the Missouri River south of the Fox Farm neighborhood. But the most permanent settlements were on Hill 57, Mount Royal, along Wire Mill Road in Black Eagle (an unincorporated village on the north bank of the river where the Anaconda Copper smelter was located), near the Great Falls Meat Packing Plant (now demolished, but then located several hundred feet north of 5700 18th Avenue N.), and on the bank of the Missouri River near what is now Sacajawea Island. White residents of Great Falls derided these areas by calling them "moccasin flats". Winters at the Hill 57 camp were incredibly harsh. While many Native American families survived during the summer by picking food, clothing, and firewood out of the town garbage dump, snow and ice precluded such scavenging during the winter. Many families turned to the county government during the winter, and received minimal assistance that enabled them to survive. In 1917, at the start of World War I, Anaconda Copper began hiring large numbers of local landless Indians for work in their smelter. The Great Depression, which began in October 1929, caused copper prices to plunge and the plant closed on May 7, 1932. Angry white workers blamed the Native Americans for taking their jobs and stealing equipment from the plant, and burned the Indian camps around Great Falls to the ground. The vast majority of Native Americans then removed to Hill 57, which at that time was owned by a woman of Native American descent. By 1937, a number of Native American families had moved from Hill 57 to the unused land north of Wire Mill Road. Hill 57 was occupied by several hundred Native Americans into the 1970s. As of 2013, however, it was largely deserted. Nevertheless, the landless Native American presence remains strong in Great Falls, with about 3,000 Little Shell Chippewa living in the city. In popular culture The Native Americans of Hill 57 and their desperate poverty were the subject of The American Stranger, an hour-long NBC News special report which aired in November 1958. The broadcast harshly condemned the U.S. government's Indian termination policy, and used the Hill 57 community as an example of what the policy would entail. Historian Pamela Wilson has called the broadcast "the most significant interpretation of the termination crisis" ever to air on American television. References Notes ^ This gravel is derived from Belt Series rock, a Precambrian metasedimentary rock. ^ Landless Native Americans living near the meatpacking plant had long found occasional work there. Citations ^ Malone, Roeder & Lang 1991, p. 21. ^ Sonneborn 2007, p. 287. ^ a b Montana Almanac 1958, p. 117. ^ a b c Robison 2011, p. 79. ^ a b Eder 1983, p. 32. ^ Proctor, Cody; Sherman, David (June 10, 2015). "Firefighters offer tips to protect against wildfires in Great Falls communities". KXLH-TV. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h Hansen 2000, p. 60. ^ a b Leckie, D.A.; Bhattacharya, J.P.; Bloch, J.; Gilboy, C.F.; Norris, B. (1994). "Chapter 20 - Cretaceous Colorado/Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Alberta Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2016. ^ Keroher 1966, p. 367. ^ Keroher 1966, p. 1376. ^ a b c d e Lewis 1959, p. 148. ^ Alden 1932, pp. vii–viii, 14, 49. ^ Clawson & Shandera 1998, p. 13. ^ Alden 1932, pp. 14–15. ^ Keroher 1966, pp. 294–295. ^ Hill & Valppu 1997, pp. 159–161. ^ Feathers, James K.; Hill, Christopher L. (2003). Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A. Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. XVI International Quaternary Association Congress (Report). Reno, Nev.: International Quaternary Association. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2016-02-04. ^ a b Robison 2015, p. 373. ^ a b c Pomnichowski, Ralph (June 28, 2009). "1920 to 1929: The Roaring Decade Was Hard on Montana and the Electric City". Great Falls Tribune. p. Anniversary Section, p. 7. Retrieved February 5, 2016. ^ a b c d Peterson 2010, p. 123. ^ Thompson, Ellen (March–April 2006). "Off the Res". Legal Affairs. Retrieved February 5, 2016. ^ Henry 1950, p. 176. ^ Subcommittees of the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs 1954, p. 895. ^ Gallant 2012, p. 54. ^ a b c Basso 2013, p. 63. ^ Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs 1969, p. 5573. ^ Wilmot, Paula (April 4, 2010). "Test What You Know of Area's Rich History During 1920s". Great Falls Tribune. ^ Cates, Kristen (July 3, 2012). "Great Falls High Students Paint GF Landmark on Hill 57". Great Falls Tribune. ^ a b c Basso 2013, p. 58. ^ Bureau of Land Management 1960, p. 52. ^ a b Basso 2013, p. 59. ^ Basso 2013, pp. 57–58. ^ Malone 2006, p. 68. ^ Basso 2013, p. 57. ^ Basso 2013, p. 60. ^ Basso 2013, p. 64. ^ a b Barnhill 2013, p. 219. ^ Campbell, Justin (October 26, 2014). "Little Shell Chippewa Tribe Holds Wellness Camp". KFBB-TV. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2016. ^ Wilson 1998, pp. 49–51. Bibliography Alden, William C. (1932). Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Barnhill, John H. (2013). "Orphans". In Lawson, Russell M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313381447. Basso, Matthew (2013). Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226038865. Bureau of Land Management (March 1960). Land Planning and Classification Report: Public Domain Lands, Milk River Area, Montana. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior. hdl:2027/uiug.30112059619954. Campbell, Gregory R. (1994). "Cree". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.). Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 9780824048464. Clawson, Roger; Shandera, Katherine A. (1998). Billings: The City and the People. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560370376. Eder, Jeanne Marie Oyawin (1983). Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition (PDF) (M.A.). Montana State University. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Gallant, Frank K. (2012). A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publishing. ISBN 9780486483603. Hansen, W.B. (2000). "Road Log—Field Trip 2, August 15–16, 2000". In Schalla, Robert A.; Johnson, Eric H. (eds.). Montana/Alberta Thrust Belt and Adjacent Foreland: Road Logs, Presentation Abstracts, and Foothills Analyses. Volume II. Billings, Mont.: Montana Geological Society. ISBN 9781878018069. Henry, Ralph Chester (1950). The Majestic Land: Peaks, Parks and Prevaricators of the Rockies and Highlands of the Northwest. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. Hill, Christopher L.; Valppu, Seppo H. (1997). "Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana". Current Research in the Pleistocene. Keroher, Grace C. (1966). Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Lewis, P.J. (1959). "Mission Canyon Bioherms of Northeast Montana". In Hammond, C.R.; Trapp, Henry Jr. (eds.). 10th Anniversary Field Conference, August 13-15, 1959. Sawtooth-Disturbed Belt Area. Billings, Mont.: Billings Geological Society. Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295971209. Malone, Michael (2006). The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295986074. "The Montana Almanac". Missoula, Mont.: Montana State University. 1958. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Peterson, Don (2010). Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738580845. Robison, Ken (2011). Cascade County and Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738581927. Robison, Robison (2015). "Breaking Racial Barriers: 'Everyone's Welcome' at the Ozark Club—Great Falls, Montana's African American Nightclub". In Swartout, Robert R. (ed.). Montana: A Cultural Medley. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560376125. Select Committee on Indian Affairs (1982). Use and Distribution of Pembine Chippewa Indian Judgment Funds. U.S. Senate. 97th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/pur1.32754074489224. Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (1969). Nutrition and Human Needs. U.S. Senate. 90th Cong., 2d sess., and 91st Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/mdp.35112202636314. Sonneborn, Liz (2007). Chronology of American Indian History. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816067701. Subcommittees of the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs (1954). Termination of Federal Supervision Over Certain Tribes of Indians. Part 1. U.S. Congress. 83d Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/umn.31951d02087130f. Wilson, Pamela (1998). "Confronting "the Indian Problem": Media Discourses of Race, Ethnicity, Nation, and Empire in 1950s America". In Torres, Sasha (ed.). Living Color: Race and Television in the United States. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822321781. Further reading Little Shell Recognition 47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"benchland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Heinz 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_57"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree"},{"link_name":"Métis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199121-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonneborn2007287-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Montana_Almanac''1958117-3"}],"text":"Hill 57 is a sandstone-capped hill on the benchland northwest of Great Falls, Montana, United States. The origin of the name is in dispute, but probably derives from an advertisement for \"Heinz 57\" food products that was created on the hillside in the early 20th century. Hill 57 was home to a small and poverty-stricken community of Cree, Métis, and Ojibwe (also known as Chippewa) Native Americans from about the 1880s to the 1960s. Although much reduced in number, some of these landless Native Americans continue to reside on Hill 57. The extreme economic deprivation of Native Americans in the area led to the term \"Hill 57\" becoming a symbol and \"a byword for urban Indian poverty\".[1][2] This community subsequently became the most widely cited example of \"landless Indians\" in Montana.[3]","title":"Hill 57"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison201179-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder198332-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colorado Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"stratigraphic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alberta-8"},{"link_name":"Blackleaf Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleaf_Formation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alberta-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeroher1966367-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"fissile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissility_(geology)"},{"link_name":"ironstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironstone"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeroher19661376-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1959148-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1959148-11"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1932vii%E2%80%93viii,_14,_49-12"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClawsonShandera199813-13"},{"link_name":"fluvial terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial_terrace"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden193214%E2%80%9315-14"},{"link_name":"quartzite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1959148-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1959148-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Laurentide Ice Sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet"},{"link_name":"Lake Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Great_Falls"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillValppu1997159%E2%80%93161-17"},{"link_name":"silt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen200060-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1959148-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison2015373-19"}],"text":"Hill 57 is a low-rise[4] plateau[5] located adjacent to the city limits of Great Falls, Montana, about 2,000 feet (610 m) north of 9th Avenue North/Northwest Bypass on Stuckey Road and abutting to the Valley View neighborhood.[6]Hill 57 consists of rock belonging to the Colorado Group,[7] a stratigraphic unit consisting largely of shale.[8] Within this group is a subunit known as the Blackleaf Formation (or the Albian Formation),[7] a shale with a small proportion of fine-to-medium grain sandstone.[8][9] At the bottom of the Blackleaf Formation is another geologic subunit, the Flood Member,[7] a sandstone consisting of layers (from top to bottom) of very hard calcareous sandstone, fissile sandstone with concretions of ironstone or stained limestone, and medium-hard light-colored sandstone.[10] Flood Member rock makes up the majority of the rock beneath Hill 57.[11] A very hard, undefined sandstone structure, described by geologists as \"massive\" in size, sits atop the hill.[7][11]About 65,000 years ago, before the Iowa Period of the Wisconsin glaciation,[12] the Missouri River flowed north rather than east.[13] The river laid down a fluvial terrace[14] consisting of quartzite gravel.[7][11] A layer of this gravel, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) deep, now covers the top and sides of Hill 57.[7][11][a]About 15,000 years ago, the Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked the north-flowing Missouri River, creating Lake Great Falls.[16] Lake silt in turn covered this gravel, creating the current topsoil of Hill 57.[7][11] About 13,000 years ago, the ice sheet retreated and Lake Great Falls drained.[17] This exposed Hill 57, which has retained this form into the current period.Hill 57 is distinguished from Mount Royal, a somewhat taller adjacent hill/plateau to the north and northwest.[18]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Falls Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison201179-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2010123-21"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder198332-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Montana_Almanac''1958117-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1950176-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubcommittees_of_the_Committees_on_Interior_and_Insular_Affairs1954895-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallant201254-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201363-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201363-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2010123-21"},{"link_name":"James J. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Hill"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Paris Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Gibson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison201179-4"},{"link_name":"Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John Melcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Melcher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelect_Committee_on_Nutrition_and_Human_Needs19695573-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-20"}],"text":"Sources vary widely as to the origin of the name \"Hill 57\". The most complete version of the name's original was reported by Ralph Pomnichowski in the Great Falls Tribune in 2009, who wrote that, in 1926, Heinz 57 salesman Art Hinck (or Henck)[4] arranged rocks on the hill into the form of a gigantic \"57\" and then painted them white.[19] Historian Don Peterson relates substantially the same story, although he says the advertisement was created about 1900.[20] Historian Jeanne Eder has written that the advertisement went up during administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, which puts its creation between September 1901 and March 1909.[5] Attorney Ellen Thompson, who has written about the landless Native Americans living at the site, also says that a Heinz 57 salesman arranged rocks on the hill in the form of a giant \"57\", although she does not say whether they were painted white or not.[21] Others sources agree that the \"57\" was an advertisement (although they are not specific as to the form it took),[3][22][23] while some say that it was \"painted\" but do not specify whether it was on the grass, on rocks, or took some other form.[24][25] Historian Matthew Basso does not identify Art Hinck as the creator of the advertisement, but merely says the individual was a \"pickle salesman\".[25]Sources agree that the advertisement could be seen for miles.[19][20]Two alternative origins for the name \"Hill 57\" have also been suggested. Historian Ken Robison says that, in addition to the Heinz advertisement, Hill 57 was named for James J. Hill, chief executive officer of the Great Northern Railway and a close friend of Great Falls founder Paris Gibson.[4] In 1969, Representative John Melcher cited \"legend\" that the hill's name came from the large number of \"Heinz 57\" cans strewn over the landscape there.[26]As of 2009, the \"57\" advertisement could no longer be seen on the hill.[19]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Falls High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_High_School"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Great Falls High School logo","text":"Since the 1920s, students from Great Falls High School have maintain a giant \"GF\" logo on the side of Hill 57.[27] The logo is composed of whitewashed stones, which GFHS students regularly repaint and keep in place.[28]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Native American presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2010123-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201358-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBureau_of_Land_Management196052-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201359-32"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Eagle,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Anaconda Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison2015373-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201358-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201359-32"},{"link_name":"moccasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccasin"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201357%E2%80%9358-33"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2010123-21"},{"link_name":"garbage dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone200668-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201357-35"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201360-37"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201363-26"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasso201364-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhill2013219-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhill2013219-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Hill 57 camp","text":"Just when the Hill 57 area was occupied by Native Americans is not clear. Some sources put the date at about 1900.[20][29] A major drought which hit Montana in 1917 (and lasted until 1920)[30] drove many landless Native Americans off the plains and into these settlements near Great Falls.[31]Initially, landless Native Americans settled on the west bank of the Missouri River south of the Fox Farm neighborhood. But the most permanent settlements were on Hill 57, Mount Royal, along Wire Mill Road in Black Eagle (an unincorporated village on the north bank of the river where the Anaconda Copper smelter was located),[18] near the Great Falls Meat Packing Plant (now demolished, but then located several hundred feet north of 5700 18th Avenue N.),[29] and on the bank of the Missouri River near what is now Sacajawea Island.[31] White residents of Great Falls derided these areas by calling them \"moccasin flats\".[32]Winters at the Hill 57 camp were incredibly harsh.[20] While many Native American families survived during the summer by picking food, clothing, and firewood out of the town garbage dump, snow and ice precluded such scavenging during the winter. Many families turned to the county government during the winter, and received minimal assistance that enabled them to survive.[33]In 1917, at the start of World War I, Anaconda Copper began hiring large numbers of local landless Indians for work in their smelter.[34][b] The Great Depression, which began in October 1929, caused copper prices to plunge and the plant closed on May 7, 1932. Angry white workers blamed the Native Americans for taking their jobs and stealing equipment from the plant, and burned the Indian camps around Great Falls to the ground.[35] The vast majority of Native Americans then removed to Hill 57, which at that time was owned by a woman of Native American descent.[25]By 1937, a number of Native American families had moved from Hill 57 to the unused land north of Wire Mill Road.[36]Hill 57 was occupied by several hundred Native Americans into the 1970s.[37] As of 2013, however, it was largely deserted.[37] Nevertheless, the landless Native American presence remains strong in Great Falls, with about 3,000 Little Shell Chippewa living in the city.[38]","title":"Native American presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Indian termination policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_termination_policy"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199849%E2%80%9351-41"}],"text":"The Native Americans of Hill 57 and their desperate poverty were the subject of The American Stranger, an hour-long NBC News special report which aired in November 1958. The broadcast harshly condemned the U.S. government's Indian termination policy, and used the Hill 57 community as an example of what the policy would entail. Historian Pamela Wilson has called the broadcast \"the most significant interpretation of the termination crisis\" ever to air on American television.[39]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pG_pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-5nYmCjtMcQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313381447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313381447"},{"link_name":"Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wSpQ1kINo5YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226038865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226038865"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uiug.30112059619954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112059619954"},{"link_name":"Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ynd9AwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780824048464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824048464"},{"link_name":"Billings: The City and the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YRXr5RRLIGMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781560370376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560370376"},{"link_name":"Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/3887/31762001734449.pdf"},{"link_name":"A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PdbCAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486483603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486483603"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781878018069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878018069"},{"link_name":"Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KssJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"Montana: A History of Two Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p-P59FkOPg0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780295971209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295971209"},{"link_name":"The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vxhupNpOa3MC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780295986074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295986074"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1O9gjFtPTJkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780738580845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738580845"},{"link_name":"Cascade County and Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_DUtxKCqSU8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780738581927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738581927"},{"link_name":"Montana: A Cultural Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tXItCQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781560376125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560376125"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/pur1.32754074489224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpur1.32754074489224"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/mdp.35112202636314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.35112202636314"},{"link_name":"Chronology of American Indian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780816067701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816067701"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/umn.31951d02087130f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d02087130f"},{"link_name":"Living Color: Race and Television in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QQB4YA4YsNIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780822321781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822321781"}],"text":"Alden, William C. (1932). Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.\nBarnhill, John H. (2013). \"Orphans\". In Lawson, Russell M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313381447.\nBasso, Matthew (2013). Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226038865.\nBureau of Land Management (March 1960). Land Planning and Classification Report: Public Domain Lands, Milk River Area, Montana. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior. hdl:2027/uiug.30112059619954.\nCampbell, Gregory R. (1994). \"Cree\". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.). Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 9780824048464.\nClawson, Roger; Shandera, Katherine A. (1998). Billings: The City and the People. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560370376.\nEder, Jeanne Marie Oyawin (1983). Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition (PDF) (M.A.). Montana State University. Retrieved February 4, 2016.\nGallant, Frank K. (2012). A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publishing. ISBN 9780486483603.\nHansen, W.B. (2000). \"Road Log—Field Trip 2, August 15–16, 2000\". In Schalla, Robert A.; Johnson, Eric H. (eds.). Montana/Alberta Thrust Belt and Adjacent Foreland: Road Logs, Presentation Abstracts, and Foothills Analyses. Volume II. Billings, Mont.: Montana Geological Society. ISBN 9781878018069.\nHenry, Ralph Chester (1950). The Majestic Land: Peaks, Parks and Prevaricators of the Rockies and Highlands of the Northwest. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.\nHill, Christopher L.; Valppu, Seppo H. (1997). \"Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana\". Current Research in the Pleistocene.\nKeroher, Grace C. (1966). Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.\nLewis, P.J. (1959). \"Mission Canyon Bioherms of Northeast Montana\". In Hammond, C.R.; Trapp, Henry Jr. (eds.). 10th Anniversary Field Conference, August 13-15, 1959. Sawtooth-Disturbed Belt Area. Billings, Mont.: Billings Geological Society.\nMalone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295971209.\nMalone, Michael (2006). The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295986074.\n\"The Montana Almanac\". Missoula, Mont.: Montana State University. 1958. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nPeterson, Don (2010). Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738580845.\nRobison, Ken (2011). Cascade County and Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738581927.\nRobison, Robison (2015). \"Breaking Racial Barriers: 'Everyone's Welcome' at the Ozark Club—Great Falls, Montana's African American Nightclub\". In Swartout, Robert R. (ed.). Montana: A Cultural Medley. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560376125.\nSelect Committee on Indian Affairs (1982). Use and Distribution of Pembine Chippewa Indian Judgment Funds. U.S. Senate. 97th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/pur1.32754074489224.\nSelect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (1969). Nutrition and Human Needs. U.S. Senate. 90th Cong., 2d sess., and 91st Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/mdp.35112202636314.\nSonneborn, Liz (2007). Chronology of American Indian History. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816067701.\nSubcommittees of the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs (1954). Termination of Federal Supervision Over Certain Tribes of Indians. Part 1. U.S. Congress. 83d Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/umn.31951d02087130f.\nWilson, Pamela (1998). \"Confronting \"the Indian Problem\": Media Discourses of Race, Ethnicity, Nation, and Empire in 1950s America\". In Torres, Sasha (ed.). Living Color: Race and Television in the United States. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822321781.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Shell Recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.albionmonitor.com/9703a/losttribes.html"},{"link_name":"47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hill_57&params=47.525_N_111.335_W_type:mountain_region:US-MT"}],"text":"Little Shell Recognition47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Proctor, Cody; Sherman, David (June 10, 2015). \"Firefighters offer tips to protect against wildfires in Great Falls communities\". KXLH-TV. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083152/http://www.kxlh.com/story/29290405/firefighters-offer-tips-to-protect-against-wildfires-in-great-falls-communities","url_text":"\"Firefighters offer tips to protect against wildfires in Great Falls communities\""},{"url":"http://www.kxlh.com/story/29290405/firefighters-offer-tips-to-protect-against-wildfires-in-great-falls-communities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leckie, D.A.; Bhattacharya, J.P.; Bloch, J.; Gilboy, C.F.; Norris, B. (1994). \"Chapter 20 - Cretaceous Colorado/Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\". Alberta Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024130709/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/A_CH20/CH_20.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 20 - Cretaceous Colorado/Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\""},{"url":"http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch20/ch_20.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Feathers, James K.; Hill, Christopher L. (2003). Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A. Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. XVI International Quaternary Association Congress (Report). Reno, Nev.: International Quaternary Association. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2016-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129125733/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53968.htm","url_text":"Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A. Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. XVI International Quaternary Association Congress"},{"url":"http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53968.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pomnichowski, Ralph (June 28, 2009). \"1920 to 1929: The Roaring Decade Was Hard on Montana and the Electric City\". Great Falls Tribune. p. Anniversary Section, p. 7. Retrieved February 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitpages.com/doc/5001411167256576/7#pageTop","url_text":"\"1920 to 1929: The Roaring Decade Was Hard on Montana and the Electric City\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Ellen (March–April 2006). \"Off the Res\". Legal Affairs. Retrieved February 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2006/scene_Thompson_marapr06.msp","url_text":"\"Off the Res\""}]},{"reference":"Wilmot, Paula (April 4, 2010). \"Test What You Know of Area's Rich History During 1920s\". Great Falls Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cates, Kristen (July 3, 2012). \"Great Falls High Students Paint GF Landmark on Hill 57\". Great Falls Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Campbell, Justin (October 26, 2014). \"Little Shell Chippewa Tribe Holds Wellness Camp\". KFBB-TV. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083202/http://www.kfbb.com/story/27019381/little-shell-chippewa-tribe-holds-wellness-camp","url_text":"\"Little Shell Chippewa Tribe Holds Wellness Camp\""},{"url":"http://www.kfbb.com/story/27019381/little-shell-chippewa-tribe-holds-wellness-camp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alden, William C. (1932). Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pG_pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1","url_text":"Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174"}]},{"reference":"Barnhill, John H. (2013). \"Orphans\". In Lawson, Russell M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313381447.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-5nYmCjtMcQC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313381447","url_text":"9780313381447"}]},{"reference":"Basso, Matthew (2013). Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226038865.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wSpQ1kINo5YC","url_text":"Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226038865","url_text":"9780226038865"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Land Management (March 1960). Land Planning and Classification Report: Public Domain Lands, Milk River Area, Montana. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior. hdl:2027/uiug.30112059619954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112059619954","url_text":"2027/uiug.30112059619954"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gregory R. (1994). \"Cree\". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.). Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 9780824048464.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynd9AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824048464","url_text":"9780824048464"}]},{"reference":"Clawson, Roger; Shandera, Katherine A. (1998). Billings: The City and the People. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560370376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YRXr5RRLIGMC","url_text":"Billings: The City and the People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560370376","url_text":"9781560370376"}]},{"reference":"Eder, Jeanne Marie Oyawin (1983). Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition (PDF) (M.A.). Montana State University. Retrieved February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/3887/31762001734449.pdf","url_text":"Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, Frank K. (2012). A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publishing. ISBN 9780486483603.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PdbCAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486483603","url_text":"9780486483603"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, W.B. (2000). \"Road Log—Field Trip 2, August 15–16, 2000\". In Schalla, Robert A.; Johnson, Eric H. (eds.). Montana/Alberta Thrust Belt and Adjacent Foreland: Road Logs, Presentation Abstracts, and Foothills Analyses. Volume II. Billings, Mont.: Montana Geological Society. ISBN 9781878018069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878018069","url_text":"9781878018069"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Ralph Chester (1950). The Majestic Land: Peaks, Parks and Prevaricators of the Rockies and Highlands of the Northwest. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hill, Christopher L.; Valppu, Seppo H. (1997). \"Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana\". Current Research in the Pleistocene.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keroher, Grace C. (1966). Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KssJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1","url_text":"Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, P.J. (1959). \"Mission Canyon Bioherms of Northeast Montana\". In Hammond, C.R.; Trapp, Henry Jr. (eds.). 10th Anniversary Field Conference, August 13-15, 1959. Sawtooth-Disturbed Belt Area. Billings, Mont.: Billings Geological Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295971209.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p-P59FkOPg0C","url_text":"Montana: A History of Two Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295971209","url_text":"9780295971209"}]},{"reference":"Malone, Michael (2006). The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295986074.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vxhupNpOa3MC","url_text":"The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295986074","url_text":"9780295986074"}]},{"reference":"\"The Montana Almanac\". Missoula, Mont.: Montana State University. 1958.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peterson, Don (2010). Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738580845.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9gjFtPTJkC","url_text":"Great Falls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738580845","url_text":"9780738580845"}]},{"reference":"Robison, Ken (2011). Cascade County and Great Falls. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738581927.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUtxKCqSU8C","url_text":"Cascade County and Great Falls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738581927","url_text":"9780738581927"}]},{"reference":"Robison, Robison (2015). \"Breaking Racial Barriers: 'Everyone's Welcome' at the Ozark Club—Great Falls, Montana's African American Nightclub\". In Swartout, Robert R. (ed.). Montana: A Cultural Medley. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. ISBN 9781560376125.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tXItCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Montana: A Cultural Medley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560376125","url_text":"9781560376125"}]},{"reference":"Select Committee on Indian Affairs (1982). Use and Distribution of Pembine Chippewa Indian Judgment Funds. U.S. Senate. 97th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/pur1.32754074489224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpur1.32754074489224","url_text":"2027/pur1.32754074489224"}]},{"reference":"Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (1969). Nutrition and Human Needs. U.S. Senate. 90th Cong., 2d sess., and 91st Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/mdp.35112202636314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.35112202636314","url_text":"2027/mdp.35112202636314"}]},{"reference":"Sonneborn, Liz (2007). Chronology of American Indian History. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816067701.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC","url_text":"Chronology of American Indian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816067701","url_text":"9780816067701"}]},{"reference":"Subcommittees of the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs (1954). Termination of Federal Supervision Over Certain Tribes of Indians. Part 1. U.S. Congress. 83d Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/umn.31951d02087130f.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d02087130f","url_text":"2027/umn.31951d02087130f"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Pamela (1998). \"Confronting \"the Indian Problem\": Media Discourses of Race, Ethnicity, Nation, and Empire in 1950s America\". In Torres, Sasha (ed.). Living Color: Race and Television in the United States. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822321781.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQB4YA4YsNIC","url_text":"Living Color: Race and Television in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822321781","url_text":"9780822321781"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hill_57&params=47.525_N_111.335_W_type:mountain_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083152/http://www.kxlh.com/story/29290405/firefighters-offer-tips-to-protect-against-wildfires-in-great-falls-communities","external_links_name":"\"Firefighters offer tips to protect against wildfires in Great Falls communities\""},{"Link":"http://www.kxlh.com/story/29290405/firefighters-offer-tips-to-protect-against-wildfires-in-great-falls-communities","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024130709/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/A_CH20/CH_20.html","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 20 - Cretaceous Colorado/Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\""},{"Link":"http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch20/ch_20.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129125733/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53968.htm","external_links_name":"Luminescence Dating of Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana, U.S.A. Stratigraphy and Geochronology Session. XVI International Quaternary Association Congress"},{"Link":"http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53968.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hitpages.com/doc/5001411167256576/7#pageTop","external_links_name":"\"1920 to 1929: The Roaring Decade Was Hard on Montana and the Electric City\""},{"Link":"http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2006/scene_Thompson_marapr06.msp","external_links_name":"\"Off the Res\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083202/http://www.kfbb.com/story/27019381/little-shell-chippewa-tribe-holds-wellness-camp","external_links_name":"\"Little Shell Chippewa Tribe Holds Wellness Camp\""},{"Link":"http://www.kfbb.com/story/27019381/little-shell-chippewa-tribe-holds-wellness-camp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pG_pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Physiography and Glacial Geology of Eastern Montana and Adjacent Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 174"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-5nYmCjtMcQC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of American Indian Issues Today"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wSpQ1kINo5YC","external_links_name":"Meet Joe Copper: Masculinity and Race on Montana's World War II Home Front"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112059619954","external_links_name":"2027/uiug.30112059619954"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ynd9AwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YRXr5RRLIGMC","external_links_name":"Billings: The City and the People"},{"Link":"http://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/3887/31762001734449.pdf","external_links_name":"Chief Little Shell's Tribe of Landless Chippewa Indians of Montana: A Question of Recognition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PdbCAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Place Called Peculiar: Stories About Unusual American Place-Names"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KssJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p-P59FkOPg0C","external_links_name":"Montana: A History of Two Centuries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vxhupNpOa3MC","external_links_name":"The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9gjFtPTJkC","external_links_name":"Great Falls"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUtxKCqSU8C","external_links_name":"Cascade County and Great Falls"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tXItCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Montana: A Cultural Medley"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fpur1.32754074489224","external_links_name":"2027/pur1.32754074489224"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.35112202636314","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.35112202636314"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC","external_links_name":"Chronology of American Indian History"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d02087130f","external_links_name":"2027/umn.31951d02087130f"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QQB4YA4YsNIC","external_links_name":"Living Color: Race and Television in the United States"},{"Link":"http://www.albionmonitor.com/9703a/losttribes.html","external_links_name":"Little Shell Recognition"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hill_57&params=47.525_N_111.335_W_type:mountain_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°31′30″N 111°20′06″W / 47.525°N 111.335°W / 47.525; -111.335"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_knee_amputation
Amputation
["1 Types","1.1 Leg","1.2 Arm","1.3 Other","1.4 Self-amputation","1.5 Urgent","2 Causes","2.1 Circulatory disorders","2.2 Neoplasm","2.3 Trauma","2.4 Congenital anomalies","2.5 Infection","2.6 Frostbite","2.7 Athletic performance","2.8 Criminal penalties","3 Surgery","3.1 Method","3.2 Post-operative management","4 Trauma","4.1 Causes","4.2 Treatment","4.3 Epidemiology","5 Prevention","6 Prognosis","7 Etymology","8 Notable cases","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]
Medical procedure that removes a part of the body Medical conditionAmputationOther namesSevered limbAn amputee running with a blade prostheticSpecialtySurgery Physical medicine and rehabilitation Emergency medicineComplicationsPhantom limb syndromeCausesTrauma or intentional as part of surgery and sometimes corporal punishment. Part of a series onCorporal punishment By place Domestic Judicial School By implementation Amputation Belting Birching Branding Caning Cat o' nine tails Flagellation Foot whipping Knout Paddle Scourge Sjambok Slippering Spanking Strapping Switch Tawse Riding crop Whip By country Afghanistan Brunei Iran Malaysia Qatar Singapore Taiwan United Arab Emirates United States Court cases CFCYL v. Canada Ingraham v. Wright S v Williams Tyrer v. the United Kingdom Politics Campaigns against corporal punishment vte Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Pre-trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule1 Self-incrimination Double jeopardy2 Bail Appeal Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven3 Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Periodic Discharge Guidelines Guilt Totality5, 6 Dangerous offender4, 5 Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Imprisonment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Three-strikes law Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff 6 Life licence6 Criminal justice Exoneration Habitual offender Miscarriage of justice Pardon Recidivism Rehabilitation Restorative justice Sex offender registry Sexually violent predator laws1 Related areas of law Civil procedure Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Portals Law portal 1 US courts 2 Not in English/Welsh courts 3 Scottish courts 4 English/Welsh courts 5 Canadian courts 6 UK courts vte Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator. The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child. Types This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leg Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations. Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations. A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee. Types of amputations include: An above-knee amputation partial foot amputation amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint ankle disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint trans-tibial amputation amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation knee disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint trans-femoral amputation amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation hip disarticulation amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint trans-pelvic disarticulation amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation Arm The 18th century guide to amputationsTypes of upper extremity amputations include: partial hand amputation wrist disarticulation trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation elbow disarticulation trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation shoulder disarticulation forequarter amputation A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action. Other Partial amputation of index finger. Facial amputations include but are not limited to: amputation of the ears amputation of the nose (rhinotomy) amputation of the tongue (glossectomy). amputation of the eyes (enucleation). amputation of the teeth (Dental evulsion). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa). Breasts: amputation of the breasts (mastectomy). Genitals: amputation of the testicles (castration). amputation of the penis (penectomy). amputation of the foreskin (circumcision). amputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy). Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations. Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease. Self-amputation See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorder In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days. Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed. Urgent In surgery, a guillotine amputation is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting. Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of infected gangrene. A guillotine amputation is typically followed with a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an above or below knee amputation. Causes Circulatory disorders Diabetic vasculopathy Sepsis with peripheral necrosis Peripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene A severe deep vein thrombosis (phlegmasia cerulea dolens) can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene Neoplasm Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma), melanoma Trauma Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I. Severe limb injuries in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved. Traumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw) Amputation in utero (Amniotic band) Congenital anomalies Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., proximal femoral focal deficiency, Fibular hemimelia) Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g., polydactyly) Infection Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections Gangrene Trench foot Necrosis Meningococcal meningitis Streptococcus Vibrio vulnificus Necrotizing fasciitis Gas gangrene Legionella Influenza A Virus Animal bites Sepsis Bubonic plague Frostbite Frostbite is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity) is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues. Its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing, leading to cell damage and cell death. Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb; if there is deep injury autoamputation may occur. Athletic performance Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance. Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance. Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed. National Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season. Criminal penalties According to Quran 5:38, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under Sharia law, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and 11 of the 36 states within Nigeria. Cross-amputation is one of the Hudud punishments prescribed under Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor. The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the Quran (surah 5.33-34) which stipulates:The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed. The severe punishment, for "highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq) and civil disturbance against Islam", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Somalia; Mauritania, the Maldives; Iran; Taliban-era Afghanistan and Yemen. In 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a bill to the Virginia Assembly that ostensibly would have replaced capital punishment with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes, although not all were really punishable by death at the time. For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the latter removed from a later version), the punishment was to be castration for men or rhinotomy for women. For intentional maiming, the bill specified literal eye for an eye retribution. The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others. From the 16th century, English law provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this. As of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder. Surgery Method Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations. Surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein, so as to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis. Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866). Distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions. An experimental technique known as the "Ewing amputation" aims to improve post-amputation proprioception. Another technique with similar goals, which has been tested in a clinical trial, is Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI). In 1920,  Dr. Janos Ertl Sr. of Hungary, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force. The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques. Post-operative management A 2019 Cochrane systematic review aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial (below the knee) amputations. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence available, the authors concluded that it was uncertain what the benefits and harms were for each dressing type. They recommended that clinicians consider the pros and cons of each dressing type on a case-by-case basis: rigid dressings may potentially benefit patients who have a high risk of falls; soft dressings may potentially benefit patients who have poor skin integrity. A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump. Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, considers maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitization. Trauma Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat. Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss. Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations. Causes Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee. Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically, the most common causes of traumatic amputations are: Vehicle accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.) Labor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.) Agricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment Electric shock hazards Firearms, bladed weapons, explosives Violent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope Ring traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries) Building doors and car doors Animal attacks Gas cylinder explosions Other rare accidents Treatment The development of the science of microsurgery over the last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation: 1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis 2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction. 3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969) 4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000) Epidemiology In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents. The population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers. A study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days. In 2017, an estimated 57.7 million people globally were living with existing traumatic limb injuries. Of these 57.7 million, the leading causes of amputation "were falls (36.2%), road injuries (15.7%), other transportation injuries (11.2%), and mechanical forces (10.4%)." Prevention Methods in preventing amputation, limb-sparing techniques, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which, when widespread, necessitates amputation. There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor blood circulation. Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections. A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart. For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible. The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations. Prognosis The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations. A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome). A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head. In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis. Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War. Due to technological advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as amputee soccer. Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer. Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years. Etymology The word amputation is borrowed from Latin amputātus, past participle of amputāre "to prune back (a plant), prune away, remove by cutting (unwanted parts or features), cut off (a branch, limb, body part)," from am-, assimilated variant of amb- "about, around" + putāre "to prune, make clean or tidy, scour (wool)". The English word "Poes" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), "disarticulation", and "dismemberment" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term. Notable cases Patch Adams Rick Allen Douglas Bader Götz of the Iron Hand Carl Brashear Lisa Bufano Roberto Carlos Tammy Duckworth Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri Terry Fox Zach Gowen Pete Gray Shaquem Griffin Robert David Hall Bethany Hamilton Hugh Herr Frida Kahlo Ronnie Lott Hari Budha Magar Aimee Mullins Oscar Pistorius Amy Purdy Aron Ralston Hans-Ulrich Rudel Alex Zanardi See also Acrotomophilia Adapted automobile Flail limb Robotic prosthesis control References ^ Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-11). "Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-06-27. ^ Chuback, Jennifer E. (March 2005). Whitelaw, W.A. (ed.). The history of rhinoplasty. 14th Annual History of Medicine Days. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. pp. 10–15 – via ResearchGate. ^ Kocharkarn W (Summer 2000). "Traumatic amputation of the penis" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Urology. 26: 385–389. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 – via Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology. ^ Peters R (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521792264. ^ Bosmia AN, Griessenauer CJ, Tubbs RS (July 2014). "Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza". Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 6 (2): 54–6. doi:10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489. PMC 4009169. PMID 24284812. ^ Kepe T (March 2010). "'Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Social Science & Medicine. 70 (5): 729–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016. PMID 20053494. ^ Grisaru N, Lezer S, Belmaker RH (April 1997). "Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1023/a:1024562512475. PMID 9101034. S2CID 32053425. ^ "Amputator". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ "Amputee". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ Maloney, T.R.; Dilkes-Hall, I.E.; Vlok, M (2022). "Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo". Nature. 609 (7927): 547–551. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..547M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8. PMC 9477728. PMID 36071168. ^ Pinzur MS, Stuck RM, Sage R, Hunt N, Rabinovich Z (September 2003). "Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 85 (9): 1667–72. doi:10.2106/00004623-200309000-00003. PMID 12954823. ^ Ransom, Cliff (24 July 2003). "Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019. ^ Müller, Sabine (2009-01-05). "Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified?". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1080/15265160802588194. ISSN 1526-5161. ^ a b c Panchbhavi, Vinod K (8 June 2021). "Guillotine Ankle Amputation". Medscape. ^ Abdul W, Hickey B, Wilson C (April 2016). "Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the setting of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, phlegmasia cerulea dolens and factor VII deficiency". BMJ Case Reports. 2016: bcr2016215078. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-215078. PMC 4854131. PMID 27113791. ^ Ragnarsson, Kristjan T.; Thomas, David C. (2003), "Cancer of the Limbs", Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition, BC Decker, retrieved 2024-01-09 ^ "Frostbite". nhs.uk. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2022-06-29. ^ a b Handford, Charles; Thomas, Owen; Imray, Christopher H. E. (2017-05-01). "Frostbite". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. 35 (2): 281–299. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006. ISSN 0733-8627. PMID 28411928. ^ Handford, Charles; Buxton, Pauline; Russell, Katie; Imray, Caitlin Ea; McIntosh, Scott E.; Freer, Luanne; Cochran, Amalia; Imray, Christopher He (2014). "Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management". Extreme Physiology & Medicine. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/2046-7648-3-7. ISSN 2046-7648. PMC 3994495. PMID 24764516. ^ "Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 2022-06-29. ^ Murray, Shane (2002-01-22). "RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-10-19. ^ Australian Rugby Union (2006-10-17). "Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger". SportsAustralia.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-04-22. ^ Klemko, Robert (2014-06-17). "Ronnie Lott's Amputated Pinkie Finger". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. ^ "Burglar's hand to be amputated". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2021-11-03. ^ "Iranian chocolate thief faces hand amputation". BBC News Online. 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ Dovan, Fiona (2008-02-09). "Iran envoy defends amputation". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Saudi Arabia chops off hand of Egyptian for theft". Monsters and Critics. 2007-11-05. Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-27. ^ "Yemeni man sentenced to hand and foot amputation for armed robbery". Amnesty International. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2021-11-03. ^ Bamford, David (2001-07-01). "Hand amputation in Nigeria". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ Bello, Ademola (2010-06-11). "Who Will Save Amputees of Sharia Law in Nigeria?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ Tarabella, Marc. "Parliamentary question | VP/HR - Cross-amputation in Yemen | E-011050/2013 | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-08-07. ^ Peters, Rudolph (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-521-79226-4. ^ "The Quran, sura 5, verse 33". www.perseus.tufts.edu. ^ "Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute "cross amputation" sentences". Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2023-08-07. ^ "Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies". ^ Rice, Xan (20 October 2010). "Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand". The Guardian. ^ "Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen". academic.oup.com. ^ Pannier, Bruce. "Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. ^ Staff, Newsweek (8 July 2010). "The World's Most Barbaric Punishments". Newsweek. ^ Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). "Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital". The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. pp. 492–507. ^ a b Wilson, Gaye (May 1999). "Bill 64". Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. ^ Boyd 1950, p. 505 ^ Boyd 1950, pp. 497, 506n12 ^ Boyd 1950, p. 498 ^ Boyd 1950, pp. 505–506 ^ Boyd 1950, p. 493. Jefferson cited a work of Stamford and the Offences within the Court Act 1541 (33.H.8 c. 12). ^ "AIUK : Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2021-01-08. ^ Smith DG (2004). "Chapter 2. General principles of amputation surgery.". Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Principles. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. pp. 21–30. ISBN 978-0892033133. ^ Springer, Shira (2018-04-13). "How The Marathon Bombing Helped Bring Innovation To Amputation". WBUR. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Jim Ewing, Dynamic-Model Amputation Patient". Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ New surgery may enable better control of prosthetic limbs ^ Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI) ^ "Ertl Reconstruction - amputation". www.ertlreconstruction.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24. ^ Fischgrund JS (June 2016). "JAAOS Research". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 24 (6): 392. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00309. PMID 27213622. ^ Kwah LK, Webb MT, Goh L, Harvey LA (June 2019). "Rigid dressings versus soft dressings for transtibial amputations". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (6): CD012427. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012427.pub2. PMC 6573094. PMID 31204792. ^ Reichmann JP, Stevens PM, Rheinstein J, Kreulen CD (May 2018). "Removable Rigid Dressings for Postoperative Management of Transtibial Amputations: A Review of Published Evidence". PM&R. 10 (5): 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.10.002. PMID 29054690. S2CID 21732925. ^ Smith DG, Skinner HB (2014). "Amputations". In Skinner HB, McMahon PJ (eds.). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-159075-4. ^ a b Watson N (1986). Hand Injuries and Infections. London: Gower Medical. ISBN 0906923808. ^ Ramirez C, Menaker J (2017-05-01). "Traumatic Amputations". Trauma Reports. 18 (3). ^ Johansen K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen ST (May 1990). "Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma". The Journal of Trauma. 30 (5): 568–72, discussion 572–3. doi:10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007. PMID 2342140. ^ "Amputation". nhs.uk. 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2022-09-07. ^ Davison, Ben, ed. (February 2011). "Scuba Tanks as Lethal Weapons". Undercurrent. Vol. 26, no. 2. Sausalito, California. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ Clasper, Jon; Ramasamy, Arul (2013). "Traumatic amputations". British Journal of Pain. 7 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1177/2049463713487324. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590129. PMID 26516502. ^ a b "American Statistical Association (ASA)". www.amstat.org. ^ Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Steiner C (April 2013). "Readmissions to U.S. Hospitals by Procedure, 2010". HCUP Statistical Brief (154). Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 24006552. ^ McDonald, Cody L.; Westcott-McCoy, Sarah; Weaver, Marcia R.; Haagsma, Juanita; Kartin, Deborah (2021-04-01). "Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation". Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 45 (2): 105–114. doi:10.1177/0309364620972258. ISSN 1746-1553. PMID 33274665. ^ "Gangrene". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ CDC (2023-04-07). "Preventing Diabetes-Related Amputations (Part 1)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ "Avoiding Amputations". Temple Health. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Bouskela E, Donyo KA (May 1997). "Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch". Angiology. 48 (5): 391–9. doi:10.1177/000331979704800503. PMID 9158383. S2CID 28978927. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24. ^ Dillon RS (May 1997). "Patient assessment and examples of a method of treatment. Use of the circulator boot in peripheral vascular disease". Angiology. 48 (5 Pt 2): S35–58. doi:10.1177/000331979704800504. PMID 9158380. S2CID 23512929. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24. ^ Vella A, Carlson LA, Blier B, Felty C, Kuiper JD, Rooke TW (2000). "Circulator boot therapy alters the natural history of ischemic limb ulceration". Vascular Medicine. 5 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1177/1358836X0000500104. PMID 10737152. ^ Williams, Vivien (2008-07-11). Circulator Boot (video). Mayo Clinic News Network. Event occurs at 1:08–1:32. Retrieved 2021-06-27. ^ Roon, Anthony J.; Moore, Wesley S.; Goldstone, Jerry (1977). "Below-knee amputation: A modern approach". The American Journal of Surgery. 134 (1): 153–158. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(77)90299-9. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 879408. ^ a b "Amputation". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Schultz H (January 2005). "The Science of Things". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. ^ MacIver, K.; Lloyd, D. M.; Kelly, S.; Roberts, N.; Nurmikko, T. (August 2008). "Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery". Brain. 131 (8): 2181–2191. doi:10.1093/brain/awn124. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 2494616. PMID 18567624. ^ Ryan J (March 25, 2006). "War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Hoock, Maja (September 2021). "Innovative prostheses positively change the Paralympics". WIPO. Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ Robbins JM, Strauss G, Aron D, Long J, Kuba J, Kaplan Y (November 2008). "Mortality rates and diabetic foot ulcers: is it time to communicate mortality risk to patients with diabetic foot ulceration?". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98 (6): 489–93. doi:10.7547/0980489. PMID 19017860. S2CID 38232703. ^ Savage PE (1983). "The diabetic foot". Problems in Peripheral Vascular Disease. Springer Netherlands. pp. 69–73. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12. ISBN 9789401166508. ^ Lowe, Peter (1612). A discourse of the whole art of chyrurgerie. Wherein is exactly set downe the definition, causes, accidents, prognostications, and cures of all sorts of diseases ... Wherunto is added the rule of making remedies which chirurgions doe commonly use: with the Presages of divine Hyppocrates. Wellcome Library. London : Thomas Purfoot. Further reading Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp. ClassificationDICD-11: Medical: PK80.80; Traumatic: NA09, NA63, NB33, NC18, NC38, NC59, NC78, NC98, ND19, ND35ICD-10: Medical: Y83.5; Traumatic: S*8 (e.g. S68), T05, T09.6, T11.6, T13.6, T14.7MeSH: D000673 vteTests and procedures on muscle and soft tissueMuscle Myotomy Heller myotomy Muscle biopsy Electromyography Tendon Tenotomy Tendon transfer Fascia Fasciotomy Bursa Bursectomy Other Amputation Hemipelvectomy Hemicorporectomy Replantation vteSubstantive human rightsWhat is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rightsCivil and political Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid LGBT rights Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Suffrage right to be a candidate Right to homeland Economic, socialand cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Sexual andreproductive Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality Violations Crimes against humanity Genocide War crimes Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"medical illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_illness"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"malignancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"preventive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare"},{"link_name":"congenital amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_amputation"},{"link_name":"congenital disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder"},{"link_name":"fetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"to punish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chuback_2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"East Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Medical conditionAmputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes.[1][2][3][4] Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.[5][6][7] When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator.[8][9] The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child.[10]","title":"Amputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe"},{"link_name":"Chopart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chopart"},{"link_name":"Lisfranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_articulations"},{"link_name":"disarticulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarticulation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Van Nes rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nes_rotation"},{"link_name":"reattachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg"},{"link_name":"hemipelvectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipelvectomy"}],"sub_title":"Leg","text":"Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations.Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations.[11] A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee.Types of amputations include:An above-knee amputationpartial foot amputation\namputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint\nankle disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint\ntrans-tibial amputation\namputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation\nknee disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the knee joint\ntrans-femoral amputation\namputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation\nhip disarticulation\namputation of the lower limb at the hip joint\ntrans-pelvic disarticulation\namputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amputations_18c.jpg"},{"link_name":"forequarter amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forequarter_amputation"},{"link_name":"Krukenberg procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krukenberg_procedure"}],"sub_title":"Arm","text":"The 18th century guide to amputationsTypes of upper extremity amputations include:partial hand amputation\nwrist disarticulation\ntrans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation\nelbow disarticulation\ntrans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation\nshoulder disarticulation\nforequarter amputationA variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_finger_amputation.jpg"},{"link_name":"index finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_finger"},{"link_name":"rhinotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinotomy"},{"link_name":"glossectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossectomy"},{"link_name":"enucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye"},{"link_name":"Dental evulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_evulsion"},{"link_name":"Iberomaurusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberomaurusian"},{"link_name":"Neolithic North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"Genitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitals"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"penectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penectomy"},{"link_name":"foreskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"clitoridectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy"},{"link_name":"Hemicorporectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicorporectomy"},{"link_name":"decapitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Genital modification and mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Partial amputation of index finger.Facial amputations include but are not limited to:\namputation of the ears\namputation of the nose (rhinotomy)\namputation of the tongue (glossectomy).\namputation of the eyes (enucleation).\namputation of the teeth (Dental evulsion). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).\nBreasts:\namputation of the breasts (mastectomy).\nGenitals:\namputation of the testicles (castration).\namputation of the penis (penectomy).\namputation of the foreskin (circumcision).\namputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations.Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomy"},{"link_name":"Body integrity identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Aron Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Ralston"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Body integrity identity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_integrity_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Self-amputation","text":"See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorderIn some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.[12]Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.[13]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"},{"link_name":"infected gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infected_gangrene"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"},{"link_name":"above or below knee amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_knee_amputation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuilAnk-14"}],"sub_title":"Urgent","text":"In surgery, a guillotine amputation is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting.[14] Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of infected gangrene.[14] A guillotine amputation is typically followed with a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an above or below knee amputation.[14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diabetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"Sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Peripheral artery disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease"},{"link_name":"gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"deep vein thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"phlegmasia cerulea dolens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmasia_cerulea_dolens"},{"link_name":"compartment syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compartment-15"}],"sub_title":"Circulatory disorders","text":"Diabetic vasculopathy\nSepsis with peripheral necrosis\nPeripheral artery disease which can lead to gangrene\nA severe deep vein thrombosis (phlegmasia cerulea dolens) can cause compartment syndrome and gangrene[15]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg"},{"link_name":"liposarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"osteosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma"},{"link_name":"chondrosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrosarcoma"},{"link_name":"fibrosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosarcoma"},{"link_name":"epithelioid sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelioid_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"Ewing's sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%27s_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"synovial sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"sacrococcygeal teratoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_teratoma"},{"link_name":"liposarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Neoplasm","text":"Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcomaCancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma), melanoma[16]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury"},{"link_name":"Traumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_trauma"},{"link_name":"Amniotic band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_band"}],"sub_title":"Trauma","text":"Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.Severe limb injuries in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved.\nTraumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)\nAmputation in utero (Amniotic band)","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proximal femoral focal deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximal_femoral_focal_deficiency"},{"link_name":"Fibular hemimelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibular_hemimelia"},{"link_name":"polydactyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly"}],"sub_title":"Congenital anomalies","text":"Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., proximal femoral focal deficiency, Fibular hemimelia)\nExtra digits and/or limbs (e.g., polydactyly)","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteomyelitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis"},{"link_name":"diabetic foot infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection"},{"link_name":"Gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangrene"},{"link_name":"Trench foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_foot"},{"link_name":"Necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus"},{"link_name":"Vibrio vulnificus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus"},{"link_name":"Necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"Gas gangrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene"},{"link_name":"Legionella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella"},{"link_name":"Influenza A Virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_Virus"},{"link_name":"Animal bites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_bite"},{"link_name":"Sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"}],"sub_title":"Infection","text":"Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections\nGangrene\nTrench foot\nNecrosis\nMeningococcal meningitis\nStreptococcus\nVibrio vulnificus\nNecrotizing fasciitis\nGas gangrene\nLegionella\nInfluenza A Virus\nAnimal bites\nSepsis\nBubonic plague","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handford2017-18"},{"link_name":"pathophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology"},{"link_name":"blood clots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clot"},{"link_name":"cell damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage"},{"link_name":"cell death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_death"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handford2017-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"autoamputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoamputation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Frostbite","text":"Frostbite is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity)[17] is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues.[18] Its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing, leading to cell damage and cell death.[18] Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb;[19] if there is deep injury autoamputation may occur.[20]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsperson"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chick"},{"link_name":"ring finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_finger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Jone Tawake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jone_Tawake"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_and_Canadian_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lott"},{"link_name":"1985 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Athletic performance","text":"Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance.Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.[21]\nRugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed.[22]\nNational Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.[23]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quran 5:38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_5:38"},{"link_name":"Sharia law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_2008-26"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_2007-27"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cross-amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-amputation"},{"link_name":"Hudud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"hirabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirabah"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Virginia Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Assembly"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyd_TJP-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"rhinotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinotomy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"intentional maiming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)"},{"link_name":"eye for an eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_Bill_64-41"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Criminal penalties","text":"According to Quran 5:38, the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under Sharia law, after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like Brunei, the United Arab Emirates,[24] Iran,[25][26] Saudi Arabia,[27] Yemen,[28] and 11 of the 36 states within Nigeria.[29][30]\nCross-amputation is one of the Hudud punishments prescribed under Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor.[31][32] The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the Quran (surah 5.33-34) which stipulates:The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed.[33] The severe punishment, for \"highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq) and civil disturbance against Islam\", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia;[34] Sudan;[35] Somalia;[36] Mauritania, the Maldives;[37] Iran;[38] Taliban-era Afghanistan and Yemen.[39]\nIn 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a bill to the Virginia Assembly that ostensibly would have replaced capital punishment with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes,[40][41] although not all were really punishable by death at the time.[42] For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the latter removed from a later version), the punishment was to be castration for men or rhinotomy for women.[43] For intentional maiming, the bill specified literal eye for an eye retribution.[44] The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others.[41][45]\nFrom the 16th century, English law provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this.[46]\nAs of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder.[47]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg"},{"link_name":"ligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"oscillating saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillating_saw"},{"link_name":"prosthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_de_Mariz_e_Barros"},{"link_name":"Battleship Tamandaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_ironclad_Tamandar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Method","text":"Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.Surgeons performing an amputation have to first ligate the supplying artery and vein, so as to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of bones are filed, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866).Distal stabilisation of muscles is often performed. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles are attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions.[48]An experimental technique known as the \"Ewing amputation\" aims to improve post-amputation proprioception.[49][50] Another technique with similar goals, which has been tested in a clinical trial,[51] is Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI).[52]In 1920,  Dr. Janos Ertl Sr. of Hungary, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force.[53] The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques.[54]","title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Post-operative management","text":"A 2019 Cochrane systematic review aimed to determine whether rigid dressings were more effective than soft dressings in helping wounds heal following transtibial (below the knee) amputations. Due to the limited and very low certainty evidence available, the authors concluded that it was uncertain what the benefits and harms were for each dressing type. They recommended that clinicians consider the pros and cons of each dressing type on a case-by-case basis: rigid dressings may potentially benefit patients who have a high risk of falls; soft dressings may potentially benefit patients who have poor skin integrity.[55]A 2017 review found that the use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial amputations, rather than soft bandaging, improved healing time, reduced edema, prevented knee flexion contractures and reduced complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump.[56]Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, considers maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitization.","title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson1986-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.[57][58]Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.[59]Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.[60]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Causes","text":"Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically, the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:[61]Vehicle accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.)\nLabor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.)\nAgricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment\nElectric shock hazards\nFirearms, bladed weapons, explosives\nViolent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope\nRing traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)\nBuilding doors and car doors\nAnimal attacks\nGas cylinder explosions[62]\nOther rare accidents[63]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microsurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Replantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson1986-58"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"The development of the science of microsurgery over the last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:[citation needed]1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis\n2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.\n3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)\n4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000)[58]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amstat.org-64"},{"link_name":"not specific enough to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amstat.org-64"},{"link_name":"not specific enough to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Epidemiology","text":"In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.[64][not specific enough to verify]\nThe population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.[64][not specific enough to verify]\nA study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.[65]\nIn 2017, an estimated 57.7 million people globally were living with existing traumatic limb injuries. Of these 57.7 million, the leading causes of amputation \"were falls (36.2%), road injuries (15.7%), other transportation injuries (11.2%), and mechanical forces (10.4%).\"[66]","title":"Trauma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limb-sparing techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb-sparing_techniques"},{"link_name":"decubitus ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decubitus_ulcers"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"hyperbaric oxygen therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillon1-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillon2-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vella-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"microsurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Methods in preventing amputation, limb-sparing techniques, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which, when widespread, necessitates amputation.[67]There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor blood circulation.[68][69]Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.[70]A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arteriosclerosis.[71][72] Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease.[73] The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.[74]For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible.The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.[75]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amputation-76"},{"link_name":"phantom limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_limb"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"phantom eye syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_eye_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Phantoms in the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantoms_in_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"V.S. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.S._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Sandra Blakeslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Blakeslee"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"stump socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_sock"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amputation-76"},{"link_name":"heterotopic ossification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopic_ossification"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Challenged Athletes Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenged_Athletes_Foundation"},{"link_name":"adaptive sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_sports"},{"link_name":"amputee soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputee_football"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.[76]A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs;[77] they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.[78]In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.[76]Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War.[79]Due to technological advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as amputee soccer.[80]Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer.[81] Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years.[82]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disarticulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarticulation"},{"link_name":"dismemberment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"The word amputation is borrowed from Latin amputātus, past participle of amputāre \"to prune back (a plant), prune away, remove by cutting (unwanted parts or features), cut off (a branch, limb, body part),\" from am-, assimilated variant of amb- \"about, around\" + putāre \"to prune, make clean or tidy, scour (wool)\". The English word \"Poes\" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words \"extirpation\" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), \"disarticulation\", and \"dismemberment\" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply \"cutting\", but by the end of the 17th century \"amputation\" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.[83]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patch Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_Adams"},{"link_name":"Rick Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Allen_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Bader"},{"link_name":"Götz of the Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen"},{"link_name":"Carl Brashear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brashear"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bufano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bufano"},{"link_name":"Roberto Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tammy Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth"},{"link_name":"Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamandalam_Sankaran_Embranthiri"},{"link_name":"Terry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fox"},{"link_name":"Zach Gowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Gowen"},{"link_name":"Pete Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Gray"},{"link_name":"Shaquem Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquem_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Robert David Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_David_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bethany Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Hugh Herr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Herr"},{"link_name":"Frida Kahlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Lott"},{"link_name":"Hari Budha Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Budha_Magar"},{"link_name":"Aimee Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Mullins"},{"link_name":"Oscar Pistorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius"},{"link_name":"Amy Purdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Purdy"},{"link_name":"Aron Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Ralston"},{"link_name":"Hans-Ulrich Rudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"}],"text":"Patch Adams\nRick Allen\nDouglas Bader\nGötz of the Iron Hand\nCarl Brashear\nLisa Bufano\nRoberto Carlos\nTammy Duckworth\nKalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri\nTerry Fox\nZach Gowen\nPete Gray\nShaquem Griffin\nRobert David Hall\nBethany Hamilton\nHugh Herr\nFrida Kahlo\nRonnie Lott\nHari Budha Magar\nAimee Mullins\nOscar Pistorius\nAmy Purdy\nAron Ralston\nHans-Ulrich Rudel\nAlex Zanardi","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"PK80.80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1240534166"},{"link_name":"NA09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#145676455"},{"link_name":"NA63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1600884926"},{"link_name":"NB33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1490794347"},{"link_name":"NC18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932853630"},{"link_name":"NC38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619727205"},{"link_name":"NC59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#591425200"},{"link_name":"NC78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1954883241"},{"link_name":"NC98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619212116"},{"link_name":"ND19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932338507"},{"link_name":"ND35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1599611342"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"Y83.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Y83.5"},{"link_name":"S68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/S68"},{"link_name":"T05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T05"},{"link_name":"T09.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T09.6"},{"link_name":"T11.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T11.6"},{"link_name":"T13.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T13.6"},{"link_name":"T14.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.7"},{"link_name":"MeSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings"},{"link_name":"D000673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000673"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_and_soft_tissue_procedures"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"soft tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue"},{"link_name":"Muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"Myotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotomy"},{"link_name":"Heller myotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heller_myotomy"},{"link_name":"Muscle biopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_biopsy"},{"link_name":"Electromyography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromyography"},{"link_name":"Tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"Tenotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenotomy"},{"link_name":"Tendon transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon_transfer"},{"link_name":"Fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia"},{"link_name":"Fasciotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciotomy"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_bursa"},{"link_name":"Bursectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursectomy"},{"link_name":"Amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hemipelvectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipelvectomy"},{"link_name":"Hemicorporectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicorporectomy"},{"link_name":"Replantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Civil and political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Equality before the law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law"},{"link_name":"Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention"},{"link_name":"Freedom of assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly"},{"link_name":"Freedom of association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association"},{"link_name":"Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment"},{"link_name":"Freedom from discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination"},{"link_name":"Freedom of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information"},{"link_name":"Freedom of movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement"},{"link_name":"Freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Freedom from slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"Freedom of thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_thought"},{"link_name":"Freedom from torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Legal aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_aid"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty"},{"link_name":"Nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality"},{"link_name":"Personhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personhood"},{"link_name":"Presumption of innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence"},{"link_name":"Right of asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum"},{"link_name":"Right to die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_die"},{"link_name":"Right to a fair trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial"},{"link_name":"Right to family life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_family_life"},{"link_name":"Right to keep and bear arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms"},{"link_name":"Right to life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_life"},{"link_name":"Right to petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_petition"},{"link_name":"Right to privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy"},{"link_name":"Right to protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_protest"},{"link_name":"Right to refuse medical treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_treatment"},{"link_name":"Right to resist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_resist"},{"link_name":"Right of self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense"},{"link_name":"Right to truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_truth"},{"link_name":"Security of person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_person"},{"link_name":"Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"right to be a candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomination_rules"},{"link_name":"Right to homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_homeland"},{"link_name":"Economic, socialand cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights"},{"link_name":"Digital rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights"},{"link_name":"Equal pay for equal work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work"},{"link_name":"Fair remuneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remuneration"},{"link_name":"Labor rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights"},{"link_name":"Right to an adequate standard of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living"},{"link_name":"Right to clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_clothing"},{"link_name":"Right to development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_development"},{"link_name":"Right to education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_education"},{"link_name":"Right to food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_food"},{"link_name":"Right to health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_health"},{"link_name":"Right to a healthy environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment"},{"link_name":"Right to housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_housing"},{"link_name":"Right to Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access"},{"link_name":"Right to property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_property"},{"link_name":"Right to public participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation"},{"link_name":"Right of reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_reply"},{"link_name":"Right to rest and leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure"},{"link_name":"Right of return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_return"},{"link_name":"Right to science and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture"},{"link_name":"Right to social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_social_security"},{"link_name":"Right to water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation"},{"link_name":"Right to work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work"},{"link_name":"Sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights"},{"link_name":"reproductive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights"},{"link_name":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"Family planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning"},{"link_name":"Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"Intersex human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Sexual and reproductive health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health"},{"link_name":"Right to sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4001773-4"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294867205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004661"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000312745&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118406&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10675426"}],"text":"Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.ClassificationDICD-11: Medical: PK80.80; Traumatic: NA09, NA63, NB33, NC18, NC38, NC59, NC78, NC98, ND19, ND35ICD-10: Medical: Y83.5; Traumatic: S*8 (e.g. S68), T05, T09.6, T11.6, T13.6, T14.7MeSH: D000673vteTests and procedures on muscle and soft tissueMuscle\nMyotomy\nHeller myotomy\nMuscle biopsy\nElectromyography\nTendon\nTenotomy\nTendon transfer\nFascia\nFasciotomy\nBursa\nBursectomy\nOther\nAmputation\nHemipelvectomy\nHemicorporectomy\nReplantationvteSubstantive human rightsWhat is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rightsCivil and political\nEquality before the law\nFreedom from arbitrary arrest and detention\nFreedom of assembly\nFreedom of association\nCruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment\nFreedom from discrimination\nFreedom of information\nFreedom of movement\nFreedom of religion\nFreedom from slavery\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of thought\nFreedom from torture\nLegal aid\nLGBT rights\nLiberty\nNationality\nPersonhood\nPresumption of innocence\nRight of asylum\nRight to die\nRight to a fair trial\nRight to family life\nRight to keep and bear arms\nRight to life\nRight to petition\nRight to privacy\nRight to protest\nRight to refuse medical treatment\nRight to resist\nRight of self-defense\nRight to truth\nSecurity of person\nSuffrage\nright to be a candidate\nRight to homeland\nEconomic, socialand cultural\nDigital rights\nEqual pay for equal work\nFair remuneration\nLabor rights\nRight to an adequate standard of living\nRight to clothing\nRight to development\nRight to education\nRight to food\nRight to health\nRight to a healthy environment\nRight to housing\nRight to Internet access\nRight to property\nRight to public participation\nRight of reply\nRight to rest and leisure\nRight of return\nRight to science and culture\nRight to social security\nRight to water\nRight to work\nSexual andreproductive\nAbortion\nFamily planning\nFreedom from involuntary female genital mutilation\nIntersex human rights\nLGBT rights\nSexual and reproductive health\nRight to sexuality\nViolations\nCrimes against humanity\nGenocide\nWar crimesAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nOther\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An above-knee amputation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_an_above_knee_amputation_CRUK_094.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The 18th century guide to amputations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amputations_18c.jpg/250px-Amputations_18c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partial amputation of index finger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Index_finger_amputation.jpg/220px-Index_finger_amputation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg/220px-2nd_day_post_op_after_amputation_of_left_leg_due_to_liposarcoma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg/220px-World_War_I_radiography_amputee.jpg"},{"image_text":"Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg/200px-Curvy_amputation_knife_DSC09451.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amputation of the leg of First Lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, commander of the Brazilian Battleship Tamandaré (Henrique Fleiuss, Semana Illustrada, 1866).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg/220px-%C3%9Altimos_momentos_do_heroico_1%C2%BA_tenente_-_Mariz_e_Barros_-_commandante_do_encoura%C3%A7ado_-_Tamandar%C3%A9._-.jpg"},{"image_text":"Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg/170px-3372709503_10dc75d783_oS%C3%A9quelleAmputation.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Acrotomophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrotomophilia"},{"title":"Adapted automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted_automobile"},{"title":"Flail limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail_limb"},{"title":"Robotic prosthesis control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_prosthesis_control"}]
[{"reference":"Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-11). \"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html","url_text":"\"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Chuback, Jennifer E. (March 2005). Whitelaw, W.A. (ed.). The history of rhinoplasty. 14th Annual History of Medicine Days. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. pp. 10–15 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023","url_text":"The history of rhinoplasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary","url_text":"University of Calgary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Kocharkarn W (Summer 2000). \"Traumatic amputation of the penis\" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Urology. 26: 385–389. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 – via Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology.","urls":[{"url":"http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","url_text":"\"Traumatic amputation of the penis\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters R (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521792264.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7","url_text":"Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521792264","url_text":"9780521792264"}]},{"reference":"Bosmia AN, Griessenauer CJ, Tubbs RS (July 2014). \"Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza\". Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 6 (2): 54–6. doi:10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489. PMC 4009169. PMID 24284812.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009169","url_text":"\"Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5249%2Fjivr.v6i2.489","url_text":"10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009169","url_text":"4009169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284812","url_text":"24284812"}]},{"reference":"Kepe T (March 2010). \"'Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa\". Social Science & Medicine. 70 (5): 729–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016. PMID 20053494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2009.11.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20053494","url_text":"20053494"}]},{"reference":"Grisaru N, Lezer S, Belmaker RH (April 1997). \"Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1023/a:1024562512475. PMID 9101034. S2CID 32053425.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1024562512475","url_text":"10.1023/a:1024562512475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9101034","url_text":"9101034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32053425","url_text":"32053425"}]},{"reference":"\"Amputator\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator","url_text":"\"Amputator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"\"Amputee\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee","url_text":"\"Amputee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"Maloney, T.R.; Dilkes-Hall, I.E.; Vlok, M (2022). \"Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo\". Nature. 609 (7927): 547–551. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..547M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8. PMC 9477728. PMID 36071168.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477728","url_text":"\"Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.609..547M","url_text":"2022Natur.609..547M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05160-8","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477728","url_text":"9477728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36071168","url_text":"36071168"}]},{"reference":"Pinzur MS, Stuck RM, Sage R, Hunt N, Rabinovich Z (September 2003). \"Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes\". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 85 (9): 1667–72. doi:10.2106/00004623-200309000-00003. PMID 12954823.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2106%2F00004623-200309000-00003","url_text":"10.2106/00004623-200309000-00003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954823","url_text":"12954823"}]},{"reference":"Ransom, Cliff (24 July 2003). \"Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life?\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010831/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/07/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/","url_text":"\"Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life?\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/07/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Müller, Sabine (2009-01-05). \"Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified?\". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1080/15265160802588194. ISSN 1526-5161.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265160802588194","url_text":"\"Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15265160802588194","url_text":"10.1080/15265160802588194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161","url_text":"1526-5161"}]},{"reference":"Panchbhavi, Vinod K (8 June 2021). \"Guillotine Ankle Amputation\". Medscape.","urls":[{"url":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894411-overview","url_text":"\"Guillotine Ankle Amputation\""}]},{"reference":"Abdul W, Hickey B, Wilson C (April 2016). \"Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the setting of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, phlegmasia cerulea dolens and factor VII deficiency\". BMJ Case Reports. 2016: bcr2016215078. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-215078. PMC 4854131. PMID 27113791.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854131","url_text":"\"Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the setting of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, phlegmasia cerulea dolens and factor VII deficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr-2016-215078","url_text":"10.1136/bcr-2016-215078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854131","url_text":"4854131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113791","url_text":"27113791"}]},{"reference":"Ragnarsson, Kristjan T.; Thomas, David C. (2003), \"Cancer of the Limbs\", Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition, BC Decker, retrieved 2024-01-09","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13778/","url_text":"\"Cancer of the Limbs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbite\". nhs.uk. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/","url_text":"\"Frostbite\""}]},{"reference":"Handford, Charles; Thomas, Owen; Imray, Christopher H. E. (2017-05-01). \"Frostbite\". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine. 35 (2): 281–299. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006. ISSN 0733-8627. PMID 28411928.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733862716301201","url_text":"\"Frostbite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.emc.2016.12.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8627","url_text":"0733-8627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28411928","url_text":"28411928"}]},{"reference":"Handford, Charles; Buxton, Pauline; Russell, Katie; Imray, Caitlin Ea; McIntosh, Scott E.; Freer, Luanne; Cochran, Amalia; Imray, Christopher He (2014). \"Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management\". Extreme Physiology & Medicine. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/2046-7648-3-7. ISSN 2046-7648. PMC 3994495. PMID 24764516.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994495","url_text":"\"Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2046-7648-3-7","url_text":"10.1186/2046-7648-3-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-7648","url_text":"2046-7648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994495","url_text":"3994495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24764516","url_text":"24764516"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications\". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical","url_text":"\"Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Shane (2002-01-22). \"RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed\". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214022643/http://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html","url_text":"\"RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie","url_text":"RTÉ.ie"},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Rugby Union (2006-10-17). \"Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger\". SportsAustralia.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501093242/http://sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html","url_text":"\"Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klemko, Robert (2014-06-17). \"Ronnie Lott's Amputated Pinkie Finger\". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815042211/https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger","url_text":"\"Ronnie Lott's Amputated Pinkie Finger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"},{"url":"https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Burglar's hand to be amputated\". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2021-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/burglars-hand-to-be-amputated-1.343257","url_text":"\"Burglar's hand to be amputated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iranian chocolate thief faces hand amputation\". BBC News Online. 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11559750","url_text":"\"Iranian chocolate thief faces hand amputation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Dovan, Fiona (2008-02-09). \"Iran envoy defends amputation\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1578146/Iran-envoy-defends-amputation.html","url_text":"\"Iran envoy defends amputation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia chops off hand of Egyptian for theft\". Monsters and Critics. 2007-11-05. Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2021-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811044139/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia chops off hand of Egyptian for theft\""},{"url":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yemeni man sentenced to hand and foot amputation for armed robbery\". Amnesty International. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2021-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2013/09/yemeni-man-sentenced-hand-and-foot-amputation-armed-robbery/","url_text":"\"Yemeni man sentenced to hand and foot amputation for armed robbery\""}]},{"reference":"Bamford, David (2001-07-01). \"Hand amputation in Nigeria\". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1428159.stm","url_text":"\"Hand amputation in Nigeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Bello, Ademola (2010-06-11). \"Who Will Save Amputees of Sharia Law in Nigeria?\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-will-save-amputees-of_b_532949","url_text":"\"Who Will Save Amputees of Sharia Law in Nigeria?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Tarabella, Marc. \"Parliamentary question | VP/HR - Cross-amputation in Yemen | E-011050/2013 | European Parliament\". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2013-011050_EN.html","url_text":"\"Parliamentary question | VP/HR - Cross-amputation in Yemen | E-011050/2013 | European Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Rudolph (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-521-79226-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&dq=%22Cross-amputation%22&pg=PA166","url_text":"Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79226-4","url_text":"978-0-521-79226-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Quran, sura 5, verse 33\". www.perseus.tufts.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D33","url_text":"\"The Quran, sura 5, verse 33\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute \"cross amputation\" sentences\". Amnesty International. 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2023-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/12/saudi-arabia-king-urged-commute-cross-amputation-sentences/","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute \"cross amputation\" sentences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/","url_text":"\"Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Xan (20 October 2010). \"Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/20/somali-islamists-schoolboy-amputation-ordeal","url_text":"\"Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen\". academic.oup.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/34967/chapter-abstract/298608517?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen\""}]},{"reference":"Pannier, Bruce. \"Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed\". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1079325.html","url_text":"\"Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Newsweek (8 July 2010). \"The World's Most Barbaric Punishments\". Newsweek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-most-barbaric-punishments-74537","url_text":"\"The World's Most Barbaric Punishments\""}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). \"Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital\". The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. pp. 492–507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd","url_text":"Boyd, Julian P."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thepapersofthoma0002unse/page/492/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson","url_text":"The Papers of Thomas Jefferson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Gaye (May 1999). \"Bill 64\". Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Thomas Jefferson Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/bill-64/","url_text":"\"Bill 64\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIUK : Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2021-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003223301/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282","url_text":"\"AIUK : Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty\""},{"url":"http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith DG (2004). \"Chapter 2. General principles of amputation surgery.\". Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Principles. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. pp. 21–30. ISBN 978-0892033133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892033133","url_text":"978-0892033133"}]},{"reference":"Springer, Shira (2018-04-13). \"How The Marathon Bombing Helped Bring Innovation To Amputation\". WBUR. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2018/04/13/stepping-strong-brigham-amputation","url_text":"\"How The Marathon Bombing Helped Bring Innovation To Amputation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR","url_text":"WBUR"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Ewing, Dynamic-Model Amputation Patient\". Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brighamandwomensfaulkner.org/about-bwfh/news/ewing","url_text":"\"Jim Ewing, Dynamic-Model Amputation Patient\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ertl Reconstruction - amputation\". www.ertlreconstruction.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ertlreconstruction.com/","url_text":"\"Ertl Reconstruction - amputation\""}]},{"reference":"Fischgrund JS (June 2016). \"JAAOS Research\". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 24 (6): 392. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00309. PMID 27213622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5435%2Fjaaos-d-16-00309","url_text":"10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27213622","url_text":"27213622"}]},{"reference":"Kwah LK, Webb MT, Goh L, Harvey LA (June 2019). \"Rigid dressings versus soft dressings for transtibial amputations\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (6): CD012427. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012427.pub2. PMC 6573094. PMID 31204792.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573094","url_text":"\"Rigid dressings versus soft dressings for transtibial amputations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd012427.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.cd012427.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573094","url_text":"6573094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31204792","url_text":"31204792"}]},{"reference":"Reichmann JP, Stevens PM, Rheinstein J, Kreulen CD (May 2018). \"Removable Rigid Dressings for Postoperative Management of Transtibial Amputations: A Review of Published Evidence\". PM&R. 10 (5): 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.10.002. PMID 29054690. S2CID 21732925.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2017.10.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.10.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29054690","url_text":"29054690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21732925","url_text":"21732925"}]},{"reference":"Smith DG, Skinner HB (2014). \"Amputations\". In Skinner HB, McMahon PJ (eds.). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-159075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=675&sectionid=45451717","url_text":"\"Amputations\""},{"url":"https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=675","url_text":"Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-159075-4","url_text":"978-0-07-159075-4"}]},{"reference":"Watson N (1986). Hand Injuries and Infections. London: Gower Medical. ISBN 0906923808.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906923808","url_text":"0906923808"}]},{"reference":"Ramirez C, Menaker J (2017-05-01). \"Traumatic Amputations\". Trauma Reports. 18 (3).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/140552-traumatic-amputations?v=preview","url_text":"\"Traumatic Amputations\""}]},{"reference":"Johansen K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen ST (May 1990). \"Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma\". The Journal of Trauma. 30 (5): 568–72, discussion 572–3. doi:10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007. PMID 2342140.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199005000-00007","url_text":"\"Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199005000-00007","url_text":"10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2342140","url_text":"2342140"}]},{"reference":"\"Amputation\". nhs.uk. 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2022-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/amputation/","url_text":"\"Amputation\""}]},{"reference":"Davison, Ben, ed. (February 2011). \"Scuba Tanks as Lethal Weapons\". Undercurrent. Vol. 26, no. 2. Sausalito, California. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.undercurrent.org/UCnow/dive_magazine/2011/LethalWeapons201102.html","url_text":"\"Scuba Tanks as Lethal Weapons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210428060005/https://www.undercurrent.org/UCnow/dive_magazine/2011/LethalWeapons201102.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clasper, Jon; Ramasamy, Arul (2013). \"Traumatic amputations\". British Journal of Pain. 7 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1177/2049463713487324. ISSN 2049-4637. PMC 4590129. PMID 26516502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590129","url_text":"\"Traumatic amputations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2049463713487324","url_text":"10.1177/2049463713487324"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-4637","url_text":"2049-4637"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590129","url_text":"4590129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26516502","url_text":"26516502"}]},{"reference":"\"American Statistical Association (ASA)\". www.amstat.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amstat.org//","url_text":"\"American Statistical Association (ASA)\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Steiner C (April 2013). \"Readmissions to U.S. Hospitals by Procedure, 2010\". HCUP Statistical Brief (154). Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 24006552.","urls":[{"url":"https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb154.jsp","url_text":"\"Readmissions to U.S. Hospitals by Procedure, 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality","url_text":"U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24006552","url_text":"24006552"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Cody L.; Westcott-McCoy, Sarah; Weaver, Marcia R.; Haagsma, Juanita; Kartin, Deborah (2021-04-01). \"Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation\". Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 45 (2): 105–114. doi:10.1177/0309364620972258. ISSN 1746-1553. PMID 33274665.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33274665/","url_text":"\"Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309364620972258","url_text":"10.1177/0309364620972258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1746-1553","url_text":"1746-1553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33274665","url_text":"33274665"}]},{"reference":"\"Gangrene\". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gangrene","url_text":"\"Gangrene\""}]},{"reference":"CDC (2023-04-07). \"Preventing Diabetes-Related Amputations (Part 1)\". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/amputations.html","url_text":"\"Preventing Diabetes-Related Amputations (Part 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avoiding Amputations\". Temple Health. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.templehealth.org/services/heart-vascular/patient-care/patient-support/understanding-heart-vascular-disease/avoiding-amputations","url_text":"\"Avoiding Amputations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - Mayo Clinic\". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy/about/pac-20394380","url_text":"\"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - Mayo Clinic\""}]},{"reference":"Bouskela E, Donyo KA (May 1997). \"Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch\". Angiology. 48 (5): 391–9. doi:10.1177/000331979704800503. PMID 9158383. S2CID 28978927. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125035502/http://circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","url_text":"\"Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000331979704800503","url_text":"10.1177/000331979704800503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158383","url_text":"9158383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28978927","url_text":"28978927"},{"url":"http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dillon RS (May 1997). \"Patient assessment and examples of a method of treatment. Use of the circulator boot in peripheral vascular disease\". Angiology. 48 (5 Pt 2): S35–58. doi:10.1177/000331979704800504. PMID 9158380. S2CID 23512929. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125035502/http://circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","url_text":"\"Patient assessment and examples of a method of treatment. Use of the circulator boot in peripheral vascular disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000331979704800504","url_text":"10.1177/000331979704800504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158380","url_text":"9158380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23512929","url_text":"23512929"},{"url":"http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vella A, Carlson LA, Blier B, Felty C, Kuiper JD, Rooke TW (2000). \"Circulator boot therapy alters the natural history of ischemic limb ulceration\". Vascular Medicine. 5 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1177/1358836X0000500104. PMID 10737152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1358836X0000500104","url_text":"10.1177/1358836X0000500104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737152","url_text":"10737152"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Vivien (2008-07-11). Circulator Boot (video). Mayo Clinic News Network. Event occurs at 1:08–1:32. Retrieved 2021-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/circulator-boot/","url_text":"Circulator Boot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic","url_text":"Mayo Clinic News Network"}]},{"reference":"Roon, Anthony J.; Moore, Wesley S.; Goldstone, Jerry (1977). \"Below-knee amputation: A modern approach\". The American Journal of Surgery. 134 (1): 153–158. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(77)90299-9. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 879408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9610%2877%2990299-9","url_text":"10.1016/0002-9610(77)90299-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9610","url_text":"0002-9610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/879408","url_text":"879408"}]},{"reference":"\"Amputation\". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation","url_text":"\"Amputation\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz H (January 2005). \"The Science of Things\". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906143209/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html","url_text":"\"The Science of Things\""},{"url":"http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacIver, K.; Lloyd, D. M.; Kelly, S.; Roberts, N.; Nurmikko, T. (August 2008). \"Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery\". Brain. 131 (8): 2181–2191. doi:10.1093/brain/awn124. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 2494616. PMID 18567624.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494616","url_text":"\"Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawn124","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awn124"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","url_text":"0006-8950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494616","url_text":"2494616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18567624","url_text":"18567624"}]},{"reference":"Ryan J (March 25, 2006). \"War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries\". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNSOLDIERS26.DTL","url_text":"\"War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208093622/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2FMNSOLDIERS26.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hoock, Maja (September 2021). \"Innovative prostheses positively change the Paralympics\". WIPO. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2021/03/article_0007.html","url_text":"\"Innovative prostheses positively change the Paralympics\""}]},{"reference":"Robbins JM, Strauss G, Aron D, Long J, Kuba J, Kaplan Y (November 2008). \"Mortality rates and diabetic foot ulcers: is it time to communicate mortality risk to patients with diabetic foot ulceration?\". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98 (6): 489–93. doi:10.7547/0980489. PMID 19017860. S2CID 38232703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7547%2F0980489","url_text":"10.7547/0980489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017860","url_text":"19017860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38232703","url_text":"38232703"}]},{"reference":"Savage PE (1983). \"The diabetic foot\". Problems in Peripheral Vascular Disease. Springer Netherlands. pp. 69–73. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12. ISBN 9789401166508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-6648-5_12","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401166508","url_text":"9789401166508"}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Peter (1612). A discourse of the whole art of chyrurgerie. Wherein is exactly set downe the definition, causes, accidents, prognostications, and cures of all sorts of diseases ... Wherunto is added the rule of making remedies which chirurgions doe commonly use: with the Presages of divine Hyppocrates. Wellcome Library. London : Thomas Purfoot.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/b30327994_0003","url_text":"A discourse of the whole art of chyrurgerie. Wherein is exactly set downe the definition, causes, accidents, prognostications, and cures of all sorts of diseases ... Wherunto is added the rule of making remedies which chirurgions doe commonly use: with the Presages of divine Hyppocrates"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html","external_links_name":"\"Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023","external_links_name":"The history of rhinoplasty"},{"Link":"http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traumatic amputation of the penis\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009169","external_links_name":"\"Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5249%2Fjivr.v6i2.489","external_links_name":"10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009169","external_links_name":"4009169"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284812","external_links_name":"24284812"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2009.11.016","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20053494","external_links_name":"20053494"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1024562512475","external_links_name":"10.1023/a:1024562512475"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9101034","external_links_name":"9101034"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32053425","external_links_name":"32053425"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator","external_links_name":"\"Amputator\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee","external_links_name":"\"Amputee\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477728","external_links_name":"\"Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.609..547M","external_links_name":"2022Natur.609..547M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05160-8","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477728","external_links_name":"9477728"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36071168","external_links_name":"36071168"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2106%2F00004623-200309000-00003","external_links_name":"10.2106/00004623-200309000-00003"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954823","external_links_name":"12954823"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010831/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/07/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/","external_links_name":"\"Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/07/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265160802588194","external_links_name":"\"Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15265160802588194","external_links_name":"10.1080/15265160802588194"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1526-5161","external_links_name":"1526-5161"},{"Link":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894411-overview","external_links_name":"\"Guillotine Ankle Amputation\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854131","external_links_name":"\"Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the setting of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, phlegmasia cerulea dolens and factor VII deficiency\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr-2016-215078","external_links_name":"10.1136/bcr-2016-215078"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854131","external_links_name":"4854131"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27113791","external_links_name":"27113791"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13778/","external_links_name":"\"Cancer of the Limbs\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/","external_links_name":"\"Frostbite\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733862716301201","external_links_name":"\"Frostbite\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.emc.2016.12.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8627","external_links_name":"0733-8627"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28411928","external_links_name":"28411928"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994495","external_links_name":"\"Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2046-7648-3-7","external_links_name":"10.1186/2046-7648-3-7"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-7648","external_links_name":"2046-7648"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994495","external_links_name":"3994495"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24764516","external_links_name":"24764516"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical","external_links_name":"\"Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214022643/http://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html","external_links_name":"\"RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501093242/http://sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html","external_links_name":"\"Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815042211/https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger","external_links_name":"\"Ronnie Lott's Amputated Pinkie Finger\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/burglars-hand-to-be-amputated-1.343257","external_links_name":"\"Burglar's hand to be amputated\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11559750","external_links_name":"\"Iranian chocolate thief faces hand amputation\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1578146/Iran-envoy-defends-amputation.html","external_links_name":"\"Iran envoy defends amputation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811044139/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia chops off hand of Egyptian for theft\""},{"Link":"http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2013/09/yemeni-man-sentenced-hand-and-foot-amputation-armed-robbery/","external_links_name":"\"Yemeni man sentenced to hand and foot amputation for armed robbery\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1428159.stm","external_links_name":"\"Hand amputation in Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-will-save-amputees-of_b_532949","external_links_name":"\"Who Will Save Amputees of Sharia Law in Nigeria?\""},{"Link":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2013-011050_EN.html","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary question | VP/HR - Cross-amputation in Yemen | E-011050/2013 | European Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&dq=%22Cross-amputation%22&pg=PA166","external_links_name":"Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D33","external_links_name":"\"The Quran, sura 5, verse 33\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/12/saudi-arabia-king-urged-commute-cross-amputation-sentences/","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute \"cross amputation\" sentences\""},{"Link":"https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/","external_links_name":"\"Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/20/somali-islamists-schoolboy-amputation-ordeal","external_links_name":"\"Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand\""},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/book/34967/chapter-abstract/298608517?redirectedFrom=fulltext","external_links_name":"\"Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1079325.html","external_links_name":"\"Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-most-barbaric-punishments-74537","external_links_name":"\"The World's Most Barbaric Punishments\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thepapersofthoma0002unse/page/492/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital\""},{"Link":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/bill-64/","external_links_name":"\"Bill 64\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003223301/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282","external_links_name":"\"AIUK : Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty\""},{"Link":"http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2018/04/13/stepping-strong-brigham-amputation","external_links_name":"\"How The Marathon Bombing Helped Bring Innovation To Amputation\""},{"Link":"https://www.brighamandwomensfaulkner.org/about-bwfh/news/ewing","external_links_name":"\"Jim Ewing, Dynamic-Model Amputation Patient\""},{"Link":"https://news.mit.edu/2021/surgery-control-prosthetic-limbs-0215","external_links_name":"New surgery may enable better control of prosthetic limbs"},{"Link":"https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/agonist-antagonist-myoneural-interface-ami/overview/","external_links_name":"Agonist-antagonist Myoneural Interface (AMI)"},{"Link":"http://www.ertlreconstruction.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ertl Reconstruction - amputation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5435%2Fjaaos-d-16-00309","external_links_name":"10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00309"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27213622","external_links_name":"27213622"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573094","external_links_name":"\"Rigid dressings versus soft dressings for transtibial amputations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd012427.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.cd012427.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573094","external_links_name":"6573094"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31204792","external_links_name":"31204792"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmrj.2017.10.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.10.002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29054690","external_links_name":"29054690"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21732925","external_links_name":"21732925"},{"Link":"https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=675&sectionid=45451717","external_links_name":"\"Amputations\""},{"Link":"https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=675","external_links_name":"Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics"},{"Link":"https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/140552-traumatic-amputations?v=preview","external_links_name":"\"Traumatic Amputations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199005000-00007","external_links_name":"\"Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-199005000-00007","external_links_name":"10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2342140","external_links_name":"2342140"},{"Link":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/amputation/","external_links_name":"\"Amputation\""},{"Link":"https://www.undercurrent.org/UCnow/dive_magazine/2011/LethalWeapons201102.html","external_links_name":"\"Scuba Tanks as Lethal Weapons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210428060005/https://www.undercurrent.org/UCnow/dive_magazine/2011/LethalWeapons201102.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590129","external_links_name":"\"Traumatic amputations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2049463713487324","external_links_name":"10.1177/2049463713487324"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-4637","external_links_name":"2049-4637"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590129","external_links_name":"4590129"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26516502","external_links_name":"26516502"},{"Link":"https://www.amstat.org//","external_links_name":"\"American Statistical Association (ASA)\""},{"Link":"https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb154.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Readmissions to U.S. Hospitals by Procedure, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24006552","external_links_name":"24006552"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33274665/","external_links_name":"\"Global prevalence of traumatic non-fatal limb amputation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0309364620972258","external_links_name":"10.1177/0309364620972258"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1746-1553","external_links_name":"1746-1553"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33274665","external_links_name":"33274665"},{"Link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gangrene","external_links_name":"\"Gangrene\""},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/amputations.html","external_links_name":"\"Preventing Diabetes-Related Amputations (Part 1)\""},{"Link":"https://www.templehealth.org/services/heart-vascular/patient-care/patient-support/understanding-heart-vascular-disease/avoiding-amputations","external_links_name":"\"Avoiding Amputations\""},{"Link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy/about/pac-20394380","external_links_name":"\"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - Mayo Clinic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125035502/http://circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","external_links_name":"\"Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000331979704800503","external_links_name":"10.1177/000331979704800503"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158383","external_links_name":"9158383"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28978927","external_links_name":"28978927"},{"Link":"http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125035502/http://circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","external_links_name":"\"Patient assessment and examples of a method of treatment. Use of the circulator boot in peripheral vascular disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000331979704800504","external_links_name":"10.1177/000331979704800504"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9158380","external_links_name":"9158380"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23512929","external_links_name":"23512929"},{"Link":"http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1358836X0000500104","external_links_name":"10.1177/1358836X0000500104"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737152","external_links_name":"10737152"},{"Link":"https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/circulator-boot/","external_links_name":"Circulator Boot"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9610%2877%2990299-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/0002-9610(77)90299-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9610","external_links_name":"0002-9610"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/879408","external_links_name":"879408"},{"Link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/amputation","external_links_name":"\"Amputation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906143209/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html","external_links_name":"\"The Science of Things\""},{"Link":"http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494616","external_links_name":"\"Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawn124","external_links_name":"10.1093/brain/awn124"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950","external_links_name":"0006-8950"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494616","external_links_name":"2494616"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18567624","external_links_name":"18567624"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNSOLDIERS26.DTL","external_links_name":"\"War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208093622/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2FMNSOLDIERS26.DTL","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2021/03/article_0007.html","external_links_name":"\"Innovative prostheses positively change the Paralympics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7547%2F0980489","external_links_name":"10.7547/0980489"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017860","external_links_name":"19017860"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38232703","external_links_name":"38232703"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-6648-5_12","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/b30327994_0003","external_links_name":"A discourse of the whole art of chyrurgerie. Wherein is exactly set downe the definition, causes, accidents, prognostications, and cures of all sorts of diseases ... Wherunto is added the rule of making remedies which chirurgions doe commonly use: with the Presages of divine Hyppocrates"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1240534166","external_links_name":"PK80.80"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#145676455","external_links_name":"NA09"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1600884926","external_links_name":"NA63"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1490794347","external_links_name":"NB33"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932853630","external_links_name":"NC18"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619727205","external_links_name":"NC38"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#591425200","external_links_name":"NC59"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1954883241","external_links_name":"NC78"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#619212116","external_links_name":"NC98"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932338507","external_links_name":"ND19"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1599611342","external_links_name":"ND35"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Y83.5","external_links_name":"Y83.5"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/S68","external_links_name":"S68"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T05","external_links_name":"T05"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T09.6","external_links_name":"T09.6"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T11.6","external_links_name":"T11.6"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T13.6","external_links_name":"T13.6"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T14.7","external_links_name":"T14.7"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000673","external_links_name":"D000673"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977305j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001773-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294867205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004661","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000312745&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118406&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675426","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hemmings
Peter Hemmings
["1 References"]
British opera administrator (1934–2002) Peter Hemmings OBE (10 April 1934 – 4 January 2002) was an English opera administrator, impresario and singer. As a singer, he was an accomplished chorister in his youth and had a fine bass voice. He was educated at Mill Hill School and began his administrative career as president of the Cambridge University Opera Group. That company's success led to the founding of the New Opera Company in 1957 with Hemmings as general manager. In 1966, he became the chief administrator of Scottish Opera, a position he held for almost 20 years. In 1977, he was appointed general manager of the Australian Opera, but clashed with the music director, Richard Bonynge. In that difficult time his most significant contribution to opera in Australia was the commissioning of the opera Voss from Richard Meale. Later, he managed the London Symphony Orchestra for four years, then accepted a position as the general director of the Los Angeles Opera in 1984. He remained the company's general director until he returned to the UK in 2000 to take up a position on the board of the Royal Opera. He was survived by his wife Jane (née Kearns), two daughters, two sons and one stepdaughter. References ^ "Hemmings, Peter William (1934–2002), opera and orchestra administrator". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-02-06. ^ "Peter Hemmings 1934–2002". www.musicaltimes.co.uk The Musical Times. Archived from the original on 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2009-02-06. ^ a b c d e Forbes, Elizabeth (2002-01-05). "Peter Hemmings". www.independent.co.uk The Independent. Retrieved 2009-02-06. ^ Allen, Rich (2002-04-01), Obituaries: Peter Hemmings, archived from the original on 2012-10-23 ^ Markowitz, Michael (2002-01-04). "Peter Hemmings, Founding Director of Los Angeles Opera, Dies of Cancer". www.andante.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2009-02-06. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"impresario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_Biography_Index_Number_101076660-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheMusicalTimes_Co_Uk_Spring2002_PeterHemmings-2"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent_05Jan2005_HemmingsObit-3"},{"link_name":"chorister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorister"},{"link_name":"bass voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent_05Jan2005_HemmingsObit-3"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Opera Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Opera_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent_05Jan2005_HemmingsObit-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Opera"},{"link_name":"Australian Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Australia"},{"link_name":"Richard Bonynge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bonynge"},{"link_name":"Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voss_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Richard Meale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meale"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent_05Jan2005_HemmingsObit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-higbeamdotcom_obits_01Apr2003_Peter_Hemmings-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndanteCom_04Jan2002_FoundinDirectorofLAOperaDies-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera,_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent_05Jan2005_HemmingsObit-3"}],"text":"Peter Hemmings OBE (10 April 1934 – 4 January 2002) was an English opera administrator, impresario[1][2] and singer.[3]As a singer, he was an accomplished chorister in his youth and had a fine bass voice.[3] He was educated at Mill Hill School and began his administrative career as president of the Cambridge University Opera Group. That company's success led to the founding of the New Opera Company in 1957 with Hemmings as general manager.[3] In 1966, he became the chief administrator of Scottish Opera, a position he held for almost 20 years. In 1977, he was appointed general manager of the Australian Opera, but clashed with the music director, Richard Bonynge. In that difficult time his most significant contribution to opera in Australia was the commissioning of the opera Voss from Richard Meale. Later, he managed the London Symphony Orchestra for four years, then accepted a position as the general director of the Los Angeles Opera in 1984.[3][4][5] He remained the company's general director until he returned to the UK in 2000 to take up a position on the board of the Royal Opera. He was survived by his wife Jane (née Kearns), two daughters, two sons and one stepdaughter.[3]","title":"Peter Hemmings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hemmings, Peter William (1934–2002), opera and orchestra administrator\". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101076660/","url_text":"\"Hemmings, Peter William (1934–2002), opera and orchestra administrator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Hemmings 1934–2002\". www.musicaltimes.co.uk The Musical Times. Archived from the original on 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051104215333/http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0201/hemmings.html","url_text":"\"Peter Hemmings 1934–2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0201/hemmings.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Elizabeth (2002-01-05). \"Peter Hemmings\". www.independent.co.uk The Independent. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-hemmings-729638.html","url_text":"\"Peter Hemmings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Rich (2002-04-01), Obituaries: Peter Hemmings, archived from the original on 2012-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023041947/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-111682429.html","url_text":"Obituaries: Peter Hemmings"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-111682429.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Markowitz, Michael (2002-01-04). \"Peter Hemmings, Founding Director of Los Angeles Opera, Dies of Cancer\". www.andante.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041106024033/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=15492","url_text":"\"Peter Hemmings, Founding Director of Los Angeles Opera, Dies of Cancer\""},{"url":"http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=15492","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101076660/","external_links_name":"\"Hemmings, Peter William (1934–2002), opera and orchestra administrator\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051104215333/http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0201/hemmings.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hemmings 1934–2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0201/hemmings.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-hemmings-729638.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hemmings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023041947/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-111682429.html","external_links_name":"Obituaries: Peter Hemmings"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-111682429.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041106024033/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=15492","external_links_name":"\"Peter Hemmings, Founding Director of Los Angeles Opera, Dies of Cancer\""},{"Link":"http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=15492","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8721154260886924480006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6d460202-2a7d-4a41-86dd-1c2359994ec0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policlinico_of_Milan
Policlinico of Milan
["1 Organization","2 History","3 Historical archive","3.1 Insignia and logo","3.2 Banner","3.3 Book of Elena","4 Departments","5 Centers","5.1 Milano Cord Blood Bank","5.2 Biobanca","5.3 Bank of Rare Blood","5.4 Cell Factory \"Franco Calori\"","5.5 Nord Italia Transplant Program (NITP)","5.6 Other biobanks","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°27′36″N 9°11′33″E / 45.4600°N 9.1924°E / 45.4600; 9.1924"Ospedale Maggiore" redirects here. For the hospital in Bologna, see Ospedale Maggiore di Bologna. Hospital in Milan, ItalyPoliclinico of MilanGeographyLocationvia Francesco Sforza, 28, Lombardy, Milan, ItalyCoordinates45°27′36″N 9°11′33″E / 45.4600°N 9.1924°E / 45.4600; 9.1924OrganisationCare systemPublicFundingPublic hospitalTypeTeaching, District GeneralAffiliated universityUniversity of MilanServicesEmergency departmentYesBeds900HelipadNoHistoryOpenedApril 1456LinksWebsitewww.policlinico.mi.itListsHospitals in Italy The Policlinico of Milan (Italian: Policlinico di Milano) also known as Ospedale Maggiore di Milano or Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, is the public district general hospital in Milan, It is one of the oldest hospitals in Italy, founded by Duke Francesco Sforza in 1456. Today it is a modern hospital with 900 beds, with wards for adults, pregnant women and children. During the first COVID-19 breakout in March 2020, 300 of those beds were readapted for COVID-19 patients. There are three emergency rooms for different categories of patients. The maternity ward (Mangiagalli Clinic) has the highest number of births in Lombardy. The Foundation is a scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS), which means that, alongside clinical activity, it promotes research programs with predominantly translational purposes. The programs are concerned with the rapid transfer of therapies from the laboratory to patients. Organization As of 2020: President: Marco Giachetti (appointment 2019–2023) General Director: Ezio Belleri Administrative Director: Fabio Agrò Medical Director: Laura Chiappa Scientific Director: Fabio Blandini History In 1456 the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza, founded the Magna Domus Hospitalis (Ca' Granda), a hospital dedicated to Annunciata (a municipality of the province of Brescia, Northern Italy). He did so primarily to gain the affection of its people, who were followers of Milan's Visconti family, even though the Duke was married to Bianca Maria Visconti at the time.New Guardia Pavilion and First Aid after the renovation works Policlinico's courtyard, now seat of the University of Milan, after the bombing of 1943. Entering Milan victorious on 25 March 1450 (the day of Annunciation), the Duke decided to dedicate a charitable institution to Annunciata. It was then that the new foundation became the Spedale della Nunciata. Designed by the renowned architect Filarete and built by the engineer Guiniforte Solari (responsible for the courtyard of the Certosa di Pavia, a monastery complex in Lombardy, Northern Italy), the hospital formed part of the completion of the reform of hospitals started by the Archbishop Rampini in the years of the Golden Ambrosian Republic. The cloisters' completion and ornamentation were carried out by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Solari's son-in-law and pupil. Although the hospital was founded for the poor, it was from the outset a hospital where people with some hope of recovery were treated. Chronic diseases were treated in hospitals outside the city. For this reason the Ospedale Maggiore has always been the centre of health information in the city. Policlinico's aerial view, before the demolition started between 2010 and 2011.At the beginning of the 20th century, it was decided that the hospital would be moved to a location beyond the canal (where work had already been started on its expansion). This move coincided with the founding of the state University, which took over the old buildings of the Ca' Granda, where it remains today. The Ospedale Maggiore moved to a vast area between the streets of Francesco Sforza (the site of the canal), Porta Romana, Lamarmora and Commenda. The obstetrics and gynaecology department was the first to be inaugurated, by Luigi Mangiagalli (the first Chancellor of the university), and the department still bears his name. When the hospital moved it was decided that a general hospital would be created in the area of Niguarda (a neighbouring municipality, which had become part of Milan in 1923). This hospital was designed by Giò Ponti and inaugurated in 1932. It kept the name Ca' Granda, whilst the new general hospital took the name Ospedale Maggiore. Policlinico's old Guardia Pavilion, before the renovation works started in 2010 Further additions to the hospital institution included the San Carlo Borromeo di Milano (also designed by Giò Ponti) and the Sesto San Giovanni hospitals. The institution was later divided, giving autonomy to the different institutes, whilst others were founded independently and included later. In 1909 the Adelina brothers and Marco De Marchi founded the Asilo per le madri povere legittime "Regina Elena" (Regina Elena Refuge for Poor Mothers), which remained an independent service until 1990. In 1957 it was converted into a specialist hospital and in 1968 it became the Regina Elena Institute of Obstetrics-Gynaecology and Paediatrics. From 1998 to 2004 the clinical Institutes of Faithful Improvement, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena were placed under the same authority. In 2010 the name of the hospital was changed, reverting to the former Ca' Granda. The university has hosted prominent medical doctors and experts including: Carlo Forlanini - inventor of artificial pneumothorax. Edoardo Porro - innovator of the caesarean section. Baldo Rossi - pioneer of emergency surgery. Luigi Mangiagalli - founder of Istituto Ostetrico Ginecologico. Luigi Devoto - pioneer of occupational medicine. Historical archive Insignia and logo Historical building The organisation's insignia used to bear the scene of the Annunciation and the Latin motto 'ave gratiae plena' ("hail, full of grace"). Later it was simplified to a picture of the dove of the Holy Spirit. The heraldic representation, still the basis of the Foundation's current logo, is closely linked with the Visconti symbol of the flaming, radiant turtle-dove. The olive branch in the bird's beak was added later. Until 1825 the Organisation had the duty of assisting children in need, who, considered as 'the hospital's children', took the surname 'Colombo', meaning 'dove'. The Niguarda, Sesto San Giovanni and San Carlo Borromeo hospitals also obtained insignias or sculptures reminiscent of the dedication. Banner The hospital has two banners of honour: one large banner, maintained in a museum collection, and a pair of smaller banners for use in ceremonies. The need for a banner to display at ceremonies and funerals of benefactors arose in 1927, and inspiration was taken from the banner of the Municipality of Milan, which has particularly solemn connotations. The front of the banner represents the Annunciation. On the other side, the dove is embroidered, surrounded by the heraldic insignias of the hospital's main benefactors: Sforza, Macchi, Del Sesto, Parravicini, Ponti, Secco Comneno, the municipality of Milano, Pio II Piccolomini, Pio IV Medici di Marignano, Pio XI Ratti, Cardinals Saint Carlo Borromeo e Schuster, and the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The project and its realisation were the responsibility of the Milanese architect Giò Ponti, who intended to add value to the banner using both materials and techniques. The metallic parts of the banner were created by the Ravasco firm, and Alfredo Ravasco, the company director, wanted to donate precious stones. Meanwhile, the Bartelli firm had completed the gold and silver embroidery on pure silk. The banner was inaugurated by Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster on 24 March 1935 (the first day of the Festival of Forgiveness) during a solemn function held in Milan's Duomo. In 1938 a copy was made, in order to be able to transport it with ease with just two poles. The original was moved to a collection in 1942 and decorated with crystals by the Silvestri firm. Book of Elena At the beginning of the 19th century, the Milanese Carlo Ingnazio Busca brought a mummy in a sarcophagus and a papyrus to Milan. Today, the mummy can be found at Sforza Castle, while the papyrus is housed in the Historical Archive of the General Hospital. It is not open to public viewing, but is reproduced digitally with infra-red reflectography thanks to an agreement with the University of Milan's Interdepartmental Centre of Infrared and Diagnostic Reflectography of Cultural Heritage, run by Professor Duilio Bertani. The ancient Egyptian papyrus is called Libro per uscire dal giorno ("Book to leave the day") and reproduces the famous Book of the Dead, a series of formulae aimed to facilitate the soul on its last journey beyond the western horizon toward the afterlife. The scroll, almost seven metres long, was produced in Thebes for the scribe and designer Pthamose at the beginning of the nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (1305-1200 BC). It shows a complete text, full of drawings, and it mentions a series of formulae to activate several amulets, which is rare in similar papyri. The heirs of the mummy had to decide what to do with this souvenir, and, taking advice from Dr. Pessani of the Ciceri-Agnesi Fatebenesorelle Hospital, they were persuaded to donate it to the institute's pharmacy (the mummy was in fact, at the time, considered to be a pharmacological remedy). The mummy then became part of the Civic Archaeological and Numismatic Collections at Sforza Castle. Departments The Ospedale Maggiore General Hospital- Mangiagalli- Regina Elena Foundation, has two executive committees which are divided into separate departments. Ospedale Maggiore General Hospital Committee Zonda Department: general surgery and transplants Monteggia Department: surgery (head and neck) Sacco Department: radiology, cardiology, lungs Granelli-Marcora Department: internal medicine, gastroenterology, endocrinology, haematology Litta Department: the first to be built in the area beyond the Canal in 1895; it houses the Association of Italian Rescue Workers Frigerio Department (Lamarmora): group practice Beretta Neuro Department: brain surgery Ponti Department: neurology Guardia Department: A&E Guardia II Department:psychiatry Marangoni Department: immunohaematology, transfusions and transplants Bosisio Department: pathology Centers The hospital hosts the following biological sample banks and centers: Milano Cord Blood Bank The hospital hosts the Milano Cord Blood Bank, which has an inventory of 9,000 umbilical cord blood acquired from donations, which is used for more than 500 stem cell transplants in Italy and abroad. Biobanca The biobank contains about 200,000 samples of biological materials such as serum, cells, DNA and RNA. These samples are kept between -80 and 196 °C and used by about 23 research programmes. Bank of Rare Blood Part of the Transfusional Center, the blood bank is concerned with identifying donors for rare blood groups, as well as coordinating and maintaining regional and national efforts with regards to obtaining units of rare blood groups for cases concerning complex pathologies. Cell Factory "Franco Calori" Cell Factory "Franco Calori" is a GMP facility devoted to the production of cellular therapy products to be employed in experimental clinical protocols. It hosts research efforts mainly dedicated to the study of adult human stem cells, their potential and their differentiating capacity, and a GMP unit for cell manipulation authorized for production of products for advanced cell therapy. Nord Italia Transplant Program (NITP) It is a collaborative organ donation and transplant program between the 5 regions of Italy and an Autonomous Province. Founded in 1972, the NITp is historically the first Italian organization in the field of transplants. It caters toover 20 million inhabitants in Lombardy, Liguria, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Marche and the Autonomous Province of Trento. The network manages the following centers: 93 units providing donors; 38 transplantation units (15 for kidney, 3 for kidney-pancreas, 9 for liver, 6 for heart, 4 for lungs and one for intestine) in 16 Hospitals; 5 regional coordinators and one from the Autonomous Province of Trento (CRR); 1 Interregional Reference Center (CIR). The Interregional Reference Center (CIR) of this network is located at the IRCCS Foundation Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Complex Transplant Coordination Operative Unit. The main functions of CIR, which operates operating 24/7, are: managing waiting lists for patients awaiting transplantation; collecting reports from potential organ donors and the verification of suitability and security; allocating of organs; performing immunologic examinations for donor-recipient compatibility. Other biobanks The hospital also hosts Bank of Donated Human Milk, a Biobank for the cryoconservation of seminal fluid and muscle tissue, peripheral nerve, DNA and cell culture which exchange valuable biological samples with National and International Institutes both for diagnostic and scientific research purposes. See also University of Milan References ^ a b Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. "Storia e futuro". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ Leva, Ernesto; Morandi, Anna; Sartori, Angelo; Macchini, Francesco; Berrettini, Alfredo; Manzoni, Gianantonio (1 April 2020). "Correspondence from Northern Italy about our experience with COVID-19". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 55 (5): 985–986. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.03.028. ISSN 0022-3468. PMC 7195317. PMID 32278542. ^ "Milan's Mangiagalli Hospital's Maternity Ward – What It's Like". Doing Italy. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. "Consiglio di Amministrazione 2019 -2023". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Staff (2 April 2020). "Covid-19. Hospital in Fieramilanocity | GAE Engineering". Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. "Fabio Agrò | I nostri professionisti". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ "Policlinico di Milano: ora la squadra della Direzione Strategica è completa". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. "Policlinico di Milano - English". Policlinico di Milano - English (in Italian). Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Milano Cord Blood Bank". parentsguidecordblood.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "BioBank". Casa di Cura Privata del Policlinico Milano SpA. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ Revelli, Nicoletta; Villa, Maria Antonietta; Paccapelo, Cinzia; Manera, Maria Cristina; Rebulla, Paolo; Migliaccio, Anna Rita; Marconi, Maurizio (January 2014). "The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme". Blood Transfusion. 12 (Suppl 1): s249–s255. doi:10.2450/2013.0182-12. ISSN 1723-2007. PMC 3934293. PMID 23522888. ^ "Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico". www.policlinico.mi.it. Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "Biobanca". Centro Dino Ferrari. Retrieved 20 April 2019. External links Official Website Cell Factory "Franco Calori" Nord Italia Transplant program (NITp) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ospedale Maggiore di Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedale_Maggiore_di_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Ospedale Maggiore\" redirects here. For the hospital in Bologna, see Ospedale Maggiore di Bologna.Hospital in Milan, ItalyThe Policlinico of Milan (Italian: Policlinico di Milano) also known as Ospedale Maggiore di Milano or Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, is the public district general hospital in Milan, It is one of the oldest hospitals in Italy, founded by Duke Francesco Sforza in 1456.[1] Today it is a modern hospital with 900 beds, with wards for adults, pregnant women and children. During the first COVID-19 breakout in March 2020, 300 of those beds were readapted for COVID-19 patients.[2]There are three emergency rooms for different categories of patients. The maternity ward (Mangiagalli Clinic) has the highest number of births in Lombardy.[3]The Foundation is a scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care (IRCCS), which means that, alongside clinical activity, it promotes research programs with predominantly translational purposes. The programs are concerned with the rapid transfer of therapies from the laboratory to patients.","title":"Policlinico of Milan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As of 2020:President: Marco Giachetti (appointment 2019–2023)[4]\nGeneral Director: Ezio Belleri[5]\nAdministrative Director: Fabio Agrò[6]\nMedical Director: Laura Chiappa[7]\nScientific Director: Fabio Blandini","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Annunciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciata"},{"link_name":"Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Visconti_(Milan)"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuovo_padiglione_Guardia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ca%27_Granda_bombardata_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Filarete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filarete"},{"link_name":"Guiniforte Solari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiniforte_Solari"},{"link_name":"Rampini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampini"},{"link_name":"Golden Ambrosian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ambrosian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Policlinico_di_Milano.jpg"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigli"},{"link_name":"state University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_University"},{"link_name":"Ca' Granda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%27_Granda"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Luigi Mangiagalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Mangiagalli"},{"link_name":"Niguarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niguarda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vecchio_padiglione_Guardia.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Carlo Borromeo di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Carlo_Borromeo_di_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sesto San Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesto_San_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Carlo Forlanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Forlanini"},{"link_name":"pneumothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax"},{"link_name":"Edoardo Porro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Porro"},{"link_name":"caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"Baldo Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldo_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"emergency surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_surgery"},{"link_name":"Luigi Mangiagalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Mangiagalli"},{"link_name":"Luigi Devoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Devoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"occupational medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_medicine"}],"text":"In 1456 the Duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza, founded the Magna Domus Hospitalis (Ca' Granda), a hospital dedicated to Annunciata (a municipality of the province of Brescia, Northern Italy). He did so primarily to gain the affection of its people, who were followers of Milan's Visconti family, even though the Duke was married to Bianca Maria Visconti at the time.New Guardia Pavilion and First Aid after the renovation worksPoliclinico's courtyard, now seat of the University of Milan, after the bombing of 1943.Entering Milan victorious on 25 March 1450 (the day of Annunciation), the Duke decided to dedicate a charitable institution to Annunciata. It was then that the new foundation became the Spedale della Nunciata. Designed by the renowned architect Filarete and built by the engineer Guiniforte Solari (responsible for the courtyard of the Certosa di Pavia, a monastery complex in Lombardy, Northern Italy), the hospital formed part of the completion of the reform of hospitals started by the Archbishop Rampini in the years of the Golden Ambrosian Republic.The cloisters' completion and ornamentation were carried out by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Solari's son-in-law and pupil. Although the hospital was founded for the poor, it was from the outset a hospital where people with some hope of recovery were treated. Chronic diseases were treated in hospitals outside the city. For this reason the Ospedale Maggiore has always been the centre of health information in the city.Policlinico's aerial view, before the demolition started between 2010 and 2011.At the beginning of the 20th century, it was decided that the hospital would be moved to a location beyond the canal (where work had already been started on its expansion). This move coincided with the founding of the state University, which took over the old buildings of the Ca' Granda, where it remains today. The Ospedale Maggiore moved to a vast area between the streets of Francesco Sforza (the site of the canal), Porta Romana, Lamarmora and Commenda.The obstetrics and gynaecology department was the first to be inaugurated, by Luigi Mangiagalli (the first Chancellor of the university), and the department still bears his name.When the hospital moved it was decided that a general hospital would be created in the area of Niguarda (a neighbouring municipality, which had become part of Milan in 1923). This hospital was designed by Giò Ponti and inaugurated in 1932. It kept the name Ca' Granda, whilst the new general hospital took the name Ospedale Maggiore.Policlinico's old Guardia Pavilion, before the renovation works started in 2010Further additions to the hospital institution included the San Carlo Borromeo di Milano (also designed by Giò Ponti) and the Sesto San Giovanni hospitals. The institution was later divided, giving autonomy to the different institutes, whilst others were founded independently and included later.In 1909 the Adelina brothers and Marco De Marchi founded the Asilo per le madri povere legittime \"Regina Elena\" (Regina Elena Refuge for Poor Mothers), which remained an independent service until 1990. In 1957 it was converted into a specialist hospital and in 1968 it became the Regina Elena Institute of Obstetrics-Gynaecology and Paediatrics. From 1998 to 2004 the clinical Institutes of Faithful Improvement, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena were placed under the same authority.In 2010 the name of the hospital was changed, reverting to the former Ca' Granda.The university has hosted prominent medical doctors and experts including:[1]Carlo Forlanini - inventor of artificial pneumothorax.\nEdoardo Porro - innovator of the caesarean section.\nBaldo Rossi - pioneer of emergency surgery.\nLuigi Mangiagalli - founder of Istituto Ostetrico Ginecologico.\nLuigi Devoto - pioneer of occupational medicine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:975MilanoCaGranda.JPG"},{"link_name":"dove of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dove_of_the_Holy_Spirit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"olive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_branch"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"sub_title":"Insignia and logo","text":"Historical buildingThe organisation's insignia used to bear the scene of the Annunciation and the Latin motto 'ave gratiae plena' (\"hail, full of grace\"). Later it was simplified to a picture of the dove of the Holy Spirit.The heraldic representation, still the basis of the Foundation's current logo, is closely linked with the Visconti symbol of the flaming, radiant turtle-dove. The olive branch in the bird's beak was added later. Until 1825 the Organisation had the duty of assisting children in need, who, considered as 'the hospital's children', took the surname 'Colombo', meaning 'dove'.The Niguarda, Sesto San Giovanni and San Carlo Borromeo hospitals also obtained insignias or sculptures reminiscent of the dedication.","title":"Historical archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_Milan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza"},{"link_name":"Macchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchi"},{"link_name":"Parravicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parravicini"},{"link_name":"Secco Comneno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secco_Comneno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pio II Piccolomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pio_II_Piccolomini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pio IV Medici di Marignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pio_IV_Medici_di_Marignano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pio XI Ratti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pio_XI_Ratti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Carlo Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Carlo_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Giò Ponti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_Ponti"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Ravasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Ravasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Festival of Forgiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festival_of_Forgiveness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Milan's Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cathedral"}],"sub_title":"Banner","text":"The hospital has two banners of honour: one large banner, maintained in a museum collection, and a pair of smaller banners for use in ceremonies.The need for a banner to display at ceremonies and funerals of benefactors arose in 1927, and inspiration was taken from the banner of the Municipality of Milan, which has particularly solemn connotations. The front of the banner represents the Annunciation. On the other side, the dove is embroidered, surrounded by the heraldic insignias of the hospital's main benefactors: Sforza, Macchi, Del Sesto, Parravicini, Ponti, Secco Comneno, the municipality of Milano, Pio II Piccolomini, Pio IV Medici di Marignano, Pio XI Ratti, Cardinals Saint Carlo Borromeo e Schuster, and the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.The project and its realisation were the responsibility of the Milanese architect Giò Ponti, who intended to add value to the banner using both materials and techniques. The metallic parts of the banner were created by the Ravasco firm, and Alfredo Ravasco, the company director, wanted to donate precious stones. Meanwhile, the Bartelli firm had completed the gold and silver embroidery on pure silk. The banner was inaugurated by Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster on 24 March 1935 (the first day of the Festival of Forgiveness) during a solemn function held in Milan's Duomo.In 1938 a copy was made, in order to be able to transport it with ease with just two poles. The original was moved to a collection in 1942 and decorated with crystals by the Silvestri firm.","title":"Historical archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Sforza Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza_Castle"},{"link_name":"infra-red reflectography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-red_reflectography"},{"link_name":"University of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Interdepartmental Centre of Infrared and Diagnostic Reflectography of Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interdepartmental_Centre_of_Infrared_and_Diagnostic_Reflectography_of_Cultural_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Book of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"nineteenth dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"souvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir"},{"link_name":"Ciceri-Agnesi Fatebenesorelle Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciceri-Agnesi_Fatebenesorelle_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Civic Archaeological and Numismatic Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civic_Archaeological_and_Numismatic_Collections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sforza Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza_Castle"}],"sub_title":"Book of Elena","text":"At the beginning of the 19th century, the Milanese Carlo Ingnazio Busca brought a mummy in a sarcophagus and a papyrus to Milan. Today, the mummy can be found at Sforza Castle, while the papyrus is housed in the Historical Archive of the General Hospital. It is not open to public viewing, but is reproduced digitally with infra-red reflectography thanks to an agreement with the University of Milan's Interdepartmental Centre of Infrared and Diagnostic Reflectography of Cultural Heritage, run by Professor Duilio Bertani.The ancient Egyptian papyrus is called Libro per uscire dal giorno (\"Book to leave the day\") and reproduces the famous Book of the Dead, a series of formulae aimed to facilitate the soul on its last journey beyond the western horizon toward the afterlife. The scroll, almost seven metres long, was produced in Thebes for the scribe and designer Pthamose at the beginning of the nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (1305-1200 BC). It shows a complete text, full of drawings, and it mentions a series of formulae to activate several amulets, which is rare in similar papyri.The heirs of the mummy had to decide what to do with this souvenir, and, taking advice from Dr. Pessani of the Ciceri-Agnesi Fatebenesorelle Hospital, they were persuaded to donate it to the institute's pharmacy (the mummy was in fact, at the time, considered to be a pharmacological remedy). The mummy then became part of the Civic Archaeological and Numismatic Collections at Sforza Castle.","title":"Historical archive"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_5720_-_Milano_-_Universit%C3%A0_Statale_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_21-Feb-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant"},{"link_name":"Monteggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteggia"},{"link_name":"radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"gastroenterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology"},{"link_name":"endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"haematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematology"},{"link_name":"Association of Italian Rescue Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Italian_Rescue_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"immunohaematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohaematology"},{"link_name":"transfusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusions"},{"link_name":"transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"}],"text":"The Ospedale Maggiore General Hospital- Mangiagalli- Regina Elena Foundation, has two executive committees which are divided into separate departments.Ospedale Maggiore General Hospital CommitteeZonda Department: general surgery and transplants\nMonteggia Department: surgery (head and neck)\nSacco Department: radiology, cardiology, lungs\nGranelli-Marcora Department: internal medicine, gastroenterology, endocrinology, haematology\nLitta Department: the first to be built in the area beyond the Canal in 1895; it houses the Association of Italian Rescue Workers\nFrigerio Department (Lamarmora): group practice\nBeretta Neuro Department: brain surgery\nPonti Department: neurology\nGuardia Department: A&E\nGuardia II Department:psychiatry\nMarangoni Department: immunohaematology, transfusions and transplants\nBosisio Department: pathology","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The hospital hosts the following biological sample banks and centers:[8]","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"umbilical cord blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord_blood"},{"link_name":"stem cell transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_transplant"}],"sub_title":"Milano Cord Blood Bank","text":"The hospital hosts the Milano Cord Blood Bank,[9] which has an inventory of 9,000 umbilical cord blood acquired from donations, which is used for more than 500 stem cell transplants in Italy and abroad.","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Biobanca","text":"The biobank[10] contains about 200,000 samples of biological materials such as serum, cells, DNA and RNA. These samples are kept between -80 and 196 °C and used by about 23 research programmes.","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Bank of Rare Blood","text":"Part of the Transfusional Center, the blood bank is concerned with identifying donors for rare blood groups, as well as coordinating and maintaining regional and national efforts with regards to obtaining units of rare blood groups for cases concerning complex pathologies.[11]","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cell Factory \"Franco Calori\"","text":"Cell Factory \"Franco Calori\" is a GMP facility devoted to the production of cellular therapy products to be employed in experimental clinical protocols. It hosts research efforts mainly dedicated to the study of adult human stem cells, their potential and their differentiating capacity, and a GMP unit for cell manipulation authorized for production of products for advanced cell therapy.","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"the Autonomous Province of Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"}],"sub_title":"Nord Italia Transplant Program (NITP)","text":"It is a collaborative organ donation and transplant program between the 5 regions of Italy and an Autonomous Province.[12] Founded in 1972, the NITp is historically the first Italian organization in the field of transplants. It caters toover 20 million inhabitants in Lombardy, Liguria, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Marche and the Autonomous Province of Trento. The network manages the following centers:93 units providing donors;\n38 transplantation units (15 for kidney, 3 for kidney-pancreas, 9 for liver, 6 for heart, 4 for lungs and one for intestine) in 16 Hospitals;\n5 regional coordinators and one from the Autonomous Province of Trento (CRR);\n1 Interregional Reference Center (CIR).The Interregional Reference Center (CIR) of this network is located at the IRCCS Foundation Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Complex Transplant Coordination Operative Unit.The main functions of CIR, which operates operating 24/7, are:managing waiting lists for patients awaiting transplantation;\ncollecting reports from potential organ donors and the verification of suitability and security;\nallocating of organs;\nperforming immunologic examinations for donor-recipient compatibility.","title":"Centers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Other biobanks","text":"The hospital also hosts Bank of Donated Human Milk, a Biobank for the cryoconservation of seminal fluid and muscle tissue, peripheral nerve, DNA and cell culture[13] which exchange valuable biological samples with National and International Institutes both for diagnostic and scientific research purposes.","title":"Centers"}]
[{"image_text":"New Guardia Pavilion and First Aid after the renovation works","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nuovo_padiglione_Guardia.jpg/220px-Nuovo_padiglione_Guardia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Policlinico's courtyard, now seat of the University of Milan, after the bombing of 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ca%27_Granda_bombardata_01.jpg/220px-Ca%27_Granda_bombardata_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Policlinico's aerial view, before the demolition started between 2010 and 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Policlinico_di_Milano.jpg/220px-Policlinico_di_Milano.jpg"},{"image_text":"Policlinico's old Guardia Pavilion, before the renovation works started in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vecchio_padiglione_Guardia.jpg/220px-Vecchio_padiglione_Guardia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historical building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/975MilanoCaGranda.JPG/220px-975MilanoCaGranda.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IMG_5720_-_Milano_-_Universit%C3%A0_Statale_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_21-Feb-2007.jpg/220px-IMG_5720_-_Milano_-_Universit%C3%A0_Statale_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_21-Feb-2007.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Logo_PoliclinicoMI_oriz.2016_alta_RGB2.jpg/500px-Logo_PoliclinicoMI_oriz.2016_alta_RGB2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"University of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Milan"}]
[{"reference":"Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. \"Storia e futuro\". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/chi-siamo/storia-e-futuro","url_text":"\"Storia e futuro\""}]},{"reference":"Leva, Ernesto; Morandi, Anna; Sartori, Angelo; Macchini, Francesco; Berrettini, Alfredo; Manzoni, Gianantonio (1 April 2020). \"Correspondence from Northern Italy about our experience with COVID-19\". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 55 (5): 985–986. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.03.028. ISSN 0022-3468. PMC 7195317. PMID 32278542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195317","url_text":"\"Correspondence from Northern Italy about our experience with COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2020.03.028","url_text":"10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.03.028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3468","url_text":"0022-3468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195317","url_text":"7195317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278542","url_text":"32278542"}]},{"reference":"\"Milan's Mangiagalli Hospital's Maternity Ward – What It's Like\". Doing Italy. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doingitaly.com/blog/mangiagalli-hospital-maternity-ward-what-its-like-milan","url_text":"\"Milan's Mangiagalli Hospital's Maternity Ward – What It's Like\""}]},{"reference":"Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. \"Consiglio di Amministrazione 2019 -2023\". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/chi-siamo/consiglio-di-amministrazione","url_text":"\"Consiglio di Amministrazione 2019 -2023\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (2 April 2020). \"Covid-19. Hospital in Fieramilanocity | GAE Engineering\". Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gae-engineering.com/en/news-en/covid-19-hospital-in-fieramilanocity/","url_text":"\"Covid-19. Hospital in Fieramilanocity | GAE Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. \"Fabio Agrò | I nostri professionisti\". Policlinico di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/i-nostri-professionisti/profilo/988/agro-fabio","url_text":"\"Fabio Agrò | I nostri professionisti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Policlinico di Milano: ora la squadra della Direzione Strategica è completa\". Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.affaritaliani.it/milano/policlinico-di-milano-ora-la-squadra-della-direzione-strategica-completa-586871.html","url_text":"\"Policlinico di Milano: ora la squadra della Direzione Strategica è completa\""}]},{"reference":"Policlinico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore. \"Policlinico di Milano - English\". Policlinico di Milano - English (in Italian). Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/eng/care","url_text":"\"Policlinico di Milano - English\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milano Cord Blood Bank\". parentsguidecordblood.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://parentsguidecordblood.org/en/banks/milano-cord-blood-bank","url_text":"\"Milano Cord Blood Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"BioBank\". Casa di Cura Privata del Policlinico Milano SpA. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccppdezza.it/en/research-area/biobank/","url_text":"\"BioBank\""}]},{"reference":"Revelli, Nicoletta; Villa, Maria Antonietta; Paccapelo, Cinzia; Manera, Maria Cristina; Rebulla, Paolo; Migliaccio, Anna Rita; Marconi, Maurizio (January 2014). \"The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme\". Blood Transfusion. 12 (Suppl 1): s249–s255. doi:10.2450/2013.0182-12. ISSN 1723-2007. PMC 3934293. PMID 23522888.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934293","url_text":"\"The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2450%2F2013.0182-12","url_text":"10.2450/2013.0182-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1723-2007","url_text":"1723-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934293","url_text":"3934293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23522888","url_text":"23522888"}]},{"reference":"\"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico\". www.policlinico.mi.it. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/AMM/nitp/area_paziente/nitp/chi_siamo.html","url_text":"\"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biobanca\". Centro Dino Ferrari. Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centrodinoferrari.com/laboratori/u-o-d-diagnostica-malattie-neuromuscolari-e-rare/biobanca/","url_text":"\"Biobanca\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Policlinico_of_Milan&params=45.46_N_9.1924_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°27′36″N 9°11′33″E / 45.4600°N 9.1924°E / 45.4600; 9.1924"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Policlinico_of_Milan&params=45.46_N_9.1924_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°27′36″N 9°11′33″E / 45.4600°N 9.1924°E / 45.4600; 9.1924"},{"Link":"http://www.policlinico.mi.it/","external_links_name":"www.policlinico.mi.it"},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/chi-siamo/storia-e-futuro","external_links_name":"\"Storia e futuro\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195317","external_links_name":"\"Correspondence from Northern Italy about our experience with COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2020.03.028","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.03.028"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3468","external_links_name":"0022-3468"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195317","external_links_name":"7195317"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32278542","external_links_name":"32278542"},{"Link":"https://www.doingitaly.com/blog/mangiagalli-hospital-maternity-ward-what-its-like-milan","external_links_name":"\"Milan's Mangiagalli Hospital's Maternity Ward – What It's Like\""},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/chi-siamo/consiglio-di-amministrazione","external_links_name":"\"Consiglio di Amministrazione 2019 -2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.gae-engineering.com/en/news-en/covid-19-hospital-in-fieramilanocity/","external_links_name":"\"Covid-19. Hospital in Fieramilanocity | GAE Engineering\""},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/i-nostri-professionisti/profilo/988/agro-fabio","external_links_name":"\"Fabio Agrò | I nostri professionisti\""},{"Link":"http://www.affaritaliani.it/milano/policlinico-di-milano-ora-la-squadra-della-direzione-strategica-completa-586871.html","external_links_name":"\"Policlinico di Milano: ora la squadra della Direzione Strategica è completa\""},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/eng/care","external_links_name":"\"Policlinico di Milano - English\""},{"Link":"https://parentsguidecordblood.org/en/banks/milano-cord-blood-bank","external_links_name":"\"Milano Cord Blood Bank\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccppdezza.it/en/research-area/biobank/","external_links_name":"\"BioBank\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934293","external_links_name":"\"The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2450%2F2013.0182-12","external_links_name":"10.2450/2013.0182-12"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1723-2007","external_links_name":"1723-2007"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934293","external_links_name":"3934293"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23522888","external_links_name":"23522888"},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/AMM/nitp/area_paziente/nitp/chi_siamo.html","external_links_name":"\"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico\""},{"Link":"http://www.centrodinoferrari.com/laboratori/u-o-d-diagnostica-malattie-neuromuscolari-e-rare/biobanca/","external_links_name":"\"Biobanca\""},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.cellfactorymilano.com/lang1/gmp.html","external_links_name":"Cell Factory \"Franco Calori\""},{"Link":"https://www.policlinico.mi.it/AMM/nitp/","external_links_name":"Nord Italia Transplant program (NITp)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417578749","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126182695","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1252435479","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303037805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50056776","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010557388&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029758947","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamika_(2012_TV_series)
Anamika (2012 TV series)
["1 Plot","1.1 After some time","1.2 2 months later","2 Cast and crew","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian TV series or programme AnamikaInter-titleGenreIndian soap opera Mystery Thriller Romantic thrillerCreated bySET TeamWritten byStoryMahesh PandeyKamlesh Kunti SinghVinit VyasVandana SharmaScreenplayJainesh EjardarDialoguesDheeraj SarnaAnukalp GoswamiDirected byRavi RajGlen BarrettoAnkush MohlaCreative directorsCreative DirectorUdayan Pradeep ShuklaAsso. Creative DirectorRukmini BhuyanStarringMudit Nayar Simran Kaur Annie Gill Shivani SurveCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons1ProductionProducersVikas SethMahesh PandeyProduction locationIndiaCinematographyRaju HalasagiEditorTarun Sunil BabbarCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning timeApprox. 20 minutesProduction companyTrishula ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkSony Entertainment TelevisionRelease26 November 2012 (2012-11-26) –13 September 2013 (2013-09-13) Anamika is an Indian soap opera that aired on Sony Entertainment Television. It premiered on 26 November 2012 and went off-air on 13 September 2013. It is Vikas Seth's debut show as a producer on Sony Television and tells the love story of Anamika and Jeet. Plot Jeet Saluja starts encountering a mysterious woman. Her identity is later revealed as Anamika, an extremely beautiful woman who lives alone in a large bungalow in the forest. Anamika loves Jeet and he is strangely attracted to her. He discovers that it is in fact a negative energy that is trying to win him over and he stops meeting her. Eventually, he realises his love for Rano, his childhood best friend. Anamika, revealed to be a witch, abducts Jeet and takes him to her house where bodies of the different men she married and killed, hang. Rano tries to save him but fails. Jeet manages to escape and is finally reunited with his family. Anamika is shown to have committed suicide. After many difficulties, Jeet and Rano get married. Anamika’s spirit returns and begins to haunt the family. In trying to defeat Anamika, Rano dies but her spirit does not attain salvation and can communicate only with a girl named Chhavi. After some time Jeet has left boxing and starts working at his father's company with Chhavi as his secretary. Anamika returns in human form. Chhavi and Jeet become close. At the same time Jeet gets close to Anamika. Rano’s spirit communicates to Chhavi that she must marry Jeet. Jeet's family get them married much to Anamika's discontent. Anamika starts living with Jeet and Chhavi and causes conflicts between them. Realising Anamika's truth, Chhavi throws her out of the house but Anamika makes the family suspect Chhavi of practising black magic and they oust her. Chhavi finally succeeds in bringing out Anamika's truth but Jeet is forced to go to Anamika's house to rescue his mother, Pushpa. Pushpa is saved but at the cost of Jeet's soul. Anamika makes her house disappear and buries Jeet but his family succeeds in finding his body. Meanwhile, Anamika manages to take Jeet's soul to the netherworld and puts him in a trance and they copulate. Anamika's wish comes true, as she becomes pregnant with Jeet's child. Chhavi, desperate to save Jeet, gives up her own soul and goes to the netherworld. She manages to get her hands on a trident, the only thing which could destroy Anamika. Anamika wishes to keep Jeet with her forever and to make this happen Jeet has to be transformed into one of them, but Chhavi confronts Anamika ending Jeet's trance. Anamika is stabbed with the trident by Jeet and loses her powers and dies. Finally, the souls of Jeet and Chhavi return to their respective bodies. They are reunited with the family. Later that night, Jeet and Chhavi consummate their marriage. In a past life, it is revealed that Jeet and Chhavi were king and queen but Jeet was in a relationship with Anamika. Chhavi curses Anamika to live till the end of time. Time passes and Chhavi and Jeet die but Anamika doesn't. She waits for Jeet and has been marrying and killing Jeet in each of his births since. 2 months later Chhavi is two months pregnant. One day, the family find a baby girl at their doorstep. They decide to keep the baby with them until they find her parents. Unbeknownst to them, the baby is Anamika and Jeet’s daughter and Anamika's supernatural powers now reside in her baby. Cast and crew Simran Kaur as Anamika Malhotra/Chandralekha, a witch cursed to live till the end of time Mudit Nayar as Jeet Saluja Annie Gill as Rano Walia, Jeet's first wife Shivani Surve as Chhavi Gupta, Jeet's second wife Madhumalti Kapoor as Harmeet "Bebe" Saluja, Jeet's grandmother Deepak Dutta as Pratap Saluja, Jeet's father Sonika Gill as Pushpa Pratap Saluja, Jeet's mother Hemant Chaddha as Balraj Saluja, Jeet's elder brother Sonia Kaur as Jasleen Balraj Saluja, Balraj's wife Namrata Dhamija as Ritu Walia Anisha Vora as Guddi Walia Manmohan Tiwari as Inspector Abhay Gupta Savita Bajaj as Paatalika Pushkar Goggiaa as Anand Kumar Papiya Sengupta as Shalaka See also List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television References ^ "Anamika's time slot". SET India. Retrieved 22 November 2012. ^ "Sony TV's Anamika hits a double century - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Baddhan, Raj (29 August 2013). "'Chhanchhan' & 'Anamika' axed on Sony TV". BizAsia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Unnikrishnan, Chaya (18 July 2013). "'Anamika' to go off air". DNA India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Bhopatkar, Tejashree (29 October 2012). "Sony launches another love story but with a supernatural touch". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Simran Kaur as Anamika on Sony TV? - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "No saas-bahu drama in 'Anamika': Simran Kaur - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "No saas-bahu drama in Anamika: Simran Kaur". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "TV actor Mudit enjoys real characters". Hindustan Times. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "'Anamika' is not copy of any film: Mudit Nayar". News18. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "An actor needs to have a well-toned body: Mudit Nayar". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Desk, India TV News (14 April 2013). "All-night shoot leaves us with no personal life: Annie Gill". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Team, Tellychakkar. "Annie Gill shoots her last scene in Sony TV's Anamika". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ Unnikrishnan, Chaya (7 May 2013). "'Anamika's' Rano takes backseat for Chhavi". DNA India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "Shivani Surve the new lead in Anamika - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ a b "Anamika gets two renowned names! - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anamika (TV series). Anamika at IMDb vteCurrent broadcasts on Sony Entertainment TelevisionDrama Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi Crime Patrol 48 Hours Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon Mehndi Wala Ghar Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai Reality/non-scripted series India's Best Dancer (Season 3) India's Got Talent List of former shows
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Sony Entertainment Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Indian TV series or programmeAnamika is an Indian soap opera that aired on Sony Entertainment Television. It premiered on 26 November 2012[1] and went off-air on 13 September 2013.[2][3][4] It is Vikas Seth's debut show as a producer on Sony Television and tells the love story of Anamika and Jeet.[5]","title":"Anamika (2012 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jeet Saluja starts encountering a mysterious woman. Her identity is later revealed as Anamika, an extremely beautiful woman who lives alone in a large bungalow in the forest.Anamika loves Jeet and he is strangely attracted to her. He discovers that it is in fact a negative energy that is trying to win him over and he stops meeting her. Eventually, he realises his love for Rano, his childhood best friend.Anamika, revealed to be a witch, abducts Jeet and takes him to her house where bodies of the different men she married and killed, hang. Rano tries to save him but fails. Jeet manages to escape and is finally reunited with his family. Anamika is shown to have committed suicide.After many difficulties, Jeet and Rano get married. Anamika’s spirit returns and begins to haunt the family. In trying to defeat Anamika, Rano dies but her spirit does not attain salvation and can communicate only with a girl named Chhavi.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"After some time","text":"Jeet has left boxing and starts working at his father's company with Chhavi as his secretary. Anamika returns in human form. Chhavi and Jeet become close. At the same time Jeet gets close to Anamika. Rano’s spirit communicates to Chhavi that she must marry Jeet. Jeet's family get them married much to Anamika's discontent.Anamika starts living with Jeet and Chhavi and causes conflicts between them. Realising Anamika's truth, Chhavi throws her out of the house but Anamika makes the family suspect Chhavi of practising black magic and they oust her.Chhavi finally succeeds in bringing out Anamika's truth but Jeet is forced to go to Anamika's house to rescue his mother, Pushpa. Pushpa is saved but at the cost of Jeet's soul. Anamika makes her house disappear and buries Jeet but his family succeeds in finding his body. Meanwhile, Anamika manages to take Jeet's soul to the netherworld and puts him in a trance and they copulate. Anamika's wish comes true, as she becomes pregnant with Jeet's child.Chhavi, desperate to save Jeet, gives up her own soul and goes to the netherworld. She manages to get her hands on a trident, the only thing which could destroy Anamika. Anamika wishes to keep Jeet with her forever and to make this happen Jeet has to be transformed into one of them, but Chhavi confronts Anamika ending Jeet's trance. Anamika is stabbed with the trident by Jeet and loses her powers and dies. Finally, the souls of Jeet and Chhavi return to their respective bodies. They are reunited with the family. Later that night, Jeet and Chhavi consummate their marriage.In a past life, it is revealed that Jeet and Chhavi were king and queen but Jeet was in a relationship with Anamika. Chhavi curses Anamika to live till the end of time. Time passes and Chhavi and Jeet die but Anamika doesn't. She waits for Jeet and has been marrying and killing Jeet in each of his births since.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2 months later","text":"Chhavi is two months pregnant. One day, the family find a baby girl at their doorstep. They decide to keep the baby with them until they find her parents. Unbeknownst to them, the baby is Anamika and Jeet’s daughter and Anamika's supernatural powers now reside in her baby.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simran Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simran_Kaur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mudit Nayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudit_Nayar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Annie Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Gill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shivani Surve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivani_Surve"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Manmohan Tiwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Tiwari"},{"link_name":"Pushkar Goggiaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkar_Goggiaa"},{"link_name":"Papiya Sengupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiya_Sengupta"}],"text":"Simran Kaur as Anamika Malhotra/Chandralekha, a witch cursed to live till the end of time[6][7][8]\nMudit Nayar as Jeet Saluja[9][10][11]\nAnnie Gill as Rano Walia, Jeet's first wife[12][13]\nShivani Surve as Chhavi Gupta, Jeet's second wife[14][15]\nMadhumalti Kapoor as Harmeet \"Bebe\" Saluja, Jeet's grandmother[16]\nDeepak Dutta as Pratap Saluja, Jeet's father\nSonika Gill as Pushpa Pratap Saluja, Jeet's mother[16]\nHemant Chaddha as Balraj Saluja, Jeet's elder brother\nSonia Kaur as Jasleen Balraj Saluja, Balraj's wife\nNamrata Dhamija as Ritu Walia\nAnisha Vora as Guddi Walia\nManmohan Tiwari as Inspector Abhay Gupta\nSavita Bajaj as Paatalika\nPushkar Goggiaa as Anand Kumar\nPapiya Sengupta as Shalaka","title":"Cast and crew"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Sony_Entertainment_Television"}]
[{"reference":"\"Anamika's time slot\". SET India. Retrieved 22 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://setindia.com/shows.php","url_text":"\"Anamika's time slot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony TV's Anamika hits a double century - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-completes-its-200-episodes-today-The-entire-cast-and-crew-of-the-serial-celebrated-this-feat-but-with-a-heavy-heart-/articleshow/22328731.cms","url_text":"\"Sony TV's Anamika hits a double century - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Baddhan, Raj (29 August 2013). \"'Chhanchhan' & 'Anamika' axed on Sony TV\". BizAsia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizasialive.com/chhanchhan-anamika-axed-on-sony-tv/","url_text":"\"'Chhanchhan' & 'Anamika' axed on Sony TV\""}]},{"reference":"Unnikrishnan, Chaya (18 July 2013). \"'Anamika' to go off air\". DNA India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-to-go-off-air-1862539","url_text":"\"'Anamika' to go off air\""}]},{"reference":"Bhopatkar, Tejashree (29 October 2012). \"Sony launches another love story but with a supernatural touch\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130920044923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34797425_1_simran-kaur-unique-love-story-anamika","url_text":"\"Sony launches another love story but with a supernatural touch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34797425_1_simran-kaur-unique-love-story-anamika","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Simran Kaur as Anamika on Sony TV? - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Simran-Kaur-as-Anamika-on-Sony-TV/articleshow/17002778.cms","url_text":"\"Simran Kaur as Anamika on Sony TV? - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"No saas-bahu drama in 'Anamika': Simran Kaur - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/No-saas-bahu-drama-in-Anamika-Simran-Kaur/articleshow/19341208.cms","url_text":"\"No saas-bahu drama in 'Anamika': Simran Kaur - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"No saas-bahu drama in Anamika: Simran Kaur\". Hindustan Times. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/no-saas-bahu-drama-in-anamika-simran-kaur/story-oP9phqp38c1k0cuOHiDyLM.html","url_text":"\"No saas-bahu drama in Anamika: Simran Kaur\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV actor Mudit enjoys real characters\". Hindustan Times. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actor-mudit-enjoys-real-characters/story-OoMRo1VRoeTqySEvQM60hP.html","url_text":"\"TV actor Mudit enjoys real characters\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Anamika' is not copy of any film: Mudit Nayar\". News18. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/anamika-is-not-copy-of-any-film-mudit-nayar-602757.html","url_text":"\"'Anamika' is not copy of any film: Mudit Nayar\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Tellychakkar. \"An actor needs to have a well-toned body: Mudit Nayar\". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/actor-needs-have-well-toned-body-mudit-nayar","url_text":"\"An actor needs to have a well-toned body: Mudit Nayar\""}]},{"reference":"Desk, India TV News (14 April 2013). \"All-night shoot leaves us with no personal life: Annie Gill\". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-night-shoot-leaves-us-with-no-personal-life-annie-gill-7267.html","url_text":"\"All-night shoot leaves us with no personal life: Annie Gill\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Tellychakkar. \"Annie Gill shoots her last scene in Sony TV's Anamika\". Tellychakkar.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/annie-gill-shoots-her-last-scene-sony-tvs-anamika","url_text":"\"Annie Gill shoots her last scene in Sony TV's Anamika\""}]},{"reference":"Unnikrishnan, Chaya (7 May 2013). \"'Anamika's' Rano takes backseat for Chhavi\". DNA India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-s-rano-takes-backseat-for-chhavi-1831378","url_text":"\"'Anamika's' Rano takes backseat for Chhavi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shivani Surve the new lead in Anamika - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shivani-Surve-the-new-lead-in-Anamika/articleshow/19896214.cms","url_text":"\"Shivani Surve the new lead in Anamika - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anamika gets two renowned names! - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-gets-two-renowned-names/articleshow/17254817.cms","url_text":"\"Anamika gets two renowned names! - Times of India\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://setindia.com/shows.php","external_links_name":"\"Anamika's time slot\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-completes-its-200-episodes-today-The-entire-cast-and-crew-of-the-serial-celebrated-this-feat-but-with-a-heavy-heart-/articleshow/22328731.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sony TV's Anamika hits a double century - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizasialive.com/chhanchhan-anamika-axed-on-sony-tv/","external_links_name":"\"'Chhanchhan' & 'Anamika' axed on Sony TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-to-go-off-air-1862539","external_links_name":"\"'Anamika' to go off air\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130920044923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34797425_1_simran-kaur-unique-love-story-anamika","external_links_name":"\"Sony launches another love story but with a supernatural touch\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34797425_1_simran-kaur-unique-love-story-anamika","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Simran-Kaur-as-Anamika-on-Sony-TV/articleshow/17002778.cms","external_links_name":"\"Simran Kaur as Anamika on Sony TV? - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/No-saas-bahu-drama-in-Anamika-Simran-Kaur/articleshow/19341208.cms","external_links_name":"\"No saas-bahu drama in 'Anamika': Simran Kaur - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/no-saas-bahu-drama-in-anamika-simran-kaur/story-oP9phqp38c1k0cuOHiDyLM.html","external_links_name":"\"No saas-bahu drama in Anamika: Simran Kaur\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actor-mudit-enjoys-real-characters/story-OoMRo1VRoeTqySEvQM60hP.html","external_links_name":"\"TV actor Mudit enjoys real characters\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/anamika-is-not-copy-of-any-film-mudit-nayar-602757.html","external_links_name":"\"'Anamika' is not copy of any film: Mudit Nayar\""},{"Link":"http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/actor-needs-have-well-toned-body-mudit-nayar","external_links_name":"\"An actor needs to have a well-toned body: Mudit Nayar\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-night-shoot-leaves-us-with-no-personal-life-annie-gill-7267.html","external_links_name":"\"All-night shoot leaves us with no personal life: Annie Gill\""},{"Link":"http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/annie-gill-shoots-her-last-scene-sony-tvs-anamika","external_links_name":"\"Annie Gill shoots her last scene in Sony TV's Anamika\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-s-rano-takes-backseat-for-chhavi-1831378","external_links_name":"\"'Anamika's' Rano takes backseat for Chhavi\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shivani-Surve-the-new-lead-in-Anamika/articleshow/19896214.cms","external_links_name":"\"Shivani Surve the new lead in Anamika - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-gets-two-renowned-names/articleshow/17254817.cms","external_links_name":"\"Anamika gets two renowned names! - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2767796/","external_links_name":"Anamika"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atala_(district)
Atala (district)
["1 Sources","1.1 References"]
Coordinates: 61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889This article is about a district in Tampere, Finland. For other uses, see Atala. City district in Tampere, Finland 61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889 An apartment houses at Vehkakuja in Atala, Tampere Atala is a neighbourhood in the northeast part of the city of Tampere, Finland, a few kilometers to the east from the border of the Kangasala city. Its neighboring neighborhoods are Holvasti in the south, Linnainmaa in the southwest and Tasanne in the north. The district was named after Ata Oy, which was founded in 1937 and manufactures spiral bevel gears. In the Atala district, there is a small shopping center with K-Market grocery store, pharmacy and barber's shop, primary school with grades 1–6, and two kindergartens. The services of the health center were transferred to the Linnainmaa district in 2017. The building stock of the Atala district currently consists mainly of terraced and detached houses built since the 1980s. Some older settlements, such as front houses, have also been preserved in the area. Sources Maija Louhivaara: Tampereen kadunnimet, s. 215–217. Tampereen museoiden julkaisuja 51, 1999, Tampere. ISBN 951-609-105-9. (in Finnish) References ^ Ata Gears: Kartiohammaspyöriä vaativaan käyttöön (in Finnish) ^ Atalan koulu - Höntsy (in Finnish) ^ Itä-Tampere - Visit Tampere (in Finnish) vteThe official major districts of Tampere and their subdivision in neighbourhoods (and quarters)CentralKeskinen 1. Keskusta Finlayson Nalkala Amuri Kaakinmaa Pyynikinrinne Särkänniemi Tampella Jussinkylä Kyttälä Ratina Osmonmäki Tammela Tulli Kalevanharju Hatanpää Pyynikki 2. Sampo Kalevanrinne Liisankallio Petsamo Lappi Lapinniemi Kaleva Järvensivu Vuohenoja Kauppi Kissanmaa 3. Iides Viinikka Nekala Vihioja Jokipohja Muotiala NortheasternKoillinen 4. Messu Uusikylä Ruotula Huikas Takahuhti Hakametsä Ristinarkku Aakkula Messukylä Pappila 5. Tasa Niihama Atala Ojala Kumpula Tasanne Olkahinen 6. Leino Linnainmaa Leinola Holvasti Vehmainen Hankkio SoutheasternKaakkoinen 7. Kauka Turtola Viiala Haihara Kaukajärvi Lukonmäki Hallila 8. Herva Hervanta Rusko Hervantajärvi SouthernEteläinen 9. Härmä Härmälä Sarankulma Rantaperkiö 10. Koivisto Rautaharkko Taatala Koivistonkylä Veisu Korkinmäki Nirva 11. Peltoo Lakalaiva Peltolammi Multisilta Vuores Lahdesjärvi SouthwesternLounainen 12. Pispala Hyhky Ylä-Pispala Tahmela Ala-Pispala Santalahti 13. Raho Epilä Kaarila Villilä Kalkku Rahola 14. Tesoma Epilänharju Tohloppi Haukiluoma Lamminpää Myllypuro Ikuri Ristimäki Tesomajärvi NorthwesternLuoteinen 15. Liela Lielahti Pohtola Lintulampi Niemenranta Ryydynpohja 16. Lentävä Niemi Lentävänniemi NorthernPohjoinen 17. Aito Nurmi Sorila Aitoniemi 18. Kämmen Kämmenniemi Viitapohja 19. Terä Polso Terälahti Velaatta Districts that do not form statistical areas 20. Taraste 21. Hiedanranta This Western Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Atala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atala_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atala_(district)&params=61_30_10.1_N_23_54_24.8_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atala,_Vehkakuja.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kangasala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangasala"},{"link_name":"Holvasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holvasti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linnainmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnainmaa"},{"link_name":"Tasanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasanne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ata Oy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Gears"},{"link_name":"spiral bevel gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_bevel_gear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"shopping center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center"},{"link_name":"K-Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesko"},{"link_name":"grocery store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery_store"},{"link_name":"pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"barber's shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kindergartens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"health center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_center"},{"link_name":"terraced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house"},{"link_name":"detached houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about a district in Tampere, Finland. For other uses, see Atala.City district in Tampere, Finland61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889An apartment houses at Vehkakuja in Atala, TampereAtala is a neighbourhood in the northeast part of the city of Tampere, Finland, a few kilometers to the east from the border of the Kangasala city. Its neighboring neighborhoods are Holvasti in the south, Linnainmaa in the southwest and Tasanne in the north. The district was named after Ata Oy, which was founded in 1937 and manufactures spiral bevel gears.[1]In the Atala district, there is a small shopping center with K-Market grocery store, pharmacy and barber's shop, primary school with grades 1–6,[2] and two kindergartens. The services of the health center were transferred to the Linnainmaa district in 2017. The building stock of the Atala district currently consists mainly of terraced and detached houses built since the 1980s. Some older settlements, such as front houses, have also been preserved in the area.[3]","title":"Atala (district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"951-609-105-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-609-105-9"}],"text":"Maija Louhivaara: Tampereen kadunnimet, s. 215–217. Tampereen museoiden julkaisuja 51, 1999, Tampere. ISBN 951-609-105-9. (in Finnish)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ata Gears: Kartiohammaspyöriä vaativaan käyttöön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/artikkelit/ata-gears-kartiohammaspyoria-vaativaan-kayttoon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Atalan koulu - Höntsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hontsy.fi/atalan-koulu/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Itä-Tampere - Visit Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//visittampere.fi/artikkelit/ita-tampere/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tampere"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tampere"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tampere"},{"link_name":"major districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Tampere#Districts"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"neighbourhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Tampere#Neighbourhoods"},{"link_name":"Keskusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskusta,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finlayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlayson_(district)"},{"link_name":"Nalkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalkala"},{"link_name":"Amuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuri,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Kaakinmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakinmaa"},{"link_name":"Pyynikinrinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyynikinrinne"},{"link_name":"Särkänniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_(district)"},{"link_name":"Tampella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampella_(district)"},{"link_name":"Jussinkylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussinkyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Kyttälä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kytt%C3%A4l%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Ratina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratina_(district)"},{"link_name":"Osmonmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmonm%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Tammela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammela,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Tulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulli,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Kalevanharju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevanharju"},{"link_name":"Hatanpää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Pyynikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyynikki"},{"link_name":"Sampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampo_(district)"},{"link_name":"Kalevanrinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevanrinne"},{"link_name":"Liisankallio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liisankallio"},{"link_name":"Petsamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsamo,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Lappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappi,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Lapinniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapinniemi"},{"link_name":"Kaleva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleva_(Tampere)"},{"link_name":"Järvensivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4rvensivu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vuohenoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vuohenoja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kauppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauppi_(district)"},{"link_name":"Kissanmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissanmaa"},{"link_name":"Iides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iides"},{"link_name":"Viinikka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinikka"},{"link_name":"Nekala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekala"},{"link_name":"Vihioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihioja"},{"link_name":"Jokipohja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jokipohja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muotiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muotiala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Messu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uusikylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uusikyl%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruotula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruotula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huikas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takahuhti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahuhti"},{"link_name":"Hakametsä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakamets%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Ristinarkku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristinarkku"},{"link_name":"Aakkula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakkula"},{"link_name":"Messukylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messukyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Pappila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pappila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasa_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niihama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihama_(district)"},{"link_name":"Atala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ojala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojala_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kumpula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumpula,_Tampere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tasanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasanne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olkahinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olkahinen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leino_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linnainmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnainmaa"},{"link_name":"Leinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinola"},{"link_name":"Holvasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holvasti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vehmainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehmainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hankkio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankkio"},{"link_name":"Kauka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kauka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turtola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtola,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Viiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viiala,_Tampere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haihara"},{"link_name":"Kaukajärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaj%C3%A4rvi_(district)"},{"link_name":"Lukonmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lukonm%C3%A4ki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hallila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallila"},{"link_name":"Herva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hervanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervanta"},{"link_name":"Rusko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusko,_Tampere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hervantajärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervantaj%C3%A4rvi_(district)"},{"link_name":"Härmä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rm%C3%A4_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Härmälä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rm%C3%A4l%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarankulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarankulma"},{"link_name":"Rantaperkiö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rantaperki%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koivisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koivisto_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rautaharkko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautaharkko"},{"link_name":"Taatala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taatala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koivistonkylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koivistonkyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Veisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veisu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Korkinmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korkinm%C3%A4ki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nirva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirva"},{"link_name":"Peltoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lakalaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakalaiva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peltolammi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltolammi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Multisilta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisilta"},{"link_name":"Vuores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuores"},{"link_name":"Lahdesjärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahdesj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pispala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pispala"},{"link_name":"Hyhky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyhky"},{"link_name":"Ylä-Pispala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%C3%A4-Pispala"},{"link_name":"Tahmela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmela"},{"link_name":"Ala-Pispala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-Pispala"},{"link_name":"Santalahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalahti"},{"link_name":"Raho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raho_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Epilä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epil%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Kaarila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaarila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Villilä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villil%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalkku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalkku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rahola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahola"},{"link_name":"Tesoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesoma"},{"link_name":"Epilänharju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epil%C3%A4nharju"},{"link_name":"Tohloppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohloppi"},{"link_name":"Haukiluoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haukiluoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lamminpää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamminp%C3%A4%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myllypuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myllypuro,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Ikuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuri"},{"link_name":"Ristimäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristim%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"Tesomajärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesomaj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Liela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lielahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielahti"},{"link_name":"Pohtola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohtola"},{"link_name":"Lintulampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lintulampi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niemenranta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niemenranta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryydynpohja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryydynpohja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lentävä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lent%C3%A4v%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niemi_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lentävänniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent%C3%A4v%C3%A4nniemi"},{"link_name":"Aito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitolahti"},{"link_name":"Nurmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurmi_(district)"},{"link_name":"Sorila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorila"},{"link_name":"Aitoniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aitoniemi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kämmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4mmen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kämmenniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4mmenniemi"},{"link_name":"Viitapohja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viitapohja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ter%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terälahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ter%C3%A4lahti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Velaatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velaatta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taraste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hiedanranta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiedanranta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_l%C3%A4%C3%A4nin_vaakuna.svg"},{"link_name":"Western Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Finland"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atala_(district)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WesternFinland-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WesternFinland-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WesternFinland-geo-stub"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Ata Gears: Kartiohammaspyöriä vaativaan käyttöön (in Finnish)\n\n^ Atalan koulu - Höntsy (in Finnish)\n\n^ Itä-Tampere - Visit Tampere (in Finnish)vteThe official major districts of Tampere and their subdivision in neighbourhoods (and quarters)CentralKeskinen\n1. Keskusta\nFinlayson\nNalkala\nAmuri\nKaakinmaa\nPyynikinrinne\nSärkänniemi\nTampella\nJussinkylä\nKyttälä\nRatina\nOsmonmäki\nTammela\nTulli\nKalevanharju\nHatanpää\nPyynikki\n2. Sampo\nKalevanrinne\nLiisankallio\nPetsamo\nLappi\nLapinniemi\nKaleva\nJärvensivu\nVuohenoja\nKauppi\nKissanmaa\n3. Iides\nViinikka\nNekala\nVihioja\nJokipohja\nMuotiala\nNortheasternKoillinen\n4. Messu\nUusikylä\nRuotula\nHuikas\nTakahuhti\nHakametsä\nRistinarkku\nAakkula\nMessukylä\nPappila\n5. Tasa\nNiihama\nAtala\nOjala\nKumpula\nTasanne\nOlkahinen\n6. Leino\nLinnainmaa\nLeinola\nHolvasti\nVehmainen\nHankkio\nSoutheasternKaakkoinen\n7. Kauka\nTurtola\nViiala\nHaihara\nKaukajärvi\nLukonmäki\nHallila\n8. Herva\nHervanta\nRusko\nHervantajärvi\nSouthernEteläinen\n9. Härmä\nHärmälä\nSarankulma\nRantaperkiö\n10. Koivisto\nRautaharkko\nTaatala\nKoivistonkylä\nVeisu\nKorkinmäki\nNirva\n11. Peltoo\nLakalaiva\nPeltolammi\nMultisilta\nVuores\nLahdesjärvi\nSouthwesternLounainen\n12. Pispala\nHyhky\nYlä-Pispala\nTahmela\nAla-Pispala\nSantalahti\n13. Raho\nEpilä\nKaarila\nVillilä\nKalkku\nRahola\n14. Tesoma\nEpilänharju\nTohloppi\nHaukiluoma\nLamminpää\nMyllypuro\nIkuri\nRistimäki\nTesomajärvi\nNorthwesternLuoteinen\n15. Liela\nLielahti\nPohtola\nLintulampi\nNiemenranta\nRyydynpohja\n16. Lentävä\nNiemi\nLentävänniemi\nNorthernPohjoinen\n17. Aito\nNurmi\nSorila\nAitoniemi\n18. Kämmen\nKämmenniemi\nViitapohja\n19. Terä\nPolso\nTerälahti\nVelaatta\nDistricts that do not form statistical areas\n20. Taraste\n21. HiedanrantaThis Western Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"An apartment houses at Vehkakuja in Atala, Tampere","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Atala%2C_Vehkakuja.jpg/220px-Atala%2C_Vehkakuja.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atala_(district)&params=61_30_10.1_N_23_54_24.8_E_","external_links_name":"61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atala_(district)&params=61_30_10.1_N_23_54_24.8_E_","external_links_name":"61°30′10.1″N 23°54′24.8″E / 61.502806°N 23.906889°E / 61.502806; 23.906889"},{"Link":"http://tampereenseudunvetovoima.fi/artikkelit/ata-gears-kartiohammaspyoria-vaativaan-kayttoon","external_links_name":"Ata Gears: Kartiohammaspyöriä vaativaan käyttöön"},{"Link":"https://www.hontsy.fi/atalan-koulu/","external_links_name":"Atalan koulu - Höntsy"},{"Link":"https://visittampere.fi/artikkelit/ita-tampere/","external_links_name":"Itä-Tampere - Visit Tampere"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atala_(district)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avataras
Avatar
["1 Etymology and meaning","1.1 Avatar versus incarnation","1.2 As a loanword","2 Avatars of Vishnu","2.1 Dashavatara","2.2 Longer alternatives","2.3 Types","2.4 In Sikhism","2.5 In Isma'ilism","3 Avatars of Shiva","4 Avatars of Devis","4.1 Avatars of Parvati","4.2 Avatars of Lakshmi","5 Avatars of Brahma","6 Avatars of Ganesha","7 Avatars of Varuna","8 See also","9 Explanatory notes","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 General bibliography","11 External links"]
Material appearance or incarnation of a god on Earth in Hinduism This article is about the concept in Hinduism. For other uses, see Avatar (disambiguation). Hindu god Vishnu (centre) surrounded by his ten major avatars, namely Matsya; Kurma; Varaha; Narasimha; Vamana; Parashurama; Rama; Krishna; Buddha, and Kalki This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Part of a series onHinduism Hindus History OriginsHistorical Hindu synthesis (500/200 BCE–300 CE) History Indus Valley Civilisation Historical Vedic religion Dravidian folk religion Śramaṇa Tribal religions in India Traditional Itihasa-Purana Epic-Puranic royal genealogies Epic-Puranic chronology Traditions Major traditions Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism List Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Other major Devas / Devis Vedic: Agni Ashvins Chandra Indra Prajapati Pushan Rudra Surya Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Dattatreya Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Radha Rama Shakti Sita Vishvakarma Concepts Worldview Cosmology Mythology Ontology Tattvas Subtle elements Panchikarana Gross elements Guṇas Supreme reality Brahman Nirguna Saguna Om Saccidānanda God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Meaning of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of life Brahmacharya Gṛhastha Vānaprastha Sannyasa Three paths to liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Liberation Mokṣa-related topics: Paramātman Maya Karma Saṃsāra Mind Ātman (self) Anātman (non-self) Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) Prajña (wisdom) Ānanda (happiness) Viveka (discernment) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (equanimity) Dama (temperance) Uparati (self-settledness) Titiksha (forbearance) Shraddha (faith) Samadhana (concentration) Arishadvargas (six enemies) Ahamkara (attachment) Ethics Niti śastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Achourya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Sources of dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference) Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Śabda (word, testimony) Practices Worship, sacrifice, and charity Puja Ārtī Prarthana Śrauta Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Kīrtana Yajna Homa Tarpana Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Yatra Tirthadana Matha Nritta-Nritya Dāna Sevā Meditation Tapas Dhyana Samādhāna Nididhyāsana Yoga Sadhu Yogi Yogini Asana Sādhanā Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Rāja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Pandav Lila Kalaripayattu Silambam Adimurai Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Pumsavana Simantonayana Simantonnayana Jatakarma Nāmakaraṇa Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyāraṃbhaṃ Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartanam Vivaha Antyesti Festivals Diwali Holi Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbh Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Philosophical schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Dvaitadvaita Akshar Purushottam Darshan Other schools Shaiva Kapalika Pashupata Pratyabhijña Vaishnava Pancharatra Charvaka Gurus, sants, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jaimini Jamadagni Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Patanjali Pāṇini Prashastapada Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Abhinavagupta Adi Shankara Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Alvars Basava Chaitanya Ramdas Kathiababa Chakradhara Chāngadeva Dadu Dayal Eknath Gangesha Upadhyaya Santadas Kathiababa Gaudapada Gorakshanatha Haridasa Thakur Harivansh Jagannatha Dasa Jayanta Bhatta Jayatīrtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvar Kabir Kanaka Dasa Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Madhusūdana Madhva Matsyendranatha Morya Gosavi Mukundarāja Namadeva Narahari Tirtha Narasimha Saraswati Nayanars Nimbarkacharya Prabhākara Purandara Dasa Raghavendra Swami Raghunatha Siromani Raghuttama Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ramprasad Sen Ravidas Rupa Goswami Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Satyanatha Tirtha Siddheshwar Sripada Srivallabha Sripadaraja Surdas Swaminarayan Śyāma Śastri Tukaram Tulsidas Tyagaraja Vācaspati Miśra Vadiraja Tirtha Vallabha Valluvar Vedanta Desika Vidyaranya Vyasaraja Modern Aurobindo Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Mahavatar Babaji Mahesh Yogi Narayana Guru Nigamananda Nisargadatta Maharaj Prabhupada Radhakrishnan R. D. Ranade Ramakrishna Rama Tirtha Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Ramdas Samarth Sathya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Shraddhanand Satyadhyana Tirtha Siddharameshwar Maharaj Sivananda Trailanga U. G. Krishnamurti Upasni Maharaj Vethathiri Maharishi Vivekananda Yogananda Texts Sources and classification of scripture Śruti Smṛti Ācāra Ātmatuṣṭi Scriptures Timeline of Hindu texts Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda: Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyākaraṇa Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agamas (Hinduism) Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Other textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Naradiya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Markandeya Purana Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras, sutras, and samhitas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Shilpa Shastras Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotras and stutis Kanakadhara Stotra Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Tamil literature Tirumurai Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Tiruppukal Kural Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram Five Great Epics Eighteen Greater Texts Eighteen Lesser Texts Athichudi Iraiyanar Akapporul Abirami Antati Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Society Varna Four varnas: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-less: Dalit Varna-related topics: Jāti Other society-related topics: Discrimination Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Organisations Reform movements Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Caribbean Shaktism Hindu culture Architecture Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Criticism Glossary Outline Hinduism portalvte Avatar (Sanskrit: अवतार, IAST: Avatāra; pronounced ) is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means 'descent'. It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, or spirit on Earth. The relative verb to "alight, to make one's appearance" is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being. The word avatar does not appear in the Vedic literature; however, it appears in developed forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE. Despite that, the concept of an avatar is compatible with the content of the Vedic literature like the Upanishads as it is symbolic imagery of the Saguna Brahman concept in the philosophy of Hinduism. The Rigveda describes Indra as endowed with a mysterious power of assuming any form at will. The Bhagavad Gita expounds the doctrine of Avatara but with terms other than avatar. Theologically, the term is most often associated with the Hindu god Vishnu, though the idea has been applied to other deities. Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten Dashavatara of the Garuda Purana and the twenty-two avatars in the Bhagavata Purana, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable. The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. In the goddess-based Shaktism tradition of Hinduism, avatars of the Devi in different appearances such as Tripura Sundari, Durga, Chandi, Chamunda, Mahakali, and Kali are commonly found. While avatars of other deities such as Ganesha and Shiva are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional. The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism. Incarnation concepts that are in some aspects similar to avatar are also found in Buddhism, Christianity, and other religions. The scriptures of Sikhism include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses, but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev, that formless eternal god is within the human heart, and man is his own savior. Etymology and meaning The Sanskrit noun (avatāra, Hindustani: ) is derived from the Sanskrit prefix ava- 'down' and the root tṛ 'to cross over'. These roots trace back, states Monier-Williams, to -taritum, -tarati, -rītum. Avatar means 'descent, alight, to make one's appearance', and refers to the embodiment of the essence of a superhuman being or a deity in another form. The word also implies "to overcome, to remove, to bring down, to cross something". In Hindu traditions, the "crossing or coming down" is symbolism, states Daniel Bassuk, of the divine descent from "eternity into the temporal realm, from unconditioned to the conditioned, from infinitude to finitude". An avatar, states Justin Edwards Abbott, is a saguna (with form, attributes) embodiment of the nirguna Brahman or Atman (soul). Avatar, according to Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati actually means 'divine descent' in his commentaries of The Shrimad Bhagavatam and The Bramha Samhita (mentioned in Brahmavaivarta Purana). Neither the Vedas nor the Principal Upanishads ever mention the word avatar as a noun. The verb roots and form, such as avatarana, appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts, but as "action of descending", but not as an incarnated person (avatara). The related verb avatarana is, states Paul Hacker, used with double meaning, one as action of the divine descending, another as "laying down the burden of man" suffering from the forces of evil. The term is most commonly found in the context of the Hindu god Vishnu. The earliest mention of Vishnu manifested in a human form to establish Dharma on Earth, uses other terms such as the word sambhavāmi in verse 4.6 and the word tanu in verse 9.11 of the Bhagavad Gita, as well as other words such as akriti and rupa elsewhere. It is in medieval era texts, those composed after the sixth century CE, that the noun version of avatar appears, where it means embodiment of a deity. The idea proliferates thereafter, in the Puranic stories for many deities, and with ideas such as ansha-avatar or partial embodiments. The term avatar, in colloquial use, is also an epithet or a word of reverence for any extraordinary human being who is revered for his or her ideas. In some contexts, the term avatara just means a 'landing place, site of sacred pilgrimage', or just 'achieve one's goals after effort', or retranslation of a text in another language. The term avatar is not unique to Hinduism even though the term originated with Hinduism. It is found in the Trikaya doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism, in descriptions for the Dalai Lama in Tibetan Buddhism, and many ancient cultures. Avatar versus incarnation The manifest embodiment is sometimes referred to as an incarnation. The translation of avatar as "incarnation" has been questioned by Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect. The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation, as found in Christology, presents the Christian concept of incarnation. The term avatar in Hinduism refers to act of various gods taking form to perform a particular task which in most of the times is bringing dharma back. The concept of avatar is widely accepted all over the India. Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar. Avatars are embodiments of spiritual perfection, driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as Vaishnavism. The concept of the avatar in Hinduism is not incompatible with natural conception through a sexual act, which is again different from the Christian concept of the Virgin Birth. As a loanword Following 19th Century Western interest in Indian culture and Hinduism, the word "Avatar" was taken as loanword into English and other Western languages, where it is used in various contexts and meanings, often considerably different from its original meaning in Hinduism - see Avatar (disambiguation). Avatars of Vishnu Main article: Vishnu The concept of avatar within Hinduism is most often associated with Vishnu, the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu Trinity or Trimurti of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu's avatars descend to empower the good and fight evil, thereby restoring Dharma. Traditional Hindus see themselves not as "Hindu", but as Vaishnava (Worshippers of Vishnu), Shaiva (Worshippers of Shiva), or Shakta (Worshipper of the Shakti). Each of the deities has its own iconography and mythology, but common to all is the fact that the divine reality has an explicit form, a form that the worshipper can behold. An oft-quoted passage from the Bhagavad Gita describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu: Arjuna, whenever righteousness is on the decline, unrighteousness is in the ascendant, then I body Myself forth. For the protection of the virtuous, for the extirpation of evil-doers, & for establishing Dharma (righteousness) on a firm footing, I manifest Myself from age to age. — Bhagavad Gita 4.7–8 The Vishnu avatars appear in Hindu mythology whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance. The avatar then appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the ever-present forces of good and evil. The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, are Krishna, Rama, Narayana and Vasudeva. These names have extensive literature associated with them, each has its own characteristics, legends and associated arts. The Mahabharata, for example, includes Krishna, while the Ramayana includes Rama. Dashavatara Main article: Dashavatara The Bhagavata Purana describes Vishnu's avatars as innumerable, though ten of his incarnations, the Dashavatara, are celebrated therein as his major appearances. The ten major Vishnu avatars are mentioned in the Agni Purana, the Garuda Purana and the Bhagavata Purana. The ten best known avatars of Vishnu are collectively known as the Dashavatara (a Sanskrit compound meaning "ten avatars"). Five different lists are included in the Bhagavata Purana, where the difference is in the sequence of the names. Freda Matchett states that this re-sequencing by the composers may be intentional, so as to avoid implying priority or placing something definitive and limited to the abstract. The Avatars of Vishnu Name Description Matsya The fish avatar. He saves Manu and the seven sages from the cosmic flood, and in some traditions, saves the Vedas from an asura called Hayagriva. Kurma The tortoise/turtle avatar. He supports the mountain named Mandara while the devas and the asuras churn the ocean of milk to produce the nectar of immortality. Varaha The boar avatar. He rescues Bhumi, the goddess of the earth, when the asura Hiranyaksha abducts her, restoring her rightful place in the universe. Narasimha The lion avatar. He saves his devotee Prahlada and frees the three worlds from the tyranny of an asura named Hiranyakashipu. Vamana The dwarf avatar. He vanquishes the asura king Mahabali to the netherworld after taking three strides upon the universe, restoring the rule of Indra. Parashurama The warrior-sage avatar. He destroys the oppressive kings of the military class and creates a new social order. Rama The prince avatar. He rescues his wife Sita when she is abducted by the rakshasa king Ravana, restoring just rule to the world. Balarama (debated) The elder brother of Krishna and the god of agriculture. He is variously described as an avatar of Shesha, the serpent-mount of Vishnu, and an avatar of Vishnu. Krishna The eighth avatar of Vishnu who incarnates to re-establish righteousness in the world. He slays Kamsa, the tyrant of Mathura and his uncle, and participates in the Kurukshetra War as the charioteer of Arjuna. Buddha (debated) The historical Buddha, who incarnates to delude the asuras from the path of the Vedas, ensuring the victory of the devas. In some traditions, he is referred to as an avatar of Vishnu. Kalki The prophesied tenth avatar of Vishnu. He incarnates to bring an end to the present age of corruption called the Kali Yuga, re-establishing the four classes and law to the world. Longer alternatives The Bhagavata Purana also goes on to give an alternate list, wherein it numerically lists out 23 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3. Four Kumaras (Catuḥsana): the four sons of Brahma who exemplify the path of devotion. Varaha: The boar avatar. He rescues Bhumi, the goddess of the earth, when the asura Hiranyaksha abducts her, restoring her rightful place in the universe. Narada: the divine-sage who travels the worlds as a devotee of Vishnu. Nara-Narayana: the twin-sages. Kapila: a renowned sage spoken of in the Mahabharata, son of Kardama and Devahuti. He is sometimes identified with the founder of the Samkhya school of philosophy. Dattatreya: the combined avatar of the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Yajna: the embodiment of sacrifices. Rishabha: the father of emperor Bharata. Prithu: the sovereign-king who milked the earth as a cow to obtain the world's grain and vegetation. Matsya: The fish avatar. He saves Manu and the seven sages from the cosmic flood, and in some traditions, saves the Vedas from an asura called Hayagriva. Kurma: The tortoise/turtle avatar. He supports the mountain named Mandara while the devas and the asuras churn the ocean of milk to produce the nectar of immortality. Dhanvantari: the father of Ayurvedic medicine and a physician to the devas. Mohini: the enchantress who beguiles the asuras into offering her the elixir of eternal life. Narasimha: The lion avatar. He saves his devotee Prahlada and frees the three worlds from the tyranny of an asura named Hiranyakashipu. Vamana: The dwarf avatar. He vanquishes the asura king Mahabali to the netherworld after taking three strides upon the universe, restoring the rule of Indra. Parashurama: The warrior-sage avatar. He destroys the oppressive kings of the military class and creates a new social order. Rama: The prince avatar. He rescues his wife Sita when she is abducted by the rakshasa king Ravana, restoring just rule to the world. Vyasa: the compiler of the Vedas and writer of the scriptures (Puranas) and the epic Mahabharata. Krishna: The eighth avatar of Vishnu who incarnates to re-establish righteousness in the world. He slays Kamsa, the tyrant of Mathura and his uncle, and participates in the Kurukshetra War as the charioteer of Arjuna. Gautama Buddha: The historical Buddha, who incarnates to delude the asuras from the path of the Vedas, ensuring the victory of the devas. In some traditions, he is referred to as an avatar of Vishnu. Kalki: The prophesied tenth avatar of Vishnu. He incarnates to bring an end to the present age of corruption called the Kali Yuga, re-establishing the four classes and law to the world. Avatars like Hayagriva, Hamsa ,and Garuda are also mentioned in the Pancharatra ,making a total of forty-six avatars. However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE. Madhvacharya also regards Gautama Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu. Manava Purana This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manava Purana is one of Upapuranas. It lists 42 avatars of Vishnu. Adipurusha Four Kumaras (Catuḥsana) Narada Dattatreya Kapila Nara- Narayana Yajna Vibhu Satyasena Hari Vaikunta Ajita Sharvabhouma Vrishbha Visvaksena Dharmasetu Sudhama Yogeshwara Brihadbhanu Shaligram Hayagriva Hamsa Vyasa Matsya Kurma Dhanvantri Mohini Prithu Vrishbha deva Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parashurama Rama Krishna Buddha Vikhanasa Venkateswara Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Dhyaneshwar Kalki Types Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu (statue at Belur temple, Karnataka.) The avatar concept was further developed and refined in later Hindu texts. One approach was to identify full avatars and partial avatars. Krishna, Rama, and Narasimha were full avatars (purna avatars), while others were partial avatars (ansha avatars). Some declared, states Noel Sheth, that every living creature is an avatar of Vishnu. The Pancharatra text of Vaishnavism declares that Vishnu's avatars include those that are direct and complete (sakshad), indirect and endowed (avesha), cosmic and salvific (vyuha), inner and inspirational (antaryamin), consecrated and in the form of image (archa). Yet another classification, developed in Krishna schools, centers around Guna-avatars, Purusha-avatars and Lila-avatars, with their subtypes. The Guna-avatar classification of avatars is based on the Guṇas concept of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, that is Rajas (Brahma), Sattva (Vishnu), and Tamas (Shiva). These personalities of the Trimurti are referred to as Guna avatars. The Purushavatara are three. The first evolves all matter (Prakriti), the second is the soul present in each individual creature, the third is the interconnected oneness or Brahman that connects all souls. The Lilavataras are partial or full manifestations of Vishnu, where either some powers (Shakti) or material parts of him exist. Vishnu is Purushavatara. The Matsya, Kurma, and Vamana avatars of Vishnu are Lilavataras. A Purnarupa in this classification, is when Vishnu manifests completely along with his qualities and powers. In Bengal Vaishnavism, Krishna is the Purnarupa. In Shaivism, Bhairava is the purnarupa of Shiva. In Sikhism 24 avatars of Vishnu are mentioned in Bachitar Natak's composition in Dasam Granth, the second scripture of Sikhism written by Guru Gobind Singh: Mach (Matsya) Kach (Kurma) Nara (Nara in Nara-Narayana) Narayan (Narayana in Nara-Narayana) Maha Mohini (Mohini) Bairaha (Varaha) Nar Singha (Narasimha) Baman (Vamana) Parshuram (Parashurama) Bramma (Brahma) Balram (Balarama) Jalandhar (Jalandhara) Bishan (Vishnu) Sheshayi (Shesha) Arihant Dev (Arihanta) Manu Raja (Manu) Dhanvantari (Dhanvantari) Suraj (Surya) Chandar (Chandra) Ram (Rama) Kishan (Krishna) Nar (Arjuna) Rudra (Shiv) Kalki (Kalki) The Guru Granth Sahib reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu deities, including Vishnu avatars such as Krishna, Hari, and Rama, as well those of Devi as Durga. Dasam Granth has three major compositions, one each dedicated to avatars of Vishnu (Chaubis avatar) and Brahma. However, Sikhism rejects the doctrine of savior incarnation, and only accepts the abstract nirguna formless god. The Sikh Gurus endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev (≈1270 – 1350 CE) that formless eternal god is within the human heart and man is his own savior. In Isma'ilism The Gupti Ismailis, who observe pious circumspection as Hindus, uphold that the first Shi‘i Imam, ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, as well as his descendants through the line of Isma‘il, are collectively Kalki, the tenth and final avatāra of Vishnu. According to this interpretation, these figures represent the continuity of divine guidance to humankind. In the view of some Guptis, this is corroborated by the Quranic verse 14:4 which mentions the idea that God had sent a messenger to every land. They understand the avatāras to be these messengers sent by God to their people in the Indian subcontinent. Avatars of Shiva Sharabha (right) with Narasimha (18th-century painting, Pahari/Kangra School) Although Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to avatars of Shiva, the avatar doctrine is neither universally accepted nor commonly adopted in Shaivism. The views on the doctrine of incarnation has been one of the significant doctrinal differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism, in addition to their differences on the role of householder life versus monastic life for spiritual release. Shaivism is a transcendental theology, where man, with the help of his Guru, is his own savior. The Linga Purana lists twenty-eight avatars of Shiva. In the Shiva Purana there is a distinctly Saivite version of a traditional avatar myth: Shiva brings forth Virabhadra, one of his terrifying forms, in order to calm Narasimha, an avatar of Vishnu. When that fails, Shiva manifests as the human-lion-bird Sharabha which calms down lion-man Narasimha avatar of Vishnu, and Shiva then gives Vishnu a chakra (not to be confused with Sudarshan Chakra) as gift. A similar story is told in the late medieval era Sharabha Upanishad. However, Vaishnava Dvaita school refutes this Shaivite view of Narasimha. According to the Shiva Purana, Shiva has 19 avatars. According to the Kurma Purana, he has 28. The vanara god Hanuman who helped Rama (the Vishnu avatar) is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of Rudra (Shiva). Some regional deities like Khandoba are also believed by some to be avatars of Shiva. Ashwatthama, the son of Drona is also considered to be an avatar of Shiva. Shesha and his avatars (Balarama and Lakshmana) are occasionally linked to Shiva. Adi Shankara, the formulator of Advaita Vedanta, is also occasionally regarded as an avatar of Shiva. In Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh mentioned two avatars of Rudra: Dattatreya Avatar and Parasnath Avatar. Avatars of Devis Avatars of Devi. Clockwise from upper left: Durga, Kali, Parvati and Sita. Avatars are also observed in Shaktism, the sect dedicated to the worship of the Goddess (Devi), but they do not have universal acceptance in the sect. The Devi Bhagavata Purana describes the descent of Devi avatars to punish the wicked and defend the righteous as – much as the Bhagavata Purana does with the avatars of Vishnu. Nilakantha, an 18th-century commentator on the Devi Bhagavata Purana – which includes the Devi Gita – says that various avatars of the Goddess includes Shakambhari and even the masculine Krishna and Rama – generally thought to be Vishnu's avatars. Parvati, Lakshmi and Saraswati are main goddesses worshipped as Devi avatars. Avatars of Parvati Devi is popular in her form as Parvati. In Devi Mahatmya she is seen as the Goddess Mahakali, and in Uma Samhita, she is seen as Devi herself. Regarding her incarnations, it varies per sect in Hinduism. She could be all Goddesses as said in Shaivism and some main Shatism interpretations like the Sri kula and Kali Kula families, or just a form of Devi in some other Shaktism interpretations and many Vaishnava interpretations. With this in mind, Parvati's forms include: Mahakali Sati Mahavidyas- Kali, Tara, Tripurasundari, Bhuvaneshwari, Bhairavi, Chinnamasta, Dhumavati, Bagalamukhi The Shakti Peethas Navadurgas - Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kaalratri, Mahagauri, Siddhidhatri Annapurna Kaushiki Durga Shitala Maheshwari Ardhanarishvara Vindhyavasini Bhramari Shakambhari Raktadantika Twarita In North India- Khodiyar, Bahuchara Mata, Naina Devi, Jwala etc. In Western India- Bhavani, Saptashrungi, Ekvira, Amba etc. In East India-Dakshina Kali, Kamakhya, Jagadhatri etc. In South India- Meenakshi, Vishalakshi, Kamakshi, Abhirami, Mookambika, Akilandeswari, Mariamman, Karumariamman etc. All of these incarnations helped provide security to the world and even brought Shiva into the participation of worldly affairs. Avatars of Lakshmi Like Vishnu, his consort Lakshmi incarnates as in many forms to help provide order and to enlighten the world with her consort. She has many forms, and just like Parvati, some of her forms are not consistent throughout all sects and interpretations of Hinduism. In Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, Lakshmi is seen as Devi herself. She could be every Goddess as said in Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, or just another form of Devi as seen in other interpretations of Shaktism and in Shaivism. With this in mind, Lakshmi's forms include: Mahalakshmi At 108 Divya Desam Ashtalakshmi - Adi Lakshmi, Dhanya Lakshmi, Dhana Lakshmi, Gaja Lakshmi, Santana Lakshmi, Vidya Lakshmi, Veera Lakshmi, Vijaya Lakshmi With avatars of Vishnu - Sita, Radha, Gopi, Rukmini, Ashtabharya, Junior wives of Krishna, Padmavathi, Lakshmi Narayana, Andal, Dharini Singular forms - Vedavati, Chottanikkara Bhagavathy, Mookambika devi, Vaishno Devi, As Kolhapur ambabai Matrikas - Vaishnavi, Varahi, Narasimhi Wives of Vishnu - Sri, Bhumi, Nila Mahavidya Kamalatmika Avatars of Brahma In Dasam Granth, second scriptures of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh, mentioned seven Brahma Avatars. Valmiki Kashyapa Shukra Baches Vyasa Khat Kalidasa Khat avatar in this list refers to six different scholars who are considered to be founders of six schools of Indian philosophy. According to the Skanda Purana, Brahma incarnated himself as Yajnavalkya in response to a curse from Shiva. Avatars of Ganesha The Linga Purana declares that Ganesha incarnates to destroy demons and to help the gods and pious people. The two Upapuranas – Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana – detail the avatars of Ganesha. Both these upapuranas are core scriptures of the Ganapatya sect – exclusively dedicated to Ganesha worship. Four avatars of Ganesha are listed in the Ganesha Purana: Mohotkata, Mayūreśvara, Gajanana and Dhumraketu. Each avatar corresponds to a different yuga, has a different mount and different skin complexion, but all the avatars have a common purpose – to slay demons. The Mudgala Puranam describes eight avatars of Ganesha: Vakratunda (Vakratuṇḍa) ("twisting trunk"), his mount is a lion. Ekadanta ("single tusk"), his mount is a mouse. Mahodara ("big belly"), his mount is a mouse. Gajavaktra (or Gajānana) ("elephant face"), his mount is a mouse. Lambodara ("pendulous belly"), his mount is a mouse. Vikata (Vikaṭa) ("unusual form", "misshapen"), his mount is a peacock. Vighnaraja (Vighnarāja) ("king of obstacles"), his mount is the celestial serpent Śeṣa. Dhumravarna (Dhūmravarṇa) ("grey color") corresponds to Śiva, his mount is a horse. Avatars of Varuna Jhulelal, incarnation of Varuna Jhulelal, the Iṣṭa-devatā (most-revered deity) of Sindhi Hindus, is considered the incarnation of Varuna. See also Hinduism portalPhilosophy portalIndia portal Abatur Avatars in the Mahabharata Dashavatara Gautama Buddha in Hinduism Incarnation List of avatar claimants Hindu eschatology Explanatory notes ^ Buddha, a real person, is included as an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu texts. ^ Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu, appears in stories about the Kurma avatar. References Citations ^ a b c James Lochtefeld (2002), "Avatar" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 72–73 ^ Geoffrey Parrinder (1997). Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions. Oneworld. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-85168-130-3. ^ a b c d e f Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 90. ^ a b c d Sheth 2002, pp. 98–99. ^ a b c d Daniel E Bassuk (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9. ^ a b c Hacker 1978, pp. 424, also 405–409, 414–417. ^ Rig Veda 3.53.8 (Maghavan); 6.47.18 (Indra) ^ Swami Harshananda, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore (2008) Vol.1, page 221 ^ a b Kinsley, David (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 707–708. ISBN 978-0-02-865735-6. ^ a b Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press US. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-514891-6. ^ Sheth 2002, pp. 98–125. ^ Hawley, John Stratton; Vasudha Narayanan (2006). The life of Hinduism. University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-520-24914-1. ^ David R. Kinsley (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. ISBN 978-81-208-1522-3. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 635 ^ a b Lai Ah Eng (2008). Religious Diversity in Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. ISBN 978-981-230-754-5. ^ a b Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ a b c Sheth 2002, pp. 115–116 with note 2. ^ a b c Eleanor Nesbitt (2005). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 16, 24–25. ISBN 978-0-19-157806-9. ^ Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415266048, pp. xxxiv–xli ^ a b c Sheth 2002, p. 98. ^ Justin Edwards Abbott (1980). Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-81-208-0170-7. ^ a b Hacker 1978, pp. 415–417. ^ Hacker 1978, pp. 405–409. ^ Sebastian C. H. Kim (2008). Christian Theology in Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–176. ISBN 978-1-139-47206-7. ^ Sheth 2002, pp. 107–109. ^ a b c d Matchett 2001, p. 4. ^ Mercy Amba Oduyoye, H. M. Vroom, One gospel – many cultures: case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology, Rodopi, 2003, ISBN 978-90-420-0897-7, p. 111. ^ a b Sheth 2002, p. 108. ^ a b c d Sheth 2002, p. 99. ^ Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (3rd ed.). Routeledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-415-85881-6. ^ a b Lochtefeld 2002, p. 228. ^ King, Anna S. (2005). The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions. Orient Blackswan. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-81-250-2801-7. ^ a b Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan (1973). Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1. BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-90-04-03610-9. ^ Rukmani, T. S. (1970). A critical study of the Bhagavata Purana, with special reference to bhakti. Chowkhamba Sanskrit studies. Vol. 77. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. p. 4. ^ Matchett 2001, p. 160. ^ a b Williams, George M. (2008-03-27). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. OUP USA. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 705. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 709. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. ^ a b Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations. Gyan Publishing House. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-212-1016-4. ^ a b Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin UK. p. 859. ISBN 978-81-8475-396-7. ^ a b Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 1312. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. ^ a b Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ a b Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ a b Eliade, Mircea; Adams, Charles J. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-02-909480-8. ^ a b Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2. ^ "CHAPTER THREE". vedabase.io. Retrieved 3 November 2020. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 709. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Schrader, Friedrich Otto (1916). Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā. Adyar Library. p. 42. ^ Helmuth von Glasenapp: Madhva's Philosophie des Vishnu-Glaubens, Geistesströmungen des Ostens vol. 2, Bonn 1923, ch. Einleitung (p. *1-2). ^ a b c d e f Sheth 2002, p. 100. ^ a b c d Barbara A. Holdrege (2015). Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti. Routledge. pp. 50–67. ISBN 978-1-317-66910-4. ^ Janmajit Roy (2002). Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-81-269-0169-2. ^ a b Daniel E Bassuk (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9. ^ Mittal, Sushil (2004). The Hindu World. New York: Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-203-67414-7. ^ David Smith (2003). The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8. ^ a b SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), Composition 8, 9 and 10, Dasam Granth, Hemkunt, ISBN 9788170103257, pages 16–17 ^ Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521450386, pages 673, 675, 672–686;Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415266048, pages xxxiv–xli ^ SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), Composition 8, 9 and 10, Dasam Granth, Hemkunt, ISBN 9788170103257, pages 15–16 ^ Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004). Sikhism and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–147. ISBN 978-0-19-566708-0. ^ J Deol (2000), Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Editors: AS Mandair, C Shackle, G Singh), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700713899, pages 31–33 ^ William Owen Cole (2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-1-903765-15-9. ^ Pashaura Singh (2011). Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5. ^ Virani, Shafique N. (February 2011). "Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community". The Journal of Asian Studies. 70 (1): 99–139. doi:10.1017/S0021911810002974. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 143431047. ^ Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). Avatar and incarnation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-19-520361-5. ^ a b Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives. Rodopi. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-420-1510-4. ^ Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3. ^ SG Desai (1996), A critical study of the later Upanishads, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pages 109–110 ^ Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 412. ISBN 978-81-208-1575-9. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-530921-8. ^ Catherine Ludvík (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5. ^ Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1990). "God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context". In Hans Bakker (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09318-8. p.118 ^ Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1989). "Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan". In Hiltebeitel, Alf (ed.). Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism. State University of New York Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-88706-981-9. ^ Matchett 2001, p. 63: "There are strong links between Samkarsana/Sesa and Siva, so that it is not difficult to see in this pale companion of the dark Krsna a reminder of Siva's parity with Visnu, even though Visnu still has the lead." ^ The Padma-Purana: Part IX. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1956. pp. 3164–3165. The Lord, Visnu, took his place in the egg. Then with his mind devoted to the supreme spirit, Brahma meditated upon Visnu. At the end of the meditation a drop of perspiration was produced from his forehead. That drop, of the shape of a bubble, in a moment fell on the earth. O you of an excellent face, I, having three eyes, a trident, and adorned with the crown of the matted hair, was born from that bubble. With modesty I asked the lord of gods: "What shall I do?" Then God Visnu, with delight, thus spoke to me: "O Rudra, you will bring about a fierce-looking destruction of the world, (after) actually being (my) portion, viz. Samkarsana, O you of an excellent face." ^ Mahalik, Er. Nirakar (2010). "Lord Balarama" (PDF). Orissa Review. So Balarama became (Bala+Deva) Baladeva. Krishna and Balarama are regarded as Hari and Hara. Here Balarama is regarded as Lord Siva. Siva is helping Vishnu in every incarnation like Rama-Laxman in Treta Yuga. In Dvapara Yuga as Krishna-Balarama and in Kali Yuga they are Jagannath and Balabhadra. ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2010). "Elder Brother of God". Devdutt. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2017-08-04. Some say that Krishna is Vishnu, Balarama is Shiva and Subhadra is Devi, thus the three siblings represent the three main schools of Hindu theism: Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakta. ^ Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. p. 508. The gods complained to Shiva that Vishnu had entered the body of the Buddha on earth for their sake, but now the haters of religion, despising Brahmins and the dharma of class and stage of life, filled the earth. "Not a single man performs a ritual, for all have become heretics—Buddhists, Kapalikas, and so forth—and so we eat no offerings." Shiva consented to become incarnate as Shankara, to reestablish Vedic dharma, which keeps the universe happy, and to destroy evil behavior. ^ SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor (2009), Composition 10, Rudra Avtar, Dasam Granth, Hemkunt, ISBN 9788170103257, page 17 ^ Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1990). The triumph of the goddess: the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa. SUNY Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7914-0363-1. ^ Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess. SUNY Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7914-3940-1. verses 9.22cd-23ab ^ Brown, p. 270. ^ Kinsley, David (1987, reprint 2005). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0394-9, p.35 ^ Kapoor, S.S. Dasam Granth. Hemkunt Press. p. 16. ISBN 9788170103257. Retrieved 2017-02-24. ^ "Six Pillars of Indian Philosophy: Khat Avatar" , Scientific Monk, Retrieved 21 April 2023 ^ The Skanda-Purana: Part XVII. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2002. p. 130. After seeing his (of Brahma) aberration on the altar at the time of marriage, Sambhu cursed him. He was then born as Yajnavalkya. Sakalya engaged Yajnavalkya in the royal palace for the performance of the Santi rites. ^ Grimes, John A. (1995). Gaṇapati: song of the self. SUNY Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7914-2439-1. ^ Grimes, pp. 100–105. ^ Phyllis Granoff, "Gaṇeśa as Metaphor," in Robert L. Brown (ed.) Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God, pp. 94–5, note 2. ISBN 0-7914-0657-1 ^ "Exploring Jhulelal – a symbol of interfaith harmony in Sindh". The Express Tribune. Karachi. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2020. General bibliography Coleman, T. (2011). "Avatāra". Oxford Bibliographies Online: Hinduism. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009. Short introduction and bibliography of sources about Avatāra. Daniélou, Alain (1991) . The Myths and Gods of India. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. pp. 164–187. ISBN 0-89281-354-7. Hacker, Paul (1978). "Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre". In Schmithausen, Lambert (ed.). Kleine Schriften. Veröffentlichungen der Glasenapp-Stiftung (Book 15) (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447048606. Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1. Matchett, Freda (2001). Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krishna and Vishnu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1281-6. Sheth, Noel (January 2002). "Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison". Philosophy East and West. 52 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1353/pew.2002.0005. JSTOR 1400135. S2CID 170278631. External links Look up avatar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avatar. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Avatar". Wikiquote has quotations related to Avatar. Avatars (Incarnations or Descents) of Vishnu Meher Baba's interpretation of the Avatar's origin vteAvatars of VishnuDashavatara(for example)1 Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parashurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other avatars Four Kumaras Narada Nara-Narayana Kapila Dattatreya Yajna Rishabha Prithu Dhanvantari Mohini Vyasa Prsnigarbha Hayagriva Hamsa 1 The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars. Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avatar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnu_Avatars.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hindu god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_god"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"ten major avatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatar"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya"},{"link_name":"Kurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"Indic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"question marks or boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"[ɐʋɐt̪aːɾɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298%E2%80%9399-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"},{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405%E2%80%93409,_414%E2%80%93417-6"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"Saguna Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahman"},{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405%E2%80%93409,_414%E2%80%93417-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298%E2%80%9399-4"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gale's-9"},{"link_name":"Dashavatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara"},{"link_name":"Garuda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryant-10"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"Tripura Sundari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura_Sundari"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Chandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi"},{"link_name":"Chamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamunda"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298%E2%80%93125-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawley-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laiengavatar-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-16"},{"link_name":"Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115%E2%80%93116_with_note_2-17"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115%E2%80%93116_with_note_2-17"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Bhakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"Namdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Material appearance or incarnation of a god on Earth in HinduismThis article is about the concept in Hinduism. For other uses, see Avatar (disambiguation).Hindu god Vishnu (centre) surrounded by his ten major avatars, namely Matsya; Kurma; Varaha; Narasimha; Vamana; Parashurama; Rama; Krishna; Buddha, and KalkiThis article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.Avatar (Sanskrit: अवतार, IAST: Avatāra; pronounced [ɐʋɐt̪aːɾɐ]) is a concept within Hinduism that in Sanskrit literally means 'descent'. It signifies the material appearance or incarnation of a powerful deity, or spirit on Earth.[1][2] The relative verb to \"alight, to make one's appearance\" is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being.[3][4]The word avatar does not appear in the Vedic literature;[5] however, it appears in developed forms in post-Vedic literature, and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE.[6] Despite that, the concept of an avatar is compatible with the content of the Vedic literature like the Upanishads as it is symbolic imagery of the Saguna Brahman concept in the philosophy of Hinduism. The Rigveda describes Indra as endowed with a mysterious power of assuming any form at will.[7][8] The Bhagavad Gita expounds the doctrine of Avatara but with terms other than avatar.[6][4]Theologically, the term is most often associated with the Hindu god Vishnu, though the idea has been applied to other deities.[9] Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten Dashavatara of the Garuda Purana and the twenty-two avatars in the Bhagavata Purana, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable.[10] The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. In the goddess-based Shaktism tradition of Hinduism, avatars of the Devi in different appearances such as Tripura Sundari, Durga, Chandi, Chamunda, Mahakali, and Kali are commonly found.[11][12][13] While avatars of other deities such as Ganesha and Shiva are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts, this is minor and occasional.[14] The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism.[15][16]Incarnation concepts that are in some aspects similar to avatar are also found in Buddhism,[17] Christianity,[5] and other religions.[17]The scriptures of Sikhism include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses, but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev, that formless eternal god is within the human heart, and man is his own savior.[18][19]","title":"Avatar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[əʋˈtaːr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu"},{"link_name":"prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"},{"link_name":"nirguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Atman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Principal Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Upanishads"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p3-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415%E2%80%93417-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978415%E2%80%93417-22"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298%E2%80%9399-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978405%E2%80%93409-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1978424,_also_405%E2%80%93409,_414%E2%80%93417-6"},{"link_name":"Puranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298%E2%80%9399-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jameslochtefeldavatar-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200298-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monierwilliamsavatar-3"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002115%E2%80%93116_with_note_2-17"}],"text":"The Sanskrit noun (avatāra, Hindustani: [əʋˈtaːr]) is derived from the Sanskrit prefix ava- 'down' and the root tṛ 'to cross over'.[20] These roots trace back, states Monier-Williams, to -taritum, -tarati, -rītum.[3]Avatar means 'descent, alight, to make one's appearance',[3] and refers to the embodiment of the essence of a superhuman being or a deity in another form.[20] The word also implies \"to overcome, to remove, to bring down, to cross something\".[3] In Hindu traditions, the \"crossing or coming down\" is symbolism, states Daniel Bassuk, of the divine descent from \"eternity into the temporal realm, from unconditioned to the conditioned, from infinitude to finitude\".[5] An avatar, states Justin Edwards Abbott, is a saguna (with form, attributes) embodiment of the nirguna Brahman or Atman (soul).[21] Avatar, according to \nBhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati actually means 'divine descent' in his commentaries of The Shrimad Bhagavatam and The Bramha Samhita (mentioned in Brahmavaivarta Purana).Neither the Vedas nor the Principal Upanishads ever mention the word avatar as a noun.[5] The verb roots and form, such as avatarana, appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts, but as \"action of descending\", but not as an incarnated person (avatara).[22] The related verb avatarana is, states Paul Hacker, used with double meaning, one as action of the divine descending, another as \"laying down the burden of man\" suffering from the forces of evil.[22]The term is most commonly found in the context of the Hindu god Vishnu.[1][3] The earliest mention of Vishnu manifested in a human form to establish Dharma on Earth, uses other terms such as the word sambhavāmi in verse 4.6 and the word tanu in verse 9.11 of the Bhagavad Gita,[4] as well as other words such as akriti and rupa elsewhere.[23] It is in medieval era texts, those composed after the sixth century CE, that the noun version of avatar appears, where it means embodiment of a deity.[6] The idea proliferates thereafter, in the Puranic stories for many deities, and with ideas such as ansha-avatar or partial embodiments.[4][1]The term avatar, in colloquial use, is also an epithet or a word of reverence for any extraordinary human being who is revered for his or her ideas.[20] In some contexts, the term avatara just means a 'landing place, site of sacred pilgrimage', or just 'achieve one's goals after effort', or retranslation of a text in another language.[3] The term avatar is not unique to Hinduism even though the term originated with Hinduism. It is found in the Trikaya doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism, in descriptions for the Dalai Lama in Tibetan Buddhism, and many ancient cultures.[17]","title":"Etymology and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kimctap192-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002107%E2%80%93109-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"},{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002108-28"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buddha-30"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002108-28"},{"link_name":"conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus"}],"sub_title":"Avatar versus incarnation","text":"The manifest embodiment is sometimes referred to as an incarnation.[24] The translation of avatar as \"incarnation\" has been questioned by Christian theologians, who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect, while avatar is mythical and perfect.[25][26] The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation, as found in Christology, presents the Christian concept of incarnation. The term avatar in Hinduism refers to act of various gods taking form to perform a particular task which in most of the times is bringing dharma back. The concept of avatar is widely accepted all over the India.[27] Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar.[28][note 1] Avatars are embodiments of spiritual perfection, driven by noble goals, in Hindu traditions such as Vaishnavism.[28] The concept of the avatar in Hinduism is not incompatible with natural conception through a sexual act, which is again different from the Christian concept of the Virgin Birth.","title":"Etymology and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avatar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(disambiguation)"}],"sub_title":"As a loanword","text":"Following 19th Century Western interest in Indian culture and Hinduism, the word \"Avatar\" was taken as loanword into English and other Western languages, where it is used in various contexts and meanings, often considerably different from its original meaning in Hinduism - see Avatar (disambiguation).","title":"Etymology and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trimurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gale's-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002228-32"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Vasudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudeva"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-33"}],"text":"The concept of avatar within Hinduism is most often associated with Vishnu, the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu Trinity or Trimurti of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu's avatars descend to empower the good and fight evil, thereby restoring Dharma. Traditional Hindus see themselves not as \"Hindu\", but as Vaishnava (Worshippers of Vishnu), Shaiva (Worshippers of Shiva), or Shakta (Worshipper of the Shakti). Each of the deities has its own iconography and mythology, but common to all is the fact that the divine reality has an explicit form, a form that the worshipper can behold.[30] An oft-quoted passage from the Bhagavad Gita describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu:[9][26]Arjuna, whenever righteousness is on the decline, unrighteousness is in the ascendant, then I body Myself forth.\nFor the protection of the virtuous, for the extirpation of evil-doers, & for establishing Dharma (righteousness) on a firm footing, I manifest Myself from age to age.\n\n— Bhagavad Gita 4.7–8The Vishnu avatars appear in Hindu mythology whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance.[31] The avatar then appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the ever-present forces of good and evil.[31]The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu, within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism, are Krishna, Rama, Narayana and Vasudeva. These names have extensive literature associated with them, each has its own characteristics, legends and associated arts.[26] The Mahabharata, for example, includes Krishna, while the Ramayana includes Rama.[32]","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryant-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20014-26"},{"link_name":"Agni Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_Purana"},{"link_name":"Garuda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Purana"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishra-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rukmani-35"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_compound"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001160-36"}],"sub_title":"Dashavatara","text":"The Bhagavata Purana describes Vishnu's avatars as innumerable, though ten of his incarnations, the Dashavatara, are celebrated therein as his major appearances.[10][26] The ten major Vishnu avatars are mentioned in the Agni Purana, the Garuda Purana and the Bhagavata Purana.[33][34]The ten best known avatars of Vishnu are collectively known as the Dashavatara (a Sanskrit compound meaning \"ten avatars\"). Five different lists are included in the Bhagavata Purana, where the difference is in the sequence of the names. Freda Matchett states that this re-sequencing by the composers may be intentional, so as to avoid implying priority or placing something definitive and limited to the abstract.[35]","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Four Kumaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Kumaras"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Nara-Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara-Narayana"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Kardama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardama"},{"link_name":"Devahuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devahuti"},{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"Dattatreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya"},{"link_name":"trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti"},{"link_name":"Yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)"},{"link_name":"Rishabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Bharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin"},{"link_name":"Prithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithu"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"Kurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dhanvantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanvantari"},{"link_name":"Ayurvedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-42"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-44"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Vyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-47"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-48"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-49"},{"link_name":"Hayagriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayagriva"},{"link_name":"Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"Pancharatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancharatra"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishra-34"},{"link_name":"Madhvacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharya"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glasenapp-1-2-54"},{"link_name":"Adipurusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu"},{"link_name":"Four Kumaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Kumaras"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Dattatreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"Nara- Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara-Narayana"},{"link_name":"Yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)"},{"link_name":"Shaligram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaligram"},{"link_name":"Hayagriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayagriva"},{"link_name":"Hamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Vyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya"},{"link_name":"Kurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma"},{"link_name":"Dhanvantri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanvantari"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"Prithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithu"},{"link_name":"Vrishbha deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanatha"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Venkateswara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkateswara"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Dhyaneshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwar"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"}],"sub_title":"Longer alternatives","text":"The Bhagavata Purana also goes on to give an alternate list, wherein it numerically lists out 23 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3.[48]Four Kumaras (Catuḥsana): the four sons of Brahma who exemplify the path of devotion.\nVaraha: The boar avatar. He rescues Bhumi, the goddess of the earth, when the asura Hiranyaksha abducts her, restoring her rightful place in the universe.[39]\nNarada: the divine-sage who travels the worlds as a devotee of Vishnu.\nNara-Narayana: the twin-sages.\nKapila: a renowned sage spoken of in the Mahabharata, son of Kardama and Devahuti. He is sometimes identified with the founder of the Samkhya school of philosophy.\nDattatreya: the combined avatar of the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.\nYajna: the embodiment of sacrifices.\nRishabha: the father of emperor Bharata.\nPrithu: the sovereign-king who milked the earth as a cow to obtain the world's grain and vegetation.\nMatsya: The fish avatar. He saves Manu and the seven sages from the cosmic flood, and in some traditions, saves the Vedas from an asura called Hayagriva.[36]\nKurma: The tortoise/turtle avatar. He supports the mountain named Mandara while the devas and the asuras churn the ocean of milk to produce the nectar of immortality.[49]\nDhanvantari: the father of Ayurvedic medicine and a physician to the devas.\nMohini: the enchantress who beguiles the asuras into offering her the elixir of eternal life.\nNarasimha: The lion avatar. He saves his devotee Prahlada and frees the three worlds from the tyranny of an asura named Hiranyakashipu.[40]\nVamana: The dwarf avatar. He vanquishes the asura king Mahabali to the netherworld after taking three strides upon the universe, restoring the rule of Indra.[41]\nParashurama: The warrior-sage avatar. He destroys the oppressive kings of the military class and creates a new social order.[42]\nRama: The prince avatar. He rescues his wife Sita when she is abducted by the rakshasa king Ravana, restoring just rule to the world.[50]\nVyasa: the compiler of the Vedas and writer of the scriptures (Puranas) and the epic Mahabharata.\nKrishna: The eighth avatar of Vishnu who incarnates to re-establish righteousness in the world. He slays Kamsa, the tyrant of Mathura and his uncle, and participates in the Kurukshetra War as the charioteer of Arjuna.[45]\nGautama Buddha: The historical Buddha, who incarnates to delude the asuras from the path of the Vedas, ensuring the victory of the devas. In some traditions, he is referred to as an avatar of Vishnu.[46]\nKalki: The prophesied tenth avatar of Vishnu. He incarnates to bring an end to the present age of corruption called the Kali Yuga, re-establishing the four classes and law to the world.[47]Avatars like Hayagriva, Hamsa ,and Garuda are also mentioned in the Pancharatra ,making a total of forty-six avatars.[51] However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE.[33] Madhvacharya also regards Gautama Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu.[52]Manava PuranaManava Purana is one of Upapuranas. It lists 42 avatars of Vishnu.Adipurusha\nFour Kumaras (Catuḥsana)\nNarada\nDattatreya\nKapila\nNara- Narayana\nYajna\nVibhu\nSatyasena\nHari\nVaikunta\nAjita\nSharvabhouma\nVrishbha\nVisvaksena\nDharmasetu\nSudhama\nYogeshwara\nBrihadbhanu\nShaligram\nHayagriva\nHamsa\nVyasa\nMatsya\nKurma\nDhanvantri\nMohini\nPrithu\nVrishbha deva\nVaraha\nNarasimha\nVamana\nParashurama\nRama\nKrishna\nBuddha\nVikhanasa\nVenkateswara\nChaitanya Mahaprabhu\nDhyaneshwar\nKalki","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"Belur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"},{"link_name":"Pancharatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancharatra"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"},{"link_name":"Guṇas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"},{"link_name":"Trimurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p143-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holdrege2015p50-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassuk1987p143-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2002100-55"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu (statue at Belur temple, Karnataka.)The avatar concept was further developed and refined in later Hindu texts. One approach was to identify full avatars and partial avatars. Krishna, Rama, and Narasimha were full avatars (purna avatars), while others were partial avatars (ansha avatars).[29] Some declared, states Noel Sheth, that every living creature is an avatar of Vishnu.[29] The Pancharatra text of Vaishnavism declares that Vishnu's avatars include those that are direct and complete (sakshad), indirect and endowed (avesha), cosmic and salvific (vyuha), inner and inspirational (antaryamin), consecrated and in the form of image (archa).[29]Yet another classification, developed in Krishna schools, centers around Guna-avatars, Purusha-avatars and Lila-avatars, with their subtypes.[53][54] The Guna-avatar classification of avatars is based on the Guṇas concept of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, that is Rajas (Brahma), Sattva (Vishnu), and Tamas (Shiva).[53][54] These personalities of the Trimurti are referred to as Guna avatars.[53] The Purushavatara are three. The first evolves all matter (Prakriti), the second is the soul present in each individual creature, the third is the interconnected oneness or Brahman that connects all souls.[53][55] The Lilavataras are partial or full manifestations of Vishnu, where either some powers (Shakti) or material parts of him exist.[53][54]Vishnu is Purushavatara.[56][57] The Matsya, Kurma, and Vamana avatars of Vishnu are Lilavataras.[54][56] A Purnarupa in this classification, is when Vishnu manifests completely along with his qualities and powers. In Bengal Vaishnavism, Krishna is the Purnarupa.[53] In Shaivism, Bhairava is the purnarupa of Shiva.[58]","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Dasam Granth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dasam_Granth_Sahib-61"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya"},{"link_name":"Kurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma"},{"link_name":"Nara-Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara-Narayana"},{"link_name":"Nara-Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara-Narayana"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Jalandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalandhara"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Shesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha"},{"link_name":"Arihanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Manu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Dhanvantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanvantari"},{"link_name":"Surya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Arjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna"},{"link_name":"Shiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Dasam Granth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dasam_Granth_Sahib-61"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wocoleavatar-66"},{"link_name":"Namdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enesbittavatar-18"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"In Sikhism","text":"24 avatars of Vishnu are mentioned in Bachitar Natak's composition in Dasam Granth, the second scripture of Sikhism written by Guru Gobind Singh:[59]Mach (Matsya)\nKach (Kurma)\nNara (Nara in Nara-Narayana)\nNarayan (Narayana in Nara-Narayana)\nMaha Mohini (Mohini)\nBairaha (Varaha)\nNar Singha (Narasimha)\nBaman (Vamana)\nParshuram (Parashurama)\nBramma (Brahma)\nBalram (Balarama)\nJalandhar (Jalandhara)\nBishan (Vishnu)\nSheshayi (Shesha)\nArihant Dev (Arihanta)\nManu Raja (Manu)\nDhanvantari (Dhanvantari)\nSuraj (Surya)\nChandar (Chandra)\nRam (Rama)\nKishan (Krishna)\nNar (Arjuna)\nRudra (Shiv)\nKalki (Kalki)The Guru Granth Sahib reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu deities, including Vishnu avatars such as Krishna, Hari, and Rama, as well those of Devi as Durga.[60][61][62]Dasam Granth has three major compositions, one each dedicated to avatars of Vishnu (Chaubis avatar) and Brahma.[59][63] However, Sikhism rejects the doctrine of savior incarnation, and only accepts the abstract nirguna formless god.[18][64] The Sikh Gurus endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev (≈1270 – 1350 CE) that formless eternal god is within the human heart and man is his own savior.[18][65]","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismailis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"pious circumspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiya"},{"link_name":"‘Ali b. Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Isma‘il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far"},{"link_name":"Quranic verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"God had sent a messenger to every land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"In Isma'ilism","text":"The Gupti Ismailis, who observe pious circumspection as Hindus, uphold that the first Shi‘i Imam, ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, as well as his descendants through the line of Isma‘il, are collectively Kalki, the tenth and final avatāra of Vishnu. According to this interpretation, these figures represent the continuity of divine guidance to humankind. In the view of some Guptis, this is corroborated by the Quranic verse 14:4 which mentions the idea that God had sent a messenger to every land. They understand the avatāras to be these messengers sent by God to their people in the Indian subcontinent.[66]","title":"Avatars of Vishnu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_painting"},{"link_name":"Kangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_painting"},{"link_name":"Puranic scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laiengavatar-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryanjonesavatar-16"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-70"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-70"},{"link_name":"Linga Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga_Purana"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Shiva Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Purana"},{"link_name":"Virabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virabhadra"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Sharabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharabha"},{"link_name":"Sharabha Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Dvaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Shiva Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Purana"},{"link_name":"Kurma Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma_Purana"},{"link_name":"vanara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanara"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Rudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Khandoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandoba"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Ashwatthama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwatthama"},{"link_name":"Drona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drona"},{"link_name":"Shesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Lakshmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmana"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200163-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Adi Shankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"Advaita Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Dasam Granth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth"},{"link_name":"Dattatreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya"},{"link_name":"Parasnath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Sharabha (right) with Narasimha (18th-century painting, Pahari/Kangra School)Although Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to avatars of Shiva, the avatar doctrine is neither universally accepted nor commonly adopted in Shaivism.[67] The views on the doctrine of incarnation has been one of the significant doctrinal differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism, in addition to their differences on the role of householder life versus monastic life for spiritual release.[15][16][68] Shaivism is a transcendental theology, where man, with the help of his Guru, is his own savior.[68]The Linga Purana lists twenty-eight avatars of Shiva.[69] In the Shiva Purana there is a distinctly Saivite version of a traditional avatar myth: Shiva brings forth Virabhadra, one of his terrifying forms, in order to calm Narasimha, an avatar of Vishnu. When that fails, Shiva manifests as the human-lion-bird Sharabha which calms down lion-man Narasimha avatar of Vishnu, and Shiva then gives Vishnu a chakra (not to be confused with Sudarshan Chakra) as gift. A similar story is told in the late medieval era Sharabha Upanishad.[70] However, Vaishnava Dvaita school refutes this Shaivite view of Narasimha.[71] According to the Shiva Purana, Shiva has 19 avatars. According to the Kurma Purana, he has 28.The vanara god Hanuman who helped Rama (the Vishnu avatar) is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of Rudra (Shiva).[72][73] Some regional deities like Khandoba are also believed by some to be avatars of Shiva.[74][75] Ashwatthama, the son of Drona is also considered to be an avatar of Shiva.Shesha and his avatars (Balarama and Lakshmana) are occasionally linked to Shiva.[76][77][78][79] Adi Shankara, the formulator of Advaita Vedanta, is also occasionally regarded as an avatar of Shiva.[80]In Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh mentioned two avatars of Rudra: Dattatreya Avatar and Parasnath Avatar.[81]","title":"Avatars of Shiva"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sita_in_exile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_deity_Parvati,_1050-1100_AD_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"Devi Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Triumph-84"},{"link_name":"Shakambhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakambhari"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"Avatars of Devi. Clockwise from upper left: Durga, Kali, Parvati and Sita.Avatars are also observed in Shaktism, the sect dedicated to the worship of the Goddess (Devi), but they do not have universal acceptance in the sect. The Devi Bhagavata Purana describes the descent of Devi avatars to punish the wicked and defend the righteous as – much as the Bhagavata Purana does with the avatars of Vishnu.[82]Nilakantha, an 18th-century commentator on the Devi Bhagavata Purana – which includes the Devi Gita – says that various avatars of the Goddess includes Shakambhari and even the masculine Krishna and Rama – generally thought to be Vishnu's avatars.[83] Parvati, Lakshmi and Saraswati are main goddesses worshipped as Devi avatars.[84]","title":"Avatars of Devis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Devi Mahatmya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali"},{"link_name":"Sati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)"},{"link_name":"Mahavidyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavidyas"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)"},{"link_name":"Tripurasundari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura_Sundari"},{"link_name":"Bhuvaneshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuvaneshwari"},{"link_name":"Bhairavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairavi"},{"link_name":"Chinnamasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinnamasta"},{"link_name":"Dhumavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhumavati"},{"link_name":"Bagalamukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagalamukhi"},{"link_name":"Shakti Peethas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Peetha"},{"link_name":"Navadurgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadurgas"},{"link_name":"Shailaputri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailaputri"},{"link_name":"Brahmacharini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharini"},{"link_name":"Chandraghanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraghanta"},{"link_name":"Kushmanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushmanda"},{"link_name":"Skandamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandamata"},{"link_name":"Katyayani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyayani"},{"link_name":"Kaalratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalratri"},{"link_name":"Mahagauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahagauri"},{"link_name":"Siddhidhatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhidhatri"},{"link_name":"Annapurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Kaushiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushiki"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Shitala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitala"},{"link_name":"Maheshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maheshwari"},{"link_name":"Ardhanarishvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhanarishvara"},{"link_name":"Vindhyavasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhyavasini"},{"link_name":"Bhramari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhramari"},{"link_name":"Shakambhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakambhari"},{"link_name":"Raktadantika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raktadantika"},{"link_name":"Twarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twarita"},{"link_name":"Khodiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodiyar"},{"link_name":"Bahuchara Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahuchara_Mata"},{"link_name":"Naina Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naina_Devi"},{"link_name":"Jwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"Bhavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavani"},{"link_name":"Saptashrungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptashrungi"},{"link_name":"Ekvira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvira"},{"link_name":"Amba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kali"},{"link_name":"Kamakhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakhya"},{"link_name":"Jagadhatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadhatri"},{"link_name":"Meenakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi"},{"link_name":"Vishalakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishalakshi"},{"link_name":"Kamakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakshi"},{"link_name":"Abhirami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Mookambika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mookambika"},{"link_name":"Akilandeswari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akilandeswari"},{"link_name":"Mariamman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamman"},{"link_name":"Karumariamman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karumariamman"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Avatars of Parvati","text":"Devi is popular in her form as Parvati. In Devi Mahatmya she is seen as the Goddess Mahakali, and in Uma Samhita, she is seen as Devi herself. Regarding her incarnations, it varies per sect in Hinduism. She could be all Goddesses as said in Shaivism and some main Shatism interpretations like the Sri kula and Kali Kula families, or just a form of Devi in some other Shaktism interpretations and many Vaishnava interpretations. With this in mind, Parvati's forms include:Mahakali\nSati\nMahavidyas- Kali, Tara, Tripurasundari, Bhuvaneshwari, Bhairavi, Chinnamasta, Dhumavati, Bagalamukhi\nThe Shakti Peethas\nNavadurgas - Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kaalratri, Mahagauri, Siddhidhatri\nAnnapurna\nKaushiki\nDurga\nShitala\nMaheshwari\nArdhanarishvara\nVindhyavasini\nBhramari\nShakambhari\nRaktadantika\nTwarita\nIn North India- Khodiyar, Bahuchara Mata, Naina Devi, Jwala etc.\nIn Western India- Bhavani, Saptashrungi, Ekvira, Amba etc.\nIn East India-Dakshina Kali, Kamakhya, Jagadhatri etc.\nIn South India- Meenakshi, Vishalakshi, Kamakshi, Abhirami, Mookambika, Akilandeswari, Mariamman, Karumariamman etc.All of these incarnations helped provide security to the world and even brought Shiva into the participation of worldly affairs.[85]","title":"Avatars of Devis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Divya Desam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Desam"},{"link_name":"Ashtalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Gopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi"},{"link_name":"Rukmini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini"},{"link_name":"Ashtabharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabharya"},{"link_name":"Junior wives of Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Padmavathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmavathi"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana"},{"link_name":"Andal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andal"},{"link_name":"Vedavati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedavati"},{"link_name":"Mookambika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mookambika"},{"link_name":"Vaishno Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishno_Devi"},{"link_name":"Matrikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)"},{"link_name":"Varahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahi"},{"link_name":"Narasimhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhi"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Sri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri"},{"link_name":"Bhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi"},{"link_name":"Nila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_Devi"},{"link_name":"Kamalatmika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalatmika"}],"sub_title":"Avatars of Lakshmi","text":"Like Vishnu, his consort Lakshmi incarnates as in many forms to help provide order and to enlighten the world with her consort. She has many forms, and just like Parvati, some of her forms are not consistent throughout all sects and interpretations of Hinduism. In Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, Lakshmi is seen as Devi herself. She could be every Goddess as said in Vaishnavism and some interpretations of Shaktism, or just another form of Devi as seen in other interpretations of Shaktism and in Shaivism. With this in mind, Lakshmi's forms include:Mahalakshmi\nAt 108 Divya Desam\nAshtalakshmi - Adi Lakshmi, Dhanya Lakshmi, Dhana Lakshmi, Gaja Lakshmi, Santana Lakshmi, Vidya Lakshmi, Veera Lakshmi, Vijaya Lakshmi\nWith avatars of Vishnu - Sita, Radha, Gopi, Rukmini, Ashtabharya, Junior wives of Krishna, Padmavathi, Lakshmi Narayana, Andal, Dharini\nSingular forms - Vedavati, Chottanikkara Bhagavathy, Mookambika devi, Vaishno Devi, As Kolhapur ambabai\nMatrikas - Vaishnavi, Varahi, Narasimhi\nWives of Vishnu - Sri, Bhumi, Nila\nMahavidya Kamalatmika","title":"Avatars of Devis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dasam Granth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-88"},{"link_name":"Valmiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki"},{"link_name":"Kashyapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyapa"},{"link_name":"Shukra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukra"},{"link_name":"Vyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Kalidasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa"},{"link_name":"Indian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Skanda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana"},{"link_name":"Yajnavalkya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajnavalkya"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"In Dasam Granth, second scriptures of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh, mentioned seven Brahma Avatars.[86]Valmiki\nKashyapa\nShukra\nBaches\nVyasa\nKhat\nKalidasaKhat avatar in this list refers to six different scholars who are considered to be founders of six schools of Indian philosophy.[87] According to the Skanda Purana, Brahma incarnated himself as Yajnavalkya in response to a curse from Shiva.[88]","title":"Avatars of Brahma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linga Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga_Purana"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimes-91"},{"link_name":"Upapuranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upapurana"},{"link_name":"Ganesha Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha_Purana"},{"link_name":"Mudgala Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgala_Purana"},{"link_name":"Ganapatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapatya"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granoff-93"}],"text":"The Linga Purana declares that Ganesha incarnates to destroy demons and to help the gods and pious people.[89] The two Upapuranas – Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana – detail the avatars of Ganesha. Both these upapuranas are core scriptures of the Ganapatya sect – exclusively dedicated to Ganesha worship.Four avatars of Ganesha are listed in the Ganesha Purana: Mohotkata, Mayūreśvara, Gajanana and Dhumraketu. Each avatar corresponds to a different yuga, has a different mount and different skin complexion, but all the avatars have a common purpose – to slay demons.[90]The Mudgala Puranam describes eight avatars of Ganesha:[91]Vakratunda (Vakratuṇḍa) (\"twisting trunk\"), his mount is a lion.\nEkadanta (\"single tusk\"), his mount is a mouse.\nMahodara (\"big belly\"), his mount is a mouse.\nGajavaktra (or Gajānana) (\"elephant face\"), his mount is a mouse.\nLambodara (\"pendulous belly\"), his mount is a mouse.\nVikata (Vikaṭa) (\"unusual form\", \"misshapen\"), his mount is a peacock.\nVighnaraja (Vighnarāja) (\"king of obstacles\"), his mount is the celestial serpent Śeṣa.\nDhumravarna (Dhūmravarṇa) (\"grey color\") corresponds to Śiva, his mount is a horse.","title":"Avatars of Ganesha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jhulelal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Jhulelal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Iṣṭa-devatā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADa-devat%C4%81_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Sindhi Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Varuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"Jhulelal, incarnation of VarunaJhulelal, the Iṣṭa-devatā (most-revered deity) of Sindhi Hindus, is considered the incarnation of Varuna.[92]","title":"Avatars of Varuna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-buddha_30-0"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth200299-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002705-38"}],"text":"^ Buddha, a real person, is included as an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu texts.[29]\n\n^ Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu, appears in stories about the Kurma avatar.[37]","title":"Explanatory notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hindu god Vishnu (centre) surrounded by his ten major avatars, namely Matsya; Kurma; Varaha; Narasimha; Vamana; Parashurama; Rama; Krishna; Buddha, and Kalki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vishnu_Avatars.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Avatars.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu (statue at Belur temple, Karnataka.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg/180px-Mohini_in_Belur_temple.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sharabha (right) with Narasimha (18th-century painting, Pahari/Kangra School)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg/220px-Sarabha_Narasinmha_Kangra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jhulelal, incarnation of Varuna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/220px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hinduism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduism"},{"title":"Philosophy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Abatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatur"},{"title":"Avatars in the Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatars_in_the_Mahabharata"},{"title":"Dashavatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara"},{"title":"Gautama Buddha in Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism"},{"title":"Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"title":"List of avatar claimants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avatar_claimants"},{"title":"Hindu eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_eschatology"}]
[{"reference":"Geoffrey Parrinder (1997). Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions. Oneworld. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-85168-130-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder","url_text":"Geoffrey Parrinder"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VkV5AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-130-3","url_text":"978-1-85168-130-3"}]},{"reference":"Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90","url_text":"A Sanskrit-English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Daniel E Bassuk (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9","url_text":"978-1-349-08642-9"}]},{"reference":"Kinsley, David (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). Gale's Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 707–708. ISBN 978-0-02-865735-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6","url_text":"978-0-02-865735-6"}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press US. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-514891-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32","url_text":"Krishna: A Sourcebook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6","url_text":"978-0-19-514891-6"}]},{"reference":"Hawley, John Stratton; Vasudha Narayanan (2006). The life of Hinduism. University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-520-24914-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174","url_text":"The life of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1","url_text":"978-0-520-24914-1"}]},{"reference":"David R. Kinsley (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. ISBN 978-81-208-1522-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C","url_text":"Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1522-3","url_text":"978-81-208-1522-3"}]},{"reference":"Lai Ah Eng (2008). Religious Diversity in Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. ISBN 978-981-230-754-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C","url_text":"Religious Diversity in Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5","url_text":"978-981-230-754-5"}]},{"reference":"Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Nesbitt (2005). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 16, 24–25. ISBN 978-0-19-157806-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC","url_text":"Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157806-9","url_text":"978-0-19-157806-9"}]},{"reference":"Justin Edwards Abbott (1980). Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-81-208-0170-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UmxAoX2wYC","url_text":"Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0170-7","url_text":"978-81-208-0170-7"}]},{"reference":"Sebastian C. H. Kim (2008). Christian Theology in Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–176. ISBN 978-1-139-47206-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hXh3iq94MWIC","url_text":"Christian Theology in Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47206-7","url_text":"978-1-139-47206-7"}]},{"reference":"Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (3rd ed.). Routeledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-415-85881-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6","url_text":"978-0-415-85881-6"}]},{"reference":"King, Anna S. (2005). The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions. Orient Blackswan. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-81-250-2801-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvH1aCXETwC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7","url_text":"978-81-250-2801-7"}]},{"reference":"Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan (1973). Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1. BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-90-04-03610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAQ4AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03610-9","url_text":"978-90-04-03610-9"}]},{"reference":"Rukmani, T. S. (1970). A critical study of the Bhagavata Purana, with special reference to bhakti. Chowkhamba Sanskrit studies. Vol. 77. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Rukmani","url_text":"Rukmani, T. S."}]},{"reference":"Williams, George M. (2008-03-27). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. OUP USA. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=matsya+saved+manu+seven+sages&pg=PA213","url_text":"Handbook of Hindu Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2","url_text":"978-0-19-533261-2"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 709. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9","url_text":"978-81-8475-277-9"}]},{"reference":"Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (2009). Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations. Gyan Publishing House. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-212-1016-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=Varaha+Bhumi&pg=PA61","url_text":"Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1016-4","url_text":"978-81-212-1016-4"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin UK. p. 859. ISBN 978-81-8475-396-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+prahlada&pg=PT859","url_text":"The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-396-7","url_text":"978-81-8475-396-7"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 1312. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=vamana+three+strides&pg=PT1313","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9","url_text":"978-81-8475-277-9"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Eliade, Mircea; Adams, Charles J. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-02-909480-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L74iAAAAYAAJ&q=Buddha+delude+asuras+encyclopedia","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8","url_text":"978-0-02-909480-8"}]},{"reference":"Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+kali+yuga+encyclopedia&pg=PA376","url_text":"Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2","url_text":"978-81-208-0597-2"}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER THREE\". vedabase.io. Retrieved 3 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/","url_text":"\"CHAPTER THREE\""}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. p. 709. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9","url_text":"978-81-8475-277-9"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 353–354. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Schrader, Friedrich Otto (1916). Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā. Adyar Library. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365","url_text":"Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365/page/n54","url_text":"42"}]},{"reference":"Barbara A. Holdrege (2015). Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti. Routledge. pp. 50–67. ISBN 978-1-317-66910-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9FgCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66910-4","url_text":"978-1-317-66910-4"}]},{"reference":"Janmajit Roy (2002). Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-81-269-0169-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC","url_text":"Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0169-2","url_text":"978-81-269-0169-2"}]},{"reference":"Daniel E Bassuk (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9","url_text":"978-1-349-08642-9"}]},{"reference":"Mittal, Sushil (2004). The Hindu World. New York: Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-203-67414-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-67414-7","url_text":"978-0-203-67414-7"}]},{"reference":"David Smith (2003). The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC","url_text":"The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52865-8","url_text":"978-0-521-52865-8"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh; Norman Gerald Barrier; W. H. McLeod (2004). Sikhism and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–147. ISBN 978-0-19-566708-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sikhism and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566708-0","url_text":"978-0-19-566708-0"}]},{"reference":"William Owen Cole (2004). Understanding Sikhism. Dunedin Academic. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-1-903765-15-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OJnXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Understanding Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-15-9","url_text":"978-1-903765-15-9"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh (2011). Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Global Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5","url_text":"978-1-4522-6656-5"}]},{"reference":"Virani, Shafique N. (February 2011). \"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 70 (1): 99–139. doi:10.1017/S0021911810002974. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 143431047.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36996009","url_text":"\"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810002974","url_text":"10.1017/S0021911810002974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118","url_text":"0021-9118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047","url_text":"143431047"}]},{"reference":"Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). Avatar and incarnation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-19-520361-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520361-5","url_text":"978-0-19-520361-5"}]},{"reference":"Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives. Rodopi. p. 63. ISBN 978-90-420-1510-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC","url_text":"Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1510-4","url_text":"978-90-420-1510-4"}]},{"reference":"Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA543","url_text":"A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3","url_text":"978-81-208-0264-3"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 412. ISBN 978-81-208-1575-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA412","url_text":"A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1575-9","url_text":"978-81-208-1575-9"}]},{"reference":"Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-530921-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=avatara++Shiva&pg=PT333","url_text":"Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8","url_text":"978-0-19-530921-8"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Ludvík (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-81-208-1122-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&q=Hanuman+Rudra&pg=PA10","url_text":"Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5","url_text":"978-81-208-1122-5"}]},{"reference":"Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1990). \"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context\". In Hans Bakker (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09318-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129","url_text":"\"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8","url_text":"978-90-04-09318-8"}]},{"reference":"Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (1989). \"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan\". In Hiltebeitel, Alf (ed.). Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism. State University of New York Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-88706-981-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&pg=PA332","url_text":"\"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel","url_text":"Hiltebeitel, Alf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-981-9","url_text":"978-0-88706-981-9"}]},{"reference":"The Padma-Purana: Part IX. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1956. pp. 3164–3165. The Lord, Visnu, took his place in the egg. Then with his mind devoted to the supreme spirit, Brahma meditated upon Visnu. At the end of the meditation a drop of perspiration was produced from his forehead. That drop, of the shape of a bubble, in a moment fell on the earth. O you of an excellent face, I, having three eyes, a trident, and adorned with the crown of the matted hair, was born from that bubble. With modesty I asked the lord of gods: \"What shall I do?\" Then God Visnu, with delight, thus spoke to me: \"O Rudra, you will bring about a fierce-looking destruction of the world, (after) actually being (my) portion, viz. Samkarsana, O you of an excellent face.\"","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mahalik, Er. Nirakar (2010). \"Lord Balarama\" (PDF). Orissa Review. So Balarama became (Bala+Deva) Baladeva. Krishna and Balarama are regarded as Hari and Hara. Here Balarama is regarded as Lord Siva. Siva is helping Vishnu in every incarnation like Rama-Laxman in Treta Yuga. In Dvapara Yuga as Krishna-Balarama and in Kali Yuga they are Jagannath and Balabhadra.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/87-90.pdf","url_text":"\"Lord Balarama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treta_Yuga","url_text":"Treta Yuga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga","url_text":"Dvapara Yuga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga","url_text":"Kali Yuga"}]},{"reference":"Pattanaik, Devdutt (2010). \"Elder Brother of God\". Devdutt. Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2017-08-04. Some say that Krishna is Vishnu, Balarama is Shiva and Subhadra is Devi, thus the three siblings represent the three main schools of Hindu theism: Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakta.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620103809/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html","url_text":"\"Elder Brother of God\""},{"url":"http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. p. 508. The gods complained to Shiva that Vishnu had entered the body of the Buddha on earth for their sake, but now the haters of religion, despising Brahmins and the dharma of class and stage of life, filled the earth. \"Not a single man performs a ritual, for all have become heretics—Buddhists, Kapalikas, and so forth—and so we eat no offerings.\" Shiva consented to become incarnate as Shankara, to reestablish Vedic dharma, which keeps the universe happy, and to destroy evil behavior.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1990). The triumph of the goddess: the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa. SUNY Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7914-0363-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=erENsMcblGAC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The triumph of the goddess: the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0363-1","url_text":"978-0-7914-0363-1"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess. SUNY Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7914-3940-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&q=Devi+avatara","url_text":"The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3940-1","url_text":"978-0-7914-3940-1"}]},{"reference":"Kapoor, S.S. Dasam Granth. Hemkunt Press. p. 16. ISBN 9788170103257. Retrieved 2017-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Dasam Granth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103257","url_text":"9788170103257"}]},{"reference":"The Skanda-Purana: Part XVII. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 2002. p. 130. After seeing his (of Brahma) aberration on the altar at the time of marriage, Sambhu cursed him. He was then born as Yajnavalkya. Sakalya engaged Yajnavalkya in the royal palace for the performance of the Santi rites.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grimes, John A. (1995). Gaṇapati: song of the self. SUNY Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7914-2439-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC&pg=PT105","url_text":"Gaṇapati: song of the self"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2439-1","url_text":"978-0-7914-2439-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Exploring Jhulelal – a symbol of interfaith harmony in Sindh\". The Express Tribune. Karachi. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842760/1-exploring-jhulelal-symbol-interfaith-harmony-sindh","url_text":"\"Exploring Jhulelal – a symbol of interfaith harmony in Sindh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Express_Tribune","url_text":"The Express Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, T. (2011). \"Avatāra\". Oxford Bibliographies Online: Hinduism. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0009.xml","url_text":"\"Avatāra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0009","url_text":"10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009"}]},{"reference":"Daniélou, Alain (1991) [1964]. The Myths and Gods of India. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. pp. 164–187. ISBN 0-89281-354-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou","url_text":"Daniélou, Alain"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani","url_text":"The Myths and Gods of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7","url_text":"0-89281-354-7"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Paul (1978). \"Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre\". In Schmithausen, Lambert (ed.). Kleine Schriften. Veröffentlichungen der Glasenapp-Stiftung (Book 15) (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447048606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447048606","url_text":"978-3447048606"}]},{"reference":"Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch","url_text":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1","url_text":"978-0-8239-2287-1"}]},{"reference":"Matchett, Freda (2001). Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krishna and Vishnu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1281-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6znEVPmI8UsC","url_text":"Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krishna and Vishnu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6","url_text":"978-0-7007-1281-6"}]},{"reference":"Sheth, Noel (January 2002). \"Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation: A Comparison\". Philosophy East and West. 52 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1353/pew.2002.0005. JSTOR 1400135. S2CID 170278631.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_East_and_West","url_text":"Philosophy East and West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005","url_text":"10.1353/pew.2002.0005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400135","url_text":"1400135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170278631","url_text":"170278631"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VkV5AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"A Sanskrit-English Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PT32","external_links_name":"Krishna: A Sourcebook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DLj1tYmoTQC&pg=PA174","external_links_name":"The life of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C","external_links_name":"Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C","external_links_name":"Religious Diversity in Singapore"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC","external_links_name":"Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UmxAoX2wYC","external_links_name":"Life of Tukaram: Translation from Mahipati's Bhaktalilamrita"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hXh3iq94MWIC","external_links_name":"Christian Theology in Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvH1aCXETwC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAQ4AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=matsya+saved+manu+seven+sages&pg=PA213","external_links_name":"Handbook of Hindu Mythology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709","external_links_name":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=Varaha+Bhumi&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+prahlada&pg=PT859","external_links_name":"The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=vamana+three+strides&pg=PT1313","external_links_name":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L74iAAAAYAAJ&q=Buddha+delude+asuras+encyclopedia","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Religion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=kalki+kali+yuga+encyclopedia&pg=PA376","external_links_name":"Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature"},{"Link":"https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/","external_links_name":"\"CHAPTER THREE\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kurma+churning+of+the+ocean&pg=PT709","external_links_name":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Parashurama+encyclopedia&pg=PA324","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280365/page/n54","external_links_name":"42"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9FgCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC","external_links_name":"Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC","external_links_name":"The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Composition 8, 9 and 10"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Composition 8, 9 and 10"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Sikhism and History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OJnXAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Understanding Sikhism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Global Religion"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/36996009","external_links_name":"\"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810002974","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0021911810002974"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118","external_links_name":"0021-9118"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047","external_links_name":"143431047"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC","external_links_name":"Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA543","external_links_name":"A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA412","external_links_name":"A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&q=avatara++Shiva&pg=PT333","external_links_name":"Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&q=Hanuman+Rudra&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129","external_links_name":"\"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&pg=PA332","external_links_name":"\"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan\""},{"Link":"http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/87-90.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lord Balarama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190620103809/http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html","external_links_name":"\"Elder Brother of God\""},{"Link":"http://devdutt.com/articles/indian-mythology/mahabharata/elder-brother-of-god.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Composition 10, Rudra Avtar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=erENsMcblGAC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"The triumph of the goddess: the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC&q=Devi+avatara","external_links_name":"The Devī Gītā: the song of the Goddess"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Dasam Granth"},{"Link":"https://scimonk.com/index.php/2023/04/02/khat-avatar-of-brahma/","external_links_name":"\"Six Pillars of Indian Philosophy: Khat Avatar\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC&pg=PT105","external_links_name":"Gaṇapati: song of the self"},{"Link":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842760/1-exploring-jhulelal-symbol-interfaith-harmony-sindh","external_links_name":"\"Exploring Jhulelal – a symbol of interfaith harmony in Sindh\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0009.xml","external_links_name":"\"Avatāra\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0009","external_links_name":"10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0009"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani","external_links_name":"The Myths and Gods of India"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch","external_links_name":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6znEVPmI8UsC","external_links_name":"Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: The Relationship Between Krishna and Vishnu"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2002.0005","external_links_name":"10.1353/pew.2002.0005"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1400135","external_links_name":"1400135"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170278631","external_links_name":"170278631"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121205094450/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Vishnu.html","external_links_name":"Avatars (Incarnations or Descents) of Vishnu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111213111031/http://home.online.no/~solibakk/firstava.html","external_links_name":"Meher Baba's interpretation of the Avatar's origin"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124710793","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124710793","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295829105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010505","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000224057&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316279&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries
Results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries
["1 Overview of results","2 Major candidates","2.1 Other candidates","3 State-wide results","3.1 Iowa","3.2 New Hampshire","3.3 Nevada","3.3.1 Primary","3.3.2 Caucus","3.4 Virgin Islands","3.5 South Carolina","3.6 Michigan","3.6.1 Primary","3.6.2 Caucus","3.7 Idaho","3.8 Missouri","3.9 Washington D.C.","3.10 North Dakota","3.11 Alabama","3.12 Alaska","3.13 Arkansas","3.14 California","3.15 Colorado","3.16 Maine","3.17 Massachusetts","3.18 Minnesota","3.19 North Carolina","3.20 Oklahoma","3.21 Tennessee","3.22 Texas","3.23 Utah","3.24 Vermont","3.25 Virginia","3.26 American Samoa","3.27 Georgia","3.28 Hawaii","3.29 Mississippi","3.30 Washington","3.31 Northern Mariana Islands","3.32 Guam","3.33 Arizona","3.34 Florida","3.35 Illinois","3.36 Kansas","3.37 Ohio","3.38 Louisiana","3.39 Connecticut","3.40 New York","3.41 Rhode Island","3.42 Wisconsin","3.43 Puerto Rico","3.44 Pennsylvania","3.45 Indiana","3.46 Maryland","3.47 Nebraska","3.48 West Virginia","3.49 Kentucky","3.50 Montana","3.51 New Jersey","3.52 New Mexico","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
2024 U.S. presidential election Timeline Presidential debates Parties Polling national statewide News media endorsements primary general Fundraising Ballot access Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling Results Endorsements Presumptive nominee Convention Republican Party Primaries Candidates Debates and forums Polling national statewide Results Endorsements Presumptive nominee VP candidate selection Convention Third parties Third-party and independent candidates polling Libertarian Party primaries convention nominee Green Party primaries presumptive nominee Constitution Party convention nominee Independent Kennedy West Related races Senate House Governors ← 2020 2024 2028 → vte This article contains the results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries and caucuses, the processes by which the Republican Party selects delegates to attend the 2024 Republican National Convention. The series of primaries, caucuses, and state conventions culminate in the national convention, where the delegates cast their votes to formally select a candidate. A simple majority of the total delegate votes is required to become the nominee. Candidates started being placed on primary ballots the previous October, and by the end of December 2023, most of these had been finalized. Seven candidates, Donald Trump, Nikki Haley, Ron DeSantis, Ryan Binkley, Chris Christie, Vivek Ramaswamy and Asa Hutchinson, appear on the ballot in most states. Delegates won by some who suspend, rather formally withdraw their candidacies, will attend the convention as unpledged delegates. Overview of results Map legend   Nikki Haley   Donald Trump   Winner not yet declared   None of These Candidates First-place winners of each state Major candidates Legend:   1st place(popular vote) 2nd place(popular vote) 3rd place(popular vote) Candidate haswithdrawn Candidate unable to appear on ballot Date(daily totals) Delegates Contest Donald Trump Nikki Haley(withdrawn) Ryan Binkley(withdrawn) Ron DeSantis(withdrawn) Vivek Ramaswamy(withdrawn) Asa Hutchinson(withdrawn) Other Cancelled 16 Delaware 16 delegates Primary cancelled January 15 40 Iowa 51.0%20 delegates56,243 votes 19.1%8 delegates21,027 votes 0.7%768 votes 21.3%9 delegates23,491 votes 7.6%3 delegates8,430 votes 0.2%188 votes 0.1%125 votes January 23 22 New Hampshire 54.3%13 delegates176,391 votes 43.3%9 delegates140,491 votes 0.1%315 votes 0.7%2,241 votes 0.3%833 votes <0.1%108 votes 1.3%4,196 votes February 6 0 Nevada(primary) Not on ballot 30.6%24,583 votes Not on ballot Not on ballot(withdrawn) 69.4%55,666 votes February 8(30) 26 Nevada(caucus) 99.1%26 delegates59,982 votes Not on ballot 0.9%540 votes Not on ballot 4 Virgin Islands First Ballot:69.5%180 votesFinal Ballot:74.2%4 delegates187 votes First Ballot:20.1%52 votesFinal Ballot:25.8%65 votes Not on ballot First Ballot:5.8%15 votesFinal Ballot:0.0%0 votes First Ballot:1.2%3 votesFinal Ballot:0.0%0 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) First Ballot:3.5%9 votesFinal Ballot:0.0%0 votes February 24 50 South Carolina 59.8%47 delegates452,496 votes 39.5%3 delegates299,084 votes 0.1%528 votes 0.4%2,953 votes 0.1%726 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 0.1%1,019 votes February 27 16 Michigan(primary) 68.1%12 delegates761,163 votes 26.6%4 delegates297,124 votes 0.2%2,348 votes 1.2%13,456 votes 0.3%3,702 votes 0.1%1,077 votes 3.4%38,443 votes March 2 (125) 39 Michigan(caucus) 97.8%39 delegates1,575 votes 2.2%36 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) Not on ballot 32 Idaho 84.9%32 delegates33,603 votes 13.2%5,221 votes 0.1%40 votes 1.3%534 votes 0.2%95 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 0.2%91 votes 54 Missouri N/A54 delegates924 state delegates N/A0 state delegates Not on ballot(withdrawn) 0.0%0 state delegates March 1–3 19 Washington, D.C. 33.3%676 votes 62.8%19 delegates1,274 votes nil%1 vote 1.9%38 votes 0.7%15 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 1.3%26 votes March 4 29 North Dakota 84.4%29 delegates1,632 votes 14.1%273 votes 0.5%9 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 1.0%19 votes March 5 (Super Tuesday)(865) 49 Alabama 83.2%50 delegates499,147 votes 13.0%77,989 votes 0.1%509 votes 1.4%8,452 votes 0.3%1,864 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 2.0%12,001 votes 28 Alaska 87.6%29 delegates9,243 votes 12.0% 1,266 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) 0.4%45 votes Not on ballot(withdrawn) Not on ballot 40 Arkansas 76.9%39 delegates204,898 votes 18.4%1 delegate49,085 votes 0.1%183 votes 1.2%3,162 votes 0.3%860 votes 2.8%7,377 votes 0.3%908 votes 169 California 79.3%169 delegates1,962,905 votes 17.4%431,876 votes 0.1%3,577 votes 1.4%35,717 votes 0.5%11,113 votes 0.1%3,336 votes 1.1%28,372 votes 37 Colorado 63.5%24 delegates555,863 votes 33.3%12 delegates291,615 votes 0.3%2,220 votes 1.4%12,672 votes 0.6%5,113 votes 0.1%1,269 votes 0.8%7,188 votes 20 Maine 71.9%20 delegates79,034 votes 25.4%27,912 votes 0.3%299 votes 1.1%1,191 votes 0.4%440 votes Not on ballot 0.9%1,022 ballots 40 Massachusetts 59.8%40 delegates343,189 votes 36.8%211,440 votes 0.1%619 votes 0.7%3,981 votes 0.3%1,738 votes 0.1%527 votes 2.6%14,756 votes 39 Minnesota 69.1%27 delegates232,846 votes 28.8%12 delegates97,182 votes Not on ballot 1.2%4,085 votes 0.4%1,470 votes Not on ballot 0.4%1,431 votes 75 North Carolina 73.8%62 delegates793,978 votes 23.3%11 delegates250,838 votes 0.1%916 votes 1.4%14,740 votes 0.3%3,418 votes 0.1%727 votes 1.0%10,614 votes 43 Oklahoma 81.8%43 delegates254,928 votes 15.9%49,406 votes 0.1%303 votes 1.3%3,946 votes 0.3%1,022 votes 0.1%431 votes 0.5%1,492 votes 58 Tennessee 77.3%58 delegates446,850 votes 19.5%112,958 votes 0.1%722 votes 1.4%7,947 votes 0.3%1,714 votes 0.1%533 votes 1.2%7,119 votes 162 Texas 77.8%161 delegates1,808,269 votes 17.5%405,472 votes 0.1%2,585 votes 1.6%36,302 votes 0.5%10,582 votes 0.1%2,964 votes 2.4%56,845 votes 40 Utah 56.4%40 delegates48,350 votes 42.7%36,621 votes 1.0%826 votes 0%0 votes 0%0 votes 0%0 votes Not on ballot 17 Vermont 45.1%8 delegates33,162 votes 49.3%9 delegates36,241 votes 0.4%278 vote 1.3%949 votes 0.7%546 votes Not on ballot 3.2%2,311 votes 48 Virginia 63.0%42 delegates440,416 votes 35.0%6 delegates244,586 votes 0.1%853 votes 1.1%7,494 votes 0.4%2,503 votes Not on ballot 0.5%3,384 votes March 8 9 American Samoa 100.0%9 delegates110 votes 0.0%0 votes Not on ballot 0.0%0 votes 0.0% 0 votes 0.0%0 votes March 12 (160) 59 Georgia 84.5%56 delegates497,594 votes 13.2%77,902 votes 0.1%377 votes 1.3%7,457 votes 0.2%1,244 votes 0.1%383 votes 0.7%3,990 votes 19 Hawaii 97.1%19 delegates4,348 votes 1.5%68 votes <0.1%2 votes 0.6%25 votes 0.6%26 votes Not on ballot 0.2%10 votes 40 Mississippi 92.5%40 delegates229,198 votes 5.4%13,437 votes Not on ballot 1.6%4,042 votes 0.4%1,096 votes Not on ballot Not on ballot 43 Washington 76.4%43 delegates601,070 votes 19.3%151,485 votes Not on ballot 2.3%17,870 votes 0.9%7,318 votes Not on ballot 1.1%8,702 votes March 15 9 Northern Mariana Islands 90.1%9 delegates319 votes 9.9%35 votes Not on ballot March 16 9 Guam 100%9 delegates178 votes 0.0%0 votes Not on ballot 0.0%0 votes March 19 (349) 43 Arizona 78.8%43 delegates492,299 votes 17.8%110,966 votes 0.1%891 votes 1.6%10,131 votes 0.4%2,479 votes 0.1%714 votes 1.1%6,908 votes 125 Florida 81.2%125 delegates911,424 votes 13.9%155,560 votes 0.1%1,385 votes 3.7%41,269 votes 0.3%2,850 votes 0.1%1,190 votes 0.8%8,953 votes 64 Illinois 80.5%64 delegates479,556 votes 14.5%86,278 votes 0.5%3,114 votes 2.9%16,990 votes Not on ballot Not on ballot 1.6%9,758 votes 39 Kansas 75.5%39 delegates72,115 votes 16.1%15,339 votes 0.5%508 votes 2.7%2,543 votes Not on ballot 5.2%4,982 votes 78 Ohio 79.2%79 delegates896,059 votes 14.4%162,563 votes Not on ballot 3.4%38,089 votes 1.3%14,450 votes Not on ballot 1.8%20,027 votes March 23 47 Louisiana 89.8%47 delegates172,503 votes 6.8%13,123 votes 0.3%580 votes 1.6%3,022 votes 0.3%595 votes 0.3%519 votes 1.0%1,826 votes April 2 (195) 28 Connecticut 77.9%28 delegates34,750 votes 14.0%6,229 votes 0.4%184 votes 2.9%1,289 votes Not on ballot 4.8%2,166 votes 91 New York(93% in) 81.2%91 delegates132,698 votes 12.9%21,145 votes Not on ballot 1.0%1,667 votes Not on ballot 4.9%7,990 votes 19 Rhode Island 84.5%17 delegates10,898 votes 10.6%2 delegates1,371 votes Not on ballot 1.4%178 votes 0.3%40 votes Not on ballot 3.2%411 votes 41 Wisconsin 79.2%41 delegates477,103 votes 12.8%76,841 votes Not on ballot 3.3%20,124 votes 0.9%5,200 votes Not on ballot 3.8%22,828 votes April 18–20 29 Wyoming 100%29 delegates Not on ballot April 21 23 Puerto Rico 96.2%23 delegates992 votes Not on ballot 3.8%39 votes April 23 67 Pennsylvania 82.8%16 delegates790,662 votes 16.5%157,222 votes Not on ballot 0.7%6,677 votes May 7 58 Indiana 78.3%58 delegates464,399 votes 21.7%128,812 votes Not on ballot May 14 (104) 37 Maryland 78.3%37 delegates220,494 votes 21.7%64,610 votes Not on ballot 36 Nebraska 79.9%36 delegates167,864 votes 18.2%38,257 votes Not on ballot 1.9%3,907 votes 32 West Virginia 88.4%32 delegates199,497 votes 9.4%21,231 votes 0.7%1,481 votes Not on ballot 1.5%3,494 votes May 21 (77) 46 Kentucky 85.0%46 delegates215,044 votes 6.4%16,232 votes 0.4%900 votes 3.1%7,803 votes 0.7%1,640 votes Not on ballot 4.5%11,445 votes 31 Oregon 91.6%31 delegates293,425 votes Not on ballot 8.4%27,043 votes Totals as ofMay 21 2,328 See above 75.7%2,251 delegates15,938,524 votes 20.6%97 delegates4,328,730 votes 0.1%26,860 votes 1.6%9 delegates344,652 votes 0.4%3 delegates93,926 votes 0.1%21,943 votes 1.6%258,506 votes June 4 (91) 31 Montana 90.9%31 delegates163,531 votes Not on ballot 9.1%16,387 votes 12 New Jersey 12 delegates Not on ballot 22 New Mexico 84.5%22 delegates78,912 votes 8.6%8,036 votes Not on ballot 0.9%884 votes Not on ballot 5.9%5,554 votes Cancelled 29 South Dakota 29 delegates Primary cancelled Total 2,429 See above 2,219 delegates 97 delegates 0 delegates 9 delegates 3 delegates 0 delegates 0 delegates Other candidates Eight candidates suspended their campaigns before the Iowa caucuses. Five major candidates had withdrawn from the race after states began to certify candidates for ballot spots: Perry Johnson, Mike Pence, Doug Burgum, and Chris Christie. Asa Hutchinson also dropped out after the Iowa caucuses. Since the beginning of the primary season, none of these candidates have been awarded any delegates. Legend:   Candidate haswithdrawn Candidate unable to appear on ballot Candidates JohnAnthonyCastro DavidStuckenberg RachelSwift ChrisChristie DougBurgum TimScott MikePence PerryJohnson Withdrawal date — — — Jan 102024 Dec 42023 Nov 122023 Oct 282023 Oct 202023 Date State framelesscenter Jan 15 IA 0 0 0 35 Jan 23 NH 19 25 105 1,493 180 196 404 26 Feb 6 NV(primary) 270 1,081 3,091 Feb 8 VI 3 (First Round)0 (Final Round) 6 (First Round)0 (Final Round) Feb 24 SC 361 658 Feb 27 MI 4,794 Mar 2 ID 91 MO 0 Mar 3 DC 8 18 Mar 4 ND 19 Mar 5 AL 752 1,442 AR 151 600 157 CA 3,909 4,253 20,210 MA 5,125 MN 1,431 NC 3,166 OK 397 1,095 TN 352 1,874 TX 2,339 8,938 VT 1,020 2 3 VA 3,384 March 12 GA 243 2,054 161 1,398 134 WA 8,702 Mar 19 AZ 498 1,359 5,051 IL 9,515 OH 19,896 FL 8,951 Mar 23 LA 210 335 1,280 State-wide results Iowa Main article: 2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses Iowa Republican precinct caucuses, January 15, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 56,243 51.00% 20 0 20 Ron DeSantis 23,491 21.30% 9 0 9 Nikki Haley 21,027 19.07% 8 0 8 Vivek Ramaswamy 8,430 7.64% 3 0 3 Ryan Binkley 768 0.70% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson 188 0.17% 0 0 0 Other 90 0.08% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 35 0.03% 0 0 0 Total: 110,272 100.00% 40 0 40 New Hampshire Main article: 2024 New Hampshire Republican presidential primary New Hampshire Republican primary, January 23, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Delegate count Donald Trump 176,391 54.35% 13 Nikki Haley 140,491 43.28% 9 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 2,241 0.69% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,493 0.46% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 833 0.26% Joe Biden (Write-In) (Democrat) 497 0.15% Mike Pence (withdrawn) 404 0.12% Ryan Binkley 315 0.10% Mary Maxwell 287 0.09% Robert F. Kennedy (Write-In) (Independent) 205 0.06% Tim Scott (withdrawn) 196 0.06% Doug Burgum (withdrawn) 180 0.06% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 108 0.03% Rachel Swift 105 0.03% Scott Ayers 80 0.02% Dean Philips (Write-In) (Democrat) 79 0.02% Darius Mitchell 74 0.02% Glenn McPeters 49 0.02% "Ceasefire" (Write-In) 34 0.01% Perry Johnson (withdrawn) 26 0.01% Peter Jedick 25 0.01% David Stuckenberg 25 0.01% Donald Kjornes 23 0.01% Scott Merrell 21 0.01% John Anthony Castro 19 0.01% Robert Carney 15 <0.01% Marianne Williamson (Write-In) (Democrat) 14 <0.01% Hirsh Singh (withdrawn) 9 <0.01% Sam Sloan 7 <0.01% Vermin Supreme (Write-In) (Democrat) 3 <0.01% Mark Steward Greenstein (Write-In) (Democrat) 1 <0.01% Other write-in votes 325 0.10% Total: 324,575 100.00% 22 Nevada Main article: 2024 Nevada Republican presidential nominating contests Primary Nevada Republican primary, February 6, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage None of These Candidates 50,763 63.26% Nikki Haley 24,583 30.63% Mike Pence (withdrawn) 3,091 3.85% Tim Scott (withdrawn) 1,081 1.35% John Anthony Castro 270 0.34% Hirsh V. Singh (withdrawn) 200 0.25% Donald Kjornes 166 0.21% Heath V. Fulkerson 95 0.12% Total: 80,249 100.00% Source: Caucus Nevada Republican caucus, February 8, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 59,982 99.11% 25 1 26 Ryan Binkley 540 0.89% 0 0 0 Total 60,522 100.00% 25 1 26 Source: "2024 Presidential Caucus". Nevada Republican Party. Retrieved January 17, 2024. Virgin Islands Main article: 2024 United States Virgin Islands Republican presidential caucuses Virgin Islands Republican caucus, February 8, 2024 Candidate First Choice Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Actual delegate count Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 180 69.50% +0 180 69.50% +1 181 69.88% +2 183 71.48% +4 187 74.21% 1 3 4 Nikki Haley 52 20.08% +2 54 20.85% +0 54 20.85% +0 54 21.09% +11 65 25.79% 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 15 5.79% +0 15 5.79% +2 17 6.56% +2 19 7.42% −19 Eliminated Perry Johnson (withdrawn) 6 2.32% +1 7 2.70% +0 7 2.70% −7 Eliminated Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 3 1.16% +0 3 1.16% −3 Eliminated Chris Christie (withdrawn) 3 1.16% −3 Eliminated Total 259 259 259 256 252 1 3 4 Blank or inactive ballots 0 +0 0 +0 0 +3 3 +4 7 — South Carolina Main article: 2024 South Carolina Republican presidential primary South Carolina Republican primary, February 24, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 452,496 59.79% 47 47 Nikki Haley 299,084 39.52% 3 3 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 2,953 0.39% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 726 0.10% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 658 0.09% Ryan Binkley 528 0.07% David Stuckenberg 361 0.05% Total: 756,806 100.00% 50 0 50 Source: Michigan Main article: 2024 Michigan Republican presidential nominating contests Primary Michigan Republican primary, February 27, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 761,163 68.12% 12 0 12 Nikki Haley 297,124 26.59% 4 0 4 Uncommitted 33,649 3.01% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 13,456 1.20% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 4,794 0.43% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 3,702 0.33% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley 2,348 0.21% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 1,077 0.10% 0 0 0 Total: 1,117,313 100.00% 16 0 16 Source: Caucus Michigan Republican caucus, March 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 1,575 97.77% 39 0 39 Nikki Haley 36 2.23% 0 0 0 Total: 1,611 100.00% 39 0 39 Source: Idaho Main article: 2024 Idaho Republican presidential caucus Idaho Republican caucus, March 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 33,603 84.89% 32 0 32 Nikki Haley 5,221 13.18% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 534 1.35% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 95 0.24% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 91 0.23% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 40 0.10% 0 0 0 Total 39,584 100.00% 32 0 32 Source: Missouri Main article: 2024 Missouri Republican presidential caucuses Missouri Republican caucus, March 2, 2024 Candidate State delegates Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 924 100.00 54 0 54 Nikki Haley 0 0.00 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 0 0.00 0 0 0 Total: 924 100 54 0 54 Source: Washington D.C. Main article: 2024 District of Columbia Republican presidential primary District of Columbia Republican primary, March 1–3, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Nikki Haley 1,279 62.85% 19 0 19 Donald Trump 676 33.22% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 38 1.87% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 18 0.88% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 15 0.74% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 8 0.39% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 1 0.05% 0 0 0 Total: 2,035 100.00% 19 0 19 North Dakota Main article: 2024 North Dakota Republican presidential caucuses North Dakota Republican caucus, March 4, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 1,632 84.43% 29 0 29 Nikki Haley 273 14.12% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 19 0.98% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 9 0.47% 0 0 0 Total: 1,933 100.00% 29 0 29 Source: Alabama Main article: 2024 Alabama Republican presidential primary Alabama Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 499,147 83.20% 50 0 50 Nikki Haley 77,989 13.00% 0 0 0 Uncommitted 9,807 1.63% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 8,452 1.41% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,864 0.31% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,442 0.24% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 752 0.13% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley 509 0.08% 0 0 0 Total: 599,962 100.00% 50 0 50 Source: Alaska Main article: 2024 Alaska Republican presidential primary Alaska Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 9,243 87.58% 29 29 Nikki Haley 1,266 12.00% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 45 0.43% Total: 10,554 100.00% 29 29 Source: Arkansas Main article: 2024 Arkansas Republican presidential primary Arkansas Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 204,898 76.89% 39 39 Nikki Haley 49,085 18.42% 1 1 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 7,377 2.77% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 3,162 1.19% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 860 0.32% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 600 0.23% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 183 0.07% Doug Burgum (withdrawn) 157 0.06% David Stuckenberg 151 0.06% Total: 266,473 100.00% 40 40 Source: California Main article: 2024 California Republican presidential primary California Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 1,962,905 79.25% 169 0 169 Nikki Haley 431,876 17.44% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 35,717 1.44% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 20,210 0.82% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 11,113 0.45% 0 0 0 Rachel Swift 4,253 0.17% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 3,909 0.16% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 3,577 0.14% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 3,336 0.13% 0 0 0 Total: 2,476,896 100.00% 169 0 169 Source: Colorado Main article: 2024 Colorado Republican presidential primary Colorado Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 555,863 63.46% 24 Nikki Haley 291,615 33.29% 12 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 12,672 1.45% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 7,188 0.82% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 5,113 0.58% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 2,220 0.25% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 1,269 0.14% Total: 875,940 100.00% 36 1 37 Source: Maine Main article: 2024 Maine Republican presidential primary Maine Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 79,034 71.92% 20 0 20 Nikki Haley 27,912 25.40% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 1,191 1.08% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 440 0.40% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 299 0.27% 0 0 0 Blank ballots 1,022 0.93% 0 0 0 Total: 109,898 100.00% 20 0 20 Source: Massachusetts Main article: 2024 Massachusetts Republican presidential primary Massachusetts Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 343,189 59.56% 40 0 40 Nikki Haley 211,440 36.69% 0 0 0 No Preference 5,717 0.99% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 5,217 0.91% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 3,981 0.69% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,738 0.30% 0 0 0 Other candidates 1,674 0.29% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 619 0.11% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 527 0.09% 0 0 0 Blank ballots 2,148 0.37% 0 0 0 Total: 576,250 100.00% 40 0 40 Source: Minnesota Main article: 2024 Minnesota Republican presidential primary Minnesota Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 232,846 68.94% 27 0 27 Nikki Haley 97,182 28.77% 12 0 12 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 4,085 1.21% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,470 0.44% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,431 0.42% 0 0 0 Write-ins 720 0.21% 0 0 0 Total: 337,014 100.00% 39 0 39 Sources: North Carolina Main article: 2024 North Carolina Republican presidential primary North Carolina Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 793,978 73.84% 62 62 Nikki Haley 250,838 23.33% 11 11 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 14,740 1.37% No Preference 7,448 0.69% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 3,418 0.32% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 3,166 0.29% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 916 0.09% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 727 0.07% Total: 1,075,231 100.00% 74 74 Source: Oklahoma Main article: 2024 Oklahoma Republican presidential primary Oklahoma Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 254,928 81.83% 43 43 Nikki Haley 49,406 15.86% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 3,946 1.27% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,095 0.35% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,022 0.33% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 431 0.14% David Stuckenberg 397 0.13% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 303 0.10% Total: 311,528 100.00% 43 43 Source: Tennessee Main article: 2024 Tennessee Republican presidential primary Tennessee Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 446,850 77.33% 58 0 58 Nikki Haley 112,958 19.55% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 7,947 1.38% 0 0 0 Uncommitted 4,884 0.85% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,874 0.32% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,714 0.30% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 722 0.13% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 533 0.09% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 352 0.06% 0 0 0 Total: 577,834 100.00% 58 0 58 Source: Texas Main article: 2024 Texas Republican presidential primary Texas Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 1,808,269 77.84% 161 161 Nikki Haley 405,472 17.45% Uncommitted 45,568 1.96% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 36,302 1.56% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 10,582 0.46% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 8,938 0.38% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 2,964 0.13% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 2,585 0.11% David Stuckenberg 2,339 0.10% Total: 2,323,019 100.00% 161 161 Source: Utah Main article: 2024 Utah Republican presidential caucuses Utah Republican caucus, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 48,350 56.35% 40 40 Nikki Haley 36,621 42.68% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 826 0.96% Total: 85,797 100.00% 40 40 Source: Vermont Main article: 2024 Vermont Republican presidential primary Vermont Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Nikki Haley 36,241 49.32% 9 9 Donald Trump 33,162 45.13% 8 8 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,020 1.39% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 949 1.29% Write-in votes 586 0.80% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 546 0.74% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 278 0.38% Overvotes 51 0.07% Blank ballots 654 0.89% Total: 73,487 100.00% 17 17 Source: Virginia Main article: 2024 Virginia Republican presidential primary Virginia Republican primary, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 440,416 62.99% 39 3 42 Nikki Haley 244,586 34.98% 6 6 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 7,494 1.07% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 3,384 0.48% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 2,503 0.36% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 853 0.12% Total: 699,236 100.00% 45 3 48 Source: American Samoa Main article: 2024 American Samoa Republican presidential caucuses American Samoa Republican caucuses, March 5, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 110 100.00% 0 9 9 Total: 110 100.00% 0 9 9 Source: Georgia Main article: 2024 Georgia Republican presidential primary Georgia Republican primary, March 12, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 497,594 84.49% 59 0 59 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 77,902 13.23% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 7,457 1.27% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 2,054 0.35% 0 0 0 Tim Scott (withdrawn) 1,398 0.24% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,244 0.21% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 383 0.07% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 377 0.06% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 243 0.04% 0 0 0 Doug Burgum (withdrawn) 161 0.03% 0 0 0 Perry Johnson (withdrawn) 134 0.02% 0 0 0 Total: 588,947 100.00% 59 0 59 Source: Hawaii Main article: 2024 Hawaii Republican presidential caucuses Hawaii Republican Caucuses, March 12, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 4,348 97.08% 19 0 19 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 68 1.52% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 26 0.58% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 25 0.56% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 8 0.18% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 2 0.04% 0 0 0 Doug Burgum (withdrawn) 1 0.02% 0 0 0 David Stuckenberg 1 0.02% 0 0 0 Total: 4,479 100.00% 19 0 19 Source: Mississippi Main article: 2024 Mississippi Republican presidential primary Mississippi Republican primary, March 12, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 229,198 92.50% 40 0 40 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 13,437 5.42% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 4,042 1.63% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,096 0.44% 0 0 0 Total: 247,773 100.00% 40 0 40 Source: Washington Main article: 2024 Washington Republican presidential primary Washington Republican primary, March 12, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 601,070 76.43% 43 0 43 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 151,485 19.26% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 17,870 2.27% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 8,702 1.11% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 7,318 0.93% 0 0 0 Total: 786,445 100.00% 43 0 43 Source: Northern Mariana Islands Main article: 2024 Northern Mariana Islands Republican presidential caucuses Northern Mariana Islands Republican caucuses, March 12, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 319 90.11% 9 0 9 Nikki Haley 35 9.89% 0 0 0 Total: 354 100.00% 9 0 9 Source: Guam Main article: 2024 Guam Republican presidential caucuses Guam Republican presidential caucuses, March 16, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 178 100.00% 9 9 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 0 0.00% 0 0 Total: 178 100.00% 9 9 Source: Arizona Main article: 2024 Arizona Republican presidential primary Arizona Republican Primary, March 19, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 492,299 78.84% 43 43 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 110,966 17.77% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 10,131 1.62% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 5,078 0.81% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 2,479 0.40% David Stuckenberg 1,367 0.22% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 891 0.14% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 714 0.11% John Anthony Castro 505 0.08% Total: 624,430 100.00% 43 43 Source: Florida Main article: 2024 Florida Republican presidential primary Florida Republican Primary, March 19, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 911,424 81.19% 125 0 125 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 155,560 13.86% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 41,269 3.68% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 8,953 0.80% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 2,850 0.25% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 1,385 0.12% 0 0 0 Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 1,190 0.11% 0 0 0 Total: 1,122,631 100.00% 125 0 125 Source: Illinois Main article: 2024 Illinois Republican presidential primary Illinois Republican Primary, March 19, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 479,556 80.50% 64 0 64 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 86,278 14.48% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 16,990 2.85% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 9,758 1.64% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 3,114 0.52% 0 0 0 Total: 595,696 100.00% 64 0 64 Source: Kansas Main article: 2024 Kansas Republican presidential primary Kansas Republican Primary, March 19, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 72,115 75.52% 39 39 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 15,339 16.06% None of the Names Shown 4,982 5.22% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 2,543 2.66% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 508 0.53% Total: 95,487 100.00% 39 39 Source: Ohio Main article: 2024 Ohio Republican presidential primary Ohio Republican Primary, March 19, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 896,059 79.21% 79 79 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 162,563 14.37% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 38,089 3.37% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 20,027 1.77% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 14,450 1.28% Total: 1,131,188 100.00% 79 79 Source: Louisiana Main article: 2024 Louisiana Republican presidential primary Louisiana Republican primary, March 22, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 172,503 89.77% 47 47 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 13,123 6.83% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 3,022 1.57% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 1,281 0.67% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 595 0.31% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 580 0.30% Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 519 0.27% Rachel Swift 335 0.17% David Stuckenberg 210 0.11% Total: 192,168 100.00% 47 47 Source: Connecticut Main article: 2024 Connecticut Republican presidential primary Connecticut Republican primary, April 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 34,750 77.88% 28 0 28 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 6,229 13.96% 0 0 0 Uncommitted 2,166 4.85% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 1,289 2.89% 0 0 0 Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 184 0.41% 0 0 0 Total: 44,618 100.00% 28 0 28 Source: New York Main article: 2024 New York Republican presidential primary New York Republican primary, April 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 132,698 81.2% 91 91 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 21,145 12.9% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 6,679 4.1% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,667 1.0% Blank or void ballots 1,311 0.8% Total: 163,500 100.0% 91 91 Source: Rhode Island Main article: 2024 Rhode Island Republican presidential primary Rhode Island Republican primary, April 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 10,898 84.5% 17 17 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 1,371 10.6% 2 2 Uncommitted 257 2.0% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 178 1.4% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 154 1.2% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 40 0.3% Total: 12,898 100.0% 19 19 Source: Wisconsin Main article: 2024 Wisconsin Republican presidential primary Wisconsin Republican primary, April 2, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 477,103 78.97% 41 0 0 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 76,841 12.72% 0 0 0 Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 20,124 3.33% 0 0 0 Uninstructed 13,057 2.16% 0 0 0 Chris Christie (withdrawn) 9,771 1.62% 0 0 0 Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 5,200 0.86% 0 0 0 Write-ins 2,081 0.34% 0 0 0 Total: 604,177 100.00% 41 0 41 Source: Puerto Rico Main article: 2024 Puerto Rico Republican presidential primary Puerto Rico Republican primary, April 21, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 992 96.22% 23 0 23 Write-in votes 39 3.78% 0 0 0 Total: 1,031 100.00% 23 0 23 Source: Pennsylvania Main article: 2024 Pennsylvania Republican presidential primary Pennsylvania Republican primary, April 23, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 790,690 82.8% 16 46 62 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 157,228 16.5% Write-in votes 10,387 1.2% Unprojected delegates: 5 5 Total: 958,305 100.0% 16 51 67 Source: Indiana Main article: 2024 Indiana Republican presidential primary Indiana Republican primary, May 7, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 461,678 78.3% 58 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 128,170 21.7% Total: 589,848 100.0% 58 58 Source: Maryland Main article: 2024 Maryland Republican presidential primary Maryland Republican Primary, May 14, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 205,996 77.7% 37 0 37 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 56,506 21.3% 0 0 0 Uncommitted 2,607 1.0% 0 0 0 Total: 265,109 100.0% 37 0 37 Source: Nebraska Main article: 2024 Nebraska Republican presidential primary Nebraska Republican Primary, May 14, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 164,813 79.6% 36 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 36,871 17.8% Perry Johnson (withdrawn) 3,789 1.8% Write-in votes 1,671 0.8% Total: 207,144 100.0% 36 36 Source: West Virginia Main article: 2024 West Virginia Republican presidential primary West Virginia Republican Primary, May 14, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 198,436 88.4% 32 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 21,123 9.4% Rachel Swift 2,311 1.0% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 1,476 0.7% David Stuckenberg 1,162 0.5% Total: 224,508 100.0% 32 32 Source: Kentucky Main article: 2024 Kentucky Republican presidential primary Kentucky Republican Primary, May 21, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 214,932 84.9% 46 46 Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 16,227 6.4% Uncommitted 8,984 3.6% Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 7,798 3.1% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 2,512 1.0% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 1,643 0.6% Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 939 0.4% Total: 253,035 100.0% 46 46 Source: Montana Main article: 2024 Montana Republican presidential primary Montana Republican primary, June 4, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 163,531 90.9% No Preference 16,381 9.1% Write-in votes 6 <0.1% Total: 179,918 100.00% 31 0 31 Source: New Jersey Main article: 2024 New Jersey Republican presidential primary New Jersey Republican primary, June 4, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 294,658 96.7% 12 12 Write-in votes 9,915 3.3% Total: 304,573 100.00% 12 0 12 Source: New Mexico Main article: 2024 New Mexico Republican presidential primary New Mexico Republican primary, June 4, 2024 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Donald Trump 78,912 84.5% Nikki Haley (withdrawn) 8,036 8.6% Uncommitted 3,128 3.3% Chris Christie (withdrawn) 2,426 2.6% Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 884 0.9% Total: 93,386 100.00% 22 0 22 Source: See also Results of the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries Notes ^ a b Delegates have not been officially bound yet. ^ Pursuant to Delaware State Law, if only one Presidential Candidate, and no other candidates file for the ballot, the state run presidential primary shall be cancelled. ^ Includes: <0.1% for Chris Christie (35 votes) 0.1% for candidates not on the ballot (90 votes) ^ Includes: 63.3% for "None of These Candidates" (50,763 votes) 3.9% for Mike Pence (withdrawn, 3,091 votes) 1.3% for Tim Scott (withdrawn, 1,081 votes) 0.9% for other on-ballot candidates (731 votes) ^ The U.S. Virgin Islands was stripped five of its delegates for scheduling its caucus before March 1. ^ Includes: 2.4% for Perry Johnson (withdrawn, 6 votes) 1.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 3 votes) ^ Includes: 0.1% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 658 votes) <0.1% for David Stuckenberg (361 votes) ^ Includes: 3.0% for Uncommitted (33,649 votes) 0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 4,794 votes) ^ Includes: 0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 91 votes) ^ The number of pledged delegates won is determined by the number of state delegates won. ^ The number of pledged national convention delegates is calculated through the number of state delegates won, however, a candidate must get both at least 15% of the total vote to get statewide delegates and at least 15% of the vote in a congressional district to get district delegates from that district. Each precinct has a certain number of state delegates and allocates them based on how many caucus goers there are for each candidate at that precinct. ^ a b c d The Missouri Republican Party has only released the state delegate results instead of the popular vote. ^ Includes: 0.0% for David Stuckenberg (0 state delegates) ^ Includes 0.9% for Chris Christie (18 votes) 0.4% for David Stuckenberg (8 votes) ^ Includes 1.0% for David Stuckenberg (19 votes) ^ Includes: 1.6% for No Uncommitted (9,807 votes) 0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,442 votes) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (752 votes) ^ Includes: 0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 600 votes) 0.1% for Doug Burgum (withdrawn, 157 votes) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (151 votes) ^ Includes: 0.8% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 20,210 votes) 0.2% for Rachel Swift (4,253 votes) 0.2% for David Stuckenberg (3,909 votes) ^ a b c d e f g All for Chris Christie. ^ All as blank ballots ^ Includes: 1.0% for No Preference (5,717 votes) 0.9% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 5,217 votes) 0.4% as blank ballots (2,148 ballots) 0.3% for other on-ballot candidates (1,674 votes) ^ Includes: 0.7% for No preference (7,448 votes) 0.3% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 3,166 votes) ^ Includes: 0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,095 votes) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (397 votes) ^ Includes: 0.8% for Uncommitted (4,884 votes) 0.3% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,874 votes) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (352 votes) ^ Includes: 2.0% for Uncommitted (45,568 votes) 0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 8,938 votes) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (2,339 votes) ^ Includes: 1.4% for Chris Christie (1,020 votes) 0.9% as blank ballots (654 ballots) 0.8% for Write-in candidates (586 votes) 0.07% as over votes (51 ballots) ^ Includes: 0.3% for Chris Christie (2,054 votes) 0.2% for Tim Scott (1,398 votes) <0.1% for David Stuckenberg (243 votes) <0.1% for Doug Burgum (161 votes) <0.1% for Perry Johnson (134 votes) ^ Includes: 0.2% for Chris Christie (8 votes) <0.1% for Doug Burgum (1 vote) <0.1% for David Stuckenberg (1 vote) ^ Includes: 0.8% for Chris Christie (5,078 votes) 0.2% for David Stuckenberg (1,367 votes) 0.1% for John Anthony Castro (505 votes) ^ All for None of the Names Shown ^ Includes: 0.7% for Chris Christie (1,281 votes) 0.2% for Rachel Swift (335 vote) 0.1% for David Stuckenberg (210 vote) ^ All for Uncommitted ^ Includes: 4.1% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 6,679 votes) 0.8% as blank or void ballots (1,311 votes) ^ Includes: 2.0% for Uncommitted (257 votes) 1.2% for Chris Christie (154 votes) ^ Includes: 2.2% for Uninstructed (13,057 votes) 1.6% for Chris Christie (9,771 votes) ^ a b All for write-in candidates ^ Includes: 1.9% for Perry Johnson (3,907 votes) 0.8% for write-in candidates (1,671 votes) ^ Includes: 1.0% for Rachel Swift (2,326 votes) 0.5% for David Stuckenberg (1,168 votes) ^ Includes: 3.5% for Uncommitted (8,984 votes) 1.0% for Chris Christie (2,461 votes) ^ Including Delaware primary that was cancelled. ^ The Delaware primary was canceled on March 19, Trump received all 16 pledged delegates. ^ Includes: 9.1% for No Preference (16,381 votes) 0.0% for write-in candidates (6 votes) ^ New Jersey lost 40 of its delegates for holding its primary after May 31. ^ Includes: 3.3% for Uncommitted (3,128 votes) 2.6% for Chris Christie (2,426 votes) ^ If a candidate wins all of Nevada's delegates, the NRP chair is automatically unbound. He has pledged his support to Trump. References ^ "2024 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions Chronologically". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023. ^ "Delaware calls off Republican presidential primary after Haley removes name from ballot". apnews.com. Retrieved March 23, 2024. ^ a b "Iowa Caucus Results". The New York Times. January 15, 2024. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ "2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Sian Cobb (November 15, 2023). "V.I. Republicans Oust Party Leaders in Fight Over Caucus Plans". St. Thomas Source. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2024. As submitted, the Virgin Islands Rule No. 16(f) filing will result in the size of the delegation being reduced from 9 delegates to 4 delegates...At the national convention, the 4 delegate votes will be allocated in accordance with RNC Rule No. 17(b)... ^ "Missouri Presidential Republican Caucus". Decision Desk HQ. March 2, 2024. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "Indiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process". Indiana Election Results. May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ "Nebraska Republican Presidential Nominating Process". Nebraska Secretary of State - Election Night Results - May 14th, 2024. May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ David Wildstein (January 2, 2024). "N.J. GOP loses 40 delegate seats to '24 national convention". New Jersey Globe. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ "Iowa Republican Presidential Nominating Process". The Green Papers. ^ "2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results – Summary by Counties". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ "2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results by Write-ins – Summary by Counties". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ "2024 New Hampshire presidential primary results". AP. ^ Jackson, Hugh (January 21, 2024). "Nikki Haley: Second to none?". The Nevada Current. Retrieved January 25, 2024. ^ "Silver State 2024 Presidential Preference Primary Election Results". Secretary of State of Nevada. February 6, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024. ^ Samii, Armin. "2024 Virgin Islands Presidential Caucus". rcvis. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ "Virgin Islands Republican Delegation 2024". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved February 9, 2024. ^ "10 Republicans will be on SC's presidential primary — but not Asa Hutchinson". The Post and Courier. Retrieved December 6, 2023. ^ "Secretary Benson releases 2024 presidential primary candidate list". Michigan Secretary of State. Retrieved December 8, 2023. ^ "2024 Michigan Election Results". Michigan Secretary of State. February 27, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "Michigan Presidential Caucus Election Result". NBC News. March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "Declared 2024 Republican Presidential Candidates". Idaho Republican Party. Retrieved December 8, 2023. ^ "Idaho primary results". Associated Press. March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Missouri's GOP caucuses". ABC News. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "Missouri primary results". Associated Press. Retrieved March 2, 2024. ^ "The DC GOP Presidential Primary Candidates Official Ballot". District of Columbia Republican Party. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ Yoon, Robert (February 29, 2024). "AP Decision Notes: What to expect in North Dakota's GOP caucuses". The AP. Retrieved March 3, 2024. ^ "2024 Qualified Candidates". Alabama Republican Party. February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "Alabama Presidential Primary". The AP. April 30, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ Ruskin, Liz (March 4, 2024). "Trump or Haley? Alaska Republicans vote Tuesday". Alaska Public Radio. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ Yoon, Robert (March 3, 2024). "What to expect in Arkansas' state and presidential primaries". The AP. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "Arkansas Presidential Primary". AP News. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Certified List of Presidential Candidates for voter-nominated offices for the March 5, 2024, presidential primary election" (PDF). Secretary of State of California. December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023. ^ "California Presidential Primary - Republican". California Secretary of State. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "California Presidential Primary". The AP. May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024. ^ "2024 Primary Presidential Election - Unofficial Results". Colorado Secretary of State Election Results. March 13, 2024. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "2024 Presidential Delegate Count - Republican". AP News. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "Tabulations for Elections held in 2024: March 5, 2024 Presidential Primary Election". Maine Secretary of State. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "2024 President Republican Primary". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved May 20, 2024. ^ "Minnesota Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "2024 Presidential Primary Results". Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved June 12, 2024. ^ "North Carolina Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Oklahoma Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "Unofficial Results". results.okelections.us. Oklahoma State Election Board. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "March 5, 2024 Republican Presidential Preference Primary" (PDF). Tennessee Secretary of State. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Tennessee Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "Texas Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Utah Republican Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "Official Report of the Canvassing Committee – United States and Vermont Statewide Offices" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved March 12, 2024. ^ "Virginia Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024. ^ "American Samoa Republican Delegation 2024". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ "Georgia Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Hawaii Presidential Caucuses". The AP. Retrieved March 11, 2024. ^ "Mississippi Presidential Primary". The AP. May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ "Washington Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Northern Marianas Republican". Green Papers. Retrieved March 16, 2024. ^ "Guam Republican". Retrieved March 16, 2024. ^ "Arizona Presidential Primary". The AP. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024. ^ "Florida Presidential Primary". The AP. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024. ^ "Illinois Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Kansas Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved March 18, 2024. ^ "Kansas Republican Presidential Nominating Process" (PDF). sos.ks.gov. March 19, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ "Ohio Presidential Primary". The AP. April 26, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ "Louisiana Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved March 22, 2024. ^ "Louisiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process". voterportal.sos.la.gov. March 23, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024. ^ "Connecticut Presidential Primary". The AP. May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ "Certified 2024 Republican Presidential Primary Results". New York State Board of Electiom. Retrieved May 20, 2024. ^ "Rhode Island Presidential Primary". The AP. April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024. ^ "Wisconsin Presidential Primary". Dave Leip's Atlas. May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024. ^ "Puerto Rico Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ "Pennsylvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 23, 2024. ^ "Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ "Maryland Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ "Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ "West Virginia Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ "Kentucky Presidential Primary". The AP. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "Montana Presidential Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved June 4, 2024. ^ "New Jersey Presidential Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved June 4, 2024. ^ "New Mexico Republican Primary Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2024. vte(← 2020)   2024 Republican presidential primaries   (2028 →) Candidates Endorsements Debates and forums Polling Results Convention January Iowa New Hampshire February Nevada Virgin Islands South Carolina Michigan primary March Idaho Michigan caucus Missouri District of Columbia North Dakota Super Tuesday Alabama Alaska Arkansas California Colorado Trump v. Anderson Maine Trump v. Bellows Massachusetts Minnesota North Carolina Oklahoma Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia American Samoa Georgia Hawaii Mississippi Washington Northern Marianas Guam Arizona Florida Illinois Kansas Ohio Louisiana April Connecticut New York Rhode Island Wisconsin Wyoming Puerto Rico Pennsylvania May Indiana Maryland Nebraska West Virginia Kentucky Oregon June Montana New Jersey New Mexico Cancelled: Delaware South Dakota
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Republican Party presidential primaries and caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2024 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaries"},{"link_name":"caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucuses"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Nikki Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Haley"},{"link_name":"Ron DeSantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis"},{"link_name":"Ryan Binkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Binkley"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Vivek Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"Asa Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson"}],"text":"This article contains the results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries and caucuses, the processes by which the Republican Party selects delegates to attend the 2024 Republican National Convention. The series of primaries, caucuses, and state conventions culminate in the national convention, where the delegates cast their votes to formally select a candidate. A simple majority of the total delegate votes is required to become the nominee.Candidates started being placed on primary ballots the previous October, and by the end of December 2023, most of these had been finalized. Seven candidates, Donald Trump, Nikki Haley, Ron DeSantis, Ryan Binkley, Chris Christie, Vivek Ramaswamy and Asa Hutchinson, appear on the ballot in most states. Delegates won by some who suspend, rather formally withdraw their candidacies, will attend the convention as unpledged delegates.","title":"Results of the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republican_Party_presidential_primaries_results,_2024.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries_results_by_county.svg"}],"text":"First-place winners of each state","title":"Overview of results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other candidates","text":"Eight candidates suspended their campaigns before the Iowa caucuses. Five major candidates had withdrawn from the race after states began to certify candidates for ballot spots: Perry Johnson, Mike Pence, Doug Burgum, and Chris Christie. Asa Hutchinson also dropped out after the Iowa caucuses. Since the beginning of the primary season, none of these candidates have been awarded any delegates.","title":"Major candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Iowa","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Hampshire","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nevada","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nevada - Primary","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nevada - Caucus","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Virgin Islands","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Carolina","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michigan","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michigan - Primary","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michigan - Caucus","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Idaho","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Missouri","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Washington D.C.","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Dakota","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alabama","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alaska","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arkansas","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"California","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Colorado","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maine","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Massachusetts","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minnesota","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Carolina","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oklahoma","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tennessee","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Texas","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Utah","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vermont","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Virginia","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"American Samoa","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Georgia","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hawaii","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mississippi","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Washington","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Northern Mariana Islands","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guam","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Arizona","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Florida","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Illinois","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kansas","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ohio","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Louisiana","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Connecticut","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New York","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhode Island","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wisconsin","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Puerto Rico","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pennsylvania","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Indiana","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maryland","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nebraska","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"West Virginia","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kentucky","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Montana","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Jersey","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Mexico","title":"State-wide results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLDE1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FLDE1_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"None of These Candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/None_of_These_Candidates"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note1_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note1_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note1_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note1_18-3"},{"link_name":"Missouri Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note1-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"No Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Christie_25-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"No Preference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"None of the Names Shown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Uninstructed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-write-in_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-write-in_42-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"No Preference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Uncommitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"}],"text":"^ a b Delegates have not been officially bound yet.\n\n^ Pursuant to Delaware State Law, if only one Presidential Candidate, and no other candidates file for the ballot, the state run presidential primary shall be cancelled.\n\n^ Includes:\n<0.1% for Chris Christie (35 votes)\n0.1% for candidates not on the ballot (90 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n63.3% for \"None of These Candidates\" (50,763 votes)\n3.9% for Mike Pence (withdrawn, 3,091 votes)\n1.3% for Tim Scott (withdrawn, 1,081 votes)\n0.9% for other on-ballot candidates (731 votes)\n\n^ The U.S. Virgin Islands was stripped five of its delegates for scheduling its caucus before March 1.[5]\n\n^ Includes:\n2.4% for Perry Johnson (withdrawn, 6 votes)\n1.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 3 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.1% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 658 votes)\n<0.1% for David Stuckenberg (361 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n3.0% for Uncommitted (33,649 votes)\n0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 4,794 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 91 votes)\n\n^ The number of pledged delegates won is determined by the number of state delegates won.\n\n^ The number of pledged national convention delegates is calculated through the number of state delegates won, however, a candidate must get both at least 15% of the total vote to get statewide delegates and at least 15% of the vote in a congressional district to get district delegates from that district. Each precinct has a certain number of state delegates and allocates them based on how many caucus goers there are for each candidate at that precinct.\n\n^ a b c d The Missouri Republican Party has only released the state delegate results instead of the popular vote.[6]\n\n^ Includes:\n0.0% for David Stuckenberg (0 state delegates)[l]\n\n^ Includes\n0.9% for Chris Christie (18 votes)\n0.4% for David Stuckenberg (8 votes)\n\n^ Includes\n1.0% for David Stuckenberg (19 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n1.6% for No Uncommitted (9,807 votes)\n0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,442 votes)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (752 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.2% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 600 votes)\n0.1% for Doug Burgum (withdrawn, 157 votes)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (151 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.8% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 20,210 votes)\n0.2% for Rachel Swift (4,253 votes)\n0.2% for David Stuckenberg (3,909 votes)\n\n^ a b c d e f g All for Chris Christie.\n\n^ All as blank ballots\n\n^ Includes:\n1.0% for No Preference (5,717 votes)\n0.9% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 5,217 votes)\n0.4% as blank ballots (2,148 ballots)\n0.3% for other on-ballot candidates (1,674 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.7% for No preference (7,448 votes)\n0.3% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 3,166 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,095 votes)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (397 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.8% for Uncommitted (4,884 votes)\n0.3% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 1,874 votes)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (352 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n2.0% for Uncommitted (45,568 votes)\n0.4% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 8,938 votes)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (2,339 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n1.4% for Chris Christie (1,020 votes)\n0.9% as blank ballots (654 ballots)\n0.8% for Write-in candidates (586 votes)\n0.07% as over votes (51 ballots)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.3% for Chris Christie (2,054 votes)\n0.2% for Tim Scott (1,398 votes)\n<0.1% for David Stuckenberg (243 votes)\n<0.1% for Doug Burgum (161 votes)\n<0.1% for Perry Johnson (134 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.2% for Chris Christie (8 votes)\n<0.1% for Doug Burgum (1 vote)\n<0.1% for David Stuckenberg (1 vote)\n\n^ Includes:\n0.8% for Chris Christie (5,078 votes)\n0.2% for David Stuckenberg (1,367 votes)\n0.1% for John Anthony Castro (505 votes)\n\n^ All for None of the Names Shown\n\n^ Includes:\n0.7% for Chris Christie (1,281 votes)\n0.2% for Rachel Swift (335 vote)\n0.1% for David Stuckenberg (210 vote)\n\n^ All for Uncommitted\n\n^ Includes:\n4.1% for Chris Christie (withdrawn, 6,679 votes)\n0.8% as blank or void ballots (1,311 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n2.0% for Uncommitted (257 votes)\n1.2% for Chris Christie (154 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n2.2% for Uninstructed (13,057 votes)\n1.6% for Chris Christie (9,771 votes)\n\n^ a b All for write-in candidates\n\n^ Includes:\n1.9% for Perry Johnson (3,907 votes)\n0.8% for write-in candidates (1,671 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n1.0% for Rachel Swift (2,326 votes)\n0.5% for David Stuckenberg (1,168 votes)\n\n^ Includes:\n3.5% for Uncommitted (8,984 votes)\n1.0% for Chris Christie (2,461 votes)\n\n^ Including Delaware primary that was cancelled.\n\n^ The Delaware primary was canceled on March 19, Trump received all 16 pledged delegates.\n\n^ Includes:\n9.1% for No Preference (16,381 votes)\n0.0% for write-in candidates (6 votes)\n\n^ New Jersey lost 40 of its delegates for holding its primary after May 31.[9]\n\n^ Includes:\n3.3% for Uncommitted (3,128 votes)\n2.6% for Chris Christie (2,426 votes)\n\n^ If a candidate wins all of Nevada's delegates, the NRP chair is automatically unbound. He has pledged his support to Trump.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/First_Lt._David_J._Stuckenberg%2C_a_pilot_for_the_3rd_%28crop%29.png/57px-First_Lt._David_J._Stuckenberg%2C_a_pilot_for_the_3rd_%28crop%29.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chris_Christie_%2853297980082%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg/69px-Chris_Christie_%2853297980082%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doug_Burgum_%2853299217989%29_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/69px-Doug_Burgum_%2853299217989%29_%28cropped%29_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tim_Scott_%2853297754192%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg/69px-Tim_Scott_%2853297754192%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mike_Pence_%2853299483780%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg/69px-Mike_Pence_%2853299483780%29_%28double_cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"framelesscenter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Perry_Johnson_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg/69px-Perry_Johnson_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Results of the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"title":"Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"}]
[{"reference":"\"2024 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions Chronologically\". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/events.phtml?s=c","url_text":"\"2024 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions Chronologically\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231203200600/https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/events.phtml?s=c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaware calls off Republican presidential primary after Haley removes name from ballot\". apnews.com. Retrieved March 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/delaware-presidential-primary-gop-trump-haley-d6e0e44310aa98095d7bafb27783d2d0","url_text":"\"Delaware calls off Republican presidential primary after Haley removes name from ballot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iowa Caucus Results\". The New York Times. January 15, 2024. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/15/us/elections/results-iowa-caucus.html","url_text":"\"Iowa Caucus Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240116053054/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/15/us/elections/results-iowa-caucus.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results\". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/2024-republican-presidential-primary-election-results","url_text":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"New Hampshire Secretary of State"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228082319/https://www.sos.nh.gov/2024-republican-presidential-primary-election-results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sian Cobb (November 15, 2023). \"V.I. Republicans Oust Party Leaders in Fight Over Caucus Plans\". St. Thomas Source. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2024. As submitted, the Virgin Islands Rule No. 16(f) filing will result in the size of the delegation being reduced from 9 delegates to 4 delegates...At the national convention, the 4 delegate votes will be allocated in accordance with RNC Rule No. 17(b)...","urls":[{"url":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/11/08/v-i-republicans-oust-party-leaders-in-fight-over-caucus-plans/","url_text":"\"V.I. Republicans Oust Party Leaders in Fight Over Caucus Plans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231226155824/https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/11/08/v-i-republicans-oust-party-leaders-in-fight-over-caucus-plans/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri Presidential Republican Caucus\". Decision Desk HQ. March 2, 2024. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decisiondeskhq.com/missouri-republican-presidential-caucus/","url_text":"\"Missouri Presidential Republican Caucus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Desk_HQ","url_text":"Decision Desk HQ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240302201353/https://decisiondeskhq.com/missouri-republican-presidential-caucus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\". Indiana Election Results. May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://enr.indianavoters.in.gov/site/index.html","url_text":"\"Indiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska Republican Presidential Nominating Process\". Nebraska Secretary of State - Election Night Results - May 14th, 2024. May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.nebraska.gov/resultsSW.aspx?text=Race&type=SW&map=CTY","url_text":"\"Nebraska Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""}]},{"reference":"David Wildstein (January 2, 2024). \"N.J. GOP loses 40 delegate seats to '24 national convention\". New Jersey Globe. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/n-j-gop-loses-40-delegate-seats-to-24-national-convention/","url_text":"\"N.J. GOP loses 40 delegate seats to '24 national convention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Globe","url_text":"New Jersey Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103004303/https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/n-j-gop-loses-40-delegate-seats-to-24-national-convention/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Iowa Republican Presidential Nominating Process\". The Green Papers.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/IA-R#0115","url_text":"\"Iowa Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Papers","url_text":"The Green Papers"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results – Summary by Counties\". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt561/files/inline-documents/sonh/2024-pp-republican-summary_4.xlsx","url_text":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results – Summary by Counties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"New Hampshire Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results by Write-ins – Summary by Counties\". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt561/files/inline-documents/sonh/2024-pp-write-ins-republican-summary_3.xlsx","url_text":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results by Write-ins – Summary by Counties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"New Hampshire Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 New Hampshire presidential primary results\". AP.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/hub/ap-new-hampshire-election-2024-results","url_text":"\"2024 New Hampshire presidential primary results\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Hugh (January 21, 2024). \"Nikki Haley: Second to none?\". The Nevada Current. Retrieved January 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nevadacurrent.com/2024/01/21/nikki-haley-second-to-none/","url_text":"\"Nikki Haley: Second to none?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nevada_Current","url_text":"The Nevada Current"}]},{"reference":"\"Silver State 2024 Presidential Preference Primary Election Results\". Secretary of State of Nevada. February 6, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://silverstateelection.nv.gov/nvother/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Silver State 2024 Presidential Preference Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Nevada","url_text":"Secretary of State of Nevada"}]},{"reference":"Samii, Armin. \"2024 Virgin Islands Presidential Caucus\". rcvis. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcvis.com/v/2024-virgin-islands-presidential-caucus","url_text":"\"2024 Virgin Islands Presidential Caucus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virgin Islands Republican Delegation 2024\". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved February 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/VI-R","url_text":"\"Virgin Islands Republican Delegation 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Republicans will be on SC's presidential primary — but not Asa Hutchinson\". The Post and Courier. Retrieved December 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/sc-presidential-primary-candidates-campaign-ballot-gop-haley-scott/article_f41aac60-740c-11ee-a8a1-4383954d720e.html","url_text":"\"10 Republicans will be on SC's presidential primary — but not Asa Hutchinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"The Post and Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary Benson releases 2024 presidential primary candidate list\". Michigan Secretary of State. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/sos/resources/news/2023/11/13/secretary-benson-releases-2024-presidential-primary-candidate-list","url_text":"\"Secretary Benson releases 2024 presidential primary candidate list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Michigan Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Michigan Election Results\". Michigan Secretary of State. February 27, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mvic.sos.state.mi.us/votehistory/Index?type=C&electionDate=2-27-2024","url_text":"\"2024 Michigan Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Presidential Caucus Election Result\". NBC News. March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/michigan-president-results","url_text":"\"Michigan Presidential Caucus Election Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Declared 2024 Republican Presidential Candidates\". Idaho Republican Party. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idahorepublicancaucus.com/","url_text":"\"Declared 2024 Republican Presidential Candidates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party","url_text":"Idaho Republican Party"}]},{"reference":"\"Idaho primary results\". Associated Press. March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/idaho/?r=14311","url_text":"\"Idaho primary results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Missouri's GOP caucuses\". ABC News. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ap-decision-notes-expect-missouris-gop-caucuses-107624224","url_text":"\"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Missouri's GOP caucuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missouri primary results\". Associated Press. Retrieved March 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/missouri/?r=27542","url_text":"\"Missouri primary results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The DC GOP Presidential Primary Candidates Official Ballot\". District of Columbia Republican Party. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcgop.com/2023/12/05/the-dc-gop-presidential-primary-candidates-official-ballot/","url_text":"\"The DC GOP Presidential Primary Candidates Official Ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party","url_text":"District of Columbia Republican Party"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Robert (February 29, 2024). \"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in North Dakota's GOP caucuses\". The AP. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/north-dakota-republican-presidential-caucuses-trump-haley-0c0ab827ac3801bcd33be9baccb67640","url_text":"\"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in North Dakota's GOP caucuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Qualified Candidates\". Alabama Republican Party. February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://algop.org/2024-qualified-candidates/","url_text":"\"2024 Qualified Candidates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party","url_text":"Alabama Republican Party"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama Presidential Primary\". The AP. April 30, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/alabama/?r=1670","url_text":"\"Alabama Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"Ruskin, Liz (March 4, 2024). \"Trump or Haley? Alaska Republicans vote Tuesday\". Alaska Public Radio. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://alaskapublic.org/2024/03/04/trump-or-haley-alaska-republicans-vote-tuesday/","url_text":"\"Trump or Haley? Alaska Republicans vote Tuesday\""}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Robert (March 3, 2024). \"What to expect in Arkansas' state and presidential primaries\". The AP. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/what-to-expect-in-arkansas-state-and-presidential-primaries","url_text":"\"What to expect in Arkansas' state and presidential primaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arkansas Presidential Primary\". AP News. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/arkansas/?r=4873","url_text":"\"Arkansas Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certified List of Presidential Candidates for voter-nominated offices for the March 5, 2024, presidential primary election\" (PDF). Secretary of State of California. December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/statewide-elections/2024-primary/cert-list-candidates.pdf","url_text":"\"Certified List of Presidential Candidates for voter-nominated offices for the March 5, 2024, presidential primary election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California","url_text":"Secretary of State of California"}]},{"reference":"\"California Presidential Primary - Republican\". California Secretary of State. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pp.electionresults.sos.ca.gov/returns/president/party/republican","url_text":"\"California Presidential Primary - Republican\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"California Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"California Presidential Primary\". The AP. May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/california/?r=8688","url_text":"\"California Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Primary Presidential Election - Unofficial Results\". Colorado Secretary of State Election Results. March 13, 2024. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240313231428/https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/119943/web.317647/#/summary","url_text":"\"2024 Primary Presidential Election - Unofficial Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Secretary_of_State_Election_Results&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Colorado Secretary of State Election Results"},{"url":"https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/119943/web.317647/#/summary","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Presidential Delegate Count - Republican\". AP News. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/delegate-tracker/","url_text":"\"2024 Presidential Delegate Count - Republican\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tabulations for Elections held in 2024: March 5, 2024 Presidential Primary Election\". Maine Secretary of State. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results24.html","url_text":"\"Tabulations for Elections held in 2024: March 5, 2024 Presidential Primary Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 President Republican Primary\". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved May 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/160659/","url_text":"\"2024 President Republican Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minnesota Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-minnesota-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"Minnesota Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"2024 Presidential Primary Results\". Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved June 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.state.mn.us/elections-voting/election-results/2024/2024-presidential-primary-results/","url_text":"\"2024 Presidential Primary Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-north-carolina-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"North Carolina Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-oklahoma-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"Oklahoma Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Unofficial Results\". results.okelections.us. Oklahoma State Election Board. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.okelections.us/OKER/?elecDate=20240305","url_text":"\"Unofficial Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Election_Board","url_text":"Oklahoma State Election Board"}]},{"reference":"\"March 5, 2024 Republican Presidential Preference Primary\" (PDF). Tennessee Secretary of State. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos-prod.tnsosgovfiles.com/s3fs-public/document/20240305RepublicanPPPStatewide.pdf?VersionId=aReYnRi5gH7eJ7EO1XxLdZ8RfxnJxTi4","url_text":"\"March 5, 2024 Republican Presidential Preference Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennessee Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-tennessee-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"Tennessee Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-texas-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"Texas Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Utah Republican Caucus Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-utah-republican-caucus.html","url_text":"\"Utah Republican Caucus Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Report of the Canvassing Committee – United States and Vermont Statewide Offices\" (PDF). Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved March 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/sos/Elections%20Division/election%20info%20and%20resources/2024%20PresPrimaryOfficialCanvass.pdf","url_text":"\"Official Report of the Canvassing Committee – United States and Vermont Statewide Offices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-virginia-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"Virginia Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"American Samoa Republican Delegation 2024\". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.270towin.com/news/2024/03/08/live-results-american-samoa-republican-caucus_1613.html","url_text":"\"American Samoa Republican Delegation 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Papers","url_text":"The Green Papers"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/georgia/?r=11001","url_text":"\"Georgia Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaii Presidential Caucuses\". The AP. Retrieved March 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/hawaii/?r=12898","url_text":"\"Hawaii Presidential Caucuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mississippi Presidential Primary\". The AP. May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/mississippi/?r=27108","url_text":"\"Mississippi Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/washington/?r=49392","url_text":"\"Washington Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Marianas Republican\". Green Papers. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/MP-R","url_text":"\"Northern Marianas Republican\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guam Republican\". Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/GU-R","url_text":"\"Guam Republican\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Presidential Primary\". The AP. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/arizona/?r=3700","url_text":"\"Arizona Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Presidential Primary\". The AP. April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/florida/?r=10673","url_text":"\"Florida Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Illinois Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved April 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/illinois/?r=14999","url_text":"\"Illinois Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/kansas/?r=17724","url_text":"\"Kansas Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Republican Presidential Nominating Process\" (PDF). sos.ks.gov. March 19, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sos.ks.gov/elections/24elec/2024-Presidential-Preference-Primary-Official-Vote-Totals.pdf","url_text":"\"Kansas Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio Presidential Primary\". The AP. April 26, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ohio/?r=36815","url_text":"\"Ohio Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/louisiana/?r=20477","url_text":"\"Louisiana Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\". voterportal.sos.la.gov. March 23, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/static/2024-03-23/resultsRace/Statewide","url_text":"\"Louisiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connecticut Presidential Primary\". The AP. May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/connecticut/?r=7003","url_text":"\"Connecticut Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Certified 2024 Republican Presidential Primary Results\". New York State Board of Electiom. Retrieved May 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.ny.gov/certified-2024-republican-presidential-primary-results","url_text":"\"Certified 2024 Republican Presidential Primary Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhode Island Presidential Primary\". The AP. April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/rhode-island/?r=40002","url_text":"\"Rhode Island Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Presidential Primary\". Dave Leip's Atlas. May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2024&fips=55&f=0&off=0&elect=2","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puerto Rico Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/puerto-rico-president-results","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved April 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/pennsylvania-president-results","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/indiana-president-results","url_text":"\"Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/maryland-president-results","url_text":"\"Maryland Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/nebraska-president-results","url_text":"\"Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Virginia Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/west-virginia-president-results","url_text":"\"West Virginia Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Presidential Primary\". The AP. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/kentucky/?r=18002","url_text":"\"Kentucky Presidential Primary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Presidential Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved June 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/montana-president-results","url_text":"\"Montana Presidential Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey Presidential Election Results 2024\". NBC News. Retrieved June 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/new-jersey-president-results","url_text":"\"New Jersey Presidential Election Results 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Mexico Republican Primary Election Results\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/04/us/elections/results-new-mexico-republican-presidential-primary.html","url_text":"\"New Mexico Republican Primary Election Results\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://nevadagop.org/2024-presidential-caucus/","external_links_name":"\"2024 Presidential Caucus\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/events.phtml?s=c","external_links_name":"\"2024 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions Chronologically\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231203200600/https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/events.phtml?s=c","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/delaware-presidential-primary-gop-trump-haley-d6e0e44310aa98095d7bafb27783d2d0","external_links_name":"\"Delaware calls off Republican presidential primary after Haley removes name from ballot\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/15/us/elections/results-iowa-caucus.html","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Caucus Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240116053054/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/01/15/us/elections/results-iowa-caucus.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/2024-republican-presidential-primary-election-results","external_links_name":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228082319/https://www.sos.nh.gov/2024-republican-presidential-primary-election-results","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/11/08/v-i-republicans-oust-party-leaders-in-fight-over-caucus-plans/","external_links_name":"\"V.I. Republicans Oust Party Leaders in Fight Over Caucus Plans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231226155824/https://stthomassource.com/content/2023/11/08/v-i-republicans-oust-party-leaders-in-fight-over-caucus-plans/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decisiondeskhq.com/missouri-republican-presidential-caucus/","external_links_name":"\"Missouri Presidential Republican Caucus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240302201353/https://decisiondeskhq.com/missouri-republican-presidential-caucus/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://enr.indianavoters.in.gov/site/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Indiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"Link":"https://electionresults.nebraska.gov/resultsSW.aspx?text=Race&type=SW&map=CTY","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"Link":"https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/n-j-gop-loses-40-delegate-seats-to-24-national-convention/","external_links_name":"\"N.J. GOP loses 40 delegate seats to '24 national convention\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103004303/https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/n-j-gop-loses-40-delegate-seats-to-24-national-convention/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/IA-R#0115","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"Link":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt561/files/inline-documents/sonh/2024-pp-republican-summary_4.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results – Summary by Counties\""},{"Link":"https://www.sos.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt561/files/inline-documents/sonh/2024-pp-write-ins-republican-summary_3.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"2024 Republican Presidential Primary Election Results by Write-ins – Summary by Counties\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/hub/ap-new-hampshire-election-2024-results","external_links_name":"\"2024 New Hampshire presidential primary results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nevadacurrent.com/2024/01/21/nikki-haley-second-to-none/","external_links_name":"\"Nikki Haley: Second to none?\""},{"Link":"https://silverstateelection.nv.gov/nvother/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Silver State 2024 Presidential Preference Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://rcvis.com/v/2024-virgin-islands-presidential-caucus","external_links_name":"\"2024 Virgin Islands Presidential Caucus\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/VI-R","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Islands Republican Delegation 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/sc-presidential-primary-candidates-campaign-ballot-gop-haley-scott/article_f41aac60-740c-11ee-a8a1-4383954d720e.html","external_links_name":"\"10 Republicans will be on SC's presidential primary — but not Asa Hutchinson\""},{"Link":"https://www.michigan.gov/sos/resources/news/2023/11/13/secretary-benson-releases-2024-presidential-primary-candidate-list","external_links_name":"\"Secretary Benson releases 2024 presidential primary candidate list\""},{"Link":"https://mvic.sos.state.mi.us/votehistory/Index?type=C&electionDate=2-27-2024","external_links_name":"\"2024 Michigan Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/michigan-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Presidential Caucus Election Result\""},{"Link":"https://www.idahorepublicancaucus.com/","external_links_name":"\"Declared 2024 Republican Presidential Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/idaho/?r=14311","external_links_name":"\"Idaho primary results\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ap-decision-notes-expect-missouris-gop-caucuses-107624224","external_links_name":"\"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Missouri's GOP caucuses\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/missouri/?r=27542","external_links_name":"\"Missouri primary results\""},{"Link":"https://dcgop.com/2023/12/05/the-dc-gop-presidential-primary-candidates-official-ballot/","external_links_name":"\"The DC GOP Presidential Primary Candidates Official Ballot\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/north-dakota-republican-presidential-caucuses-trump-haley-0c0ab827ac3801bcd33be9baccb67640","external_links_name":"\"AP Decision Notes: What to expect in North Dakota's GOP caucuses\""},{"Link":"https://algop.org/2024-qualified-candidates/","external_links_name":"\"2024 Qualified Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/alabama/?r=1670","external_links_name":"\"Alabama Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://alaskapublic.org/2024/03/04/trump-or-haley-alaska-republicans-vote-tuesday/","external_links_name":"\"Trump or Haley? Alaska Republicans vote Tuesday\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/what-to-expect-in-arkansas-state-and-presidential-primaries","external_links_name":"\"What to expect in Arkansas' state and presidential primaries\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/arkansas/?r=4873","external_links_name":"\"Arkansas Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/statewide-elections/2024-primary/cert-list-candidates.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Certified List of Presidential Candidates for voter-nominated offices for the March 5, 2024, presidential primary election\""},{"Link":"https://pp.electionresults.sos.ca.gov/returns/president/party/republican","external_links_name":"\"California Presidential Primary - Republican\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/california/?r=8688","external_links_name":"\"California Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240313231428/https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/119943/web.317647/#/summary","external_links_name":"\"2024 Primary Presidential Election - Unofficial Results\""},{"Link":"https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/119943/web.317647/#/summary","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/delegate-tracker/","external_links_name":"\"2024 Presidential Delegate Count - Republican\""},{"Link":"https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results24.html","external_links_name":"\"Tabulations for Elections held in 2024: March 5, 2024 Presidential Primary Election\""},{"Link":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/160659/","external_links_name":"\"2024 President Republican Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-minnesota-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sos.state.mn.us/elections-voting/election-results/2024/2024-presidential-primary-results/","external_links_name":"\"2024 Presidential Primary Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-north-carolina-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-oklahoma-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"Oklahoma Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://results.okelections.us/OKER/?elecDate=20240305","external_links_name":"\"Unofficial Results\""},{"Link":"https://sos-prod.tnsosgovfiles.com/s3fs-public/document/20240305RepublicanPPPStatewide.pdf?VersionId=aReYnRi5gH7eJ7EO1XxLdZ8RfxnJxTi4","external_links_name":"\"March 5, 2024 Republican Presidential Preference Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-tennessee-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"Tennessee Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-texas-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-utah-republican-caucus.html","external_links_name":"\"Utah Republican Caucus Results\""},{"Link":"https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/sos/Elections%20Division/election%20info%20and%20resources/2024%20PresPrimaryOfficialCanvass.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Official Report of the Canvassing Committee – United States and Vermont Statewide Offices\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/03/05/us/elections/results-virginia-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"Virginia Republican Primary Election Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.270towin.com/news/2024/03/08/live-results-american-samoa-republican-caucus_1613.html","external_links_name":"\"American Samoa Republican Delegation 2024\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/georgia/?r=11001","external_links_name":"\"Georgia Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/hawaii/?r=12898","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii Presidential Caucuses\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/mississippi/?r=27108","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/washington/?r=49392","external_links_name":"\"Washington Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/MP-R","external_links_name":"\"Northern Marianas Republican\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P24/GU-R","external_links_name":"\"Guam Republican\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/arizona/?r=3700","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/florida/?r=10673","external_links_name":"\"Florida Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/illinois/?r=14999","external_links_name":"\"Illinois Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/kansas/?r=17724","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://sos.ks.gov/elections/24elec/2024-Presidential-Preference-Primary-Official-Vote-Totals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/ohio/?r=36815","external_links_name":"\"Ohio Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/louisiana/?r=20477","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/static/2024-03-23/resultsRace/Statewide","external_links_name":"\"Louisiana Republican Presidential Nominating Process\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/connecticut/?r=7003","external_links_name":"\"Connecticut Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://elections.ny.gov/certified-2024-republican-presidential-primary-results","external_links_name":"\"Certified 2024 Republican Presidential Primary Results\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/rhode-island/?r=40002","external_links_name":"\"Rhode Island Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2024&fips=55&f=0&off=0&elect=2","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/puerto-rico-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rico Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/pennsylvania-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/indiana-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/maryland-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/nebraska-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/west-virginia-president-results","external_links_name":"\"West Virginia Presidential Primary Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/projects/election-results-2024/kentucky/?r=18002","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky Presidential Primary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/montana-president-results","external_links_name":"\"Montana Presidential Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-primary-elections/new-jersey-president-results","external_links_name":"\"New Jersey Presidential Election Results 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/04/us/elections/results-new-mexico-republican-presidential-primary.html","external_links_name":"\"New Mexico Republican Primary Election Results\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Man%27s_War
Another Man's War
["1 References","2 External links"]
Another Man's War AuthorSam ChildersLanguageEnglishPublisherThomas NelsonPublication date2009Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint Another Man's War is a 2009 book written by Sam Childers about his life as a former gang biker turned preacher and defender of South Sudanese orphans. The book was the basis of Machine Gun Preacher, a 2011 biographical adventure drama film starring Gerard Butler. The book bears the endorsement from South Sudan President Salva Kiir Mayardit, "The Reverend Sam Childers has been a very close friend to the government of South Sudan for many years and is a trusted friend." References ^ Childers, Sam (2009). Another Man's War. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 9781595551627 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Machine Gun Preacher - review". London Evening Standard. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011. ^ Sam Childers (March 17, 2009). Another Mans War: The True Story of One Mans Battle to Save Children in the Sudan. Amazon. External links Goodreads This article about a biographical or autobiographical book published in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an autobiographical novel of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about African studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Childers"},{"link_name":"gang biker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Preacher"},{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Gerard Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Butler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London-2"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir Mayardit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Another Man's War is a 2009 book written by Sam Childers about his life as a former gang biker turned preacher and defender of South Sudanese orphans.[1]The book was the basis of Machine Gun Preacher, a 2011 biographical adventure drama film starring Gerard Butler.[2]The book bears the endorsement from South Sudan President Salva Kiir Mayardit, \"The Reverend Sam Childers has been a very close friend to the government of South Sudan for many years and is a trusted friend.\"[3]","title":"Another Man's War"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Childers, Sam (2009). Another Man's War. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 9781595551627 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Childers","url_text":"Childers, Sam"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anothermanswartr0000chil","url_text":"Another Man's War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595551627","url_text":"9781595551627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Machine Gun Preacher - review\". London Evening Standard. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/film/review-24006020-machine-gun-preacher---review.do","url_text":"\"Machine Gun Preacher - review\""}]},{"reference":"Sam Childers (March 17, 2009). Another Mans War: The True Story of One Mans Battle to Save Children in the Sudan. Amazon.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anothermanswartr0000chil","external_links_name":"Another Man's War"},{"Link":"http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/film/review-24006020-machine-gun-preacher---review.do","external_links_name":"\"Machine Gun Preacher - review\""},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4806085-another-man-s-war","external_links_name":"Goodreads"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Man%27s_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Man%27s_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Man%27s_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah
Neenah, Wisconsin
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","3.3 2000 census","4 Transportation","5 Economy","6 Culture","7 Notable people","8 Images","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°10′27″N 88°28′7″W / 44.17417°N 88.46861°W / 44.17417; -88.46861Human settlement in Wisconsin, USA, since 1835 This article is about the city. For the adjacent town, see Neenah (town), Wisconsin. For the homophonically named city in Ireland, see Nenagh. City in Wisconsin, United StatesNeenahCityNickname: The Paper CityMotto(s): "Our future, our Neenah"Location of Neenah in Winnebago County, Wisconsin.NeenahLocation within the state of WisconsinCoordinates: 44°10′27″N 88°28′7″W / 44.17417°N 88.46861°W / 44.17417; -88.46861Country United StatesState WisconsinCountyWinnebagoMission1835Incorporated13 March 1873 (city)Government • TypeMayor-council • MayorJane B. LangArea • Total9.74 sq mi (25.24 km2) • Land9.37 sq mi (24.27 km2) • Water0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)Elevation750 ft (230 m)Population (2020) • Total27,319 • Density2,915/sq mi (1,125.6/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP codes54956Area code920FIPS code55-55750Websitewww.ci.neenah.wi.us Neenah (/ˈniːnə/ NEE-nə) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, in the north central United States. It is situated on the banks of Lake Winnebago, Little Lake Butte des Morts, and the Fox River, approximately forty miles (64 km) southwest of Green Bay. Neenah's population was 27,319 at the 2020 census. Neenah is within the geographic boundaries of the Town of Neenah, but is politically independent. The city is the southwesternmost of the Fox Cities of northeast Wisconsin. It is the smaller of the two principal cities of the Oshkosh-Neenah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah Combined Statistical Area. It is sometimes referred to as a twin city with Menasha, with which it shares Doty Island. History Neenah was named by Governor James Duane Doty from the Hoocąk word for "water" or "running water". It was the site of a Ho-Chunk village in the late 18th century. It is Nįįňą in the Hoocąk language. The government initially designated this area in 1835 as an industrial and agricultural mission to the Menominee Indians of the area. Early settlement by European Americans began a few years later, stimulated in large part by the proximity of the area to the Fox River. Kimberly-Clark corporation was formed here in 1872. It founded a major paper mill here in 1873, as the region had become a center of lumbering. Profits from lumber stimulated the development of businesses and a variety of professions. Some people relocated to Neenah after the disastrous fire in Oshkosh in 1875. Geography Neenah is located at 44°10′26″N 88°28′6″W / 44.17389°N 88.46833°W / 44.17389; -88.46833 (44.174035, −88.468508). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.74 square miles (25.23 km2), of which, 9.37 square miles (24.27 km2) is land and 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18601,296—18702,655104.9%18804,20258.3%18905,08321.0%19005,95417.1%19105,734−3.7%19207,17125.1%19309,15127.6%194010,64516.3%195012,43716.8%196018,05745.2%197022,90226.8%198022,432−2.1%199023,2193.5%200024,5075.5%201025,5014.1%202027,3197.1%U.S. Decennial Census Neo-classical style Equitable Fraternal Union Building with the old City Hall clock tower behind it on S. Commercial St. (Wisconsin Highway 114). The Neenah Public Library, the clock tower, Shattuck Park, and the Neenah Centers. Neenah Light on the Fox River 2020 census As of the census of 2020, the population was 27,319. The population density was 2,915 inhabitants per square mile (1,125/km2). There were 12,164 housing units at an average density of 1,298 per square mile (501/km2). Ethnically, the population was 4.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 88.0% White, 2.3% Asian, 1.8% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 5.8% from two or more races. According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $59,778, and the median income for a family was $77,229. Male full-time workers had a median income of $52,352 versus $40,085 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,420. About 8.6% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 94.9% were high school graduates or higher and 32.1% had a bachelor's degree or higher. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 25,501 people, 10,694 households, and 6,700 families living in the city. The population density was 2,762.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,066.7/km2). There were 11,313 housing units at an average density of 1,225.7 per square mile (473.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.7% White, 1.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.8% of the population. There were 10,694 households, of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.3% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 24,507 people, 9,834 households and 6,578 families living in the city. The population density was 2,971.7 people per square mile (1,146.9/km2). There were 10,198 housing units at an average density of 1,236.6 per square mile (477.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.08% White, 0.34% Black or African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. 2.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Thirty-five percent of the households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $45,773, and the median income for a family was $55,329. Males had a median income of $39,140 versus $25,666 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,280. About 3.3% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Transportation Interstate 41 runs south to north through the center of the city. Bus service is operated by Valley Transit. Appleton International Airport provides commercial airline service for the city. Brennand Airport supports general aviation service. Earlier served by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Soo Line and the Milwaukee Road, Neenah today is on the Canadian National Railway's line from Chicago to International Falls. Economy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neenah hosts significant paper and steel industries. Some paper companies include Essity and Kimberly-Clark. Kimberly-Clark was founded in Neenah and maintains significant operations there, though its headquarters moved to Irving, Texas in the 1980s. Manhole covers manufactured at Neenah Foundry can be found throughout the central and southern United States and parts of Europe. Neenah is the headquarters of Plexus, a developer and manufacturer of electronic products, which also has engineering and manufacturing operations in the city. Also headquartered here are Cobblestone Hotel Group, J. J. Keller & Associates, Miron Construction, Menasha Corporation. Theda Clark Hospital, NM Transfer, and Checker Logistics. Culture Bergstrom-Mahler Museum Founded in 1959, Neenah's Bergstrom-Mahler Museum has a collection of glass art comprising over 3,000 pieces. It concentrates in historic paperweights and Germanic glasswork. Notable people Jack Ankerson, NFL player William Arnemann, politician Havilah Babcock, businessman and a founder of Kimberly Clark James R. Barnett, politician George Bergstrom, designer of The Pentagon Robert D. Bohn, U.S. Marine Corps major general John A. Bryan, U.S. diplomat Elmer J. Burr, Medal of Honor recipient Merritt L. Campbell, politician Charles B. Clark, U.S. Representative and a founder of Kimberly-Clark Laura Coenen, basketball all-American, 3-time Olympian – team handball Kenneth John Conant, architectural historian, professor at Harvard University Samuel A. Cook, U.S. Representative Philip Daly, municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta George Danielson, politician Julius H. Dennhardt, politician William Draheim, politician A. D. Eldridge, politician Michael Ellis, politician James C. Fritzen, politician Robert Frederick Froehlke, businessman and government official Jim Hall, professional boxer Marcus Lee Hansen, historian and Pulitzer Prize winner, born in Neenah William C. Hansen, educator and politician Howard Hawks, film director, Rio Bravo, Red River, The Big Sleep William Hawks, film producer Christopher T. Hill, author and theoretical physicist Zuhdi Jasser, medical doctor, activist, policy board member Dick Jorgensen, NFL referee, Super Bowl XXIV Frank Bateman Keefe, U.S. Representative Kris Kelderman, MLS player and assistant coach John A. Kimberly, a founder of Kimberly-Clark Judith Klusman, politician Peter Konz, NFL Player Wayne Kreklow, NBA player, head coach of the Missouri Tigers women's volleyball team Nels Larson, politician and businessman Henry Leavens, politician Rich Loiselle, MLB player Ernst Mahler, chemist and business leader David Martin, politician Azel W. Patten, businessman and politician Charles H. Pfennig, politician Roger Ream, educator Reid Ribble, politician Nathaniel S. Robinson, physician and politician Mike Rohrkaste, politician and businessman John Schneller, NFL player Richard J. Steffens, politician John Stevens, inventor of the roller flour mill John Strange, lieutenant governor of Wisconsin Kenneth E. Stumpf, Medal of Honor recipient Konrad Tuchscherer, professor Ryan G. Van Cleave, author and educator Edwin Wheeler, politician and jurist John Whitlinger, tennis player, born in Neenah Tami Whitlinger, WTA player Edwin A. Williams, legislator, educator, businessman, mayor Images Neenah Post Office Library Theda Clark Medical Center East Forest Avenue Historic District Charles R. Smith House Henry Spencer Smith House Havilah Babcock House George O. Bergstrom House Ellis Jennings House Perry Lindsley House Henry Sherry House Former Post Office Edward D. & Vina Shattuck Beals House Franklyn C. Shattuck House References ^ Incorporation of the city of Neenah. Public Act published 14 March 1873. Laws of Wisconsin. Accessed 29 May 2023. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Neenah city, Wisconsin". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2022. ^ Neenah ^ "Physical Spatial Place". (June 1, 2010). Hocąk Teaching Materials Volume 1, p. 454. ^ ""City of Neenah, Wisconsin: Heritage"". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007. ^ "Dictionary of Wisconsin History article". Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2013. ^ Neenah Paper history ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "2020 Decennial Census: Neenah city, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Lettenberger, Bob (January 2023). "Hot spot: Neenah, Wis.". Trains. Kalmbach Media. p. 46. ^ "Inspiring Glass Stories". Bmmglass.com. Bergstrom-Mahler Museum of Glass. 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1875,' Biographical Sketch of Nathaniel S. Robinson, pg. 338 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neenah, Wisconsin. City of Neenah Neenah Public Library Local History Collection at the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections center Sanborn fire insurance maps at the Wisconsin Historical Society Trade Worries Led Wisconsin Mill Town to Trump. It's Still Uneasy – The New York Times vteAppleton–Oshkosh–Neenah / Fox Cities metropolitan area, WisconsinCore cities Appleton° Neenah° Oshkosh° Largest municipalitiesover 10,000 in 2010 Fox Crossing‡ Grand Chute* Greenville* Harrison* Kaukauna° Little Chute‡ Menasha° Municipalitiesunder 10,000 in 2010 Apple Creek† Buchanan* Butte des Morts† Center* Clayton* Combined Locks‡ Darboy† Dundas† Forest Junction§ Freedom* Harbor Springs† Harrison‡ Hortonville‡ Kaukauna* Kimberly‡ Mackville† Neenah* Omro° Omro* Oshkosh* Sherwood‡ Vandenbroek* Winchester§ Winchester* Winnebago† Winneconne‡ Winneconne* Woodville* Wrightstown‡^ Counties Outagamie Winnebago Calumet BOW counties *town ‡village °city §CDP †unincorporated community ^partial vteMunicipalities and communities of Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: OshkoshCities Appleton‡ Menasha‡ Neenah Omro Oshkosh Villages Fox Crossing Winneconne Towns Algoma Black Wolf Clayton Neenah Nekimi Nepeuskun Omro Oshkosh Poygan Rushford Utica Vinland Winchester Winneconne Wolf River CDPs Butte des Morts Eureka Waukau Winchester Othercommunities Allenville Clarks Point Elo Fisk Fitzgerald Harbor Springs Highland Shore Indian Shores Island Park Larsen Lasleys Point Leonards Point Koro Medina Junction Metz‡ Mikesville Oakwood Orihula Piacenza Pickett Plummer Point Ricker Bay Reighmoor Ring Rivermoor Rush Lake Shangri La Point Snells Sunrise Bay Waverly Beach‡ Winnebago Zion Zittau Formercommunities Delhi Menasha (former town) Indian reservation Menominee Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neenah (town), Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_(town),_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"homophonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenagh"},{"link_name":"/ˈniːnə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"NEE-nə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Winnebago County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"north central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_North_Central_States"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnebago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnebago"},{"link_name":"Little Lake Butte des Morts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Lake_Butte_des_Morts"},{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Town of Neenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_(town),_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Fox Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Cities"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Menasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Doty Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doty_Island_(Wisconsin)"}],"text":"Human settlement in Wisconsin, USA, since 1835This article is about the city. For the adjacent town, see Neenah (town), Wisconsin. For the homophonically named city in Ireland, see Nenagh.City in Wisconsin, United StatesNeenah (/ˈniːnə/ NEE-nə) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, in the north central United States. It is situated on the banks of Lake Winnebago, Little Lake Butte des Morts, and the Fox River, approximately forty miles (64 km) southwest of Green Bay. Neenah's population was 27,319 at the 2020 census.[3]Neenah is within the geographic boundaries of the Town of Neenah, but is politically independent. The city is the southwesternmost of the Fox Cities of northeast Wisconsin. It is the smaller of the two principal cities of the Oshkosh-Neenah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah Combined Statistical Area. It is sometimes referred to as a twin city with Menasha, with which it shares Doty Island.","title":"Neenah, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Duane Doty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duane_Doty"},{"link_name":"Hoocąk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Menominee Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_Indians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kimberly-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Neenah was named by Governor James Duane Doty from the Hoocąk word for \"water\" or \"running water\".[4] It was the site of a Ho-Chunk village in the late 18th century. It is Nįįňą in the Hoocąk language.[5]The government initially designated this area in 1835 as an industrial and agricultural mission to the Menominee Indians of the area. Early settlement by European Americans began a few years later, stimulated in large part by the proximity of the area to the Fox River.[6]Kimberly-Clark corporation was formed here in 1872.[7] It founded a major paper mill here in 1873, as the region had become a center of lumbering.[8] Profits from lumber stimulated the development of businesses and a variety of professions. Some people relocated to Neenah after the disastrous fire in Oshkosh in 1875.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"44°10′26″N 88°28′6″W / 44.17389°N 88.46833°W / 44.17389; -88.46833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neenah,_Wisconsin&params=44_10_26_N_88_28_6_W_region:US-WI_type:city"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz2020-10"}],"text":"Neenah is located at 44°10′26″N 88°28′6″W / 44.17389°N 88.46833°W / 44.17389; -88.46833 (44.174035, −88.468508).[9]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.74 square miles (25.23 km2), of which, 9.37 square miles (24.27 km2) is land and 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2) is water.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahWisconsinCityHall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Highway 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShattuckParkPanorama.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahLighthouse2009FoxRiver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neenah Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_Light"},{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Wisconsin)"}],"text":"Neo-classical style Equitable Fraternal Union Building with the old City Hall clock tower behind it on S. Commercial St. (Wisconsin Highway 114).The Neenah Public Library, the clock tower, Shattuck Park, and the Neenah Centers.Neenah Light on the Fox River","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census of 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-census-5555750-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-EconChar-5555750-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-SocChar-5555750-14"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the census of 2020,[12] the population was 27,319. The population density was 2,915 inhabitants per square mile (1,125/km2). There were 12,164 housing units at an average density of 1,298 per square mile (501/km2). Ethnically, the population was 4.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 88.0% White, 2.3% Asian, 1.8% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 5.8% from two or more races.According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $59,778, and the median income for a family was $77,229. Male full-time workers had a median income of $52,352 versus $40,085 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,420. About 8.6% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.[13] Of the population age 25 and over, 94.9% were high school graduates or higher and 32.1% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-15"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[15] of 2010, there were 25,501 people, 10,694 households, and 6,700 families living in the city. The population density was 2,762.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,066.7/km2). There were 11,313 housing units at an average density of 1,225.7 per square mile (473.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.7% White, 1.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.8% of the population.There were 10,694 households, of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.3% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96.The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-16"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[16] of 2000, there were 24,507 people, 9,834 households and 6,578 families living in the city. The population density was 2,971.7 people per square mile (1,146.9/km2). There were 10,198 housing units at an average density of 1,236.6 per square mile (477.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.08% White, 0.34% Black or African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. 2.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.Thirty-five percent of the households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.03.In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $45,773, and the median income for a family was $55,329. Males had a median income of $39,140 versus $25,666 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,280. About 3.3% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_41"},{"link_name":"Valley Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Transit_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Appleton International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Brennand Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennand_Airport"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Chicago & Northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Soo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Road"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"International Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Interstate 41 runs south to north through the center of the city. Bus service is operated by Valley Transit.Appleton International Airport provides commercial airline service for the city. Brennand Airport supports general aviation service.Earlier served by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Soo Line and the Milwaukee Road, Neenah today is on the Canadian National Railway's line from Chicago to International Falls.[17]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essity"},{"link_name":"Kimberly-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark"},{"link_name":"Manhole covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhole_cover"},{"link_name":"Neenah Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Cobblestone Hotel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobblestone_Hotel_Group"},{"link_name":"Theda Clark Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Clark_Hospital"}],"text":"Neenah hosts significant paper and steel industries. Some paper companies include Essity and Kimberly-Clark. Kimberly-Clark was founded in Neenah and maintains significant operations there, though its headquarters moved to Irving, Texas in the 1980s. Manhole covers manufactured at Neenah Foundry can be found throughout the central and southern United States and parts of Europe.Neenah is the headquarters of Plexus, a developer and manufacturer of electronic products, which also has engineering and manufacturing operations in the city. Also headquartered here are Cobblestone Hotel Group, J. J. Keller & Associates, Miron Construction, Menasha Corporation. Theda Clark Hospital, NM Transfer, and Checker Logistics.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BergstromMahlerMuseumNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"glass art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_art"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Bergstrom-Mahler MuseumFounded in 1959, Neenah's Bergstrom-Mahler Museum has a collection of glass art comprising over 3,000 pieces. It concentrates in historic paperweights and Germanic glasswork.[18]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Ankerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ankerson"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"William Arnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arnemann"},{"link_name":"Havilah Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havilah_Babcock"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Clark"},{"link_name":"James R. Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Barnett"},{"link_name":"George Bergstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bergstrom"},{"link_name":"Robert D. Bohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Bohn"},{"link_name":"John A. Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Bryan"},{"link_name":"Elmer J. Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_J._Burr"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Merritt L. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_L._Campbell"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Clark"},{"link_name":"Laura Coenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Coenen"},{"link_name":"Kenneth John Conant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_John_Conant"},{"link_name":"Samuel A. Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Cook"},{"link_name":"Philip Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Daly"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"George Danielson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Danielson_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Julius H. Dennhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_H._Dennhardt"},{"link_name":"William Draheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Draheim"},{"link_name":"A. D. Eldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D._Eldridge"},{"link_name":"Michael Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ellis_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"James C. Fritzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Fritzen"},{"link_name":"Robert Frederick Froehlke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke"},{"link_name":"Jim Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hall_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Lee Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Lee_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"William C. Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Hansen"},{"link_name":"Howard Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Rio Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Bravo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"William Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Christopher T. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_T._Hill"},{"link_name":"Zuhdi Jasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhdi_Jasser"},{"link_name":"Dick Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Jorgensen"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIV"},{"link_name":"Frank Bateman Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bateman_Keefe"},{"link_name":"Kris Kelderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kelderman"},{"link_name":"MLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"John A. Kimberly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Kimberly"},{"link_name":"Judith Klusman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Klusman"},{"link_name":"Peter Konz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Konz"},{"link_name":"Wayne Kreklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Kreklow"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Nels Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nels_Larson"},{"link_name":"Henry Leavens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Leavens"},{"link_name":"Rich Loiselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Loiselle"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mahler"},{"link_name":"David Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Martin_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Azel W. Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azel_W._Patten"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Pfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Pfennig"},{"link_name":"Roger Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ream"},{"link_name":"Reid Ribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Ribble"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel S. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_S._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mike Rohrkaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rohrkaste"},{"link_name":"John Schneller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schneller"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Steffens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Steffens"},{"link_name":"John Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(Wisconsin_inventor)"},{"link_name":"John Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strange_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth E. Stumpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Stumpf"},{"link_name":"Konrad Tuchscherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Tuchscherer"},{"link_name":"Ryan G. Van Cleave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_G._Van_Cleave"},{"link_name":"Edwin Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"John Whitlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitlinger"},{"link_name":"Tami Whitlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tami_Whitlinger"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Edwin A. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Williams"}],"text":"Jack Ankerson, NFL player\nWilliam Arnemann, politician\nHavilah Babcock, businessman and a founder of Kimberly Clark\nJames R. Barnett, politician\nGeorge Bergstrom, designer of The Pentagon\nRobert D. Bohn, U.S. Marine Corps major general\nJohn A. Bryan, U.S. diplomat\nElmer J. Burr, Medal of Honor recipient\nMerritt L. Campbell, politician\nCharles B. Clark, U.S. Representative and a founder of Kimberly-Clark\nLaura Coenen, basketball all-American, 3-time Olympian – team handball\nKenneth John Conant, architectural historian, professor at Harvard University\nSamuel A. Cook, U.S. Representative\nPhilip Daly, municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta\nGeorge Danielson, politician\nJulius H. Dennhardt, politician\nWilliam Draheim, politician\nA. D. Eldridge, politician\nMichael Ellis, politician\nJames C. Fritzen, politician\nRobert Frederick Froehlke, businessman and government official\nJim Hall, professional boxer\nMarcus Lee Hansen, historian and Pulitzer Prize winner, born in Neenah\nWilliam C. Hansen, educator and politician\nHoward Hawks, film director, Rio Bravo, Red River, The Big Sleep\nWilliam Hawks, film producer\nChristopher T. Hill, author and theoretical physicist\nZuhdi Jasser, medical doctor, activist, policy board member\nDick Jorgensen, NFL referee, Super Bowl XXIV\nFrank Bateman Keefe, U.S. Representative\nKris Kelderman, MLS player and assistant coach\nJohn A. Kimberly, a founder of Kimberly-Clark\nJudith Klusman, politician\nPeter Konz, NFL Player\nWayne Kreklow, NBA player, head coach of the Missouri Tigers women's volleyball team\nNels Larson, politician and businessman\nHenry Leavens, politician\nRich Loiselle, MLB player\nErnst Mahler, chemist and business leader\nDavid Martin, politician\nAzel W. Patten, businessman and politician\nCharles H. Pfennig, politician\nRoger Ream, educator\nReid Ribble, politician\nNathaniel S. Robinson, physician and politician[19]\nMike Rohrkaste, politician and businessman\nJohn Schneller, NFL player\nRichard J. Steffens, politician\nJohn Stevens, inventor of the roller flour mill\nJohn Strange, lieutenant governor of Wisconsin\nKenneth E. Stumpf, Medal of Honor recipient\nKonrad Tuchscherer, professor\nRyan G. Van Cleave, author and educator\nEdwin Wheeler, politician and jurist\nJohn Whitlinger, tennis player, born in Neenah\nTami Whitlinger, WTA player\nEdwin A. Williams, legislator, educator, businessman, mayor","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahPostOfficeWisconsin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahLibraryWisconsin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThedaClarkHospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theda Clark Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Clark_Medical_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1010Forest_EastForestAvenueHistoricDistrictMenashaWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Forest Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Forest_Avenue_Historic_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesRSmithHouseNeenahWI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Smith House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Smith_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HenrySpencerSmithHouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Spencer Smith House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Spencer_Smith_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HavilahBabcockHouseNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Havilah Babcock House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havilah_Babcock_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgeOBergstromHouseSideNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"George O. Bergstrom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O._Bergstrom_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EllisJenningsHouseNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ellis Jennings House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Jennings_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PerryLindsleyHouseNeenahWI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perry Lindsley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Lindsley_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HenrySherryHouseNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Sherry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sherry_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neenah_WI_old_post_office.jpg"},{"link_name":"Former Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_United_States_Post_Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwardDVinShattuckBealsHouseNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward D. & Vina Shattuck Beals House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_D._%26_Vina_Shattuck_Beals_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FranklynCShattuckHouseNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franklyn C. Shattuck House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklyn_C._Shattuck_House"}],"text":"Neenah Post Office\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibrary\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheda Clark Medical Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEast Forest Avenue Historic District\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles R. Smith House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Spencer Smith House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHavilah Babcock House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorge O. Bergstrom House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEllis Jennings House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPerry Lindsley House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Sherry House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Post Office\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdward D. & Vina Shattuck Beals House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranklyn C. Shattuck House","title":"Images"}]
[{"image_text":"Neo-classical style Equitable Fraternal Union Building with the old City Hall clock tower behind it on S. Commercial St. (Wisconsin Highway 114).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NeenahWisconsinCityHall.jpg/220px-NeenahWisconsinCityHall.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Neenah Public Library, the clock tower, Shattuck Park, and the Neenah Centers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ShattuckParkPanorama.JPG/220px-ShattuckParkPanorama.JPG"},{"image_text":"Neenah Light on the Fox River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NeenahLighthouse2009FoxRiver.jpg/220px-NeenahLighthouse2009FoxRiver.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bergstrom-Mahler Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BergstromMahlerMuseumNeenahWisconsin.jpg/220px-BergstromMahlerMuseumNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Winnebago_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Winnebago_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Neenah city, Wisconsin\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US5555750","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"\"City of Neenah, Wisconsin: Heritage\"\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084515/http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/heritage.html","url_text":"\"\"City of Neenah, Wisconsin: Heritage\"\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/heritage.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Wisconsin History article\". Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072100/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=15071&search_term=Neenah","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Wisconsin History article\""},{"url":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=15071&search_term=Neenah","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html","url_text":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Neenah city, Wisconsin\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP03","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Social Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP02","url_text":"\"Selected Social Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Lettenberger, Bob (January 2023). \"Hot spot: Neenah, Wis.\". Trains. Kalmbach Media. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_(magazine)","url_text":"Trains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Media","url_text":"Kalmbach Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Inspiring Glass Stories\". Bmmglass.com. Bergstrom-Mahler Museum of Glass. 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bmmglass.com/","url_text":"\"Inspiring Glass Stories\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neenah,_Wisconsin&params=44_10_27_N_88_28_7_W_region:US-WI_type:city","external_links_name":"44°10′27″N 88°28′7″W / 44.17417°N 88.46861°W / 44.17417; -88.46861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neenah,_Wisconsin&params=44_10_27_N_88_28_7_W_region:US-WI_type:city","external_links_name":"44°10′27″N 88°28′7″W / 44.17417°N 88.46861°W / 44.17417; -88.46861"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/","external_links_name":"www.ci.neenah.wi.us"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neenah,_Wisconsin&params=44_10_26_N_88_28_6_W_region:US-WI_type:city","external_links_name":"44°10′26″N 88°28′6″W / 44.17389°N 88.46833°W / 44.17389; -88.46833"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/1873/related/acts/151.pdf","external_links_name":"Incorporation of the city of Neenah."},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US5555750","external_links_name":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963805&dsRecordDetails=R:CS2421","external_links_name":"Neenah [origin of place name]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084515/http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/heritage.html","external_links_name":"\"\"City of Neenah, Wisconsin: Heritage\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/heritage.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072100/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=15071&search_term=Neenah","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Wisconsin History article\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=15071&search_term=Neenah","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.neenahpaper.com/AboutNeenah/History","external_links_name":"Neenah Paper history"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html","external_links_name":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP03","external_links_name":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5555750&y=2020&d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP02","external_links_name":"\"Selected Social Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Neenah city, Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://bmmglass.com/","external_links_name":"\"Inspiring Glass Stories\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.neenah.wi.us/","external_links_name":"City of Neenah"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.NeenahLocHist","external_links_name":"Neenah Public Library Local History Collection"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/search/collection/maps/searchterm/sanborn%20neenah/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/0","external_links_name":"Sanborn fire insurance maps"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/24/business/economy/trump-trade.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news","external_links_name":"Trade Worries Led Wisconsin Mill Town to Trump. It's Still Uneasy"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149541802","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhFpfBytqBcvjYGt8cT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4286506-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562138105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82258648","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/77bf0f8d-cecc-4338-bd3a-bcf96ea33cf8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimmymci234
User talk:Jimmymci234
["1 Fitzpatrick wins 2020 DP World Tour Championship","2 European Senior Tour playoffs","3 JP McManus Pro-Am","4 merging some of Thomson's and O'Connor's wins tables","5 Tours navbox","6 Tennis scores","7 2007 Japan Golf Tour","8 Invitation","9 Challenge Tour rankings","10 1979–80 Southern Africa Tour","11 Southern Africa Tour edits","12 opening sentences for Southern Africa Tour pages","13 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","14 SA intros","15 1974 City of Cairns Open","16 I have sent you a note about a page you started","17 I have sent you a note about a page you started","18 Mini-tour seasons","19 Jim Rutledge's wins tables","20 2024 Alps Tour moved to draftspace","21 Manny Zerman's sporting nationality","22 Disambiguation link notification for January 25","23 Multiple winners section","24 February 2024","25 Notelist","26 Denwit Boriboonsub","27 Ecuador Open 2019","28 1972–73 New Zealand Golf Circuit","29 New Zealand Golf Circuit seasonal pages","30 I have sent you a note about a page you started","31 I have sent you a note about a page you started","32 I have sent you a note about a page you started","33 Putting \"Other wins\" subsection beneath related tour","34 US Open Purse"]
Fitzpatrick wins 2020 DP World Tour Championship No need to cry cause you couldn't edit the win first. Try next time. As I already mentioned at the beginning, Tournament was done kid. Did I say 'CHEERS'?!! ;) lol Fair play big guy, you obviously 'knew' what you were doing, even though you weren't able to predict the winning score. I might not always win, I can accept that. But you sir, you will always be a twat. Enjoy the rest of your day. :) Jimmymci234 (talk) 12:26, 13 December 2020 (UTC) "CHEERS" LMFAO.. Eat it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klaysaurus (talk • contribs) 12:30, 13 December 2020 (UTC) European Senior Tour playoffs There is an archive on WayBackMachine of a page on the old European Tour website (before they "improved" it) https://web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html Might be of interest to you. I don't think the old site ever had more details (eg length of playoff, etc.), at least not in a complete way. Might have been mentioned in news articles. Nigej (talk) 19:42, 4 July 2021 (UTC) Thanks Nige. I’ve had a quick look around for news articles but there doesn’t seem to be too many. Just trying and fill in as many boxes as I possibly can! It's the same problem with the Challenge Tour. Jimmymci234 (talk) 19:45, 4 July 2021 (UTC) JP McManus Pro-Am Hello Jimmy how are you doing ?. I am wondering can you create a homepage for the above event. I have the winners and runner-ups up for the six staging of the tournaments. I think it would be a welcome addition to be added. Is that ok ?. Thanks 31.200.144.185 (talk) 09:17, 11 November 2022 (UTC) Sure will have a look into creating one when I get a chance. Go ahead and send me the winners and runner-ups, that will save me some time scrambling around the internet trying to find them! Jimmymci234 (talk) 09:20, 11 November 2022 (UTC) Winners - Runners-up 1990 Roger Chapman – Neil Hanson (I could not give much info on this) 1995 Paul Broadhurst and Richard Boxall (Shared the title) again no scoring info 2000 Tiger Woods -12 (64-68=132) won by 6 strokes – Malcolm MacKenzie 2005 Padraig Harrington -14 (67-63=130) won by 6 strokes – Tim Clark 2010 Darren Clarke -3 (73-68=141) won by 1 stroke – Luke Donald 2022 Xander Schauffele -10 (64-70=134) won by 1 stroke – Sam Burns Is that ok Jimmy a lot of info there not bad ?. 31.200.144.185 (talk) 09:38, 11 November 2022 (UTC) Yes thanks for that! Jimmymci234 (talk) 10:29, 11 November 2022 (UTC) Done. Jimmymci234 (talk) 14:28, 13 November 2022 (UTC) merging some of Thomson's and O'Connor's wins tables Late in their careers Peter Thomson (golfer) won the 1972 W.D. & H.O. Wills Tournament and Christy O'Connor Snr won the 1972 Carroll's International. It was their last wins on the British PGA circuit and their only wins that were retroactively classified as European Tour wins. So right now we have these isolated European Tour tables for these wins. However, I think it looks disjointed and I think it would look better if we deleted this table and integrated these wins with their British PGA circuit tables. We could still include a footnote stating "retroactively classified a European Tour win in 1979" to respect the ET designation. Also, I would like to know what User:Wjemather thinks about this as he probably knows more about the British circuit than anyone on WP:Golf. Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 21:02, 15 April 2023 (UTC) Personally I’m happy with the way it is currently. Both golfers would still have played events on the modern European Tour, so to take that designation away from them is unjust. If you wanted to add the win into the British PGA table and add a note etc, that would make more sense than deleting the ET wins table. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:52, 16 April 2023 (UTC) I still don't think it would be "unjust" as we would note that it was a European Tour win too with the superscript. In addition, I feel that the British PGA designation is more honest because these events were actually part of this organization. (The ET designation, meanwhile, is the result of some revisionist historians in 1979.) The rule WP:RECENTISM may be applicable here too. Oogglywoogly (talk) 15:32, 17 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly As I've said before (somewhere), I think it's probably best to have known tour wins in their sub-sections and simply lump all other wins together. Attempting to split them is just too messy. Even "British PGA circuit wins" is fraught with problems as there were plenty of events that were not sanctioned (in today's terminology) by the PGA, or were sub-national events, and we have the issue of what did or did not count towards the order of merit, records of which even the PGA are unlikely to still have. There are similar issues with trying to classify "continental circuit wins".With regards to revisionism, the PGA Tour is an absolute rabbit hole that no-one should want to go down (see User:Wjemather/PGA Tour#Most wins for an illustration of the effect of their successive reclassifications). Thankfully the European Tour did not embark on the same exercise and go all the way back to 1901. wjematherplease leave a message... 16:04, 17 April 2023 (UTC) Hi User: Wjemather, In general, yes, this is a messy issue but I thought this era would be easier. I thought the European Tour reliably retroactively classified all events that were part of the Britsh PGA's Order of Merit from 1972-78. If this is true, I think we should include Thomson's and O'Conner's 1972 wins as part of the British PGA table with the ET superscript. On the other hand, if we cannot reliably determine that these tournaments were part of the British PGA then we should maintain the status quo. Please let me know your thoughts. Oogglywoogly (talk) 20:42, 17 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly But do we have sources for British PGA circuit Order of Merit counting events pre-1972? We certainly do for some years, but I strongly suspect not all. This becomes an even bigger problem if you are looking to separate OoM counting events from non-counting events. As I say, trying to separate wins beyond what is officially recognised by the modern tours opens up giant cans of worms for which we simply don't have the necessary sources to resolve satisfactorily. wjematherplease leave a message... 23:15, 17 April 2023 (UTC) I have no clue if we have sources for the British PGA. I included you in this conversation because you seem to know more about the British PGA than anyone else. I did recently re-classify the European wins tables of Thomson, O'Connor, and some other golfers as British PGA wins. I knew it wasn't perfect but I thought it was an improvement as the titles previously were wildly WP:OR (i.e. Important Wins, Significant European Wins, etc.). I was just trying to make simple improvements but had no special knowledge of this era. If we are unable to determine what tournaments were part of the British OoM during this era we should probably give up with idea of integrating the tables. In addition, the titles of these tables should probably change. Oogglywoogly (talk) 22:10, 18 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly Tours navbox Putting LIV under the Asian Tour is a bit misleading as the relationship is more the other way round. If anything, I'd be tempted to move LIV into principal tours. wjematherplease leave a message... 13:30, 5 May 2023 (UTC) Yeah fair enough. I wouldn’t be opposed to that suggestion. Either that or the current revision sits fine with me. Jimmymci234 (talk) 13:38, 5 May 2023 (UTC) Tennis scores On second thought I think they need an en dash because they're a sequence. Tony (talk) 07:19, 16 June 2023 (UTC) @Tony1 Tennis??? Dale Whitnell is a golfer. But anyway, I have discussed this on my talk page before re Viktor Hovland (above). The reason given was that I believe the script picks up the scores and assumes they are ranges between numbers as per MOS:HYPHEN. However the scores are not a "range between numbers", and therefore the hyphens are the consensus to be used. It has also been discussed here Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Golf/Archive 13#Hyphen or endash in summary scores. Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:49, 16 June 2023 (UTC) 2007 Japan Golf Tour Hey Jimmy, about the last edit on the 2007 Japan Golf Tour article, shouldn't the citation be near the supported text per WP:INTEXT and MOS:CITEPUNCT? Like, if the citation's purpose is to support who won first prize I think it should go beside the player's name. My reversion in particular was because the citation looks like it's supporting the "The money list was based on prize money..." statement, especially because there's no specific quote about that in said reference (also, I didn't check all the other articles about Golf Tour, but they seem to have this very same "problem" in the prize money section). I'll go ahead and add a quote of the source to the citation, as well as move it to the table below for the moment. NicoSkater97 (let's talk!) 01:25, 30 June 2023 (UTC) Hi Nico, the reason why that source was added as I mentioned before was just for additional citations that Taniguchi won the money list. It’s probably not the end of the world to not have it there as this is already supported by the citation of the money list rankings. The reason I placed it beside the sentence was, to me it was like extra validation of the money list rankings, but that source is probably not the best example of that. If at this point you feel it would be better to remove that ref, then I am not against that. Thanks Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:02, 30 June 2023 (UTC) Invitation Hello Jimmymci234! The New Pages Patrol is currently struggling to keep up with the influx of new articles needing review. We could use a few extra hands to help. We think that someone with your activity and experience is very likely to meet the guidelines for granting. Reviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time, but it requires a strong understanding of Wikipedia’s CSD policy and notability guidelines. Kindly read the tutorial before making your decision, and feel free to post on the project talk page with questions. If patrolling new pages is something you'd be willing to help out with, please consider applying here. Thank you for your consideration. We hope to see you around! Sent by Zippybonzo using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 07:50, 21 July 2023 (UTC) Challenge Tour rankings Just so you know, the Challenge Tour rankings for past seasons that appear on the European Tour website aren't always reliable (usually due to errors in which results are included). I think the errors may have been introduced with the 2019 redesign, but I'm not positive. If possible, an archived version should be used as a reference. pʰeːnuːmuː →‎ pʰiːnyːmyː → ‎ɸinimi → ‎fiɲimi 17:53, 30 August 2023 (UTC) @Phinumu: Yes, I have noticed that too. I am trying to include archived versions of the rankings from the wayback machine where possible. Only using the current web version if no archives available. Jimmymci234 (talk) 17:54, 30 August 2023 (UTC) It's pretty annoying when the best source for something is old revisions of a Wikipedia article. I sent an email to the tour a few weeks ago but never heard back. pʰeːnuːmuː →‎ pʰiːnyːmyː → ‎ɸinimi → ‎fiɲimi 18:17, 30 August 2023 (UTC) @Phinumu: If they gave us more info about the 1989 season would be very helpful too. Jimmymci234 (talk) 18:21, 30 August 2023 (UTC) 1979–80 Southern Africa Tour Hi Jimmy, Thank you for the recent edits to the Southern Africa Tour pages I recently published. I have a couple minor issues with edits you made for the 1979–80 Southern Africa Tour page. First off, you denoted the nationality of Simon Hobday as South African. I brought this up recently on the talk page of User:Nigej. This should almost certainly change to Rhodesia (or whatever the country was called at the time) as Hobday did not move to South Africa until 1981 according to this link. Also, you put an (n/a) next to Faldo's win implying that he wasn't ever a member of the Southern Africa tour. However, according to this link he was fourth on the Order of Merit in late 1979. We should probably put the win total next to his name. Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 04:42, 20 September 2023 (UTC) Amended re Faldo. Will wait for further confirmation regarding Hobday's sporting nationality. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:08, 20 September 2023 (UTC) According to this 1981 link here he "quit Zimbabwe earlier this year to settle in South Africa." Oogglywoogly (talk) 05:20, 22 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly @Oogglywoogly: Yes, but this source might be referring more to his residence (I don’t have a newspapers.com subscription so can’t see). If he was born in South Africa and lived there for most of his career then he might have always represented them in golf, irregardless of living in Zimbabwe at one point. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:10, 22 September 2023 (UTC) I just did a search re: Hobday's nationality in the 1970s. The most illuminating evidence may be here from this 1977 source which states he changed nationalities from Rhodesia to South Africa that year. This seems to make sense as all of the pre-1977 sources I found say he is from Rhodesia. For example in 1974 and 1975 and 1976 it all says "Rhodesia." (I found a lot more sources than this too.) Meanwhile I have some 1977 sources that say he represented South Africa. Please let me know your thoughts. Oogglywoogly (talk) 03:19, 25 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly Ok that seems pretty clear cut. Let’s go with that. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:00, 25 September 2023 (UTC) Ok thanks for the go-ahead. I will change Hobday's flag on his page and relevant tournament pages. In addition, I know you're not a newspapers.com subscriber so I made sure to clip all the links above. Oogglywoogly (talk) 18:37, 27 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly Southern Africa Tour edits Hi Jimmy, Thank you for your edits on the recent Southern African Tour seasonal calendars. I have a few questions, though, about some of your edits. You are using the 1971-1972 season as the first year for the Southern African Tour. I assume this is from the sandbox of User:Wjemather and his factfinder book. But I believe this source is flimsy. Meanwhile, the actual tour's website implies on the drop down that the tour started during the 1965-66 season. What are your thoughts? You deleted the majority of my intros for one of the pages. I followed your lead and have not produced additional intros (other than the opening sentence). However, I think the all intros should have a little than a sentence, right? Not sure what you think. I know this a minor thing but you have slightly changed the titles of some events. For example, you changed the "Datsun SA Open" to "Datsun South African Open" and the "Lexington PGA" to "Lexington PGA Championship." Again, I know this is a minor thing and it may be easier for the reader if we type out the full name. But nonetheless I think it is better if we are completely faithful to the tour's website and maintain the precise official names for their events. Please let me know your thoughts. Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 03:36, 25 September 2023 (UTC) There are multiple sources that state the Order of Merit as starting in 1971. Of course, several tournaments pre-date this but whatever "tour" there was, wasn't formally organised as such. The TIC is incomplete (until a few years ago, it only went back as far as the FNB Tour days; then it was extended back a few years further, and recently beyond the first OoM to the start of the SA PGA although with zero detail) and should not be followed blindly; other independent sources are often better as they are generally immune from modern tour revisionism. The TIC also does not imply anything about 1965-66 other than there were tournaments in SA that year (although it doesn't list any). wjematherplease leave a message... 06:48, 25 September 2023 (UTC) Hi User: Wjemather, thank you for the response. I'm a bit baffled that the tour would extend its drop down to the 1965 season but, as you say, there is no detail for this era. Given what you say, let's maintain the 71-72 date as the starting point of the tour. Oogglywoogly (talk) 18:44, 27 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly Hi. Could you please cite your source(s) for the Orders of Merit? E.g. 1987–88 Southern Africa Tour where the source given only confirms Johnstone as the winner (not the remainder of the list) and his money earned is 1R more than the source. Thanks. wjematherplease leave a message... 20:23, 4 October 2023 (UTC) It’s totalled by using the leaderboard reports. Would be easier if the TIC produced the OoM which they have since 1992, rather than having to calculate it manually. Jimmymci234 (talk) 21:16, 4 October 2023 (UTC) opening sentences for Southern Africa Tour pages I have noticed that you have deleted a lot of my prose from the calendars. Some of it I am ok with but your deletions of a lot of the opening sentences don't sit well with me. For example, let's look at the 1985–86 Southern Africa Tour. I created two paragraphs. The first was one about David Frost's early success where he recorded runner-up finishes at the first five tournaments and then won the next one. The second paragraph was about Fulton Allem and Mark McNulty dominating the rest of the year as they finished in first or second place at nearly every closing event. You deleted the opening sentences and chopped everything up. To me, it just doesn't look good. I suspect you think my opening sentences were "flowery" or "WP:OR" and maybe they were a little. But right now I think we need a little more prose to create coherence for these paragraphs. The prose section for just about all of these pages seem like a mindless replication of the table beneath it. Best, Oogglywoogly (talk) 02:49, 5 October 2023 (UTC) @Oogglywoogly: The season outline section is only supposed to be a short synopsis/summary of the most significant results/performances during the season. If it only leads to a replication of the tournament results, then maybe the section is best left omitted. Maybe a better idea to add prose in the articles would be to have a changes section instead. Could have info about new tournaments, changes of venues, purse increases etc. Rather than merely replicating the results table in prose. Anything I removed/adjusted was in good faith, as a lot of the prose you had written felt trivial in context to the whole section. There was a lot of flowery language, as well as wording which mirrored the newspaper reports which basically doesn’t reflect a NPOV. Also your citation ares still an issue, as I have had to go into each article and amend each citation with formatting and missing details. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:21, 5 October 2023 (UTC) Hi Jimmy, Apologies for the late response. Yeah, some of the language I quoted from newspaper articles probably violated WP:FLOWERY and WP:NPOV and it was a good thing you made changes. I have to say I firmly disagree with you about potentially "omitting" the prose though. In my mind, the prose is the most important part of the page and other parts of the page (e.g. infobox, tables) are supposed to be a replication of the prose, right? Also, I would add information about fundamental changes to the yearly tour (i.e. moving courses, sponsorship changes, purse increases) but that never comes up in reliable third-party sources. Anyway, I just made some changes to 1985–86 Southern Africa Tour page. Please let me know what you think. Hopefully, this is a good compromise between our ideas. Also, if User: Wjemather has any opinions about how to improve these pages they are welcome. Sincerely, Oogglywoogly (talk) 19:41, 26 October 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly @Oogglywoogly: I still see that the citation formatting is going to have to be fixed however. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:06, 27 October 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:46, 28 November 2023 (UTC) SA intros I saw your message last week. I am sorry if I irritated you or others with my "prompts" but I still feel strongly that the intros for the Southern Africa Tour should be in the Intro section. According to the Manual of Style, "The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic." In addition it states, "All but the shortest articles should start with introductory text (the 'lead'), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more." It clearly should be more than a sentence long. I believe a big reason you think the intro should be a stock, singular sentence is because that's the way it is on a lot of the other seasonal pages. But on these pages (e.g. 1974 European Tour, 2004 Alps Tour) there is almost no prose to summarize. For South Africa, we have a lot. So I stand by what I said earlier and think my reasoning is completely logical. Regards, Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:29, 8 December 2023 (UTC) 1974 City of Cairns Open In 1974, Randall Vines won the City of Cairns Open. However, we haven't integrated this win into win PGA Tour of Australia wins table. According to the sandbox of User:Wjemather there is a good chance it was part of the tour that year. What are your thoughts? Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 22:38, 25 December 2023 (UTC) Yeah go for it. Jimmymci234 (talk) 22:43, 25 December 2023 (UTC) Thanks for the response. I added the win to Vines' table. However, I only have a secondary source for the win with few details. I have scoured the search engines for more but to no avail. Not sure if you know anything about about that year's event. Oogglywoogly (talk) 17:51, 26 December 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly I have sent you a note about a page you started Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2024 Nordic Golf League. SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments: Hello my friend! Good day to you. Thanks for creating the article, I have marked it as reviewed. Have a blessed day! To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) ✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 09:09, 2 January 2024 (UTC) I have sent you a note about a page you started Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on David Micheluzzi. Lightburst, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments: Thanks for creating the article, I have marked it as reviewed. To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|Lightburst}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) Lightburst (talk) 16:00, 7 January 2024 (UTC) Mini-tour seasons Hi. I was thinking that mini-tour seasons may be better split into separate articles, e.g. Gateway Tour seasons, rather than flooding the main article with masses of tables, like eGolf Professional Tour currently is (and it's missing a few, e.g. the West & Florida series). What are your thoughts? wjematherplease leave a message... 21:04, 9 January 2024 (UTC) @Wjemather: Yes, that would be a good idea! I think in general, any tour articles which currently have the season tables laid out within the main article should be moved to a separate article (as you mentioned above) unless the tour only lasted a few seasons e.g. Forme Tour, LocaliQ Series etc. Jimmymci234 (talk) 21:13, 9 January 2024 (UTC) Indeed. It will only be necessary/desirable when the volume of tables is overtaking the rest of the article. wjematherplease leave a message... 21:18, 9 January 2024 (UTC) Jim Rutledge's wins tables Jim Rutledge won the 2006 ING New Zealand PGA Championship co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia and the Nationwide Tour. However, according to his Wiki page and OWGR page there is no good evidence that he was ever a member of the Australian Tour. The Australian Tour table should probably go. Thoughts? Oogglywoogly (talk) 20:59, 18 January 2024 (UTC) @Oogglywoogly: Yep makes sense. Jimmymci234 (talk) 22:55, 18 January 2024 (UTC) Ok made the necessary changes. Oogglywoogly (talk) 21:24, 19 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly 2024 Alps Tour moved to draftspace Thanks for your contributions to 2024 Alps Tour. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it needs more sources to establish notability. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while. Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. Significa liberdade (she/her) (talk) 13:54, 20 January 2024 (UTC) Manny Zerman's sporting nationality I noticed you reverted the edits related to this topic on the page of Jim Rutledge. On his OWGR page it does have the Italian flag. However, on PGA Tour.com it currently says "American." For some major championship pages it says "South African." For our 1992 Masters Tournament page we have "South African." Also, on the tour's 2000 media guide it references the South African flag on that year's British Open results page. Not sure what you make of this? Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 01:21, 21 January 2024 (UTC) @Oogglywoogly: Yes it's maybe a bit messy, but the tournament in question was noting him as Italian, supported by this source: Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:40, 21 January 2024 (UTC) There you have it - stated boldly in the headline, in fact. Thank you for the source too; I intend to create a page for Mr. Zerman soon and will probably use it. Regards, Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:23, 29 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly Disambiguation link notification for January 25 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Jeremy Paul (golfer), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Scottsdale. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 13:37, 25 January 2024 (UTC) Multiple winners section I posted about this issue on the main talk page about two weeks ago but no one responded. I am bringing this up directly with you as you work on a lot of tournament pages. We have these Multiple winners section on a lot of tournament pages (e.g. South African Open, St. Jude Classic). To me, they seem extraneous as the amount of wins is already denoted in parentheses in the Winners table. I think all of these sections should be deleted. What are your thoughts? Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:28, 29 January 2024 (UTC) @Oogglywoogly: Yes I don’t have an issue with them being removed. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:59, 29 January 2024 (UTC) Thanks for the response. I will begin deleting this section. If you see any others out there just delete them. Oogglywoogly (talk) 00:21, 31 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly February 2024 Please do not use styles that are nonstandard, unusual, inappropriate or difficult to understand in articles, as you did in Arnold Palmer. There is a Manual of Style, and edits should not deliberately go against it without special reason. Thank you. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 12:02, 2 February 2024 (UTC) @Neveselbert: Please provide info on what edits violated the MOS in particular? Jimmymci234 (talk) 12:39, 2 February 2024 (UTC) MOS:PLAINLIST, for one. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 17:03, 2 February 2024 (UTC) Notelist Beat me to it! wjematherplease leave a message... 11:48, 6 February 2024 (UTC) Denwit Boriboonsub Can you please add the source for his date of birth? Thanks wjematherplease leave a message... 19:56, 18 February 2024 (UTC) @Wjemather: ET profile. Jimmymci234 (talk) 20:12, 18 February 2024 (UTC) Ecuador Open 2019 Given Rafael Ponce would be in his mid-50s in 2019 (and apparently has a chronic back problem ), and it's not an uncommon name, do you have a source to confirm Rafael Clemente Miranda Ponce is the same person? If not, I think it's best reverted. Thanks. wjematherplease leave a message... 15:13, 22 February 2024 (UTC) Yes fair enough. Just assumed they were the same. Will revert. Jimmymci234 (talk) 15:17, 22 February 2024 (UTC) 1972–73 New Zealand Golf Circuit Hello! I've marked this article as reviewed through WP:NPP, but I notice it's quite sparse. When creating articles like this, it's helpful to sort them with stub templates until they're expanded. If all of the articles are of a similar size, I strongly recommend merging them into a larger page such as New Zealand Golf Circuit. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 00:19, 29 February 2024 (UTC) New Zealand Golf Circuit seasonal pages Hi Jimmy, Thank you for your recent work creating seasonal pages for the New Zealand Golf Circuit. However, could you please copy and paste the prose from the original page? We desperately need more prose for these pages; I believe User:Nigej created some prose for with season-by-season details. Even if it's paltry it's better than nothing. Thanks, Oogglywoogly (talk) 00:12, 1 March 2024 (UTC) @Oogglywoogly: Bar the inaugural season (which I copied across). Most of the prose was only like 1 introductory sentence. Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:07, 1 March 2024 (UTC) Ok thanks for letting me know. Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:33, 6 March 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly I have sent you a note about a page you started Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2006 Tour de las Américas. SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments: Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family! To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) ✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 11:47, 23 March 2024 (UTC) I have sent you a note about a page you started Hi Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2001 Canadian Tour. Another editor, SunDawn, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment: Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family! To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) ✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 07:40, 1 May 2024 (UTC) I have sent you a note about a page you started Hi Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2024 Professional Golf of Malaysia Tour. Another editor, SunDawn, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment: Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family! To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) ✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 03:25, 6 May 2024 (UTC) Putting "Other wins" subsection beneath related tour Hi Jimmy, On the page of Peter Thomson I recently placed his "Other wins" subsections beneath the related tour tables. In general, I usually support lumping all of these wins under one big "Other wins" subsection. But for golfers like Thomson and some others (e.g. Graham Marsh, David Graham) who won all over the place it might make more sense to do it this alternative way. What are your thoughts? Oogglywoogly (talk) 02:44, 11 June 2024 (UTC) US Open Purse Hello! Don't mean to bother you on your talk page; I noticed you changed the US Open Purse and winners share. By chance, did you see this from the PGAT website? It shows a $20M purse and within the article states the $3.9M goes to the winner. Let me know if I'm seeing something wrong or maybe it was updated. Thanks! SPF121188 (talk this way) (my edits) 15:32, 12 June 2024 (UTC) @Spf121188: This Jimmymci234 (talk) 15:37, 12 June 2024 (UTC) Thanks for that! I've reverted my previous edits to reflect this reference. SPF121188 (talk this way) (my edits) 15:41, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitzpatrick wins 2020 DP World Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fitzpatrick_wins_2020_DP_World_Tour_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures"},{"link_name":"Klaysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Klaysaurus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Klaysaurus#top"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Klaysaurus"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html"},{"link_name":"Nigej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nigej"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Nigej"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"31.200.144.185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/31.200.144.185"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:31.200.144.185&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Roger Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chapman_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Neil Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Broadhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broadhurst"},{"link_name":"Richard Boxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boxall"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"Malcolm MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Padraig Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padraig_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Tim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Clark_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Darren Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Luke Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Donald"},{"link_name":"Xander Schauffele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Schauffele"},{"link_name":"Sam Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Burns"},{"link_name":"31.200.144.185","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/31.200.144.185"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:31.200.144.185&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Peter Thomson (golfer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"W.D. & H.O. Wills Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.D._%26_H.O._Wills_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Christy O'Connor Snr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_O%27Connor_Snr"},{"link_name":"Carroll's International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%27s_International"},{"link_name":"User:Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"WP:RECENTISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RECENTISM"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:Wjemather/PGA Tour#Most wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather/PGA_Tour#Most_wins"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User: Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony1"},{"link_name":"(talk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tony1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Tony1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony1"},{"link_name":"MOS:HYPHEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:HYPHEN"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Golf/Archive 13#Hyphen or endash in summary scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Golf/Archive_13#Hyphen_or_endash_in_summary_scores"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"2007 Japan Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Japan_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"WP:INTEXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT"},{"link_name":"MOS:CITEPUNCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:CITEPUNCT"},{"link_name":"NicoSkater97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NicoSkater97"},{"link_name":"let's talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NicoSkater97"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NicoSkater97"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg"},{"link_name":"New Pages Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"guidelines for granting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Guidelines_for_granting"},{"link_name":"the tutorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"project talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:NPPR"},{"link_name":"applying here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PERM/NPP"},{"link_name":"Zippybonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zippybonzo"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"pʰeːnuːmuː","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"pʰiːnyːmyː","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"ɸinimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Phinumu"},{"link_name":"fiɲimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Phinumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"pʰeːnuːmuː","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"pʰiːnyːmyː","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"ɸinimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Phinumu"},{"link_name":"fiɲimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Phinumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phinumu"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"1979–80 Southern Africa Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Southern_Africa_Tour"},{"link_name":"Simon Hobday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Hobday"},{"link_name":"User:Nigej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nigej"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/750904789/?terms=hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/750873315/?match=1"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/750904789/?match=1&clipping%20id=132215529"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/259601782/?terms=hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/911050128/?terms=hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/908726305/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/721833506/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"some","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/939624273/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/931390007/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"User:Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sunshinetour.info/tic/tmtic.cgi?ticformat=4~archives=y~season=166S~style=00~groupties=Y~pr=N~textout=N~bordersize=1~fontsize=*~winfocus=Y~"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User: Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"1987–88 Southern Africa Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Southern_Africa_Tour"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"1985–86 Southern Africa Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Southern_Africa_Tour"},{"link_name":"David Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Fulton Allem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_Allem"},{"link_name":"Mark McNulty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McNulty"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"WP:FLOWERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FLOWERY"},{"link_name":"WP:NPOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV"},{"link_name":"1985–86 Southern Africa Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Southern_Africa_Tour"},{"link_name":"User: Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2023"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/806"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa_Tour"},{"link_name":"the Manual of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section"},{"link_name":"introductory text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#First_sentence"},{"link_name":"1974 European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"2004 Alps Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Alps_Tour"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"Randall Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Vines"},{"link_name":"City of Cairns Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Cairns_Open"},{"link_name":"User:Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"2024 Nordic Golf League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Nordic_Golf_League"},{"link_name":"SunDawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"page curation process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"Page Curation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help"},{"link_name":"✠ SunDawn ✠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"(contact)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"David Micheluzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Micheluzzi"},{"link_name":"Lightburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lightburst"},{"link_name":"page curation process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"Page Curation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help"},{"link_name":"Lightburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lightburst"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lightburst"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"Gateway Tour seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Tour_seasons"},{"link_name":"eGolf Professional Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGolf_Professional_Tour"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Forme Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forme_Tour"},{"link_name":"LocaliQ Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LocaliQ_Series"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Jim Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"ING New Zealand PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ING_New_Zealand_PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"OWGR page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.owgr.com/playerprofile/666"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"2024 Alps Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:2024_Alps_Tour"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"2024 Alps Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:2024_Alps_Tour"},{"link_name":"Help:Unreviewed new page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Unreviewed_new_page"},{"link_name":"Significa liberdade (she/her)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Significa_liberdade"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Significa_liberdade"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"Jim Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"OWGR page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.owgr.com/playerprofile/manuel-zerman-5006"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pgatour.com/player/08681/manny-zerman"},{"link_name":"1992 Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2000 media guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/static-assets/page/files/tours/2022/pgatour/theopenchampionship/eventMediaGuide/2022%20Media%20Guide.pdf"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=oZUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4161%2C850577"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Paul (golfer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale"},{"link_name":"Opt-out instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"DPL bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"South African Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"St. Jude Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jude_Classic"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Manual of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style"},{"link_name":"Neveselbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"Neveselbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"MOS:PLAINLIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:PLAINLIST"},{"link_name":"Neveselbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elcomercio.com/deportes/rafaelponce-ecuador-golf-quito-pga.html"},{"link_name":"wjemather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"please leave a message...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wjemather"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"WP:NPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Golf Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Golf_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Thebiguglyalien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Thebiguglyalien"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Thebiguglyalien"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Golf Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Golf_Circuit"},{"link_name":"User:Nigej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nigej"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"2006 Tour de las Américas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Tour_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas"},{"link_name":"SunDawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"page curation process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPP"},{"link_name":"Page Curation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help"},{"link_name":"✠ SunDawn ✠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"(contact)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"2001 Canadian Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Tour"},{"link_name":"SunDawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"new pages patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol"},{"link_name":"Page Curation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help"},{"link_name":"✠ SunDawn ✠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"(contact)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"2024 Professional Golf of Malaysia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Professional_Golf_of_Malaysia_Tour"},{"link_name":"SunDawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"new pages patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol"},{"link_name":"Page Curation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Help"},{"link_name":"✠ SunDawn ✠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"(contact)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SunDawn"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"Peter Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Graham Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Marsh"},{"link_name":"David Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Oogglywoogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Oogglywoogly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimmymci234&action=edit&section=34"},{"link_name":"this","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pgatour.com/article/news/latest/2024/06/10/purse-breakdown-u-s-open-pinehurst-2-prize-money-payouts-how-much-earn-major-championship"},{"link_name":"SPF121188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Spf121188"},{"link_name":"(talk this way)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Spf121188"},{"link_name":"(my edits)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Spf121188"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Spf121188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Spf121188"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/06/12/2024-us-open-purse-record-prize-money-pinehurst/"},{"link_name":"Jimmymci234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jimmymci234"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"SPF121188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Spf121188"},{"link_name":"(talk this way)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Spf121188"},{"link_name":"(my edits)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Spf121188"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Fitzpatrick wins 2020 DP World Tour Championship [edit]No need to cry cause you couldn't edit the win first. Try next time. As I already mentioned at the beginning, Tournament was done kid. Did I say 'CHEERS'?!! ;) lolFair play big guy, you obviously 'knew' what you were doing, even though you weren't able to predict the winning score. I might not always win, I can accept that. But you sir, you will always be a twat. Enjoy the rest of your day. :) Jimmymci234 (talk) 12:26, 13 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]\"CHEERS\" LMFAO.. Eat it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klaysaurus (talk • contribs) 12:30, 13 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]European Senior Tour playoffs[edit]There is an archive on WayBackMachine of a page on the old European Tour website (before they \"improved\" it) https://web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html Might be of interest to you. I don't think the old site ever had more details (eg length of playoff, etc.), at least not in a complete way. Might have been mentioned in news articles. Nigej (talk) 19:42, 4 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]Thanks Nige. I’ve had a quick look around for news articles but there doesn’t seem to be too many. Just trying and fill in as many boxes as I possibly can! It's the same problem with the Challenge Tour. Jimmymci234 (talk) 19:45, 4 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]JP McManus Pro-Am[edit]Hello Jimmy how are you doing ?. I am wondering can you create a homepage for the above event. I have the winners and runner-ups up for the six staging of the tournaments. I think it would be a welcome addition to be added. Is that ok ?. Thanks 31.200.144.185 (talk) 09:17, 11 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Sure will have a look into creating one when I get a chance. Go ahead and send me the winners and runner-ups, that will save me some time scrambling around the internet trying to find them! Jimmymci234 (talk) 09:20, 11 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]\nWinners - Runners-up\n1990 Roger Chapman – Neil Hanson (I could not give much info on this)\n1995 Paul Broadhurst and Richard Boxall (Shared the title) again no scoring info\n2000 Tiger Woods -12 (64-68=132) won by 6 strokes – Malcolm MacKenzie\n2005 Padraig Harrington -14 (67-63=130) won by 6 strokes – Tim Clark\n2010 Darren Clarke -3 (73-68=141) won by 1 stroke – Luke Donald\n2022 Xander Schauffele -10 (64-70=134) won by 1 stroke – Sam BurnsIs that ok Jimmy a lot of info there not bad ?. 31.200.144.185 (talk) 09:38, 11 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Yes thanks for that! Jimmymci234 (talk) 10:29, 11 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Done. Jimmymci234 (talk) 14:28, 13 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]merging some of Thomson's and O'Connor's wins tables[edit]Late in their careers Peter Thomson (golfer) won the 1972 W.D. & H.O. Wills Tournament and Christy O'Connor Snr won the 1972 Carroll's International. It was their last wins on the British PGA circuit and their only wins that were retroactively classified as European Tour wins. So right now we have these isolated European Tour tables for these wins. However, I think it looks disjointed and I think it would look better if we deleted this table and integrated these wins with their British PGA circuit tables. We could still include a footnote stating \"retroactively classified a European Tour win in 1979\" to respect the ET designation.Also, I would like to know what User:Wjemather thinks about this as he probably knows more about the British circuit than anyone on WP:Golf.Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 21:02, 15 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Personally I’m happy with the way it is currently. Both golfers would still have played events on the modern European Tour, so to take that designation away from them is unjust. If you wanted to add the win into the British PGA table and add a note etc, that would make more sense than deleting the ET wins table. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:52, 16 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]I still don't think it would be \"unjust\" as we would note that it was a European Tour win too with the superscript. In addition, I feel that the British PGA designation is more honest because these events were actually part of this organization. (The ET designation, meanwhile, is the result of some revisionist historians in 1979.) The rule WP:RECENTISM may be applicable here too.Oogglywoogly (talk) 15:32, 17 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]As I've said before (somewhere), I think it's probably best to have known tour wins in their sub-sections and simply lump all other wins together. Attempting to split them is just too messy. Even \"British PGA circuit wins\" is fraught with problems as there were plenty of events that were not sanctioned (in today's terminology) by the PGA, or were sub-national events, and we have the issue of what did or did not count towards the order of merit, records of which even the PGA are unlikely to still have. There are similar issues with trying to classify \"continental circuit wins\".With regards to revisionism, the PGA Tour is an absolute rabbit hole that no-one should want to go down (see User:Wjemather/PGA Tour#Most wins for an illustration of the effect of their successive reclassifications). Thankfully the European Tour did not embark on the same exercise and go all the way back to 1901. wjematherplease leave a message... 16:04, 17 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi User: Wjemather,In general, yes, this is a messy issue but I thought this era would be easier. I thought the European Tour reliably retroactively classified all events that were part of the Britsh PGA's Order of Merit from 1972-78. If this is true, I think we should include Thomson's and O'Conner's 1972 wins as part of the British PGA table with the ET superscript. On the other hand, if we cannot reliably determine that these tournaments were part of the British PGA then we should maintain the status quo. Please let me know your thoughts.Oogglywoogly (talk) 20:42, 17 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]But do we have sources for British PGA circuit Order of Merit counting events pre-1972? We certainly do for some years, but I strongly suspect not all. This becomes an even bigger problem if you are looking to separate OoM counting events from non-counting events. As I say, trying to separate wins beyond what is officially recognised by the modern tours opens up giant cans of worms for which we simply don't have the necessary sources to resolve satisfactorily. wjematherplease leave a message... 23:15, 17 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]I have no clue if we have sources for the British PGA. I included you in this conversation because you seem to know more about the British PGA than anyone else. I did recently re-classify the European wins tables of Thomson, O'Connor, and some other golfers as British PGA wins. I knew it wasn't perfect but I thought it was an improvement as the titles previously were wildly WP:OR (i.e. Important Wins, Significant European Wins, etc.). I was just trying to make simple improvements but had no special knowledge of this era.If we are unable to determine what tournaments were part of the British OoM during this era we should probably give up with idea of integrating the tables. In addition, the titles of these tables should probably change.Oogglywoogly (talk) 22:10, 18 April 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]Tours navbox[edit]Putting LIV under the Asian Tour is a bit misleading as the relationship is more the other way round. If anything, I'd be tempted to move LIV into principal tours. wjematherplease leave a message... 13:30, 5 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Yeah fair enough. I wouldn’t be opposed to that suggestion. Either that or the current revision sits fine with me. Jimmymci234 (talk) 13:38, 5 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Tennis scores[edit]On second thought I think they need an en dash because they're a sequence. Tony (talk) 07:19, 16 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]@Tony1 Tennis??? Dale Whitnell is a golfer. But anyway, I have discussed this on my talk page before re Viktor Hovland (above). The reason given was that I believe the script picks up the scores and assumes they are ranges between numbers as per MOS:HYPHEN. However the scores are not a \"range between numbers\", and therefore the hyphens are the consensus to be used. It has also been discussed here Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Golf/Archive 13#Hyphen or endash in summary scores. Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:49, 16 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]2007 Japan Golf Tour[edit]Hey Jimmy, about the last edit on the 2007 Japan Golf Tour article, shouldn't the citation be near the supported text per WP:INTEXT and MOS:CITEPUNCT? Like, if the citation's purpose is to support who won first prize I think it should go beside the player's name. My reversion in particular was because the citation looks like it's supporting the \"The money list was based on prize money...\" statement, especially because there's no specific quote about that in said reference (also, I didn't check all the other articles about Golf Tour, but they seem to have this very same \"problem\" in the prize money section). I'll go ahead and add a quote of the source to the citation, as well as move it to the table below for the moment. NicoSkater97 (let's talk!) 01:25, 30 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi Nico, the reason why that source was added as I mentioned before was just for additional citations that Taniguchi won the money list. It’s probably not the end of the world to not have it there as this is already supported by the citation of the money list rankings. The reason I placed it beside the sentence was, to me it was like extra validation of the money list rankings, but that source is probably not the best example of that. If at this point you feel it would be better to remove that ref, then I am not against that. Thanks Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:02, 30 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Invitation[edit]Hello Jimmymci234!\n\nThe New Pages Patrol is currently struggling to keep up with the influx of new articles needing review. We could use a few extra hands to help.\nWe think that someone with your activity and experience is very likely to meet the guidelines for granting.\nReviewing/patrolling a page doesn't take much time, but it requires a strong understanding of Wikipedia’s CSD policy and notability guidelines.\nKindly read the tutorial before making your decision, and feel free to post on the project talk page with questions.\nIf patrolling new pages is something you'd be willing to help out with, please consider applying here.\nThank you for your consideration. We hope to see you around!Sent by Zippybonzo using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) at 07:50, 21 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Challenge Tour rankings[edit]Just so you know, the Challenge Tour rankings for past seasons that appear on the European Tour website aren't always reliable (usually due to errors in which results are included). I think the errors may have been introduced with the 2019 redesign, but I'm not positive. If possible, an archived version should be used as a reference. pʰeːnuːmuː →‎ pʰiːnyːmyː → ‎ɸinimi → ‎fiɲimi 17:53, 30 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]@Phinumu: Yes, I have noticed that too. I am trying to include archived versions of the rankings from the wayback machine where possible. Only using the current web version if no archives available. Jimmymci234 (talk) 17:54, 30 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nIt's pretty annoying when the best source for something is old revisions of a Wikipedia article. I sent an email to the tour a few weeks ago but never heard back. pʰeːnuːmuː →‎ pʰiːnyːmyː → ‎ɸinimi → ‎fiɲimi 18:17, 30 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Phinumu: If they gave us more info about the 1989 season would be very helpful too. Jimmymci234 (talk) 18:21, 30 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]1979–80 Southern Africa Tour[edit]Hi Jimmy,Thank you for the recent edits to the Southern Africa Tour pages I recently published. I have a couple minor issues with edits you made for the 1979–80 Southern Africa Tour page.First off, you denoted the nationality of Simon Hobday as South African. I brought this up recently on the talk page of User:Nigej. This should almost certainly change to Rhodesia (or whatever the country was called at the time) as Hobday did not move to South Africa until 1981 according to this link. Also, you put an (n/a) next to Faldo's win implying that he wasn't ever a member of the Southern Africa tour. However, according to this link he was fourth on the Order of Merit in late 1979. We should probably put the win total next to his name.Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 04:42, 20 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Amended re Faldo. Will wait for further confirmation regarding Hobday's sporting nationality. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:08, 20 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]According to this 1981 link here he \"quit Zimbabwe earlier this year to settle in South Africa.\"Oogglywoogly (talk) 05:20, 22 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]\n@Oogglywoogly: Yes, but this source might be referring more to his residence (I don’t have a newspapers.com subscription so can’t see). If he was born in South Africa and lived there for most of his career then he might have always represented them in golf, irregardless of living in Zimbabwe at one point. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:10, 22 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]I just did a search re: Hobday's nationality in the 1970s. The most illuminating evidence may be here from this 1977 source which states he changed nationalities from Rhodesia to South Africa that year. This seems to make sense as all of the pre-1977 sources I found say he is from Rhodesia. For example in 1974 and 1975 and 1976 it all says \"Rhodesia.\" (I found a lot more sources than this too.) Meanwhile I have some 1977 sources that say he represented South Africa. Please let me know your thoughts.Oogglywoogly (talk) 03:19, 25 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]Ok that seems pretty clear cut. Let’s go with that. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:00, 25 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Ok thanks for the go-ahead. I will change Hobday's flag on his page and relevant tournament pages. In addition, I know you're not a newspapers.com subscriber so I made sure to clip all the links above.Oogglywoogly (talk) 18:37, 27 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]Southern Africa Tour edits[edit]Hi Jimmy,Thank you for your edits on the recent Southern African Tour seasonal calendars. I have a few questions, though, about some of your edits.You are using the 1971-1972 season as the first year for the Southern African Tour. I assume this is from the sandbox of User:Wjemather and his factfinder book. But I believe this source is flimsy. Meanwhile, the actual tour's website implies on the drop down that the tour started during the 1965-66 season. What are your thoughts?\nYou deleted the majority of my intros for one of the pages. I followed your lead and have not produced additional intros (other than the opening sentence). However, I think the all intros should have a little than a sentence, right? Not sure what you think.\nI know this a minor thing but you have slightly changed the titles of some events. For example, you changed the \"Datsun SA Open\" to \"Datsun South African Open\" and the \"Lexington PGA\" to \"Lexington PGA Championship.\" Again, I know this is a minor thing and it may be easier for the reader if we type out the full name. But nonetheless I think it is better if we are completely faithful to the tour's website and maintain the precise official names for their events.Please let me know your thoughts.Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 03:36, 25 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]There are multiple sources that state the Order of Merit as starting in 1971. Of course, several tournaments pre-date this but whatever \"tour\" there was, wasn't formally organised as such. The TIC is incomplete (until a few years ago, it only went back as far as the FNB Tour days; then it was extended back a few years further, and recently beyond the first OoM to the start of the SA PGA although with zero detail) and should not be followed blindly; other independent sources are often better as they are generally immune from modern tour revisionism. The TIC also does not imply anything about 1965-66 other than there were tournaments in SA that year (although it doesn't list any). wjematherplease leave a message... 06:48, 25 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi User: Wjemather, thank you for the response. I'm a bit baffled that the tour would extend its drop down to the 1965 season but, as you say, there is no detail for this era. Given what you say, let's maintain the 71-72 date as the starting point of the tour.Oogglywoogly (talk) 18:44, 27 September 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]Hi. Could you please cite your source(s) for the Orders of Merit? E.g. 1987–88 Southern Africa Tour where the source given only confirms Johnstone as the winner (not the remainder of the list) and his money earned is 1R more than the source. Thanks. wjematherplease leave a message... 20:23, 4 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nIt’s totalled by using the leaderboard reports. Would be easier if the TIC produced the OoM which they have since 1992, rather than having to calculate it manually. Jimmymci234 (talk) 21:16, 4 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]opening sentences for Southern Africa Tour pages[edit]I have noticed that you have deleted a lot of my prose from the calendars. Some of it I am ok with but your deletions of a lot of the opening sentences don't sit well with me. For example, let's look at the 1985–86 Southern Africa Tour. I created two paragraphs. The first was one about David Frost's early success where he recorded runner-up finishes at the first five tournaments and then won the next one. The second paragraph was about Fulton Allem and Mark McNulty dominating the rest of the year as they finished in first or second place at nearly every closing event.You deleted the opening sentences and chopped everything up. To me, it just doesn't look good. I suspect you think my opening sentences were \"flowery\" or \"WP:OR\" and maybe they were a little. But right now I think we need a little more prose to create coherence for these paragraphs. The prose section for just about all of these pages seem like a mindless replication of the table beneath it.Best,Oogglywoogly (talk) 02:49, 5 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]@Oogglywoogly: The season outline section is only supposed to be a short synopsis/summary of the most significant results/performances during the season. If it only leads to a replication of the tournament results, then maybe the section is best left omitted. Maybe a better idea to add prose in the articles would be to have a changes section instead. Could have info about new tournaments, changes of venues, purse increases etc. Rather than merely replicating the results table in prose.Anything I removed/adjusted was in good faith, as a lot of the prose you had written felt trivial in context to the whole section. There was a lot of flowery language, as well as wording which mirrored the newspaper reports which basically doesn’t reflect a NPOV. Also your citation ares still an issue, as I have had to go into each article and amend each citation with formatting and missing details. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:21, 5 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Hi Jimmy,Apologies for the late response. Yeah, some of the language I quoted from newspaper articles probably violated WP:FLOWERY and WP:NPOV and it was a good thing you made changes. I have to say I firmly disagree with you about potentially \"omitting\" the prose though. In my mind, the prose is the most important part of the page and other parts of the page (e.g. infobox, tables) are supposed to be a replication of the prose, right? Also, I would add information about fundamental changes to the yearly tour (i.e. moving courses, sponsorship changes, purse increases) but that never comes up in reliable third-party sources.Anyway, I just made some changes to 1985–86 Southern Africa Tour page. Please let me know what you think. Hopefully, this is a good compromise between our ideas. Also, if User: Wjemather has any opinions about how to improve these pages they are welcome.Sincerely,\nOogglywoogly (talk) 19:41, 26 October 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]\n@Oogglywoogly: I still see that the citation formatting is going to have to be fixed however. Jimmymci234 (talk) 06:06, 27 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:46, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]SA intros[edit]I saw your message last week. I am sorry if I irritated you or others with my \"prompts\" but I still feel strongly that the intros for the Southern Africa Tour should be in the Intro section. According to the Manual of Style, \"The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic.\" In addition it states, \"All but the shortest articles should start with introductory text (the 'lead'), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more.\" It clearly should be more than a sentence long.I believe a big reason you think the intro should be a stock, singular sentence is because that's the way it is on a lot of the other seasonal pages. But on these pages (e.g. 1974 European Tour, 2004 Alps Tour) there is almost no prose to summarize. For South Africa, we have a lot. So I stand by what I said earlier and think my reasoning is completely logical.Regards,Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:29, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]1974 City of Cairns Open[edit]In 1974, Randall Vines won the City of Cairns Open. However, we haven't integrated this win into win PGA Tour of Australia wins table. According to the sandbox of User:Wjemather there is a good chance it was part of the tour that year. What are your thoughts?Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 22:38, 25 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Yeah go for it. Jimmymci234 (talk) 22:43, 25 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for the response. I added the win to Vines' table. However, I only have a secondary source for the win with few details. I have scoured the search engines for more but to no avail. Not sure if you know anything about about that year's event.\nOogglywoogly (talk) 17:51, 26 December 2023 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]I have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2024 Nordic Golf League. SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:Hello my friend! Good day to you. Thanks for creating the article, I have marked it as reviewed. Have a blessed day!To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 09:09, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]I have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on David Micheluzzi. Lightburst, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:Thanks for creating the article, I have marked it as reviewed.To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|Lightburst}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)Lightburst (talk) 16:00, 7 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Mini-tour seasons[edit]Hi. I was thinking that mini-tour seasons may be better split into separate articles, e.g. Gateway Tour seasons, rather than flooding the main article with masses of tables, like eGolf Professional Tour currently is (and it's missing a few, e.g. the West & Florida series). What are your thoughts? wjematherplease leave a message... 21:04, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Wjemather: Yes, that would be a good idea! I think in general, any tour articles which currently have the season tables laid out within the main article should be moved to a separate article (as you mentioned above) unless the tour only lasted a few seasons e.g. Forme Tour, LocaliQ Series etc. Jimmymci234 (talk) 21:13, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nIndeed. It will only be necessary/desirable when the volume of tables is overtaking the rest of the article. wjematherplease leave a message... 21:18, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Jim Rutledge's wins tables[edit]Jim Rutledge won the 2006 ING New Zealand PGA Championship co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia and the Nationwide Tour. However, according to his Wiki page and OWGR page there is no good evidence that he was ever a member of the Australian Tour. The Australian Tour table should probably go. Thoughts?Oogglywoogly (talk) 20:59, 18 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Oogglywoogly: Yep makes sense. Jimmymci234 (talk) 22:55, 18 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ok made the necessary changes.\nOogglywoogly (talk) 21:24, 19 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]2024 Alps Tour moved to draftspace[edit]Thanks for your contributions to 2024 Alps Tour. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it needs more sources to establish notability.\nI have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page.\nWhen the article is ready for publication, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. Significa liberdade (she/her) (talk) 13:54, 20 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Manny Zerman's sporting nationality[edit]I noticed you reverted the edits related to this topic on the page of Jim Rutledge. On his OWGR page it does have the Italian flag. However, on PGA Tour.com it currently says \"American.\"For some major championship pages it says \"South African.\" For our 1992 Masters Tournament page we have \"South African.\" Also, on the tour's 2000 media guide it references the South African flag on that year's British Open results page. Not sure what you make of this?Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 01:21, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Oogglywoogly: Yes it's maybe a bit messy, but the tournament in question was noting him as Italian, supported by this source: [1] Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:40, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]There you have it - stated boldly in the headline, in fact. Thank you for the source too; I intend to create a page for Mr. Zerman soon and will probably use it.Regards,\nOogglywoogly (talk) 06:23, 29 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]Disambiguation link notification for January 25[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Jeremy Paul (golfer), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Scottsdale.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 13:37, 25 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Multiple winners section[edit]I posted about this issue on the main talk page about two weeks ago but no one responded. I am bringing this up directly with you as you work on a lot of tournament pages.We have these Multiple winners section on a lot of tournament pages (e.g. South African Open, St. Jude Classic). To me, they seem extraneous as the amount of wins is already denoted in parentheses in the Winners table. I think all of these sections should be deleted. What are your thoughts?Oogglywoogly (talk) 06:28, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Oogglywoogly: Yes I don’t have an issue with them being removed.\nJimmymci234 (talk) 06:59, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for the response. I will begin deleting this section. If you see any others out there just delete them.\nOogglywoogly (talk) 00:21, 31 January 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]February 2024[edit]Please do not use styles that are nonstandard, unusual, inappropriate or difficult to understand in articles, as you did in Arnold Palmer. There is a Manual of Style, and edits should not deliberately go against it without special reason. Thank you. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 12:02, 2 February 2024 (UTC)\n@Neveselbert: Please provide info on what edits violated the MOS in particular? Jimmymci234 (talk) 12:39, 2 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]MOS:PLAINLIST, for one. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 17:03, 2 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Notelist[edit]Beat me to it! wjematherplease leave a message... 11:48, 6 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Denwit Boriboonsub[edit]Can you please add the source for his date of birth? Thanks wjematherplease leave a message... 19:56, 18 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Wjemather: ET profile. Jimmymci234 (talk) 20:12, 18 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ecuador Open 2019[edit]Given Rafael Ponce would be in his mid-50s in 2019 (and apparently has a chronic back problem [2]), and it's not an uncommon name, do you have a source to confirm Rafael Clemente Miranda Ponce is the same person? If not, I think it's best reverted. Thanks. wjematherplease leave a message... 15:13, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Yes fair enough. Just assumed they were the same. Will revert. Jimmymci234 (talk) 15:17, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]1972–73 New Zealand Golf Circuit[edit]Hello! I've marked this article as reviewed through WP:NPP, but I notice it's quite sparse. When creating articles like this, it's helpful to sort them with stub templates until they're expanded. If all of the articles are of a similar size, I strongly recommend merging them into a larger page such as New Zealand Golf Circuit. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 00:19, 29 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]New Zealand Golf Circuit seasonal pages[edit]Hi Jimmy,Thank you for your recent work creating seasonal pages for the New Zealand Golf Circuit. However, could you please copy and paste the prose from the original page? We desperately need more prose for these pages; I believe User:Nigej created some prose for with season-by-season details. Even if it's paltry it's better than nothing.Thanks,Oogglywoogly (talk) 00:12, 1 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Oogglywoogly: Bar the inaugural season (which I copied across). Most of the prose was only like 1 introductory sentence. Jimmymci234 (talk) 07:07, 1 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ok thanks for letting me know.\nOogglywoogly (talk) 06:33, 6 March 2024 (UTC)Oogglywoogly[reply]I have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]Hello, Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2006 Tour de las Américas. SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family!To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 11:47, 23 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]I have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]Hi Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2001 Canadian Tour. Another editor, SunDawn, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment:Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family!To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 07:40, 1 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]I have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]Hi Jimmymci234. Thank you for your work on 2024 Professional Golf of Malaysia Tour. Another editor, SunDawn, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment:Good day! Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia by writing this article. I have marked the article as reviewed. Have a wonderful and blessed day for you and your family!To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|SunDawn}}. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 03:25, 6 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Putting \"Other wins\" subsection beneath related tour[edit]Hi Jimmy,On the page of Peter Thomson I recently placed his \"Other wins\" subsections beneath the related tour tables. In general, I usually support lumping all of these wins under one big \"Other wins\" subsection. But for golfers like Thomson and some others (e.g. Graham Marsh, David Graham) who won all over the place it might make more sense to do it this alternative way. What are your thoughts?Oogglywoogly (talk) 02:44, 11 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]US Open Purse[edit]Hello! Don't mean to bother you on your talk page; I noticed you changed the US Open Purse and winners share. By chance, did you see this from the PGAT website? It shows a $20M purse and within the article states the $3.9M goes to the winner. Let me know if I'm seeing something wrong or maybe it was updated. Thanks! SPF121188 (talk this way) (my edits) 15:32, 12 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]@Spf121188: This [3] Jimmymci234 (talk) 15:37, 12 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks for that! I've reverted my previous edits to reflect this reference. SPF121188 (talk this way) (my edits) 15:41, 12 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Jimmymci234"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg/175px-Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920060523/http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/news/newsid=186144.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zippybonzo","external_links_name":"Zippybonzo"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/750904789/?terms=hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/750873315/?match=1","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/750904789/?match=1&clipping%20id=132215529","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/259601782/?terms=hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/911050128/?terms=hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"1974"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/908726305/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"1975"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/721833506/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"1976"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/939624273/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"some"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/931390007/?terms=simon%20hobday&match=1","external_links_name":"sources"},{"Link":"https://sunshinetour.info/tic/tmtic.cgi?ticformat=4~archives=y~season=166S~style=00~groupties=Y~pr=N~textout=N~bordersize=1~fontsize=*~winfocus=Y~","external_links_name":"website"},{"Link":"https://www.owgr.com/playerprofile/666","external_links_name":"OWGR page"},{"Link":"https://www.owgr.com/playerprofile/manuel-zerman-5006","external_links_name":"OWGR page"},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/player/08681/manny-zerman","external_links_name":"PGA Tour.com"},{"Link":"https://pgatourmedia.pgatourhq.com/static-assets/page/files/tours/2022/pgatour/theopenchampionship/eventMediaGuide/2022%20Media%20Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"2000 media guide"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oZUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4161%2C850577","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/rafaelponce-ecuador-golf-quito-pga.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/article/news/latest/2024/06/10/purse-breakdown-u-s-open-pinehurst-2-prize-money-payouts-how-much-earn-major-championship","external_links_name":"this"},{"Link":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/06/12/2024-us-open-purse-record-prize-money-pinehurst/","external_links_name":"[3]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_people
Ukrainians
["1 Ethnonym","2 Geographic distribution","3 Origin","3.1 Genetics and genomics","4 Related ethnic groups","5 History","5.1 Early history","5.2 Soviet period","5.3 Historical maps of Ukraine","6 Ethnic/national identity","7 Culture","7.1 Language","7.2 Religions","7.3 Cuisine","7.4 Music","7.5 Dance","7.6 Symbols","8 Historiography","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Footnotes","10.2 Citations","10.3 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
East Slavic ethnic group Not to be confused with Ukrani. For other uses, see Ukrainians (disambiguation). This article may require copy editing for grammar. You can assist by editing it. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group UkrainiansУкраїнціTotal populationc. 46 million Regions with significant populationsUkraine 37,541,700 (2001)Russia1,864,000 (2023)Poland1,651,918 (2023)Canada1,359,655 (2016)Germany1,125,000 (2023)United States1,028,492 (2016)Brazil600,000–1,500,000 (2015)Czech Republic636,282 (2023)Italy347,183 (2023)Kazakhstan387,000 (2021)Argentina305,000 (2007)Spain264,528 (2023)Romania251,923 (2023)Slovakia228,637 (2023)Moldova181,035 (2014)Belarus159,656 (2019)Uzbekistan124,602 (2015)France106,697 (2017)Netherlands98,010 (2023)Turkey95,000 (2022)Latvia50,699 (2018)Portugal45,051 (2015)Australia38,791 (2014)Greece32,000 (2016)Israel30,000–90,000 (2016)United Kingdom23,414 (2015)Estonia23,183 (2017)Georgia22,263 (2015)Azerbaijan21,509 (2009)Kyrgyzstan12,691 (2016)Lithuania12,248 (2015)Denmark12,144 (2018)Paraguay12,000–40,000 (2014)Austria12,000 (2016)United Arab Emirates11,145 (2017)Sweden11,069 (2019)Hungary10,996 (2016)Uruguay10,000–15,000 (1990)Switzerland6,681 (2017)Finland5,000 (2016)Jordan5,000 (2016)LanguagesUkrainian, Ukrainian Sign LanguageReligionMajority Eastern Orthodoxy with Catholicism (Ukrainian Greek Catholicism and Latin Catholicism) minorityRelated ethnic groupsOther East SlavsEspecially Russians, Belarusians, Cossacks, Rusyns, Poleshuks, and Podlashuks Part of a series onUkrainians List of Ukrainians Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Sport Theater Languages and dialects Ukrainian Russian Crimean Tatar Balachka Surzhyk Religion Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Catholicism Protestantism Islam Judaism Roman Catholicism Slavic Native Faith Sub-national groups Boykos Hutsuls Lemkos Litvins Podolyans Closely-related peoples East Slavs Rusyns Kuban Cossacks Poleshuks Podlashuks Diaspora History Nationality Rulersvte Ukrainians (Ukrainian: українці, romanized: ukraintsi, pronounced ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, who share a common ancestry, culture, and history. Their native tongue is Ukrainian, and they mostly adhere to the Eastern Orthodox Church. By total population, the Ukrainians form the second-largest Slavic ethnic group after the Russians. Historically under rule from various realms, the Ukrainians have been given various names by the rulers. Within in the territories Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and then Austria-Hungary, the East Slavic population inhabiting the territories of modern-day Ukraine were known as Ruthenians, referring to the territory of Ruthenia; the Ukrainians living under the Russian Empire were known as Little Russians, named after the territory of Little Russia. The ethnonym Ukrainian, a term associated with the Cossack Hetmanate, was adopted following the Ukrainian national revival. Their affinity with the Cossacks is frequently emphasized, for example in the Ukrainian national anthem. Citizens of Ukraine are also called Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origin. Ethnonym Further information: Name of Ukraine The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in the Kievan Chronicle under the year 1187. The terms Ukrainiany (in the chronicle under the year 1268), Ukrainnyky, and even narod ukrainskyi (the Ukrainian people) were used sporadically before Ukraintsi attained currency under the influence of the writings of Ukrainian activists in Russian-ruled Ukraine in the 19th century. From the 14th to the 16th centuries the western portions of the European part of what is now known as Russia, plus the territories of northern Ukraine and Belarus (Ruthenia) were largely known as Rus, continuing the tradition of Kievan Rus'. People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns (known as Ruthenians in Western and Central Europe). The Ukrainian language is, like modern Russian and Belarusian, a descendent of Old East Slavic. In Western and Central Europe it was known by the exonym "Ruthenian". In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporozhian Sich, names of Ukraine and Ukrainian began to be used in Sloboda Ukraine. After the decline of the Zaporozhian Sich and the establishment of Imperial Russian hegemony in Left Bank Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by Russians as "Little Russians", with the majority of Ukrainian élites espousing Little Russian identity and adopting the Russian language (as Ukrainian was outlawed in almost all contexts). This exonym (regarded now as a humiliating imperialist imposition) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population. Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as "Ukraine" (a name associated with the Zaporozhian Sich, with the Hetmanate and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as Ruthenians/Ruthenian. With the publication of Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneyida (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern Ukrainian language, and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym Ukrainians and the notion of a Ukrainian language came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words "Rusyns" and "Ruthenian(s)". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century (Western Ukraine), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer. The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovina until the latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Prešov Region until the late 1940s. The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) derives from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187. Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term. According to the traditional theory, it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning the homeland as in "nash rodnoi kraj" (our homeland), and the other "edge, border", and originally had the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region". According to another theory, the term ukraina should be distinguished from the term okraina: whereas the latter term means "borderland", the former one has the meaning of "cut-off piece of land", thus acquiring the connotation of "our land", "land allotted to us". In the last three centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity. Geographic distribution Main article: Ukrainian diaspora Settlement of Ukrainians around the world in 1920 "Ethnographical Map of Ukraine" printed just after World War II. Land inhabited by a plurality of ethnic Ukrainians is colored rose (not to be confused with the color given to Kalmyks, also rose). Population of ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by oblast (2001)Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in Russia where about 1.9 million Russian citizens identify as Ukrainian, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities: Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the Soviet regime), and "Cossack". Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as "Green Ukraine". In a 2011 national poll of Ukraine, 49% of Ukrainians said they had relatives living in Russia. According to some previous assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.4 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1,359,655 in Canada and 1,028,492 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (600,000), Kazakhstan (338,022), Moldova (325,235), Argentina (305,000), (Germany) (272,000), Italy (234,354), Belarus (225,734), Uzbekistan (124,602), the Czech Republic (110,245), Spain (90,530–100,000) and Romania (51,703–200,000). There are also large Ukrainian communities in such countries as Latvia, Portugal, France, Australia, Paraguay, the UK, Israel, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Uruguay and the former Yugoslavia. Generally, the Ukrainian diaspora is present in more than one hundred and twenty countries of the world. The number of Ukrainians in Poland amounted to some 51,000 people in 2011 (according to the Polish Census). Since 2014, the country has experienced a large increase in immigration from Ukraine. More recent data put the number of Ukrainian migrant workers at 1.2 – 1.3 million in 2016. In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the Tsarist autocracy to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities. Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Italy and Argentina. According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity, however the official data of the respective countries calculated together does not show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world. Origin Further information: Early Slavs, East Slavs, Ruthenians, and Prehistoric Ukraine The East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs in the Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The state of Kievan Rus united the East Slavs during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as "proto-Ukrainian" include the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croats. The Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of Kiev and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. At the beginning of the 9th century, Varangians used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized. Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of Norse origins as a result of influences from that period. Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in the later medieval period, and an East Slavic dialect continuum developed within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the Ruthenian language emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian language began with the Ukrainian National Revival in the early 19th century in times when Ruthenians (Руські) changed their name due to the region name. In the Soviet era (1917–1991), official historiography emphasized "the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries". A poll conducted in April 2022 by "Rating" found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine) do not support the thesis that "Russians and Ukrainians are one people". Genetics and genomics See also: Genetic history of Europe Neolithic migrations c. 5000–4000 BC. The people of the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog culture were the result of a genetic admixture between the Eastern European hunter-gatherers and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. Ukrainians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. In a survey of 97 genomes for diversity in full genome sequences among self-identified Ukrainians from Ukraine, a study identified more than 13 million genetic variants, representing about a quarter of the total genetic diversity discovered in Europe. Among these nearly 500,000 are previously undocumented and likely to be unique for this population. Medically relevant mutations whose prevalence in the Ukrainian genomes differed significantly compared to other European genome sequences, particularly from Western Europe and Russia. Ukrainian genomes form a single cluster positioned between the Northern on one side, and Western European populations on the other.Principal Component Analysis of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project There was a significant overlap with Central European populations as well as with people from the Balkans. Structure plot of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project In addition to the close geographic distance between these populations, this may also reflect the insufficient representation of samples from the surrounding populations. The Ukrainian gene-pool includes the following Y-haplogroups, in order from the most prevalent: R1a (43%) I2a (23%) R1b (8%) E1b1b (7%) I1 (5%) N1 (5%) J2 (4%) G (3%) T (1%) Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry R1a-Z282; R1a-Z282 has been found significantly only in Eastern Europe. Chernivtsi Oblast is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. In comparison to their northern and eastern neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a-Z280 (43%) in their population—compare Belarusians, Russians, and Lithuanians and (55%, 46%, and 42% respectively). Populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well. Ukrainians in Chernivtsi Oblast (near the Romanian border) have a higher percentage of I2a as opposed to R1a, which is typical of the Balkan region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less R1b than West Slavs. In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes. Related ethnic groups See also: Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine Portrait of Hutsuls, living in the Carpathian mountains, 1902 Within Ukraine and adjacent areas, there are several other distinct ethnic sub-groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna. Among them the most known are Hutsuls, Volhynians, Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Carpatho-Rusyns – a derivative of Carpathian Ruthenians), each with particular areas of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type, and folk traditions. History Further information: History of Ukraine Early history Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Two pikes on the left are wrapped in the traditional colors of Ukraine – blue/yellow and red/black. Ukraine has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus' state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus' state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise, led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus' vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is the Kingdom of Ruthenia (1199–1349). The third important state for Ukrainians is the Cossack Hetmanate. The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporozhian Sich. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, and the two-halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies. There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century. At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president. Soviet period See also: Executed Renaissance and Ukrainization § Early 1930s (reversal of Ukrainization policies) A girl in Kharkiv during the HolodomorDuring the 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk, Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of Korenisation (literally indigenisation). During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a famine, known as the Holodomor. The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million (3–3.5 million) and 12 million although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates. As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries, including the United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide. Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled Reichskommissariat Ukraine. In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians. In 1943, under the command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" his role in this and other war crimes. Historical maps of Ukraine The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours. Historical maps of Ukraine and its predecessors European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century. Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220–1240). The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349). Historical map of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434. Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658). Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751). Ethnic/national identity Cossack Mamay, one of several national personifications of Ukrainians. The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1921. A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine of 1932–33, the deportations of the so-called kulaks, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation. Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status. Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as Semen Tymoshenko. The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia. Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of Ukraine have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian. Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine." Culture Main article: Culture of Ukraine Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits Eastern European influence as well as Central European to an extent (primarily in the western region). Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger Central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence. Language Main article: Ukrainian language See also: Ivan Kotliarevsky, Russification of Ukraine, and Surzhyk Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001). The Russian linguistic influence in the south and east is noticeable. Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukraі́nska móva) is the sole official language in Ukraine. It belongs to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, one of many based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The language is a lineal descendant of the colloquial Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus', which first split into Ruthenian and Russian.: 2–3  The Ruthenian languages then evolved into modern-day Ukrainian, Belarusian and Rusyn.: 53–60  In modern-day Ukraine, most of its population are also fluent in Russian and many use it as their native tongue. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian. Yet, there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian, and a very close lexical distance between the two.: 13  Historically, state-inforced Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire. The oppression continued in various ways while Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union. However, the language continued to be used throughout the country, especially in the western part. Religions Main article: Religion in Ukraine The historic Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv. Ukraine was inhabited by pagan tribes until Byzantine rite Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Rus' Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that Apostle Andrew himself had visited the site where the city of Kiev would be later built. However, it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state, the Kievan Rus', became influenced by the Byzantine Empire; the first known conversion was by the Princess Saint Olga who came to Constantinople in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Prince Vladimir baptised his people in the Dnieper River. This began a long history of the dominance of the Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia (Ukraine). Lviv Central Baptist Church Ukrainians are majority Eastern Orthodox Christians, and they form the second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world. Ukrainians have their own autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine headed by Metropolitan Epiphanius, where it is the most common church and in the small areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church who were under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the smaller common. The Russian invasion of Ukraine impacted the religious identity of some Ukrainians. St. George's Cathedral, Lviv In the Western region known as Halychyna, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches (Baptists, Evangelism, Pentecostalism) There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism). Also, some Ukrainians are members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses. A 2020 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to Christianity (81.9%). Of these Christians, 75.4% are Eastern Orthodox (34% of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and 13.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate, and 27.6% are simply Orthodox), 8.2% are Greek Catholics, 7.1% are simply Christians, a further 1.9% are Protestants and 0.4% are Latin Catholics. As of 2016, 16.3% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1.7% adheres to other religions. According to the same survey, 70% of the population of Ukraine declared to be believers, but do not belong to any church. 8.8% do not identify themselves with any of the denominations, and another 5.6% identified themselves as non-believers. Cuisine Main article: Ukrainian cuisine Borscht with smetana (sour cream) Ukrainian cuisine has been formed by the nation's tumultuous history, geography, culture and social customs. Chicken is the most consumed type of protein, accounting for about half of the meat intake. It is followed by pork and beef.: 12  Vegetables such as potatoes, cabbages, mushrooms and beetroots are widely consumed. Pickled vegetables are considered a delicacy. Salo, which is cured pork fat, is considered the national delicacy. Widely used herbs include dill, parsley, basil, coriander and chives. Ukraine is often called the "Breadbasket of Europe", and its plentiful grain and cereal resources such as rye and wheat play an important part in its cuisine; essential in making various kinds of bread. Chernozem, the country's black-colored highly fertile soil, produces some of the world's most flavorful crops. Popular traditional dishes varenyky (dumpling), nalysnyky (crêpe), kapusnyak (cabbage soup), nudli (dumpling stew), borscht (sour soup) and holubtsi (cabbage roll). Among traditional baked goods are decorated korovai and paska (easter bread). Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kyiv cake. Popular drinks include uzvar (kompot), ryazhanka, and horilka. Liquor (spirits) are the most consumed type of alcoholic beverage. Alcohol consumption has seen a stark decrease, though by per capita, it remains among the highest the world. Music Odesa Opera House Main article: Music of Ukraine Ukrainian music incorporates a diversity of external cultural influences. It also has a very strong indigenous Slavic and Christian uniqueness whose elements were used among many neighboring nations. Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 15th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Poland (latter in Russia). A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like Dmitry Bortniansky, Sergei Prokofiev, Myroslav Skoryk, etc. Ukraine is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire, home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers. Dance Main article: Ukrainian dance Ukrainian dance Hopak. Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today. Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world. Symbols Main articles: Flag of Ukraine and Coat of arms of Ukraine Coat of arms of Ukraine Flag of Ukraine Ukraine's national symbols include its flag and its coat of arms. The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat. The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the Kingdom of Ruthenia. The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient East Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers. Historiography See also: Bibliography of Ukrainian history and List of Slavic studies journals This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) See also Ukraine portal Demographics of Ukraine List of Ukrainian rulers List of Ukrainians Soviet population transfers Ukrainian dialects References Footnotes ^ See also Prudentópolis, Brazil. ^ Ukrainian citizens may take up employment in Poland without obtaining a work permit for a maximum period of 6 months within a year on the basis of a declaration of intention to entrust a job to a foreigner. In 2016, over 1.262 million such declarations were issued for Ukrainian nationals. Archived 5 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine Archived 10 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine ^ Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом" Archived 19 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев" Archived 6 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців" ) ^ For more information, see History of Christianity in Ukraine and Religion in Ukraine Citations ^ a b "УКРАЇНЦІ". resource.history.org.ua. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ "Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001". State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. 5 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007. ^ "Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Statistisches Bundesamt. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2010–2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ "Brazil". The Ukrainian World Congress. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020. ^ "Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship as at 31 December 2018". Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019. ^ "Ucraini in Italia". tuttitalia.it(Elaborazioni su dati ISTAT-L’Istituto nazionale di statistica). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ a b c d e f "Total Migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990–2015". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina" . Ucrania.com (in Spanish). 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. ^ "La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina" . Ucrania.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2007. ^ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020". INE. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Romanian 2011 census" (PDF). edrc.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2011. ^ Українська діаспора в Румунії (in Ukrainian). Буковина толерантна. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017. ^ "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014". Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ "Статистический ежегодник 2017". Министерство экономического развития, Государственная служба статистики Приднестровской Молдавской Республики. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Ukraine". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Cijfers opvang vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne in Nederland". Rijksoverheid. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023. ^ "European countries". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017. ^ "У Туреччині підрахували кількість українців. Цифра вражає". svitua.com.ua. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017. ^ "Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības" (PDF). Latvijas Republikas Iekšlietu ministrijas. Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ Australian Government – Department of Immigration and Border Protection. "Ukrainian Australians". Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. "Asia and Oceania countries". Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017. ^ "Ukrainians Аbroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017. ^ "Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years". Eesti Statistika. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ "Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009". State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ^ "Ethnic composition: 2016 estimation (data for regions)". Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук статистика комитети. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ "Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, ancestry, age, sex, region and time – Ukraine". Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2018. ^ "PARAGUAY". Ukrainian World Congress. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017. ^ "La cooperación cultural y humanitaria entre Ucrania y Paraguay". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Ucrania. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017. ^ Українці в Австрії. Botschaft der Ukraine in der Republik Österreich. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2017. ^ "Євгеній Семенов: "Українська громада в ОАЕ об'єднується, не чекаючи жодних офіційних статусів чи закликів, і це – головне!"". chasipodii.net. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ "Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år". Statistiska centralbyrån. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2019. ^ "Our color-all over the world". State Migration Service of Ukraine and Foundation for assistance to refugees and displaced people "Compassion". Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ "С. А. Макарчук, Етнічна історія України". ebk.net.ua. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017. ^ Українці в Швейцарії. Botschaft der Ukraine in der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2017. ^ "Ukrainians in Finland". Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2017. ^ "Ukrainian community in Jordan". Embassy of Ukraine in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017. ^ Ukrainians Archived 11 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine ... Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian ... ^ Alternative Answers to the List of Issues for Ukraine. Prepared by the Ukrainian Society of the Deaf - UN Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner, retrieved on 2.23.2016 ^ "Ukrainian: definition". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ a b Arel, Dominique (2017–2018). "Language, Status, and State Loyalty in Ukraine". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 233–263. JSTOR 44983543. ^ Moser, Michael A. (2017–2018). "The Fate of the "Ruthenian or Little Russian" (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 87–104. JSTOR 44983536. ^ J. Boeck, Brian (2004–2005). "What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 27 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 33–65. JSTOR 41036861. ^ Sysyn, Frank (1991). "The Reemergence of the Ukrainian Nation and Cossack Mythology". Social Research. 58 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 845–864. JSTOR 40970677. ^ a b Kulyk, Volodymyr (21 October 2022). "Is Ukraine a Multiethnic Country?". Slavic Review. 81 (2). Cambridge University Press: 299–323. doi:10.1017/slr.2022.152. ^ "Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language" // Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine ^ "The Ukrainian Highlanders: Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos". People. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus'). ^ Yermolenko S. Y. (2000). History of the Ukrainian literary language Archived 3 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine // Potebnia Institute of Linguistics (NASU). In Ukrainian ^ Rusanivsky V. M. (2000). History of the Ukrainian language Archived 9 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine // Potebnia Institute of Linguistics (NASU). In Ukrainian ^ Wilson, Andrew. Ukrainian nationalism in the 1990s: a minority faith. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ^ a b Luchenko, Valentyn (11 February 2009). Походження назви "Україна" (in Ukrainian). luchenko.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ a b c Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації (in Ukrainian). Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ a b c Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу . Encyclopedia of Ukraine – I (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Litopys.org.ua. 1949. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Serhii Plokhy (2008). Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past. University of Toronto Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8020-9327-1. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Kataryna Wolczuk (2001). The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. Central European University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-963-9241-25-1. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ "All-Ukrainian National Congress". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1984. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ "Universals of the Central Rada". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Himka, John-Paul (1993). "Ruthenians". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016. "A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny" ^ Lev, Vasyl; Vytanovych, Illia (1993). "Populism, Western Ukrainian". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Baranovska N. M. (2012). Актуалізація ідей автономізму та федералізму в умовах національної революції 1917–1921 рр. як шлях відстоювання державницького розвитку України (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Lviv Polytechnic National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ "Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1990. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ a b "З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва "Україна"". Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Vasmer, Max (1953–1958). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter.; Russian translation:Fasmer, Maks (1964–1973). Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka. Vol. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ "Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова "украинцы" // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82–85". Edrus.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ "Україна" – це не "окраїна". Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ a b "Struggle for Independence (1917–20)". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Mace, James (1993). "Ukrainization". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine / Information materials on the final results of the 2010 Russian census Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ "Ukrainians". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2012. in: Roman Senkus et al. (eds.), The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, revised and updated content based on the five-volume Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 1984–93) edited by Volodymyr Kubijovyc (vols. 1–2) and Danylo Husar Struk (vols. 3–5). Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto). ^ Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003. ^ "Why ethnopolitics doesn't work in Ukraine". al-Jazeera. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ^ "Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013" (PDF). stat.gov.pl. Central Statistical Office of Poland. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2017. ^ "The migration of Ukrainians in times of crisis". 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017. ^ "There is almost as many Ukrainian immigrants in Poland as 2015 refugees in Europe. r/europe". reddit. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017. ^ "Over 1.2 million Ukrainians working in Poland". praca.interia.pl. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2017. ^ "Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants". Bloomberg L.P. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017. ^ "See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ "UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians". Ukrainian Canadian Congress. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million". Ukrinform.ua. 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world". Ukraine-travel-advisor.com. 5 December 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Compare: Volodymyr Kubijovyc; Danylo Husar Struk, eds. (1990). "Ukrainians". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2009. From the 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croatians. ^ "Polianians (poliany)". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Zhukovsky, Arkadii. "Varangians". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ...Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population. ^ "Kyivan Rus'". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1988. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023. According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus' were Askold and Dyr. ^ Ihor Lysyj (10 July 2005). "The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika"". The Ukrainian Weekly. Parsippany, New Jersey. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Andriy Pyrohiv (1998). "Vikings and the Lavra Monastery". Wumag.kiev.ua. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Serhy Yekelchyk (2004). Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination. University of Toronto Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8020-8808-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022)". Ratinggroup.ua. 6 April 2022. ^ a b Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. ^ Posth, C.; Yu, H.; Ghalichi, A. (2023). "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers". Nature. 615 (2 March 2023): 117–126. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..117P. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. PMC 9977688. PMID 36859578. ^ Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population". Science. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ Oleksyk, Taras K; Wolfsberger, Walter W; Weber, Alexandra M; Shchubelka, Khrystyna; Oleksyk, Olga; Levchuk, Olga; Patrus, Alla; Lazar, Nelya; Castro-Marquez, Stephanie O; Hasynets, Yaroslava; Boldyzhar, Patricia; Neymet, Mikhailo; Urbanovych, Alina; Stakhovska, Viktoriya; Malyar, Kateryna; Chervyakova, Svitlana; Podoroha, Olena; Kovalchuk, Natalia; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L; Zhou, Weichen; Medley, Sarah; Battistuzzi, Fabia; Liu, Ryan; Hou, Yong; Chen, Siru; Yang, Huanming; Yeager, Meredith; Dean, Michael; Mills, Ryan; Smolanka, Volodymyr (2021). "Genome diversity in Ukraine". GigaScience. 10 (1). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giaa159. PMC 7804371. PMID 33438729. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ "Large study provides new understanding of genome diversity in Ukrainian population". News-Medical. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ Kushniarevich A, Utevska O (2015) "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data" ^ Di Luca, F.; Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID 17078035. Retrieved 16 March 2016. ^ Utevska, O. M.; Chukhraeva, M. I.; Agdzhoyan, A. T.; Atramentova, L. A.; Balanovska, E. V.; Balanovsky, O. P. (21 September 2015). "Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions" (PDF). Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, Medicine. 6 (2): 133–140. doi:10.15421/021524. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2016. ^ Semino O.; Passarino G.; Oefner P.J.; Lin A.A.; Arbuzova S.; Beckman L.E.; De Benedictis G.; Francalacci P.; Kouvatsi A.; Limborska S.; Marcikiae M.; Mika A.; Mika B.; Primorac D.; Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S.; Cavalli-Sforza L.L.; Underhill P.A. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–1159. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. ^ Alexander Varzari, "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms" (2006) ^ Marijana Peričić et al. 2005, High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. ^ Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Borinskaya, S. A.; Kozhekbaeva, Zh. M.; Gusar, V. A.; Grechanina, E. Ya.; Puzyrev, V. P.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Yankovsky, N. K. (1 March 2004). "Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 40 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. S2CID 25907265. ^ "A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Hutsuls". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 7 January 1919. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 August 1945. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Ukraine, Orest Subtelny, page 152, 2000 ^ "Ukraine remembers famine horror Archived 31 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. 24 November 2007. ^ France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle Archived 13 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History Archived 17 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005 ^ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s Archived 23 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (November 2002), pp. 249–264 ^ Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года? . Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2006.Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року? . Zerkalo Nedeli (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2003. ^ Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385–409 ^ Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine Archived 21 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 27 April 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed." ^ "Ukrainian National Republic". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1993. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ "Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 7 August 1932. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Олександр Lytvynenko, Oleksandr; Yakymenko, Yuriy (19 May 2008). "Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: "Imaginary Society" as it is". Razumkov Centre. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ "Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ "Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2012 – via Find Articles. ^ Paulsen, Martin (2011). "Digital Determinism: the Cyrillic Alphabet in the Age of New Technology". Russian Language Journal / Русский язык. 61. American Councils for International Education: 119–141. JSTOR 43669201. ^ a b Pugh, Stefan A. (June 1985). "The Ruthenian Language of Meletij Smotryc'kyj: Phonology". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 9 (1/2). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 53–60. JSTOR 41036132. ^ Sériot, Patrick (2017–2018). "Language Policy as a Political Linguistics: The Implicit Model of Linguistics in the Discussion of the Norms of Ukrainian and Belarusian in the 1930s". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 169–185. JSTOR 44983540. ^ Kornienko, Anna (12 June 2020). "Masked lexical priming between close and distant languages" (PDF). University of Bergen. Retrieved 8 June 2024. ^ Pavlenko, Aneta (2011). "Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians? / Языковая руссификация в Российской империи: стали ли крестьяне русскими?". Russian Linguistics. 35 (3). Springer Nature: 331–350. doi:10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7. JSTOR 41486701. ^ Shapoval, Yuri; Olynyk, Marta D. (2017–2018). "The Ukrainian Language under Totalitarianism and Total War". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 187–212. JSTOR 44983541. ^ Pavlenko, Aneta (January 1979). "West Ukraine and West Belorussia: Historical Tradition, Social Communication, and Linguistic Assimilation". Soviet Studies. 31 (1). Taylor & Francis: 76–98. doi:10.1080/09668137908411225. JSTOR 150187. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Adrian Ivakhiv. In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and Native Faith in Contemporary Ukraine Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Nova Religio, 2005. ^ Центр, Разумков. "Конфесійна та церковна належність громадян України (січень 2020р. соціологія)". razumkov.org.ua. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ a b Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Razumkov Center in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches, 26 May 2016, pp. 22, 27, 29, 31, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2017, retrieved 28 April 2017 ^ Yarmak, Andriy; Svyatkivska, Elizaveta; Prikhodko, Dmitry. "Ukraine: Meat sector review". Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Kaminski, Anna (10 March 2011). "Ukraine's culinary heights". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Hercules, Olia (6 September 2016). "A 'nuclear' pickle recipe from Ukraine". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Shylova, Liudmyla (28 February 2024). "Nizhyn Pickles". Voice of America (VOA). Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Kollegaeva, Katrina (2017). "Salo, the Ukrainian Pork Fat". Gastronomica. 17 (4). University of California Press: 102–110. doi:10.1525/gfc.2017.17.4.102. JSTOR 26362486. ^ a b c d Hercules, Olia (4 June 2015). "Fermented herbs, a lavish hazelnut cake recipe and a Ukrainian spin on meatball soup". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ a b Banas, Anne (24 February 2023). "Five comfort foods that define Ukraine". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Wroe, Ann (14 April 2022). "Bread in Ukraine: why a loaf means life". The Economist. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ "Ukraine has a glorious cuisine that is all its own". The Economist. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Hercules, Olia (13 April 2017). "Alternatives to Good Friday bakes: a recipe for Ukrainian Easter bread". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ a b Drennan, Patrick (22 December 2023). "Christmas in Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ Aidarbekova, Sabina; Aider, Mohammad (April 2022). "Production of Ryazhenka, a traditional Ukrainian fermented baked milk, by using electro-activated whey as supplementing ingredient and source of lactulose". Food Bioscience. 46 (101526). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101526. ISSN 2212-4292. ^ a b Samokhvalov, Andriy V.; Pidkorytov, Valerii S.; Linskiy, Igor V.; Minko, Oleksandr I.; Minko, Oleksii O.; Rehm, Jürgen; Popova, Svetlana (1 January 2009). "Alcohol use and addiction services in Ukraine". Psychiatry International. 6 (1): 5–7. PMID 31507969. ^ "Ukrainians are drinking less alcohol and support stronger regulations, new survey finds". World Health Organization (WHO). 22 March 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024. Ukraine has seen a fall in alcohol consumption of almost 25% over the last decade. ^ "Ukrainian Music Elements". Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2012. ^ "Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks". Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2016. The artistic tradition of Ukrainian wandering bards, the kobzars (kobza players), bandurysts (bandura players), and lirnyks (lira players) is one of the most distinctive elements of Ukraine's cultural heritage. ^ "Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire". National Geographic Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. ^ "Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine". Kmu.gov.ua. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Whitney Smith. "Flag of Ukraine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ "Flag of Ukraine". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. ^ Weeks, Andrew (29 December 2012). "Ukraine – History of the Flag". Crwflags.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2016. Sources Wilson, Andrew (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09309-4. Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09309-4. Further reading Vasyl Balushok, "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July 2005. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian. Vasyl Balushok, "When was the Ukrainian nation born?", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 23 April – 6 May 2005. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian. Dmytro Kyianskyi, "We are more "Russian" then they are: history without myths and sensationalism", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 27 January – 2 February 2001. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian. Oleg Chirkov, "External migration – the main reason for the presence of a non-Ukrainian ethnic population in contemporary Ukraine". Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 26 January – 1 February 2002. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian. Halyna Lozko, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" Available in Ukrainian Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ukrainians. Ukrainian World Congress. Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and the U.S. Archived 9 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ukrainians at Encyclopedia of Ukraine Races of Europe 1942–1943 Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919 "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7 Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914 (in German) Ethno-Linguistic Map of Europe Before 1914 Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914 (in German) Illuminating Ukrainian Anthropology: Typical Physical Traits of Ukrainians (in English) June, 2023 vteUkraine articlesHistoryChronology Scythians Sarmatians Goths Early Slavs East Slavs Kuyaba Kievan Rus' Principality of Kiev Mongol invasion Galicia–Volhynia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Kiev Voivodeship Zaporozhian Cossacks Sich Hetmanate Pereiaslav Agreement Russian Empire Galicia Revolution and War of Independence Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian State West Ukrainian People's Republic Makhnovshchina Reichskommissariat Ukraine Ukrainian National Committee Ukrainian SSR Holodomor Eastern Front (World War II) Volhynia massacre Chernobyl disaster Independence Orange Revolution Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Russo-Ukrainian War Outline 2014 pro-Russian unrest Annexation of Crimea by Russia War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion By topic Christianity Economic Military Geography National parks Biosphere reserves Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine Nature reserves Populated places Cities Urban-type settlements Rivers Mountains Waterfalls Islands and sandbars World Heritage Sites Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Flag President Parliament Government Foreign relations Military Political parties Elections Judiciary Law Law enforcement Ukraine–European Union relations Ukraine–NATO relations Economy Hryvnia (currency) Banking Stock exchanges Energy Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Education Corruption Gender inequality Health Abortion HIV/AIDS Swine flu pandemic (2009-10) COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant (2020-22) Murder and suicide problems Human rights Freedom of the press LGBT Human trafficking Languages Minorities Prostitution Religion Culture Animation Architecture Kievan Rus' Baroque Arts Cinema Cuisine Wine Cultural icons Bandura Borscht Kazka Kobzar Pysanka Rushnyk Vyshyvanka Dance Folklore Holidays Intangible Cultural Heritage Literature Media Music Sport Demographics Ukrainian people Rus' people Ruthenians Diaspora Refugees Immigration to Ukraine Censuses Women Outline Category Portal vteSlavic ethnic groupsEast Slavs Alaskan Creoles Belarusians Belarusian Latvians Belarusian Lithuanians Belarusian Poles Belarusian Russians Karyms Gurans Molokans Podlashuks Poleshuks Russians Albazinians Cossacks Albazinians Baikal Cossacks Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Nekrasov Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Terek Cossacks Greben Cossacks Doukhobors Goryuns Harbin Russians Kamchadals Kamenschiks Lipovans Polekhs Pomors Semeiskie Siberians Starozhily Rus’ people Rusyns Lemkos Boykos Hutsuls Pannonian Rusyns Rusyn Romanians Ukrainians Zaporozhian Cossacks → Kuban Cossacks Hutsuls Boykos Podolyans Volga Bulgarians Litvins West Slavs Chodové Czechs Gorals Silesian Gorals Kashubians Gochans Krubans Slovincians Lechites Masurians Moravians Poles Bambers Borderlands Poles Bug River Poles Greater Poland people Kaliszans Taśtaks Kociewians Kurpies Lasovians Łęczycans Lesser Poland people Masovians Łowiczans Międzyrzec Boyars Poborzans Polish Uplanders Russian Poles Sącz Lachs Sieradzans Warmians Obotrites Ruhrpolen Silesians Cieszyn Vlachs Slovaks Sorbs Lower Sorbs Wends Texas Wends Upper Sorbs South Slavs Bosniaks Bosniak Albanians Bosniak Croatians Bosniak Kosovars Bosniak Montenegrins Bosniak Serbians Bulgarians Anatolian Bulgarians Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarians Bulgarian Albanians Bulgarian Croatians Bulgarian Hungarians Bulgarian Italians Macedonian Bulgarians Pomaks Thracian Bulgarians Croats Bunjevci Burgenland Croats Croat Muslims Janjevci Krashovani Molise Croats Šokci Gorani Macedonians Albanian Macedonians Bulgarian Macedonians Mijaks Torbeši Montenegrins Ethnic Muslims Resians Serbs Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs Kosovo Serbs Macedonian Serbs Montenegrin Serbs Croatian Serbs Vojvodina Serbs Serb Muslims Shopi Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia Slovenes Carinthian Slovenes Croatian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Italian Slovenes Prekmurje Slovenes Venetian Slavs Yugoslavs Authority control databases National Germany Japan Czech Republic 2 Other Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrani"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"[ʊkrɐˈjinʲts⁽ʲ⁾i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_language"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%A6%D0%86-1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulers-48"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ruthenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Little Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian national revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks#Ukrainian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Citizens of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiethnic-52"}],"text":"East Slavic ethnic groupNot to be confused with Ukrani.For other uses, see Ukrainians (disambiguation).Ethnic groupUkrainians (Ukrainian: українці, romanized: ukraintsi, pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinʲts⁽ʲ⁾i])[47] are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, who share a common ancestry, culture, and history. Their native tongue is Ukrainian, and they mostly adhere to the Eastern Orthodox Church. By total population, the Ukrainians form the second-largest Slavic ethnic group after the Russians.[1]Historically under rule from various realms, the Ukrainians have been given various names by the rulers.[48] Within in the territories Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and then Austria-Hungary, the East Slavic population inhabiting the territories of modern-day Ukraine were known as Ruthenians, referring to the territory of Ruthenia; the Ukrainians living under the Russian Empire were known as Little Russians, named after the territory of Little Russia.[49]The ethnonym Ukrainian, a term associated with the Cossack Hetmanate, was adopted following the Ukrainian national revival.[50] Their affinity with the Cossacks is frequently emphasized, for example in the Ukrainian national anthem.[51] Citizens of Ukraine are also called Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origin.[52]","title":"Ukrainians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Name of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kievan Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Rusyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Sich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Little Russian identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russian_identity"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luchenko.com-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plokhy2008-61"},{"link_name":"Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Ruthenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kotliarevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Western Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luchenko.com-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http://litopys.org.ua-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolczuk2001-62"},{"link_name":"Central Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Bukovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina"},{"link_name":"Transcarpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Prešov Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-litopys.org.ua-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaida-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-litopys.org.ua-69"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Polonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization"},{"link_name":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Further information: Name of UkraineThe modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in the Kievan Chronicle under the year 1187. The terms Ukrainiany (in the chronicle under the year 1268), Ukrainnyky, and even narod ukrainskyi (the Ukrainian people) were used sporadically before Ukraintsi attained currency under the influence of the writings of Ukrainian activists in Russian-ruled Ukraine in the 19th century.[53] From the 14th to the 16th centuries the western portions of the European part of what is now known as Russia, plus the territories of northern Ukraine and Belarus (Ruthenia) were largely known as Rus, continuing the tradition of Kievan Rus'. People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns (known as Ruthenians in Western and Central Europe).[54]The Ukrainian language is, like modern Russian and Belarusian, a descendent of Old East Slavic.[55][56] In Western and Central Europe it was known by the exonym \"Ruthenian\". In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporozhian Sich, names of Ukraine and Ukrainian began to be used in Sloboda Ukraine.[57] After the decline of the Zaporozhian Sich and the establishment of Imperial Russian hegemony in Left Bank Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by Russians as \"Little Russians\", with the majority of Ukrainian élites espousing Little Russian identity and adopting the Russian language (as Ukrainian was outlawed in almost all contexts).[58][59][60] This exonym (regarded now as a humiliating imperialist imposition) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population.[61] Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as \"Ukraine\" (a name associated with the Zaporozhian Sich, with the Hetmanate and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as Ruthenians/Ruthenian.[59][60][need quotation to verify]With the publication of Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneyida (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern Ukrainian language, and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym Ukrainians and the notion of a Ukrainian language came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words \"Rusyns\" and \"Ruthenian(s)\". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century (Western Ukraine), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer.[58][59][60][62] The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine[63][64] and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovina until the latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Prešov Region until the late 1940s.[65][66][67]The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) derives from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187.[68] Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term. According to the traditional theory, it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning the homeland as in \"nash rodnoi kraj\" (our homeland), and the other \"edge, border\", and originally had the sense of \"periphery\", \"borderland\" or \"frontier region\".[69][70][71] According to another theory, the term ukraina should be distinguished from the term okraina: whereas the latter term means \"borderland\", the former one has the meaning of \"cut-off piece of land\", thus acquiring the connotation of \"our land\", \"land allotted to us\".[69][72]In the last three centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity.[73][74]","title":"Ethnonym"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uk1920.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kalmyks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"southern Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Federal_District"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rus2010-75"},{"link_name":"Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban"},{"link_name":"Soviet regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukrainians_IEU-76"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Green Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-jazeera-78"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Polish Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_census_of_2011"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interia-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Tsarist autocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Argentine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucc.ca-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"diasporas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Settlement of Ukrainians around the world in 1920\"Ethnographical Map of Ukraine\" printed just after World War II. Land inhabited by a plurality of ethnic Ukrainians is colored rose (not to be confused with the color given to Kalmyks, also rose).Population of ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by oblast (2001)Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in Russia where about 1.9 million Russian citizens identify as Ukrainian, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry.[75] The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities: Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the Soviet regime), and \"Cossack\".[76] Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as \"Green Ukraine\".[77]In a 2011 national poll of Ukraine, 49% of Ukrainians said they had relatives living in Russia.[78]According to some previous assumptions,[citation needed] an estimated number of almost 2.4 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1,359,655 in Canada and 1,028,492 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (600,000),[nb 1] Kazakhstan (338,022), Moldova (325,235), Argentina (305,000), (Germany) (272,000), Italy (234,354), Belarus (225,734), Uzbekistan (124,602), the Czech Republic (110,245), Spain (90,530–100,000) and Romania (51,703–200,000). There are also large Ukrainian communities in such countries as Latvia, Portugal, France, Australia, Paraguay, the UK, Israel, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Uruguay and the former Yugoslavia. Generally, the Ukrainian diaspora is present in more than one hundred and twenty countries of the world.[citation needed]The number of Ukrainians in Poland amounted to some 51,000 people in 2011 (according to the Polish Census).[79] Since 2014, the country has experienced a large increase in immigration from Ukraine.[80][81] More recent data put the number of Ukrainian migrant workers at 1.2[82] – 1.3 million in 2016.[83][nb 2]In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the Tsarist autocracy to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities.[84] Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Italy and Argentina.[citation needed] According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity,[85][86][87] however the official data of the respective countries calculated together does not show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world.[citation needed]","title":"Geographic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Ruthenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"East Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"early Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Slavic migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_migrations"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Volhynians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynians"},{"link_name":"Derevlianians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevlyans"},{"link_name":"Polianians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(eastern)"},{"link_name":"Siverianians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severians"},{"link_name":"Ulychians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulichs"},{"link_name":"Tivertsians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivertsi"},{"link_name":"White Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Croats"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Jordanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanes"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Antes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antes_(people)"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Varangians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians"},{"link_name":"trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"Soviet era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"official historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yekelchyk2004-96"},{"link_name":"Rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_(sociological_group)"},{"link_name":"Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"one people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_nation"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"Further information: Early Slavs, East Slavs, Ruthenians, and Prehistoric UkraineThe East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs in the Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The state of Kievan Rus united the East Slavs during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited[by whom?] as \"proto-Ukrainian\" include the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croats.[88]\nThe Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of Kiev and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state.[89] At the beginning of the 9th century, Varangians used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized.[90][91] Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of Norse origins as a result of influences from that period.[92][93]Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in the later medieval period, and an East Slavic dialect continuum developed within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the Ruthenian language emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian language began with the Ukrainian National Revival in the early 19th century in times when Ruthenians (Руські) changed their name due to the region name. In the Soviet era (1917–1991), official historiography emphasized \"the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries\".[94]A poll conducted in April 2022 by \"Rating\" found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine) do not support the thesis that \"Russians and Ukrainians are one people\".[95]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genetic history of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sredny Stog culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture"},{"link_name":"Eastern European hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"link_name":"Caucasus hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indo-European-98"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Epigravettian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigravettian"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Early European Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Yamnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture"},{"link_name":"Steppe pastoralists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"Indo-European migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indo-European-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804371/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"haplogroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"R1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1a"},{"link_name":"I2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438"},{"link_name":"R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1b"},{"link_name":"E1b1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1b1b"},{"link_name":"I1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253"},{"link_name":"N1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231"},{"link_name":"J2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184"},{"link_name":"R1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1a"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luca_Giacomo_Benincasa_Popa_2006_pp._132%E2%80%93139-104"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup R1a-Z280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a"},{"link_name":"Belarusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Lithuanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanians"},{"link_name":"I2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b"},{"link_name":"West Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semino2000-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varzari2006-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pericic2005-108"},{"link_name":"Finno-Ugric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Genetics and genomics","text":"See also: Genetic history of EuropeNeolithic migrations c. 5000–4000 BC. The people of the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog culture were the result of a genetic admixture between the Eastern European hunter-gatherers and Caucasus hunter-gatherers.Ukrainians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:[96] Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture;[97] Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago;[98] and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.[96]In a survey of 97 genomes for diversity in full genome sequences among self-identified Ukrainians from Ukraine, a study identified more than 13 million genetic variants, representing about a quarter of the total genetic diversity discovered in Europe.[99] Among these nearly 500,000 are previously undocumented and likely to be unique for this population. Medically relevant mutations whose prevalence in the Ukrainian genomes differed significantly compared to other European genome sequences, particularly from Western Europe and Russia.[100] Ukrainian genomes form a single cluster positioned between the Northern on one side, and Western European populations on the other.[4]Principal Component Analysis of European populations from the Genome Ukraine ProjectThere was a significant overlap with Central European populations as well as with people from the Balkans.Structure plot of European populations from the Genome Ukraine ProjectIn addition to the close geographic distance between these populations, this may also reflect the insufficient representation of samples from the surrounding populations.[citation needed]The Ukrainian gene-pool includes the following Y-haplogroups, in order from the most prevalent:[101]R1a (43%)\nI2a (23%)\nR1b (8%)\nE1b1b (7%)\nI1 (5%)\nN1 (5%)\nJ2 (4%)\nG (3%)\nT (1%)Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry R1a-Z282; R1a-Z282 has been found significantly only in Eastern Europe.[102] Chernivtsi Oblast is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast.[103] In comparison to their northern and eastern neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a-Z280 (43%) in their population—compare Belarusians, Russians, and Lithuanians and (55%, 46%, and 42% respectively). Populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well. Ukrainians in Chernivtsi Oblast (near the Romanian border) have a higher percentage of I2a as opposed to R1a, which is typical of the Balkan region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less R1b than West Slavs.[104][105][106]\nIn terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[107]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huculi_1902.png"},{"link_name":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"link_name":"Carpathian mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Zakarpattia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Halychyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Volhynians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Boykos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyko"},{"link_name":"Lemkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos"},{"link_name":"Carpatho-Rusyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Ruthenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"See also: Category:Ethnic groups in UkrainePortrait of Hutsuls, living in the Carpathian mountains, 1902Within Ukraine and adjacent areas, there are several other distinct ethnic sub-groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna. Among them the most known are Hutsuls,[108] Volhynians, Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Carpatho-Rusyns – a derivative of Carpathian Ruthenians), each with particular areas of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type, and folk traditions.[109]","title":"Related ethnic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ukraine"}],"text":"Further information: History of Ukraine","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Mehmed IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_IV"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"},{"link_name":"pikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Varangians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Polianians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polans_(eastern)"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Tatars of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Sich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Khmelnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky"},{"link_name":"Ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)"},{"link_name":"Left-Bank Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-Bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Right-Bank Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-Bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Central Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Rada"},{"link_name":"Mykhailo Hrushevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian National Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Republic"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopediaofukraine.com-73"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Two pikes on the left are wrapped in the traditional colors of Ukraine – blue/yellow and red/black.Ukraine has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus' state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus' state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise,[110] led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus' vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is the Kingdom of Ruthenia (1199–1349).[111][112]The third important state for Ukrainians is the Cossack Hetmanate. The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporozhian Sich. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, and the two-halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.[113] There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century.[114]At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.[73]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Executed Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executed_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Ukrainization § Early 1930s (reversal of Ukrainization policies)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainization#Early_1930s_(reversal_of_Ukrainization_policies)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Holodomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor"},{"link_name":"Mykola Skrypnyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk"},{"link_name":"Korenisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenisation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"Holodomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yushchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko"},{"link_name":"famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vallin-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vallin2-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowMany-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-finn-122"},{"link_name":"parliament of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Eastern Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariat Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Soviet period","text":"See also: Executed Renaissance and Ukrainization § Early 1930s (reversal of Ukrainization policies)A girl in Kharkiv during the HolodomorDuring the 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk, Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of Korenisation (literally indigenisation).[citation needed]During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a famine, known as the Holodomor.[115] The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million[116][117] (3–3.5 million)[118] and 12 million[119] although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.[120] As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries, including the United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.[nb 3]Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled Reichskommissariat Ukraine. In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians.[citation needed]In 1943, under the command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of \"ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying\" his role in this and other war crimes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"}],"sub_title":"Historical maps of Ukraine","text":"The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cossack Mamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Mamay"},{"link_name":"national personifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Famine of 1932–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor"},{"link_name":"kulaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Semen Tymoshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko"},{"link_name":"Ukrainophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Biculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biculturalism"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Lypynsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Lypynsky"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"Cossack Mamay, one of several national personifications of Ukrainians.The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1921.[121] A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine of 1932–33, the deportations of the so-called kulaks, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation.[122] Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status[citation needed]. Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as Semen Tymoshenko.The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the \"merging of nations\" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia.[123]Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day.[124] Many citizens of Ukraine have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.[125]Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that \"citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine.\"[126][127]","title":"Ethnic/national identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits Eastern European influence as well as Central European to an extent (primarily in the western region). Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger Central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Kotliarevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky"},{"link_name":"Russification of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Surzhyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surzhyk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg"},{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rulers-48"},{"link_name":"East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Slavic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Old East Slavic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukrainian-132"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Rusyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukrainian-132"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiethnic-52"},{"link_name":"mutual intelligibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"lexical distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_similarity"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"western part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"See also: Ivan Kotliarevsky, Russification of Ukraine, and SurzhykPopulation of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001). The Russian linguistic influence in the south and east is noticeable.Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukraі́nska móva) is the sole official language in Ukraine.[48] It belongs to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, one of many based on the Cyrillic alphabet.[128] The language is a lineal descendant of the colloquial Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus', which first split into Ruthenian and Russian.[129]: 2–3  The Ruthenian languages then evolved into modern-day Ukrainian, Belarusian and Rusyn.[129]: 53–60  In modern-day Ukraine, most of its population are also fluent in Russian and many use it as their native tongue.[52]Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian. Yet, there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian,[130] and a very close lexical distance between the two.[131]: 13  Historically, state-inforced Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire.[132] The oppression continued in various ways while Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union.[133] However, the language continued to be used throughout the country, especially in the western part.[134]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"Byzantine rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"Apostle Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Saint Olga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Dnieper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pew20152016-138"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Epiphanius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)"},{"link_name":"Moscow Patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. George's Cathedral, Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Halychyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rite Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Evangelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Karaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"Razumkov Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumkov_Centre"},{"link_name":"Latin Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razumkov2016-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razumkov2016-143"}],"sub_title":"Religions","text":"The historic Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv.Ukraine was inhabited by pagan tribes until Byzantine rite Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Rus' Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that Apostle Andrew himself had visited the site where the city of Kiev would be later built.[citation needed]However, it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state, the Kievan Rus', became influenced by the Byzantine Empire; the first known conversion was by the Princess Saint Olga who came to Constantinople in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Prince Vladimir baptised his people in the Dnieper River. This began a long history of the dominance of the Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia (Ukraine).[citation needed]Lviv Central Baptist ChurchUkrainians are majority Eastern Orthodox Christians, and they form the second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world.[135][136] Ukrainians have their own autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine headed by Metropolitan Epiphanius, where it is the most common church and in the small areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church who were under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the smaller common. The Russian invasion of Ukraine impacted the religious identity of some Ukrainians.[citation needed]St. George's Cathedral, LvivIn the Western region known as Halychyna, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches (Baptists, Evangelism, Pentecostalism)[nb 4][137] There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism).Also, some Ukrainians are members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses.A 2020 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to Christianity (81.9%). Of these Christians, 75.4% are Eastern Orthodox (34% of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and 13.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate, and 27.6% are simply Orthodox), 8.2% are Greek Catholics, 7.1% are simply Christians, a further 1.9% are Protestants and 0.4% are Latin Catholics.[138] As of 2016, 16.3% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1.7% adheres to other religions.[139] According to the same survey, 70% of the population of Ukraine declared to be believers, but do not belong to any church. 8.8% do not identify themselves with any of the denominations, and another 5.6% identified themselves as non-believers.[139]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borscht_served.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht"},{"link_name":"smetana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)"},{"link_name":"sour cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_cream"},{"link_name":"Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"cabbages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage"},{"link_name":"mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"beetroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Pickled vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Salo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salo_(food)"},{"link_name":"cured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill"},{"link_name":"parsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley"},{"link_name":"basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil"},{"link_name":"coriander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander"},{"link_name":"chives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chives"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hercules-149"},{"link_name":"Breadbasket of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadbasket#Europe"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbccuisine-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Chernozem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"varenyky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varenyky"},{"link_name":"dumpling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling#European#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"nalysnyky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalysnyky"},{"link_name":"crêpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe"},{"link_name":"kapusnyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_soup"},{"link_name":"soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup"},{"link_name":"stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew"},{"link_name":"borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht"},{"link_name":"sour soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sour_soups"},{"link_name":"holubtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki"},{"link_name":"cabbage roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_roll"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbccuisine-150"},{"link_name":"korovai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korovai"},{"link_name":"paska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(bread)"},{"link_name":"easter bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_bread"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Chicken Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Kiev"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hercules-149"},{"link_name":"Kyiv cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_cake"},{"link_name":"kompot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompot"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hercules-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hill-154"},{"link_name":"ryazhanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazhenka"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"horilka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horilka"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hercules-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hill-154"},{"link_name":"Liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid-156"},{"link_name":"among the highest the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid-156"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Borscht with smetana (sour cream)Ukrainian cuisine has been formed by the nation's tumultuous history, geography, culture and social customs. Chicken is the most consumed type of protein, accounting for about half of the meat intake. It is followed by pork and beef.[140]: 12  Vegetables such as potatoes, cabbages, mushrooms and beetroots are widely consumed.[141] Pickled vegetables are considered a delicacy.[142][143] Salo, which is cured pork fat, is considered the national delicacy.[144] Widely used herbs include dill, parsley, basil, coriander and chives.[145]Ukraine is often called the \"Breadbasket of Europe\", and its plentiful grain and cereal resources such as rye and wheat play an important part in its cuisine; essential in making various kinds of bread.[146][147] Chernozem, the country's black-colored highly fertile soil, produces some of the world's most flavorful crops.[148]Popular traditional dishes varenyky (dumpling), nalysnyky (crêpe), kapusnyak (cabbage soup), nudli (dumpling stew), borscht (sour soup) and holubtsi (cabbage roll).[146] Among traditional baked goods are decorated korovai and paska (easter bread).[149] Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev[145] and Kyiv cake. Popular drinks include uzvar (kompot),[145][150] ryazhanka,[151] and horilka.[145][150] Liquor (spirits) are the most consumed type of alcoholic beverage.[152] Alcohol consumption has seen a stark decrease, though by per capita, it remains among the highest the world.[153][152]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odesa Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Bortniansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Bortniansky"},{"link_name":"Sergei Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"Myroslav Skoryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myroslav_Skoryk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Odesa Opera HouseUkrainian music incorporates a diversity of external cultural influences. It also has a very strong indigenous Slavic and Christian uniqueness whose elements were used among many neighboring nations.[154][155]Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong \"obychnyi spiv\" or \"musica practica\". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 15th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Poland (latter in Russia).[citation needed]A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like Dmitry Bortniansky, Sergei Prokofiev, Myroslav Skoryk, etc. Ukraine is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire, home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers.[156]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hopak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopak"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_dance"},{"link_name":"folk dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance"},{"link_name":"ethnographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"folklorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"concert dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_dance"},{"link_name":"culture of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pysanky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pysanky"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dance","text":"Ukrainian dance Hopak.Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as \"Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances\", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.[citation needed]Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"its flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"its coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Supreme Ruthenian Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Ruthenian_Council"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"link_name":"East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavic_people"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Symbols","text":"Coat of arms of Ukraine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of UkraineUkraine's national symbols include its flag and its coat of arms.The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat.[157][158][159] The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the Kingdom of Ruthenia.[160]The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient East Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of Ukrainian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history"},{"link_name":"List of Slavic studies journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of Ukrainian history and List of Slavic studies journals","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zerkalo Nedeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli"},{"link_name":"in Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051125025057/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/555/50610/"},{"link_name":"in Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051112171542/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/555/50610/"},{"link_name":"Zerkalo Nedeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli"},{"link_name":"in Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050426004858/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/543/49862/"},{"link_name":"in Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051104020412/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/543/49862/"},{"link_name":"Zerkalo Nedeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli"},{"link_name":"in Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/328/29376/"},{"link_name":"in Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051106071949/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/328/29376/"},{"link_name":"Zerkalo Nedeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli"},{"link_name":"in Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051201052452/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/378/33582/"},{"link_name":"in Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051105214750/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/378/33582/"},{"link_name":"Halyna Lozko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyna_Lozko"},{"link_name":"in Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220407191016/http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Vasyl Balushok, \"How Rusyns Became Ukrainians\", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July 2005. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian.\nVasyl Balushok, \"When was the Ukrainian nation born?\", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 23 April – 6 May 2005. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian.\nDmytro Kyianskyi, \"We are more \"Russian\" then they are: history without myths and sensationalism\", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 27 January – 2 February 2001. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian.\nOleg Chirkov, \"External migration – the main reason for the presence of a non-Ukrainian ethnic population in contemporary Ukraine\". Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 26 January – 1 February 2002. Available in Russian and in Ukrainian.\nHalyna Lozko, \"Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine\" Available in Ukrainian Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Ukrainian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Settlement of Ukrainians around the world in 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Uk1920.png/220px-Uk1920.png"},{"image_text":"\"Ethnographical Map of Ukraine\" printed just after World War II. Land inhabited by a plurality of ethnic Ukrainians is colored rose (not to be confused with the color given to Kalmyks, also rose).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg/220px-Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population of ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by oblast (2001)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/220px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Neolithic migrations c. 5000–4000 BC. The people of the Proto-Indo-European Sredny Stog culture were the result of a genetic admixture between the Eastern European hunter-gatherers and Caucasus hunter-gatherers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg/220px-Map_of_Early_Neolithic_migrations.jpg"},{"image_text":"Principal Component Analysis of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png/220px-Principal_Component_Analysis_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.png"},{"image_text":"Structure plot of European populations from the Genome Ukraine Project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg/220px-Structure_plot_of_European_populations_from_the_Genome_Ukraine_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Hutsuls, living in the Carpathian mountains, 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Huculi_1902.png/200px-Huculi_1902.png"},{"image_text":"Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Two pikes on the left are wrapped in the traditional colors of Ukraine – blue/yellow and red/black.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/220px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg"},{"image_text":"A girl in Kharkiv during the Holodomor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg/220px-Famine_Kharkov_girl_and_goat_1933.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cossack Mamay, one of several national personifications of Ukrainians.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg/220px-Cossack_Mamay_1728.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001). The Russian linguistic influence in the south and east is noticeable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg/200px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainian.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The historic Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lviv Central Baptist Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG/190px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8.JPG"},{"image_text":"St. George's Cathedral, Lviv","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/266px-%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Borscht with smetana (sour cream)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/220px-Borscht_served.jpg"},{"image_text":"Odesa Opera House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ukrainian dance Hopak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg/220px-Hopak_at_Rapid_Trident_2014.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ukraine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ukraine"},{"title":"Demographics of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"List of Ukrainian rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_rulers"},{"title":"List of Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainians"},{"title":"Soviet population transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_population_transfer"},{"title":"Ukrainian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects"}]
[{"reference":"\"УКРАЇНЦІ\". resource.history.org.ua. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi","url_text":"\"УКРАЇНЦІ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175531/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001\". State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. 5 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/","url_text":"\"Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)","url_text":"State Statistics Committee of Ukraine"},{"url":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19\". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html","url_text":"\"Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135627/https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population\". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053324/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten\". Statistisches Bundesamt. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420232930/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2010–2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214010655/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_DP02&prodType=table","url_text":"\"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2010–2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_DP02&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil\". The Ukrainian World Congress. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/","url_text":"\"Brazil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424230057/https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship as at 31 December 2018\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014351/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1812_c01t11.pdf/ddfa8a3d-8875-4b38-8d3a-e7245706b6f7?version=1.0","url_text":"\"Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship as at 31 December 2018\""},{"url":"https://cesky.radio.cz/na-konci-roku-2022-zilo-v-cesku-legalne-pres-636-tisic-ukrajincu-predloni-jich-8773042","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ucraini in Italia\". tuttitalia.it(Elaborazioni su dati ISTAT-L’Istituto nazionale di statistica). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/","url_text":"\"Ucraini in Italia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090351/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Total Migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990–2015\". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171226173148/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml","url_text":"\"Total Migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990–2015\""},{"url":"http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\" [Ukrainian immigration to Argentina]. Ucrania.com (in Spanish). 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227233709/http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\""},{"url":"http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\" [Ukrainian immigration to Argentina]. Ucrania.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050207175738/http://ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69","url_text":"\"La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\""},{"url":"http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020\". INE. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla","url_text":"\"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)","url_text":"INE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160218/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Romanian 2011 census\" (PDF). edrc.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Romanian 2011 census\""},{"url":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Українська діаспора в Румунії [Ukrainian diaspora in Romania] (in Ukrainian). Буковина толерантна. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8","url_text":"Українська діаспора в Румунії"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031942/http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","url_text":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025903/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","url_text":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014\". Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114194151/http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014\""},{"url":"https://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Статистический ежегодник 2017\". Министерство экономического развития, Государственная служба статистики Приднестровской Молдавской Республики. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927202651/http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html","url_text":"\"Статистический ежегодник 2017\""},{"url":"https://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"European countries\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","url_text":"\"European countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine\". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine","url_text":"\"Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225163637/https://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cijfers opvang vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne in Nederland\". Rijksoverheid. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine/cijfers-opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine-in-nederland","url_text":"\"Cijfers opvang vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne in Nederland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220723170721/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine/cijfers-opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine-in-nederland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"European countries\". Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","url_text":"\"European countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"У Туреччині підрахували кількість українців. Цифра вражає\". svitua.com.ua. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822215220/http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye","url_text":"\"У Туреччині підрахували кількість українців. Цифра вражає\""},{"url":"http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības\" (PDF). Latvijas Republikas Iekšlietu ministrijas. Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125191614/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf","url_text":"\"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības\""},{"url":"http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Government – Department of Immigration and Border Protection. \"Ukrainian Australians\". Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116133105/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Australians\""},{"url":"http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. \"Asia and Oceania countries\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720123015/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania","url_text":"\"Asia and Oceania countries\""},{"url":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainians Аbroad\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003523/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad","url_text":"\"Ukrainians Аbroad\""},{"url":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle East and Africa\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003522/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa","url_text":"\"Middle East and Africa\""},{"url":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years\". Eesti Statistika. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104172617/http://www.stat.ee/34267","url_text":"\"Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.ee/34267","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009\". State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls","url_text":"\"Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic composition: 2016 estimation (data for regions)\". Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук статистика комитети. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm","url_text":"\"Ethnic composition: 2016 estimation (data for regions)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220321205540/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, ancestry, age, sex, region and time – Ukraine\". Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statbank.dk/10024","url_text":"\"Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, ancestry, age, sex, region and time – Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316064152/https://www.statbank.dk/10024","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PARAGUAY\". Ukrainian World Congress. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100348/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327","url_text":"\"PARAGUAY\""},{"url":"http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La cooperación cultural y humanitaria entre Ucrania y Paraguay\". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Ucrania. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720194828/https://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture","url_text":"\"La cooperación cultural y humanitaria entre Ucrania y Paraguay\""},{"url":"http://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Українці в Австрії. Botschaft der Ukraine in der Republik Österreich. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013061824/http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t","url_text":"Українці в Австрії"},{"url":"http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Євгеній Семенов: \"Українська громада в ОАЕ об'єднується, не чекаючи жодних офіційних статусів чи закликів, і це – головне!\"\". chasipodii.net. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749/","url_text":"\"Євгеній Семенов: \"Українська громада в ОАЕ об'єднується, не чекаючи жодних офіційних статусів чи закликів, і це – головне!\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016112836/http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år\". Statistiska centralbyrån. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/","url_text":"\"Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220091841/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf","url_text":"Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9","url_text":"978-963-235-542-9"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Our color-all over the world\". State Migration Service of Ukraine and Foundation for assistance to refugees and displaced people \"Compassion\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003091041/http://en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-","url_text":"\"Our color-all over the world\""},{"url":"http://www.en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"С. А. Макарчук, Етнічна історія України\". ebk.net.ua. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm","url_text":"\"С. А. Макарчук, Етнічна історія України\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102651/http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Українці в Швейцарії. Botschaft der Ukraine in der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715064822/https://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland","url_text":"Українці в Швейцарії"},{"url":"http://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainians in Finland\". Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland","url_text":"\"Ukrainians in Finland\""},{"url":"http://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian community in Jordan\". Embassy of Ukraine in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo","url_text":"\"Ukrainian community in Jordan\""},{"url":"http://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian: definition\". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953","url_text":"\"Ukrainian: definition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226143926/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arel, Dominique (2017–2018). \"Language, Status, and State Loyalty in Ukraine\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 233–263. JSTOR 44983543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983543","url_text":"44983543"}]},{"reference":"Moser, Michael A. (2017–2018). \"The Fate of the \"Ruthenian or Little Russian\" (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 87–104. JSTOR 44983536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536","url_text":"44983536"}]},{"reference":"J. Boeck, Brian (2004–2005). \"What's in a Name? Semantic Separation and the Rise of the Ukrainian National Name\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 27 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 33–65. JSTOR 41036861.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036861","url_text":"41036861"}]},{"reference":"Sysyn, Frank (1991). \"The Reemergence of the Ukrainian Nation and Cossack Mythology\". Social Research. 58 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 845–864. JSTOR 40970677.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_(journal)","url_text":"Social Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"The Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40970677","url_text":"40970677"}]},{"reference":"Kulyk, Volodymyr (21 October 2022). \"Is Ukraine a Multiethnic Country?\". Slavic Review. 81 (2). Cambridge University Press: 299–323. doi:10.1017/slr.2022.152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Review","url_text":"Slavic Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fslr.2022.152","url_text":"10.1017/slr.2022.152"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ukrainian Highlanders: Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos\". People. Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9","url_text":"\"The Ukrainian Highlanders: Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014517/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Luchenko, Valentyn (11 February 2009). Походження назви \"Україна\" [Origin of the name \"Ukraine\"] (in Ukrainian). luchenko.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309161655/http://luchenko.com/index.php?id=301&itemid=50&option=com_content&task=view","url_text":"Походження назви \"Україна\""},{"url":"http://luchenko.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=301&Itemid=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації [History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Primary Sources and Interpretations] (in Ukrainian). Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://litopys.org.ua/","url_text":"Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121210163342/http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant18.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу [Ukraine. Rus'. Names of territories and nationality]. Encyclopedia of Ukraine – I (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Litopys.org.ua. 1949. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","url_text":"Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082051/http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serhii Plokhy (2008). Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past. University of Toronto Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8020-9327-1. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhii_Plokhii","url_text":"Serhii Plokhy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok","url_text":"Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok/page/139","url_text":"139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9327-1","url_text":"978-0-8020-9327-1"}]},{"reference":"Kataryna Wolczuk (2001). The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. Central European University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-963-9241-25-1. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-25-1","url_text":"978-963-9241-25-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410143409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All-Ukrainian National Congress\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1984. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm","url_text":"\"All-Ukrainian National Congress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211327/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Universals of the Central Rada\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm","url_text":"\"Universals of the Central Rada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211332/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Himka, John-Paul (1993). \"Ruthenians\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Paul_Himka","url_text":"Himka, John-Paul"},{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm","url_text":"\"Ruthenians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211335/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lev, Vasyl; Vytanovych, Illia (1993). \"Populism, Western Ukrainian\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPopulismWesternUkrainian.htm","url_text":"\"Populism, Western Ukrainian\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211341/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPopulismWesternUkrainian.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baranovska N. M. (2012). Актуалізація ідей автономізму та федералізму в умовах національної революції 1917–1921 рр. як шлях відстоювання державницького розвитку України [Actualization of ideas of autonomy and federalism in the conditions of the national revolution of 1917–1921 as a path to defending the development of the statehood of Ukraine] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Lviv Polytechnic National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012625/http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf","url_text":"Актуалізація ідей автономізму та федералізму в умовах національної революції 1917–1921 рр. як шлях відстоювання державницького розвитку України"},{"url":"http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1990. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1","url_text":"\"Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014517/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва \"Україна\"\". Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","url_text":"\"З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва \"Україна\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082051/http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vasmer, Max (1953–1958). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German). Vol. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Vasmer","url_text":"Vasmer, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg","url_text":"Heidelberg"}]},{"reference":"Fasmer, Maks (1964–1973). Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka. Vol. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Vasmer","url_text":"Fasmer, Maks"},{"url":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning","url_text":"Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919205412/https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова \"украинцы\" // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82–85\". Edrus.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233814/http://www.edrus.org/content/view/22784/56/","url_text":"\"Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова \"украинцы\" // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82–85\""},{"url":"http://www.edrus.org/content/view/22784/56/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Україна\" – це не \"окраїна\". Litopys.org.ua. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm","url_text":"\"Україна\" – це не \"окраїна\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116034417/http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Struggle for Independence (1917–20)\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm","url_text":"\"Struggle for Independence (1917–20)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211351/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mace, James (1993). \"Ukrainization\". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainization.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211356/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainization.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainians\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why ethnopolitics doesn't work in Ukraine\". al-Jazeera. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html","url_text":"\"Why ethnopolitics doesn't work in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418161131/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013\" (PDF). stat.gov.pl. Central Statistical Office of Poland. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf","url_text":"\"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_of_Poland","url_text":"Central Statistical Office of Poland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515165423/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The migration of Ukrainians in times of crisis\". 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis","url_text":"\"The migration of Ukrainians in times of crisis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194712/https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"There is almost as many Ukrainian immigrants in Poland as 2015 refugees in Europe. r/europe\". reddit. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/","url_text":"\"There is almost as many Ukrainian immigrants in Poland as 2015 refugees in Europe. r/europe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408142823/https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 1.2 million Ukrainians working in Poland\". praca.interia.pl. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654","url_text":"\"Over 1.2 million Ukrainians working in Poland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200102211446/https://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants\". Bloomberg L.P. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland","url_text":"\"Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116125947/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution\". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg","url_text":"\"See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Ukraine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917163527/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians\". Ukrainian Canadian Congress. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/","url_text":"\"UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress","url_text":"Ukrainian Canadian Congress"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162019/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million\". Ukrinform.ua. 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120105155543/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280","url_text":"\"Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million\""},{"url":"http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world\". Ukraine-travel-advisor.com. 5 December 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070329005214/http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html","url_text":"\"20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world\""},{"url":"http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Volodymyr Kubijovyc; Danylo Husar Struk, eds. (1990). \"Ukrainians\". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto). Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2009. From the 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croatians.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Polianians (poliany)\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm","url_text":"\"Polianians (poliany)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211419/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zhukovsky, Arkadii. \"Varangians\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ...Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm","url_text":"\"Varangians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211425/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyivan Rus'\". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1988. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023. According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus' were Askold and Dyr.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","url_text":"\"Kyivan Rus'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ihor Lysyj (10 July 2005). \"The Viking \"drakkar\" and the Kozak \"chaika\"\". The Ukrainian Weekly. Parsippany, New Jersey. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211434/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml","url_text":"\"The Viking \"drakkar\" and the Kozak \"chaika\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly","url_text":"The Ukrainian Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andriy Pyrohiv (1998). \"Vikings and the Lavra Monastery\". Wumag.kiev.ua. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/lavra.htm","url_text":"\"Vikings and the Lavra Monastery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120901175358/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/lavra.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serhy Yekelchyk (2004). Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination. University of Toronto Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8020-8808-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk","url_text":"Serhy Yekelchyk"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IzSEEqjp9vUC&pg=PA94","url_text":"Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8808-6","url_text":"978-0-8020-8808-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144227/https://books.google.com/books?id=IzSEEqjp9vUC&pg=PA94","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022)\". Ratinggroup.ua. 6 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/vosmoy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_ukraina_v_usloviyah_voyny_6_aprelya_2022.html","url_text":"\"Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022)\""}]},{"reference":"Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). \"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","url_text":"\"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783","url_text":"1502.02783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H","url_text":"2015Natur.522..207H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317","url_text":"10.1038/nature14317"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","url_text":"5048219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166","url_text":"25731166"}]},{"reference":"Posth, C.; Yu, H.; Ghalichi, A. (2023). \"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers\". Nature. 615 (2 March 2023): 117–126. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..117P. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. PMC 9977688. PMID 36859578.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9977688","url_text":"\"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..117P","url_text":"2023Natur.615..117P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05726-0","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9977688","url_text":"9977688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859578","url_text":"36859578"}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). \"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population\". Science. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population","url_text":"\"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oleksyk, Taras K; Wolfsberger, Walter W; Weber, Alexandra M; Shchubelka, Khrystyna; Oleksyk, Olga; Levchuk, Olga; Patrus, Alla; Lazar, Nelya; Castro-Marquez, Stephanie O; Hasynets, Yaroslava; Boldyzhar, Patricia; Neymet, Mikhailo; Urbanovych, Alina; Stakhovska, Viktoriya; Malyar, Kateryna; Chervyakova, Svitlana; Podoroha, Olena; Kovalchuk, Natalia; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L; Zhou, Weichen; Medley, Sarah; Battistuzzi, Fabia; Liu, Ryan; Hou, Yong; Chen, Siru; Yang, Huanming; Yeager, Meredith; Dean, Michael; Mills, Ryan; Smolanka, Volodymyr (2021). \"Genome diversity in Ukraine\". GigaScience. 10 (1). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giaa159. PMC 7804371. PMID 33438729. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/1/giaa159/6079618","url_text":"\"Genome diversity in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgigascience%2Fgiaa159","url_text":"10.1093/gigascience/giaa159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804371","url_text":"7804371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33438729","url_text":"33438729"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220312102545/https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/1/giaa159/6079618","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Large study provides new understanding of genome diversity in Ukrainian population\". News-Medical. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210113/Large-study-provides-new-understanding-genome-diversity-in-Ukrainian-population.aspx","url_text":"\"Large study provides new understanding of genome diversity in Ukrainian population\""}]},{"reference":"Di Luca, F.; Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (2006). \"Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic\" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID 17078035. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6718583","url_text":"\"Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20500","url_text":"10.1002/ajpa.20500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2108%2F35058","url_text":"2108/35058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17078035","url_text":"17078035"}]},{"reference":"Utevska, O. M.; Chukhraeva, M. I.; Agdzhoyan, A. T.; Atramentova, L. A.; Balanovska, E. V.; Balanovsky, O. P. (21 September 2015). \"Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions\" (PDF). Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, Medicine. 6 (2): 133–140. doi:10.15421/021524. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://oaji.net/articles/2015/922-1450176147.pdf","url_text":"\"Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15421%2F021524","url_text":"10.15421/021524"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025357/http://oaji.net/articles/2015/922-1450176147.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Semino O.; Passarino G.; Oefner P.J.; Lin A.A.; Arbuzova S.; Beckman L.E.; De Benedictis G.; Francalacci P.; Kouvatsi A.; Limborska S.; Marcikiae M.; Mika A.; Mika B.; Primorac D.; Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S.; Cavalli-Sforza L.L.; Underhill P.A. (2000). \"The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective\". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–1159. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1155S","url_text":"2000Sci...290.1155S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5494.1155","url_text":"10.1126/science.290.5494.1155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073453","url_text":"11073453"}]},{"reference":"Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Borinskaya, S. A.; Kozhekbaeva, Zh. M.; Gusar, V. A.; Grechanina, E. Ya.; Puzyrev, V. P.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Yankovsky, N. K. (1 March 2004). \"Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups\". Russian Journal of Genetics. 40 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. S2CID 25907265.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ARUGE.0000021635.80528.2f","url_text":"10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25907265","url_text":"25907265"}]},{"reference":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Hutsuls\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 7 January 1919. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm","url_text":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Hutsuls\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211502/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 August 1945. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm","url_text":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211509/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm","url_text":"\"Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211513/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","url_text":"\"The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211518/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm","url_text":"\"A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185446/http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?addbutton=pages%5Cg%5Ca%5Cgalicia6volhyniaprincipalityof.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm","url_text":"\"The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116035648/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года? [How many of us died from Holodomor in 1933?]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061128150638/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833","url_text":"Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli","url_text":"Zerkalo Nedeli"},{"url":"http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kulchytsky, Stanislav (23–29 November 2002). Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року? [How many of us died during the Holodomor 1933?]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030201130718/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/","url_text":"Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli","url_text":"Zerkalo Nedeli"},{"url":"http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian National Republic\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 1993. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainian National Republic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233234/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 7 August 1932. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm","url_text":"\"Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116034619/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","url_text":"\"Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Олександр Lytvynenko, Oleksandr; Yakymenko, Yuriy (19 May 2008). \"Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: \"Imaginary Society\" as it is\". Razumkov Centre. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319164800/http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/article.php?news_id=676","url_text":"\"Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: \"Imaginary Society\" as it is\""},{"url":"http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/article.php?news_id=676","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","url_text":"\"Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s\". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. 16 July 1990. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","url_text":"\"Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine\". Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2012 – via Find Articles.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110623040446/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200903/ai_n32127896/","url_text":"\"Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200903/ai_n32127896/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paulsen, Martin (2011). \"Digital Determinism: the Cyrillic Alphabet in the Age of New Technology\". Russian Language Journal / Русский язык. 61. American Councils for International Education: 119–141. JSTOR 43669201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Councils_for_International_Education","url_text":"American Councils for International Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43669201","url_text":"43669201"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Stefan A. (June 1985). \"The Ruthenian Language of Meletij Smotryc'kyj: Phonology\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 9 (1/2). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 53–60. JSTOR 41036132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132","url_text":"41036132"}]},{"reference":"Sériot, Patrick (2017–2018). \"Language Policy as a Political Linguistics: The Implicit Model of Linguistics in the Discussion of the Norms of Ukrainian and Belarusian in the 1930s\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 169–185. JSTOR 44983540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983540","url_text":"44983540"}]},{"reference":"Kornienko, Anna (12 June 2020). \"Masked lexical priming between close and distant languages\" (PDF). University of Bergen. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/23074/My-thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Masked lexical priming between close and distant languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bergen","url_text":"University of Bergen"}]},{"reference":"Pavlenko, Aneta (2011). \"Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians? / Языковая руссификация в Российской империи: стали ли крестьяне русскими?\". Russian Linguistics. 35 (3). Springer Nature: 331–350. doi:10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7. JSTOR 41486701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11185-011-9078-7","url_text":"10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41486701","url_text":"41486701"}]},{"reference":"Shapoval, Yuri; Olynyk, Marta D. (2017–2018). \"The Ukrainian Language under Totalitarianism and Total War\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (1/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 187–212. JSTOR 44983541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983541","url_text":"44983541"}]},{"reference":"Pavlenko, Aneta (January 1979). \"West Ukraine and West Belorussia: Historical Tradition, Social Communication, and Linguistic Assimilation\". Soviet Studies. 31 (1). Taylor & Francis: 76–98. doi:10.1080/09668137908411225. JSTOR 150187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Studies","url_text":"Soviet Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137908411225","url_text":"10.1080/09668137908411225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/150187","url_text":"150187"}]},{"reference":"\"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe\". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/","url_text":"\"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century\". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/","url_text":"\"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Центр, Разумков. \"Конфесійна та церковна належність громадян України (січень 2020р. соціологія)\". razumkov.org.ua. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/konfesiina-ta-tserkovna-nalezhnist-gromadian-ukrainy-sichen-2020r","url_text":"\"Конфесійна та церковна належність громадян України (січень 2020р. соціологія)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731061208/https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/konfesiina-ta-tserkovna-nalezhnist-gromadian-ukrainy-sichen-2020r","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану [Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan] (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Razumkov Center in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches, 26 May 2016, pp. 22, 27, 29, 31, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2017, retrieved 28 April 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf","url_text":"Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumkov_Center","url_text":"Razumkov Center"},{"url":"http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yarmak, Andriy; Svyatkivska, Elizaveta; Prikhodko, Dmitry. \"Ukraine: Meat sector review\". Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7eaedc0c-e890-48c5-b4b3-32e0ae40c6be/content","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Meat sector review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization","url_text":"Food and Agriculture Organization"}]},{"reference":"Kaminski, Anna (10 March 2011). \"Ukraine's culinary heights\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110303-ukraines-culinary-delights","url_text":"\"Ukraine's culinary heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Hercules, Olia (6 September 2016). \"A 'nuclear' pickle recipe from Ukraine\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/sep/06/quick-fermented-cucumbers-gherkins-olia-hercules-kitchen-in-ukraine","url_text":"\"A 'nuclear' pickle recipe from Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Shylova, Liudmyla (28 February 2024). \"Nizhyn Pickles\". Voice of America (VOA). Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/nizhyn-pickles-/7495186.html","url_text":"\"Nizhyn Pickles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America","url_text":"Voice of America"}]},{"reference":"Kollegaeva, Katrina (2017). \"Salo, the Ukrainian Pork Fat\". Gastronomica. 17 (4). University of California Press: 102–110. doi:10.1525/gfc.2017.17.4.102. JSTOR 26362486.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomica","url_text":"Gastronomica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2017.17.4.102","url_text":"10.1525/gfc.2017.17.4.102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362486","url_text":"26362486"}]},{"reference":"Hercules, Olia (4 June 2015). \"Fermented herbs, a lavish hazelnut cake recipe and a Ukrainian spin on meatball soup\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/04/hazelnut-cake-recipe-olia-hercules-cook-residency","url_text":"\"Fermented herbs, a lavish hazelnut cake recipe and a Ukrainian spin on meatball soup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Banas, Anne (24 February 2023). \"Five comfort foods that define Ukraine\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230224-five-comfort-foods-to-celebrate-ukraine","url_text":"\"Five comfort foods that define Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Wroe, Ann (14 April 2022). \"Bread in Ukraine: why a loaf means life\". The Economist. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/1843/2022/04/14/bread-in-ukraine-why-a-loaf-means-life","url_text":"\"Bread in Ukraine: why a loaf means life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine has a glorious cuisine that is all its own\". The Economist. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/03/05/ukraine-has-a-glorious-cuisine-that-is-all-its-own","url_text":"\"Ukraine has a glorious cuisine that is all its own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"Hercules, Olia (13 April 2017). \"Alternatives to Good Friday bakes: a recipe for Ukrainian Easter bread\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/13/kulich-paska-ukrainian-easter-bread-recipe-olia-hercules-easter-bakes","url_text":"\"Alternatives to Good Friday bakes: a recipe for Ukrainian Easter bread\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Drennan, Patrick (22 December 2023). \"Christmas in Ukraine\". The Hill. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/opinion/international/4373623-christmas-in-ukraine/","url_text":"\"Christmas in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"}]},{"reference":"Aidarbekova, Sabina; Aider, Mohammad (April 2022). \"Production of Ryazhenka, a traditional Ukrainian fermented baked milk, by using electro-activated whey as supplementing ingredient and source of lactulose\". Food Bioscience. 46 (101526). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101526. ISSN 2212-4292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fbio.2021.101526","url_text":"10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2212-4292","url_text":"2212-4292"}]},{"reference":"Samokhvalov, Andriy V.; Pidkorytov, Valerii S.; Linskiy, Igor V.; Minko, Oleksandr I.; Minko, Oleksii O.; Rehm, Jürgen; Popova, Svetlana (1 January 2009). \"Alcohol use and addiction services in Ukraine\". Psychiatry International. 6 (1): 5–7. PMID 31507969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31507969","url_text":"31507969"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainians are drinking less alcohol and support stronger regulations, new survey finds\". World Health Organization (WHO). 22 March 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024. Ukraine has seen a fall in alcohol consumption of almost 25% over the last decade.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/22-03-2024-ukrainians-are-drinking-less-alcohol-and-support-stronger-regulations--new-survey-finds","url_text":"\"Ukrainians are drinking less alcohol and support stronger regulations, new survey finds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian Music Elements\". Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Music Elements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211707/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks\". Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2016. The artistic tradition of Ukrainian wandering bards, the kobzars (kobza players), bandurysts (bandura players), and lirnyks (lira players) is one of the most distinctive elements of Ukraine's cultural heritage.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917160307/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire\". National Geographic Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005555/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US","url_text":"\"Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire\""},{"url":"http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine\". Kmu.gov.ua. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3Fart_id%3D235970%26cat_id%3D32672","url_text":"\"Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182405/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3Fart_id%3D235970%26cat_id%3D32672","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whitney Smith. \"Flag of Ukraine\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ukraine#949947.hook","url_text":"\"Flag of Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407224036/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ukraine#949947.hook","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flag of Ukraine\". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html","url_text":"\"Flag of Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weeks, Andrew (29 December 2012). \"Ukraine – History of the Flag\". Crwflags.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori","url_text":"\"Ukraine – History of the Flag\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920000602/https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Andrew (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09309-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)","url_text":"Wilson, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut","url_text":"New Haven, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4","url_text":"978-0-300-09309-4"}]},{"reference":"Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09309-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi","url_text":"Magocsi, Paul R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto","url_text":"Toronto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4","url_text":"978-0-300-09309-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Ukrainian_people","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_17854/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804371/","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainians&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.migrant.info.pl/Documents_entitling_a_foreigner_to_work_in_Poland.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105173345/https://www.migrant.info.pl/Documents_entitling_a_foreigner_to_work_in_Poland.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Milion-Ukraincow-zasililo-polski-rynek-pracy-w-2016-roku-7503408.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220410133722/https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Milion-Ukraincow-zasililo-polski-rynek-pracy-w-2016-roku-7503408.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150819141112/http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev","external_links_name":"\"После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806162817/http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev","external_links_name":"\"Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців\""},{"Link":"http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi","external_links_name":"\"УКРАЇНЦІ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175531/http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Ukraintsi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/","external_links_name":"\"Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html","external_links_name":"\"Populacja cudzoziemców w Polsce w czasie COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135627/https://stat.gov.pl/statystyki-eksperymentalne/kapital-ludzki/populacja-cudzoziemcow-w-polsce-w-czasie-covid-19,12,1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1","external_links_name":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422053324/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190420232930/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200214010655/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_DP02&prodType=table","external_links_name":"\"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2010–2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_DP02&prodType=table","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/","external_links_name":"\"Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424230057/https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/country-info/brazil/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014351/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1812_c01t11.pdf/ddfa8a3d-8875-4b38-8d3a-e7245706b6f7?version=1.0","external_links_name":"\"Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship as at 31 December 2018\""},{"Link":"https://cesky.radio.cz/na-konci-roku-2022-zilo-v-cesku-legalne-pres-636-tisic-ukrajincu-predloni-jich-8773042","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/","external_links_name":"\"Ucraini in Italia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090351/https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/ucraina/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171226173148/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Total Migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 1990–2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227233709/http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050207175738/http://ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69","external_links_name":"\"La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla","external_links_name":"\"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160218/https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F&file=02005.px#!tabs-tabla","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Romanian 2011 census\""},{"Link":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8","external_links_name":"Українська діаспора в Румунії"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031942/http://buktolerance.com.ua/?page_id=8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","external_links_name":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025903/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","external_links_name":"\"SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114194151/http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12–25, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170927202651/http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html","external_links_name":"\"Статистический ежегодник 2017\""},{"Link":"https://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2017.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","external_links_name":"\"European countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225163637/https://www.atout-france.fr/notre-reseau/ukraine","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine/cijfers-opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine-in-nederland","external_links_name":"\"Cijfers opvang vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne in Nederland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220723170721/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine/cijfers-opvang-vluchtelingen-uit-oekraine-in-nederland","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","external_links_name":"\"European countries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124308/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/european-countries","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822215220/http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye","external_links_name":"\"У Туреччині підрахували кількість українців. Цифра вражає\""},{"Link":"http://svitua.com.ua/news/201706/4027-turechchyni-pidrahuvaly-kilkist-ukrayinciv-cyfra-vrazhaye","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125191614/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības\""},{"Link":"http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/documents/1aaaa/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116133105/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian Australians\""},{"Link":"http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/textversion/ukraine.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720123015/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania","external_links_name":"\"Asia and Oceania countries\""},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003523/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians Аbroad\""},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/ukrainians-abroad","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001003522/https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa","external_links_name":"\"Middle East and Africa\""},{"Link":"http://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/nest-africa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180104172617/http://www.stat.ee/34267","external_links_name":"\"Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years\""},{"Link":"http://www.stat.ee/34267","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls","external_links_name":"\"Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ethnic composition: 2016 estimation (data for regions)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220321205540/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kyrgyzstan-ethnic2016reg.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statbank.dk/10024","external_links_name":"\"Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, ancestry, age, sex, region and time – Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316064152/https://www.statbank.dk/10024","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100348/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327","external_links_name":"\"PARAGUAY\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/index.php/id/327","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190720194828/https://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture","external_links_name":"\"La cooperación cultural y humanitaria entre Ucrania y Paraguay\""},{"Link":"http://argentina.mfa.gov.ua/es/ukraine-paraguay/culture","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013061824/http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t","external_links_name":"Українці в Австрії"},{"Link":"http://austria.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-at/ukrainians-in-%D0%B0t","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749/","external_links_name":"\"Євгеній Семенов: \"Українська громада в ОАЕ об'єднується, не чекаючи жодних офіційних статусів чи закликів, і це – головне!\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016112836/http://www.chasipodii.net/article/18749","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/","external_links_name":"\"Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220091841/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf","external_links_name":"Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003091041/http://en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-","external_links_name":"\"Our color-all over the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.en.migraciya.com.ua/news/ukrainian-abroad/en-our-color---all-over-the-world-/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm","external_links_name":"\"С. А. Макарчук, Етнічна історія України\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170820102651/http://www.ebk.net.ua/Book/history/makarchuk_eiu/part17/1703.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715064822/https://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland","external_links_name":"Українці в Швейцарії"},{"Link":"http://switzerland.mfa.gov.ua/ua/ukraine-switzerland/ukrainians-in-switzerland","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians in Finland\""},{"Link":"http://finland.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-finland/ukrainians-in-finland","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906130348/https://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian community in Jordan\""},{"Link":"http://jordan.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-jo/ukrainians-in-jo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"Ukrainians"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220411031257/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224044325/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CRPD/Shared%20Documents/UKR/INT_CRPD_CSS_UKR_21426_E.doc","external_links_name":"Alternative Answers to the List of Issues for Ukraine. Prepared by the Ukrainian Society of the Deaf"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian: definition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226143926/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983543","external_links_name":"44983543"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536","external_links_name":"44983536"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036861","external_links_name":"41036861"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40970677","external_links_name":"40970677"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fslr.2022.152","external_links_name":"10.1017/slr.2022.152"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9","external_links_name":"\"The Ukrainian Highlanders: Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014517/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um26.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Ukrainian literary language"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215442/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um26.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um27.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Ukrainian language"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220409173100/http://www.litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um27.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309161655/http://luchenko.com/index.php?id=301&itemid=50&option=com_content&task=view","external_links_name":"Походження назви \"Україна\""},{"Link":"http://luchenko.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=301&Itemid=50","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/","external_links_name":"Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121210163342/http://litopys.org.ua/anton/ant18.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","external_links_name":"Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082051/http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok","external_links_name":"Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ukrainerussiarep0000plok/page/139","external_links_name":"139"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410143409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm","external_links_name":"\"All-Ukrainian National Congress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211327/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm","external_links_name":"\"Universals of the Central Rada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211332/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ruthenians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211335/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPopulismWesternUkrainian.htm","external_links_name":"\"Populism, Western Ukrainian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211341/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPopulismWesternUkrainian.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012625/http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf","external_links_name":"Актуалізація ідей автономізму та федералізму в умовах національної революції 1917–1921 рр. як шлях відстоювання державницького розвитку України"},{"Link":"http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014517/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","external_links_name":"\"З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва \"Україна\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082051/http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning","external_links_name":"Ėtimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919205412/https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233814/http://www.edrus.org/content/view/22784/56/","external_links_name":"\"Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова \"украинцы\" // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82–85\""},{"Link":"http://www.edrus.org/content/view/22784/56/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm","external_links_name":"\"Україна\" – це не \"окраїна\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116034417/http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm","external_links_name":"\"Struggle for Independence (1917–20)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211351/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainization.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainization\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211356/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainization.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls","external_links_name":"Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043245/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Information materials on the final results of the 2010 Russian census"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322063857/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml","external_links_name":"Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html","external_links_name":"\"Why ethnopolitics doesn't work in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418161131/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/ethnopolitics-doesn-work-ukraine-190409093526620.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515165423/https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis","external_links_name":"\"The migration of Ukrainians in times of crisis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194712/https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2015-10-19/migration-ukrainians-times-crisis","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/","external_links_name":"\"There is almost as many Ukrainian immigrants in Poland as 2015 refugees in Europe. r/europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408142823/https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/3xu6a6/there_is_almost_as_many_ukrainian_immigrants_in/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654","external_links_name":"\"Over 1.2 million Ukrainians working in Poland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200102211446/https://praca.interia.pl/news-w-polsce-pracuje-ponad-milion-ukraincow,nId,2391654","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland","external_links_name":"\"Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116125947/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-06/million-migrants-fleeing-putin-score-a-policy-jackpot-for-poland","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg","external_links_name":"\"See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917163527/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians_Map.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/","external_links_name":"\"UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162019/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120105155543/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070329005214/http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html","external_links_name":"\"20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Polianians (poliany)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211419/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Varangians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211425/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kyivan Rus'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211434/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Viking \"drakkar\" and the Kozak \"chaika\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/lavra.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vikings and the Lavra Monastery\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120901175358/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/lavra.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IzSEEqjp9vUC&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144227/https://books.google.com/books?id=IzSEEqjp9vUC&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/vosmoy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_ukraina_v_usloviyah_voyny_6_aprelya_2022.html","external_links_name":"\"Восьме загальнонаціональне опитування: Україна в умовах війни (6 квітня 2022)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","external_links_name":"\"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783","external_links_name":"1502.02783"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H","external_links_name":"2015Natur.522..207H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature14317"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219","external_links_name":"5048219"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166","external_links_name":"25731166"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9977688","external_links_name":"\"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.615..117P","external_links_name":"2023Natur.615..117P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-05726-0","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9977688","external_links_name":"9977688"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859578","external_links_name":"36859578"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population","external_links_name":"\"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/1/giaa159/6079618","external_links_name":"\"Genome diversity in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgigascience%2Fgiaa159","external_links_name":"10.1093/gigascience/giaa159"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804371","external_links_name":"7804371"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33438729","external_links_name":"33438729"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220312102545/https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/1/giaa159/6079618","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210113/Large-study-provides-new-understanding-genome-diversity-in-Ukrainian-population.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Large study provides new understanding of genome diversity in Ukrainian population\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6718583","external_links_name":"\"Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20500","external_links_name":"10.1002/ajpa.20500"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2108%2F35058","external_links_name":"2108/35058"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17078035","external_links_name":"17078035"},{"Link":"http://oaji.net/articles/2015/922-1450176147.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15421%2F021524","external_links_name":"10.15421/021524"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025357/http://oaji.net/articles/2015/922-1450176147.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1155S","external_links_name":"2000Sci...290.1155S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5494.1155","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.290.5494.1155"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073453","external_links_name":"11073453"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110624174942/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full","external_links_name":"High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ARUGE.0000021635.80528.2f","external_links_name":"10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25907265","external_links_name":"25907265"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Hutsuls\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211502/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211509/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLemkos.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211513/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","external_links_name":"\"The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211518/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm","external_links_name":"\"A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185446/http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?addbutton=pages%5Cg%5Ca%5Cgalicia6volhyniaprincipalityof.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm","external_links_name":"\"The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116035648/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm","external_links_name":"Ukraine remembers famine horror"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120731094354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/","external_links_name":"Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015349/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/","external_links_name":"France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180917220447/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934","external_links_name":"A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323205135/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061128150638/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833","external_links_name":"Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года?"},{"Link":"http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030201130718/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/","external_links_name":"Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року?"},{"Link":"http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new","external_links_name":"Aftermath of a Soviet Famine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021072458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian National Republic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233234/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm","external_links_name":"\"Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116034619/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319164800/http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/article.php?news_id=676","external_links_name":"\"Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: \"Imaginary Society\" as it is\""},{"Link":"http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/article.php?news_id=676","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Vyacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090354/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm%20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110623040446/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200903/ai_n32127896/","external_links_name":"\"Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200903/ai_n32127896/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43669201","external_links_name":"43669201"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132","external_links_name":"41036132"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983540","external_links_name":"44983540"},{"Link":"https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/23074/My-thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Masked lexical priming between close and distant languages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11185-011-9078-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11185-011-9078-7"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41486701","external_links_name":"41486701"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983541","external_links_name":"44983541"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137908411225","external_links_name":"10.1080/09668137908411225"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/150187","external_links_name":"150187"},{"Link":"https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/","external_links_name":"\"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190714/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/","external_links_name":"\"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uvm.edu/~aivakhiv/Insearch.pdf","external_links_name":"In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and Native Faith in Contemporary Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210814193521/http://www.uvm.edu/~aivakhiv/Insearch.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/konfesiina-ta-tserkovna-nalezhnist-gromadian-ukrainy-sichen-2020r","external_links_name":"\"Конфесійна та церковна належність громадян України (січень 2020р. соціологія)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731061208/https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/konfesiina-ta-tserkovna-nalezhnist-gromadian-ukrainy-sichen-2020r","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf","external_links_name":"Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану"},{"Link":"http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7eaedc0c-e890-48c5-b4b3-32e0ae40c6be/content","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine: Meat sector review\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110303-ukraines-culinary-delights","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's culinary heights\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/sep/06/quick-fermented-cucumbers-gherkins-olia-hercules-kitchen-in-ukraine","external_links_name":"\"A 'nuclear' pickle recipe from Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/nizhyn-pickles-/7495186.html","external_links_name":"\"Nizhyn Pickles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2017.17.4.102","external_links_name":"10.1525/gfc.2017.17.4.102"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362486","external_links_name":"26362486"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/04/hazelnut-cake-recipe-olia-hercules-cook-residency","external_links_name":"\"Fermented herbs, a lavish hazelnut cake recipe and a Ukrainian spin on meatball soup\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230224-five-comfort-foods-to-celebrate-ukraine","external_links_name":"\"Five comfort foods that define Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/1843/2022/04/14/bread-in-ukraine-why-a-loaf-means-life","external_links_name":"\"Bread in Ukraine: why a loaf means life\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/03/05/ukraine-has-a-glorious-cuisine-that-is-all-its-own","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine has a glorious cuisine that is all its own\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/13/kulich-paska-ukrainian-easter-bread-recipe-olia-hercules-easter-bakes","external_links_name":"\"Alternatives to Good Friday bakes: a recipe for Ukrainian Easter bread\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/opinion/international/4373623-christmas-in-ukraine/","external_links_name":"\"Christmas in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fbio.2021.101526","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101526"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2212-4292","external_links_name":"2212-4292"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31507969","external_links_name":"31507969"},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/22-03-2024-ukrainians-are-drinking-less-alcohol-and-support-stronger-regulations--new-survey-finds","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians are drinking less alcohol and support stronger regulations, new survey finds\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian Music Elements\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211707/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917160307/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005555/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire\""},{"Link":"http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3Fart_id%3D235970%26cat_id%3D32672","external_links_name":"\"Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182405/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3Fart_id%3D235970%26cat_id%3D32672","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ukraine#949947.hook","external_links_name":"\"Flag of Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407224036/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ukraine#949947.hook","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html","external_links_name":"\"Flag of Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine – History of the Flag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920000602/https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051125025057/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/555/50610/","external_links_name":"in Russian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051112171542/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/555/50610/","external_links_name":"in Ukrainian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050426004858/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/543/49862/","external_links_name":"in Russian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051104020412/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/543/49862/","external_links_name":"in Ukrainian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/328/29376/","external_links_name":"in Russian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051106071949/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/328/29376/","external_links_name":"in Ukrainian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051201052452/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/378/33582/","external_links_name":"in Russian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051105214750/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/378/33582/","external_links_name":"in Ukrainian"},{"Link":"http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm","external_links_name":"in Ukrainian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191016/http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/","external_links_name":"Ukrainian World Congress."},{"Link":"http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/","external_links_name":"Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and the U.S."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209124848/http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm","external_links_name":"Ukrainians"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/images/osc05a.html","external_links_name":"Races of Europe 1942–1943"},{"Link":"http://www.anesi.com/rmap2.jpg","external_links_name":"Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030105195047/http://coletta.de/kolonien/Die%20Voelker%20Europas%201914%20xxl.jpg","external_links_name":"Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303112904/http://cla.calpoly.edu/~mriedlsp/History315/Maps/map2.html","external_links_name":"Ethno-Linguistic Map of Europe Before 1914"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404043154/https://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/ethnic.jpg","external_links_name":"Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914"},{"Link":"https://www.bestkievguide.com/illuminating-ukrainian-anthropology-typical-physical-traits-of-ukrainians/","external_links_name":"Illuminating Ukrainian Anthropology: Typical Physical Traits of Ukrainians"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061497-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576251","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118163&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph617502&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\U\\K\\Ukrainians","external_links_name":"Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit_Lom_Station
Chit Lom BTS station
["1 See also"]
Coordinates: 13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972Metro station in Bangkok, Thailand Chit Lomชิดลม BTS General informationLocationPathum Wan, Bangkok, ThailandCoordinates13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972Owned byBangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Bangkok Mass Transit System Public Company Limited (BTSC)Operated byBangkok Mass Transit SystemPublic Company Limited (BTSC)Line(s)  Sukhumvit LineOther informationStation codeE1HistoryOpened5 December 1999Passengers20213,154,058 Services Preceding station BTS Skytrain Following station Siamtowards Khu Khot Sukhumvit Line Phloen Chittowards Kheha Chit Lom Station Traditional sign Chit Lom station (Thai: สถานีชิดลม, pronounced ) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located on Phloen Chit Road at Chit Lom intersection to Lang Suan and Chit Lom Road. It is also linked by Skybridge directly to Central Chidlom department store, and Sky Walk to Ratchaprasong intersection where Central World, Gaysorn Plaza and Erawan Shrine is situated next to Pratunam clothing market within walking distance from the intersection. The Sky Walk also links the station with Siam station, with cluster of luxury shops in Siam Square and Siam Paragon shopping mall. See also Bangkok Skytrain 13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972 vte Sukhumvit LineStationsEastern Outer Ring –Khu Khot(planned) Eastern Outer Ring Khlong Ha Khlong Si Khlong Sam Khu Khot – Kheha(operational) Khu Khot Yaek Kor Por Aor Royal Thai Air Force Museum Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital Saphan Mai Sai Yud Phahonyothin 59 Wat Phra Sri Mahathat 11th Infantry Regiment Bang Bua Royal Forest Department Kasetsart University Sena Nikhom Ratchayothin Phahonyothin 24 Ha Yaek Lat Phrao Mo Chit Saphan Khwai Ari Sanam Pao Victory Monument Phaya Thai Ratchathewi Siam Chit Lom Phloen Chit Nana Asok Phrom Phong Thong Lo Ekkamai Phra Khanong On Nut Bang Chak Punnawithi Udom Suk Bang Na Bearing Samrong Pu Chao Chang Erawan Royal Thai Naval Academy Pak Nam Srinagarindra Phraek Sa Sai Luat Kheha Sawangkhaniwat – Bang Pu (planned) Sawangkhaniwat Mueang Boran Si Chan Pradit Bang Pu Rolling stock Siemens Modular Metro Changchun Train Siemens–Bozankaya BTS Skytrain M-Map This article related to the city of Bangkok, Thailand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Thai railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTS_E1_Traditional_station_sign.svg"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[sā.tʰǎː.nīː t͡ɕʰít lōm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"BTS skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Sukhumvit Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumvit_Line"},{"link_name":"Pathum Wan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathum_Wan_District"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Phloen Chit Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloen_Chit_Road"},{"link_name":"Lang Suan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lang_Suan_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chit Lom Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chit_Lom_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Central Chidlom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Chidlom"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Ratchaprasong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchaprasong"},{"link_name":"Central World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_World"},{"link_name":"Gaysorn Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaysorn"},{"link_name":"Erawan Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Pratunam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratunam"},{"link_name":"Siam station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_station"},{"link_name":"Siam Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_Square"},{"link_name":"Siam Paragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_Paragon"}],"text":"Metro station in Bangkok, ThailandChit Lom Station Traditional signChit Lom station (Thai: สถานีชิดลม, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː t͡ɕʰít lōm]) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located on Phloen Chit Road at Chit Lom intersection to Lang Suan and Chit Lom Road. It is also linked by Skybridge directly to Central Chidlom department store, and Sky Walk to Ratchaprasong intersection where Central World, Gaysorn Plaza and Erawan Shrine is situated next to Pratunam clothing market within walking distance from the intersection. The Sky Walk also links the station with Siam station, with cluster of luxury shops in Siam Square and Siam Paragon shopping mall.","title":"Chit Lom BTS station"}]
[{"image_text":"Chit Lom Station Traditional sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BTS_E1_Traditional_station_sign.svg/220px-BTS_E1_Traditional_station_sign.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Bangkok Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Skytrain"},{"title":"13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&params=13_44_38.79_N_100_32_35.15_E_type:landmark"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sukhumvit_Line_navbox"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sukhumvit_Line_navbox"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sukhumvit_Line_navbox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTSbangkok.svg"},{"title":"Sukhumvit Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumvit_Line"},{"title":"Eastern Outer Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Outer_Ring_BTS_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Khlong Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khlong_Ha_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Khlong Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khlong_Si_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Khlong Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khlong_Sam_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Khu Khot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_Khot_BTS_station"},{"title":"Yaek Kor Por Aor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaek_Kor_Por_Aor_BTS_station"},{"title":"Royal Thai Air Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Museum_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej_Hospital_BTS_station"},{"title":"Saphan Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphan_Mai_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sai Yud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Yud_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phahonyothin 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phahonyothin_59_BTS_station"},{"title":"Wat Phra Sri Mahathat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Sri_Mahathat_BTS_station"},{"title":"11th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Regiment_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bang Bua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bua_BTS_station"},{"title":"Royal Forest Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forest_Department_BTS_station"},{"title":"Kasetsart University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasetsart_University_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sena Nikhom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_Nikhom_BTS_station"},{"title":"Ratchayothin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchayothin_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phahonyothin 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phahonyothin_24_BTS_station"},{"title":"Ha Yaek Lat Phrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_BTS_station"},{"title":"Mo Chit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Chit_BTS_station"},{"title":"Saphan Khwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphan_Khwai_BTS_station"},{"title":"Ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sanam Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanam_Pao_BTS_station"},{"title":"Victory Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Monument_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phaya Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaya_Thai_station"},{"title":"Ratchathewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchathewi_BTS_station"},{"title":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_BTS_station"},{"title":"Chit Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Phloen Chit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloen_Chit_BTS_station"},{"title":"Nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_BTS_station"},{"title":"Asok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asok_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phrom Phong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrom_Phong_BTS_station"},{"title":"Thong Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thong_Lo_BTS_station"},{"title":"Ekkamai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkamai_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phra Khanong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Khanong_BTS_station"},{"title":"On Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Nut_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bang Chak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Chak_BTS_station"},{"title":"Punnawithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnawithi_BTS_station"},{"title":"Udom Suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udom_Suk_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bang Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Na_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_BTS_station"},{"title":"Samrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samrong_BTS_station"},{"title":"Pu Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Chao_BTS_station"},{"title":"Chang Erawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Erawan_BTS_station"},{"title":"Royal Thai Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Naval_Academy_BTS_station"},{"title":"Pak Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Nam_BTS_station"},{"title":"Srinagarindra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarindra_BTS_station"},{"title":"Phraek Sa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phraek_Sa_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sai Luat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Luat_BTS_station"},{"title":"Kheha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheha_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sawangkhaniwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sawangkhaniwat_BTS_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mueang Boran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mueang_Boran_BTS_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Si Chan Pradit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Si_Chan_Pradit_BTS_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bang Pu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Pu_BTS_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_Skytrain_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTS_Siam_Platform_2.JPG"},{"title":"Siemens Modular Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro"},{"title":"Changchun Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Changchun_Railway_Vehicles"},{"title":"Bozankaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozankaya"},{"title":"BTS Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_Skytrain"},{"title":"M-Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Master_Plan_in_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Kaew_Icon_PNG.png"},{"title":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bangkok-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bangkok-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangkok-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Thailand-railstation-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand-railstation-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand-railstation-stub"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&params=13_44_38.79_N_100_32_35.15_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&params=13_44_38.79_N_100_32_35.15_E_region:TH_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&params=13_44_38.79_N_100_32_35.15_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°44′38.79″N 100°32′35.15″E / 13.7441083°N 100.5430972°E / 13.7441083; 100.5430972"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chit_Lom_BTS_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokimeki_Memorial_Taisen_Puzzle-Dama
Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama
["1 Reception","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1995 video gameTokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-DamaCover to the Sega Saturn version.Developer(s)KonamiPublisher(s)KonamiComposer(s)Yuji TakenouchiYoshihiko KoezukaKazuhiro SenooSeriesTaisen Puzzle-DamaTokimeki MemorialPlatform(s)Arcade, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PCRelease December 1995 ArcadeJP: December 1995 PlayStationJP: September 27, 1996JP: September 18, 2003 (PSone Books) SaturnJP: September 27, 1996 PCJP: 1996 PlayStation NetworkJP: January 13, 2010 Genre(s)PuzzleMode(s)Single-player, two playerArcade systemKonami System GX Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama (ときめきメモリアル対戦ぱずるだま) is a Tokimeki Memorial themed Taisen Puzzle-Dama spin-off game. It is followed by its sequel Tokimeki Memorial 2 Puzzle-Dama. It was re-released in Japan on the PlayStation Store on January 13, 2010. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama on their February 1, 1996, issue as being the twelfth most-successful arcade game of the month. References ^ Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-dama at Arcade History ^ Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama for PSN Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine at Konami Japan (in Japanese) ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - TVゲーム機ーソフトウェア (Video Game Software)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 511. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 February 1996. p. 21. vteTokimeki Memorial video gamesMain series Tokimeki Memorial Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama Tokimeki Memorial 2 Tokimeki Memorial 3: Yakusoku no Ano Basho de Tokimeki Memorial Online Tokimeki Memorial 4 Girl's Side Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side Taisen Puzzle-Dama Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: 2nd Kiss Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: 3rd Story Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: 4th Heart Related Shiori Fujisaki Tokimeki Memorial Only Love Konami Wai Wai Sokoban Super Bomberman R Bombergirl LovePlus Akari Uchida This puzzle video game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokimeki Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokimeki_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Taisen Puzzle-Dama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisen_Puzzle-Dama"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Store"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1995 video gameTokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama (ときめきメモリアル対戦ぱずるだま) is a Tokimeki Memorial themed Taisen Puzzle-Dama spin-off game. It is followed by its sequel Tokimeki Memorial 2 Puzzle-Dama. It was re-released in Japan on the PlayStation Store on January 13, 2010.[2]","title":"Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Japan, Game Machine listed Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama on their February 1, 1996, issue as being the twelfth most-successful arcade game of the month.[3]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - TVゲーム機ーソフトウェア (Video Game Software)\". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 511. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 February 1996. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22","external_links_name":"\"Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tokimeki+Memorial+Taisen+Puzzle-Dama%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=tokimeki-memorial-taisen-puzzle-dama&page=detail&id=2923","external_links_name":"Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-dama"},{"Link":"http://www.konami.jp/products/dl_pspps3_tokimeki_puzzle_arch/?ref=tk_portal","external_links_name":"Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama for PSN"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124062046/http://www.konami.jp/products/dl_pspps3_tokimeki_puzzle_arch/?ref=tk_portal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokimeki_Memorial_Taisen_Puzzle-Dama&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinerian_Scholarship
Vinerian Scholarship
["1 Vinerian scholars","2 Vinerian proxime accessit award holders","3 References"]
The Vinerian Scholarship is a scholarship given to the University of Oxford student who "gives the best performance in the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law". Currently, £2,500 is given to the winner of the scholarship, with an additional £950 awarded at the examiners' discretion to a proxime accessit (runner-up). The Vinerian Scholarship is the most prestigious law scholarship awarded by the University of Oxford. Past award holders have distinguished themselves in the judiciary, legal practice, academia, civil service and in other fields. The list of scholars includes four Law Lords (Lord Uthwatt, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Edmund-Davies and Lord Saville), and justices of the highest courts in Australia (Dyson Heydon and Patrick Keane), Canada (Ronald Martland) and South Africa (Edwin Cameron). Vinerian scholars Past winners of the Vinerian Scholarship include: Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden Sir Thomas Plumer, MR (1777), University College, Oxford John Taylor Coleridge (1812) Nassau William Senior (1813) Frederic Rogers, Baron Blachford (1834), Oriel College, Oxford Thomas Henry Haddan (1838) Christ Church, Oxford Richard Harington (1858), Christ Church, Oxford Robert Kenyon (1872), Christ Church, Oxford Sir William Cameron Gull, 2nd Baronet of Brook Street (1883), Christ Church, Oxford Henry Straus Quixano Henriques (1891), Worcester College, Oxford F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (1896), Wadham College, Oxford Owyn Murray (1897), Exeter College, Oxford Francis de Zulueta (1903), New College, Oxford Augustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt (1904 joint), University of Melbourne – Balliol College, Oxford Frederick Barrington-Ward (1904 joint), Hertford College, Oxford John Clifford Valentine Behan (1906), University of Melbourne – Hertford College, Oxford George Johnston (1909), Christ Church, Oxford Henry Angus (1914), Balliol College, Oxford Suspended for World War I (1916 – 1920) Harold Hanbury (1921), Brasenose College, Oxford Cyril Pearce Harvey (1923), Brasenose College, Oxford Lord Edmund-Davies (1929), King's College London – Exeter College, Oxford Change in statute to award scholarship on the basis of BCL examinations (1928) Ronald Martland (1931), University of Alberta – Hertford College, Oxford John Gabriel Starke (1934), University of Western Australia – Exeter College, Oxford Alan Brock Brown (1935), New College, Oxford (William) Reginald Verdon-Smith (1936) – Brasenose College, Oxford Norman Marsh (1937) – Pembroke College, Oxford Suspended for World War II (1940 – 1945) Zelman Cowen (1947 joint), Melbourne Law School – New College, Oxford Rex Welsh (1947 joint), University of the Witwatersrand – Oriel College, Oxford Tony Honoré (1948 joint), New College, Oxford William Lederman (1948 joint), University of Saskatchewan – Exeter College, Oxford Peter Carter (1949), Oriel College, Oxford Anthony Machin (1950), New College, Oxford Ian Brownlie (1952), Hertford College, Oxford Allan Gotlieb (1953), University of California, Berkeley – Christ Church, Oxford Laurence Libbert (1954), Magdalen College, Oxford Leonard Hubert Hoffmann, Lord Hoffmann (1957), University of Cape Town – The Queen's College, Oxford Brian Shaw (1958), University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford Colin Tapper (1959), Magdalen College, Oxford Mark Saville, Baron Saville (1960), Brasenose College, Oxford Robert Roy Stuart (1961), University of Alberta – Wadham College, Oxford Richard Buxton (1962), Exeter College, Oxford Jeffrey Hackney (1963), Wadham College, Oxford John Eekelaar (1965), King's College London – University College, Oxford John Dyson Heydon (1967), University College, Oxford – University College, Oxford Ross Alan Sundberg (1969) University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford Michael Hart (1970), Magdalen College, Oxford Mark Weinberg (1972), Monash University Faculty of Law Kenneth Parker (1973) Exeter College, Oxford Paul Craig (1974), Worcester College, Oxford Hugh Collins (1975), Pembroke College, Oxford Peter Cane (1976), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford Patrick Keane (1977), University of Queensland – Magdalen College, Oxford Stephen Moriarty (1978), Brasenose College, Oxford Michael Hoyle (1979) University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford Mary Stokes (1980), Brasenose College, Oxford Edwin Cameron (1982), University of Stellenbosch – Keble College, Oxford Norman O'Bryan (1983), Melbourne Law School – Wadham College, Oxford Edward Braham (1984), Worcester College, Oxford Craig Orr (1985), Downing College, Cambridge – University College, Oxford Timothy Pitt-Payne (1986 joint), Worcester College, Oxford John Gardner (1987), New College, Oxford – New College, Oxford Graham Virgo (1988), Downing College, Cambridge – Christ Church, Oxford Paul Nicholls (1990), University of Sheffield – Worcester College, Oxford Andrew Palmer (1992), Monash University – St John's College, Oxford Andrew Bell (1993), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford Andrew Dickinson (1994), St Edmund Hall, Oxford Jeremy Kirk (1996), Australian National University – Magdalen College, Oxford Ann Buckingham (1997), Victoria University of Wellington Henry Forbes Smith (1998 joint), University of Otago – Merton College, Oxford Angus Johnston (1999), Brasenose College, Oxford – Brasenose College, Oxford Stephen Free (2000), Australian National University – Magdalen College, Oxford Burton Ong (2001), National University of Singapore – Merton College, Oxford David Murray (2002), Christ Church, Oxford – Christ Church, Oxford Ben Allgrove (2003), University of Adelaide – Magdalen College, Oxford Tamsyn Allen (2004), Magdalen College, Oxford Andrew Scott (2005 joint), St John's College, Oxford Marc Brown (2005 joint), Mansfield College, Oxford Paul Adams (2006), St Catherine's College, Oxford – St Catherine's College, Oxford Imran Afzal (2007), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford Natasha Bennett (2008), Trinity College, Cambridge – Merton College, Oxford Michael Bolding (2009), Melbourne Law School – Lincoln College, Oxford Frederick Wilmot-Smith (2010), Christ's College, Cambridge – Balliol College, Oxford Niranjan Venkatesan (2011), National Law School of India University – Magdalen College, Oxford Naomi Oreb (2012), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford Ajay Ratan (2013), Downing College, Cambridge – Trinity College, Oxford James Ruddell (2014), University of Auckland – Merton College, Oxford Owen Lloyd (2015), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford Marlena Valles (2016), The University of Edinburgh – Jesus College, Oxford Tristan Cummings (2017), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford Christopher Stackpoole (2018), Queensland University of Technology – Merton College, Oxford Chen Chen (2019 joint) Magdalen College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford Luca Moretti (2019 joint) University of Sydney – Christ Church, Oxford Alyssa Glass (2020), University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford Edward Mordaunt (2021), St Cross College, Oxford Ruben Robertson (2022),University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford Louis Triggs (2023), King's College London - St Hilda's College, Oxford Vinerian proxime accessit award holders Chloe Carpenter (2000 joint), King's College London - Brasenose College, Oxford Catherine Button (2000 joint), University of Melbourne - Magdalen College, Oxford Zachary Douglas (2001 joint), University of Melbourne - Lincoln College, Oxford Aaron Baker (2001 joint), Saint Louis University - St Peter's College, Oxford Mario Mendez (2002), Queen Mary University of London - St Catherine's College, Oxford Benjamin Doyle (2003), University of Adelaide - Magdalen College, Oxford Rupert Allen (2006), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge - Merton College, Oxford Matthias Kuscher (2007), Clare College, Cambridge - Merton College, Oxford Patrick Hayden (2008), Magdalen College, Oxford Henry Philips (2009), Worcester College, Oxford Catherine Fleming (2010), University College, Oxford Alice Irving (2011), University of Otago - Merton College, Oxford Colm O'Grady (2013), London School of Economics - Pembroke College, Oxford Jack Williams (2014), St Catharine's College, Cambridge - Hertford College, Oxford Anthony Wicks (2015), University of Otago - St Cross College, Oxford Daniel Fletcher (2016), University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford Man Hin Chan (2017 joint), Oriel College, Oxford Sinziana Hennig (2017 joint), University of Toronto - St Catherine's College, Oxford Chen Xun Chua (2018), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge - Corpus Christi College, Oxford Joshua Underwood (2019 joint), University of Queensland - St Edmund Hall, Oxford Ashpen Rajah (2019 joint), Downing College, Cambridge - Trinity College, Oxford Alice Zhou (2020 joint), University of Sydney - Christ Church, Oxford Elizabeth Huang (2020 joint), Trinity College, Cambridge - Magdalen College, Oxford Tiffany Tang (2021), Magdalene College, Cambridge - Magdalen College, Oxford Maxwell Davie (2022), Monash University - Mansfield College, Oxford Jonathan Hell (2023), University College London - Regent's Park College, Oxford References ^ "Scholarships and Prizes: Vinerian Scholarship". Oxford University Gazette (4745). University of Oxford. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ a b Andrew Dickinson, "A Brief Modern History of the Vinerian Scholarship" (2015), p. 3 ^ The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 27 October 1847; p. 3; Issue 19691. ^ "Harington, Sir Richard, (20 May 1835–6 Feb. 1911), DL, JP; Chairman of Herefordshire Quarter Sessions and County Alderman". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186841. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Kenyon, Robert Lloyd, (18 Jan. 1848–10 Nov. 1931), Chairman of Shropshire Quarter Sessions, 1914–27; Alderman for Shropshire, 1889–1928; Recorder of Oswestry, 1896–1927; Chairman Shropshire Insurance Committee". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u212271. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ Churchill, Winston (1937). "F. E. Smith". Great Contemporaries. Thornton Butterworth Ltd. ^ Campbell, John (2004). "Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930), lawyer and politician" (PDF). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. ^ The Times (London, England), Monday, 19 March 2007; p.52; Issue 68963. ^ "Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ The Times (London, England), Monday, 25 April 1949; p.7; Issue 51364. ^ "Barrington-Ward, Frederick Temple, (30 Aug. 1880–22 Feb. 1938), KC 1919; Barrister-at-law, Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1923; Metropolitan Police Magistrate since 1930; JP Sussex". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u205735. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Johnston, George Douglas, (16 Jan. 1886–20 June 1971), Barrister-at-Law". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u156181. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Cyril Pearce Harvey Q.C." Brasenose College Library & Archives. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Harvey, Cyril Pearce, (14 Oct. 1900–3 Jan. 1968), QC 1950". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u57144. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Edmund-Davies, Baron". Who's Who. Retrieved 2 November 2016. ^ "The Honourable Ronald Martland". Supreme Court of Canada. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "J. G. Starke, QC". Australian Year Book of International Law. 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Brown, Alan Brock, (30 April 1911–25 Dec. 1980), Emeritus Fellow, Worcester College, Oxford; Hon. Bencher, Inner Temple, since 1972". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152698. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ The Times (London, England), Thursday, 25 June 1992; p.17; Issue 64368. ^ Goodhart, William (26 October 2008). "Norman Marsh". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ a b Kentridge, Sydney (19 April 1994). "Obituary: Rex Welsh". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Machin, (Edward) Anthony, (28 June 1925–18 Dec. 2017), QC 1973; a Recorder of the Crown Court, 1976–90". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u25737. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Sir Ian Brownlie". The Daily Telegraph. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Libbert, His Honour Judge Libbert Laurence Joseph, (22 June 1933–6 June 1985), QC 1980; a Circuit Judge, since 1985". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u166373. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ a b "Vinerian Scholars Gather in Oxford". Oxford Law Faculty. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Colin Tapper: Emeritus Professor". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Background to the Inquiry". Bloody Sunday Trust. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Robert Roy Stuart". University of Alberta Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "John Eekelaar: Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Australian Judges and Law at Oxford" (PDF). Oxford Law News (17): 4. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2014. ^ "Australia Day Honours". Haileybury. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Paul Craig: Professor of English Law". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Dingle, Lesley; Bates, Daniel. "Professor Peter Cane". University of Cambridge Squire Law Library. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Professor Peter Cane". Durham University Institute of Advanced Study. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "The Honourable Justice Patrick A. Keane". Supreme Court Library Queensland. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. ^ "Stephen Moriarty QC, UK Bar | Chambers Rankings". chambers.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Oxford Law visits Melbourne and Sydney". Oxford Law News. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2020. ^ "Mary Stokes Profile" (PDF). Erskine Chambers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014. ^ "Biography of Edwin Cameron". African Success.org. 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ "Barrister Profile: Norman J. O'Bryan". Victorian Bar. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Braham, Edward Charles, (born 17 July 1961), Partner, since 1995, and Senior Partner, since 2016, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP (formerly Freshfields) (Global Corporate Practice Group Leader, 2009–14)". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2008. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u247415. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Craig Orr QC | One Essex Court | OEC". www.oeclaw.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Craig Orr LinkedIn Profile". LinkedIn. 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "John Gardner at Home". University of Oxford. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Paul Nicholls QC" (PDF). 11 King's Bench Walk. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Andrew J. Palmer". Foley's Barrister List. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Andrew S. Bell". Eleven Wentworth. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Andrew Dickinson". Oxford Law Faculty. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Jeremy Kirk". Eleven Wentworth. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Ann Buckingham". Latham & Watkins LLP. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Henry Forbes Smith". One Essex Court. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Angus Johnston: Professor of Law". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Bachelor of Civil Law/Magister Juris". Oxford University Gazette. University of Oxford. 21 September 2000. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Ong Tze En, Burton". National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "David Murray". Fountain Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Ben Allgrove". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "University news". The Times. 2001. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Andrew Scott". Blackstone Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Marc Brown" (PDF). St Philips Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Paul Adams". Serle Court. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Imran S. Afzal". Gray's Inn Tax Chambers. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. ^ "Natasha Bennett". Fountain Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Michael Bolding". Brick Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Dr Frederick Wilmot-Smith". All Souls College University of Oxford. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Chauhan, Neha. "NLSIU Rhodes scholar V Niranjan tops 'exhilarating' Oxford postgrad, to practise at bar". Legally India.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Sherington, Greg (31 July 2012). "Alumna wins prestigious Oxford Scholarship". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Ajay Ratan". Blackstone Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "James Ruddell". One Essex Court Chambers. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Owen Lloyd". Essex Court Chambers. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Marlena Valles". Oxford Law Faculty. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ "BCL MJur examiners' report 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "QUT Law Alumni awarded Vinerian Scholarship". QUT Law. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ a b "BCL/MJur Prizes 2019" (PDF). Oxford Law. 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Chen Chen". Oxford Law Faculty. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Luca Moretti profile". LinkedIn. 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "Two Sydney Law School alumni top at Oxford". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 November 2020. ^ "Oxford Law Faculty". Oxford Law Faculty. Retrieved 18 February 2022. ^ "Oxford Law Faculty" (PDF). ^ "BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023". ^ "Chloe Carpenter". Fountain Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Oxford University Gazette 21 September 2000". University of Oxford. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "Zachary Douglas". Matrix Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Aaron Baker". Durham University. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Mario Mendez". Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "BCL and M Jur Examiners' Report 2003" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Rupert Allen". Fountain Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Matthias Kuscher". De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Henry Philips". South Square. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Full list of student prizes 2009-10". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Alice Irving". Doughty Street Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Colm O'Grady". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Jack Williams". Monckton Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Anthony Wicks". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Daniel Fletcher". One Essex Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Keith Chan". Temple Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Sinziana Hennig". Stikeman Elliott. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Cyrus Chua". Des Voeux Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ a b "'BCL/MJUR Prizes 2019'" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ a b "BCL/MJUR Prizes 2020" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ "Fountain Court Chambers". ^ "BCL/MJUR Prizes 2021" (PDF). ^ "BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Lords"},{"link_name":"Lord Uthwatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Uthwatt,_Baron_Uthwatt"},{"link_name":"Lord Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Lord Edmund-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edmund-Davies"},{"link_name":"Lord Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Saville"},{"link_name":"Dyson Heydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_Heydon"},{"link_name":"Patrick Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Keane_(justice)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Martland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Martland"},{"link_name":"Edwin Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"The Vinerian Scholarship is the most prestigious law scholarship awarded by the University of Oxford. Past award holders have distinguished themselves in the judiciary, legal practice, academia, civil service and in other fields. The list of scholars includes four Law Lords (Lord Uthwatt, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Edmund-Davies and Lord Saville), and justices of the highest courts in Australia (Dyson Heydon and Patrick Keane), Canada (Ronald Martland) and South Africa (Edwin Cameron).[2]","title":"Vinerian Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Plumer, MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Plumer"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"Nassau William Senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior"},{"link_name":"Frederic Rogers, Baron Blachford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Rogers,_Baron_Blachford"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Haddan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Haddan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sir William Cameron Gull, 2nd Baronet of Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Cameron_Gull,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Francis de Zulueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Zulueta"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Augustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Uthwatt,_Baron_Uthwatt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hertford College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Clifford Valentine Behan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clifford_Valentine_Behan"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Hertford College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Henry Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Angus"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Harold Hanbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hanbury"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Lord Edmund-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edmund-Davies"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ronald Martland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Martland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Hertford College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zelman Cowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelman_Cowen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RexWelsh-22"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Law_School"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RexWelsh-22"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Tony Honoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"William Lederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lederman"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Peter Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carter_(academic_lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ian Brownlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Brownlie"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hertford College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Allan Gotlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Gotlieb"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Lord Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"The Queen's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Mark Saville, Baron Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Saville,_Baron_Saville_of_Newdigate"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Richard Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buxton_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Eekelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eekelaar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Dyson Heydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_Heydon"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ross Alan Sundberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Alan_Sundberg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Michael Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hart_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Mark Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weinberg_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Monash University Faculty of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University_Faculty_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Paul Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Craig_(law_professor)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Hugh Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Collins"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sydney Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Patrick Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Keane_(justice)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Edwin Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"University of Stellenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch_University"},{"link_name":"Keble College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Downing College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_(law)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Graham Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Virgo"},{"link_name":"Downing College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sydney Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"St Edmund Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"National University of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mansfield College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Lincoln College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Christ's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"National Law School of India University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Law_School_of_India_University"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Sydney Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Downing College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"University of Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"The University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Queensland University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-74"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"St Cross College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cross_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"St Hilda's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford"}],"text":"Past winners of the Vinerian Scholarship include:Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden[citation needed]\nSir Thomas Plumer, MR (1777), University College, Oxford\nJohn Taylor Coleridge (1812)\nNassau William Senior (1813)\nFrederic Rogers, Baron Blachford (1834), Oriel College, Oxford\nThomas Henry Haddan (1838)[3] Christ Church, Oxford\nRichard Harington (1858),[4] Christ Church, Oxford\nRobert Kenyon (1872),[5] Christ Church, Oxford\nSir William Cameron Gull, 2nd Baronet of Brook Street (1883), Christ Church, Oxford\nHenry Straus Quixano Henriques (1891),[6] Worcester College, Oxford\nF. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (1896),[7][8][9] Wadham College, Oxford\nOwyn Murray (1897),[10] Exeter College, Oxford\nFrancis de Zulueta (1903), New College, Oxford\nAugustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt (1904 joint),[11] University of Melbourne – Balliol College, Oxford\nFrederick Barrington-Ward (1904 joint),[12] Hertford College, Oxford\nJohn Clifford Valentine Behan (1906), University of Melbourne – Hertford College, Oxford\nGeorge Johnston (1909),[13] Christ Church, Oxford\nHenry Angus (1914), Balliol College, OxfordSuspended for World War I (1916 – 1920)Harold Hanbury (1921), Brasenose College, Oxford\nCyril Pearce Harvey (1923),[14][15] Brasenose College, Oxford\nLord Edmund-Davies (1929), King's College London – Exeter College, Oxford[16]Change in statute to award scholarship on the basis of BCL examinations (1928)Ronald Martland[17] (1931), University of Alberta – Hertford College, Oxford\nJohn Gabriel Starke[18] (1934), University of Western Australia – Exeter College, Oxford\nAlan Brock Brown (1935),[19] New College, Oxford\n(William) Reginald Verdon-Smith (1936)[20] – Brasenose College, Oxford\nNorman Marsh (1937)[21] – Pembroke College, OxfordSuspended for World War II (1940 – 1945)Zelman Cowen[22] (1947 joint), Melbourne Law School – New College, Oxford\nRex Welsh[22] (1947 joint), University of the Witwatersrand – Oriel College, Oxford\nTony Honoré (1948 joint), New College, Oxford\nWilliam Lederman (1948 joint), University of Saskatchewan – Exeter College, Oxford\nPeter Carter (1949), Oriel College, Oxford\nAnthony Machin (1950),[23] New College, Oxford\nIan Brownlie[24] (1952), Hertford College, Oxford\nAllan Gotlieb (1953), University of California, Berkeley – Christ Church, Oxford\nLaurence Libbert (1954),[25] Magdalen College, Oxford\nLeonard Hubert Hoffmann, Lord Hoffmann[26] (1957), University of Cape Town – The Queen's College, Oxford\nBrian Shaw (1958), University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford\nColin Tapper (1959),[27] Magdalen College, Oxford\nMark Saville, Baron Saville (1960),[28] Brasenose College, Oxford\nRobert Roy Stuart (1961),[29] University of Alberta – Wadham College, Oxford\nRichard Buxton (1962), Exeter College, Oxford\nJeffrey Hackney (1963), Wadham College, Oxford\nJohn Eekelaar[30] (1965), King's College London – University College, Oxford\nJohn Dyson Heydon (1967), University College, Oxford – University College, Oxford\nRoss Alan Sundberg (1969)[31][32] University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford\nMichael Hart (1970), Magdalen College, Oxford\nMark Weinberg (1972), Monash University Faculty of Law\nKenneth Parker (1973) Exeter College, Oxford\nPaul Craig (1974),[33] Worcester College, Oxford\nHugh Collins (1975), Pembroke College, Oxford\nPeter Cane[34][35] (1976), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford\nPatrick Keane[36] (1977), University of Queensland – Magdalen College, Oxford\nStephen Moriarty (1978),[37] Brasenose College, Oxford\nMichael Hoyle [38] (1979) University of Melbourne – Magdalen College, Oxford\nMary Stokes (1980),[39] Brasenose College, Oxford\nEdwin Cameron[40] (1982), University of Stellenbosch – Keble College, Oxford\nNorman O'Bryan[41] (1983), Melbourne Law School – Wadham College, Oxford\nEdward Braham (1984),[42] Worcester College, Oxford\nCraig Orr (1985),[43][44] Downing College, Cambridge – University College, Oxford\nTimothy Pitt-Payne (1986 joint), Worcester College, Oxford\nJohn Gardner[45] (1987), New College, Oxford – New College, Oxford\nGraham Virgo (1988), Downing College, Cambridge – Christ Church, Oxford\nPaul Nicholls[46] (1990), University of Sheffield – Worcester College, Oxford\nAndrew Palmer[47] (1992), Monash University – St John's College, Oxford\nAndrew Bell[48] (1993), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford\nAndrew Dickinson (1994),[26][49] St Edmund Hall, Oxford\nJeremy Kirk[50] (1996), Australian National University – Magdalen College, Oxford\nAnn Buckingham[51] (1997), Victoria University of Wellington\nHenry Forbes Smith[52] (1998 joint), University of Otago – Merton College, Oxford\nAngus Johnston[53] (1999), Brasenose College, Oxford – Brasenose College, Oxford\nStephen Free[54] (2000), Australian National University – Magdalen College, Oxford\nBurton Ong[55] (2001), National University of Singapore – Merton College, Oxford\nDavid Murray (2002),[56] Christ Church, Oxford – Christ Church, Oxford\nBen Allgrove[57] (2003), University of Adelaide – Magdalen College, Oxford\nTamsyn Allen (2004),[58] Magdalen College, Oxford\nAndrew Scott[59] (2005 joint), St John's College, Oxford\nMarc Brown[60] (2005 joint), Mansfield College, Oxford\nPaul Adams[61] (2006), St Catherine's College, Oxford – St Catherine's College, Oxford\nImran Afzal[62] (2007), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford\nNatasha Bennett[63] (2008), Trinity College, Cambridge – Merton College, Oxford\nMichael Bolding[64] (2009), Melbourne Law School – Lincoln College, Oxford\nFrederick Wilmot-Smith[65] (2010), Christ's College, Cambridge – Balliol College, Oxford\nNiranjan Venkatesan[66] (2011), National Law School of India University – Magdalen College, Oxford\nNaomi Oreb[67] (2012), Sydney Law School – Magdalen College, Oxford\nAjay Ratan[68] (2013), Downing College, Cambridge – Trinity College, Oxford\nJames Ruddell[69] (2014), University of Auckland – Merton College, Oxford\nOwen Lloyd[70] (2015), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford\nMarlena Valles[71] (2016), The University of Edinburgh – Jesus College, Oxford\nTristan Cummings[72] (2017), Merton College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford\nChristopher Stackpoole[73] (2018), Queensland University of Technology – Merton College, Oxford\nChen Chen (2019 joint)[74][75] Magdalen College, Oxford – Merton College, Oxford\nLuca Moretti (2019 joint)[74][76] University of Sydney – Christ Church, Oxford\nAlyssa Glass (2020),[77] University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford\nEdward Mordaunt[78] (2021), St Cross College, Oxford\nRuben Robertson (2022),[79]University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford\nLouis Triggs (2023),[80] King's College London - St Hilda's College, Oxford","title":"Vinerian scholars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Lincoln College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Clare College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"St Catharine's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catharine%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Hertford College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"St Cross College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cross_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge -","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-99"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St Edmund Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-99"},{"link_name":"Downing College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-100"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-100"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Magdalene College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"Mansfield College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_College,_Oxford"}],"text":"Chloe Carpenter[81] (2000 joint), King's College London - Brasenose College, Oxford\nCatherine Button[82] (2000 joint), University of Melbourne - Magdalen College, Oxford\nZachary Douglas[83] (2001 joint), University of Melbourne - Lincoln College, Oxford\nAaron Baker[84] (2001 joint), Saint Louis University - St Peter's College, Oxford\nMario Mendez[85] (2002), Queen Mary University of London - St Catherine's College, Oxford\nBenjamin Doyle[86] (2003), University of Adelaide - Magdalen College, Oxford\nRupert Allen[87] (2006), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge - Merton College, Oxford\nMatthias Kuscher[88] (2007), Clare College, Cambridge - Merton College, Oxford\nPatrick Hayden[2] (2008), Magdalen College, Oxford\nHenry Philips[89] (2009), Worcester College, Oxford\nCatherine Fleming[90] (2010), University College, Oxford\nAlice Irving[91] (2011), University of Otago - Merton College, Oxford\nColm O'Grady[92] (2013), London School of Economics - Pembroke College, Oxford\nJack Williams[93] (2014), St Catharine's College, Cambridge - Hertford College, Oxford\nAnthony Wicks[94] (2015), University of Otago - St Cross College, Oxford\nDaniel Fletcher[95] (2016), University of Sydney - Magdalen College, Oxford\nMan Hin Chan[96] (2017 joint), Oriel College, Oxford\nSinziana Hennig[97] (2017 joint), University of Toronto - St Catherine's College, Oxford\nChen Xun Chua[98] (2018), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge - Corpus Christi College, Oxford\nJoshua Underwood[99] (2019 joint), University of Queensland - St Edmund Hall, Oxford\nAshpen Rajah[99] (2019 joint), Downing College, Cambridge - Trinity College, Oxford\nAlice Zhou[100] (2020 joint), University of Sydney - Christ Church, Oxford\nElizabeth Huang[100] (2020 joint), Trinity College, Cambridge - Magdalen College, Oxford\nTiffany Tang[101] (2021), Magdalene College, Cambridge - Magdalen College, Oxford\nMaxwell Davie[102] (2022), Monash University - Mansfield College, Oxford\nJonathan Hell [103] (2023), University College London - Regent's Park College, Oxford","title":"Vinerian proxime accessit award holders"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Scholarships and Prizes: Vinerian Scholarship\". Oxford University Gazette (4745). University of Oxford. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/schols/item_99.htm","url_text":"\"Scholarships and Prizes: Vinerian Scholarship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Gazette","url_text":"Oxford University Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Harington, Sir Richard, (20 May 1835–6 Feb. 1911), DL, JP; Chairman of Herefordshire Quarter Sessions and County Alderman\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186841. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-186841","url_text":"\"Harington, Sir Richard, (20 May 1835–6 Feb. 1911), DL, JP; Chairman of Herefordshire Quarter Sessions and County Alderman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u186841","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186841"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenyon, Robert Lloyd, (18 Jan. 1848–10 Nov. 1931), Chairman of Shropshire Quarter Sessions, 1914–27; Alderman for Shropshire, 1889–1928; Recorder of Oswestry, 1896–1927; Chairman Shropshire Insurance Committee\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u212271. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-212271","url_text":"\"Kenyon, Robert Lloyd, (18 Jan. 1848–10 Nov. 1931), Chairman of Shropshire Quarter Sessions, 1914–27; Alderman for Shropshire, 1889–1928; Recorder of Oswestry, 1896–1927; Chairman Shropshire Insurance Committee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u212271","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u212271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-197784","url_text":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u197784","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (1937). \"F. E. Smith\". Great Contemporaries. Thornton Butterworth Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill","url_text":"Churchill, Winston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Contemporaries","url_text":"Great Contemporaries"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, John (2004). \"Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930), lawyer and politician\" (PDF). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://treaty.nationalarchives.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Birkenhead.pdf","url_text":"\"Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930), lawyer and politician\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-197784","url_text":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u197784","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Barrington-Ward, Frederick Temple, (30 Aug. 1880–22 Feb. 1938), KC 1919; Barrister-at-law, Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1923; Metropolitan Police Magistrate since 1930; JP Sussex\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u205735. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-205735","url_text":"\"Barrington-Ward, Frederick Temple, (30 Aug. 1880–22 Feb. 1938), KC 1919; Barrister-at-law, Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1923; Metropolitan Police Magistrate since 1930; JP Sussex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u205735","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u205735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnston, George Douglas, (16 Jan. 1886–20 June 1971), Barrister-at-Law\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u156181. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-156181","url_text":"\"Johnston, George Douglas, (16 Jan. 1886–20 June 1971), Barrister-at-Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u156181","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u156181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyril Pearce Harvey Q.C.\" Brasenose College Library & Archives. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://brasenosecollegelibrary.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/cyril-pearce-harvey-q-c/","url_text":"\"Cyril Pearce Harvey Q.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvey, Cyril Pearce, (14 Oct. 1900–3 Jan. 1968), QC 1950\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u57144. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-57144","url_text":"\"Harvey, Cyril Pearce, (14 Oct. 1900–3 Jan. 1968), QC 1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u57144","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u57144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmund-Davies, Baron\". Who's Who. Retrieved 2 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U172261","url_text":"\"Edmund-Davies, Baron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"The Honourable Ronald Martland\". Supreme Court of Canada. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114801/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=ronald-martland","url_text":"\"The Honourable Ronald Martland\""},{"url":"http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=ronald-martland","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"J. G. Starke, QC\". Australian Year Book of International Law. 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ayil25&div=5&id=&page=","url_text":"\"J. G. Starke, QC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brown, Alan Brock, (30 April 1911–25 Dec. 1980), Emeritus Fellow, Worcester College, Oxford; Hon. Bencher, Inner Temple, since 1972\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152698. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-152698","url_text":"\"Brown, Alan Brock, (30 April 1911–25 Dec. 1980), Emeritus Fellow, Worcester College, Oxford; Hon. Bencher, Inner Temple, since 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u152698","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"Goodhart, William (26 October 2008). \"Norman Marsh\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/27/norman-marsh-obituary","url_text":"\"Norman Marsh\""}]},{"reference":"Kentridge, Sydney (19 April 1994). \"Obituary: Rex Welsh\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rex-welsh-1371029.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Rex Welsh\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rex-welsh-1371029.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Machin, (Edward) Anthony, (28 June 1925–18 Dec. 2017), QC 1973; a Recorder of the Crown Court, 1976–90\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u25737. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-25737","url_text":"\"Machin, (Edward) Anthony, (28 June 1925–18 Dec. 2017), QC 1973; a Recorder of the Crown Court, 1976–90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u25737","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u25737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Ian Brownlie\". The Daily Telegraph. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/7012627/Sir-Ian-Brownlie.html","url_text":"\"Sir Ian Brownlie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libbert, His Honour Judge Libbert Laurence Joseph, (22 June 1933–6 June 1985), QC 1980; a Circuit Judge, since 1985\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u166373. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-166373","url_text":"\"Libbert, His Honour Judge Libbert Laurence Joseph, (22 June 1933–6 June 1985), QC 1980; a Circuit Judge, since 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u166373","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u166373"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1","url_text":"978-0-19-954089-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Vinerian Scholars Gather in Oxford\". Oxford Law Faculty. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-11-16-vinerian-scholars-gather-oxford","url_text":"\"Vinerian Scholars Gather in Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colin Tapper: Emeritus Professor\". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/colin-tapper","url_text":"\"Colin Tapper: Emeritus Professor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Background to the Inquiry\". Bloody Sunday Trust. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bloodysundaytrust.org/inquiry-back.html","url_text":"\"Background to the Inquiry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203112521/http://bloodysundaytrust.org/inquiry-back.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Roy Stuart\". University of Alberta Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ualberta.ca/law/alumni-and-giving/alumni-stories/stories/robert-roy-stuart","url_text":"\"Robert Roy Stuart\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Eekelaar: Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College\". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/john-eekelaar","url_text":"\"John Eekelaar: Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Judges and Law at Oxford\" (PDF). Oxford Law News (17): 4. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219154948/https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/lawnews/law_news_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian Judges and Law at Oxford\""},{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/lawnews/law_news_2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Day Honours\". Haileybury. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haileybury.com.au/news_and_events/news/australia_day_honours","url_text":"\"Australia Day Honours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_(Melbourne)","url_text":"Haileybury"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Craig: Professor of English Law\". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/paul-craig","url_text":"\"Paul Craig: Professor of English Law\""}]},{"reference":"Dingle, Lesley; Bates, Daniel. \"Professor Peter Cane\". University of Cambridge Squire Law Library. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.squire.law.cam.ac.uk/eminent_scholars/professor_peter_cane.php","url_text":"\"Professor Peter Cane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Peter Cane\". Durham University Institute of Advanced Study. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dur.ac.uk/ias/fellows/iasfellows/1415/cane/","url_text":"\"Professor Peter Cane\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Honourable Justice Patrick A. Keane\". Supreme Court Library Queensland. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421104007/http://www.sclqld.org.au/qjudiciary/profiles/pakeane/","url_text":"\"The Honourable Justice Patrick A. Keane\""},{"url":"http://www.sclqld.org.au/qjudiciary/profiles/pakeane/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Moriarty QC, UK Bar | Chambers Rankings\". chambers.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chambers.com/lawyer/stephen-moriarty-uk-bar-14:231337","url_text":"\"Stephen Moriarty QC, UK Bar | Chambers Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Law visits Melbourne and Sydney\". Oxford Law News. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-07-25-oxford-law-visits-melbourne-and-sydney","url_text":"\"Oxford Law visits Melbourne and Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Stokes Profile\" (PDF). Erskine Chambers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204028/http://www.erskinechambers.com/docs/default-document-library/MS.pdf","url_text":"\"Mary Stokes Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.erskinechambers.com/docs/default-document-library/MS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Edwin Cameron\". African Success.org. 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=455&lang=en","url_text":"\"Biography of Edwin Cameron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrister Profile: Norman J. O'Bryan\". Victorian Bar. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vicbar.com.au/profile?2878","url_text":"\"Barrister Profile: Norman J. O'Bryan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braham, Edward Charles, (born 17 July 1961), Partner, since 1995, and Senior Partner, since 2016, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP (formerly Freshfields) (Global Corporate Practice Group Leader, 2009–14)\". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2008. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u247415. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-247415","url_text":"\"Braham, Edward Charles, (born 17 July 1961), Partner, since 1995, and Senior Partner, since 2016, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP (formerly Freshfields) (Global Corporate Practice Group Leader, 2009–14)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u247415","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u247415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Orr QC | One Essex Court | OEC\". www.oeclaw.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/full-cv/craig-orr-qc","url_text":"\"Craig Orr QC | One Essex Court | OEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Orr LinkedIn Profile\". LinkedIn. 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-orr-1972663b","url_text":"\"Craig Orr LinkedIn Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Gardner at Home\". University of Oxford. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/biograph.htm","url_text":"\"John Gardner at Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Nicholls QC\" (PDF). 11 King's Bench Walk. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11kbw.com/uploads/CVs/Paul-NichollsCV.pdf","url_text":"\"Paul Nicholls QC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew J. Palmer\". Foley's Barrister List. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foleys.com.au/Profile.aspx?area=Barristers&id=3344","url_text":"\"Andrew J. Palmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew S. Bell\". Eleven Wentworth. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://elevenwentworth.com/portfolio/andrew-s-bell-sc/","url_text":"\"Andrew S. Bell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Dickinson\". Oxford Law Faculty. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/andrew-dickinson","url_text":"\"Andrew Dickinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Kirk\". Eleven Wentworth. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://elevenwentworth.com/portfolio/jeremy-kirk-sc/","url_text":"\"Jeremy Kirk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ann Buckingham\". Latham & Watkins LLP. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lw.com/people/ann-buckingham","url_text":"\"Ann Buckingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Forbes Smith\". One Essex Court. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/profile/henry-forbes-smith","url_text":"\"Henry Forbes Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Angus Johnston: Professor of Law\". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/angus-johnston","url_text":"\"Angus Johnston: Professor of Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bachelor of Civil Law/Magister Juris\". Oxford University Gazette. University of Oxford. 21 September 2000. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609225650/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2000-1/weekly/210900/notc.htm","url_text":"\"Bachelor of Civil Law/Magister Juris\""},{"url":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2000-1/weekly/210900/notc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ong Tze En, Burton\". National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.nus.edu.sg/about_us/faculty/staff/profileview.asp?UserID=lawongb","url_text":"\"Ong Tze En, Burton\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Murray\". Fountain Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/david-murray/","url_text":"\"David Murray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Allgrove\". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/ben-allgrove/1/148/294","url_text":"\"Ben Allgrove\""}]},{"reference":"\"University news\". The Times. 2001. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/university-news-krbp08vzhlk","url_text":"\"University news\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Scott\". Blackstone Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/andrew-scott1/","url_text":"\"Andrew Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Brown\" (PDF). St Philips Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://st-phillips.com/v7/web/FILES/Member_CVs/MarcBrown_cv.pdf","url_text":"\"Marc Brown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Adams\". Serle Court. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serlecourt.co.uk/portfolio/download-pdf/paul-adams/full-cv","url_text":"\"Paul Adams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imran S. Afzal\". Gray's Inn Tax Chambers. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201120251/http://www.taxbar.com/Imran_Afzal.htm","url_text":"\"Imran S. Afzal\""},{"url":"http://www.taxbar.com/Imran_Afzal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Natasha Bennett\". Fountain Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/natasha-bennett/","url_text":"\"Natasha Bennett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Bolding\". Brick Court Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brickcourt.co.uk/people/profile/michael-bolding","url_text":"\"Michael Bolding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Frederick Wilmot-Smith\". All Souls College University of Oxford. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=2147","url_text":"\"Dr Frederick Wilmot-Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Chauhan, Neha. \"NLSIU Rhodes scholar V Niranjan tops 'exhilarating' Oxford postgrad, to practise at bar\". Legally India.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legallyindia.com/201108022255/Law-schools/nlsiu-rhodes-scholar-v-niranjan-tops-exhilarating-oxford-postgrad-to-practise-at-bar","url_text":"\"NLSIU Rhodes scholar V Niranjan tops 'exhilarating' Oxford postgrad, to practise at bar\""}]},{"reference":"Sherington, Greg (31 July 2012). \"Alumna wins prestigious Oxford Scholarship\". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/news/law/436.html?newsstoryid=9729","url_text":"\"Alumna wins prestigious Oxford Scholarship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ajay Ratan\". Blackstone Chambers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/ajay-ratan/","url_text":"\"Ajay Ratan\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Ruddell\". One Essex Court Chambers. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/profile/james-ruddell/","url_text":"\"James Ruddell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Owen Lloyd\". Essex Court Chambers. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://essexcourt.com/barrister/owen-lloyd/","url_text":"\"Owen Lloyd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlena Valles\". Oxford Law Faculty. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/marlena-valles","url_text":"\"Marlena Valles\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL MJur examiners' report 2017\" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_mjur_examiners_report_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"BCL MJur examiners' report 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"QUT Law Alumni awarded Vinerian Scholarship\". QUT Law. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qut.edu.au/law/about/news-events/news?news-id=133897","url_text":"\"QUT Law Alumni awarded Vinerian Scholarship\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL/MJur Prizes 2019\" (PDF). Oxford Law. 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2019._updated2.pdf","url_text":"\"BCL/MJur Prizes 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Chen\". Oxford Law Faculty. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/chen-chen","url_text":"\"Chen Chen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luca Moretti profile\". LinkedIn. 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/luca-moretti-a54a7517a/","url_text":"\"Luca Moretti profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Sydney Law School alumni top at Oxford\". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydney.edu.au/law/news-and-events/news/2020/08/10/two-sydney-law-school-alumni-top-at-oxford.html","url_text":"\"Two Sydney Law School alumni top at Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\". Oxford Law Faculty. Retrieved 18 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/edward-mordaunt","url_text":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl.mjur_website_list.pdf","url_text":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/postgraduate-prize-winners-202223","url_text":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chloe Carpenter\". Fountain Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/chloe-carpenter/","url_text":"\"Chloe Carpenter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford University Gazette 21 September 2000\". University of Oxford. Retrieved 5 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/21-september-2000-no-4558","url_text":"\"Oxford University Gazette 21 September 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zachary Douglas\". Matrix Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.matrixlaw.co.uk/member/zachary-douglas/","url_text":"\"Zachary Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Baker\". Durham University. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/law/about-us/news/aaron-baker/","url_text":"\"Aaron Baker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mario Mendez\". Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qmul.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/items/mendez.html","url_text":"\"Mario Mendez\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL and M Jur Examiners' Report 2003\" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bclexam2003.pdf","url_text":"\"BCL and M Jur Examiners' Report 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rupert Allen\". Fountain Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/rupert-allen/","url_text":"\"Rupert Allen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthias Kuscher\". De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.debrauw.com/people/matthias-kuscher","url_text":"\"Matthias Kuscher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Philips\". South Square. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://southsquare.com/barristers/henry-phillips/","url_text":"\"Henry Philips\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full list of student prizes 2009-10\". University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2010-12-09-full-list-student-prizes-2009-10","url_text":"\"Full list of student prizes 2009-10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice Irving\". Doughty Street Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doughtystreet.co.uk/barristers/alice-irving","url_text":"\"Alice Irving\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colm O'Grady\". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/colm-o-grady-47a95430/?originalSubdomain=ie","url_text":"\"Colm O'Grady\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Williams\". Monckton Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monckton.com/barrister/jack-williams/","url_text":"\"Jack Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Wicks\". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/anthony-wicks-66a13b1ab/","url_text":"\"Anthony Wicks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Fletcher\". One Essex Court. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/full-cv/daniel-fletcher","url_text":"\"Daniel Fletcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Chan\". Temple Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.templechambers.com/member/keith-chan","url_text":"\"Keith Chan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinziana Hennig\". Stikeman Elliott. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stikeman.com/en-ca/people/sinziana-r-hennig","url_text":"\"Sinziana Hennig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrus Chua\". Des Voeux Chambers. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dvc.hk/en/members-of-chambers/juniors/cyrus-chua/","url_text":"\"Cyrus Chua\""}]},{"reference":"\"'BCL/MJUR Prizes 2019'\" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2019._updated2.pdf","url_text":"\"'BCL/MJUR Prizes 2019'\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2020\" (PDF). University of Oxford Faculty of Law. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2020_0.pdf","url_text":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fountain Court Chambers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/profile/tiffany-tang/","url_text":"\"Fountain Court Chambers\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2021\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl.mjur_website_list.pdf","url_text":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/postgraduate-prize-winners-202223","url_text":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/schols/item_99.htm","external_links_name":"\"Scholarships and Prizes: Vinerian Scholarship\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-186841","external_links_name":"\"Harington, Sir Richard, (20 May 1835–6 Feb. 1911), DL, JP; Chairman of Herefordshire Quarter Sessions and County Alderman\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u186841","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186841"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-212271","external_links_name":"\"Kenyon, Robert Lloyd, (18 Jan. 1848–10 Nov. 1931), Chairman of Shropshire Quarter Sessions, 1914–27; Alderman for Shropshire, 1889–1928; Recorder of Oswestry, 1896–1927; Chairman Shropshire Insurance Committee\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u212271","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u212271"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-197784","external_links_name":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u197784","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784"},{"Link":"http://treaty.nationalarchives.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Birkenhead.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930), lawyer and politician\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-197784","external_links_name":"\"Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano, (8 Nov. 1866–12 Nov. 1925), KC 1921\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u197784","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u197784"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-205735","external_links_name":"\"Barrington-Ward, Frederick Temple, (30 Aug. 1880–22 Feb. 1938), KC 1919; Barrister-at-law, Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple; Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1923; Metropolitan Police Magistrate since 1930; JP Sussex\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u205735","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u205735"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-156181","external_links_name":"\"Johnston, George Douglas, (16 Jan. 1886–20 June 1971), Barrister-at-Law\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u156181","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u156181"},{"Link":"https://brasenosecollegelibrary.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/cyril-pearce-harvey-q-c/","external_links_name":"\"Cyril Pearce Harvey Q.C.\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-57144","external_links_name":"\"Harvey, Cyril Pearce, (14 Oct. 1900–3 Jan. 1968), QC 1950\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u57144","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u57144"},{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U172261","external_links_name":"\"Edmund-Davies, Baron\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114801/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=ronald-martland","external_links_name":"\"The Honourable Ronald Martland\""},{"Link":"http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=ronald-martland","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ayil25&div=5&id=&page=","external_links_name":"\"J. G. Starke, QC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-152698","external_links_name":"\"Brown, Alan Brock, (30 April 1911–25 Dec. 1980), Emeritus Fellow, Worcester College, Oxford; Hon. Bencher, Inner Temple, since 1972\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u152698","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152698"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/27/norman-marsh-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Norman Marsh\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rex-welsh-1371029.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Rex Welsh\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rex-welsh-1371029.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-25737","external_links_name":"\"Machin, (Edward) Anthony, (28 June 1925–18 Dec. 2017), QC 1973; a Recorder of the Crown Court, 1976–90\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u25737","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u25737"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/7012627/Sir-Ian-Brownlie.html","external_links_name":"\"Sir Ian Brownlie\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-166373","external_links_name":"\"Libbert, His Honour Judge Libbert Laurence Joseph, (22 June 1933–6 June 1985), QC 1980; a Circuit Judge, since 1985\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u166373","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u166373"},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-11-16-vinerian-scholars-gather-oxford","external_links_name":"\"Vinerian Scholars Gather in Oxford\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/colin-tapper","external_links_name":"\"Colin Tapper: Emeritus Professor\""},{"Link":"http://bloodysundaytrust.org/inquiry-back.html","external_links_name":"\"Background to the Inquiry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203112521/http://bloodysundaytrust.org/inquiry-back.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ualberta.ca/law/alumni-and-giving/alumni-stories/stories/robert-roy-stuart","external_links_name":"\"Robert Roy Stuart\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/john-eekelaar","external_links_name":"\"John Eekelaar: Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219154948/https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/lawnews/law_news_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Australian Judges and Law at Oxford\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/lawnews/law_news_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.haileybury.com.au/news_and_events/news/australia_day_honours","external_links_name":"\"Australia Day Honours\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/paul-craig","external_links_name":"\"Paul Craig: Professor of English Law\""},{"Link":"http://www.squire.law.cam.ac.uk/eminent_scholars/professor_peter_cane.php","external_links_name":"\"Professor Peter Cane\""},{"Link":"https://www.dur.ac.uk/ias/fellows/iasfellows/1415/cane/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Peter Cane\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421104007/http://www.sclqld.org.au/qjudiciary/profiles/pakeane/","external_links_name":"\"The Honourable Justice Patrick A. Keane\""},{"Link":"http://www.sclqld.org.au/qjudiciary/profiles/pakeane/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://chambers.com/lawyer/stephen-moriarty-uk-bar-14:231337","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Moriarty QC, UK Bar | Chambers Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-07-25-oxford-law-visits-melbourne-and-sydney","external_links_name":"\"Oxford Law visits Melbourne and Sydney\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204028/http://www.erskinechambers.com/docs/default-document-library/MS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mary Stokes Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.erskinechambers.com/docs/default-document-library/MS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=455&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Edwin Cameron\""},{"Link":"http://www.vicbar.com.au/profile?2878","external_links_name":"\"Barrister Profile: Norman J. O'Bryan\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-247415","external_links_name":"\"Braham, Edward Charles, (born 17 July 1961), Partner, since 1995, and Senior Partner, since 2016, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP (formerly Freshfields) (Global Corporate Practice Group Leader, 2009–14)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u247415","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u247415"},{"Link":"https://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/full-cv/craig-orr-qc","external_links_name":"\"Craig Orr QC | One Essex Court | OEC\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-orr-1972663b","external_links_name":"\"Craig Orr LinkedIn Profile\""},{"Link":"http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/biograph.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Gardner at Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.11kbw.com/uploads/CVs/Paul-NichollsCV.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paul Nicholls QC\""},{"Link":"http://www.foleys.com.au/Profile.aspx?area=Barristers&id=3344","external_links_name":"\"Andrew J. Palmer\""},{"Link":"http://elevenwentworth.com/portfolio/andrew-s-bell-sc/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew S. Bell\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/andrew-dickinson","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Dickinson\""},{"Link":"http://elevenwentworth.com/portfolio/jeremy-kirk-sc/","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Kirk\""},{"Link":"http://www.lw.com/people/ann-buckingham","external_links_name":"\"Ann Buckingham\""},{"Link":"http://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/profile/henry-forbes-smith","external_links_name":"\"Henry Forbes Smith\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/angus-johnston","external_links_name":"\"Angus Johnston: Professor of Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609225650/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2000-1/weekly/210900/notc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bachelor of Civil Law/Magister Juris\""},{"Link":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2000-1/weekly/210900/notc.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://law.nus.edu.sg/about_us/faculty/staff/profileview.asp?UserID=lawongb","external_links_name":"\"Ong Tze En, Burton\""},{"Link":"http://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/david-murray/","external_links_name":"\"David Murray\""},{"Link":"http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/ben-allgrove/1/148/294","external_links_name":"\"Ben Allgrove\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/university-news-krbp08vzhlk","external_links_name":"\"University news\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/andrew-scott1/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Scott\""},{"Link":"http://st-phillips.com/v7/web/FILES/Member_CVs/MarcBrown_cv.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Marc Brown\""},{"Link":"http://www.serlecourt.co.uk/portfolio/download-pdf/paul-adams/full-cv","external_links_name":"\"Paul Adams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201120251/http://www.taxbar.com/Imran_Afzal.htm","external_links_name":"\"Imran S. Afzal\""},{"Link":"http://www.taxbar.com/Imran_Afzal.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/natasha-bennett/","external_links_name":"\"Natasha Bennett\""},{"Link":"http://www.brickcourt.co.uk/people/profile/michael-bolding","external_links_name":"\"Michael Bolding\""},{"Link":"http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=2147","external_links_name":"\"Dr Frederick Wilmot-Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.legallyindia.com/201108022255/Law-schools/nlsiu-rhodes-scholar-v-niranjan-tops-exhilarating-oxford-postgrad-to-practise-at-bar","external_links_name":"\"NLSIU Rhodes scholar V Niranjan tops 'exhilarating' Oxford postgrad, to practise at bar\""},{"Link":"http://sydney.edu.au/news/law/436.html?newsstoryid=9729","external_links_name":"\"Alumna wins prestigious Oxford Scholarship\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackstonechambers.com/barristers/ajay-ratan/","external_links_name":"\"Ajay Ratan\""},{"Link":"http://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/profile/james-ruddell/","external_links_name":"\"James Ruddell\""},{"Link":"https://essexcourt.com/barrister/owen-lloyd/","external_links_name":"\"Owen Lloyd\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/marlena-valles","external_links_name":"\"Marlena Valles\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_mjur_examiners_report_2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCL MJur examiners' report 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.qut.edu.au/law/about/news-events/news?news-id=133897","external_links_name":"\"QUT Law Alumni awarded Vinerian Scholarship\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2019._updated2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCL/MJur Prizes 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/chen-chen","external_links_name":"\"Chen Chen\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/luca-moretti-a54a7517a/","external_links_name":"\"Luca Moretti profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.sydney.edu.au/law/news-and-events/news/2020/08/10/two-sydney-law-school-alumni-top-at-oxford.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Sydney Law School alumni top at Oxford\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/edward-mordaunt","external_links_name":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl.mjur_website_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oxford Law Faculty\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/postgraduate-prize-winners-202223","external_links_name":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/chloe-carpenter/","external_links_name":"\"Chloe Carpenter\""},{"Link":"https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/21-september-2000-no-4558","external_links_name":"\"Oxford University Gazette 21 September 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.matrixlaw.co.uk/member/zachary-douglas/","external_links_name":"\"Zachary Douglas\""},{"Link":"https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/law/about-us/news/aaron-baker/","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Baker\""},{"Link":"https://www.qmul.ac.uk/law/people/academic-staff/items/mendez.html","external_links_name":"\"Mario Mendez\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bclexam2003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCL and M Jur Examiners' Report 2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/people/rupert-allen/","external_links_name":"\"Rupert Allen\""},{"Link":"https://www.debrauw.com/people/matthias-kuscher","external_links_name":"\"Matthias Kuscher\""},{"Link":"https://southsquare.com/barristers/henry-phillips/","external_links_name":"\"Henry Philips\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2010-12-09-full-list-student-prizes-2009-10","external_links_name":"\"Full list of student prizes 2009-10\""},{"Link":"https://www.doughtystreet.co.uk/barristers/alice-irving","external_links_name":"\"Alice Irving\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/colm-o-grady-47a95430/?originalSubdomain=ie","external_links_name":"\"Colm O'Grady\""},{"Link":"https://www.monckton.com/barrister/jack-williams/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Williams\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/anthony-wicks-66a13b1ab/","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Wicks\""},{"Link":"https://www.oeclaw.co.uk/barristers/full-cv/daniel-fletcher","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Fletcher\""},{"Link":"https://www.templechambers.com/member/keith-chan","external_links_name":"\"Keith Chan\""},{"Link":"https://www.stikeman.com/en-ca/people/sinziana-r-hennig","external_links_name":"\"Sinziana Hennig\""},{"Link":"https://dvc.hk/en/members-of-chambers/juniors/cyrus-chua/","external_links_name":"\"Cyrus Chua\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2019._updated2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"'BCL/MJUR Prizes 2019'\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl_and_mjur_prizes_2020_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.fountaincourt.co.uk/profile/tiffany-tang/","external_links_name":"\"Fountain Court Chambers\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/bcl.mjur_website_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/postgraduate-prize-winners-202223","external_links_name":"\"BCL/MJUR Prizes 2023\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fuga_(1964_film)
La fuga (1964 film)
["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
1964 film La fugaDirected byPaolo SpinolaCinematographyMarcello GattiArmando NannuzziEdited byNino BaragliMusic byPiero PiccioniRelease date 1964 (1964) LanguageItalian La fuga (also known as The Escape) is a 1964 Italian drama film directed by Paolo Spinola. For this film Giovanna Ralli was awarded with a David di Donatello for Best Actress. Cast Giovanna Ralli: Piera Anouk Aimée: Luisa Paul Guers: Andrea Enrico Maria Salerno: Analyst Maurizio Arena: Alberto Jone Salinas: Mother of Andrea Guido Alberti: Father of Piera Carol Walker: Mother of Piera Reception According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $700,000 in rentals to break even and made $230,000, meaning it made a loss. References ^ Enrico Lancia (1998). I premi del cinema. Gremese Editore, 1998. ISBN 88-7742-221-1. ^ Silverman, Stephen M (1988). The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox. L. Stuart. p. 325. ISBN 9780818404856. External links La fuga at IMDb This article related to an Italian film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1964"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Paolo Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Spinola_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanna Ralli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Ralli"},{"link_name":"David di Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"La fuga (also known as The Escape) is a 1964 Italian drama film directed by Paolo Spinola. For this film Giovanna Ralli was awarded with a David di Donatello for Best Actress.[1]","title":"La fuga (1964 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanna Ralli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Ralli"},{"link_name":"Anouk Aimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anouk_Aim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Paul Guers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Guers"},{"link_name":"Enrico Maria Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Maria_Salerno"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Arena"},{"link_name":"Jone Salinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jone_Salinas"},{"link_name":"Guido Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Carol Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Walker_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Giovanna Ralli: Piera\nAnouk Aimée: Luisa\nPaul Guers: Andrea\nEnrico Maria Salerno: Analyst\nMaurizio Arena: Alberto\nJone Salinas: Mother of Andrea\nGuido Alberti: Father of Piera\nCarol Walker: Mother of Piera","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $700,000 in rentals to break even and made $230,000, meaning it made a loss.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Enrico Lancia (1998). I premi del cinema. Gremese Editore, 1998. ISBN 88-7742-221-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7742-221-1","url_text":"88-7742-221-1"}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Stephen M (1988). The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox. L. Stuart. p. 325. ISBN 9780818404856.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv","url_text":"The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv/page/325","url_text":"325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780818404856","url_text":"9780818404856"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv","external_links_name":"The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/foxthatgotawayt00silv/page/325","external_links_name":"325"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060436/","external_links_name":"La fuga"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_fuga_(1964_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_177
Route 177 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)
["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"]
Route map: Highway in Rhode Island and Massachusetts Route 177Route 177 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by RIDOT and MassDOTLength8.4 mi (13.5 km)3.5 miles (5.6 km) in Rhode Island4.9 miles (7.9 km) in MassachusettsMajor junctionsWest end Route 77 in Tiverton, RIMajor intersections Route 81 in Tiverton, RI Route 88 in Westport, MAEast end US 6 in Westport, MA LocationCountryUnited StatesStateRhode IslandCountiesNewport (RI), Bristol (MA) Highway system Rhode Island Routes Massachusetts State Highway System Interstate US State ← Route 165→ Route 179← Route 169→ Route 181 Route 177 is an 8.4-mile-long (13.5 km) alignment of state highways in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The western terminus is at an intersection with Route 77 in Tiverton, Rhode Island and the eastern terminus is at an intersection with US 6 in Westport, Massachusetts. Route description Route 177 enters Massachusetts in the city of Fall River. A portion of the Westport town line sign approximately 350 feet east can be seen near the center of the photo Route 177 begins in Rhode Island at an intersection with Route 77 (Main Road) in Tiverton near Nannaquaket Pond. The route progresses northeast as Bulgamarsh Road through a residential neighborhood. After the intersection with Fish Road, Route 177 turns eastward and leaves downtown Tiverton. More woodlands begin to surround the two-lane highway before turning eastward into Bliss Corners, where it curves to the south of Stafford Pond. In downtown Bliss Corners, Route 177 intersects with Route 81 (Stafford/Crandall Roads). After the intersection with Route 81, Route 177 turns eastward one last time out of Bliss Corners and crosses the Massachusetts state line, entering a remote section of the city of Fall River, Massachusetts. After crossing the state line into Massachusetts, Route 177 becomes known as American Legion Highway and crosses north of several bodies of water through Fall River. After intersecting with Tickle Road, the highway curves to the southeast and into a short stretch of residents through the hamlet of Brownell Corner. After the intersection with Sanford Road, Route 177 curves to the northeast once again. Just northeast of Brownwell Corner, the highway enters a diamond interchange with Route 88 before entering Westport. Through Westport, Route 177 turns northeastward once again, but remains rather wooded until the intersection with Forge Road, where it becomes residential once again. The route intersects with Beeden Road then merges into the right-of-way of U.S. Route 6 in Westport. This serves as the eastern terminus of the Massachusetts segment of Route 177. Major intersections StateCountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Rhode IslandNewportTiverton0.00.0 Route 77 (Main Road)Western terminus 2.94.7 Route 81 (Stafford Road / Crandall Road) RI–MA border3.50.05.60.0Rhode Island–Massachusetts state line MassachusettsBristolWestport3.15.0 Route 88 – Westport, North WestportDiamond interchange 4.97.9 US 6 – Cape Cod, Fall RiverEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b Google (December 31, 2013). "Route 177 in Rhode Island" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2013. ^ a b Google (December 31, 2013). "Route 177 in Massachusetts" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2013. ^ a b Microsoft; Nokia. "Overview Map of Rhode Island and Massachusetts Route 177" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved August 25, 2011. Rhode Island portal External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Route 177 (Rhode Island – Massachusetts)KML is from Wikidata 2019 Highway Map, Rhode Island
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Tiverton, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Westport, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Highway in Rhode Island and MassachusettsRoute 177 is an 8.4-mile-long (13.5 km) alignment of state highways in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The western terminus is at an intersection with Route 77 in Tiverton, Rhode Island and the eastern terminus is at an intersection with US 6 in Westport, Massachusetts.","title":"Route 177 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fall_River_Line_at_177.jpg"},{"link_name":"Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Nannaquaket Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nannaquaket_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Route 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Route_81"},{"link_name":"Fall River, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-3"},{"link_name":"American Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion"},{"link_name":"Route 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_88"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bing-3"}],"text":"Route 177 enters Massachusetts in the city of Fall River. A portion of the Westport town line sign approximately 350 feet east can be seen near the center of the photoRoute 177 begins in Rhode Island at an intersection with Route 77 (Main Road) in Tiverton near Nannaquaket Pond. The route progresses northeast as Bulgamarsh Road through a residential neighborhood. After the intersection with Fish Road, Route 177 turns eastward and leaves downtown Tiverton. More woodlands begin to surround the two-lane highway before turning eastward into Bliss Corners, where it curves to the south of Stafford Pond. In downtown Bliss Corners, Route 177 intersects with Route 81 (Stafford/Crandall Roads). After the intersection with Route 81, Route 177 turns eastward one last time out of Bliss Corners and crosses the Massachusetts state line, entering a remote section of the city of Fall River, Massachusetts.[3]After crossing the state line into Massachusetts, Route 177 becomes known as American Legion Highway and crosses north of several bodies of water through Fall River. After intersecting with Tickle Road, the highway curves to the southeast and into a short stretch of residents through the hamlet of Brownell Corner. After the intersection with Sanford Road, Route 177 curves to the northeast once again. Just northeast of Brownwell Corner, the highway enters a diamond interchange with Route 88 before entering Westport. Through Westport, Route 177 turns northeastward once again, but remains rather wooded until the intersection with Forge Road, where it becomes residential once again. The route intersects with Beeden Road then merges into the right-of-way of U.S. Route 6 in Westport. This serves as the eastern terminus of the Massachusetts segment of Route 177.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"Route 177 enters Massachusetts in the city of Fall River. A portion of the Westport town line sign approximately 350 feet east can be seen near the center of the photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fall_River_Line_at_177.jpg/220px-Fall_River_Line_at_177.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Google (December 31, 2013). \"Route 177 in Rhode Island\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!data=!1m4!1m3!1d20224!2d-71.1719329!3d41.6279765!4m30!3m21!1m5!1s22-40+Bulgarmarsh+Rd%2C+Tiverton%2C+RI+02878!2s0x89e45556aed1aa5d%3A0xad91dd17d1f72352!3m2!3d41.6153214!4d-71.1981185!1m4!3m2!3d41.6285388!4d-71.1355618!6e2!2e0!3m8!1m3!1d5056!2d-71.1523722!3d41.6256695!3m2!1i1297!2i651!4f13.1!5m2!13m1!1e1!7m4!11m3!1m1!1e1!2b1&fid=0","url_text":"\"Route 177 in Rhode Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (December 31, 2013). \"Route 177 in Massachusetts\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!data=!1m4!1m3!1d20220!2d-71.086774!3d41.6398725!4m29!3m20!1m4!3m2!3d41.6285388!4d-71.1355618!6e2!1m4!3m2!3d41.6382985!4d-71.0457367!6e2!2e0!3m8!1m3!1d10111!2d-71.0919172!3d41.6312965!3m2!1i1297!2i651!4f13.1!5m2!13m1!1e1!7m4!11m3!1m1!1e1!2b1&fid=0","url_text":"\"Route 177 in Massachusetts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Microsoft; Nokia. \"Overview Map of Rhode Island and Massachusetts Route 177\" (Map). Bing Maps. Microsoft. Retrieved August 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia","url_text":"Nokia"},{"url":"https://www.bing.com/maps/#Y3A9cXk0MHIwOTI1dndkJmx2bD0xMiZzdHk9YiZydHA9cG9zLjQxLjYxNTMwOV8tNzEuMTk4MTdfbmVhciUyME1haW4lMjBSZCUyQyUyMFJJJTIwMDI4NzhfX19hX35wb3MuNDEuNjI4NTIzXy03MS4xMzU2N19uZWFyJTIwMTg5OCUyMEJ1bGdhcm1hcnNoJTIwUmQlMkMlMjBUaXZlcnRvbiUyQyUyMFJJJTIwMDI4NzgtMjUxMV9fX2FffnBvcy40MS42MzgzNjMwMDAwMDAwMl8tNzEuMDQ1NDk0MDAwMDAwMDJfbmVhciUyMEFtZXJpY2FuJTIwTGVnaW9uJTIwSHd5JTJDJTIwTm9ydGglMjBEYXJ0bW91dGglMkMlMjBNQSUyMDAyNzQ3X19fYV8mbW9kZT1EJnJ0b3A9MH4wfjB+","url_text":"\"Overview Map of Rhode Island and Massachusetts Route 177\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Maps","url_text":"Bing Maps"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!data=!1m4!1m3!1d20224!2d-71.1719329!3d41.6279765!4m30!3m21!1m5!1s22-40+Bulgarmarsh+Rd%2C+Tiverton%2C+RI+02878!2s0x89e45556aed1aa5d%3A0xad91dd17d1f72352!3m2!3d41.6153214!4d-71.1981185!1m4!3m2!3d41.6285388!4d-71.1355618!6e2!2e0!3m8!1m3!1d5056!2d-71.1523722!3d41.6256695!3m2!1i1297!2i651!4f13.1!5m2!13m1!1e1!7m4!11m3!1m1!1e1!2b1&fid=0","external_links_name":"\"Route 177 in Rhode Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/preview#!data=!1m4!1m3!1d20220!2d-71.086774!3d41.6398725!4m29!3m20!1m4!3m2!3d41.6285388!4d-71.1355618!6e2!1m4!3m2!3d41.6382985!4d-71.0457367!6e2!2e0!3m8!1m3!1d10111!2d-71.0919172!3d41.6312965!3m2!1i1297!2i651!4f13.1!5m2!13m1!1e1!7m4!11m3!1m1!1e1!2b1&fid=0","external_links_name":"\"Route 177 in Massachusetts\""},{"Link":"https://www.bing.com/maps/#Y3A9cXk0MHIwOTI1dndkJmx2bD0xMiZzdHk9YiZydHA9cG9zLjQxLjYxNTMwOV8tNzEuMTk4MTdfbmVhciUyME1haW4lMjBSZCUyQyUyMFJJJTIwMDI4NzhfX19hX35wb3MuNDEuNjI4NTIzXy03MS4xMzU2N19uZWFyJTIwMTg5OCUyMEJ1bGdhcm1hcnNoJTIwUmQlMkMlMjBUaXZlcnRvbiUyQyUyMFJJJTIwMDI4NzgtMjUxMV9fX2FffnBvcy40MS42MzgzNjMwMDAwMDAwMl8tNzEuMDQ1NDk0MDAwMDAwMDJfbmVhciUyMEFtZXJpY2FuJTIwTGVnaW9uJTIwSHd5JTJDJTIwTm9ydGglMjBEYXJ0bW91dGglMkMlMjBNQSUyMDAyNzQ3X19fYV8mbW9kZT1EJnJ0b3A9MH4wfjB+","external_links_name":"\"Overview Map of Rhode Island and Massachusetts Route 177\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Route_177_(Rhode_Island_%E2%80%93_Massachusetts)&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Route_177_(Rhode_Island_%E2%80%93_Massachusetts)&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/maps/RI_Highway_Map.pdf","external_links_name":"2019 Highway Map, Rhode Island"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenike
Zelenike
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361Village in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and HerzegovinaZelenikeVillageZelenikeCoordinates: 44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361Country Bosnia and HerzegovinaEntity Republika SrpskaMunicipalityDerventaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Zelenike (Serbian: Зеленике) is a village in the municipality of Derventa, Bosnia and Herzegovina. References ^ Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991. 44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361 This article about a location in the municipality of Derventa, Republika Srpska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Derventa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derventa"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and HerzegovinaZelenike (Serbian: Зеленике) is a village in the municipality of Derventa, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]","title":"Zelenike"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zelenike&params=44_56_49_N_17_57_13_E_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zelenike&params=44_56_49_N_17_57_13_E_type:city_region:BA","external_links_name":"44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zelenike&params=44_56_49_N_17_57_13_E_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"44°56′49″N 17°57′13″E / 44.94694°N 17.95361°E / 44.94694; 17.95361"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zelenike&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(novel)
Virginia (novel)
["1 Plot","2 References","3 External links"]
1913 novel by Ellen Glasgow This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Virginia" novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Virginia The frontispiece of the first editionAuthorEllen GlasgowLanguageEnglishGenreNovelPublication date1913Media typePrint (hardback & paperback) Virginia (1913) is a novel by Ellen Glasgow about a wife and mother who in vain seeks happiness by serving her family. This novel, her eleventh, marked a clear departure from Glasgow's previous work—she had written a series of bestsellers before publishing Virginia—in that it attacked, in a subtle yet unmistakable way, the very layer of society that constituted her readership. Also, as its heroine, though virtuous and god-fearing, is denied the happiness she is craving, its plot did not live up to readers' expectations as far as poetic justice is concerned and was bound to upset some of them. Today, Virginia is seen by many as an outstanding achievement in Glasgow's career, exactly because the author defied literary convention by questioning the foundations of American society around the dawn of the 20th century, be it capitalism, religion or racism. Plot Born in 1864 to a clergyman and his dutiful wife, Virginia grows up as a Southern belle in the town of Dinwiddie, Virginia. Her education is strictly limited to the bare minimum, with anything that might disturb her quiet and comfortable existence vigorously avoided. Thus prepared for life, Virginia falls for the first handsome young man who crosses her path—Oliver Treadwell, the black sheep of a family of capitalist entrepreneurs who, during the time of Reconstruction, brought industry and the railroad to the South. Oliver, who has been abroad and has only recently arrived in Dinwiddie, is a dreamer and an intellectual. An aspiring playwright, his literary ambitions are more important to him than money, and he refuses his uncle's offer to work in his bank. However, when Virginia falls in love with him he realizes that he must be able to support a family, and eventually accepts his uncle's offer to work for the railroad. The young couple get married and have three children, a boy and two girls. Gradually perfecting her household skills, Virginia is able to get by on very little money. When, after many years, Oliver's first play is put on the stage in New York City, his expectations are high. However, the show is a complete failure as the play is far too intellectual and radical for a Broadway audience who wants to be entertained rather than reformed. Reading about the flop in the local newspaper, Virginia for the first time in her life leaves her children, asking her mother to take care of them for a day or two, and takes the night train to New York to be with, and console, her husband—only to be rejected by him, who is in a state of severe depression. When he has recovered from the shock, Oliver makes yet another concession to society and public taste and starts writing "trash". The Alexander Strachan House, Petersburg, which figures in the novel Throughout the years, Virginia leads a vicarious life: She is happy when her husband and children are happy; she makes sure their clothes are in perfect condition while neglecting her own outward appearance; and she is eager to provide for her children the education she herself has been denied. When, at one point, she realizes that the women her age whom she has known since childhood still look quite young while she has aged prematurely, she quickly persuades herself to believe that a life of altruistic subservience is more than worthwhile, that living and acting the way she does is her duty and God's will. Her father's sudden if honourable death—he unsuccessfully tries to prevent the lynching of an innocent young African American and is stabbed in the process by an angry and drunken young man—adds to the gloom that starts creeping into her life, especially when she sees that, as a widow, her mother suddenly loses all her will to live. When she dies only a few months after her husband, Virginia has a premonition that her own fate when losing Oliver could be a similar one. Meanwhile, Oliver's first successful play—a trashy one—premières in New York, with some more to follow in quick succession, and, as the money keeps pouring in, the family move into a bigger house in Dinwiddie. They now employ a number of servants, including an African American butler. With the children gone—their son and one daughter are at college, while the other daughter has married a much older widower with two grown-up children and has also flown the nest—and Oliver frequently in New York to supervise the staging of his plays, Virginia's life becomes increasingly empty. Having "outlived her usefulness", the days seem endless to her, and with all the servants about the house there is absolutely no housework for her to do either. Now in her mid-forties, Virginia for the first time in her life spends Christmas alone at home. The biggest blow, however, is yet to come: When she accompanies Oliver to New York for a première, she finds out to her dismay that he has been betraying her with a famous actress who stars in one of his plays. For the last time summoning up all her courage, she takes a taxi and pays her an unexpected call but immediately realizes when talking to her that she has no chance of winning her husband back. Without many words, Oliver asks her to let him divorce her, but clinging to the only thing she has left in her life—her marriage—she refuses. The novel ends on a somewhat optimistic note when Virginia, again alone in the empty house in Dinwiddie, receives a letter from her son telling her that he is going to leave Oxford before he has completed his two-year course at the university in order to come back and stay with his mother. References ^ Biallas, Randall J. "Data Sheet: Dr. Alexander Glass Strachan House". Historic American Buildings Survey, 1968-08, 4. External links The complete e-text of the novel Virginia public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteEllen GlasgowSelected works The Deliverance (1904) Virginia (1913) Barren Ground (1925) In This Our Life (1941) The Shadowy Third and Other Stories (1923)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"virtuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"poetic justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_justice"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"}],"text":"Virginia (1913) is a novel by Ellen Glasgow about a wife and mother who in vain seeks happiness by serving her family. This novel, her eleventh, marked a clear departure from Glasgow's previous work—she had written a series of bestsellers before publishing Virginia—in that it attacked, in a subtle yet unmistakable way, the very layer of society that constituted her readership. Also, as its heroine, though virtuous and god-fearing, is denied the happiness she is craving, its plot did not live up to readers' expectations as far as poetic justice is concerned and was bound to upset some of them. Today, Virginia is seen by many as an outstanding achievement in Glasgow's career, exactly because the author defied literary convention by questioning the foundations of American society around the dawn of the 20th century, be it capitalism, religion or racism.","title":"Virginia (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinwiddie, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Alexander_Glass_Strachan_House,_302_Cross_Street,_Petersburg,_Petersburg,_VA_HABS_VA,27-PET,4-2.tif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_(domestic)"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"}],"text":"Born in 1864 to a clergyman and his dutiful wife, Virginia grows up as a Southern belle in the town of Dinwiddie, Virginia. Her education is strictly limited to the bare minimum, with anything that might disturb her quiet and comfortable existence vigorously avoided. Thus prepared for life, Virginia falls for the first handsome young man who crosses her path—Oliver Treadwell, the black sheep of a family of capitalist entrepreneurs who, during the time of Reconstruction, brought industry and the railroad to the South. Oliver, who has been abroad and has only recently arrived in Dinwiddie, is a dreamer and an intellectual. An aspiring playwright, his literary ambitions are more important to him than money, and he refuses his uncle's offer to work in his bank. However, when Virginia falls in love with him he realizes that he must be able to support a family, and eventually accepts his uncle's offer to work for the railroad.The young couple get married and have three children, a boy and two girls. Gradually perfecting her household skills, Virginia is able to get by on very little money. When, after many years, Oliver's first play is put on the stage in New York City, his expectations are high. However, the show is a complete failure as the play is far too intellectual and radical for a Broadway audience who wants to be entertained rather than reformed. Reading about the flop in the local newspaper, Virginia for the first time in her life leaves her children, asking her mother to take care of them for a day or two, and takes the night train to New York to be with, and console, her husband—only to be rejected by him, who is in a state of severe depression. When he has recovered from the shock, Oliver makes yet another concession to society and public taste and starts writing \"trash\".The Alexander Strachan House, Petersburg, which figures in the novel[1]Throughout the years, Virginia leads a vicarious life: She is happy when her husband and children are happy; she makes sure their clothes are in perfect condition while neglecting her own outward appearance; and she is eager to provide for her children the education she herself has been denied. When, at one point, she realizes that the women her age whom she has known since childhood still look quite young while she has aged prematurely, she quickly persuades herself to believe that a life of altruistic subservience is more than worthwhile, that living and acting the way she does is her duty and God's will. Her father's sudden if honourable death—he unsuccessfully tries to prevent the lynching of an innocent young African American and is stabbed in the process by an angry and drunken young man—adds to the gloom that starts creeping into her life, especially when she sees that, as a widow, her mother suddenly loses all her will to live. When she dies only a few months after her husband, Virginia has a premonition that her own fate when losing Oliver could be a similar one.Meanwhile, Oliver's first successful play—a trashy one—premières in New York, with some more to follow in quick succession, and, as the money keeps pouring in, the family move into a bigger house in Dinwiddie. They now employ a number of servants, including an African American butler. With the children gone—their son and one daughter are at college, while the other daughter has married a much older widower with two grown-up children and has also flown the nest—and Oliver frequently in New York to supervise the staging of his plays, Virginia's life becomes increasingly empty. Having \"outlived her usefulness\", the days seem endless to her, and with all the servants about the house there is absolutely no housework for her to do either. Now in her mid-forties, Virginia for the first time in her life spends Christmas alone at home.The biggest blow, however, is yet to come: When she accompanies Oliver to New York for a première, she finds out to her dismay that he has been betraying her with a famous actress who stars in one of his plays. For the last time summoning up all her courage, she takes a taxi and pays her an unexpected call but immediately realizes when talking to her that she has no chance of winning her husband back. Without many words, Oliver asks her to let him divorce her, but clinging to the only thing she has left in her life—her marriage—she refuses. The novel ends on a somewhat optimistic note when Virginia, again alone in the empty house in Dinwiddie, receives a letter from her son telling her that he is going to leave Oxford before he has completed his two-year course at the university in order to come back and stay with his mother.","title":"Plot"}]
[{"image_text":"The Alexander Strachan House, Petersburg, which figures in the novel[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dr._Alexander_Glass_Strachan_House%2C_302_Cross_Street%2C_Petersburg%2C_Petersburg%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C27-PET%2C4-2.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Dr._Alexander_Glass_Strachan_House%2C_302_Cross_Street%2C_Petersburg%2C_Petersburg%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C27-PET%2C4-2.tif.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Virginia%22+novel","external_links_name":"\"Virginia\" novel"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Virginia%22+novel+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Virginia%22+novel&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Virginia%22+novel+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Virginia%22+novel","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Virginia%22+novel&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/va/va0300/va0380/data/va0380data.pdf","external_links_name":"Data Sheet: Dr. Alexander Glass Strachan House"},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/glasgowvirginia/menu.html","external_links_name":"The complete e-text of the novel"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Virginia&author=Glasgow&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Virginia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Jessel
Ray Jessel
["1 Early life and career","2 Performing career and later years","3 References","4 External links"]
Welsh songwriter, screenwriter, orchestrator, and musical theatre composer Ray JesselJessel on America's Got Talent in 2014BornRaymond Jessel(1929-10-16)16 October 1929Cardiff, WalesDied17 July 2015(2015-07-17) (aged 85)Studio City, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Singer, songwriter, composer, screenwriterYears active1955–2015 Raymond Jessel (16 October 1929 – 17 July 2015) was a Welsh songwriter, screenwriter, orchestrator, and musical theatre composer. Born in Cardiff, he moved to Canada in 1955 and started a career as an orchestrator and composer for CBC Radio and CBC Television. He met a Canadian pianist Marian Grudeff, who became his songwriting partner. He received five MAC Awards for "Original Song" and the 2004 Bistro Award. He was most recognised for his audition for America's Got Talent in 2014 in which he sang an original song about a transgender woman. With little success in Toronto, Jessel and Grudeff moved to New York City where they made their first success with the Broadway musical, Baker Street, in 1964. Jessel contributed to The Dean Martin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Smothers Brothers Show, The Bob Newhart Show and others. In the 1970s and 1980s he was a writer and editor for numerous episodes of The Love Boat and Head of the Class, among other series, and co-wrote lyrics for I Remember Mama in 1979. Early life and career Jessel was born and raised in Cardiff, where his family ran a clothing shop. He received a degree in music from the University of Wales. With a one-year scholarship for studying musical composition, he went to Paris and studied under Arthur Honegger. He moved to Canada with his family in 1955 at the age of 26. He started his career as an orchestrator and composer for CBC Radio and CBC Television. There he met his lifelong songwriting partner, Marian Grudeff, a Canadian pianist. Together they played active roles in orchestral and theatrical compositions. Among their first works were songs for the Toronto revue Spring Thaw. Their major breakthrough came when producer Alexander H. Cohen signed them to write the songs for the 1964 Broadway musical Baker Street, about Sherlock Holmes. Their next score was for a new version of Hellzapoppin, based on the 1938 hit musical revue of the same name. This new musical was not a success, but its title song was recorded by Jimmy Durante and Louis Armstrong. He moved to Hollywood and made a successful career with musicals and sketches for The Dean Martin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Smothers Brothers Show, The Bob Newhart Show, Comedy Factory, and various John Denver specials. He was a story editor of the ABC comedy The Love Boat from 1977 to 1980, and writer and consultant of Head of the Class from 1986 to 1991. He wrote and produced the CBS TV series The Jacksons. He also co-wrote, with Martin Charnin, lyrics for I Remember Mama in 1979. Performing career and later years In the 1990s, Jessel began to perform comedy songs at parties. He was persuaded by Michael Feinstein and Shelly Goldstein to perform his original song, Wanna Sing a Show Tune, with Feinstein. The song was recorded on Feinstein's album Live at the Algonquin. His first stage performance was at age 72. He performed at the Hollywood’s Gardenia Room in 2002 and developed his own cabaret act. He continued to perform cabaret until shortly before his death, appearing in June 2015 at the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in Australia. He met Cynthia Thompson in 1980 and married her approximately ten years later. He wrote a number of songs with her. The most successful are "Whatever Happened to Melody?", which was recorded by Michael Feinstein (on Forever), David Campbell (in Yesterday Is Now), and by Masters of Harmony (on California Gold Rush); and "I'm All Right Now" on John Pizzarelli's CD New Standards. They wrote scripts and songs for the Shari Lewis' PBS show The Charlie Horse Music Pizza. He was a recipient of five MAC Awards for "Original Song", and the 2004 Bistro Award. At age 84, he auditioned for America's Got Talent in 2014. He performed an original comic song, "What She's Got", about a man who discovers that his girlfriend whom "I just adore ... has much more than I had bargained for" ... a penis. The judges, the public and some publications loved it, and he qualified for the next round of the competition. The audition was viewed more than 100,000 times on YouTube overnight following his performance. It soon received criticism from the LGBT community. After GLAAD released a statement calling the song "outright mockery" of transgender women, NBC removed the video of Jessel's audition from its website and social media outlets. Jessel did not perform on the show a second time, but the video was eventually restored to the America's Got Talent YouTube channel, where it has been viewed more than 15 million times. On 17 July 2015, Jessel died of natural causes at his home in Studio City, California. References ^ "Raymond Jessel". Tributes Inc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f g Sisk, Emma (5 July 2014). "Watch the moment a Welsh pensioner shocks judges on America's Got Talent". WalesOnline. Media Wales Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Mel Atkey. A Million Miles from Broadway -- Musical Theatre Beyond New York and London. Lulu.com; 2012. ISBN 978-0-9916957-0-6. p. 137. ^ a b Later stages: essays in Ontario theatre from the First World War to the 1970s. University of Toronto Press; 1997. ISBN 978-0-8020-7624-3. p. 188, 207. ^ a b "Jessel, Raymond". Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ Mel Atkey. Broadway North: The Dream of a Canadian Musical Theatre. Dundurn; 30 October 2006. ISBN 978-1-897045-08-4. p. 116. ^ a b Petus, Georgica (9 April 2015). "Ray Jessel: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ McCarthy, Sean L. (2014). "Ray Jessel's audition on America's Got Talent 2014, and what you may not know about the 84-year-old songwriter's Broadway and TV past". Comic's Comic. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ "Ray Jessel". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ a b Lenny, Barry (24 June 2016). "Adelaide Cabaret Festival 2015: "Ray Jessel – Naughty or Nice" Is the Result of Decades of Unrecognised Brilliance". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ Elisberg, Robert J. (12 August 2015). "Remembering Ray Jessel". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2015. ^ "About Ray Jessel…". LML Music. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ Elisberg, Robert J. "Remembering Ray Jessel", The Huffington Post, 11 August 2016 ^ Dave's Gone By Interview (12/3/06) -- RAY JESSEL, retrieved 27 November 2021 ^ Regan Jr., Joe (18 October 2013). "Ray Jessel". theaterpizzazz.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015. ^ "2014-1985 recipients". BistroAwards. Retrieved 5 November 2015. ^ Barness, Sarah. "84-Year-Old Ray Jessel Surprises Judges With a Naughty Original Song", The Huffington Post, 2 July 2014, accessed 28 October 2016 ^ Molloy, Parker Marie (4 July 2014). "Op-ed: AGT Seems to Believe Trans People Are Inherently Disgusting and Hilarious". Advocate. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Chhiber, Ashley (3 July 2015). "America's Got Talent act slammed after transphobic audition song". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Kane, Matt. "Update: America's Got Talent airs song mocking trans women", GLAAD.org, July 3, 2014 ^ Jessel, Ray. "Ray Jessel: 84-Year-Old Sings a Naughty Original Song – America's Got Talent 2014", America's Got Talent on YouTube, 1 July 2014 ^ McNary, Dave (20 July 2015). "Ray Jessel, Love Boat Writer, Dies at 85". Variety. Retrieved 6 November 2015. External links Ray Jessel at IMDb Discography at Discog Song tracks at Allmusic "Identity Theft" by Jessel (2014) "Short Term Memory Loss Blues" by Jessel (2012) Ray Jessel's page on Spotify. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Australia Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tributes-1"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"orchestrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestration"},{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Marian Grudeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Grudeff"},{"link_name":"MAC Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bistro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstage_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"America's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"transgender woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_women"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkey2012-3"},{"link_name":"The Dean Martin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Show"},{"link_name":"The Carol Burnett Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show"},{"link_name":"The Smothers Brothers Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smothers_Brothers_Show"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"Head of the Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Class"},{"link_name":"I Remember Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Remember_Mama_(musical)"}],"text":"Raymond Jessel (16 October 1929 – 17 July 2015)[1] was a Welsh songwriter, screenwriter, orchestrator, and musical theatre composer. Born in Cardiff, he moved to Canada in 1955 and started a career as an orchestrator and composer for CBC Radio and CBC Television. He met a Canadian pianist Marian Grudeff, who became his songwriting partner. He received five MAC Awards for \"Original Song\" and the 2004 Bistro Award. He was most recognised for his audition for America's Got Talent in 2014 in which he sang an original song about a transgender woman.[2]With little success in Toronto, Jessel and Grudeff moved to New York City where they made their first success with the Broadway musical, Baker Street, in 1964.[3] Jessel contributed to The Dean Martin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Smothers Brothers Show, The Bob Newhart Show and others. In the 1970s and 1980s he was a writer and editor for numerous episodes of The Love Boat and Head of the Class, among other series, and co-wrote lyrics for I Remember Mama in 1979.","title":"Ray Jessel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaddlemyerPlant1997-4"},{"link_name":"University of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"musical composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rod-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Marian Grudeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Grudeff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkey2006-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaddlemyerPlant1997-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander H. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_H._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petus-7"},{"link_name":"1938 hit musical revue of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellzapoppin_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Durante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Durante"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccarthy-8"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"The Dean Martin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dean_Martin_Show"},{"link_name":"The Carol Burnett Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show"},{"link_name":"The Smothers Brothers Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smothers_Brothers_Show"},{"link_name":"The Bob Newhart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"Head of the Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Class"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Jacksons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jacksons_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emmy-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenny-10"},{"link_name":"Martin Charnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Charnin"},{"link_name":"I Remember Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Remember_Mama_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elis-11"}],"text":"Jessel was born and raised in Cardiff, where his family ran a clothing shop.[2][4] He received a degree in music from the University of Wales. With a one-year scholarship for studying musical composition, he went to Paris and studied under Arthur Honegger.[5] He moved to Canada with his family in 1955 at the age of 26.[2] He started his career as an orchestrator and composer for CBC Radio and CBC Television. There he met his lifelong songwriting partner, Marian Grudeff, a Canadian pianist. Together they played active roles in orchestral and theatrical compositions. Among their first works were songs for the Toronto revue Spring Thaw.[6][4]Their major breakthrough came when producer Alexander H. Cohen signed them to write the songs for the 1964 Broadway musical Baker Street, about Sherlock Holmes.[7] Their next score was for a new version of Hellzapoppin, based on the 1938 hit musical revue of the same name. This new musical was not a success, but its title song was recorded by Jimmy Durante and Louis Armstrong.[8] He moved to Hollywood and made a successful career with musicals and sketches for The Dean Martin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Smothers Brothers Show, The Bob Newhart Show, Comedy Factory, and various John Denver specials. He was a story editor of the ABC comedy The Love Boat from 1977 to 1980, and writer and consultant of Head of the Class from 1986 to 1991. He wrote and produced the CBS TV series The Jacksons.[9][10] He also co-wrote, with Martin Charnin, lyrics for I Remember Mama in 1979.[11]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"Michael Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petus-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Cabaret Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Cabaret_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenny-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Masters of Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Harmony"},{"link_name":"John Pizzarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pizzarelli"},{"link_name":"New Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Standards_(John_Pizzarelli_album)"},{"link_name":"Shari Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shari_Lewis"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"The Charlie Horse Music Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlie_Horse_Music_Pizza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rod-5"},{"link_name":"MAC Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regan-15"},{"link_name":"Bistro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstage_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"America's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"penis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisk-2"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-molloy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chhiber-19"},{"link_name":"GLAAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD"},{"link_name":"transgender women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_women"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Studio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcnary-22"}],"text":"In the 1990s, Jessel began to perform comedy songs at parties.[2] He was persuaded by Michael Feinstein and Shelly Goldstein to perform his original song, Wanna Sing a Show Tune, with Feinstein. The song was recorded on Feinstein's album Live at the Algonquin.[12] His first stage performance was at age 72.[2] He performed at the Hollywood’s Gardenia Room in 2002[7] and developed his own cabaret act.[13] He continued to perform cabaret until shortly before his death, appearing in June 2015 at the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in Australia.[10]He met Cynthia Thompson in 1980 and married her approximately ten years later.[14] He wrote a number of songs with her. The most successful are \"Whatever Happened to Melody?\", which was recorded by Michael Feinstein (on Forever), David Campbell (in Yesterday Is Now), and by Masters of Harmony (on California Gold Rush); and \"I'm All Right Now\" on John Pizzarelli's CD New Standards. They wrote scripts and songs for the Shari Lewis' PBS show The Charlie Horse Music Pizza.[5] He was a recipient of five MAC Awards for \"Original Song\",[15] and the 2004 Bistro Award.[16]At age 84, he auditioned for America's Got Talent in 2014. He performed an original comic song, \"What She's Got\", about a man who discovers that his girlfriend whom \"I just adore ... has much more than I had bargained for\" ... a penis.[2] The judges, the public and some publications loved it, and he qualified for the next round of the competition.[17] The audition was viewed more than 100,000 times on YouTube overnight following his performance.[2] It soon received criticism from the LGBT community.[18][19] After GLAAD released a statement calling the song \"outright mockery\" of transgender women, NBC removed the video of Jessel's audition from its website and social media outlets.[20] Jessel did not perform on the show a second time, but the video was eventually restored to the America's Got Talent YouTube channel, where it has been viewed more than 15 million times.[21]On 17 July 2015, Jessel died of natural causes at his home in Studio City, California.[22]","title":"Performing career and later years"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Raymond Jessel\". Tributes Inc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170212014640/http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Raymond-Jessel-102696660","url_text":"\"Raymond Jessel\""},{"url":"http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Raymond-Jessel-102696660","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sisk, Emma (5 July 2014). \"Watch the moment a Welsh pensioner shocks judges on America's Got Talent\". WalesOnline. Media Wales Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170207165221/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/americas-talent-watch-welsh-pensioner-7372032","url_text":"\"Watch the moment a Welsh pensioner shocks judges on America's Got Talent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Wales","url_text":"Media Wales Ltd."},{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/americas-talent-watch-welsh-pensioner-7372032","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jessel, Raymond\". Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnh.com/bio/169/Jessel-Raymond","url_text":"\"Jessel, Raymond\""}]},{"reference":"Petus, Georgica (9 April 2015). \"Ray Jessel: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know\". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170212014606/http://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/07/ray-jessel-americas-got-talent-naughty-penis-song/","url_text":"\"Ray Jessel: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know\""},{"url":"http://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/07/ray-jessel-americas-got-talent-naughty-penis-song/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Sean L. (2014). \"Ray Jessel's audition on America's Got Talent 2014, and what you may not know about the 84-year-old songwriter's Broadway and TV past\". Comic's Comic. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170212015541/http://thecomicscomic.com/2014/07/02/ray-jessels-audition-on-americas-got-talent-2014-and-what-you-may-not-know-about-the-84-year-old-songwriters-hit-past/","url_text":"\"Ray Jessel's audition on America's Got Talent 2014, and what you may not know about the 84-year-old songwriter's Broadway and TV past\""},{"url":"http://thecomicscomic.com/2014/07/02/ray-jessels-audition-on-americas-got-talent-2014-and-what-you-may-not-know-about-the-84-year-old-songwriters-hit-past/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Jessel\". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170212014223/http://www.emmys.com/bios/ray-jessel","url_text":"\"Ray Jessel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/bios/ray-jessel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lenny, Barry (24 June 2016). \"Adelaide Cabaret Festival 2015: \"Ray Jessel – Naughty or Nice\" Is the Result of Decades of Unrecognised Brilliance\". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170212014457/http://www.broadwayworld.com/adelaide/article/BWW-Reviews-ADELAIDE-CABARET-FESTIVAL-2015-RAY-JESSEL-NAUGHTY-OR-NICE-Is-The-Result-Of-Decades-Of-Unrecognised-Brilliance-20150624","url_text":"\"Adelaide Cabaret Festival 2015: \"Ray Jessel – Naughty or Nice\" Is the Result of Decades of Unrecognised Brilliance\""},{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/adelaide/article/BWW-Reviews-ADELAIDE-CABARET-FESTIVAL-2015-RAY-JESSEL-NAUGHTY-OR-NICE-Is-The-Result-Of-Decades-Of-Unrecognised-Brilliance-20150624","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elisberg, Robert J. (12 August 2015). \"Remembering Ray Jessel\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-j-elisberg/remembering-ray-jessel_b_7971652.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in","url_text":"\"Remembering Ray Jessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Ray Jessel…\". LML Music. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lmlmusic.com/artists/rayjessel/","url_text":"\"About Ray Jessel…\""}]},{"reference":"Dave's Gone By Interview (12/3/06) -- RAY JESSEL, retrieved 27 November 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekIk_c11y-Q","url_text":"Dave's Gone By Interview (12/3/06) -- RAY JESSEL"}]},{"reference":"Regan Jr., Joe (18 October 2013). \"Ray Jessel\". theaterpizzazz.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaterpizzazz.com/ray-jessel","url_text":"\"Ray Jessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014-1985 recipients\". BistroAwards. Retrieved 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bistroawards.com/hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"2014-1985 recipients\""}]},{"reference":"Molloy, Parker Marie (4 July 2014). \"Op-ed: AGT Seems to Believe Trans People Are Inherently Disgusting and Hilarious\". Advocate. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140704234212/http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/07/04/op-ed-agt-seems-believe-trans-people-are-inherently-disgusting-and-hilarious","url_text":"\"Op-ed: AGT Seems to Believe Trans People Are Inherently Disgusting and Hilarious\""},{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/07/04/op-ed-agt-seems-believe-trans-people-are-inherently-disgusting-and-hilarious","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chhiber, Ashley (3 July 2015). \"America's Got Talent act slammed after transphobic audition song\". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170225141619/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/07/03/americas-got-talent-act-slammed-after-transphobic-audition-song/","url_text":"\"America's Got Talent act slammed after transphobic audition song\""},{"url":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/07/03/americas-got-talent-act-slammed-after-transphobic-audition-song","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (20 July 2015). \"Ray Jessel, Love Boat Writer, Dies at 85\". Variety. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/ray-jessel-dead-love-boat-writer-1201544128","url_text":"\"Ray Jessel, Love Boat Writer, Dies at 85\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170212014640/http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Raymond-Jessel-102696660","external_links_name":"\"Raymond Jessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Raymond-Jessel-102696660","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170207165221/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/americas-talent-watch-welsh-pensioner-7372032","external_links_name":"\"Watch the moment a Welsh pensioner shocks judges on America's Got Talent\""},{"Link":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/americas-talent-watch-welsh-pensioner-7372032","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=83vxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"A Million Miles from Broadway -- Musical Theatre Beyond New York and London"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oKIiAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Later stages: essays in Ontario theatre from the First World War to the 1970s"},{"Link":"http://www.rnh.com/bio/169/Jessel-Raymond","external_links_name":"\"Jessel, Raymond\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0BqZ6raxwkEC&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"Broadway North: The Dream of a Canadian Musical Theatre"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170212014606/http://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/07/ray-jessel-americas-got-talent-naughty-penis-song/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know\""},{"Link":"http://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/07/ray-jessel-americas-got-talent-naughty-penis-song/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170212015541/http://thecomicscomic.com/2014/07/02/ray-jessels-audition-on-americas-got-talent-2014-and-what-you-may-not-know-about-the-84-year-old-songwriters-hit-past/","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel's audition on America's Got Talent 2014, and what you may not know about the 84-year-old songwriter's Broadway and TV past\""},{"Link":"http://thecomicscomic.com/2014/07/02/ray-jessels-audition-on-americas-got-talent-2014-and-what-you-may-not-know-about-the-84-year-old-songwriters-hit-past/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170212014223/http://www.emmys.com/bios/ray-jessel","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/bios/ray-jessel","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170212014457/http://www.broadwayworld.com/adelaide/article/BWW-Reviews-ADELAIDE-CABARET-FESTIVAL-2015-RAY-JESSEL-NAUGHTY-OR-NICE-Is-The-Result-Of-Decades-Of-Unrecognised-Brilliance-20150624","external_links_name":"\"Adelaide Cabaret Festival 2015: \"Ray Jessel – Naughty or Nice\" Is the Result of Decades of Unrecognised Brilliance\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/adelaide/article/BWW-Reviews-ADELAIDE-CABARET-FESTIVAL-2015-RAY-JESSEL-NAUGHTY-OR-NICE-Is-The-Result-Of-Decades-Of-Unrecognised-Brilliance-20150624","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-j-elisberg/remembering-ray-jessel_b_7971652.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Ray Jessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.lmlmusic.com/artists/rayjessel/","external_links_name":"\"About Ray Jessel…\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-j-elisberg/remembering-ray-jessel_b_7971652.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Ray Jessel\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekIk_c11y-Q","external_links_name":"Dave's Gone By Interview (12/3/06) -- RAY JESSEL"},{"Link":"http://www.theaterpizzazz.com/ray-jessel","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel\""},{"Link":"http://bistroawards.com/hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"2014-1985 recipients\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/02/ray-jessel-americas-got-talent_n_5552221.html","external_links_name":"\"84-Year-Old Ray Jessel Surprises Judges With a Naughty Original Song\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140704234212/http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/07/04/op-ed-agt-seems-believe-trans-people-are-inherently-disgusting-and-hilarious","external_links_name":"\"Op-ed: AGT Seems to Believe Trans People Are Inherently Disgusting and Hilarious\""},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/07/04/op-ed-agt-seems-believe-trans-people-are-inherently-disgusting-and-hilarious","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170225141619/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/07/03/americas-got-talent-act-slammed-after-transphobic-audition-song/","external_links_name":"\"America's Got Talent act slammed after transphobic audition song\""},{"Link":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/07/03/americas-got-talent-act-slammed-after-transphobic-audition-song","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.glaad.org/blog/update-americas-got-talent-airs-song-mocking-trans-women","external_links_name":"\"Update: America's Got Talent airs song mocking trans women\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cyIxkFLjWI","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel: 84-Year-Old Sings a Naughty Original Song – America's Got Talent 2014\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/ray-jessel-dead-love-boat-writer-1201544128","external_links_name":"\"Ray Jessel, Love Boat Writer, Dies at 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1130075/","external_links_name":"Ray Jessel"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/795651-Raymond-Jessel","external_links_name":"Discography at Discog"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/naughty-or-nice-mw0000822538","external_links_name":"Song tracks at Allmusic"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3lhPGw0Wsg","external_links_name":"\"Identity Theft\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhsPYMdxxM4","external_links_name":"\"Short Term Memory Loss Blues\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/artist/7E7Fde9o0CI869s5kGRLwd","external_links_name":"Ray Jessel's page"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1480092/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000384749571","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/277701670","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwRC6C9tDFyVQXwqq84q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15021414","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007460277205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87116453","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49783781","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/aa37ecc5-187b-4b27-89cc-1fc592ffb635","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Japan_Record_Awards
32nd Japan Record Awards
["1 Award winners","1.1 Pops and Rock","1.2 Enka and Kayōkyoku","2 External links"]
32nd Japan Record AwardsDateDecember 31, 1990VenueNippon Budokan, TokyoHosted byEiji Bandō, Akiko WadaTelevision/radio coverageNetworkTBS ← 31st · Japan Record Awards · 33rd → The 32nd Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Nippon Budokan in Chiyoda, Tokyo, December 31, 1990, starting at 6:30PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS. Award winners Pops and Rock Japan Record Award: Tetsuro Oda (composer/arranger), Momoko Sakura (Songwriter) B.B.Queens for "Odoru Pompokolin" Best Pops Vocalist: Mariya Takeuchi Best Rock Vocalist: Southern All Stars Best Pops New Artist: Ninja Best Rock New Artist: Tama Best Foreign Artist: Madonna Enka and Kayōkyoku Japan Record Award: Takao Horiuchi for "Koiuta Tsuzuri" Best Vocalist: Nobue Matsubara Best Kayōkyoku New Artist: Yang Soo Kyung Best Enka New Artist: Saori Hareyama External links Official Website vteJapan Record AwardsMajor awards Best Album Awards Best New Artist Years 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Japan Composer's Associations (JACOMPA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nippon Budokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Budokan"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"}],"text":"The 32nd Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the Nippon Budokan in Chiyoda, Tokyo, December 31, 1990, starting at 6:30PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.","title":"32nd Japan Record Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsuro Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuro_Oda"},{"link_name":"Momoko Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoko_Sakura"},{"link_name":"B.B.Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B.Queens"},{"link_name":"Odoru Pompokolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoru_Pompokolin"},{"link_name":"Mariya Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"Southern All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"}],"sub_title":"Pops and Rock","text":"Japan Record Award:\nTetsuro Oda (composer/arranger), Momoko Sakura (Songwriter) B.B.Queens for \"Odoru Pompokolin\"\nBest Pops Vocalist:\nMariya Takeuchi\nBest Rock Vocalist:\nSouthern All Stars\nBest Pops New Artist:\nNinja\nBest Rock New Artist:\nTama\nBest Foreign Artist:\nMadonna","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takao Horiuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takao_Horiuchi"},{"link_name":"Nobue Matsubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobue_Matsubara&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Enka and Kayōkyoku","text":"Japan Record Award:\nTakao Horiuchi for \"Koiuta Tsuzuri\"\nBest Vocalist:\nNobue Matsubara\nBest Kayōkyoku New Artist:\nYang Soo Kyung\nBest Enka New Artist:\nSaori Hareyama","title":"Award winners"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.jacompa.or.jp/","external_links_name":"Official Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Politizer
User talk:Rjanag
["1 Query","2 Nature editorial \"Hard to swallow\" at acupuncture","3 Precious anniversary","4 Request for input","5 Invitation","6 AfD input","7 ArbCom elections are now open!","8 File permission problem with File:JephJacques.JPG","9 T:DYK/NN listed at Redirects for discussion","10 Extended confirmed protection","11 Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins","12 A new user right for New Page Patrollers","13 ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open!","14 Orphaned non-free image File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG","15 Administrators' newsletter - February 2017","16 Nomination for deletion of Template:Mergesomewhere","17 jhosse y su grupo lora","18 ArbCom 2017 election voter message","19 You are so great","20 Wikipedia Deletion","21 Chinese word \"weiji\" listed at Redirects for discussion","22 Tian'anmen West Statioonn listed at Redirects for discussion","23 Xinjiang conflict","24 ArbCom 2018 election voter message","25 ArbCom 2019 special circular","26 Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)","27 Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity","28 Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity","29 Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity","30 Nomination of List of re-education through labor camps in China for deletion","31 Orphaned non-free image File:HoboNews.jpg","32 CfD nomination of Category:DYK userboxes","33 Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-ew","34 Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-3rr","35 \"Wikipedia:NLIST\" listed at Redirects for discussion","36 Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago","37 Jason Lau","38 Enhancing Chopsticks","39 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties","40 Precious anniversary","41 Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKsuggestion","42 Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKre","43 Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKX","44 Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKY","45 Nomination for merger of Template:DYKfile","46 You have been removed from Wikipedia:Local Embassy due to inactivity","47 Nomination for deletion of Template:DYK archive editintro","48 Always precious","49 June 2022 Good Article Nominations backlog drive","50 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","51 Request Edit Assistance Pinduoduo","52 \"Wikipedia:PUFFERY\" listed at Redirects for discussion","53 Good article reassessment for Sinhala script","54 Happy First Edit Day!","55 \"Wikipedia:PUFFERY\" listed at Redirects for discussion"]
Archives 1: August–October 2008 2: November 2008 3: December 2008 4: January–February 2009 5: March–April 2009 6: May–July 2009 7: August–December 2009 8: January–May 2010 9: June 2010 – present Click here to leave me a message saying I'm great, or here to leave me a message saying I'm terrible.Click here to leave me any other kind of message.Please sign your message by typing ~~~~ after it. Query "A 2012 analysis of data on individual participants in acupuncture studies looked at migraine and tension headaches. The analysis showed that actual acupuncture was more effective than either no acupuncture or simulated acupuncture in reducing headache frequency or severity." See Acupuncture#Headaches and migraines. This is a cut and paste from the source. "A 2014 Australian clinical study involving 282 men and women showed that needle and laser acupuncture were modestly better at relieving knee pain from osteoarthritis than no treatment, but not better than simulated (sham) laser acupuncture." This is a cut and paste from the source. See Acupuncture#Extremity conditions. According to NCCAM, "results of a systematic review that combined data from 11 clinical trials with more than 1,200 participants suggested that acupuncture (and acupuncture point stimulation) may help with certain symptoms associated with cancer treatments." This is a cut and paste from the article. See Acupuncture#Cancer-related conditions. Is it a weight violation to use an article that is not a review when there are way better references already in the article or is it plagiarism? The TCM page is a different situation when there are not plenty of sources for the drug research section on pseudoscience. QuackGuru (talk) 02:12, 4 January 2015 (UTC) It's not really clear to me what you're asking, and since you aren't using quotation marks or italics or anything else in this message it's not even clear to me what parts of your message are your comments and what are pasted from articles. Also keep in mind that I'm not familiar with these articles, I only just stumbled across them recently, so I don't have much context for the issues you're raising. If you have a question for me please present it a little more clearly so I don't have to spend time deciphering it. Thanks, rʨanaɢ (talk) 03:01, 4 January 2015 (UTC) I edited my previous comment and added the source to make it more clear. You brought up the issue of plag on my talk page with a related article. The text in the quotes are a cut and paste but with the acupuncture article the text is not in quotation marks. Let's start with one question. Is that WP:PLAG? QuackGuru (talk) 06:29, 4 January 2015 (UTC) Let me stop you right there. There is no rule saying that if there is other plagiarism (or any other sort of problem) in one article, then it's OK for you to add more. There is no rule saying that if I report one instance of plagiarism (or any other sort of problem) then I have to read the entire article and report every other one. I happened to glance at just that one sentence of the article and its source (that is literally the only source in the article that I opened up and read) and saw that it was obviously plagiarized, so I dealt with it and alerted you to the issue. I am under no obligation to devote myself to scanning the entire article for it, so I'm not sure what you're trying to get at here. If you legitimately don't understand what plagiarism is then I can try to explain it more, but if you're trying to suggest that my notification to you was somehow "wrong" because there are other instances of plagiarism that I didn't report, then you are wasting your time. rʨanaɢ (talk) 13:10, 4 January 2015 (UTC) Nature editorial "Hard to swallow" at acupuncture Greetings Rjanag! I've opened a discussion at Talk:Acupuncture#Citation_out_of_context about the use of the Nature editorial. I've concluded my opinion into four points. Would you care to take a look? What's substantially different from the usage of the source at Traditional Chinese Medicine, is that when the context of the quote is restored, the whole source is solely about TCM, not about acupuncture. A mere "TCM as mainly pseudoscience, with no logical mechanism of action for the majority of its treatments." alone is undue weight, but if we include the rest of the paragraph in the article, it'd say: "Advocates respond by claiming that researchers are missing aspects of the art, notably the interactions between different ingredients in traditional therapies.". IMHO, it clearly doesn't fit to Acupuncture. I have suggested removing the unfit entries, and finding for better sources. Administrator Kww, however, replied to me that: " I would like to suggest that the next time you want to misrepresent the contents of a source, you should refrain from doing so.". I'd appreciate if you could have a look. Cheers! Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 14:32, 11 January 2015 (UTC) No thanks, I do not wish to continue in the discussions within this topic area. It's like herding cats. rʨanaɢ (talk) 22:41, 11 January 2015 (UTC) Well, I understand you perfectly. Thanks anyway! :-) Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 18:18, 12 January 2015 (UTC) Precious anniversary support for ease and transparency Thank you for your (seemingly) tireless effort to make the DYK process easy to understand, user-friendly and transparent to follow, willing to try suggestions and drop them if not wanted. Thank you also for patiently explaining again and again, - you are an awesome Wikipedian! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:53, 25 March 2012 (UTC) Three years, you were the 72nd recipient of my PumpkinSky Prize, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:54, 25 March 2015 (UTC) Eight years ago, you were recipient no. 72 of Precious, a prize of QAI! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:36, 25 March 2020 (UTC) Request for input I see you have had previous involvement with the editor Hijiri88. I would welcome any input you might see fit to offer at WP:ANI#Ongoing gross incivility of Hijiri88. Thank you. John Carter (talk) 18:26, 26 April 2015 (UTC) Invitation I'd like to invite you to join the WikiProject R&B and Soul Music. We are currently on demand for new members, the project was dying, but with your help we can revive it and make it one of the best WikiProjects. Make me sure that you'll think about this and remember cooperative works can do amazing things. Regards Dfrr (talk) 22:55, 30 April 2015 (UTC) AfD input Hi, Rjanag. Way back in 2009, you participated in an AfD discussion for Forever Oeuvre, and voted to delete it. The article was deleted, but was subsequently recreated. The new article did not address any of the concerns whatsoever and is in the same bad state it was in before. Thusly, I have relisted it at AfD, and would very much appreciate it if you gave your input. It has passed the initial 7 day period and has been relisted again at AfD to establish a clearer consensus, so I'm now reaching out to you. There has thusfar only been one other vote, and that is for deletion. Thanks, Jacedc (talk) 18:29, 2 May 2015 (UTC) ArbCom elections are now open! Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:58, 24 November 2015 (UTC) File permission problem with File:JephJacques.JPG Thanks for uploading File:JephJacques.JPG. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license. If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add {{OTRS pending}} to the file description page to prevent premature deletion. If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [email protected]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content, use a tag such as {{non-free fair use}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Wikipedia:File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in your upload log. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 07:00, 13 May 2016 (UTC) T:DYK/NN listed at Redirects for discussion An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect T:DYK/NN. Since you had some involvement with the T:DYK/NN redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Pppery (talk) 22:01, 6 August 2016 (UTC) Extended confirmed protection Hello, Rjanag. This message is intended to notify administrators of important changes to the protection policy. Extended confirmed protection (also known as "30/500 protection") is a new level of page protection that only allows edits from accounts at least 30 days old and with 500 edits. The automatically assigned "extended confirmed" user right was created for this purpose. The protection level was created following this community discussion with the primary intention of enforcing various arbitration remedies that prohibited editors under the "30 days/500 edits" threshold to edit certain topic areas. In July and August 2016, a request for comment established consensus for community use of the new protection level. Administrators are authorized to apply extended confirmed protection to combat any form of disruption (e.g. vandalism, sock puppetry, edit warring, etc.) on any topic, subject to the following conditions: Extended confirmed protection may only be used in cases where semi-protection has proven ineffective. It should not be used as a first resort. A bot will post a notification at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard of each use. MusikBot currently does this by updating a report, which is transcluded onto the noticeboard. Please review the protection policy carefully before using this new level of protection on pages. Thank you. This message was sent to the administrators' mass message list. To opt-out of future messages, please remove yourself from the list. 17:49, 23 September 2016 (UTC) Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins Hello, Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the "User profile" tab under the "Basic information" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:32, 12 November 2016 (UTC) A new user right for New Page Patrollers Hi Rjanag. A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right. It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best. If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins).MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:47, 15 November 2016 (UTC) ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open! Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:44, 11 January 2017 (UTC) Administrators' newsletter - February 2017 News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed. Administrator changes NinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67 Briangotts • JeremyA • BU Rob13 Guideline and policy news A discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016. Wikipedia:Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use. Following an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators. Technical news When performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950) Following the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448) The Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017. Arbitration The Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing. Obituaries JohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009. Discuss this newsletter • Subscribe • Archive 13:36, 1 February 2017 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:Mergesomewhere Template:Mergesomewhere has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 06:13, 17 June 2017 (UTC) jhosse y su grupo lora i was working on the jhosse y su grupo lora page. i takes time translating since he's a "latin artist". this was also a project in which i needed help from the latin music group Mccoolarge (talk) 04:12, 3 August 2017 (UTC) If you need time, you can work on the page in a personal sandbox (e.g., User:Mccoolarge/Jhoose Y Su Grupo Lora) and then once it's ready you can move the page to a real article. You will need to make sure, though, that your page meets Wikipedia's content criteria, particularly regarding notability. If the page doesn't meet these criteria, it is likely that it will be deleted again. rʨanaɢ (talk) 04:15, 3 August 2017 (UTC) ArbCom 2017 election voter message Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC) You are so great You are a great guy! Thanks for being so excellent. Wow, I was stopping by to thank you for making my first solo effort at managing a DYK nom so much easier, and now you've even found a way to make thanking you easier! A remarkable Wikipedian! Innisfree987 (talk) 03:35, 10 March 2018 (UTC) Wikipedia Deletion 00:35, 12 September 2009 Rjanag (talk | contribs) deleted page Pet Protection Agreement (G12: Unambiguous copyright infringement: nearly word-for-word) It has come to my knowledge that you have flagged my article page for Pet Protection Agreement. This Agreement was created and authored by myself, Rachel Hirschfeld. I am the owner of www.pettrustattorney.com, www.petprotectionagreement.com, and authored two books on pet trusts. I am the nations leading lawyer on this subject of pet trusts. I founded the Animal Law Committee at the New York County Bar Association and presently Co-Chair. I also teach pet trusts at New York University. Please undelete the article page for Pet Protection Agreement. Rachel Hirschfeld — Preceding unsigned comment added by Soupboneh (talk • contribs) 18:54, 10 March 2018 (UTC) Chinese word "weiji" listed at Redirects for discussion An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Chinese word "weiji". Since you had some involvement with the Chinese word "weiji" redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. –LaundryPizza03 (dc̄) 18:29, 8 May 2018 (UTC) Tian'anmen West Statioonn listed at Redirects for discussion An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Tian'anmen West Statioonn. Since you had some involvement with the Tian'anmen West Statioonn redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. PRehse (talk) 08:21, 23 June 2018 (UTC) Xinjiang conflict Hey, I noticed the Ürümqi barnstar you made, and since that page is easily the best Uyghur-related article on here, I thought I might as well mention that there's an ongoing RfC on the Xinjiang conflict page if that sounds interesting. ─ ReconditeRodent « talk · contribs » 19:02, 30 October 2018 (UTC) ArbCom 2018 election voter message Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC) ArbCom 2019 special circular Administrators must secure their accounts The Arbitration Committee may require a new RfA if your account is compromised. Use strong, unique passwords for your Wikipedia account and associated email Change your password now if your Wikipedia account password or email password is reused on another website, exposed, or weak Enable two-factor authentication now for improved security View additional information Why have I received this message? All administrators are receiving it. What prompted you to send this message? Recently, several Wikipedia admin accounts were compromised. The admin accounts were desysopped on an emergency basis. In the past, the Committee often resysopped admin accounts as a matter of course once the admin was back in control of their account. The committee has updated its guidelines. Admins may now be required to undergo a fresh Request for Adminship (RfA) after losing control of their account. What do I need to do? Only to follow the instructions in this message. Check that your password is unique (not reused across sites). Check that your password is strong (not simple or guessable). Enable Two-factor authentication (2FA), if you can, to create a second hurdle for attackers. How can I find out more about two-factor authentication (2FA)? You can find out more about 2FA at m:2FA. This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:50, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular) ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community. Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to "have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices." We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised. We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered. For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:04, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next month. Inactive administrators are encouraged to rejoin the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to rejoin the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard. Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:01, 1 July 2019 (UTC) Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next several days. Inactive administrators are encouraged to rejoin the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to rejoin the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard. Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:00, 25 July 2019 (UTC) Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions have been removed. Subject to certain time limits and other restrictions, your administrative permissions may be returned upon request at WP:BN. Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — xaosflux Talk 00:14, 1 August 2019 (UTC) Nomination of List of re-education through labor camps in China for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of re-education through labor camps in China is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted. The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of re-education through labor camps in China until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Khu'hamgaba Kitap talk 23:52, 23 January 2020 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:HoboNews.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:HoboNews.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:35, 15 February 2020 (UTC) CfD nomination of Category:DYK userboxes Category:DYK userboxes has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. You are encouraged to join the discussion on the Categories for discussion page. —⁠andrybak (talk) 21:33, 17 April 2020 (UTC) Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-ew Template:Uw-ew has been nominated for merging with Template:Uw-3rr. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. –LaundryPizza03 (dc̄) 02:09, 21 April 2020 (UTC) Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-3rr Template:Uw-3rr has been nominated for merging with Template:Uw-ew. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Adam9007 (talk) 18:00, 13 September 2020 (UTC) "Wikipedia:NLIST" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Wikipedia:NLIST. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 4#Wikipedia:NLIST until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. — Rhododendrites talk \\ 17:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC) Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago AwesomeTen years! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:48, 9 October 2020 (UTC) ... and again today! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:12, 24 October 2020 (UTC) Jason Lau Hi, I read your first nomination to delete Jason Lau and I couldn’t understand how it wasn’t deleted so I’ve nominated him again, please vote and join the discussion. Thanks Australianblackbelt (talk) 19:23, 23 October 2020 (UTC) Enhancing Chopsticks Hey, you contributed significantly to Chopsticks. I thought I would check with you. I think the article can use a holistic revision. I posted a proposal on the talk page. It would be great to have your feedback before or while the revision takes place. Fred Hsu (talk) 20:23, 31 December 2020 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties A tag has been placed on Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 16:26, 4 March 2021 (UTC) Precious anniversary PreciousNine years! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:03, 25 March 2021 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKsuggestion Template:DYKsuggestion has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 08:53, 22 June 2021 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKre Template:DYKre has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 08:56, 22 June 2021 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKX Template:DYKX has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 21:43, 22 June 2021 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKY Template:DYKY has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 21:43, 22 June 2021 (UTC) Nomination for merger of Template:DYKfile Template:DYKfile has been nominated for merging with Template:DYK talk. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Gonnym (talk) 22:01, 26 June 2021 (UTC) You have been removed from Wikipedia:Local Embassy due to inactivity Hi Rjanag! You're receiving this notification because you were previously listed at Wikipedia:Local Embassy, but you haven't made any edits to the English Wikipedia in over 6 months. Because of your inactivity, you have been removed from the list. If you would like to resubscribe, you can do so at any time by visiting Wikipedia:Local Embassy. Thank you! Message delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 18:00, 30 August 2021 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:DYK archive editintro Template:DYK archive editintro has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. User:GKFXtalk 13:17, 22 January 2022 (UTC) Always precious Ten years ago, you were found precious. That's what you are, always - miss you --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:46, 25 March 2022 (UTC) June 2022 Good Article Nominations backlog drive Good article nominations | June 2022 Backlog Drive On 1 June, a one-month backlog drive for good article nominations will begin. Barnstars will be awarded based on the number and age of articles reviewed. Interested in taking part? Sign up here! You're receiving this message because you have conducted 5+ good article reviews or participated in previous backlog drives. Click here to opt out of any future messages. (t · c) buidhe 04:26, 28 May 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:44, 29 November 2022 (UTC) Request Edit Assistance Pinduoduo Hi. I see you’re a member of the WikiProject China - I’ve made some proposals to update the article about Pinduoduo, posted here Pinduoduo#Suggestions for article improvements to resolve NPOV and Advertising issues.I have a conflict of interest and can’t do the edits myself. Would you have time to look at these and weigh in? Gratitude. Snowy2000 (talk) 20:01, 19 March 2023 (UTC) "Wikipedia:PUFFERY" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Wikipedia:PUFFERY has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 27 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY until a consensus is reached. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 23:17, 27 April 2023 (UTC) Good article reassessment for Sinhala script Sinhala script has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Onegreatjoke (talk) 18:35, 19 June 2023 (UTC) Happy First Edit Day! Happy First Edit Day!Hi Rjanag! On behalf of the Birthday Committee, I'd like to wish you a very happy anniversary of the day you made your first edit and became a Wikipedian! Avi :D (talk) 10:30, 19 August 2023 (UTC) "Wikipedia:PUFFERY" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Wikipedia:PUFFERY has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 25 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 02:00, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3"},{"link_name":"Acupuncture#Headaches and migraines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture#Headaches_and_migraines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3"},{"link_name":"Acupuncture#Extremity conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture#Extremity_conditions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3"},{"link_name":"Acupuncture#Cancer-related conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture#Cancer-related_conditions"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AQuackGuru&diff=640862118&oldid=640819343"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"rʨanaɢ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rjanag"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"WP:PLAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PLAG"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"rʨanaɢ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rjanag"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"acupuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"Talk:Acupuncture#Citation_out_of_context","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acupuncture#Citation_out_of_context"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Acupuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture"},{"link_name":"Jayaguru-Shishya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jayaguru-Shishya"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jayaguru-Shishya"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"rʨanaɢ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rjanag"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Jayaguru-Shishya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jayaguru-Shishya"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jayaguru-Shishya"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornflower_blue_Yogo_sapphire.jpg"},{"link_name":"awesome Wikipedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Quality_Article_Improvement/Precious"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"PumpkinSky Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:PumpkinSky"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Quality_Article_Improvement/Precious#Rjanag"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"WP:ANI#Ongoing gross incivility of Hijiri88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ANI#Ongoing_gross_incivility_of_Hijiri88"},{"link_name":"John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:John_Carter"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:John_Carter"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"you participated in an AfD discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Forever_Oeuvre"},{"link_name":"Forever Oeuvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_Oeuvre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"relisted it at AfD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Forever_Oeuvre_(2nd_nomination)"},{"link_name":"Jacedc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jacedc"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jacedc"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"ArbCom elections are now open!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RFAR"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBPOL"},{"link_name":"review the candidates' statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2015/C"},{"link_name":"the voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/398"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"File:JephJacques.JPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JephJacques.JPG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CC-BY-SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA"},{"link_name":"this list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags/Free_licenses"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CONSENT"},{"link_name":"OTRS pending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OTRS_pending"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Non-free content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content"},{"link_name":"non-free fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Non-free_fair_use"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags#Fair_use"},{"link_name":"rationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_use_rationale_guideline"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:File copyright tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_copyright_tags"},{"link_name":"your upload log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=upload&user=Rjanag"},{"link_name":"criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#Files"},{"link_name":"image use policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy"},{"link_name":"Media copyright questions page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_copyright_questions"},{"link_name":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kelly"},{"link_name":"hi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kelly"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"T:DYK/NN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T:DYK/NN"},{"link_name":"the redirect discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2016_August_6#T:DYK/NN"},{"link_name":"Pppery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pppery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pppery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padlock-blue.svg"},{"link_name":"Extended confirmed protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLUELOCK"},{"link_name":"\"extended confirmed\" user right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EXTENDEDCONFIRMED"},{"link_name":"this community discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)/Archive_129#New_usergroup_with_autopromotion_to_implement_arbitration_%2230-500%22_bans_as_a_page_protection"},{"link_name":"a request for comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ECP2016"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard"},{"link_name":"a report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MusikBot/ECPMonitor/Report"},{"link_name":"the protection policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Extended_confirmed_protection"},{"link_name":"mass message list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators/Message_list"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"TOTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-time_Password_Algorithm"},{"link_name":"preferences page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences"},{"link_name":"developing help page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Two-factor_authentication"},{"link_name":"thread on the administrators' noticeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Two-Factor_Authentication_now_available_for_admins"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"New Page Reviewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers"},{"link_name":"PERM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_permissions/New_page_reviewer"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Templates"},{"link_name":"WT:NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:NPR"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"ArbCom Elections 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2016"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2016 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2016"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates' statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2016/Candidates"},{"link_name":"the voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/399"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Questionable_content_1158-4.JPG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"claim of fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FU"},{"link_name":"our policy for non-free media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Policy"},{"link_name":"criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#F5"},{"link_name":"B-bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:B-bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:B-bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"News and updates for administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter"},{"link_name":"subscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter/Subscribe"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Administrators%27_newsletter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admin_mop.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg"},{"link_name":"NinjaRobotPirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/NinjaRobotPirate"},{"link_name":"Schwede66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Schwede66"},{"link_name":"K6ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/K6ka"},{"link_name":"Ealdgyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Ealdgyth"},{"link_name":"Ferret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Ferret"},{"link_name":"Cyberpower678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Cyberpower678_2"},{"link_name":"Mz7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Mz7"},{"link_name":"Primefac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Primefac_2"},{"link_name":"Dodger67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Dodger67_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg"},{"link_name":"Briangotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inactive_administrators/2017#January_2017"},{"link_name":"JeremyA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inactive_administrators/2017#January_2017"},{"link_name":"BU Rob13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/762731058#Desysop_request"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_check.svg"},{"link_name":"discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Administrators#Workshopping_an_RfC_on_the_inactivity_policy"},{"link_name":"administrator inactivity policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Lengthy_inactivity"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia talk:Administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Administrators"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes/Request_for_Comment_2016"},{"link_name":"Pending changes level 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes#Effect_of_various_protection_levels"},{"link_name":"an RfC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Bot_policy#Activity_requirements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Octicons-tools.svg"},{"link_name":"T34950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T34950"},{"link_name":"RfC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#Make_PC2_no_longer_available_to_admins"},{"link_name":"T156448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156448"},{"link_name":"announced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-January/086013.html"},{"link_name":"community health initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_health_initiative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"a response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/762120256#Response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation_statement_on_paid_editing_and_outing"},{"link_name":"statement on paid editing and outing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_Foundation_statement_on_paid_editing_and_outing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png"},{"link_name":"JohnCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JohnCD"},{"link_name":"Discuss this newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Administrators%27_newsletter/17/1"},{"link_name":"Subscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter/Subscribe"},{"link_name":"Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_newsletter/Archive"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"Template:Mergesomewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mergesomewhere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2017_June_17#Template:Mergesomewhere"},{"link_name":"What did I screw up now?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TenPoundHammer"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Mccoolarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mccoolarge"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mccoolarge"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:Mccoolarge/Jhoose Y Su Grupo Lora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mccoolarge/Jhoose_Y_Su_Grupo_Lora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"move the page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOVE"},{"link_name":"notability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GNG"},{"link_name":"rʨanaɢ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Rjanag"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2017 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2017"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2017/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/400"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"managing a DYK nom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rjanag/Quick_DYK_2"},{"link_name":"Innisfree987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Innisfree987"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Innisfree987"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures"},{"link_name":"Soupboneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Soupboneh"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Soupboneh#top"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Soupboneh"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Chinese word \"weiji\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_word_%22weiji%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the redirect discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2018_May_8#Chinese_word_%22weiji%22"},{"link_name":"LaundryPizza03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"c̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Tian'anmen West Statioonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tian%27anmen_West_Statioonn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the redirect discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2018_June_23#Tian'anmen_West_Statioonn"},{"link_name":"PRehse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:PRehse"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:PRehse"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"ongoing RfC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Xinjiang_conflict#RfC:_Infobox"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict"},{"link_name":"ReconditeRodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ReconditeRodent"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:ReconditeRodent"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/ReconditeRodent"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2018 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2018"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2018/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/710"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"must","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Security"},{"link_name":"Change your password now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ChangePassword"},{"link_name":"exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//haveibeenpwned.com/Passwords"},{"link_name":"Enable two-factor authentication now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_account_security#Two-factor_authentication_(2FA)"},{"link_name":"desysopped on an emergency basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:LEVEL1"},{"link_name":"Request for Adminship (RfA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RFA"},{"link_name":"m:2FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/2FA"},{"link_name":"recent motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/891851004#Return_of_permissions_for_compromised_administrator_accounts"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee"},{"link_name":"Cameron11598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cameron11598"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"required","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Security"},{"link_name":"follow appropriate personal security practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Personal_security_practices"},{"link_name":"updated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/891851004#Return_of_permissions_for_compromised_administrator_accounts"},{"link_name":"two-factor authentication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:2FA"},{"link_name":"Cameron11598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cameron11598"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural_removal_for_inactive_administrators"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Editor_Retention/administrators"},{"link_name":"the bureaucrats' noticeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BN"},{"link_name":"JJMC89 bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JJMC89_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural_removal_for_inactive_administrators"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Editor_Retention/administrators"},{"link_name":"the bureaucrats' noticeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BN"},{"link_name":"JJMC89 bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JJMC89_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural_removal_for_inactive_administrators"},{"link_name":"WP:BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BN"},{"link_name":"xaosflux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Xaosflux"},{"link_name":"Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Xaosflux"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"List of re-education through labor camps in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_re-education_through_labor_camps_in_China"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"List of re-education through labor camps in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_re-education_through_labor_camps_in_China"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's policies and guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines"},{"link_name":"deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of re-education through labor camps in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/List_of_re-education_through_labor_camps_in_China"},{"link_name":"Khu'hamgaba Kitap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Khu%27hamgaba_Kitap"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Khu%27hamgaba_Kitap"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"File:HoboNews.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HoboNews.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"claim of fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FU"},{"link_name":"our policy for non-free media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Policy"},{"link_name":"section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#F5"},{"link_name":"B-bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:B-bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:B-bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Category:DYK userboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:DYK_userboxes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Category:DYK userboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:DYK_userboxes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2020_April_17#Category:DYK_user_templates"},{"link_name":"Categories for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"andrybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Andrybak"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Andrybak"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-ew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-ew"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-ew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-ew"},{"link_name":"nominated for merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-3rr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-3rr"},{"link_name":"the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2020_April_21#Template:Uw-ew"},{"link_name":"LaundryPizza03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"c̄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/LaundryPizza03"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-3rr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-3rr"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=34"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-3rr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-3rr"},{"link_name":"nominated for merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"Template:Uw-ew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uw-ew"},{"link_name":"the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2020_September_13#Template:Uw-3rr"},{"link_name":"Adam9007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Adam9007"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Adam9007"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:NLIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NLIST"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 4#Wikipedia:NLIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_October_4#Wikipedia:NLIST"},{"link_name":"Rhododendrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rhododendrites"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rhododendrites"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"again today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Quality_Article_Improvement/Precious#Today's_Wikipedians_2010_-_Oct-Dec"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=37"},{"link_name":"Jason Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australianblackbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Australianblackbelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Australianblackbelt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=38"},{"link_name":"Chopsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks"},{"link_name":"posted a proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chopsticks#Enhancing_this_article_holistically"},{"link_name":"Fred Hsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fred_Hsu"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fred_Hsu"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion"},{"link_name":"Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Lists_of_English_words_with_uncommon_properties&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=39"},{"link_name":"Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Lists_of_English_words_with_uncommon_properties&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#C1"},{"link_name":"disambiguation category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disambiguation_categories"},{"link_name":"category redirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_soft_redirected_categories"},{"link_name":"featured topics category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_featured_topics_categories"},{"link_name":"Categories for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"visiting the page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Lists_of_English_words_with_uncommon_properties&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's policies and guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies"},{"link_name":"Liz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Liz"},{"link_name":"Read!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Liz"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Liz"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=40"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKsuggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKsuggestion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=41"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKsuggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKsuggestion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2021_June_22#Template:DYKsuggestion"},{"link_name":"Gonnym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=42"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2021_June_22#Template:DYKre"},{"link_name":"Gonnym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=43"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2021_June_22#Template:DYKX"},{"link_name":"Gonnym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKY&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=44"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYKY&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2021_June_22#Template:DYKY"},{"link_name":"Gonnym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKfile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DYKfile"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=45"},{"link_name":"Template:DYKfile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DYKfile"},{"link_name":"nominated for merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"Template:DYK talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DYK_talk"},{"link_name":"the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2021_June_26#:Template:DYKfile"},{"link_name":"Gonnym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Local Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=46"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Local Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Local Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Local_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Yapperbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yapperbot"},{"link_name":"my bot operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Naypta"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Template:DYK archive editintro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYK_archive_editintro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=47"},{"link_name":"Template:DYK archive editintro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DYK_archive_editintro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nominated for deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"the entry on the Templates for discussion page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2022_January_22#Template:DYK_archive_editintro"},{"link_name":"User:GKFX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:GKFX"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:GKFX"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yogo2783_Close_crop.JPG"},{"link_name":"you","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Quality_Article_Improvement/Precious#Rjanag"},{"link_name":"Gerda Arendt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gerda_Arendt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=49"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2022 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2022"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/804"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=51"},{"link_name":"Pinduoduo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo"},{"link_name":"Pinduoduo#Suggestions for article improvements to resolve NPOV and Advertising issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo#Suggestions_for_article_improvements_to_resolve_NPOV_and_Advertising_issues"},{"link_name":"Snowy2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Snowy2000"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Snowy2000"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PUFFERY"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PUFFERY&redirect=no"},{"link_name":"redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"redirect guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 27 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2023_April_27#Wikipedia:PUFFERY"},{"link_name":"ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zxcvbnm"},{"link_name":"ᴛ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Zxcvbnm"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Sinhala script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_script"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=53"},{"link_name":"Sinhala script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_script"},{"link_name":"reassessment page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_reassessment/Sinhala_script/1"},{"link_name":"Onegreatjoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onegreatjoke"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Onegreatjoke"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=54"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PUFFERY"},{"link_name":"Redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PUFFERY&redirect=no"},{"link_name":"redirects for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"redirect guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 25 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2024_February_25#Wikipedia:PUFFERY"},{"link_name":"Utopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Utopes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Utopes"},{"link_name":"cont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Utopes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Query[edit]\"A 2012 analysis of data on individual participants in acupuncture studies looked at migraine and tension headaches. The analysis showed that actual acupuncture was more effective than either no acupuncture or simulated acupuncture in reducing headache frequency or severity.\"[1][84] See Acupuncture#Headaches and migraines. This is a cut and paste from the source.\"A 2014 Australian clinical study involving 282 men and women showed that needle and laser acupuncture were modestly better at relieving knee pain from osteoarthritis than no treatment, but not better than simulated (sham) laser acupuncture.\"[2][84] This is a cut and paste from the source. See Acupuncture#Extremity conditions.According to NCCAM, \"results of a systematic review that combined data from 11 clinical trials with more than 1,200 participants suggested that acupuncture (and acupuncture point stimulation) may help with certain symptoms associated with cancer treatments.\"[3][84] This is a cut and paste from the article. See Acupuncture#Cancer-related conditions.Is it a weight violation to use an article that is not a review when there are way better references already in the article or is it plagiarism? The TCM page is a different situation when there are not plenty of sources for the drug research section on pseudoscience. QuackGuru (talk) 02:12, 4 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]It's not really clear to me what you're asking, and since you aren't using quotation marks or italics or anything else in this message it's not even clear to me what parts of your message are your comments and what are pasted from articles. Also keep in mind that I'm not familiar with these articles, I only just stumbled across them recently, so I don't have much context for the issues you're raising. If you have a question for me please present it a little more clearly so I don't have to spend time deciphering it. Thanks, rʨanaɢ (talk) 03:01, 4 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]I edited my previous comment and added the source to make it more clear. You brought up the issue of plag on my talk page with a related article. The text in the quotes are a cut and paste but with the acupuncture article the text is not in quotation marks. Let's start with one question. Is that WP:PLAG? QuackGuru (talk) 06:29, 4 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]Let me stop you right there. There is no rule saying that if there is other plagiarism (or any other sort of problem) in one article, then it's OK for you to add more. There is no rule saying that if I report one instance of plagiarism (or any other sort of problem) then I have to read the entire article and report every other one. I happened to glance at just that one sentence of the article and its source (that is literally the only source in the article that I opened up and read) and saw that it was obviously plagiarized, so I dealt with it and alerted you to the issue. I am under no obligation to devote myself to scanning the entire article for it, so I'm not sure what you're trying to get at here. If you legitimately don't understand what plagiarism is then I can try to explain it more, but if you're trying to suggest that my notification to you was somehow \"wrong\" because there are other instances of plagiarism that I didn't report, then you are wasting your time. rʨanaɢ (talk) 13:10, 4 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]Nature editorial \"Hard to swallow\" at acupuncture[edit]Greetings Rjanag! I've opened a discussion at Talk:Acupuncture#Citation_out_of_context about the use of the Nature editorial. I've concluded my opinion into four points. Would you care to take a look?What's substantially different from the usage of the source at Traditional Chinese Medicine, is that when the context of the quote is restored, the whole source is solely about TCM, not about acupuncture. A mere \"TCM as mainly pseudoscience, with no logical mechanism of action for the majority of its treatments.\" alone is undue weight, but if we include the rest of the paragraph in the article, it'd say: \"Advocates respond by claiming that researchers are missing aspects of the art, notably the interactions between different ingredients in traditional therapies.\". IMHO, it clearly doesn't fit to Acupuncture.I have suggested removing the unfit entries, and finding for better sources. Administrator Kww, however, replied to me that: \" I would like to suggest that the next time you want to misrepresent the contents of a source, you should refrain from doing so.\". I'd appreciate if you could have a look. Cheers! Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 14:32, 11 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]No thanks, I do not wish to continue in the discussions within this topic area. It's like herding cats. rʨanaɢ (talk) 22:41, 11 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]Well, I understand you perfectly. Thanks anyway! :-) Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 18:18, 12 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]Precious anniversary[edit]support for ease and transparency\nThank you for your (seemingly) tireless effort to make the DYK process easy to understand, user-friendly and transparent to follow, willing to try suggestions and drop them if not wanted. Thank you also for patiently explaining again and again, - you are an awesome Wikipedian!\n--Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:53, 25 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]Three years, you were the 72nd recipient of my PumpkinSky Prize, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:54, 25 March 2015 (UTC)[reply]Eight years ago, you were recipient no. 72 of Precious, a prize of QAI! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:36, 25 March 2020 (UTC)[reply]Request for input[edit]I see you have had previous involvement with the editor Hijiri88. I would welcome any input you might see fit to offer at WP:ANI#Ongoing gross incivility of Hijiri88. Thank you. John Carter (talk) 18:26, 26 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]Invitation[edit]AfD input[edit]Hi, Rjanag. Way back in 2009, you participated in an AfD discussion for Forever Oeuvre, and voted to delete it. The article was deleted, but was subsequently recreated. The new article did not address any of the concerns whatsoever and is in the same bad state it was in before. Thusly, I have relisted it at AfD, and would very much appreciate it if you gave your input. It has passed the initial 7 day period and has been relisted again at AfD to establish a clearer consensus, so I'm now reaching out to you. There has thusfar only been one other vote, and that is for deletion. Thanks, Jacedc (talk) 18:29, 2 May 2015 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom elections are now open![edit]Hi,\nYou appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:58, 24 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]File permission problem with File:JephJacques.JPG[edit]Thanks for uploading File:JephJacques.JPG. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please eithermake a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or\nSend an email from an address associated with the original publication to [email protected], stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add {{OTRS pending}} to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to [email protected] you believe the media meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content, use a tag such as {{non-free fair use}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Wikipedia:File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in your upload log. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 07:00, 13 May 2016 (UTC)[reply]T:DYK/NN listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect T:DYK/NN. Since you had some involvement with the T:DYK/NN redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Pppery (talk) 22:01, 6 August 2016 (UTC)[reply]Extended confirmed protection[edit]Hello, Rjanag. This message is intended to notify administrators of important changes to the protection policy.\nExtended confirmed protection (also known as \"30/500 protection\") is a new level of page protection that only allows edits from accounts at least 30 days old and with 500 edits. The automatically assigned \"extended confirmed\" user right was created for this purpose. The protection level was created following this community discussion with the primary intention of enforcing various arbitration remedies that prohibited editors under the \"30 days/500 edits\" threshold to edit certain topic areas.\nIn July and August 2016, a request for comment established consensus for community use of the new protection level. Administrators are authorized to apply extended confirmed protection to combat any form of disruption (e.g. vandalism, sock puppetry, edit warring, etc.) on any topic, subject to the following conditions:\n\nExtended confirmed protection may only be used in cases where semi-protection has proven ineffective. It should not be used as a first resort.\nA bot will post a notification at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard of each use. MusikBot currently does this by updating a report, which is transcluded onto the noticeboard.\nPlease review the protection policy carefully before using this new level of protection on pages. Thank you. This message was sent to the administrators' mass message list. To opt-out of future messages, please remove yourself from the list. 17:49, 23 September 2016 (UTC)Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins[edit]Hello,Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the \"User profile\" tab under the \"Basic information\" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:32, 12 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]A new user right for New Page Patrollers[edit]Hi Rjanag.A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right.It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best.If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins).MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:47, 15 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open![edit]Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Questionable content 1158-4.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:44, 11 January 2017 (UTC)[reply]Administrators' newsletter - February 2017[edit]News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed.Administrator changesNinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67\n Briangotts • JeremyA • BU Rob13Guideline and policy newsA discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016.\nWikipedia:Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use.\nFollowing an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators.Technical newsWhen performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950)\nFollowing the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448)\nThe Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017.ArbitrationThe Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing.ObituariesJohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009.Discuss this newsletter • Subscribe • Archive13:36, 1 February 2017 (UTC)Nomination for deletion of Template:Mergesomewhere[edit]Template:Mergesomewhere has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 06:13, 17 June 2017 (UTC)[reply]jhosse y su grupo lora[edit]i was working on the jhosse y su grupo lora page. i takes time translating since he's a \"latin artist\". this was also a project in which i needed help from the latin music group Mccoolarge (talk) 04:12, 3 August 2017 (UTC)[reply]If you need time, you can work on the page in a personal sandbox (e.g., User:Mccoolarge/Jhoose Y Su Grupo Lora) and then once it's ready you can move the page to a real article.\nYou will need to make sure, though, that your page meets Wikipedia's content criteria, particularly regarding notability. If the page doesn't meet these criteria, it is likely that it will be deleted again. rʨanaɢ (talk) 04:15, 3 August 2017 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2017 election voter message[edit]Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)[reply]You are so great[edit]You are a great guy! Thanks for being so excellent. Wow, I was stopping by to thank you for making my first solo effort at managing a DYK nom so much easier, and now you've even found a way to make thanking you easier! A remarkable Wikipedian! Innisfree987 (talk) 03:35, 10 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia Deletion[edit]00:35, 12 September 2009 Rjanag (talk | contribs) deleted page Pet Protection Agreement (G12: Unambiguous copyright infringement: nearly word-for-word)It has come to my knowledge that you have flagged my article page for Pet Protection Agreement. This Agreement was created and authored by myself, Rachel Hirschfeld. I am the owner of www.pettrustattorney.com, www.petprotectionagreement.com, and authored two books on pet trusts. I am the nations leading lawyer on this subject of pet trusts. I founded the Animal Law Committee at the New York County Bar Association and presently Co-Chair. I also teach pet trusts at New York University. Please undelete the article page for Pet Protection Agreement.Rachel Hirschfeld — Preceding unsigned comment added by Soupboneh (talk • contribs) 18:54, 10 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]Chinese word \"weiji\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Chinese word \"weiji\". Since you had some involvement with the Chinese word \"weiji\" redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. –LaundryPizza03 (dc̄) 18:29, 8 May 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tian'anmen West Statioonn listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Tian'anmen West Statioonn. Since you had some involvement with the Tian'anmen West Statioonn redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. PRehse (talk) 08:21, 23 June 2018 (UTC)[reply]Xinjiang conflict[edit]Hey, I noticed the Ürümqi barnstar you made, and since that page is easily the best Uyghur-related article on here, I thought I might as well mention that there's an ongoing RfC on the Xinjiang conflict page if that sounds interesting. ─ ReconditeRodent « talk · contribs » 19:02, 30 October 2018 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2018 election voter message[edit]Hello, Rjanag. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2019 special circular[edit]Administrators must secure their accounts\nThe Arbitration Committee may require a new RfA if your account is compromised.\n\nUse strong, unique passwords for your Wikipedia account and associated email\nChange your password now if your Wikipedia account password or email password is reused on another website, exposed, or weak\nEnable two-factor authentication now for improved security\n\nView additional informationWhy have I received this message?\nAll administrators are receiving it.\nWhat prompted you to send this message?\nRecently, several Wikipedia admin accounts were compromised. The admin accounts were desysopped on an emergency basis. In the past, the Committee often resysopped admin accounts as a matter of course once the admin was back in control of their account. The committee has updated its guidelines. Admins may now be required to undergo a fresh Request for Adminship (RfA) after losing control of their account.\nWhat do I need to do?\nOnly to follow the instructions in this message.\nCheck that your password is unique (not reused across sites).\nCheck that your password is strong (not simple or guessable).\nEnable Two-factor authentication (2FA), if you can, to create a second hurdle for attackers.\nHow can I find out more about two-factor authentication (2FA)?\nYou can find out more about 2FA at m:2FA.This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:50, 4 May 2019 (UTC)[reply]Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)[edit]ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community.Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to \"have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices.\" We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised.We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered.For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:04, 4 May 2019 (UTC)[reply]Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity[edit]Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next month.Inactive administrators are encouraged to rejoin the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to rejoin the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:01, 1 July 2019 (UTC)[reply]Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity[edit]Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to activity within the next several days.Inactive administrators are encouraged to rejoin the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at Wikipedia:WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to rejoin the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:00, 25 July 2019 (UTC)[reply]Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity[edit]Established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have not made any edits or logged actions in the preceding twelve months. Because you have been inactive, your administrative permissions have been removed.Subject to certain time limits and other restrictions, your administrative permissions may be returned upon request at WP:BN.Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — xaosflux Talk 00:14, 1 August 2019 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of List of re-education through labor camps in China for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of re-education through labor camps in China is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of re-education through labor camps in China until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Khu'hamgaba Kitap talk 23:52, 23 January 2020 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:HoboNews.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:HoboNews.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:35, 15 February 2020 (UTC)[reply]CfD nomination of Category:DYK userboxes[edit]Category:DYK userboxes has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. You are encouraged to join the discussion on the Categories for discussion page. —⁠andrybak (talk) 21:33, 17 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-ew[edit]Template:Uw-ew has been nominated for merging with Template:Uw-3rr. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. –LaundryPizza03 (dc̄) 02:09, 21 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for merging of Template:Uw-3rr[edit]Template:Uw-3rr has been nominated for merging with Template:Uw-ew. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Adam9007 (talk) 18:00, 13 September 2020 (UTC)[reply]\"Wikipedia:NLIST\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Wikipedia:NLIST. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 October 4#Wikipedia:NLIST until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. — Rhododendrites talk \\\\ 17:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago[edit]--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:48, 9 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]... and again today! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:12, 24 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]Jason Lau[edit]Hi, I read your first nomination to delete Jason Lau and I couldn’t understand how it wasn’t deleted so I’ve nominated him again, please vote and join the discussion. Thanks Australianblackbelt (talk) 19:23, 23 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]Enhancing Chopsticks[edit]Hey, you contributed significantly to Chopsticks. I thought I would check with you. I think the article can use a holistic revision. I posted a proposal on the talk page. It would be great to have your feedback before or while the revision takes place. Fred Hsu (talk) 20:23, 31 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Lists of English words with uncommon properties requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 16:26, 4 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Precious anniversary[edit]--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:03, 25 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKsuggestion[edit]Template:DYKsuggestion has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 08:53, 22 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKre[edit]Template:DYKre has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 08:56, 22 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKX[edit]Template:DYKX has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 21:43, 22 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:DYKY[edit]Template:DYKY has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 21:43, 22 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for merger of Template:DYKfile[edit]Template:DYKfile has been nominated for merging with Template:DYK talk. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Gonnym (talk) 22:01, 26 June 2021 (UTC)[reply]You have been removed from Wikipedia:Local Embassy due to inactivity[edit]Hi Rjanag! You're receiving this notification because you were previously listed at Wikipedia:Local Embassy, but you haven't made any edits to the English Wikipedia in over 6 months.Because of your inactivity, you have been removed from the list. If you would like to resubscribe, you can do so at any time by visiting Wikipedia:Local Embassy.Thank you!\nMessage delivered to you with love by Yapperbot :) | Is this wrong? Contact my bot operator. | Sent at 18:00, 30 August 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:DYK archive editintro[edit]Template:DYK archive editintro has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. User:GKFXtalk 13:17, 22 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]Always precious[edit]Ten years ago, you were found precious. That's what you are, always - miss you --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:46, 25 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]June 2022 Good Article Nominations backlog drive[edit]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:44, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Request Edit Assistance Pinduoduo[edit]Hi. I see you’re a member of the WikiProject China - I’ve made some proposals to update the article about Pinduoduo, posted here Pinduoduo#Suggestions for article improvements to resolve NPOV and Advertising issues.I have a conflict of interest and can’t do the edits myself. Would you have time to look at these and weigh in? Gratitude. Snowy2000 (talk) 20:01, 19 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]\"Wikipedia:PUFFERY\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Wikipedia:PUFFERY has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 27 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY until a consensus is reached. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 23:17, 27 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Good article reassessment for Sinhala script[edit]Sinhala script has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Onegreatjoke (talk) 18:35, 19 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]Happy First Edit Day![edit]\"Wikipedia:PUFFERY\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Wikipedia:PUFFERY has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 25 § Wikipedia:PUFFERY until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 02:00, 25 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Rjanag"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/64px-Copyright-problem.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png"},{"image_text":"⚠","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ambox_warning_blue.svg/35px-Ambox_warning_blue.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Warning_sign_font_awesome.svg/40px-Warning_sign_font_awesome.svg.png"},{"image_text":"⚠","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ambox_warning_blue.svg/35px-Ambox_warning_blue.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/40px-Information.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/48px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yogo2783_Close_crop.JPG/110px-Yogo2783_Close_crop.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Multiple_GA_Barnstar.png/75px-Multiple_GA_Barnstar.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Rjanag/Fun&preloadtitle=You+are+so+great","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Rjanag/Nofun&preloadtitle=You+are+just+terrible","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rjanag&action=edit&section=new","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction#hed3","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AQuackGuru&diff=640862118&oldid=640819343","external_links_name":"plagiarism"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=upload&user=Rjanag","external_links_name":"your upload log"},{"Link":"https://haveibeenpwned.com/Passwords","external_links_name":"exposed"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chopsticks#Enhancing_this_article_holistically","external_links_name":"posted a proposal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PUFFERY&redirect=no","external_links_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Rjanag&dir=prev&limit=1","external_links_name":"your first edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PUFFERY&redirect=no","external_links_name":"Wikipedia:PUFFERY"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Deagan
Kathleen A. Deagan
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Selected works","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]
American archaeologist Kathleen A. DeaganBornKathleen Anne DeaganPortsmouth, VirginiaNationalityAmericanOther namesKathy DeaganOccupation(s)archaeologist, academicYears active1970-present Kathleen A. Deagan is an American archaeologist who primarily focuses on excavations in Florida and the Caribbean. Known for her historic archaeology which uncovered the colonial past of La Florida, and work in St. Augustine, she has received multiple awards and honors, including the Award of Merit in 1992 and the J. C. Harrington Award in 2004, both bestowed by the Society for Historical Archaeology. Early life Kathleen Anne Deagan was born in the middle of the 20th century in Portsmouth, Virginia, while her father, a meteorologist with the U. S. Navy was stationed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. The oldest child in a Catholic family of four children, she attended more than twenty schools before graduating from high school, as her father, a specialist in tropical storms, was assigned to hurricane prone places like England, Guam, the Philippines, and Taiwan, as well as in the United States, Florida, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Most of the schools were Catholic institutions like the Academy of Our Lady of Guam, one of four high schools Deagan attended. Deagan enrolled at the University of Florida in 1965 to study education, then journalism, social work and counseling, appropriate career choices for women at the time, but was drawn to anthropology courses. Studying under Charles H. Fairbanks, she switched her major and graduated in 1970. Enrolling in graduate school at the University of California, Davis to study museology, Deagan quickly left and spent some time in San Francisco. In 1971, she returned to the University of Florida and completed a PhD in archaeology under Fairbanks in 1974. Career That same year Deagan was hired as an assistant professor at Florida State University and expanded work begun during her dissertation in St. Augustine on the 18th-century history of the city. In 1979, her research shifted to the 16th-century population, making comparisons between the two eras and analyzing the town's development. Her study confirmed the rapid decline of the indigenous native population, the Timucua, after contact and the replacement of them with other indigenous peoples. Deagan also undertook research concerning the influence of Indigenous customs and cooking among the Spanish colonies in the Americas. Her research found that many households in Spanish America utilized indigenous customs and cooking, a pattern which she later confirmed while conducting research in South America and the Caribbean. In 1981, when Fairbanks retired from the University of Florida, Deagan was recruited to fill his post at the Florida State Museum and take over the direction of the ongoing project at the Puerto Real settlement near present-day Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. The colony, established on Hispaniola by Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, thrived from 1503 to 1578. Running the annual field schools at the site, in 1983, Deagan expanded their search to include the nearby site where the Santa María, one of Columbus's ships which ran aground in 1492. Based on a review of evidence at the site, known as both La Navidad and En Bas Saline, Deagan concluded that the shipwreck was not due to a weather related issue, but negligence on behalf of the crew. While working on the site in Haiti, she met Lawrence Dean Harris (1942-2010), a wildlife conservationist who was in Haiti to consult on a project to create a national park in the country. Soon after, Harris, a father of four, and Deagan married. Simultaneously working sites in Florida and the Caribbean, in 1986, Deagan began fieldwork at Ft. Mosé, a legally sanctioned, buffer zone community of free blacks established as a strategic defensive barrier against outside incursions. Working in conjunction with Jane Landers, who specializes in African American history, worked for six months to evaluate documents from Spanish archives on the site prior to excavations. While many histories up to that point had included interaction with Spaniards and Native American peoples, few had included interaction with Africans and their findings sparked additional scholarship, as well as a movement to preserve the site as a National Historic Landmark. Deagan's next Caribbean project, in the Dominican Republic began in 1989 with an investigation of La Isabela, Columbus's first permanent settlement in the Americas. Because the community existed from 1493 to 1498, it was a "wholly 15th-century" location, yielding information on period flora and fauna, as well as social construction and technology. In 1992, Deagan was honored with the Award of Merit from the Society for Historical Archaeology. In 1993, Deagan discovered the original settlement site of the fort at St. Augustine. For sixty years, archaeologists had searched for the original location of the fort, built by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. The later Castillo de San Marcos was built in the 17th century and lies to the south of the original fort, which was located near the monument to Nuestra Senora de la Leche adjacent to the Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park. Though artifacts and house footings had indicated 16th-century use of the site, the find of the moat confirmed the location and established conclusively that the Spaniards had colonized Florida long before the British had established the colony of Jamestown or the Plymouth Colony. In 1995, Deagan initiated an excavation at Concepción de la Vega in the interior of the Dominican Republic. The settlement was founded in 1496 and occupied until 1562. That same year, 1995, Deagan was honored as a Distinguished Research Curator of the Florida Museum of Natural History. In 1997, she was honored with an award as an Outstanding Alumna of the University of Florida and in 1999 was designated by the research foundation of the university as a Distinguished Research Professor. She was the 2004 recipient of the J. C. Harrington Award of the Society for Historical Archaeology. In 2007 Deagan was awarded the Order of La Florida by the City of St. Augustine for her work in developing the history of the city. Retiring from teaching in 2010, she was appointed as the Lockwood Professor of Florida and Caribbean Archaeology and received an honorary doctor of laws from Flagler College in 2011. Continuing her work as curator of the Florida Museum of Natural History and leading excavations in the area around St. Augustine, Deagan began to search for the field notes and artifacts which had been unearthed by archaeologist John Mann Goggin in the early 1950s. In 2013, she received a telephone call from a woman in Martinez, California who had gathered all the materials to complete his graduate work in Connecticut. Though he never finished his degree, the student kept the materials and moved them with his family to Chicago, later to New Mexico and finally to California. When he died, his daughter discovered the items in the family garage and Deagan arranged shipment of them to Florida. The 12,000 artifacts and field notes helped determine the size of the original settlement and led to clues of a possible new defensive construction, which might indicate an additional fort. The following year, the owners of the Fountain of Youth Park donated 97,000 artifacts which had been excavated from the property over a 65-year period to the museum and Deagan returned to the Park to evaluate the site anew from her discoveries in the field notes from 1950. In 2017 the research curator emerita retired as the Lockwood Professor, but continued to pursue excavations in St. Augustine. Deagan currently serves on the board of University of Florida Historic St. Augustine, Inc, a direct-support organization of the University of Florida which ensures the long-term preservation of historic properties in St. Augustine. Selected works Over her career, Deagan authored and edited over a dozen books and monographs, over two-dozen chapters of books and over four-dozen articles. She presented over one hundred papers and was recognized with book awards from the Florida Historical Society for her work on Fort Mose and the Society for American Archaeology for her work on La Isabela. Among her most noted contributions are: Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0-874-74393-7. Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-century Spanish Town in Hispaniola. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01334-3. Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01351-0. (with Darcie MacMahon).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09041-3. (with José María Cruxent).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) References Citations ^ a b Ewen 2017, p. 463. ^ McEwan 2004, p. 5. ^ a b Ortiz 2012, p. 2. ^ a b c d Ewen 2017, p. 464. ^ Ortiz 2012, pp. 2–3. ^ Ortiz 2012, p. 3. ^ a b c d e f g McEwan 2004, p. 6. ^ Ortiz 2012, pp. 11–12. ^ Ewen 2017, pp. 464–465. ^ El País 1985. ^ McCrea 2004. ^ Hatcher Cremations 2010. ^ Ortiz 2012, p. 19. ^ Orser 2016, p. 150. ^ Ortiz 2012, pp. 18–19. ^ McIver 1993, p. 3. ^ Orser 2002, p. 577. ^ Wilford 1993. ^ McEwan 2004, p. 7. ^ a b c d Ewen 2017, p. 465. ^ Ortiz 2012, p. 41. ^ Tonnessen 2014, p. 53. ^ a b Tonnessen 2014, p. 124. ^ Tonnessen 2014, p. 51. ^ University of Florida Historic St. Augustine (December 13, 2018). "Governance". UF Historic St. Augustine. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2018. Bibliography Ewen, Charles R. (December 2017). "An Interview with Kathleen Deagan". Historical Archaeology. 51 (4). Rockville, Maryland: Springer for the Society for Historical Archaeology: 463–470. doi:10.1007/s41636-017-0034-2. ISSN 0440-9213. S2CID 164295783. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2018. McCrea, Jacob (May 23, 2004). "Archaeological detective". The Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, Florida. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. McEwan, Bonnie G. (2004). "J. C. Harrington Medal in Historical Archaeology" (PDF). Historical Archaeology. 38 (4). Rockville, Maryland: Society for Historical Archaeology: 5–7. doi:10.1007/BF03376663. ISSN 0440-9213. S2CID 164586932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018. McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993). "Fort Mose's Call To Freedom Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was The Escape Route Taken By Slaves Who Fled To The State In The 1700s And Established America's First Black Town". The Sun Sentinel. Deerfield Beach, Florida. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Orser, Charles E. Jr., ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60862-1. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2018-04-10. Orser, Charles E. Jr. (2016). Historical Archaeology. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29707-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2018-04-11. Ortiz, Paul (April 23, 2012). "Interview with Kathleen Deagan". University of Florida Digital Collections. Gainesville, Florida: Smathers Library. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Tonnessen, Diana (April–May 2014). "Unearthing the fountain of truth" (PDF). Gainesville Magazine. Gainesville, Florida: North Florida Newspapers: 48–53, 124. OCLC 856996797. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Wilford, John Noble (July 27, 1993). "Long-Lost Spanish Fort Found in St. Augustine". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. "Kathleen Deagan". El País (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. December 31, 1985. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. "Lawrence Dean Harris". Hatcher Cremations. Jacksonville, Florida: Batesville, Inc. August 15, 2010. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"La Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida"},{"link_name":"J. C. Harrington Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Harrington_Award"},{"link_name":"Society for Historical Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Historical_Archaeology"}],"text":"Kathleen A. Deagan is an American archaeologist who primarily focuses on excavations in Florida and the Caribbean. Known for her historic archaeology which uncovered the colonial past of La Florida, and work in St. Augustine, she has received multiple awards and honors, including the Award of Merit in 1992 and the J. C. Harrington Award in 2004, both bestowed by the Society for Historical Archaeology.","title":"Kathleen A. Deagan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle of the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"meteorologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologist"},{"link_name":"U. S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017463-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20045-2"},{"link_name":"Academy of Our Lady of Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Our_Lady_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017463-1"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz20122-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017464-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz20122-3"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017464-4"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"museology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz20122%E2%80%933-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017464-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz20123-6"}],"text":"Kathleen Anne Deagan was born in the middle of the 20th century in Portsmouth, Virginia, while her father, a meteorologist with the U. S. Navy was stationed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard.[1][2] The oldest child in a Catholic family of four children, she attended more than twenty schools before graduating from high school, as her father, a specialist in tropical storms, was assigned to hurricane prone places like England, Guam, the Philippines, and Taiwan, as well as in the United States, Florida, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Most of the schools were Catholic institutions like the Academy of Our Lady of Guam, one of four high schools Deagan attended.[1]Deagan enrolled at the University of Florida in 1965 to study education,[3] then journalism, social work and counseling,[4] appropriate career choices for women at the time, but was drawn to anthropology courses.[3] Studying under Charles H. Fairbanks, she switched her major and graduated in 1970.[4] \nEnrolling in graduate school at the University of California, Davis to study museology, Deagan quickly left and spent some time in San Francisco.[5] In 1971, she returned to the University of Florida and completed a PhD in archaeology under Fairbanks in 1974.[4][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017464-4"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Timucua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timucua"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonies in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz201211%E2%80%9312-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017464%E2%80%93465-9"},{"link_name":"Florida State Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Cap-Haïtien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"ran aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaching_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"shipwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwrecking"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''El_Pa%C3%ADs''1985-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrea2004-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher_Cremations2010-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"Ft. Mosé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park"},{"link_name":"free blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_person_of_color"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz201219-13"},{"link_name":"Jane Landers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Landers"},{"link_name":"African American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrser2016150-14"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz201218%E2%80%9319-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIver19933-16"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"Society for Historical Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Historical_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrser2002577-17"},{"link_name":"Pedro Menéndez de Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Castillo de San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth_Archaeological_Park"},{"link_name":"colony of Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford1993-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20046-7"},{"link_name":"J. C. Harrington Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Harrington_Award"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20047-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017465-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz201241-21"},{"link_name":"Flagler College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_College"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017465-20"},{"link_name":"John Mann Goggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mann_Goggin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen201453-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen2014124-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen201451-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen2014124-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017465-20"},{"link_name":"University of Florida Historic St. Augustine, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Historic_St._Augustine,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"That same year Deagan was hired as an assistant professor at Florida State University[4] and expanded work begun during her dissertation in St. Augustine on the 18th-century history of the city. In 1979, her research shifted to the 16th-century population, making comparisons between the two eras and analyzing the town's development. Her study confirmed the rapid decline of the indigenous native population, the Timucua, after contact and the replacement of them with other indigenous peoples.[7] Deagan also undertook research concerning the influence of Indigenous customs and cooking among the Spanish colonies in the Americas. Her research found that many households in Spanish America utilized indigenous customs and cooking, a pattern which she later confirmed while conducting research in South America and the Caribbean.[8]In 1981, when Fairbanks retired from the University of Florida, Deagan was recruited to fill his post[9] at the Florida State Museum and take over the direction of the ongoing project at the Puerto Real settlement near present-day Cap-Haïtien, Haiti. The colony, established on Hispaniola by Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, thrived from 1503 to 1578. Running the annual field schools at the site, in 1983, Deagan expanded their search to include the nearby site where the Santa María, one of Columbus's ships which ran aground in 1492.[7] Based on a review of evidence at the site, known as both La Navidad and En Bas Saline, Deagan concluded that the shipwreck was not due to a weather related issue, but negligence on behalf of the crew.[7][10] While working on the site in Haiti, she met Lawrence Dean Harris (1942-2010), a wildlife conservationist who was in Haiti to consult on a project to create a national park in the country.[11][12] Soon after, Harris, a father of four, and Deagan married.[7]Simultaneously working sites in Florida and the Caribbean, in 1986, Deagan began fieldwork at Ft. Mosé, a legally sanctioned, buffer zone community of free blacks established as a strategic defensive barrier against outside incursions.[7][13] Working in conjunction with Jane Landers, who specializes in African American history, worked for six months to evaluate documents from Spanish archives on the site prior to excavations.[14] While many histories up to that point had included interaction with Spaniards and Native American peoples, few had included interaction with Africans and their findings sparked additional scholarship, as well as a movement to preserve the site as a National Historic Landmark.[15][16] Deagan's next Caribbean project, in the Dominican Republic began in 1989 with an investigation of La Isabela, Columbus's first permanent settlement in the Americas. Because the community existed from 1493 to 1498, it was a \"wholly 15th-century\" location, yielding information on period flora and fauna, as well as social construction and technology.[7] In 1992, Deagan was honored with the Award of Merit from the Society for Historical Archaeology.[17]In 1993, Deagan discovered the original settlement site of the fort at St. Augustine. For sixty years, archaeologists had searched for the original location of the fort, built by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. The later Castillo de San Marcos was built in the 17th century and lies to the south of the original fort, which was located near the monument to Nuestra Senora de la Leche adjacent to the Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park. Though artifacts and house footings had indicated 16th-century use of the site, the find of the moat confirmed the location and established conclusively that the Spaniards had colonized Florida long before the British had established the colony of Jamestown or the Plymouth Colony.[18] In 1995, Deagan initiated an excavation at Concepción de la Vega in the interior of the Dominican Republic. The settlement was founded in 1496 and occupied until 1562.[7]That same year, 1995, Deagan was honored as a Distinguished Research Curator of the Florida Museum of Natural History. In 1997, she was honored with an award as an Outstanding Alumna of the University of Florida and in 1999 was designated by the research foundation of the university as a Distinguished Research Professor. She was the 2004 recipient of the J. C. Harrington Award of the Society for Historical Archaeology.[19] In 2007 Deagan was awarded the Order of La Florida by the City of St. Augustine for her work in developing the history of the city.[20] Retiring from teaching in 2010,[21] she was appointed as the Lockwood Professor of Florida and Caribbean Archaeology and received an honorary doctor of laws from Flagler College in 2011.[20]Continuing her work as curator of the Florida Museum of Natural History and leading excavations in the area around St. Augustine, Deagan began to search for the field notes and artifacts which had been unearthed by archaeologist John Mann Goggin in the early 1950s. In 2013, she received a telephone call from a woman in Martinez, California who had gathered all the materials to complete his graduate work in Connecticut. Though he never finished his degree, the student kept the materials and moved them with his family to Chicago, later to New Mexico and finally to California. When he died, his daughter discovered the items in the family garage and Deagan arranged shipment of them to Florida.[22] The 12,000 artifacts and field notes helped determine the size of the original settlement and led to clues of a possible new defensive construction, which might indicate an additional fort.[23] The following year, the owners of the Fountain of Youth Park donated 97,000 artifacts which had been excavated from the property over a 65-year period to the museum[24] and Deagan returned to the Park to evaluate the site anew from her discoveries in the field notes from 1950.[23] In 2017 the research curator emerita retired as the Lockwood Professor, but continued to pursue excavations in St. Augustine.[20]Deagan currently serves on the board of University of Florida Historic St. Augustine, Inc, a direct-support organization of the University of Florida which ensures the long-term preservation of historic properties in St. Augustine.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwen2017465-20"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-874-74393-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-874-74393-7"},{"link_name":"University Press of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-813-01334-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-01334-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fortmosecolonial00deag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-813-01351-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-01351-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-09041-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09041-3"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"}],"text":"Over her career, Deagan authored and edited over a dozen books and monographs, over two-dozen chapters of books and over four-dozen articles. She presented over one hundred papers and was recognized with book awards from the Florida Historical Society for her work on Fort Mose and the Society for American Archaeology for her work on La Isabela. Among her most noted contributions are:[20]Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0-874-74393-7.\nPuerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-century Spanish Town in Hispaniola. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01334-3.\nFort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01351-0. (with Darcie MacMahon).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\nArchaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09041-3. (with José María Cruxent).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)","title":"Selected works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0-874-74393-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-874-74393-7","url_text":"978-0-874-74393-7"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Real: The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-century Spanish Town in Hispaniola. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01334-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida","url_text":"University Press of Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-01334-3","url_text":"978-0-813-01334-3"}]},{"reference":"Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1995. ISBN 978-0-813-01351-0. (with Darcie MacMahon).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fortmosecolonial00deag","url_text":"Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-01351-0","url_text":"978-0-813-01351-0"}]},{"reference":"Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09041-3. (with José María Cruxent).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09041-3","url_text":"978-0-300-09041-3"}]},{"reference":"University of Florida Historic St. Augustine (December 13, 2018). \"Governance\". UF Historic St. Augustine. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://staugustine.ufl.edu/governance.html","url_text":"\"Governance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115195609/http://www.staugustine.ufl.edu/governance.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ewen, Charles R. (December 2017). \"An Interview with Kathleen Deagan\". Historical Archaeology. 51 (4). Rockville, Maryland: Springer for the Society for Historical Archaeology: 463–470. doi:10.1007/s41636-017-0034-2. ISSN 0440-9213. S2CID 164295783. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://slideheaven.com/an-interview-with-kathleen-deagan.html","url_text":"\"An Interview with Kathleen Deagan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Historical_Archaeology","url_text":"Society for Historical Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41636-017-0034-2","url_text":"10.1007/s41636-017-0034-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213","url_text":"0440-9213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164295783","url_text":"164295783"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093752/https://slideheaven.com/an-interview-with-kathleen-deagan.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCrea, Jacob (May 23, 2004). \"Archaeological detective\". The Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, Florida. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410170903/http://www.gainesville.com/news/20040523/archaeological-detective","url_text":"\"Archaeological detective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gainesville_Sun","url_text":"The Gainesville Sun"},{"url":"http://www.gainesville.com/news/20040523/archaeological-detective","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McEwan, Bonnie G. (2004). \"J. C. Harrington Medal in Historical Archaeology\" (PDF). Historical Archaeology. 38 (4). Rockville, Maryland: Society for Historical Archaeology: 5–7. doi:10.1007/BF03376663. ISSN 0440-9213. S2CID 164586932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045141/https://sha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/38-4-2004-Harrington-Deagan.pdf","url_text":"\"J. C. Harrington Medal in Historical Archaeology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Historical_Archaeology","url_text":"Society for Historical Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03376663","url_text":"10.1007/BF03376663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213","url_text":"0440-9213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164586932","url_text":"164586932"},{"url":"https://sha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/38-4-2004-Harrington-Deagan.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993). \"Fort Mose's Call To Freedom Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was The Escape Route Taken By Slaves Who Fled To The State In The 1700s And Established America's First Black Town\". The Sun Sentinel. Deerfield Beach, Florida. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165835/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/3","url_text":"\"Fort Mose's Call To Freedom Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was The Escape Route Taken By Slaves Who Fled To The State In The 1700s And Established America's First Black Town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Sentinel","url_text":"The Sun Sentinel"},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orser, Charles E. Jr., ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60862-1. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2018-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5IWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA577","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60862-1","url_text":"978-1-134-60862-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093751/https://books.google.com/books?id=5IWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA577","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Orser, Charles E. Jr. (2016). Historical Archaeology. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29707-9. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2018-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","url_text":"Historical Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-29707-9","url_text":"978-1-317-29707-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093752/https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ortiz, Paul (April 23, 2012). \"Interview with Kathleen Deagan\". University of Florida Digital Collections. Gainesville, Florida: Smathers Library. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410171309/http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015066/00001","url_text":"\"Interview with Kathleen Deagan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smathers_Library","url_text":"Smathers Library"},{"url":"http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015066/00001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tonnessen, Diana (April–May 2014). \"Unearthing the fountain of truth\" (PDF). Gainesville Magazine. Gainesville, Florida: North Florida Newspapers: 48–53, 124. OCLC 856996797. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411222509/https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/03/April_2014_Gainesville_Magazine.pdf","url_text":"\"Unearthing the fountain of truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/856996797","url_text":"856996797"},{"url":"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/03/April_2014_Gainesville_Magazine.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilford, John Noble (July 27, 1993). \"Long-Lost Spanish Fort Found in St. Augustine\". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117144030/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/27/science/long-lost-spanish-fort-found-in-st-augustine.html","url_text":"\"Long-Lost Spanish Fort Found in St. Augustine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/27/science/long-lost-spanish-fort-found-in-st-augustine.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathleen Deagan\". El País (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. December 31, 1985. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411165819/https://elpais.com/diario/1985/12/31/ultima/504831601_850215.html","url_text":"\"Kathleen Deagan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/1985/12/31/ultima/504831601_850215.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence Dean Harris\". Hatcher Cremations. Jacksonville, Florida: Batesville, Inc. August 15, 2010. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410170705/http://www.adignifiedalternative.net/obituary/692510","url_text":"\"Lawrence Dean Harris\""},{"url":"http://www.adignifiedalternative.net/obituary/692510","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fortmosecolonial00deag","external_links_name":"Fort Mose: Colonial America's Black Fortress of Freedom"},{"Link":"http://staugustine.ufl.edu/governance.html","external_links_name":"\"Governance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115195609/http://www.staugustine.ufl.edu/governance.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://slideheaven.com/an-interview-with-kathleen-deagan.html","external_links_name":"\"An Interview with Kathleen Deagan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41636-017-0034-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s41636-017-0034-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213","external_links_name":"0440-9213"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164295783","external_links_name":"164295783"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093752/https://slideheaven.com/an-interview-with-kathleen-deagan.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410170903/http://www.gainesville.com/news/20040523/archaeological-detective","external_links_name":"\"Archaeological detective\""},{"Link":"http://www.gainesville.com/news/20040523/archaeological-detective","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045141/https://sha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/38-4-2004-Harrington-Deagan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"J. C. Harrington Medal in Historical Archaeology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03376663","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF03376663"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213","external_links_name":"0440-9213"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164586932","external_links_name":"164586932"},{"Link":"https://sha.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/38-4-2004-Harrington-Deagan.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165835/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/3","external_links_name":"\"Fort Mose's Call To Freedom Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was The Escape Route Taken By Slaves Who Fled To The State In The 1700s And Established America's First Black Town\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5IWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA577","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093751/https://books.google.com/books?id=5IWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA577","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Historical Archaeology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220605093752/https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410171309/http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015066/00001","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Kathleen Deagan\""},{"Link":"http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00015066/00001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411222509/https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/03/April_2014_Gainesville_Magazine.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Unearthing the fountain of truth\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/856996797","external_links_name":"856996797"},{"Link":"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/03/April_2014_Gainesville_Magazine.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117144030/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/27/science/long-lost-spanish-fort-found-in-st-augustine.html","external_links_name":"\"Long-Lost Spanish Fort Found in St. Augustine\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/27/science/long-lost-spanish-fort-found-in-st-augustine.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411165819/https://elpais.com/diario/1985/12/31/ultima/504831601_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Kathleen Deagan\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/1985/12/31/ultima/504831601_850215.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410170705/http://www.adignifiedalternative.net/obituary/692510","external_links_name":"\"Lawrence Dean Harris\""},{"Link":"http://www.adignifiedalternative.net/obituary/692510","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1456153/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107810418","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49351565","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGr6b6KQgfXbdxwB6kDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12811223g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12811223g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059719270706706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142725617","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344504705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14779091","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83001313","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074606867","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/08839400X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheykh_Kanlu
Sheykh Kanlu
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°29′05″N 58°24′32″E / 37.48472°N 58.40889°E / 37.48472; 58.40889Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSheykh Kanlu شيخكانلوvillageSheykh KanluCoordinates: 37°29′05″N 58°24′32″E / 37.48472°N 58.40889°E / 37.48472; 58.40889Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyQuchanBakhshBajgiranRural DistrictDowlatkhanehPopulation (2006) • Total104Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Sheykh Kanlu (Persian: شيخكانلو, also Romanized as Sheykh Kānlū) is a village in Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 26 families. References ^ Sheykh Kanlu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3084871" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Quchan CountyCapital Quchan DistrictsCentralCities Quchan Rural Districts and villagesDughayi Allatman Almajeq Andarzi Atarchi Beniabid Besh Aghaj Beyg Nazar Borselan Chah Ab Chahar Suq Chanbar Gharbal Dughayi Dustabad Gol Mim Gol Mokharan Golshanabad Hesar Kalateh-ye Ahmad Kalateh-ye Ali Zeynal Kalateh-ye Azim Kalateh-ye Hajji Ali Dad Kalateh-ye Malu Kalateh-ye Reza Khan Kalateh-ye Yesaval Bashi Kalateh-ye Zaman Kheyrabad Kheyrabad-e Sharqi Maqsudabad Mazraeh-ye Zaman Put Meshkanlu Qarah Chay Rezaabad-e Sharqi Sahlabad Samangan Shafi Shoghlabad Shurcheh Tukla Bagh Yasaqi Yazdanabad-e Sharqi Zaman Put Quchan Atiq Asgarabad Askariyeh Biglar Borj-e Zeydanlu Chitgar Daghian Darbandi Fathabad Filab Firuzabad Gonbad Heq Gowjeh Gozalabad Haji Kahu Hasanabad Jafarabad-e Olya Jartudeh Joneydabad Kalateh-ye Mirza Rajab Kohneh Forud Kolukhi Mahmudi Mohammadabad-e Olya Mohammadabad-e Sofla Moheb Saraj Nasimabad Neyyat Nowruzi Orteh Cheshmeh Otorabad Qarah Shahverdi Quchan Industrial Estate Saadat Qoli-ye Olya Saadat Qoli-ye Sofla Salimabad Sarab Shahr-e Kohneh Taqiabad Yazdanabad-e Olya Yazdanabad-e Sofla Yusefabad Zadak Zeydanlu Shirin Darreh Ab Barg Allahian Aq Kariz Bad Khvor Borj-e Qardash Chalaki Cheran Fakhrabad Hemmatabad-e Chalaki Hey Hey Janan Khomartash Kordkanlu Mezerj Padegan-e Quchan Pariabad Piranlu Pish Baghan Qeytaqi Salanquch Sarzow Shurok-e Hajji Shurok-e Tupkanlu Tabrik Tavil Yadak Yaqubabad Yusef Khan Zu Khanu Zubaran Sudlaneh Ab Gorg Ab Shuri Alaqeh Janban Aliabad Dadanlu Davodli Dizadiz Dizavand Dulu Emarat Eslamabad Farkhan-e Kohneh Farkhan-e Olya Farkhan-e Shahrah Farkhan-e Sofla Guganlu Jafarabad-e Olya Kachalanlu Kalateh-ye Archinabad Kalateh-ye Fathabad-e Sharqi Kalateh-ye Mirza Mohammad Ali Kallar Khalkanlu Kotlar Mohammadabad-e Sharqi Navakh Qaleh-ye Abbas Qarah Jeqqeh Qasemabad Qeshlaq Yengeh Qaleh-ye Havadanlu Zalabad BajgiranCities Bajgiran Rural Districts and villagesDowlatkhaneh Ab Jahan Asi Bolagh Bardar Chuynli Dor Badam Dowlatkhaneh Emamqoli Eslamabad Hamzeh Kanlu Incheh Keykanlu Incheh Sabolagh Incheh Shahbaz Jowzan Kalateh-ye Hajji Nasir Kalateh-ye Molla Mohammad Pakotal Qach Kanlu Qareh Cheh Qariyeh Sharaf Qarjqah Rahvard Shah Rag Shamkhal Sheykh Kanlu Shirzan Yadegar Iran portal This Quchan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dowlatkhaneh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlatkhaneh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Bajgiran District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajgiran_District"},{"link_name":"Quchan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quchan_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSheykh Kanlu (Persian: شيخكانلو, also Romanized as Sheykh Kānlū)[1] is a village in Dowlatkhaneh Rural District, Bajgiran District, Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 26 families.[2]","title":"Sheykh Kanlu"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Kanlu&params=37_29_05_N_58_24_32_E_region:IR_type:city(104)","external_links_name":"37°29′05″N 58°24′32″E / 37.48472°N 58.40889°E / 37.48472; 58.40889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Kanlu&params=37_29_05_N_58_24_32_E_region:IR_type:city(104)","external_links_name":"37°29′05″N 58°24′32″E / 37.48472°N 58.40889°E / 37.48472; 58.40889"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheykh_Kanlu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Albany_Football_Club
North Albany Football Club
["1 History","2 Records and achievements","2.1 Premierships","2.2 League Club Fairest & Best","2.3 Kleemann Medalists","2.4 League Leading Goalkicker","2.5 Charlie Punch Medal (Reserves Fairest & Best)","2.6 Reserves Leading Goalkicker","2.7 Rod Gillies Medal (Colts Fairest & Best)","2.8 AFL players","2.9 WAFL players","2.10 Other notable players","3 AFL pre-season games","4 Other sports and related clubs","5 References"]
Coordinates: 35°0′4.25″S 117°55′7.36″E / 35.0011806°S 117.9187111°E / -35.0011806; 117.9187111"North Albany" redirects here. For other uses, see North Albany (disambiguation). North Albany - Football ClubNicknameKangas (Kangaroos)SportAustralian rules footballFounded1897First season1897LeagueGreat Southern Football LeagueHome groundCollingwood Park, AlbanyPresidentRussell HareHead coachBrad BootsmaCaptainRegan LloydStripRed with White V Ray Kenney stand and shed at Collingwood Park The North Albany Football and Sporting Club, more often referred to as North Albany, is an Australian rules football club located in Albany, Western Australia. Nicknamed the Kangas, the club play in the Great Southern Football League, with home games being hosted at Collingwood Park. Since being formed in 1897, netball and association football teams have played under banners of North Albany or Kangas. History On 13 May 1897 football players from the North Ward formed a club called the North Albany Football Club. Wearing the colours of red and blue, the side played their inaugural matches at the Parade Street Oval. In 1908, North Albany competed in Albany's first formal football competition. North Albany entered the history books after claiming the first Premiership. It was in this season that the club altered their colours, with the team wearing red and white hooped guernseys. In the late 1930s, the North Albany Football Club enjoyed a period of success. From 1936 until 1939, the club won continual Premiership flags. The club competed in their fifth successive Grand Final in 1939, only to lose the encounter. Reformation after WWII the club altered their identity. This change came in the form of the club name, with Towns FC being adopted as the new moniker. This title would be dropped in 1956, with North Albany resuming as the club's official name. Football in the Albany region had a massive overhaul in 1958 with the formation of The Southern Districts National Football League. Nineteen years later, in 1977, the North Albany Football Club move into a new home at Collingwood Park. The following season, the 'Fighting Kangaroo' became the club mascot. The aesthetic reconfiguration of the Kangas was followed with success. Another period of sustained dominance started with North Albany's 1979 Southern Districts National Football League Grand Final. Despite losing the 1979 finale, the club would go on to compete in five straight Grand Finals, winning the 1980, 1982, and 1983 editions. In 1991 the league had an overhaul. The new titled Great Southern Football League included teams from neighbouring townships. Clubs in the GSFL represented Katanning, Mount Barker, Tambellup and Denmark. Alan Barnett, who had played for the club in 1972 and 1973 when injury prevented him from playing on, served as Club President from 1998 to 2007, when he was awarded life membership. After a period of dominance from cross-town rivals Royals, 2005 saw a resurgence for the Kangas. The club won four back-to-back Flags, ending a 22-year Premiership drought. Russell Hare was President of the Club in 2007. Records and achievements Premierships League: 29: 20182017201620152014200820072006200519831982198019691966195419521951194819461939193819371936193019291925191319101909 Reserves: 19: 2016201520142010200820072006200519971988198519821981198019791958193819371931 Colts: 26: 20152014201220112010200920082006200320022001200019991998199619901989198819871986198319811980197919691925 Under 16's: 1: 2011 League Club Fairest & Best 2020 Talon Delacey 2019 Nathan Crudeli 2018 Matt Orzel 2017 Jack McPhee 2016 Matt Smith 2015 Matt Orzel 2014 Declan Mountford 2013 Luke Cameron 2012 Brent Welshman 2011 Mitch Tuffley 2010 Kris Ericsson 2009 Graham Ross 2008 Graham Ross, 2007 Graham Ross, 2006 Brett Hall, 2005 Scott McKenzie, 2004 Jono Woods, 2003 Brett Hall/ Jono Woods, 2002 Brett Hall, 2001 Brett Hall, 2000 Mat Bateman 1999 Boydan Coyne, 1998 Mat Bateman, 1997 Murray Gomm, 1996 Simon Deegan, 1995 Mick Mustey, 1994 Nathan Ashton, 1993 Jono Woods, 1992 Brad Hitchcock, 1991 Gerard Cameron, 1990 Jono Woods 1989 Ray Mountfield, 1988 Gerard Cameron, 1987 Rob Sutton, 1986 Andrew Partington, 1985 Rob Sutton, 1984 Keith Wynne, 1983 Brian Stamp, 1982 Keith Wynne, 1981 Keith Wynne, 1980 Kim Allsop 1979 Graeme Evans, 1978 Ollie Galante, 1977 Les Holt, 1976 Clive Bonney, 1975 Rod Gillies, 1974 Peter Stephen, 1973 Peter Stephen, 1972 Rod Gillies, 1971 Graham Wellington, 1970 Gary Adams 1969 Gary Adams, 1968 Peter Stephen, 1967 Peter Stephen, 1966 Peter Stephen, 1965 Len Edwards, 1964 Edward Thompson, 1963 Edward Thompson, 1962 Edward Thompson Kleemann Medalists 2010 Kris Ericsson 2009 Graham Ross 2006 Brett Hall 2003 Brett Hall & Jono Woods 1995 Jono Woods 1986 Rob Sutton 1985 Rob Sutton 1984 Gerard Cameron 1980 Rob Sutton 1979 Peter Walsh 1967 Peter Stephen 1965 Ted Thompson 1964 Ted Thompson 1961 Ted Thompson 1960 Barry Loo League Leading Goalkicker 2005 Doug Roberts (66) 1994 Troy Cox (71) 1980 Chris Elliot Charlie Punch Medal (Reserves Fairest & Best) 2016 Brodie Sumich & Jyrin Woods 2013 Grant Freeborough 2012 Reg Mcwhirter 2010 Adam Ditchburn & Jordan Willox 2009 Kael Sumich 2008 Mark Chambers 2006 Mark Chambers Reserves Leading Goalkicker 2009 Boyden Coyne (27) Rod Gillies Medal (Colts Fairest & Best) 2006 Jayden Woods 2004 Warwick Durack AFL players 2016: Darcy Cameron was drafted to the Sydney Swans 2015: Declan Mountford was drafted to North Melbourne 2014: Mitch McGovern was drafted to Adelaide 2012: Marley Williams was drafted to Collingwood 2012: Josh Bootsma was drafted to Carlton 2010: Jeremy McGovern was drafted by the West Coast Eagles in the 2011 rookie draft. Former AFL players Tarkyn Lockyer (Collingwood) and Ryan Brabazon (Sydney),started their football careers playing for the Kangas. Former AFL players Allen Daniels (Footscray & WA), Brad Wira (Footscray, Fremantle & WA), Brad Bootsma (Fremantle & WA) and Bill Shenfield (Fitzroy) have all played football in the red and white. WAFL players Some significant WAFL players that have played at the North Albany Football Club include Ron Boucher (Swan Districts & WA), Peter Stephen (East Fremantle & WA), Stuart Hillier (West Perth & WA), Ray Nott (Claremont & WA), Doug Roberts (Claremont) and Matt Orzel (Claremont). Other notable players One time Kangas player and footballing nomad Trevor Sutton played in WA, SA, Qld, NSW, Victoria and North Territory, representing both Queensland and NSW at state level. In 1982, playing for Deniliquin in the Murray Football League (NSW) Sutton kicked 249 goals, an Australian record. Gordon Collis ex-Carlton player and Brownlow medalist coached the North Albany Football Club for two years, winning a Premiership in 1969. AFL pre-season games In 2003 the West Coast Eagles held a pre-season Community Camp in Albany, using Collingwood Park for training and practise games during their stay. In 2008 Collingwood Park hosted a pre-season AFL game between West Coast and Collingwood, drawing a big crowd. Other sports and related clubs The Collingwood Park Cricket Club, which calls Collingwood Park home, is a hugely successful club in the region winning many A Grade and B Grade premierships. In recent years the Collingwood Park CC A Grade has won titles in 2007-08, 2006–07, 2005-06 and 2003-04 The newly formed North Albany Bears Soccer Club, made up of predominately NAFC players, won the Albany Soccer Association Trophy in its first year of competition. References ^ "SportingPulse -Great Southern Football League". 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008. ^ "Albany Weekender - Race for AFL game". 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008. ^ "Alan Barnett". Western Australian Amateur Football League. Retrieved 25 June 2015. ^ "ABC Online - Footy club puts focus on sport not drinking". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2008. ^ Kleemann medal history made ^ Ross is the best in 2009 ^ "Harsh reality for medallist - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008. ^ O'Donoghue, Craig (8 December 2010). "McGovern drafted by West Coast". ^ "Swan Districts Football Club Official Website" (PDF). ^ Anderson, Jon (15 September 2013). "Country footballer Trevor Sutton's single-season tally of 249 goals has stood the test of time". ^ "AFL makes it mark in Albany - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 6 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ "Park too strong for Peaks - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ "Park pinch cup - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ "Park upstage Peaks - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ "Park claims cricket title - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender". Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008. 35°0′4.25″S 117°55′7.36″E / 35.0011806°S 117.9187111°E / -35.0011806; 117.9187111
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Albany (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Albany_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collingwoodparkalbany2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Park_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"\"North Albany\" redirects here. For other uses, see North Albany (disambiguation).Ray Kenney stand and shed at Collingwood ParkThe North Albany Football and Sporting Club, more often referred to as North Albany, is an Australian rules football club located in Albany, Western Australia. Nicknamed the Kangas, the club play in the Great Southern Football League,[1] with home games being hosted at Collingwood Park.[2] Since being formed in 1897, netball and association football teams have played under banners of North Albany or Kangas.","title":"North Albany Football Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWII"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"Katanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanning,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mount Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barker,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tambellup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambellup,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royals_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 13 May 1897 football players from the North Ward formed a club called the North Albany Football Club. Wearing the colours of red and blue, the side played their inaugural matches at the Parade Street Oval. In 1908, North Albany competed in Albany's first formal football competition. North Albany entered the history books after claiming the first Premiership. It was in this season that the club altered their colours, with the team wearing red and white hooped guernseys.In the late 1930s, the North Albany Football Club enjoyed a period of success. From 1936 until 1939, the club won continual Premiership flags. The club competed in their fifth successive Grand Final in 1939, only to lose the encounter.Reformation after WWII the club altered their identity. This change came in the form of the club name, with Towns FC being adopted as the new moniker. This title would be dropped in 1956, with North Albany resuming as the club's official name.Football in the Albany region had a massive overhaul in 1958 with the formation of The Southern Districts National Football League. Nineteen years later, in 1977, the North Albany Football Club move into a new home at Collingwood Park. The following season, the 'Fighting Kangaroo' became the club mascot. The aesthetic reconfiguration of the Kangas was followed with success. Another period of sustained dominance started with North Albany's 1979 Southern Districts National Football League Grand Final. Despite losing the 1979 finale, the club would go on to compete in five straight Grand Finals, winning the 1980, 1982, and 1983 editions.In 1991 the league had an overhaul. The new titled Great Southern Football League included teams from neighbouring townships. Clubs in the GSFL represented Katanning, Mount Barker, Tambellup and Denmark.Alan Barnett, who had played for the club in 1972 and 1973 when injury prevented him from playing on, served as Club President from 1998 to 2007, when he was awarded life membership.[3]After a period of dominance from cross-town rivals Royals, 2005 saw a resurgence for the Kangas. The club won four back-to-back Flags, ending a 22-year Premiership drought.Russell Hare was President of the Club in 2007.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Premierships","text":"League: 29:20182017201620152014200820072006200519831982198019691966195419521951194819461939193819371936193019291925191319101909Reserves: 19:2016201520142010200820072006200519971988198519821981198019791958193819371931Colts: 26:20152014201220112010200920082006200320022001200019991998199619901989198819871986198319811980197919691925Under 16's: 1:2011","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League Club Fairest & Best","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kleemann Medalists","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League Leading Goalkicker","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charlie Punch Medal (Reserves Fairest & Best)","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reserves Leading Goalkicker","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rod Gillies Medal (Colts Fairest & Best)","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darcy Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Declan Mountford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Mountford"},{"link_name":"Mitch McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McGovern"},{"link_name":"Marley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marley_Williams"},{"link_name":"Josh Bootsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Bootsma"},{"link_name":"Jeremy McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_McGovern"},{"link_name":"2011 rookie draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_AFL_draft#2011_rookie_draft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tarkyn Lockyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkyn_Lockyer"},{"link_name":"Ryan Brabazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Brabazon"},{"link_name":"Allen Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Brad Wira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wira"},{"link_name":"Brad Bootsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Bootsma"},{"link_name":"Bill Shenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shenfield"}],"sub_title":"AFL players","text":"2016: Darcy Cameron was drafted to the Sydney Swans2015: Declan Mountford was drafted to North Melbourne2014: Mitch McGovern was drafted to Adelaide2012: Marley Williams was drafted to Collingwood2012: Josh Bootsma was drafted to Carlton2010: Jeremy McGovern was drafted by the West Coast Eagles in the 2011 rookie draft.[8]Former AFL players Tarkyn Lockyer (Collingwood) and Ryan Brabazon (Sydney),started their football careers playing for the Kangas.Former AFL players Allen Daniels (Footscray & WA), Brad Wira (Footscray, Fremantle & WA), Brad Bootsma (Fremantle & WA) and Bill Shenfield (Fitzroy) have all played football in the red and white.","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Boucher"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"WAFL players","text":"Some significant WAFL players that have played at the North Albany Football Club include Ron Boucher[9] (Swan Districts & WA), Peter Stephen (East Fremantle & WA), Stuart Hillier (West Perth & WA), Ray Nott (Claremont & WA), Doug Roberts (Claremont) and Matt Orzel (Claremont).","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trevor Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Sutton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gordon Collis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Collis"},{"link_name":"ex-Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brownlow medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Other notable players","text":"One time Kangas player and footballing nomad Trevor Sutton played in WA, SA, Qld, NSW, Victoria and North Territory, representing both Queensland and NSW at state level. In 1982, playing for Deniliquin in the Murray Football League (NSW) Sutton kicked 249 goals, an Australian record.[10]Gordon Collis ex-Carlton player and Brownlow medalist coached the North Albany Football Club for two years, winning a Premiership in 1969.","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Coast Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2003 the West Coast Eagles held a pre-season Community Camp in Albany, using Collingwood Park for training and practise games during their stay.In 2008 Collingwood Park hosted a pre-season AFL game between West Coast and Collingwood, drawing a big crowd.[11]","title":"AFL pre-season games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Collingwood Park Cricket Club, which calls Collingwood Park home, is a hugely successful club in the region winning many A Grade and B Grade premierships. In recent years the Collingwood Park CC A Grade has won titles in 2007-08,[12] 2006–07,[13] 2005-06[14] and 2003-04[15]The newly formed North Albany Bears Soccer Club, made up of predominately NAFC players, won the Albany Soccer Association Trophy in its first year of competition.","title":"Other sports and related clubs"}]
[{"image_text":"Ray Kenney stand and shed at Collingwood Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Collingwoodparkalbany2.JPG/220px-Collingwoodparkalbany2.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"SportingPulse -Great Southern Football League\". 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportingpulse.com/comp_info.cgi?a=LADDER&compID=66658&c=0-3977-0-0-0","url_text":"\"SportingPulse -Great Southern Football League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany Weekender - Race for AFL game\". 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/race-for-afl-game/372482.aspx","url_text":"\"Albany Weekender - Race for AFL game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Barnett\". Western Australian Amateur Football League. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waafl.com.au/history/hall-of-champions/high-achievers/alan-barnett","url_text":"\"Alan Barnett\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC Online - Footy club puts focus on sport not drinking\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/wa/albany/200605/s1651687.htm","url_text":"\"ABC Online - Footy club puts focus on sport not drinking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Harsh reality for medallist - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804223400/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/harsh-reality-for-medallist/582628.aspx","url_text":"\"Harsh reality for medallist - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/harsh-reality-for-medallist/582628.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Donoghue, Craig (8 December 2010). \"McGovern drafted by West Coast\".","urls":[{"url":"http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/sport/a/-/eagles/8471956/road-less-travelled-ends-at-west-coast/","url_text":"\"McGovern drafted by West Coast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swan Districts Football Club Official Website\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swandistrictsfc.com/media/docs/WhereAreTheyNow_RonBoucher.pdf?PHPSESSID=082c200673e848198d0ef95ecb11f4ec","url_text":"\"Swan Districts Football Club Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jon (15 September 2013). \"Country footballer Trevor Sutton's single-season tally of 249 goals has stood the test of time\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/country-footballer-trevor-suttons-single-season-tally-of-249-goals-has-stood-the-test-of-time/story-fn53khk2-1226719141014","url_text":"\"Country footballer Trevor Sutton's single-season tally of 249 goals has stood the test of time\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFL makes it mark in Albany - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 6 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080806074610/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/afl-makes-it-mark-in-albany/730075.aspx","url_text":"\"AFL makes it mark in Albany - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/afl-makes-it-mark-in-albany/730075.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Park too strong for Peaks - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080811105023/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-too-strong-for-peaks/739781.aspx","url_text":"\"Park too strong for Peaks - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-too-strong-for-peaks/739781.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Park pinch cup - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080811011038/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-pinch-cup/739291.aspx","url_text":"\"Park pinch cup - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-pinch-cup/739291.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Park upstage Peaks - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809195727/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-upstage-peaks/633561.aspx","url_text":"\"Park upstage Peaks - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-upstage-peaks/633561.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Park claims cricket title - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080808134048/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-claims-cricket-title/566604.aspx","url_text":"\"Park claims cricket title - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"url":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-claims-cricket-title/566604.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Albany_Football_Club&params=35_0_4.25_S_117_55_7.36_E_region:AU_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"35°0′4.25″S 117°55′7.36″E / 35.0011806°S 117.9187111°E / -35.0011806; 117.9187111"},{"Link":"http://www.sportingpulse.com/comp_info.cgi?a=LADDER&compID=66658&c=0-3977-0-0-0","external_links_name":"\"SportingPulse -Great Southern Football League\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/race-for-afl-game/372482.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Albany Weekender - Race for AFL game\""},{"Link":"http://www.waafl.com.au/history/hall-of-champions/high-achievers/alan-barnett","external_links_name":"\"Alan Barnett\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/wa/albany/200605/s1651687.htm","external_links_name":"\"ABC Online - Footy club puts focus on sport not drinking\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/kleemann-medal-history/1937363.aspx","external_links_name":"Kleemann medal history made"},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/ross-is-the-best/1620146.aspx?storypage=1","external_links_name":"Ross is the best in 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804223400/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/harsh-reality-for-medallist/582628.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Harsh reality for medallist - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/harsh-reality-for-medallist/582628.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/sport/a/-/eagles/8471956/road-less-travelled-ends-at-west-coast/","external_links_name":"\"McGovern drafted by West Coast\""},{"Link":"http://www.swandistrictsfc.com/media/docs/WhereAreTheyNow_RonBoucher.pdf?PHPSESSID=082c200673e848198d0ef95ecb11f4ec","external_links_name":"\"Swan Districts Football Club Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/country-footballer-trevor-suttons-single-season-tally-of-249-goals-has-stood-the-test-of-time/story-fn53khk2-1226719141014","external_links_name":"\"Country footballer Trevor Sutton's single-season tally of 249 goals has stood the test of time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080806074610/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/afl-makes-it-mark-in-albany/730075.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AFL makes it mark in Albany - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/afl-makes-it-mark-in-albany/730075.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080811105023/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-too-strong-for-peaks/739781.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Park too strong for Peaks - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-too-strong-for-peaks/739781.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080811011038/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-pinch-cup/739291.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Park pinch cup - Local News - Sport - General - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/general/park-pinch-cup/739291.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080809195727/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-upstage-peaks/633561.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Park upstage Peaks - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-upstage-peaks/633561.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080808134048/http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-claims-cricket-title/566604.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Park claims cricket title - Local News - Sport - Other - Albany Weekender\""},{"Link":"http://albany.yourguide.com.au/news/local/sport/other/park-claims-cricket-title/566604.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Albany_Football_Club&params=35_0_4.25_S_117_55_7.36_E_region:AU_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"35°0′4.25″S 117°55′7.36″E / 35.0011806°S 117.9187111°E / -35.0011806; 117.9187111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Pastorals
Scottish Pastorals
["1 Background","2 Editions","3 Contents","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
Scottish Pastorals (1801), containing five poems and two songs, was the first book published by James Hogg. Background In 1800, most likely August or September, by his own account, Hogg had time on his hands during a trip to Edinburgh to sell sheep. Aware of his poetic gift—though only one poem of his had so far appeared in print, in The Scots Magazine for 1794—he found a printer's shop next to the market, wrote out 'a poem or two' from memory, and had them printed as a 62-page booklet. This may be a true recollection, though Hogg had showed a manuscript of the collection to friends before it was published. Editions Scottish Pastorals, Poems, Songs, &c. Mostly Written in the Dialect of the South. By James Hogg was printed in Edinburgh by John Taylor, Grassmarket. A thousand copies were printed, selling at a shilling. In 1988 Stirling University Press published a critical edition by Elaine Petrie. Contents Geordie Fa's Dirge Dusty, or, Watie an' Geordie's Review of Politics; An Eclogue Willie an' Keatie, A Pastoral A Dialogue in a Country Church-Yard The Death of Sir Niel Stuart, and Donald M'Vane, Esq. An Auld Tale Made New Again Song I "'Twas up yon wild an' lonely glen" Song II "O Shepherd, the weather is misty and changing" Reception Scottish Pastorals received little attention when it was published. In his Memoir Hogg himself dismissed it as a vanity publication. Its merits have received recognition, however, in the later 20th and early 21st centuries. In the most detailed discussion, Elaine Petrie in her edition of 1988 praises 'the raw life and vitality that prevent it from ever becoming a precious little collection of derivative verse' and asserts that 'Hogg's confident use of Scots imbues his subjects with dignity and integrity'. Petrie's recognition of the 'vigour' and 'candour' of the collection was endorsed in 2003 by Karl Miller. Four years later, Valentina Bold responded more equivocally, finding the collection at times 'laboured' and 'insipid', but discerning 'a subtle mix of oral and artsong elements' and an ability simultaneously to adopt and subvert established forms which was to be developed richly in Hogg's subsequent works. References ^ 'Memoir of the Life of James Hogg', in James Hogg, The Mountain Bard, ed. Suzanne Gilbert (Edinburgh, 2007), 15. Hogg's Memoir was published in 1807, but his account of the origin of Scottish Pastorals dates back at least to 1805: ibid., 134‒35, 393‒94. ^ The Collected Letters of James Hogg: Volume 1 1800‒1819, ed. Gillian Hughes (Edinburgh, 2004), 9‒11 (Hogg to William Laidlaw, ). ^ Suzanne Gilbert, 'Hogg's Reception and Reputation', in The Edinburgh Companion to James Hogg (Edinburgh, 2012), 37‒45 (39). ^ The Mountain Bard, 15. ^ James Hogg, Scottish Pastorals, ed. Elaine Petrie (Stirling, 1988), xiv‒xv. ^ Karl Miller, Electric Shepherd: A Likeness of James Hogg (London, 2003), 23. ^ Valentina Bold, James Hogg: A Bard of Nature's Making (Bern, 2008), 88‒90, 107‒08. External links Scottish Pastorals on Google Books. vteWorks by James HoggFiction The Brownie of Bodsbeck (1817 - novel) Winter Evening Tales (1820 - novellas, short stories, and poems) The Three Perils of Man (1823 - novel) The Three Perils of Woman (1823 - novel and novellas) The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824 - novel) Altrive Tales (1832 - short stories) Tales of the Wars of Montrose (1835 - short stories) Non-fiction The Spy (1810–11 - weekly periodical) The Shepherd's Calendar (1829 - collected essays) Familiar Anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott (1834 - memoir) A Series of Lay Sermons (1834 - moral and religious discourses) Poetry Scottish Pastorals (1801) The Mountain Bard (1807) The Forest Minstrel (1810) The Queen's Wake (1813) The Pilgrims of the Sun (1815) Mador of the Moor (1816) Queen Hynde (1824) A Queer Book (1832) Songs Jacobite Relics (1819) Songs, by The Ettrick Shepherd (1831)
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scottish Pastorals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Scots Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scots_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1800, most likely August or September, by his own account, Hogg had time on his hands during a trip to Edinburgh to sell sheep. Aware of his poetic gift—though only one poem of his had so far appeared in print, in The Scots Magazine for 1794—he found a printer's shop next to the market, wrote out 'a poem or two' from memory, and had them printed as a 62-page booklet.[1] This may be a true recollection, though Hogg had showed a manuscript of the collection to friends before it was published.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scottish Pastorals, Poems, Songs, &c. Mostly Written in the Dialect of the South. By James Hogg was printed in Edinburgh by John Taylor, Grassmarket. A thousand copies were printed, selling at a shilling.In 1988 Stirling University Press published a critical edition by Elaine Petrie.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Geordie Fa's DirgeDusty, or, Watie an' Geordie's Review of Politics; An EclogueWillie an' Keatie, A PastoralA Dialogue in a Country Church-YardThe Death of Sir Niel Stuart, and Donald M'Vane, Esq. An Auld Tale Made New AgainSong I \"'Twas up yon wild an' lonely glen\"Song II \"O Shepherd, the weather is misty and changing\"","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Scottish Pastorals received little attention when it was published.[3] In his Memoir Hogg himself dismissed it as a vanity publication.[4] Its merits have received recognition, however, in the later 20th and early 21st centuries. In the most detailed discussion, Elaine Petrie in her edition of 1988 praises 'the raw life and vitality that prevent it from ever becoming a precious little collection of derivative verse' and asserts that 'Hogg's confident use of Scots imbues his subjects with dignity and integrity'.[5] Petrie's recognition of the 'vigour' and 'candour' of the collection was endorsed in 2003 by Karl Miller.[6] Four years later, Valentina Bold responded more equivocally, finding the collection at times 'laboured' and 'insipid', but discerning 'a subtle mix of oral and artsong elements' and an ability simultaneously to adopt and subvert established forms which was to be developed richly in Hogg's subsequent works.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eLZgAAAAcAAJ&q=Scottish+Pastorals","external_links_name":"Scottish Pastorals"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Cam%C3%ADn
Alfonso Camín
["1 References"]
Spanish poet You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (November 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Alfonso Camín}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Alfonso Camín (August 2, 1890 – December 12, 1982) was a Spanish poet, writer and journalist. Recurrent themes in his work include Asturian, Afro-Cuban and Mexican culture. His most acclaimed poem, "Macorina", was famously sung by Chavela Vargas. References ^ Ruiz del Vizo, Hortensia; Sánchez-Boudy, José (2007). "La Habana en la memoria de Alfonso Camín". El orbe negro en la poesia: Cuba, Hispanoamerica y Estados Unidos (1st ed.). Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal. pp. 73f. ISBN 1593881061. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about a Spanish poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chavela Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavela_Vargas"}],"text":"Alfonso Camín (August 2, 1890 – December 12, 1982) was a Spanish poet, writer and journalist. Recurrent themes in his work include Asturian, Afro-Cuban and Mexican culture.[1]His most acclaimed poem, \"Macorina\", was famously sung by Chavela Vargas.","title":"Alfonso Camín"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ruiz del Vizo, Hortensia; Sánchez-Boudy, José (2007). \"La Habana en la memoria de Alfonso Camín\". El orbe negro en la poesia: Cuba, Hispanoamerica y Estados Unidos (1st ed.). Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal. pp. 73f. ISBN 1593881061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1593881061","url_text":"1593881061"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfonso_Cam%C3%ADn&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44716/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081174782","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38201203","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMDjgJ3PqYymCMBX3RKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX838894","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517185606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/173554377","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV082822","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275897305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79123646","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6e223dd9-d998-49b2-95a8-44aa79b8ed69","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/109265408","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Cam%C3%ADn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Squire
Matt Squire
["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 Accomplishments","4 References","5 External links"]
American record producer, audio engineer, mixing engineer, and songwriter This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Matt Squire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies on a single source. You can help by adding reliable sources to this article. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Matt SquireSquire in 2018Background informationOriginWashington, D.C.Genres Pop punk rock power pop alternative rock indie rock pop punk Occupation(s) Record producer audio engineer mixing engineer songwriter Years active2002–presentMusical artist Matt Squire is an American record producer, audio engineer, mixing engineer, and songwriter. His production, songwriting, and mixing credits include Underoath, Panic! at the Disco, Ariana Grande, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Kesha, One Direction, Bea Miller, Krewella, Sum 41, Simple Plan, All Time Low, Good Charlotte, 3OH!3, Boys Like Girls, The Amity Affliction, The Used, and Taking Back Sunday. Career In 2018, Squire entered the studio with The Maine, to record the band's follow up to Lovely, Little, Lonely and first collaboration with Squire in ten years. He attended the Georgetown Day School and graduated from Boston University in 1999. Discography w - writer, p - producer, m - mixed, e - engineered, d - digital editing, ma - mastered Albums 3OH!3 - Streets of Gold (w/p/e) 3OH!3 - Want (p/m/e) All Time Low - Dirty Work (w/p) All Time Low - Nothing Personal (w/p/e)* All Time Low - So Wrong, It's Right (p/m/e) The Amity Affliction - Misery (w/p) The Amity Affliction - Everyone Loves You... Once You Leave Them (p,e) Ariana Grande - Yours Truly (c-w/c-p)* Big Time Rush - Windows Down (w/p) Bleeder Resistor - 16 (p/m/e) Boys Like Girls - Boys Like Girls (p/m/e) Breathe Carolina - Hello Fascination (p/m/e)* Cute Is What We Aim For - The Same Old Blood Rush with a New Touch (p/m/e) David Archuleta - “The Other Side of Down” (p) Forever The Sickest Kids - The Weekend: Friday (p) Good Charlotte - Cardiology (w)* Have Mercy - The Love Life (p) Hit The Lights - This Is a Stick Up... Don't Make It a Murder (p/m/e) Hollywood Undead - Day of the Dead (w/p)* Monty Are I - Wall of People (p/m/e) Monty Are I - Break Through the Silence (p/e) Neck Deep - All Distortions Are Intentional (p/e) Northstar - Pollyanna (p/m/e) Panic! at the Disco - A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (p/m/e) People In Planes - Beyond The Horizon (p/e) Plain White T's - Parallel Universe (w/p) Renee Heartfelt - Death of the Ghost (p/m/e) Saosin - In Search of Solid Ground (w)* SeeYouSpaceCowboy - Coup de Grâce (p) Simple Plan - Get Your Heart On (w)* Skindred - Roots Rock Riot (p) So They Say - Antidote for Irony (p/e) Taking Back Sunday - New Again (p/e)* The Almost - Fear Caller (p) The Cab - Whisper War (p/m/e) The Junior Varsity - Wide Eyed (e) The Maine - Can't Stop Won't Stop (p/m/e) The Maine - You Are OK (p/e) The Receiving End of Sirens - Between the Heart and the Synapse (p) The Receiving End of Sirens - The Earth Sings Mi Fa Mi (p/m/e) The Receiving End of Sirens - The Receiving End of Sirens EP (p/e) The Static Age - Neon Nights Electric Lives (p/m/e) The Used - Artwork (p/e) Toothgrinder - I AM (w/p/m/e) Underoath - Erase Me (p) Youngblood Hawke - Wake Up (w/p)* Youngblood Hawke - We Come Running (w/p) Singles 3OH!3 ft. Katy Perry - "Starstrukk" (p/e) Against The Current - "that won't save us" (w/p/e) Ariana Grande - "Put Your Hearts Up" (w/p) Bea Miller - "Rich Kids" (w/p) Bea Miller - "This Is Not An Apology" (w/p) Big Time Rush - "Paralyzed" from Elevate (w) Demi Lovato - "Without The Love" (c-w/p) Dreamers - "To The Fire" (c-w/a-p) David Archuleta - “Parachutes and Airplanes” (w) David Cook - “4 Letter Word” (w) Greyson Chance - "Heart Like Stone" (p) Hollywood Undead - "War Child" (c-p) Katy Perry - "I Kissed a Girl" (rock mix) Kesha - "Dirty Love" (c-w/c-p) Krewella - "Somewhere To Run" (p) Mowgli's - "Make It Right" (w) One Direction - "Up All Night" and "Na Na Na" (w/p) Sabrina Carpenter - "White Flag" (w/p) Selena Gomez - "Sick of You" (w/p) Sum 41 - "Baby You Don't Wanna Know" (w) Sum 41 - "Twisted By Design" (c-w) The Ghost Club - "This Bird Has Flown" (p) The Ghost Club - "Hey There Rose" (p) The Ready Set - "More Than Alive" (w) Will Wood - “Love, Me Normally” (p/m/e) * select tracks Accomplishments Band Album/single RIAA certification Panic! at the Disco A Fever You Can't Sweat Out - Album Double Platinum Panic! at the Disco "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" - Single Double Platinum Ariana Grande "The Way" - Single Double Platinum Boys Like Girls Boys Like Girls - Album Gold Boys Like Girls "The Great Escape" - Single Platinum Boys Like Girls "Hero/Heroine" - Single Gold Boys Like Girls "Thunder" - Single Gold 3OH!3 "Starstrukk" (feat. Katy Perry) - Single Platinum 3OH!3 Want - Album Gold Selena Gomez & the Scene A Year Without Rain - Album Gold Words Left Unsaid "Demons" - Single Platinum Airspoken Sell Out - Album Platinum References ^ "The Maine on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-08-08. External links Matt Squire on Facebook Twitter Interview with AbsolutePunk "Chairmen of the boards" article from The Phoenix Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"audio engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"mixing engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"},{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Underoath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underoath"},{"link_name":"Panic! at the Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Kesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"Bea Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Miller"},{"link_name":"Krewella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krewella"},{"link_name":"Sum 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_41"},{"link_name":"Simple Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Plan"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"Good Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"3OH!3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3OH!3"},{"link_name":"Boys Like Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Like_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Amity Affliction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction"},{"link_name":"The Used","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Used"},{"link_name":"Taking Back Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday"}],"text":"Musical artistMatt Squire is an American record producer, audio engineer, mixing engineer, and songwriter. His production, songwriting, and mixing credits include Underoath, Panic! at the Disco, Ariana Grande, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Kesha, One Direction, Bea Miller, Krewella, Sum 41, Simple Plan, All Time Low, Good Charlotte, 3OH!3, Boys Like Girls, The Amity Affliction, The Used, and Taking Back Sunday.","title":"Matt Squire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maine_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lovely, Little, Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovely_Little_Lonely"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"}],"text":"In 2018, Squire entered the studio with The Maine, to record the band's follow up to Lovely, Little, Lonely and first collaboration with Squire in ten years.[1] He attended the Georgetown Day School and graduated from Boston University in 1999.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"w - writer, p - producer, m - mixed, e - engineered, d - digital editing, ma - mastered","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3OH!3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3OH!3"},{"link_name":"Streets of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Want_(3OH!3_album)"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"Dirty Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Work_(All_Time_Low_album)"},{"link_name":"Nothing Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Personal_(All_Time_Low_album)"},{"link_name":"So Wrong, It's Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Wrong,_It%27s_Right"},{"link_name":"The Amity Affliction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amity_Affliction"},{"link_name":"Misery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_(album)"},{"link_name":"Everyone Loves You... Once You Leave Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Loves_You..._Once_You_Leave_Them"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Yours Truly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yours_Truly_(Ariana_Grande_album)"},{"link_name":"Big Time Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Time_Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Windows Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Down"},{"link_name":"Bleeder Resistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleeder_Resistor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boys Like Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Like_Girls"},{"link_name":"Boys Like Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_Like_Girls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Breathe Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hello Fascination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Fascination"},{"link_name":"Cute Is What We Aim For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_Is_What_We_Aim_For"},{"link_name":"The Same Old Blood Rush with a New Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Same_Old_Blood_Rush_with_a_New_Touch"},{"link_name":"David Archuleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Archuleta"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Down"},{"link_name":"Forever The Sickest Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_The_Sickest_Kids"},{"link_name":"The Weekend: Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekend:_Friday"},{"link_name":"Good Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_(album)"},{"link_name":"Have Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Mercy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hit The Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_The_Lights_(band)"},{"link_name":"This Is a Stick Up... Don't Make It a Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_a_Stick_Up..._Don%27t_Make_It_a_Murder"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Undead"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_(Hollywood_Undead_album)"},{"link_name":"Monty Are I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Are_I"},{"link_name":"Wall of People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_People"},{"link_name":"Break Through the Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_Through_the_Silence"},{"link_name":"Neck Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Deep"},{"link_name":"Northstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northstar_(band)"},{"link_name":"Panic! at the Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco"},{"link_name":"A Fever You Can't Sweat Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fever_You_Can%27t_Sweat_Out"},{"link_name":"People In Planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_In_Planes"},{"link_name":"Beyond The Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Horizon_(People_in_Planes_album)"},{"link_name":"Plain White T's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_White_T%27s"},{"link_name":"Saosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saosin"},{"link_name":"In Search of Solid Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Solid_Ground"},{"link_name":"SeeYouSpaceCowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeeYouSpaceCowboy"},{"link_name":"Coup de Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_(SeeYouSpaceCowboy_album)"},{"link_name":"Simple Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Plan"},{"link_name":"Get Your Heart On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Heart_On"},{"link_name":"Skindred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skindred"},{"link_name":"Roots Rock Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Rock_Riot"},{"link_name":"So They Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_They_Say"},{"link_name":"Antidote for Irony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote_for_Irony"},{"link_name":"Taking Back Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday"},{"link_name":"New Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Again"},{"link_name":"The Almost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Almost"},{"link_name":"The Cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cab"},{"link_name":"Whisper War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisper_War"},{"link_name":"The Junior Varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Junior_Varsity"},{"link_name":"Wide Eyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Eyed_(The_Junior_Varsity_album)"},{"link_name":"The Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maine_(band)"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop Won't Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop_(album)"},{"link_name":"You Are OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_OK"},{"link_name":"The Receiving End of Sirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Receiving_End_of_Sirens"},{"link_name":"Between the Heart and the Synapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Heart_and_the_Synapse"},{"link_name":"The Earth Sings Mi Fa Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_Sings_Mi_Fa_Mi"},{"link_name":"The Receiving End of Sirens EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Receiving_End_of_Sirens_EP"},{"link_name":"The Static Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Static_Age"},{"link_name":"Neon Nights Electric Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Nights_Electric_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Used","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Used"},{"link_name":"Artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artwork_(album)"},{"link_name":"Toothgrinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothgrinder"},{"link_name":"I AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_(Toothgrinder_album)"},{"link_name":"Underoath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underoath"},{"link_name":"Erase Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erase_Me_(album)"},{"link_name":"Youngblood Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngblood_Hawke_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wake Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up_(Youngblood_Hawke_album)"},{"link_name":"We Come Running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Come_Running"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"3OH!3 - Streets of Gold (w/p/e)\n3OH!3 - Want (p/m/e)\nAll Time Low - Dirty Work (w/p)\nAll Time Low - Nothing Personal (w/p/e)*\nAll Time Low - So Wrong, It's Right (p/m/e)\nThe Amity Affliction - Misery (w/p)\nThe Amity Affliction - Everyone Loves You... Once You Leave Them (p,e)\nAriana Grande - Yours Truly (c-w/c-p)*\nBig Time Rush - Windows Down (w/p)\nBleeder Resistor - 16 (p/m/e)\nBoys Like Girls - Boys Like Girls (p/m/e)\nBreathe Carolina - Hello Fascination (p/m/e)*\nCute Is What We Aim For - The Same Old Blood Rush with a New Touch (p/m/e)\nDavid Archuleta - “The Other Side of Down” (p)\nForever The Sickest Kids - The Weekend: Friday (p)\nGood Charlotte - Cardiology (w)*\nHave Mercy - The Love Life (p)\nHit The Lights - This Is a Stick Up... Don't Make It a Murder (p/m/e)\nHollywood Undead - Day of the Dead (w/p)*\nMonty Are I - Wall of People (p/m/e)\nMonty Are I - Break Through the Silence (p/e)\nNeck Deep - All Distortions Are Intentional (p/e)\nNorthstar - Pollyanna (p/m/e)\nPanic! at the Disco - A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (p/m/e)\nPeople In Planes - Beyond The Horizon (p/e)\nPlain White T's - Parallel Universe (w/p)\nRenee Heartfelt - Death of the Ghost (p/m/e)\nSaosin - In Search of Solid Ground (w)*\nSeeYouSpaceCowboy - Coup de Grâce (p)\nSimple Plan - Get Your Heart On (w)*\nSkindred - Roots Rock Riot (p)\nSo They Say - Antidote for Irony (p/e)\nTaking Back Sunday - New Again (p/e)*\nThe Almost - Fear Caller (p)\nThe Cab - Whisper War (p/m/e)\nThe Junior Varsity - Wide Eyed (e)\nThe Maine - Can't Stop Won't Stop (p/m/e)\nThe Maine - You Are OK (p/e)\nThe Receiving End of Sirens - Between the Heart and the Synapse (p)\nThe Receiving End of Sirens - The Earth Sings Mi Fa Mi (p/m/e)\nThe Receiving End of Sirens - The Receiving End of Sirens EP (p/e)\nThe Static Age - Neon Nights Electric Lives (p/m/e)\nThe Used - Artwork (p/e)\nToothgrinder - I AM (w/p/m/e)\nUnderoath - Erase Me (p)\nYoungblood Hawke - Wake Up (w/p)*\nYoungblood Hawke - We Come Running (w/p)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"Starstrukk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starstrukk"},{"link_name":"Against The Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Current_(band)"},{"link_name":"Put Your Hearts Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_Your_Hearts_Up"},{"link_name":"Bea Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Miller"},{"link_name":"\"Rich Kids\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kids_(Bea_Miller_song)"},{"link_name":"Big Time Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Time_Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elevate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevate_(Big_Time_Rush_album)"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Dreamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamers_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Archuleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Archuleta"},{"link_name":"David Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Greyson Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyson_Chance"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Undead"},{"link_name":"War Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_(Hollywood_Undead_album)"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"I Kissed a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kissed_a_Girl"},{"link_name":"Kesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha"},{"link_name":"Dirty Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Love_(Kesha_song)"},{"link_name":"Krewella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krewella"},{"link_name":"Somewhere To Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_to_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mowgli's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli%27s"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Sum 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_41"},{"link_name":"Baby You Don't Wanna Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_You_Don%27t_Wanna_Know"},{"link_name":"The Ready Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ready_Set"},{"link_name":"Will Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Wood_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"3OH!3 ft. Katy Perry - \"Starstrukk\" (p/e)\nAgainst The Current - \"that won't save us\" (w/p/e)\nAriana Grande - \"Put Your Hearts Up\" (w/p)\nBea Miller - \"Rich Kids\" (w/p)\nBea Miller - \"This Is Not An Apology\" (w/p)\nBig Time Rush - \"Paralyzed\" from Elevate (w)\nDemi Lovato - \"Without The Love\" (c-w/p)\nDreamers - \"To The Fire\" (c-w/a-p)\nDavid Archuleta - “Parachutes and Airplanes” (w)\nDavid Cook - “4 Letter Word” (w)\nGreyson Chance - \"Heart Like Stone\" (p)\nHollywood Undead - \"War Child\" (c-p)\nKaty Perry - \"I Kissed a Girl\" (rock mix)\nKesha - \"Dirty Love\" (c-w/c-p)\nKrewella - \"Somewhere To Run\" (p)\nMowgli's - \"Make It Right\" (w)\nOne Direction - \"Up All Night\" and \"Na Na Na\" (w/p)\nSabrina Carpenter - \"White Flag\" (w/p)\nSelena Gomez - \"Sick of You\" (w/p)\nSum 41 - \"Baby You Don't Wanna Know\" (w)\nSum 41 - \"Twisted By Design\" (c-w)\nThe Ghost Club - \"This Bird Has Flown\" (p)\nThe Ghost Club - \"Hey There Rose\" (p)\nThe Ready Set - \"More Than Alive\" (w)\nWill Wood - “Love, Me Normally” (p/m/e)* select tracks","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accomplishments"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Maine on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/themaine/status/1023698877076176897","url_text":"\"The Maine on Twitter\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Matt+Squire%22","external_links_name":"\"Matt Squire\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Matt+Squire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Matt+Squire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Matt+Squire%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Matt+Squire%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Matt+Squire%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/themaine/status/1023698877076176897","external_links_name":"\"The Maine on Twitter\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/themattsquire","external_links_name":"Matt Squire"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/matt_squire","external_links_name":"Twitter"},{"Link":"http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=108277","external_links_name":"Interview with AbsolutePunk"},{"Link":"http://thephoenix.com/article_ektid49514.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Chairmen of the boards\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050946591","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24431186","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjt9GPpYTxrHcjYrCTyh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008178062","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/86083bea-ffa2-47ec-b7dd-06313f3b349b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_H._Joy
Alfred Harrison Joy
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
American astronomer This article is about the astronomer. For the 20th century Arctic explorer, see Alfred Harrison (explorer). Alfred Harrison Joy (September 23, 1882 in Greenville, Illinois – April 18, 1973 in Pasadena, California) was an astronomer best known for his work on stellar distances, the radial motion of stars, and variable stars. A crater on the Moon has been named in his honor. Early years He was born in Greenville, Illinois, the son of F.P. Joy, a prominent clothing merchant in Greenville and one-time mayor of the town. He received a BA from Greenville College in 1903 and an MA from Oberlin College the next year. Career After graduating, Joy went on to work at the American University of Beirut in the Syrian Protestant College as a professor of astronomy and the director of the observatory. He was forced to return to the U.S. in 1915 because of World War I. In the United States, he worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1915 to 1952. There, he and his colleagues ascertained the spectral type, absolute magnitude, and stellar distance of over 5,000 stars. Joy also initially defined the T-Tauri type star. He studied the Doppler displacement of the spectral lines of stars to determine their radial velocities deducing a star's absolute dimensions, masses, and the orbital elements of some specific stars. He won the Bruce Medal in 1950. He was president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1931 and 1939. References ^ Allan H. Keith, Historical Stories: About Greenville and Bond County, IL. Consulted on August 15, 2007. ^ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012. ^ Joy, Alfred H. (1945). "T Tauri Variable Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 102: 168–195. Bibcode:1945ApJ...102..168J. doi:10.1086/144749. External links Bruce Medal biographyknn Brief biography Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) obituary National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Harrison (explorer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Harrison_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Greenville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(crater)"}],"text":"This article is about the astronomer. For the 20th century Arctic explorer, see Alfred Harrison (explorer).Alfred Harrison Joy (September 23, 1882 in Greenville, Illinois – April 18, 1973 in Pasadena, California) was an astronomer best known for his work on stellar distances, the radial motion of stars, and variable stars.A crater on the Moon has been named in his honor.","title":"Alfred Harrison Joy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historicgville-1"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was born in Greenville, Illinois, the son of F.P. Joy, a prominent clothing merchant in Greenville and one-time mayor of the town.[1] He received a BA from Greenville College in 1903 and an MA from Oberlin College the next year.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American University of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mount Wilson Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory"},{"link_name":"spectral type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_type"},{"link_name":"absolute magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude"},{"link_name":"T-Tauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Tauri_star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joy1945-3"},{"link_name":"Doppler displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"Bruce Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Medal"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Society of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific"}],"text":"After graduating, Joy went on to work at the American University of Beirut in the Syrian Protestant College as a professor of astronomy and the director of the observatory. He was forced to return to the U.S. in 1915 because of World War I.In the United States, he worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1915 to 1952. There, he and his colleagues ascertained the spectral type, absolute magnitude, and stellar distance of over 5,000 stars. Joy also initially defined the T-Tauri type star.[3] He studied the Doppler displacement of the spectral lines of stars to determine their radial velocities deducing a star's absolute dimensions, masses, and the orbital elements of some specific stars. He won the Bruce Medal in 1950.He was president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1931 and 1939.","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58734.html","url_text":"The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0","url_text":"978-0-387-31022-0"}]},{"reference":"Joy, Alfred H. (1945). \"T Tauri Variable Stars\". The Astrophysical Journal. 102: 168–195. Bibcode:1945ApJ...102..168J. doi:10.1086/144749.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945ApJ...102..168J","url_text":"\"T Tauri Variable Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945ApJ...102..168J","url_text":"1945ApJ...102..168J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144749","url_text":"10.1086/144749"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1gJ_RVeb5JYC/page/n2","external_links_name":"Historical Stories: About Greenville and Bond County, IL"},{"Link":"http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58734.html","external_links_name":"The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers"},{"Link":"http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945ApJ...102..168J","external_links_name":"\"T Tauri Variable Stars\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945ApJ...102..168J","external_links_name":"1945ApJ...102..168J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144749","external_links_name":"10.1086/144749"},{"Link":"http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Joy/index.html","external_links_name":"Bruce Medal biographyknn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110102/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/J/Joy/1.html","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1974QJRAS..15..526H","external_links_name":"Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) obituary"},{"Link":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/joy-alfred-h.pdf","external_links_name":"National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1947244/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000035595957","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36318709","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3P6W8HkGvVkYh9wkhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146533454","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005002898","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p18238313X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64x6mbk","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_(Aldo_Nova_song)
Fantasy (Aldo Nova song)
["1 Music video","2 Chart performance","3 References"]
1982 single by Aldo Nova"Fantasy"Single by Aldo Novafrom the album Aldo Nova B-side"Under the Gun"Released1982Genre Arena rock hard rock pop-rock Length5:05 (album version)6:14 (extended version)3:58 (single version)LabelPortraitSongwriter(s)Aldo NovaProducer(s)Aldo NovaAldo Nova singles chronology "Fantasy" (1982) "Foolin' Yourself" (1982) Music video"Fantasy" on YouTube "Fantasy" is the debut single by Canadian rock musician Aldo Nova, released in 1982 from his self-titled debut album. VH1 listed the song at number 78 on its countdown for the "100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s". It is his most popular work to date. The song is considered one of earliest examples of the hair metal or glam metal genre of rock music, which would rise to high popularity by the mid to late 1980s. Music video The video portrays Nova performing with his band for an audience. In its opening sequence, a man holding a Gibson Les Paul guitar and two bodyguards holding machine guns wait for someone. The men surround a landing helicopter, and the one with the guitar opens the door. Nova exits the helicopter, clad in a leopard-print jumpsuit and a pair of cowboy boots, and is escorted to the stage. When they encounter a locked door, Nova takes the guitar, holds it like a rifle, and fires a laser beam into the door, forcing it open. Once inside, Nova leaps on stage where he and his band perform the song. Chart performance "Fantasy" climbed to number 3 on the Mainstream Rock chart, and number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. References ^ "Aldo Nova | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-06-11. Nova melded the powerful thrust of arena rock with sharp pop hooks, thickening his music with layers of guitars while also embracing the futuristic textures of synths. This blend could be heard on "Fantasy," ^ Gilstrap, Andrew. "Aldo Nova: self-titled, PopMatters". PopMatters. Retrieved 2021-06-11. ^ Turman, Katherine (January 26, 2019). "Aldo Nova Shares Why He Disappeared After His Hit 'Fantasy'". Loudwire. Retrieved 2021-06-11. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications) vteAldo NovaStudio albums Aldo Nova (1982) Subject...Aldo Nova (1983) Twitch (1985) Blood on the Bricks (1991) Nova's Dream (1997) Compilations A Portrait of Aldo Nova (1991) The Best of Aldo Nova (2006) Under the Gun...A Portrait of Aldo Nova (2007) Singles "Fantasy" "Foolin' Yourself" "Monkey on Your Back" "Blood on the Bricks" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This 1980s rock song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldo Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Nova"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Nova_(album)"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"hair metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_metal"},{"link_name":"glam metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_metal"}],"text":"\"Fantasy\" is the debut single by Canadian rock musician Aldo Nova, released in 1982 from his self-titled debut album. VH1 listed the song at number 78 on its countdown for the \"100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s\". It is his most popular work to date. The song is considered one of earliest examples of the hair metal or glam metal genre of rock music, which would rise to high popularity by the mid to late 1980s.","title":"Fantasy (Aldo Nova song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibson Les Paul guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Les_Paul_guitar"},{"link_name":"leopard-print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard-print"},{"link_name":"cowboy boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_boot"}],"text":"The video portrays Nova performing with his band for an audience. In its opening sequence, a man holding a Gibson Les Paul guitar and two bodyguards holding machine guns wait for someone. The men surround a landing helicopter, and the one with the guitar opens the door. Nova exits the helicopter, clad in a leopard-print jumpsuit and a pair of cowboy boots, and is escorted to the stage. When they encounter a locked door, Nova takes the guitar, holds it like a rifle, and fires a laser beam into the door, forcing it open. Once inside, Nova leaps on stage where he and his band perform the song.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Fantasy\" climbed to number 3 on the Mainstream Rock chart, and number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[4]","title":"Chart performance"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aldo Nova | Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-06-11. Nova melded the powerful thrust of arena rock with sharp pop hooks, thickening his music with layers of guitars while also embracing the futuristic textures of synths. This blend could be heard on \"Fantasy,\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/aldo-nova-mn0000618713/biography","url_text":"\"Aldo Nova | Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"Gilstrap, Andrew. \"Aldo Nova: self-titled, PopMatters\". PopMatters. Retrieved 2021-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/aldonova-st-2495827451.html","url_text":"\"Aldo Nova: self-titled, PopMatters\""}]},{"reference":"Turman, Katherine (January 26, 2019). \"Aldo Nova Shares Why He Disappeared After His Hit 'Fantasy'\". Loudwire. Retrieved 2021-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/aldo-nova-disappeared-after-fantasy/","url_text":"\"Aldo Nova Shares Why He Disappeared After His Hit 'Fantasy'\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPQgfaB3S1c","external_links_name":"\"Fantasy\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/aldo-nova-mn0000618713/biography","external_links_name":"\"Aldo Nova | Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/aldonova-st-2495827451.html","external_links_name":"\"Aldo Nova: self-titled, PopMatters\""},{"Link":"https://loudwire.com/aldo-nova-disappeared-after-fantasy/","external_links_name":"\"Aldo Nova Shares Why He Disappeared After His Hit 'Fantasy'\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/888927f7-f894-4786-a036-cbc31f817aad","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_(Aldo_Nova_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Heritage_Centre_(Winnipeg)
Jewish Heritage Centre (Winnipeg)
["1 Affiliations","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°52′19″N 97°12′30″W / 49.8719°N 97.2084°W / 49.8719; -97.2084Jewish Heritage Centre, WinnipegLocation within WinnipegEstablished1998 (1998)LocationWinnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaCoordinates49°52′19″N 97°12′30″W / 49.8719°N 97.2084°W / 49.8719; -97.2084Websitewww.jhcwc.org The Jewish Heritage Centre hosts the Marion and Ed Vickar Jewish Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The museum opened in 1998 and displays the Jewish history of settlement in Western Canada. Located on the Asper Jewish Community Campus, the centre is involved in preserving, documenting, interpreting and sharing Jewish heritage. The centre houses a research library, two collection rooms in addition to the museum. The features itself has a Holocaust resource and education centre. The centre is a registered charity and a beneficiary of the Jewish Federation of Winnipeg. It is governed by a volunteer board of directors. It receives capital grants from The Jewish Foundation of Manitoba. Affiliations The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. External links Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada at the Jewish Federation of Winnipeg website Jewish Heritage Centre page on Facebook
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Foundation of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jewishfoundation.org/"}],"text":"The Jewish Heritage Centre hosts the Marion and Ed Vickar Jewish Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The museum opened in 1998 and displays the Jewish history of settlement in Western Canada.Located on the Asper Jewish Community Campus, the centre is involved in preserving, documenting, interpreting and sharing Jewish heritage. The centre houses a research library, two collection rooms in addition to the museum. The features itself has a Holocaust resource and education centre.The centre is a registered charity and a beneficiary of the Jewish Federation of Winnipeg. It is governed by a volunteer board of directors. It receives capital grants from The Jewish Foundation of Manitoba.","title":"Jewish Heritage Centre (Winnipeg)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museums_Association"},{"link_name":"CHIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Heritage_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"Virtual Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Museum_of_Canada"}],"text":"The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.","title":"Affiliations"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Heritage_Centre_(Winnipeg)&params=49.8719_N_97.2084_W_region:CA-MB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°52′19″N 97°12′30″W / 49.8719°N 97.2084°W / 49.8719; -97.2084"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jewish_Heritage_Centre_(Winnipeg)&params=49.8719_N_97.2084_W_region:CA-MB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°52′19″N 97°12′30″W / 49.8719°N 97.2084°W / 49.8719; -97.2084"},{"Link":"http://www.jhcwc.org/","external_links_name":"www.jhcwc.org"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"The Jewish Foundation of Manitoba"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishwinnipeg.org/directory/jewish-heritage-centre-of-western-canada","external_links_name":"Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/JewishHeritageCentre/","external_links_name":"Jewish Heritage Centre"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Bates
Joseph L. Bates
["1 Career","1.1 Holmes and Bates stereoscope","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
American merchant Garnet Pool near Glen House in New Hampshire Boston Museum City Hall Old City Hall Quincy Market Horticultural Hall Mount Washington (New Hampshire) cog railroad Joseph L. Bates (1806 or 1807 – March 2, 1886) was an American merchant and manufacturer based in Boston specializing in musical instruments, umbrellas, stereoscopic photographs and viewers, and fancy goods. Despite being a dealer of stereographic photographs, he was likely not a photographer himself. Career Bates began his business in 1828 as a manufacturer of musical instruments at 44 Market St., Boston. The following year he moved to 6 Court Street, by which time he had expanded into the manufacture and repair of umbrellas and parasols. He published and sold stereoscopic photographs of Boston and New England scenery, landscapes, and buildings. Many are included in the extensive Getty Center photography collection, located in Los Angeles, California. Holmes and Bates stereoscope In 1861, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. invented the first handheld stereoscope. Choosing not to patent it, Bates manufactured and sold his design. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph L. Bates. ^ Treadwell & Darrah 1994, p. 53. ^ Stack's Bowers Galleries 2019. ^ Historic New England. ^ Getty Museum. ^ Phillips 2006. Bibliography Getty Museum. "Joseph L. Bates". Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Trust. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. Historic New England. "Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829". Historic New England. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023. Phillips, Del (2006). "Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant". CenturyTel. CenturyTel. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2023. Stack's Bowers Galleries (April 2019). "1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine". Stack's Bowers Galleries. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023. Treadwell, T. K.; Darrah, William C. (1994). Photographers of the United States of America (PDF). National Stereoscopic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists Photographers' Identities This article about an American businessperson born between 1800–1809 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garnet_Pool,_near_Glen_House,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glen House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_House"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Museum_19thc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_hall,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_city_hall,_Boston,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quincy_Market,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quincy Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Market"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horticultural_hall,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886_2_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Washington_Railroad,_White_Mountain,_N.H,_by_Bates,_Joseph_L.,_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington (New Hampshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"cog railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"stereoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadwellDarrah199453-1"}],"text":"Garnet Pool near Glen House in New HampshireBoston MuseumCity HallOld City HallQuincy MarketHorticultural HallMount Washington (New Hampshire) cog railroadJoseph L. Bates (1806 or 1807 – March 2, 1886) was an American merchant and manufacturer based in Boston specializing in musical instruments, umbrellas, stereoscopic photographs and viewers, and fancy goods. Despite being a dealer of stereographic photographs, he was likely not a photographer himself.[1]","title":"Joseph L. Bates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStack's_Bowers_Galleries2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_New_England-3"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Getty Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Center"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty_Museum-4"}],"text":"Bates began his business in 1828 as a manufacturer of musical instruments at 44 Market St., Boston.[2] The following year he moved to 6 Court Street, by which time he had expanded into the manufacture and repair of umbrellas and parasols.[3]He published and sold stereoscopic photographs of Boston and New England scenery, landscapes, and buildings. Many are included in the extensive Getty Center photography collection, located in Los Angeles, California.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2006-5"}],"sub_title":"Holmes and Bates stereoscope","text":"In 1861, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. invented the first handheld stereoscope. Choosing not to patent it, Bates manufactured and sold his design.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Joseph L. Bates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230914200302/https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ"},{"link_name":"\"Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230911233235/https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064"},{"link_name":"\"Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150324184033/http://home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm"},{"link_name":"\"1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230912001208/https://auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine"},{"link_name":"Photographers of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230914195815/https://stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21070657#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000048073330"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/12210846"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97007505"},{"link_name":"Photographers' Identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pic.nypl.org/constituents/7605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usdollar100front.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L._Bates&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-business-bio-1800s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-business-bio-1800s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-business-bio-1800s-stub"}],"text":"Getty Museum. \"Joseph L. Bates\". Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Trust. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.\nHistoric New England. \"Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829\". Historic New England. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.\nPhillips, Del (2006). \"Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant\". CenturyTel. CenturyTel. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2023.\nStack's Bowers Galleries (April 2019). \"1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine\". Stack's Bowers Galleries. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.\nTreadwell, T. K.; Darrah, William C. (1994). Photographers of the United States of America (PDF). National Stereoscopic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States\nArtists\nPhotographers' IdentitiesThis article about an American businessperson born between 1800–1809 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Garnet Pool near Glen House in New Hampshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Garnet_Pool%2C_near_Glen_House%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg/220px-Garnet_Pool%2C_near_Glen_House%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boston Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boston_Museum_19thc.jpg/220px-Boston_Museum_19thc.jpg"},{"image_text":"City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/City_hall%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.png/220px-City_hall%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.png"},{"image_text":"Old City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_city_hall%2C_Boston%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.png/220px-Old_city_hall%2C_Boston%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.png"},{"image_text":"Quincy Market","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Quincy_Market%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg/220px-Quincy_Market%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horticultural Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Horticultural_hall%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886_2_cropped.jpg/220px-Horticultural_hall%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886_2_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Washington (New Hampshire) cog railroad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mt._Washington_Railroad%2C_White_Mountain%2C_N.H%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg/220px-Mt._Washington_Railroad%2C_White_Mountain%2C_N.H%2C_by_Bates%2C_Joseph_L.%2C_1806_or_7-1886.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Getty Museum. \"Joseph L. Bates\". Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Trust. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914200302/https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ","url_text":"\"Joseph L. Bates\""},{"url":"https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic New England. \"Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829\". Historic New England. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230911233235/https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064","url_text":"\"Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829\""},{"url":"https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Del (2006). \"Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant\". CenturyTel. CenturyTel. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150324184033/http://home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm","url_text":"\"Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant\""},{"url":"http://home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stack's Bowers Galleries (April 2019). \"1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine\". Stack's Bowers Galleries. Historic New England. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230912001208/https://auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine","url_text":"\"1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine\""},{"url":"https://auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Treadwell, T. K.; Darrah, William C. (1994). Photographers of the United States of America (PDF). National Stereoscopic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914195815/https://stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf","url_text":"Photographers of the United States of America"},{"url":"https://stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914200302/https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ","external_links_name":"\"Joseph L. Bates\""},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/104VNZ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230911233235/https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064","external_links_name":"\"Advertisement for Joseph L. Bates, musical instruments, umbrellas and parasols, No. 6 Court Street, Boston, Mass., 1829\""},{"Link":"https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/245064","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150324184033/http://home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm","external_links_name":"\"Joseph L. Bates, Boston Merchant\""},{"Link":"http://home.centurytel.net/s3dcor/Bates/Bates.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230912001208/https://auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine","external_links_name":"\"1862 Joseph L. Bates. One Cent. HB-49, EP-6a, S-26, Reed-BA01FG. FANCYGOODS. Choice Extremely Fine\""},{"Link":"https://auctions.stacksbowers.com/lots/view/3-J4CCK/1862-joseph-l-bates-one-cent-hb-49-ep-6a-s-26-reed-ba01fg-fancygoods-choice-extremely-fine","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914195815/https://stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf","external_links_name":"Photographers of the United States of America"},{"Link":"https://stereoworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/US-PHOTOGRAPHERS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000048073330","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/12210846","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97007505","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/7605","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L._Bates&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_140
List of state highway spurs in Texas (100–199)
["1 Spur 100","2 Spur 101","3 Spur 102","4 Spur 103","4.1 Spur 103 (1940)","4.2 Spur 103 (1960)","5 Spur 104","5.1 Spur 104 (1940)","6 Spur 105","7 Spur 106","8 Spur 107","9 Spur 108","10 Spur 110","11 Spur 111","12 Spur 112","12.1 Spur 112 (1940)","13 Spur 113","13.1 Spur 113 (1940)","14 Spur 114","14.1 Spur 114 (1940)","15 Spur 115","15.1 Spur 115 (1940)","16 Spur 116","17 Spur 117","17.1 Spur 117 (1941)","18 Spur 118","19 Spur 119","20 Spur 121","21 Spur 122","21.1 Spur 122 (1941)","22 Spur 125","23 Spur 126","24 Spur 128","25 Spur 129","25.1 Spur 129 (1941)","25.2 Spur 129 (1962)","26 Spur 131","26.1 Spur 131 (1941)","27 Spur 133","28 Spur 134","29 Spur 135","29.1 Spur 135 (1942)","30 Spur 136","31 Spur 137","32 Spur 138","32.1 Spur 138 (1942)","32.2 Spur 138 (1960)","33 Spur 139","34 Spur 140","35 Spur 143","36 Spur 144","37 Spur 145","38 Spur 146","39 Spur 147","40 Spur 148","41 Spur 149","42 Spur 150","43 Spur 151","44 Spur 152","45 Spur 156","45.1 Spur 156 (1944)","46 Spur 158","47 Spur 159","48 Spur 161","49 Spur 162","49.1 Spur 162 (1945)","50 Spur 163","51 Spur 164","52 Spur 165","52.1 Spur 165 (1945)","53 Spur 169","54 Spur 171","55 Spur 172","56 Spur 174","57 Spur 176","58 Spur 178","58.1 Spur 178 (1946)","58.2 Spur 178 (1958)","59 Spur 180","60 Spur 183","60.1 Spur 183 (1946)","60.2 Spur 183 (1962)","61 Spur 184","62 Spur 185","63 Spur 186","64 Spur 188","65 Spur 189","66 Spur 190","67 Spur 191","68 Spur 192","68.1 Spur 192 (1947)","69 Spur 193","70 Spur 194","71 Spur 195","71.1 Spur 195 (1947)","71.2 Spur 195 (2013)","72 Spur 196","73 Spur 197","73.1 Spur 197 (1943)","74 Spur 199","74.1 Spur 199 (1947)","75 References"]
Texas State Highway Spur markerHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XFarm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch-to-Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec State highway spurs in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Spur 100 State Highway Spur 100LocationKerr CountyLength0.296 mi (476 m)ExistedMay 9, 1940–present Spur 100 is located in Kerr County. It runs from SH 27 to the entrance of the American Legion Cemetery. Spur 100 was designated on May 9, 1940, on the current route as a replacement of SH 264. Spur 101 State Highway Spur 101LocationGregg CountyLength0.690 mi (1,110 m)ExistedMay 9, 1940–February 28, 2008 Spur 101 was designated on May 9, 1940, from SH 259 (now SH 42), 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the Rusk–Gregg county line to SH 26 (now US 259), 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the Rusk–Gregg county line as a replacement of SH 277. On September 29, 1992, Spur 101 was rerouted along Houston Street (former SH 42 and Spur 378); the old route along Woodlawn Street became SH 42. On February 28, 2008, Spur 101 was cancelled and removed from the highway system. Spur 102 State Highway Spur 102LocationJohnson CountyLength0.704 mi (1,133 m)ExistedMay 9, 1940–present Spur 102 is located in Johnson County. It runs from US 67 to the entrance of Southwestern Adventist University in Keene. Spur 102 was designated on May 9, 1940, on the current route as a replacement of SH 292. Spur 103 Spur 103 is a designation applied to two different highways. No highway currently uses the Spur 103 designation. Spur 103 (1940) State Highway Spur 103LocationLeon CountyExistedMay 9, 1940–August 25, 1949 The first use of the Spur 103 designation was in Leon County, from US 79 east of Jewett to Newby. Spur 103 was cancelled on August 25, 1949, and became a portion of FM 1512. Spur 103 (1960) State Highway Spur 103LocationTarrant CountyExistedApril 25, 1960–October 26, 2006 The next use of the Spur 103 designation was in Tarrant County, from then-SH 121 in Grapevine south along an extension of Main Street to then-proposed SH 114. On October 26, 2006, Spur 103 was cancelled and returned to the city of Grapevine. Spur 104 State Highway Spur 104LocationMadison CountyLength0.985 mi (1,585 m)ExistedJune 27, 1963–present Spur 104 is located in Madisonville. It runs from SH 75 (old US 75) to I-45. Spur 104 was designated on June 27, 1963, on the current route. Spur 104 (1940) State Highway Spur 104LocationLimestone CountyExistedMay 21, 1940–June 12, 1956 The original Spur 104 was designated on May 21, 1940, from SH 14 in Kosse east two blocks along Washington Street to Narcissus Street. Spur 104 was cancelled on June 12, 1956, and transferred to SH 7. Spur 105 State Highway Spur 105LocationKnox CountyExistedJuly 1, 1940–January 7, 1948 Spur 105 was designated on July 1, 1940, from SH 222 to Munday. This was formerly SH 222 before 1939. On January 7, 1948, Spur 105 was cancelled and became an extension of SH 222. Spur 106 State Highway Spur 106LocationMadison CountyExistedJune 29, 1940–April 14, 1943 Spur 106 was designated on June 29, 1940, from US 81, along E. Hildebrand Avenue to US 281 near northern San Antonio. On April 14, 1943, Spur 106 was cancelled. Spur 107 State Highway Spur 107LocationKaufman CountyExistedJuly 1, 1940–March 11, 1949 Spur 107 was designated on July 1, 1940, from SH 34 to the business district of Scurry. On March 11, 1949, Spur 107 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 148. Spur 108 State Highway Spur 108LocationHood CountyExistedJuly 1, 1940–March 26, 1942 Spur 108 was designated on July 1, 1940, from US 281 to Lipan. On March 26, 1942, Spur 108 was cancelled in exchange for being redesignated as FM 7 (now FM 4). Spur 110 State Highway Spur 110LocationHill CountyExistedJuly 1, 1940–July 14, 1949 Spur 110 was designated on July 1, 1940, from US 81 to Abbott. On July 14, 1949, Spur 110 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1242. Spur 111 State Highway Spur 111LocationDickens CountyExistedAugust 27, 1940–November 6, 1948 Spur 111 was designated on August 27, 1940, from SH 70 at Spur (moved to Loop 21 in 1942) west to the State Experimental Farm. On November 6, 1948, Spur 111 was cancelled and redesignated as FM 836 (later FM Spur 836, now FM 2794). Spur 112 State Highway Spur 112LocationWillacy CountyLength0.355 mi (571 m)ExistedJuly 30, 1965–present Spur 112 is located in Lyford. It runs from Bus. US 77 to I-69E/US 77. Spur 112 was designated on July 30, 1965, on the current route. Spur 112 (1940) State Highway Spur 112LocationWilson CountyExistedOctober 22, 1940–December 8, 1949 The original Spur 112 was designated on October 22, 1940, from SH 123 to Denhawken. On December 8, 1949, Spur 112 was cancelled and became an extension of FM 1347. Spur 113 State Highway Spur 113LocationFreestone CountyLength0.935 mi (1,505 m)ExistedMarch 24, 1993–present Spur 113 is located in Freestone County. It runs from US 84 southwest of Fairfield to the William R. Boyd Unit. Spur 113 was designated on March 24, 1993, on the current route. Spur 113 (1940) State Highway Spur 113LocationWilson CountyExistedOctober 22, 1940–February 16, 1948 The original Spur 113 was designated on October 22, 1940, from SH 123 to Kosciusko. On February 16, 1948, Spur 113 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 541. Spur 114 State Highway Spur 114LocationFreestone CountyLength0.670 mi (1,078 m)ExistedNovember 19, 1964–present Spur 114 is located in Streetman. It runs from I-45 to SH 75 (old US 75). Spur 114 was designated on November 16, 1964, on the current route. Spur 114 (1940) State Highway Spur 114LocationJefferson CountyExistedAugust 27, 1940–September 21, 1950 The original Spur 114 was designated on August 27, 1940, from US 96 at Woodworth Boulevard and 16th Street in Port Arthur along Woodworth Boulevard to the intersection of Proctor Street and Woodworth Boulevard. The route was to be signed as US 96 Business, rather than Spur 114, when construction on Spur 114 was completed. On September 21, 1950, the road was extended along Proctor Street and Houston Avenue (both also signed as US 96 Business) to US 96/SH 87 at 16th Street and Houston Avenue and the route was changed to Loop 114. Spur 115 State Highway Spur 115LocationHidalgo CountyLength6.891 mi (11.090 km)ExistedJune 4, 1970–present Spur 115 is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from Bus. US 83 (former Loop 374) in McAllen to US 281 (former Spur 241) in Hidalgo. Spur 115 was designated on June 4, 1970, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 1926. Spur 115 (1940) State Highway Spur 115LocationCollin and Hunt countiesExistedNovember 22, 1940–March 26, 1942 The original Spur 115 was designated on November 22, 1940, from US 67 at or near Caddo Mills to Josephine. Spur 115 was cancelled on March 29, 1942, in exchange for being redesignated as FM 6. Spur 116 State Highway Spur 116LocationPolk CountyExistedDecember 19, 1940–March 6, 1941 Spur 116 was designated on December 19, 1940, from US 59 to New Willard. Three months later the road was extended to US 59 on the other side of New Willard and the route was changed to Loop 116. Spur 117 State Highway Spur 117LocationBexar CountyLength0.547 mi (880 m)ExistedApril 14, 1980–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 117KML is not from Wikidata Spur 117 is located in San Antonio. It begins at I-410 on the southeast side of the city. The route heads northwest along W.W. White Road for 0.55 miles (890 m) before ending at Loop 13 (Military Drive). Spur 117 was designated on April 14, 1980, on the current route. Spur 117 was proposed for decommissioning in 2014 as part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback proposal, which would have turned back over 129 miles of roads to the city of San Antonio, but the city of San Antonio rejected that proposal. Spur 117 (1941) State Highway Spur 117LocationHill CountyExistedFebruary 4, 1941–April 8, 1952 Spur 117 was originally designated in Hill County on February 4, 1941, connecting Mount Calm to SH 31. The Spur 117 designation was cancelled on February 21, 1952, and its mileage was transferred to FM 1662 (later FM 737, now FM 339). Spur 118 State Highway Spur 118LocationDenton CountyExistedFebruary 4, 1941–September 26, 1996 Spur 118 was designated on February 4, 1941, as a spur off Loop 118 in Roanoke to US 377. On September 26, 1996, Spur 118 became a portion of Loop 118 when it was rerouted onto the spur and the former portion of Loop 118 was removed and returned to the city of Roanoke. Spur 119 State Highway Spur 119LocationHutchinson CountyLength1.530 mi (2.462 km)ExistedFebruary 4, 1941–present Spur 119 is located in Hutchinson County. It runs from SH 139/SH 207 in Borger to Whitenburg Avenue in Phillips. Spur 119 was designated on February 4, 1941, on the current route. On August 31, 1964, a 0.235-mile (0.378 km) section in Phillips was removed. Spur 121 State Highway Spur 121LocationBrewster CountyExistedMay 29, 1941–February 20, 1946 Spur 121 was designated on May 29, 1941, from SH 227 to Terlingua as a replacement of a section of SH 118 (this section was formerly a spur of SH 227 before 1939). On February 20, 1946, Spur 121 was cancelled: a 0.4 mile portion in Big Bend National Park was turned over to the National Park Service and the remainder was removed from the highway system altogether. The route later became a portion of RM 2462 (now FM 170). Spur 122 State Highway Spur 122LocationBexar CountyLength5.664 mi (9.115 km)ExistedJune 4, 1964–present Main article: Texas State Highway Spur 122 Spur 122 is located in San Antonio. It runs from Loop 13 to US 181. Spur 122 was designated on June 4, 1964, from I-37 southeast of San Antonio east to then-US 181. On January 29, 1974, the route was transferred to US 181 and Spur 122 was reassigned to former US 181 from Loop 13 to US 181. Spur 122 (1941) State Highway Spur 122LocationParmer CountyExistedJuly 1, 1941–January 14, 1952 The original Spur 122 was designated on July 1, 1941, from US 60 to SH 86 in Bovina. On January 14, 1952, Spur 122 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1731. Spur 125 State Highway Spur 125LocationWashington CountyLength0.601 mi (967 m)ExistedSeptember 26, 1945–present Spur 125 is located in Burton. It runs from US 290 east of Burton to FM 390 in Burton. Spur 125 was designated on September 26, 1945, on the current route as a redesignation of Loop 125 when a section was transferred to FM 390. Spur 126 State Highway Spur 126LocationTom Green CountyLength0.225 mi (362 m)ExistedSeptember 23, 1941–present Spur 126 is located in San Angelo. It runs from FM 388 to FM 1223. Spur 126 was designated on September 23, 1941, from US 87 (later Loop 378, now FM 1223) south of San Angelo to a connection with Avenue K in San Angelo. On March 29, 1988, a 0.1-mile (0.16 km) section from FM 388 north to Avenue K was removed from the highway system and returned to the city of San Angelo. Spur 128 State Highway Spur 128LocationKarnes CountyExistedOctober 24, 1941–May 19, 1970 Spur 128 was designated on October 24, 1941, from SH 123 to Cestohowa. On May 19, 1970, Spur 128 was cancelled and transferred to FM 3191. Spur 129 State Highway Spur 129LocationGrayson CountyLength0.277 mi (446 m)ExistedSeptember 26, 2002–present Spur 129 is located in Whitesboro. It runs from US 377 at Locust Street to SH 56. Spur 129 was designated on September 26, 2002, on the current route. Spur 129 (1941) State Highway Spur 129LocationKarnes CountyExistedOctober 24, 1941–January 23, 1948 The first use of the Spur 129 designation was in Karnes County, from SH 123 to Panna Maria. Spur 129 was cancelled on January 23, 1948, and transferred to FM 886 (now FM 81). Spur 129 (1962) State Highway Spur 129LocationWise CountyExistedApril 30, 1962–June 21, 1990 The next use of the Spur 129 designation was in Wise County, from SH 114 in Bridgeport east and north 1.1 miles (1.8 km) to SH 24. Spur 129 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 380 (now Loop 373). Spur 131 State Highway Spur 131LocationGonzales CountyLength0.316 mi (509 m)ExistedJanuary 18, 1960–present Spur 131 is located in Gonzales. It runs from SH 97/US 90 Alt. to SH 97. Spur 131 was designated on January 18, 1960, on the current route. Spur 131 (1941) State Highway Spur 131LocationParker CountyExistedNovember 24, 1941–March 26, 1942 The original Spur 131 was designated on November 26, 1941, from US 80 (now I-20) to Aledo. Spur 131 was cancelled on March 26, 1942, in exchange for being redesignated as FM 5 (now FM 1187). Spur 133 State Highway Spur 133LocationHardeman CountyLength3.055 mi (4.917 km)ExistedMarch 12, 1942–present Spur 133 is located in Quanah. It runs from Loop 285 west of Quanah to FM 2568. There is a concurrency with SH 6. Spur 133 was designated on March 12, 1942, from SH 283 at Third and Main Streets in Quanah, west along Third Street to US 287 (now Loop 285) west of Quanah as a redesignation of Loop 133. On August 31, 1967, a section along Nelson Street to FM 2568 was added, creating a concurrency with SH 283 (now SH 6). Spur 134 State Highway Spur 134LocationTitus CountyLength0.470 mi (756 m)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present Spur 134 is located in Mount Pleasant. It runs from US 67 to US 271. Spur 134 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 67 west of Mount Pleasant to US 271 (now Bus. US 271) in the business district of Mount Pleasant. On July 2, 1964, the route was shortened to end at then-new US 271; the old route was replaced by FM 899 and rerouted US 271. Although the route maintained a connection to US 271, this was removed in 2012 when US 271 was bypassed around Mount Pleasant. On June 26, 2014, Spur 134 was rerouted over a section of US 67 to US 271. Spur 135 State Highway Spur 135LocationNewton CountyLength0.425 mi (684 m)ExistedAugust 26, 1969–present Spur 135 is located in Newton County. It runs from FM 692 near Toledo Bend Dam to a parking lot near the dam. Spur 135 was designated on August 26, 1969, on the current route. Spur 135 (1942) State Highway Spur 136LocationBrazos CountyExistedMay 20, 1942–August 19, 1965 The original Spur 135 was designated on May 20, 1942, from FM 60 (former SH 230) southeast 1 mile (1.6 km) along the southeast side of Easterwood Airport to the center of the airport. Spur 135 was cancelled on August 19, 1965, and became a portion of FM 2818. Spur 136 State Highway Spur 136LocationJefferson CountyExistedMay 20, 1942–present Spur 136 is located in Jefferson County. It runs from SH 347 north of Port Arthur to Port Neches. Spur 136 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 69, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Port Arthur, northeast 5 miles (8.0 km) to Port Neches. On October 15, 1965, a 1.8-mile (2.9 km) section from SH 347 to US 69 was removed from the highway system as it was never built. Spur 137 State Highway Spur 137LocationHunt CountyLength0.400 mi (644 m)ExistedMarch 26, 2009–present Spur 137 is located in Hunt County. It runs from US 380 northwest of Greenville to a cul-de-sac at a Kansas City Railroad line. Spur 137 was designated on March 26, 2009, on the current route along a former routing of US 380. Spur 138 State Highway Spur 138LocationHunt CountyLength0.200 mi (322 m)ExistedMarch 26, 2009–present Spur 138 is located in Hunt County. It runs from a cul-de-sac at a Kansas City Railroad line to US 380 northwest of Greenville. Spur 138 was designated on March 26, 2009, on the current route along a former routing of US 380. Spur 138 (1942) State Highway Spur 138LocationNavarro CountyExistedAugust 1, 1942–November 10, 1947 The first use of the Spur 138 designation was in Navarro County, from SH 31 to Dawson. Spur 138 was cancelled on November 10, 1947, and became a portion of FM 709. Spur 138 (1960) State Highway Spur 138LocationDenton CountyExistedJanuary 18, 1960–December 19, 1991 Further information: Business routes of Interstate 35 § Sanger business loop The next use of the Spur 138 designation was in Denton County. This route is now Business I-35. Spur 139 State Highway Spur 139LocationLamar CountyLength0.650 mi (1,046 m)ExistedJanuary 25, 1962–present Spur 139 is located in Paris. It runs from US 82/US 287/Loop 286 to FM 195. Spur 139 was designated on January 25, 1962, on the current route along a former routing of Loop 286. Spur 140 State Highway Spur 140LocationHutchinson CountyLength0.777 mi (1,250 m)ExistedApril 2, 1969–present Spur 140 is located in Borger. It runs from SH 207 to Spur 119. Spur 140 was designated on April 2, 1969, on the current route as a redesignation of Loop 140 when a section was removed from the highway system. Spur 143 State Highway Spur 143LocationCollingsworth CountyExistedAugust 23, 1943–August 7, 1951 Spur 143 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 203 at Quail to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north. On August 7, 1951, Spur 143 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1056. Spur 144 State Highway Spur 144LocationUvalde CountyExistedAugust 15, 1961–present Spur 144 is located in Uvalde. It runs from US 83 along N. Getty Street to FM 2369. Spur 144 was designated on August 15, 1961, on the current route as a replacement of FM Spur 2369. Spur 145 State Highway Spur 145LocationBurleson CountyExistedDecember 16, 1943–December 18, 1953 Spur 145 was designated on December 16, 1943, from FM 60 to Snook. On December 18, 1953, Spur 145 was cancelled and transferred to FM 2155 (later FM Spur 2155). Spur 146 State Highway Spur 146LocationGonzales CountyLength2.237 mi (3.600 km)ExistedMay 30, 1961–present Spur 146 is located in Gonzales. It runs from US 90 Alt./FM 532 to SH 97/US 183. Spur 146 was designated on May 30, 1961, from US 90 Alt. near eastern Gonzales west to US 183 (now Bus. US 183) in Gonzales along an old routing of US 90 Alt. On April 27, 1995, by district request, the road was extended to new US 183. Spur 147 State Highway Spur 147LocationSmith CountyLength1.580 mi (2.543 km)ExistedJanuary 18, 1944–present Spur 147 is located in Tyler. It runs from US 69/SH 110 to US 271. Spur 147 was designated on January 18, 1944, from US 69 at Fenton Avenue and Queen Street along Bow Street to a point just east of Palace Avenue. On July 14, 1954, the road was extended east 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to FM 14. On May 31, 1965, the road was rerouted and extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) over a section of FM 14 to US 271. Spur 148 State Highway Spur 148LocationHudspeth CountyLength1.440 mi (2.317 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 148KML is not from Wikidata Spur 148 is located in Fort Hancock. It begins at SH 20 and travels northeastward through Fort Hancock along Knox Avenue before ending at I-10 exit 72. Spur 148 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 80 (now SH 20) north to Fort Hancock. On September 6, 1963, the road was extended north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to I-10. Spur 149 State Highway Spur 149LocationSabine CountyExistedFebruary 22, 1961–July 29, 1965 Spur 149 was designated on February 22, 1961, from then-US 96 in Brookeland to then-new US 96. On July 29, 1965, the road was extended south along old US 96 to new US 96 in Jasper County and the route was changed to Loop 149. Spur 150 State Highway Spur 150LocationKnox CountyExistedMarch 30, 1944–August 20, 1951 Spur 150 was designated on March 30, 1944, from SH 283 west 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to Truscott. On August 20, 1951, Spur 150 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1756. Spur 151 State Highway Spur 151LocationGrayson CountyExistedMay 18, 1944–January 26, 1946 Spur 151 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Denison to the then-new Denison Dam. On January 26, 1946, Spur 151 was cancelled and redesignated as SH 75A (now SH 91) as it connected with Oklahoma's OK-75A (now OK-91) at the state line. Spur 152 State Highway Spur 152LocationPanola CountyLength1.181 mi (1.901 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present Spur 152 is located in Beckville. It runs from SH 149 to FM 959. Spur 152 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 149 to Beckville. On December 13, 1962, the road was extended to FM 959. Spur 156 State Highway Spur 156LocationHarrison CountyLength0.723 mi (1,164 m)ExistedJanuary 14, 1963–present Spur 156 is located in Waskom. It runs from I-20 to US 80. Spur 156 was designated on January 14, 1963, on the current route. Spur 156 (1944) State Highway Spur 156LocationFreestone CountyExistedSeptember 14, 1944–July 15, 1948 The original Spur 156 was designated on September 14, 1944, from FM 27 to Kirvin. On September 9, 1947, the road was extended 2 miles to Woodland Cemetery. Spur 156 was cancelled ten months later and became a portion of FM 80; the extension to the cemetery became a portion of FM 1449 in 1957. Spur 158 State Highway Spur 158LocationWilliamson CountyLength2.076 mi (3.341 km)ExistedMay 25, 2006–present Spur 158 is located in Georgetown. Both of its termini are at I-35. Spur 158 was designated on May 25, 2006, from RM 2338 north to I-35 as a replacement of a section of Business I-35-M. On May 31, 2012, the southern terminus was extended north 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to I-35, replacing a section of RM 2338. Spur 159 State Highway Spur 159LocationCalhoun CountyLength2.300 mi (3.701 km)ExistedOctober 24, 1944–present Spur 159 is located in Port Alto. It runs from SH 172 to CR 307. Spur 159 was designated on October 24, 1944, on the current route. Spur 161 State Highway Spur 161LocationRains CountyLength0.428 mi (689 m)ExistedDecember 12, 1944–present Spur 161 is located in Point. It runs from US 69 to FM 514. Spur 161 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 69 at Point north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to Point School as well as 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south. Nine months later the section from US 69 south 0.5 miles (0.80 km) was cancelled because it was already part of FM 514. Spur 162 State Highway Spur 162LocationAtascosa CountyLength2.140 mi (3.444 km)ExistedFebruary 19, 1959–present Spur 162 is located in Jourdanton. It runs from SH 97 to SH 16 (former SH 173). Spur 162 was designated on February 19, 1959, on the current route. Spur 162 (1945) State Highway Spur 162LocationUpshur CountyExistedJanuary 11, 1945–July 16, 1949 The original Spur 162 was designated on January 11, 1945, from SH 26 to Ore City. On July 16, 1949, Spur 162 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 450. Spur 163 State Highway Spur 163LocationHarris CountyExistedFebruary 27, 1945–March 24, 1954 Spur 163 was designated on February 27, 1945, from US 59 and S Main Street along US 59 Business to Houston. On March 24, 1954, Spur 163 was cancelled and replaced by a rerouted US 59. Spur 164 State Highway Spur 164LocationSmith CountyLength1.000 mi (1.609 km)ExistedFebruary 28, 1945–present Spur 164 is located near Tyler in unincorporated Smith County. It is a two-lane roadway that is signed as Greenbriar Road; the road continues past both of Spur 164's termini as County Road 1125. State maintenance begins at Greenbriar Lake Road, approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) north of an intersection with Spur 364. The southern terminus is also at the entrance to the now-defunct Tyler State Fish Hatchery. The highway travels north, crossing the Union Pacific Railroad, before ending at SH 31. The road was designated as SH 140 in 1929. By 1935, the road was removed from the state highway system due to completion. Spur 164 was designated on February 28, 1945; its southern end has always been at its current location, as its purpose was to connect SH 31 to the Tyler State Fish Hatchery. Spur 364 was designated in 1962, but the Spur 164 designation was never extended to that route. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department ceased maintaining the Hatchery in 1998; however, TxDOT continues to maintain the route. Spur 165 State Highway Spur 165LocationSabine CountyLength0.582 mi (937 m)ExistedJuly 29, 1965–present Spur 165 is located in Brookeland. It runs from Loop 149 to Sam Rayburn Reservoir. Spur 165 was designated on July 29, 1965, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 705. Spur 165 (1945) State Highway Spur 165LocationParmer CountyExistedApril 30, 1945–May 22, 1948 The original Spur 165 was designated on April 30, 1945, from US 60 to Friona. On May 22, 1948, Spur 165 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 299 (now SH 214). Spur 169 State Highway Spur 169LocationKleberg CountyLength0.483 mi (777 m)ExistedAugust 24, 1945–present Spur 169 is located in Kingsville. It runs from SH 41 to the entrance of Texas A&M University–Kingsville. Spur 169 was designated on August 24, 1945, on the current route. Spur 171 State Highway Spur 171LocationOrange CountyExistedJanuary 18, 1946–March 5, 1953 Spur 171 was designated on January 18, 1946, from US 90 (now Bus. US 90) in Orange to the DuPont Plant. On March 5, 1953, Spur 171 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1006. Spur 172 State Highway Spur 172LocationBell CountyLength0.809 mi (1,302 m)ExistedMarch 20, 1946–present Spur 172 is located in Bell County. It runs from US 190/I-14 to the entrance of Fort Cavazos, formerly Fort Hood. Spur 172 was designated on March 20, 1946, on the current route as a replacement of War Highway 1. Spur 174 State Highway Spur 174LocationMadison CountyLength0.381 mi (613 m)ExistedMay 15, 1946–present Spur 174 is located in Madisonville. It runs from SH 90 to US 190. Spur 174 was designated on May 15, 1946, from US 75 (now SH 75) along Shine Street to SH 90. On April 18, 1985, a 0.2-mile (0.32 km) section along South Street was transferred to SH 90 while Spur 174 was rerouted over old SH 90 along Madison Street to US 190. Spur 176 State Highway Spur 176LocationHill CountyLength0.147 mi (237 m)ExistedJuly 31, 1946–present Spur 176 is located near Itasca. It runs from SH 81 (former US 81) to CR 4258. Spur 176 was designated on July 31, 1946, on the current route. Spur 178 Spur 178 (1946) State Highway Spur 178LocationTravis CountyExistedJune 4, 1946–August 24, 1954 The first use of the Spur 178 designation was in Travis County, from 7th Street and Chicon Street in Austin, east crossing Gonzales Street, then southeast to US 290 near SH 29 with a connection to 6th Street. On January 14, 1949, US 290 was rerouted over all of Spur 178 except for the connection from 7th Street to 6th Street along Pedernales Street. Spur 178 was cancelled on August 24, 1954, and returned to the city of Austin due to rerouting of US 183. Spur 178 (1958) State Highway Spur 178LocationHunt CountyExistedAugust 28, 1958–Present The next use of the Spur 178 designation was in Hunt County, from SH 11 south of Commerce, west along SH 11 Alternate and north along FM 513 to SH 24 in Commerce, replacing a section of FM 513. On May 1, 1965, the section from FM 513 to SH 24 was transferred to SH 50. On July 10, 1968, the road was extended west 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to then-proposed SH 24 (now SH 224) and north and northwest to SH 24 and the route was changed to Loop 178. Spur 180 State Highway Spur 180LocationHill CountyLength0.478 mi (769 m)ExistedJuly 21, 1961–present Spur 180 is located in Whitney. It runs from SH 22 northeast of Whitney to FM 933 at Jefferson and N. Brazos Streets in Whitney. Spur 180 was designated on July 21, 1961, as a replacement of Loop 180 when its southern section was transferred to FM 933. Spur 183 Spur 183 (1946) State Highway Spur 183LocationMills CountyExistedSeptember 12, 1946–December 13, 1953 The first use of the Spur 183 designation was in Mills County, from US 84 south 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to Star. Spur 183 was cancelled on December 13, 1953, and transferred to FM 1047. Spur 183 (1962) State Highway Spur 183LocationPolk CountyExistedJanuary 25, 1962–August 1, 1963 The next use of the Spur 183 designation was in Polk County, from US 190 to the headquarters of the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation. Spur 183 was cancelled on August 1, 1963, and transferred to FM 2865 (now PR 56). Spur 184 State Highway Spur 184LocationChildress CountyExistedMarch 18, 1947–October 9, 1973 Spur 184 was designated on March 18, 1947, from FM 94 (later FM 2042, now FM 3468), 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Childress, to Childress Army Air Field as a replacement of a section of War Highway 16. On October 9, 1973, Spur 184 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 164. Spur 185 State Highway Spur 185LocationTitus CountyLength0.788 mi (1,268 m)ExistedApril 30, 1947–present Spur 185 is located in Winfield. It runs from US 67 to I-30. Spur 185 was designated on April 30, 1947, on the current route. Spur 186 State Highway Spur 186LocationBastrop CountyLength0.179 mi (288 m)ExistedFebruary 14, 1947–present Spur 186 is located in Paige. It runs from CR 362 (old US 290) to US 290. The route is unsigned. Spur 186 was designated on February 14, 1947, on the current route. Spur 188 State Highway Spur 188LocationLipscomb CountyLength0.412 mi (663 m)ExistedAugust 1, 1947–present Spur 188 is located in Lipscomb. It runs from SH 305 to the courthouse in Lipscomb. Spur 188 was designated on August 1, 1947, on the current route. Spur 189 State Highway Spur 189LocationCallahan CountyExistedApril 30, 1947–May 26, 2005 Spur 189 was designated on April 30, 1947, from then-approved US 80 (now I-20) to old US 80 (now FM 18) in Clyde. On May 26, 2005, Spur 189 was cancelled by district request and returned to the city of Clyde. Spur 190 State Highway Spur 190LocationKarnes CountyLength0.341 mi (549 m)ExistedSeptember 9, 1947–present Spur 190 is located in Gillett. It runs from SH 80 west of Gillett to Gillett. Spur 190 was designated on September 9, 1947, on the current route. Spur 191 State Highway Spur 191LocationBurnet CountyLength1.060 mi (1.706 km)ExistedOctober 25, 1947–present Spur 191 is located in Spicewood. It runs from SH 71 (formerly RM 93) to Spicewood. Spur 191 was designated on October 25, 1947, on the current route. Spur 192 State Highway Spur 192LocationOchiltree CountyLength1.310 mi (2.108 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Spur 192 is located in Perryton. It runs from Loop 143, just west of US 83, to SH 15. Spur 192 was designated on November 24, 1959, on the current route. Spur 192 (1947) State Highway Spur 192LocationHill CountyExistedSeptember 9, 1947–April 22, 1958 The original Spur 192 was designated on September 9, 1947, from SH 171 to Bynum. On April 22, 1958, Spur 192 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1946. Spur 193 State Highway Spur 193LocationHill CountyExistedSeptember 9, 1947–June 24, 1952 Spur 193 was designated on September 9, 1947, from SH 171 to Malone. On June 24, 1952, Spur 193 was cancelled and transferred to FM 308. Spur 194 State Highway Spur 194LocationPecos CountyLength1.352 mi (2.176 km)ExistedDecember 10, 1946–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 194KML is not from Wikidata Spur 194 is located in Fort Stockton. Known as Railroad Avenue within the city and Old Alpine Road (proposed FM 3531) beyond, it begins at a point southwest of Fort Stockton where TxDOT takes over maintenance of the former highway to Alpine from the county. The route begins as a two-lane road, then becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane just outside the city limits. It runs to the northeast along the north side of the South Orient Rail Line before ending at US 385. Most of Spur 194 follows the original alignment of US 67 between Fort Stockton and Alpine along Old Alpine Road from 1932 until the current US 67 roadway was constructed to the west sometime after 1940. Spur 194 was designated on December 10, 1946, following a longer 2.0-mile (3.2 km) route that began at its present southern terminus at a former stockyard near a railroad crossing and extended further along the present US 385 terminating at what was then US 290 (now Business I-10). In 1949, the stretch of the current US 385 south of US 290 was designated as FM 1214 over a route that eventually was extended to Marathon. On October 24, 1956, FM 1214 was incorporated into a southern extension of SH 51. On August 28, 1958, SH 51 was cancelled and changed to US 385, and Spur 194 was truncated to avoid a dual designation over US 385 on December 10, 1959. Spur 195 State Highway Spur 195LocationCollin CountyLength1.000 mi (1.609 km)ExistedSeptember 29, 2016–present Spur 195 is located in Collin County. It runs from US 75 to SH 5. Spur 195 was designated on September 29, 2016, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 543. It runs along Laud Howell Pkwy. It is located in McKinney. Spur 195 (1947) State Highway Spur 195LocationWheeler CountyExistedAugust 1, 1947–November 23, 1948 The first use of the Spur 195 designation was in Wheeler County, from US 83 to Briscoe. Spur 195 was cancelled on November 23, 1948, and became a portion of FM 1046. Spur 195 (2013) State Highway Spur 195LocationCollin CountyExistedDecember 19, 2013–September 29, 2016 The next use of the Spur 195 designation was in Collin County, from FM 455 to CR 206 as a replacement of a section of FM 543. Spur 195 was cancelled on September 29, 2016, and changed back to FM 543. Spur 196 State Highway Spur 196LocationMotley CountyLength0.781 mi (1,257 m)ExistedJanuary 27, 1948–present Spur 196 is located in Matador. It runs from SH 70 at Dundee Street along Dundee Street to US 62/US 70 at Willow Street. Spur 196 was designated on January 27, 1948, on the current route. Spur 197 State Highway Spur 197LocationGalveston CountyLength5.2 mi (8.4 km)ExistedSeptember 27, 2012–present Spur 197 is located in Texas City. It runs from 19th Avenue to SH 146. Spur 197 was designated on September 27, 2012, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 197 when its northern section was removed and returned to Texas City. Spur 197 (1943) State Highway Spur 197LocationWashington CountyLength0.39 mi (630 m)ExistedOctober 6, 1943–March 18, 1958 The original Spur 197 was designated on October 6, 1943, from FM 50 in Independence west 0.39 miles (0.63 km) to Old Baylor University Ruins as a replacement of a section of SH 211. Spur 197 was cancelled on March 15, 1958, and transferred to FM 390 and FM 390 Spur. Spur 199 State Highway Spur 199LocationAtascosa CountyExistedJune 23, 1981–present Spur 199 is located in Pleasanton. It runs from US 281 to I-37. Spur 199 was designated on June 23, 1981, on the current route. Spur 199 (1947) State Highway Spur 199LocationCameron CountyExistedDecember 17, 1947–June 30, 1961 The original Spur 199 was designated on December 17, 1947, from then approved-US 77 northwest of San Benito south 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to Sam Houston Boulevard and Stenger Street in San Benito. Spur 199 was cancelled on June 30, 1961, and removed from the highway system due to completion of US 83. References ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 100". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 27, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 101". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 102". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 103". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 104". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 105". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 106". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 107". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 108". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 110". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 111". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 112". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 113". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 114". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 115". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 116". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 117". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Davila, Vianna (November 20, 2013). "City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via MySA.com. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1662". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 737". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 339". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 118". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 119". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 121". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 122". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 125". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 126". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 128". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 129". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 886". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Business U.S. Highway No. 380-E". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 131". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 133". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 134". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ "Minute Order 113997" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. June 28, 2014. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 135". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 136". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 137". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 138". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 139". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 140". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 143". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 144". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 145". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 146". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 147". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 148". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved December 14, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 149". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 150". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 151". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 152". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 156". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1449". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 158". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 159". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 161". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 162". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 163". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 164". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 840. Retrieved December 23, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 364". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2011. ^ Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. "Jan. 21-22, 1998 Commission Meeting Agenda – Conservation Committee". Retrieved April 18, 2011. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 165". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 169". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 171". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 172". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 174". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 176". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 178". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 180". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 183". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 184". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 185". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 197". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 188". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 189". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 190". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 191". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 192". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 193". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 194". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1358. Retrieved December 14, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "U.S. Highway No. 67". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ General Highway Map, Pecos County, Texas (Map) (1936 ed.). 1 in=2 mi. Partially revised. Texas State Highway Department. February 1, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1214". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 51". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "U.S. Highway No. 385". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 195". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 21, 2020. ^ Texas Transportation Commission (December 19, 2013). "Minute Order 113809" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. ^ Texas Transportation Commission (September 29, 2016). "Minute Order 114729" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 196". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 197". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 197". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 199". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"State highway spurs in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of state highway spurs in Texas (100–199)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 100 is located in Kerr County. It runs from SH 27 to the entrance of the American Legion Cemetery.Spur 100 was designated on May 9, 1940, on the current route as a replacement of SH 264.","title":"Spur 100"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 101 was designated on May 9, 1940, from SH 259 (now SH 42), 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the Rusk–Gregg county line to SH 26 (now US 259), 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the Rusk–Gregg county line as a replacement of SH 277. On September 29, 1992, Spur 101 was rerouted along Houston Street (former SH 42 and Spur 378); the old route along Woodlawn Street became SH 42. On February 28, 2008, Spur 101 was cancelled and removed from the highway system.","title":"Spur 101"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 102 is located in Johnson County. It runs from US 67 to the entrance of Southwestern Adventist University in Keene.Spur 102 was designated on May 9, 1940, on the current route as a replacement of SH 292.","title":"Spur 102"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 103 is a designation applied to two different highways. No highway currently uses the Spur 103 designation.","title":"Spur 103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newby,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Spur 103 (1940)","text":"The first use of the Spur 103 designation was in Leon County, from US 79 east of Jewett to Newby. Spur 103 was cancelled on August 25, 1949, and became a portion of FM 1512.","title":"Spur 103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapevine,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 103 (1960)","text":"The next use of the Spur 103 designation was in Tarrant County, from then-SH 121 in Grapevine south along an extension of Main Street to then-proposed SH 114. On October 26, 2006, Spur 103 was cancelled and returned to the city of Grapevine.","title":"Spur 103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madisonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madisonville,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 104 is located in Madisonville. It runs from SH 75 (old US 75) to I-45.Spur 104 was designated on June 27, 1963, on the current route.","title":"Spur 104"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosse,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 104 (1940)","text":"The original Spur 104 was designated on May 21, 1940, from SH 14 in Kosse east two blocks along Washington Street to Narcissus Street. Spur 104 was cancelled on June 12, 1956, and transferred to SH 7.","title":"Spur 104"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munday,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 105 was designated on July 1, 1940, from SH 222 to Munday. This was formerly SH 222 before 1939. On January 7, 1948, Spur 105 was cancelled and became an extension of SH 222.","title":"Spur 105"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 106 was designated on June 29, 1940, from US 81, along E. Hildebrand Avenue to US 281 near northern San Antonio. On April 14, 1943, Spur 106 was cancelled.","title":"Spur 106"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurry,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 107 was designated on July 1, 1940, from SH 34 to the business district of Scurry. On March 11, 1949, Spur 107 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 148.","title":"Spur 107"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 108 was designated on July 1, 1940, from US 281 to Lipan. On March 26, 1942, Spur 108 was cancelled in exchange for being redesignated as FM 7 (now FM 4).","title":"Spur 108"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 110 was designated on July 1, 1940, from US 81 to Abbott. On July 14, 1949, Spur 110 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1242.","title":"Spur 110"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 111 was designated on August 27, 1940, from SH 70 at Spur (moved to Loop 21 in 1942) west to the State Experimental Farm. On November 6, 1948, Spur 111 was cancelled and redesignated as FM 836 (later FM Spur 836, now FM 2794).","title":"Spur 111"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 112 is located in Lyford. It runs from Bus. US 77 to I-69E/US 77.Spur 112 was designated on July 30, 1965, on the current route.","title":"Spur 112"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denhawken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denhawken,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Spur 112 (1940)","text":"The original Spur 112 was designated on October 22, 1940, from SH 123 to Denhawken. On December 8, 1949, Spur 112 was cancelled and became an extension of FM 1347.","title":"Spur 112"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"William R. Boyd Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Boyd_Unit"}],"text":"Spur 113 is located in Freestone County. It runs from US 84 southwest of Fairfield to the William R. Boyd Unit.Spur 113 was designated on March 24, 1993, on the current route.","title":"Spur 113"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kosciusko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosciusko,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 113 (1940)","text":"The original Spur 113 was designated on October 22, 1940, from SH 123 to Kosciusko. On February 16, 1948, Spur 113 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 541.","title":"Spur 113"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetman,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 114 is located in Streetman. It runs from I-45 to SH 75 (old US 75).Spur 114 was designated on November 16, 1964, on the current route.","title":"Spur 114"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 114 (1940)","text":"The original Spur 114 was designated on August 27, 1940, from US 96 at Woodworth Boulevard and 16th Street in Port Arthur along Woodworth Boulevard to the intersection of Proctor Street and Woodworth Boulevard. The route was to be signed as US 96 Business, rather than Spur 114, when construction on Spur 114 was completed. On September 21, 1950, the road was extended along Proctor Street and Houston Avenue (both also signed as US 96 Business) to US 96/SH 87 at 16th Street and Houston Avenue and the route was changed to Loop 114.","title":"Spur 114"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 115 is located in Hidalgo County. It runs from Bus. US 83 (former Loop 374) in McAllen to US 281 (former Spur 241) in Hidalgo.Spur 115 was designated on June 4, 1970, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 1926.","title":"Spur 115"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caddo Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Josephine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 115 (1940)","text":"The original Spur 115 was designated on November 22, 1940, from US 67 at or near Caddo Mills to Josephine. Spur 115 was cancelled on March 29, 1942, in exchange for being redesignated as FM 6.","title":"Spur 115"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Willard,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Spur 116 was designated on December 19, 1940, from US 59 to New Willard. Three months later the road was extended to US 59 on the other side of New Willard and the route was changed to Loop 116.","title":"Spur 116"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_117&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_117&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_117"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnback_rejected-18"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 117KML is not from WikidataSpur 117 is located in San Antonio. It begins at I-410 on the southeast side of the city. The route heads northwest along W.W. White Road for 0.55 miles (890 m) before ending at Loop 13 (Military Drive).Spur 117 was designated on April 14, 1980, on the current route. Spur 117 was proposed for decommissioning in 2014 as part of TxDOT's San Antonio turnback proposal, which would have turned back over 129 miles of roads to the city of San Antonio, but the city of San Antonio rejected that proposal.[18]","title":"Spur 117"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mount Calm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Calm,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_117-17"},{"link_name":"FM 1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1662"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1662-19"},{"link_name":"FM 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_737"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_737-20"},{"link_name":"FM 339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_339"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_339-21"}],"sub_title":"Spur 117 (1941)","text":"Spur 117 was originally designated in Hill County on February 4, 1941, connecting Mount Calm to SH 31.[17] The Spur 117 designation was cancelled on February 21, 1952, and its mileage was transferred to FM 1662[19] (later FM 737,[20] now FM 339[21]).","title":"Spur 117"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 118 was designated on February 4, 1941, as a spur off Loop 118 in Roanoke to US 377. On September 26, 1996, Spur 118 became a portion of Loop 118 when it was rerouted onto the spur and the former portion of Loop 118 was removed and returned to the city of Roanoke.","title":"Spur 118"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutchinson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 119 is located in Hutchinson County. It runs from SH 139/SH 207 in Borger to Whitenburg Avenue in Phillips.Spur 119 was designated on February 4, 1941, on the current route. On August 31, 1964, a 0.235-mile (0.378 km) section in Phillips was removed.","title":"Spur 119"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terlingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terlingua,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 121 was designated on May 29, 1941, from SH 227 to Terlingua as a replacement of a section of SH 118 (this section was formerly a spur of SH 227 before 1939). On February 20, 1946, Spur 121 was cancelled: a 0.4 mile portion in Big Bend National Park was turned over to the National Park Service and the remainder was removed from the highway system altogether. The route later became a portion of RM 2462 (now FM 170).","title":"Spur 121"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 122 is located in San Antonio. It runs from Loop 13 to US 181.Spur 122 was designated on June 4, 1964, from I-37 southeast of San Antonio east to then-US 181. On January 29, 1974, the route was transferred to US 181 and Spur 122 was reassigned to former US 181 from Loop 13 to US 181.","title":"Spur 122"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovina,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 122 (1941)","text":"The original Spur 122 was designated on July 1, 1941, from US 60 to SH 86 in Bovina. On January 14, 1952, Spur 122 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1731.","title":"Spur 122"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 125 is located in Burton. It runs from US 290 east of Burton to FM 390 in Burton.Spur 125 was designated on September 26, 1945, on the current route as a redesignation of Loop 125 when a section was transferred to FM 390.","title":"Spur 125"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 126 is located in San Angelo. It runs from FM 388 to FM 1223.Spur 126 was designated on September 23, 1941, from US 87 (later Loop 378, now FM 1223) south of San Angelo to a connection with Avenue K in San Angelo. On March 29, 1988, a 0.1-mile (0.16 km) section from FM 388 north to Avenue K was removed from the highway system and returned to the city of San Angelo.","title":"Spur 126"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cestohowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestohowa,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 128 was designated on October 24, 1941, from SH 123 to Cestohowa. On May 19, 1970, Spur 128 was cancelled and transferred to FM 3191.","title":"Spur 128"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesboro,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 129 is located in Whitesboro. It runs from US 377 at Locust Street to SH 56.Spur 129 was designated on September 26, 2002, on the current route.","title":"Spur 129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panna Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panna_Maria,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_886-30"}],"sub_title":"Spur 129 (1941)","text":"The first use of the Spur 129 designation was in Karnes County, from SH 123 to Panna Maria. Spur 129 was cancelled on January 23, 1948, and transferred to FM 886[30] (now FM 81).","title":"Spur 129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU_380-E-31"}],"sub_title":"Spur 129 (1962)","text":"The next use of the Spur 129 designation was in Wise County, from SH 114 in Bridgeport east and north 1.1 miles (1.8 km) to SH 24. Spur 129 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Bus. US 380[31] (now Loop 373).","title":"Spur 129"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 131 is located in Gonzales. It runs from SH 97/US 90 Alt. to SH 97.Spur 131 was designated on January 18, 1960, on the current route.","title":"Spur 131"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aledo,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 131 (1941)","text":"The original Spur 131 was designated on November 26, 1941, from US 80 (now I-20) to Aledo. Spur 131 was cancelled on March 26, 1942, in exchange for being redesignated as FM 5 (now FM 1187).","title":"Spur 131"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanah,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 133 is located in Quanah. It runs from Loop 285 west of Quanah to FM 2568. There is a concurrency with SH 6.Spur 133 was designated on March 12, 1942, from SH 283 at Third and Main Streets in Quanah, west along Third Street to US 287 (now Loop 285) west of Quanah as a redesignation of Loop 133. On August 31, 1967, a section along Nelson Street to FM 2568 was added, creating a concurrency with SH 283 (now SH 6).","title":"Spur 133"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Spur 134 is located in Mount Pleasant. It runs from US 67 to US 271.Spur 134 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 67 west of Mount Pleasant to US 271 (now Bus. US 271) in the business district of Mount Pleasant. On July 2, 1964, the route was shortened to end at then-new US 271; the old route was replaced by FM 899 and rerouted US 271. Although the route maintained a connection to US 271, this was removed in 2012 when US 271 was bypassed around Mount Pleasant. On June 26, 2014, Spur 134 was rerouted over a section of US 67 to US 271.[35]","title":"Spur 134"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 135 is located in Newton County. It runs from FM 692 near Toledo Bend Dam to a parking lot near the dam.Spur 135 was designated on August 26, 1969, on the current route.","title":"Spur 135"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easterwood Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterwood_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Spur 135 (1942)","text":"The original Spur 135 was designated on May 20, 1942, from FM 60 (former SH 230) southeast 1 mile (1.6 km) along the southeast side of Easterwood Airport to the center of the airport. Spur 135 was cancelled on August 19, 1965, and became a portion of FM 2818.","title":"Spur 135"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 136 is located in Jefferson County. It runs from SH 347 north of Port Arthur to Port Neches.Spur 136 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 69, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Port Arthur, northeast 5 miles (8.0 km) to Port Neches. On October 15, 1965, a 1.8-mile (2.9 km) section from SH 347 to US 69 was removed from the highway system as it was never built.","title":"Spur 136"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 137 is located in Hunt County. It runs from US 380 northwest of Greenville to a cul-de-sac at a Kansas City Railroad line.Spur 137 was designated on March 26, 2009, on the current route along a former routing of US 380.","title":"Spur 137"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 138 is located in Hunt County. It runs from a cul-de-sac at a Kansas City Railroad line to US 380 northwest of Greenville.Spur 138 was designated on March 26, 2009, on the current route along a former routing of US 380.","title":"Spur 138"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 138 (1942)","text":"The first use of the Spur 138 designation was in Navarro County, from SH 31 to Dawson. Spur 138 was cancelled on November 10, 1947, and became a portion of FM 709.","title":"Spur 138"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Business routes of Interstate 35 § Sanger business loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_routes_of_Interstate_35#Sanger_business_loop"},{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_routes_of_Interstate_35#Sanger_business_loop"}],"sub_title":"Spur 138 (1960)","text":"Further information: Business routes of Interstate 35 § Sanger business loopThe next use of the Spur 138 designation was in Denton County. This route is now Business I-35.","title":"Spur 138"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 139 is located in Paris. It runs from US 82/US 287/Loop 286 to FM 195.Spur 139 was designated on January 25, 1962, on the current route along a former routing of Loop 286.","title":"Spur 139"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borger,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 140 is located in Borger. It runs from SH 207 to Spur 119.Spur 140 was designated on April 2, 1969, on the current route as a redesignation of Loop 140 when a section was removed from the highway system.","title":"Spur 140"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 143 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 203 at Quail to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north. On August 7, 1951, Spur 143 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1056.","title":"Spur 143"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 144 is located in Uvalde. It runs from US 83 along N. Getty Street to FM 2369.Spur 144 was designated on August 15, 1961, on the current route as a replacement of FM Spur 2369.","title":"Spur 144"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snook,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 145 was designated on December 16, 1943, from FM 60 to Snook. On December 18, 1953, Spur 145 was cancelled and transferred to FM 2155 (later FM Spur 2155).","title":"Spur 145"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 146 is located in Gonzales. It runs from US 90 Alt./FM 532 to SH 97/US 183.Spur 146 was designated on May 30, 1961, from US 90 Alt. near eastern Gonzales west to US 183 (now Bus. US 183) in Gonzales along an old routing of US 90 Alt. On April 27, 1995, by district request, the road was extended to new US 183.","title":"Spur 146"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 147 is located in Tyler. It runs from US 69/SH 110 to US 271.Spur 147 was designated on January 18, 1944, from US 69 at Fenton Avenue and Queen Street along Bow Street to a point just east of Palace Avenue. On July 14, 1954, the road was extended east 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to FM 14. On May 31, 1965, the road was rerouted and extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) over a section of FM 14 to US 271.","title":"Spur 147"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_148&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_148&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_148"},{"link_name":"Fort Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1179-48"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_148-47"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 148KML is not from WikidataSpur 148 is located in Fort Hancock. It begins at SH 20 and travels northeastward through Fort Hancock along Knox Avenue before ending at I-10 exit 72.[48]Spur 148 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 80 (now SH 20) north to Fort Hancock. On September 6, 1963, the road was extended north 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to I-10.[47]","title":"Spur 148"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookeland,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 149 was designated on February 22, 1961, from then-US 96 in Brookeland to then-new US 96. On July 29, 1965, the road was extended south along old US 96 to new US 96 in Jasper County and the route was changed to Loop 149.","title":"Spur 149"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truscott,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 150 was designated on March 30, 1944, from SH 283 west 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to Truscott. On August 20, 1951, Spur 150 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 1756.","title":"Spur 150"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denison Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison_Dam"},{"link_name":"SH 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_91"}],"text":"Spur 151 was designated on May 18, 1944, from Denison to the then-new Denison Dam. On January 26, 1946, Spur 151 was cancelled and redesignated as SH 75A (now SH 91) as it connected with Oklahoma's OK-75A (now OK-91) at the state line.","title":"Spur 151"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beckville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckville,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 152 is located in Beckville. It runs from SH 149 to FM 959.Spur 152 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 149 to Beckville. On December 13, 1962, the road was extended to FM 959.","title":"Spur 152"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskom,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 156 is located in Waskom. It runs from I-20 to US 80.Spur 156 was designated on January 14, 1963, on the current route.","title":"Spur 156"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Spur 156 (1944)","text":"The original Spur 156 was designated on September 14, 1944, from FM 27 to Kirvin. On September 9, 1947, the road was extended 2 miles to Woodland Cemetery. Spur 156 was cancelled ten months later and became a portion of FM 80; the extension to the cemetery became a portion of FM 1449 in 1957.[54]","title":"Spur 156"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 158 is located in Georgetown. Both of its termini are at I-35.Spur 158 was designated on May 25, 2006, from RM 2338 north to I-35 as a replacement of a section of Business I-35-M. On May 31, 2012, the southern terminus was extended north 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to I-35, replacing a section of RM 2338.","title":"Spur 158"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alto,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 159 is located in Port Alto. It runs from SH 172 to CR 307.Spur 159 was designated on October 24, 1944, on the current route.","title":"Spur 159"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 161 is located in Point. It runs from US 69 to FM 514.Spur 161 was designated on December 12, 1944, from US 69 at Point north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to Point School as well as 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south. Nine months later the section from US 69 south 0.5 miles (0.80 km) was cancelled because it was already part of FM 514.","title":"Spur 161"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jourdanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdanton,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 162 is located in Jourdanton. It runs from SH 97 to SH 16 (former SH 173).Spur 162 was designated on February 19, 1959, on the current route.","title":"Spur 162"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ore City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_City,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 162 (1945)","text":"The original Spur 162 was designated on January 11, 1945, from SH 26 to Ore City. On July 16, 1949, Spur 162 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 450.","title":"Spur 162"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"}],"text":"Spur 163 was designated on February 27, 1945, from US 59 and S Main Street along US 59 Business to Houston. On March 24, 1954, Spur 163 was cancelled and replaced by a rerouted US 59.","title":"Spur 163"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_364"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_840-61"},{"link_name":"SH 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_140"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_164-60"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_364-62"},{"link_name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWPD_Agenda-63"}],"text":"Spur 164 is located near Tyler in unincorporated Smith County. It is a two-lane roadway that is signed as Greenbriar Road; the road continues past both of Spur 164's termini as County Road 1125. State maintenance begins at Greenbriar Lake Road, approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) north of an intersection with Spur 364. The southern terminus is also at the entrance to the now-defunct Tyler State Fish Hatchery. The highway travels north, crossing the Union Pacific Railroad, before ending at SH 31.[61]The road was designated as SH 140 in 1929. By 1935, the road was removed from the state highway system due to completion. Spur 164 was designated on February 28, 1945; its southern end has always been at its current location, as its purpose was to connect SH 31 to the Tyler State Fish Hatchery.[60] Spur 364 was designated in 1962, but the Spur 164 designation was never extended to that route.[62] The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department ceased maintaining the Hatchery in 1998; however, TxDOT continues to maintain the route.[63]","title":"Spur 164"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brookeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookeland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sam Rayburn Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir"}],"text":"Spur 165 is located in Brookeland. It runs from Loop 149 to Sam Rayburn Reservoir.Spur 165 was designated on July 29, 1965, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 705.","title":"Spur 165"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friona,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 165 (1945)","text":"The original Spur 165 was designated on April 30, 1945, from US 60 to Friona. On May 22, 1948, Spur 165 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 299 (now SH 214).","title":"Spur 165"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University–Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Kingsville"}],"text":"Spur 169 is located in Kingsville. It runs from SH 41 to the entrance of Texas A&M University–Kingsville.Spur 169 was designated on August 24, 1945, on the current route.","title":"Spur 169"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 171 was designated on January 18, 1946, from US 90 (now Bus. US 90) in Orange to the DuPont Plant. On March 5, 1953, Spur 171 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1006.","title":"Spur 171"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Cavazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cavazos"},{"link_name":"War Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_highways_in_Texas#War_Highway_1"}],"text":"Spur 172 is located in Bell County. It runs from US 190/I-14 to the entrance of Fort Cavazos, formerly Fort Hood.Spur 172 was designated on March 20, 1946, on the current route as a replacement of War Highway 1.","title":"Spur 172"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madisonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madisonville,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 174 is located in Madisonville. It runs from SH 90 to US 190.Spur 174 was designated on May 15, 1946, from US 75 (now SH 75) along Shine Street to SH 90. On April 18, 1985, a 0.2-mile (0.32 km) section along South Street was transferred to SH 90 while Spur 174 was rerouted over old SH 90 along Madison Street to US 190.","title":"Spur 174"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Itasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 176 is located near Itasca. It runs from SH 81 (former US 81) to CR 4258.Spur 176 was designated on July 31, 1946, on the current route.","title":"Spur 176"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spur 178"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 178 (1946)","text":"The first use of the Spur 178 designation was in Travis County, from 7th Street and Chicon Street in Austin, east crossing Gonzales Street, then southeast to US 290 near SH 29 with a connection to 6th Street. On January 14, 1949, US 290 was rerouted over all of Spur 178 except for the connection from 7th Street to 6th Street along Pedernales Street. Spur 178 was cancelled on August 24, 1954, and returned to the city of Austin due to rerouting of US 183.","title":"Spur 178"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 178 (1958)","text":"The next use of the Spur 178 designation was in Hunt County, from SH 11 south of Commerce, west along SH 11 Alternate and north along FM 513 to SH 24 in Commerce, replacing a section of FM 513. On May 1, 1965, the section from FM 513 to SH 24 was transferred to SH 50. On July 10, 1968, the road was extended west 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to then-proposed SH 24 (now SH 224) and north and northwest to SH 24 and the route was changed to Loop 178.","title":"Spur 178"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 180 is located in Whitney. It runs from SH 22 northeast of Whitney to FM 933 at Jefferson and N. Brazos Streets in Whitney.Spur 180 was designated on July 21, 1961, as a replacement of Loop 180 when its southern section was transferred to FM 933.","title":"Spur 180"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spur 183"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 183 (1946)","text":"The first use of the Spur 183 designation was in Mills County, from US 84 south 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to Star. Spur 183 was cancelled on December 13, 1953, and transferred to FM 1047.","title":"Spur 183"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 183 (1962)","text":"The next use of the Spur 183 designation was in Polk County, from US 190 to the headquarters of the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation. Spur 183 was cancelled on August 1, 1963, and transferred to FM 2865 (now PR 56).","title":"Spur 183"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spur 184 was designated on March 18, 1947, from FM 94 (later FM 2042, now FM 3468), 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Childress, to Childress Army Air Field as a replacement of a section of War Highway 16. On October 9, 1973, Spur 184 was cancelled and became a portion of FM 164.","title":"Spur 184"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 185 is located in Winfield. It runs from US 67 to I-30.Spur 185 was designated on April 30, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 185"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 186 is located in Paige. It runs from CR 362 (old US 290) to US 290. The route is unsigned.Spur 186 was designated on February 14, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 186"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipscomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscomb,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 188 is located in Lipscomb. It runs from SH 305 to the courthouse in Lipscomb.Spur 188 was designated on August 1, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 188"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 189 was designated on April 30, 1947, from then-approved US 80 (now I-20) to old US 80 (now FM 18) in Clyde. On May 26, 2005, Spur 189 was cancelled by district request and returned to the city of Clyde.","title":"Spur 189"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillett,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 190 is located in Gillett. It runs from SH 80 west of Gillett to Gillett.Spur 190 was designated on September 9, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 190"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spicewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicewood,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 191 is located in Spicewood. It runs from SH 71 (formerly RM 93) to Spicewood.Spur 191 was designated on October 25, 1947, on the current route.","title":"Spur 191"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perryton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryton,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 192 is located in Perryton. It runs from Loop 143, just west of US 83, to SH 15.Spur 192 was designated on November 24, 1959, on the current route.","title":"Spur 192"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bynum,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 192 (1947)","text":"The original Spur 192 was designated on September 9, 1947, from SH 171 to Bynum. On April 22, 1958, Spur 192 was cancelled and transferred to FM 1946.","title":"Spur 192"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malone,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 193 was designated on September 9, 1947, from SH 171 to Malone. On June 24, 1952, Spur 193 was cancelled and transferred to FM 308.","title":"Spur 193"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_194&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_194&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_194"},{"link_name":"Fort Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stockton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3531"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Orient Rail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Pacifico_Transportation"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1358-83"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_67-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1936_Pecos_Map_1-85"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_Business_(Fort_Stockton,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_194-82"},{"link_name":"FM 1214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1214"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1214-86"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_51-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_385-88"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_194-82"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Texas State Highway Spur 194KML is not from WikidataSpur 194 is located in Fort Stockton. Known as Railroad Avenue within the city and Old Alpine Road (proposed FM 3531) beyond, it begins at a point southwest of Fort Stockton where TxDOT takes over maintenance of the former highway to Alpine from the county. The route begins as a two-lane road, then becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane just outside the city limits. It runs to the northeast along the north side of the South Orient Rail Line before ending at US 385.[83]Most of Spur 194 follows the original alignment of US 67 between Fort Stockton and Alpine along Old Alpine Road from 1932[84] until the current US 67 roadway was constructed to the west sometime after 1940.[85] Spur 194 was designated on December 10, 1946, following a longer 2.0-mile (3.2 km) route that began at its present southern terminus at a former stockyard near a railroad crossing and extended further along the present US 385 terminating at what was then US 290 (now Business I-10).[82] In 1949, the stretch of the current US 385 south of US 290 was designated as FM 1214 over a route that eventually was extended to Marathon.[86] On October 24, 1956, FM 1214 was incorporated into a southern extension of SH 51.[87] On August 28, 1958, SH 51 was cancelled and changed to US 385,[88] and Spur 194 was truncated to avoid a dual designation over US 385 on December 10, 1959.[82]","title":"Spur 194"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 195 is located in Collin County. It runs from US 75 to SH 5.Spur 195 was designated on September 29, 2016, on the current route as a replacement of a section of FM 543. It runs along Laud Howell Pkwy. It is located in McKinney.","title":"Spur 195"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 195 (1947)","text":"The first use of the Spur 195 designation was in Wheeler County, from US 83 to Briscoe. Spur 195 was cancelled on November 23, 1948, and became a portion of FM 1046.","title":"Spur 195"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spur 195 (2013)","text":"The next use of the Spur 195 designation was in Collin County, from FM 455 to CR 206 as a replacement of a section of FM 543. Spur 195 was cancelled on September 29, 2016, and changed back to FM 543.","title":"Spur 195"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 196 is located in Matador. It runs from SH 70 at Dundee Street along Dundee Street to US 62/US 70 at Willow Street.Spur 196 was designated on January 27, 1948, on the current route.","title":"Spur 196"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_146"},{"link_name":"Loop 197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_197"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS_197-93"}],"text":"Spur 197 is located in Texas City. It runs from 19th Avenue to SH 146.Spur 197 was designated on September 27, 2012, on the current route as a replacement of a section of Loop 197 when its northern section was removed and returned to Texas City.[93]","title":"Spur 197"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_50"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_211"},{"link_name":"FM 390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_390"},{"link_name":"FM 390 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_390_Spur"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_197-94"}],"sub_title":"Spur 197 (1943)","text":"The original Spur 197 was designated on October 6, 1943, from FM 50 in Independence west 0.39 miles (0.63 km) to Old Baylor University Ruins as a replacement of a section of SH 211. Spur 197 was cancelled on March 15, 1958, and transferred to FM 390 and FM 390 Spur.[94]","title":"Spur 197"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleasanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_Texas"}],"text":"Spur 199 is located in Pleasanton. It runs from US 281 to I-37.Spur 199 was designated on June 23, 1981, on the current route.","title":"Spur 199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Spur 199 (1947)","text":"The original Spur 199 was designated on December 17, 1947, from then approved-US 77 northwest of San Benito south 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to Sam Houston Boulevard and Stenger Street in San Benito. Spur 199 was cancelled on June 30, 1961, and removed from the highway system due to completion of US 83.","title":"Spur 199"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 100\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0100.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 101\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0101.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 101\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 102\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0102.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 102\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 103\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0103.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 103\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 104\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0104.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 104\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 105\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0105.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 105\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 106\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0106.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 106\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 107\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0107.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 107\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0108.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 108\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 110\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0110.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 110\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 111\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0111.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 111\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 112\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0112.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 112\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 113\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0113.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 113\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 114\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0114.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 114\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 115\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0115.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 116\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0116.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 116\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 117\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0117.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 117\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Davila, Vianna (November 20, 2013). \"City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program\". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 10, 2020 – via MySA.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/City-officials-say-no-to-TxDOT-turnback-program-4997151.php","url_text":"\"City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1662\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1662.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1662\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 737\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0737.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 737\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 339\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0339.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 339\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 118\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0118.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 118\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 119\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0119.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 119\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 121\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0121.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 121\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 122\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0122.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 122\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 125\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0125.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 125\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 126\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0126.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 126\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 128\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0128.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 128\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 129\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0129.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 129\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 886\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0886.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 886\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Business U.S. Highway No. 380-E\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/BU/BU0380E.htm","url_text":"\"Business U.S. Highway No. 380-E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 131\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0131.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 131\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 133\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0133.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 133\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 134\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0134.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 134\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 113997\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. June 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/113997.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 113997\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 135\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0135.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 135\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 136\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0136.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 136\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 137\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0137.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 137\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 138\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0138.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 138\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 139\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0139.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 139\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 140\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0140.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 140\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 143\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0143.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 143\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 144\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0144.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 144\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 145\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0145.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 145\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 146\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0146.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 146\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 147\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0147.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 147\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 148\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0148.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 148\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1179. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 149\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0149.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 149\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 150\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0150.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 150\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 151\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0151.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 151\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 152\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0152.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 152\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 156\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0156.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1449\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1449.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1449\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 158\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0158.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 158\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 159\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0159.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 159\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 161\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0161.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 161\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 162\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0162.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 162\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 163\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0163.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 163\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 164\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0164.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 164\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 840. Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/840.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 364\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0364.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 364\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. \"Jan. 21-22, 1998 Commission Meeting Agenda – Conservation Committee\". Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department","url_text":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department"},{"url":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/business/feedback/meetings/1998/0122/agenda/conservation_committee/","url_text":"\"Jan. 21-22, 1998 Commission Meeting Agenda – Conservation Committee\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 165\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0165.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 165\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 169\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0169.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 169\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 171\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0171.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 171\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 172\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0172.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 172\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 174\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0174.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 174\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 176\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0176.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 176\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 178\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0178.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 178\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 180\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0180.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 180\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 183\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0183.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 183\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 184\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0184.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 184\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 185\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0185.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 185\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 197\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0197.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 197\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 188\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0188.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 188\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 189\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0189.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 189\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 190\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0190.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 190\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 191\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0191.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 191\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 192\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0192.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 192\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 193\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0193.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 193\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 194\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0194.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 194\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1358. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1358.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"U.S. Highway No. 67\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0067.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. Highway No. 67\""}]},{"reference":"General Highway Map, Pecos County, Texas (Map) (1936 ed.). 1 in=2 mi. Partially revised. Texas State Highway Department. February 1, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/aris/maps/maplookup.php?mapnum=4969","url_text":"General Highway Map, Pecos County, Texas"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1214\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1214.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1214\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 51\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"U.S. Highway No. 385\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0385.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. Highway No. 385\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 195\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0195.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 195\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas Transportation Commission (December 19, 2013). \"Minute Order 113809\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/113809.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 113809\""}]},{"reference":"Texas Transportation Commission (September 29, 2016). \"Minute Order 114729\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2016/0929/12e1.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 114729\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 196\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0196.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 196\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 197\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0197.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 197\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 197\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0197.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 197\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 199\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0199.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 199\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_117&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_117&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_148&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_148&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_194&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_194&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0100.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0101.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 101\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0102.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 102\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0103.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 103\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0104.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 104\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0105.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 105\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0106.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 106\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0107.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 107\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0108.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 108\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0110.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 110\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0111.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 111\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0112.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 112\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0113.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 113\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0114.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 114\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0115.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 115\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0116.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 116\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0117.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 117\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/City-officials-say-no-to-TxDOT-turnback-program-4997151.php","external_links_name":"\"City officials say no to TxDOT turnback program\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1662.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1662\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0737.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 737\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0339.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 339\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0118.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 118\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0119.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 119\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0121.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 121\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0122.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 122\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0125.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 125\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0126.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 126\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0128.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 128\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0129.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 129\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0886.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 886\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/BU/BU0380E.htm","external_links_name":"\"Business U.S. Highway No. 380-E\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0131.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 131\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0133.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 133\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0134.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 134\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/113997.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 113997\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0135.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 135\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0136.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 136\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0137.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 137\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0138.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 138\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0139.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 139\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0140.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 140\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0143.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 143\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0144.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 144\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0145.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 145\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0146.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 146\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0147.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 147\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0148.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 148\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1179.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0149.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 149\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0150.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 150\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0151.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 151\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0152.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 152\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0156.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 156\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1449.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1449\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0158.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 158\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0159.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 159\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0161.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 161\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0162.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 162\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0163.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 163\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0164.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 164\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/840.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0364.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 364\""},{"Link":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/business/feedback/meetings/1998/0122/agenda/conservation_committee/","external_links_name":"\"Jan. 21-22, 1998 Commission Meeting Agenda – Conservation Committee\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0165.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 165\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0169.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 169\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0171.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 171\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0172.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 172\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0174.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 174\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0176.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 176\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0178.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 178\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0180.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 180\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0183.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 183\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0184.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 184\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0185.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 185\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0197.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 197\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0188.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 188\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0189.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 189\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0190.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 190\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0191.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 191\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0192.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 192\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0193.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 193\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0194.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 194\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1358.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0067.htm","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Highway No. 67\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/aris/maps/maplookup.php?mapnum=4969","external_links_name":"General Highway Map, Pecos County, Texas"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1214.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1214\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0051.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 51\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0385.htm","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Highway No. 385\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0195.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 195\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/113809.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 113809\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2016/0929/12e1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 114729\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0196.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 196\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0197.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 197\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0197.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 197\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0199.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 199\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papalii_Laupepa
Papalii Laupepa
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Samoan politician Papalii LaupepaMinister of JusticeIn office1982Preceded byTaliaoa MaoamaSucceeded byTaliaoa MaoamaMember of the Legislative AssemblyIn office1982–1985Preceded byAsi EikeniSucceeded byAsi EikeniConstituencyFa'asaleleaga No. 2 Personal detailsBorn3 December 1940Died28 September 1985(1985-09-28) (aged 44)Apia, Western Samoa Papaliʻitele Molioʻo Laupepa Malietoa (3 December 1940 – 28 September 1985) was a Western Samoan chief and politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1982 to 1985, and as Minister of Justice for a short period in 1982. Biography The son of paramount chief Malietoa Tanumafili II, Papaliʻitele was educated at Newington College in Sydney between 1951 and 1958 where he was a boarding student enrolled under the name Leupepa Malietoa. While at the school, he was a member of the rugby union first XV for four years. After university, he worked for the External Affairs Department of the New Zealand government between 1960 and 1962, returning to Western Samoa when it became independent to work in the Department of the Prime Minister. He subsequently trained at Portsea Military College in Australia from 1964 to 1965, reaching the rank of second lieutenant. He joined the New Zealand armed forces and served in Malaysia as assistant battalion adjutant between 1967 and 1969. After leaving the army in 1969, Papaliitele managed his family plantations. He was conferred with the chiefly titles Molioʻo in 1974 and Laupepa in 1978. His father had become Head of State at independence, and he served as his aide-de-camp from 1976 to 1979. He contested the 1979 elections to the Legislative Assembly in the Fa'asaleleaga No. 2 constituency, losing by three votes to Asi Eikeni. In the 1982 elections he defeated Eikeni by 85 votes and was elected to the Assembly. Following the elections, he was appointed Minister of Justice in September, but served only until December. Papaliʻitele lost his seat to Eikeni in the February 1985 elections and died in September the same year. He was survived by his wife Afioga Aioro Sia Malietoa. References ^ a b Newington College Register of Past Students 1863–1998 (Syd, 1999) p113 ^ a b c d Papaliitele Molioo Laupepa Malietoa Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1985, p65 ^ a b Samoan election results by constituency 1964–2016 Samoa Election Results Database ^ Combined Annual Report 1984–1999 Samoa Justice Department
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa"}],"text":"Papaliʻitele Molioʻo Laupepa Malietoa (3 December 1940 – 28 September 1985) was a Western Samoan chief and politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1982 to 1985, and as Minister of Justice for a short period in 1982.","title":"Papalii Laupepa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malietoa Tanumafili II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II"},{"link_name":"Newington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCRPS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIM-2"},{"link_name":"Portsea Military College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Cadet_School,_Portsea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIM-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIM-2"},{"link_name":"Head of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIM-2"},{"link_name":"1979 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Western_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"Fa'asaleleaga No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fa%27asaleleaga_No._2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asi Eikeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asi_Eikeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SED-3"},{"link_name":"1982 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Western_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SED-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"February 1985 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Western_Samoan_general_election"}],"text":"The son of paramount chief Malietoa Tanumafili II, Papaliʻitele was educated at Newington College in Sydney between 1951 and 1958 where he was a boarding student enrolled under the name Leupepa Malietoa. While at the school, he was a member of the rugby union first XV for four years.[1] After university, he worked for the External Affairs Department of the New Zealand government between 1960 and 1962, returning to Western Samoa when it became independent to work in the Department of the Prime Minister.[2] He subsequently trained at Portsea Military College in Australia from 1964 to 1965, reaching the rank of second lieutenant. He joined the New Zealand armed forces and served in Malaysia as assistant battalion adjutant between 1967 and 1969.[2]After leaving the army in 1969, Papaliitele managed his family plantations. He was conferred with the chiefly titles Molioʻo in 1974 and Laupepa in 1978.[2] His father had become Head of State at independence, and he served as his aide-de-camp from 1976 to 1979.[2] He contested the 1979 elections to the Legislative Assembly in the Fa'asaleleaga No. 2 constituency, losing by three votes to Asi Eikeni.[3] In the 1982 elections he defeated Eikeni by 85 votes and was elected to the Assembly.[3] Following the elections, he was appointed Minister of Justice in September, but served only until December.[4]Papaliʻitele lost his seat to Eikeni in the February 1985 elections and died in September the same year. He was survived by his wife Afioga Aioro Sia Malietoa.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-335208478/view?partId=nla.obj-335256647#page/n64/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Papaliitele Molioo Laupepa Malietoa"},{"Link":"http://devpolicy.org/samoaelections/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Samoan-Election-Results-PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"Samoan election results by constituency 1964–2016"},{"Link":"http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/05.Annual%20Reports/MJCA/MJCA-Annual-Report-1984-1999-Combined.pdf","external_links_name":"Combined Annual Report 1984–1999"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_(Usher_song)
Dive (Usher song)
["1 Composition and lyrics","2 Critical reception","3 Music video","4 Live performances","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References","9 External links"]
2012 single by Usher"Dive"Single by Usherfrom the album Looking 4 Myself ReleasedAugust 28, 2012 (2012-08-28)Recorded2012StudioParkland Playhouse (Parkland, FL); Circlehouse Studios (Miami, FL)GenreR&BLength3:47LabelRCASongwriter(s) Rico Love James Scheffer Danny Morris Frank Romano Producer(s) Jim Jonsin Love Romano Morris Usher singles chronology "Numb" (2012) "Dive" (2012) "Rest of My Life" (2012) Music video"Dive" on YouTube "Dive" is a song recorded by the American recording artist Usher for his seventh studio album, Looking 4 Myself (2012). It was written and produced by Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris and Frank Romano. "Dive" is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music, with Usher making use of his falsetto range. Its lyrics use the metaphor of diving, which was interpreted by critics to discuss a commitment to a relationship. The song was announced by Usher on Twitter as the fifth single from Looking 4 Myself on August 21, 2012. It was released to urban radio on August 28, 2012. An accompanying music video directed by Chris Applebaum, portrays Victoria's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman as Usher's love interest, showing them being intimate and having sex in several scenes. The song debuted at number 50 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart, with sales of 6,546 digital copies. "Dive" peaked at number 34 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, remaining on the chart for twelve weeks before dropping out. Composition and lyrics "Dive" "Dive" is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music. Its lyrics use the metaphor of diving to discuss a commitment to a relationship. Problems playing this file? See media help. The track is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music that runs for a length of three minutes and 47 seconds. Throughout the song, Usher makes use of his falsetto range, to which Billboard's Erika Ramirez described as "soulful". Chuck Arnold of People complimented Usher's falsetto on both "Dive" and lead single "Climax", adding that the songs show"that he's a "better singer than ever". Matt Cibula of PopMatters wrote that "Dive" contains a triple entendre in its lyrics: seemingly singing about diving or oral sex, "only to realize that what he's really discussing" is commitment to a relationship. Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush perceived that the song's lyrics "metaphorically compares love to the crashing waters of the ocean". Carrie Battan of Pitchfork interpreted the lyrics as "explicit" which might "make you cringe if they'd come from of anyone else" in the line: "It's raining inside your bed/ No parts are dry/ Lovin' made you so wet/ Your Legs/ Your thighs". Critical reception DJ Booth described its production as "sultry" and noted the song as a potential hit for Usher. Erika Ramirez of Billboard also saw the song as a success, writing that it is "slower and more sensual" than Jim Jonsin and Rico Love's "Motivation" (2011) performed by Kelly Rowland. Ramirez also praised Usher's vocals, more specifically his falsetto, the reasoning to why "we fell in love with the singer to begin with". Complex's Brad Wete perceived the song as a "sexy slow-winding cut", that is "powered by Usher’s falsetto". Ryan Hadfield of Consequence of Sound also praised Usher's vocals, with "Dive" and lead single "Climax" showing his "superior R&B vocal range". Pitchfork's Carry Battan wrote that Usher's "vocal mastery" allows him to turn the chorus of "Dive"—which she viewed as "cornball"—into something "more specific, as if he were addressing just one woman ". PopMatters' Matt Cibula saw the lyric's as "clever" for incorporating a triple-entendre. Cibula further lauded Usher's falsetto, which he wrote Usher sings in an "urgent" whisper. Music video Usher and Chanel Iman kissing underwater in the videos closing scene. The music video for "Dive" was filmed in July 2012, directed by Chris Applebaum, and released to VEVO on August 25, 2012. In the video, Victoria's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman plays as Usher's love interest. Set on a luxury yacht in the open sea, the video begins with Usher talking, before showing him singing the first verse. The video intercuts to Iman and Usher inside a cabin with water gushing in. For the chorus, they are being intimate, with water further entering the singer's cabin. They are again being intimate for the second verse, sitting outside the yacht, with water now level with Usher's waist inside the cabin, entering the second chorus, where Usher and Iman make love. During the bridge, both are romancing within the cabin's bathroom, with the video intercutting to different romantic scenarios. Further scenarios are shown in the final chorus, with the water now fully submerging the cabin and Usher. The video closes with Usher swimming to safety, but before reaching the surface, he and Iman approach each other, embracing in the water. Live performances Opening the 2012 iTunes Festival, Usher performed "Dive" for the first time with "Can't Stop Won't Stop", "Twisted", "Numb" and other songs. Credits and personnel Recording Vocal recording – Parkland Playhouse, Parkland, Florida; Circlehouse Studios, Miami, Florida Mixing – Parkland Playhouse, Parkland, Florida Personnel Songwriting – Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris, Frank Romano Production – Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Mr. Morris, Frank Romano Keyboard and programming – Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris Guitar – Frank Romano Recording – Mark "Exit" Goodchild, Nikolas Marzouca Recording assistants – Matt Huber, Nathan Burgess, Diego Avendano Additional recording – Matt Huber Mixing – Robert Marks Mixing assistants – Matt Huber, Nathan Burgess, Dana Richard Credits adapted from the liner notes of Looking 4 Myself, RCA Records. Charts Because of digital downloads, "Dive" entered the singles chart in South Korea. It debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 50 on June 10, 2012, with sales of 6,546 digital copies. It debuted at number eight on the US Bubbling Under Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart for the chart issue dated September 8, 2012. On the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, "Dive" peaked at number 34, remaining on the chart for twelve weeks. Chart (2012) Peakposition South Korea International Chart (Gaon) 50 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 34 Release history Country Date Format Label Ref. United States August 28, 2012 Urban radio RCA Records References ^ "Usher Confirms 'Dive' As New Single From Seventh Album 'Looking 4 Myself'". Capital. Global Radio. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012. ^ a b c Battan, Carrie (June 20, 2012). "Usher: Looking 4 Myself". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2012. ^ a b c Fitzgerald, Trent (June 12, 2012). "Usher, 'Looking 4 Myself' – Album Review". PopCrush. Retrieved August 27, 2012. ^ a b c d Ramirez, Erika (June 8, 2012). "Usher's 'Looking 4 Myself': Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. Prometheus. Retrieved August 27, 2012. ^ a b Arnold, Chuck (June 12, 2012). "Usher's Looking 4 Myself Is an R&B-pop Blockbuster: Review". People. Time Inc. Retrieved August 27, 2012. ^ a b c Cibula, Matt (July 2, 2012). "Usher: Looking 4 Myself (Deluxe Edition)". PopMatters. Retrieved August 27, 2012. ^ Richard. "Usher - Dive". DJ Booth. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ Brad, Matt (July 12, 2012). "Review: Usher's "Looking 4 Myself" Dares To Be Different". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ Hadfield, Ryan (June 15, 2012). "Album Review: Usher – Looking 4 Myself". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 28, 2012. ^ "World Premiere Of Usher's "Dive" Video – Watch Now!". Usherworld. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012. ^ Bustos, Kristina (August 27, 2012). "Usher unveils 'Dive' music video featuring model Chanel Iman - watch". Digital Spy. Retrieved August 30, 2012.- "Usher Happily Drowns In His "Dive" Music Video–". Idolator. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012. ^ "Video: Usher – 'Dive'". Rap-Up. Rap-Up, LLC. Retrieved August 29, 2012. ^ "Usher Hails Crowd At iTunes Festival 2012 Show: "I'm Really Happy to Be Here" - Audio". Capital. Global Radio. September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012. ^ Looking 4 Myself (inlay cover). Usher. RCA Records. 2012.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b "South Korea Gaon International Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Chart. Select week 2012.06.10 – 2012.06.16 from the drop-down menu. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2012. ^ "Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global. Retrieved August 6, 2013. ^ a b "Usher Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Urban/UAC Future Releases". AllAccess. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012. External links Music video on YouTube vteUsher songsUsher "Can U Get wit It" "Think of You" "The Many Ways" My Way "You Make Me Wanna..." "Nice & Slow" "My Way" 8701 "Pop Ya Collar" "U Remind Me" "U Got It Bad" "U Don't Have to Call" "U-Turn" Confessions "Yeah!" "Confessions Part II" "Burn" "Caught Up" "My Boo" Here I Stand "Love in This Club" "Trading Places" "Moving Mountains" "What's Your Name" "Love in This Club Part II" "Here I Stand" Raymond v. Raymond "Papers" "Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home)" "Lil Freak" "OMG" "There Goes My Baby" "More" Versus "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" "Hot Tottie" "Lay You Down" "Somebody to Love" (Remix) Looking 4 Myself "Climax" "Scream" "Lemme See" "Dive" "Numb" Hard II Love "No Limit" "Crash" "Missin U" "Champions" "Rivals" Coming Home "Good Good" "Standing Next to You" (Remix) Collaborations "The Party Continues" "I Need a Girl (Part One)" "Lovers and Friends" "Same Girl" "Better on the Other Side" "Spotlight" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Dirty Dancer" "The Christmas Song" "Promise" "Without You" "Touch'N You" "Rest of My Life" "Go Missin'" "New Flame" "Body Language" "The Matrimony" "Don't Look Down" "Back to Sleep" (Remix) "Crush" "Party" "Come Thru" "Too Much" "Peaches" (Remix) "Good Love" "Transparency" Non-album songs "Call Me a Mack" "What More Can I Give" "You'll Be in My Heart" "Good Kisser" "She Came to Give It to You" "I Don't Mind" "Chains" "Wait for It" "SexBeat" "California" "I Cry" "Don't Waste My Time" "Bad Habits" "Glu"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Looking 4 Myself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_4_Myself"},{"link_name":"Rico Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Love"},{"link_name":"Jim Jonsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jonsin"},{"link_name":"Danny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Morris_(Mr._Morris)"},{"link_name":"Frank Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Romano"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Chris Applebaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Applebaum"},{"link_name":"Victoria's Secret Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret#Victoria's_Secret_Angels"},{"link_name":"Chanel Iman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel_Iman"},{"link_name":"South Korea Gaon International Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"}],"text":"2012 single by Usher\"Dive\" is a song recorded by the American recording artist Usher for his seventh studio album, Looking 4 Myself (2012). It was written and produced by Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris and Frank Romano. \"Dive\" is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music, with Usher making use of his falsetto range. Its lyrics use the metaphor of diving, which was interpreted by critics to discuss a commitment to a relationship. The song was announced by Usher on Twitter as the fifth single from Looking 4 Myself on August 21, 2012.[1] It was released to urban radio on August 28, 2012.An accompanying music video directed by Chris Applebaum, portrays Victoria's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman as Usher's love interest, showing them being intimate and having sex in several scenes. The song debuted at number 50 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart, with sales of 6,546 digital copies. \"Dive\" peaked at number 34 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, remaining on the chart for twelve weeks before dropping out.","title":"Dive (Usher song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usher_Dive.ogg"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battan-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnold-5"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnold-5"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"triple entendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cibula-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzgerald-3"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battan-2"}],"text":"\"Dive\"\n\n\"Dive\" is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music. Its lyrics use the metaphor of diving to discuss a commitment to a relationship.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The track is a slow-paced R&B ballad with elements of pop music that runs for a length of three minutes and 47 seconds.[2][3][4] Throughout the song, Usher makes use of his falsetto range, to which Billboard's Erika Ramirez described as \"soulful\".[3][4][5] Chuck Arnold of People complimented Usher's falsetto on both \"Dive\" and lead single \"Climax\", adding that the songs show\"that he's a \"better singer than ever\".[5] Matt Cibula of PopMatters wrote that \"Dive\" contains a triple entendre in its lyrics: seemingly singing about diving or oral sex, \"only to realize that what he's really discussing\" is commitment to a relationship.[6] Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush perceived that the song's lyrics \"metaphorically compares love to the crashing waters of the ocean\".[3] Carrie Battan of Pitchfork interpreted the lyrics as \"explicit\" which might \"make you cringe if they'd come from of anyone else\" in the line: \"It's raining inside your bed/ No parts are dry/ Lovin' made you so wet/ Your Legs/ Your thighs\".[2]","title":"Composition and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richard-7"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jim Jonsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jonsin"},{"link_name":"Rico Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Love"},{"link_name":"Motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation_(Kelly_Rowland_song)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-4"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramirez-4"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wete-8"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadfield-9"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battan-2"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cibula-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cibula-6"}],"text":"DJ Booth described its production as \"sultry\" and noted the song as a potential hit for Usher.[7] Erika Ramirez of Billboard also saw the song as a success, writing that it is \"slower and more sensual\" than Jim Jonsin and Rico Love's \"Motivation\" (2011) performed by Kelly Rowland.[4] Ramirez also praised Usher's vocals, more specifically his falsetto, the reasoning to why \"we fell in love with the singer to begin with\".[4] Complex's Brad Wete perceived the song as a \"sexy slow-winding cut\", that is \"powered by Usher’s falsetto\".[8] Ryan Hadfield of Consequence of Sound also praised Usher's vocals, with \"Dive\" and lead single \"Climax\" showing his \"superior R&B vocal range\".[9] Pitchfork's Carry Battan wrote that Usher's \"vocal mastery\" allows him to turn the chorus of \"Dive\"—which she viewed as \"cornball\"—into something \"more specific, as if he were addressing just one woman [...]\".[2] PopMatters' Matt Cibula saw the lyric's as \"clever\" for incorporating a triple-entendre.[6] Cibula further lauded Usher's falsetto, which he wrote Usher sings in an \"urgent\" whisper.[6]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dive_Scene.PNG"},{"link_name":"Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chanel Iman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel_Iman"},{"link_name":"Chris Applebaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Applebaum"},{"link_name":"VEVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEVO"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Victoria's Secret Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret#Victoria's_Secret_Angels"},{"link_name":"Chanel Iman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel_Iman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Usher and Chanel Iman kissing underwater in the videos closing scene.The music video for \"Dive\" was filmed in July 2012, directed by Chris Applebaum, and released to VEVO on August 25, 2012.[10] In the video, Victoria's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman plays as Usher's love interest.[11] Set on a luxury yacht in the open sea,[12] the video begins with Usher talking, before showing him singing the first verse. The video intercuts to Iman and Usher inside a cabin with water gushing in. For the chorus, they are being intimate, with water further entering the singer's cabin. They are again being intimate for the second verse, sitting outside the yacht, with water now level with Usher's waist inside the cabin, entering the second chorus, where Usher and Iman make love. During the bridge, both are romancing within the cabin's bathroom, with the video intercutting to different romantic scenarios. Further scenarios are shown in the final chorus, with the water now fully submerging the cabin and Usher. The video closes with Usher swimming to safety, but before reaching the surface, he and Iman approach each other, embracing in the water.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 iTunes Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Festival#2012"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop Won't Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"Numb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numb_(Usher_song)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Opening the 2012 iTunes Festival, Usher performed \"Dive\" for the first time with \"Can't Stop Won't Stop\", \"Twisted\", \"Numb\" and other songs.[13]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Rico Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Love"},{"link_name":"Jim Jonsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jonsin"},{"link_name":"Danny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Morris_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Frank Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Romano"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-14"}],"text":"RecordingVocal recording – Parkland Playhouse, Parkland, Florida; Circlehouse Studios, Miami, Florida\nMixing – Parkland Playhouse, Parkland, FloridaPersonnelSongwriting – Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris, Frank Romano\nProduction – Rico Love, Jim Jonsin, Mr. Morris, Frank Romano\nKeyboard and programming – Jim Jonsin, Danny Morris\nGuitar – Frank Romano\nRecording – Mark \"Exit\" Goodchild, Nikolas Marzouca\n\n\nRecording assistants – Matt Huber, Nathan Burgess, Diego Avendano\nAdditional recording – Matt Huber\nMixing – Robert Marks\nMixing assistants – Matt Huber, Nathan Burgess, Dana RichardCredits adapted from the liner notes of Looking 4 Myself, RCA Records.[14]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaon International Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Korea-15"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs#Bubbling_Under_Hot_R&B/Hip-Hop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BubblingUnderRB-16"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&B_Chart-17"}],"text":"Because of digital downloads, \"Dive\" entered the singles chart in South Korea. It debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 50 on June 10, 2012, with sales of 6,546 digital copies.[15] It debuted at number eight on the US Bubbling Under Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart for the chart issue dated September 8, 2012.[16] On the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, \"Dive\" peaked at number 34, remaining on the chart for twelve weeks.[17]","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Usher and Chanel Iman kissing underwater in the videos closing scene.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Dive_Scene.PNG/300px-Dive_Scene.PNG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Usher Confirms 'Dive' As New Single From Seventh Album 'Looking 4 Myself'\". Capital. Global Radio. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/usher/news/dive-next-single/","url_text":"\"Usher Confirms 'Dive' As New Single From Seventh Album 'Looking 4 Myself'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)","url_text":"Capital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Radio","url_text":"Global Radio"}]},{"reference":"Battan, Carrie (June 20, 2012). \"Usher: Looking 4 Myself\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16727-looking-for-myself/","url_text":"\"Usher: Looking 4 Myself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Trent (June 12, 2012). \"Usher, 'Looking 4 Myself' – Album Review\". PopCrush. Retrieved August 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://popcrush.com/usher-looking-4-myself-album-review/","url_text":"\"Usher, 'Looking 4 Myself' – Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, Erika (June 8, 2012). \"Usher's 'Looking 4 Myself': Track-By-Track Review\". Billboard. Prometheus. Retrieved August 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/483595/ushers-looking-4-myself-track-by-track-review","url_text":"\"Usher's 'Looking 4 Myself': Track-By-Track Review\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Chuck (June 12, 2012). \"Usher's Looking 4 Myself Is an R&B-pop Blockbuster: Review\". People. Time Inc. Retrieved August 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20603410,00.html","url_text":"\"Usher's Looking 4 Myself Is an R&B-pop Blockbuster: Review\""}]},{"reference":"Cibula, Matt (July 2, 2012). \"Usher: Looking 4 Myself (Deluxe Edition)\". PopMatters. Retrieved August 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/160433-usher-looking-4-myself-deluxe-edition/","url_text":"\"Usher: Looking 4 Myself (Deluxe Edition)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Richard. \"Usher - Dive\". DJ Booth. Retrieved August 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/usher-dive/","url_text":"\"Usher - Dive\""}]},{"reference":"Brad, Matt (July 12, 2012). \"Review: Usher's \"Looking 4 Myself\" Dares To Be Different\". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved August 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complex.com/music/2012/06/review-usher-looking-4-myself","url_text":"\"Review: Usher's \"Looking 4 Myself\" Dares To Be Different\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"}]},{"reference":"Hadfield, Ryan (June 15, 2012). \"Album Review: Usher – Looking 4 Myself\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2012/06/album-review-usher-looking-4-myself/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Usher – Looking 4 Myself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"\"World Premiere Of Usher's \"Dive\" Video – Watch Now!\". Usherworld. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829113017/http://usherworld.com/world-premiere-of-ushers-dive-video-watch-now/","url_text":"\"World Premiere Of Usher's \"Dive\" Video – Watch Now!\""},{"url":"http://usherworld.com/world-premiere-of-ushers-dive-video-watch-now/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bustos, Kristina (August 27, 2012). \"Usher unveils 'Dive' music video featuring model Chanel Iman - watch\". Digital Spy. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a401932/usher-unveils-dive-music-video-featuring-model-chanel-iman-watch.html","url_text":"\"Usher unveils 'Dive' music video featuring model Chanel Iman - watch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"Usher Happily Drowns In His \"Dive\" Music Video–\". Idolator. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://idolator.com/6843771/usher-dive-video","url_text":"\"Usher Happily Drowns In His \"Dive\" Music Video–\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Usher – 'Dive'\". Rap-Up. Rap-Up, LLC. Retrieved August 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/08/24/video-usher-dive/","url_text":"\"Video: Usher – 'Dive'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up","url_text":"Rap-Up"}]},{"reference":"\"Usher Hails Crowd At iTunes Festival 2012 Show: \"I'm Really Happy to Be Here\" - Audio\". Capital. Global Radio. September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/usher/news/itunes-festival-2012-performance/","url_text":"\"Usher Hails Crowd At iTunes Festival 2012 Show: \"I'm Really Happy to Be Here\" - Audio\""}]},{"reference":"Looking 4 Myself (inlay cover). Usher. RCA Records. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_4_Myself","url_text":"Looking 4 Myself"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"}]},{"reference":"\"South Korea Gaon International Chart\" (in Korean). Gaon Chart. Select week 2012.06.10 – 2012.06.16 from the drop-down menu. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192234/http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=T&chart_Time=year","url_text":"\"South Korea Gaon International Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"},{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=T&chart_Time=year","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History\". Billboard. Prometheus Global. Retrieved August 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/usher/chart-history/bubbling-under-r%26b/hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urban/UAC Future Releases\". AllAccess. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822150111/http://www.allaccess.com/urban","url_text":"\"Urban/UAC Future Releases\""},{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/urban","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIOntfVPBsw","external_links_name":"\"Dive\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/usher/news/dive-next-single/","external_links_name":"\"Usher Confirms 'Dive' As New Single From Seventh Album 'Looking 4 Myself'\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16727-looking-for-myself/","external_links_name":"\"Usher: Looking 4 Myself\""},{"Link":"http://popcrush.com/usher-looking-4-myself-album-review/","external_links_name":"\"Usher, 'Looking 4 Myself' – Album Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/483595/ushers-looking-4-myself-track-by-track-review","external_links_name":"\"Usher's 'Looking 4 Myself': Track-By-Track Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20603410,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Usher's Looking 4 Myself Is an R&B-pop Blockbuster: Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/160433-usher-looking-4-myself-deluxe-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Usher: Looking 4 Myself (Deluxe Edition)\""},{"Link":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/tracks/review/usher-dive/","external_links_name":"\"Usher - Dive\""},{"Link":"http://www.complex.com/music/2012/06/review-usher-looking-4-myself","external_links_name":"\"Review: Usher's \"Looking 4 Myself\" Dares To Be Different\""},{"Link":"http://consequenceofsound.net/2012/06/album-review-usher-looking-4-myself/","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Usher – Looking 4 Myself\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829113017/http://usherworld.com/world-premiere-of-ushers-dive-video-watch-now/","external_links_name":"\"World Premiere Of Usher's \"Dive\" Video – Watch Now!\""},{"Link":"http://usherworld.com/world-premiere-of-ushers-dive-video-watch-now/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a401932/usher-unveils-dive-music-video-featuring-model-chanel-iman-watch.html","external_links_name":"\"Usher unveils 'Dive' music video featuring model Chanel Iman - watch\""},{"Link":"http://idolator.com/6843771/usher-dive-video","external_links_name":"\"Usher Happily Drowns In His \"Dive\" Music Video–\""},{"Link":"http://www.rap-up.com/2012/08/24/video-usher-dive/","external_links_name":"\"Video: Usher – 'Dive'\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/usher/news/itunes-festival-2012-performance/","external_links_name":"\"Usher Hails Crowd At iTunes Festival 2012 Show: \"I'm Really Happy to Be Here\" - Audio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192234/http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=T&chart_Time=year","external_links_name":"\"South Korea Gaon International Chart\""},{"Link":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/digital_chart/download.php?nationGbn=T&chart_Time=year","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/usher/chart-history/bubbling-under-r%26b/hip-hop-songs","external_links_name":"\"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Usher/chart-history/BSI","external_links_name":"\"Usher Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120822150111/http://www.allaccess.com/urban","external_links_name":"\"Urban/UAC Future Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/urban","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIOntfVPBsw","external_links_name":"Music video"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Cambodian_policy_referendum
1960 Cambodian policy referendum
["1 Results","2 References"]
This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofCambodia Monarchy King Norodom Sihamoni Throne Council House of Norodom House of Sisowath (1904–41) Government Prime Minister (list) Hun Manet Deputy Prime Ministers Vongsey Vissoth Aun Pornmoniroth Sar Sokha Tea Seiha Sun Chanthol Hangchuon Naron Say Sam Al Neth Savoeun Sok Chenda Sophea Hun Many Council of Ministers Parliament Senate President: Hun Sen National Assembly President: Khuon Sodary Members Elections National Election Committee Recent elections General: 20182023 Senate: 20182024 Communal: 20172022 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Minister: Prak Sokhonn Diplomatic missions of / in Cambodia Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Administrative divisions Provinces Cities Districts Communes Related issues Human rights LGBT rights Cambodian–Thai border dispute 2013–2014 Cambodian protests Cambodia portal Politics portal Other countries vte A referendum on government policy was held in Cambodia on 5 June 1960. Voters were offered four choices of policies to approve; those of Norodom Sihanouk, Son Ngoc Thanh or the communists, with a fourth choice of being "indifferent". Sihanouk's policies received all but 359 of the two million ballots cast. Results Choice Votes % Norodom Sihanouk 2,020,349 99.97 Son Ngoc Thanh 133 0.01 Communist 133 0.01 Indifferent 93 0.01 Invalid/blank votes 31 – Total 2,020,739 100 Registered voters/turnout 2,199,731 91.86 Source: Direct Democracy References ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p68 ISBN 0-19-924959-8 vte Elections and referendums in CambodiaGeneral elections 1946 1947 1951 1955 1958 1962 1966 1972 1976 1981 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 Local elections 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 Presidential elections 1972 Referendums 1945 1955 1958 1959 1960 1961 1972
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Norodom Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"Son Ngoc Thanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Thanh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A referendum on government policy was held in Cambodia on 5 June 1960. Voters were offered four choices of policies to approve; those of Norodom Sihanouk, Son Ngoc Thanh or the communists, with a fourth choice of being \"indifferent\".[1] Sihanouk's policies received all but 359 of the two million ballots cast.","title":"1960 Cambodian policy referendum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg/110px-Royal_arms_of_Cambodia.svg.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=kh011960","external_links_name":"Direct Democracy"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastr_del_Sol
Gastr del Sol
["1 Early line-up","2 Duo line-up","3 Partial discography","4 References","5 External links"]
American band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gastr del Sol" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gastr del SolOriginChicago, Illinois, United StatesGenresPost-rock, experimental rock, math rock, avant-folk, droneYears active1991-1998LabelsTeenbeat, Drag CityPast membersDavid GrubbsJim O'RourkeBundy K. BrownJohn McEntire Gastr del Sol (derived from a combination of the name of a race horse (Gato del Sol) and David Grubbs' previous band Bastro) was an American, Chicago-based band, consisting for most of their career of David Grubbs and Jim O'Rourke. Between 1993 and 1998 they released seven albums ranging in genre from post-rock (the scene they were most associated with) to musique concrète. Early line-up Grubbs, a former member of Squirrel Bait formed the band in Chicago in 1991 from the final line-up of the group Bastro, with Bundy K. Brown and John McEntire on bass guitar and drums respectively. The trio released their first album, The Serpentine Similar, in 1993, ushering in a quieter, less rock-oriented sound with the change of name. Brown and McEntire left to join Tortoise the following year, and guitarist/composer/producer Jim O'Rourke joined. Duo line-up At this point Gastr del Sol became mainly a collaboration between Grubbs and O'Rourke, joined by an ever-changing collection of guests. Though McEntire was no longer a full member, he continued contributing to many Gastr del Sol recordings and concerts. Most releases by this line-up were on Chicago's Drag City, beginning with the acoustic guitar-based Crookt, Crackt, or Fly in 1994. "Work From Smoke", the centerpiece of this album, fused Grubbs and O'Rourke's penchant for atonal guitar interplay with bass clarinet and Grubbs's increasingly surreal lyrics. A pair of releases followed quickly in 1995. The Mirror Repair EP added elements of electronic music. The Harp Factory on Lake Street, released on the Table of the Elements label, was their most experimental work, a piece for chamber orchestra with only occasional voice and piano from Grubbs. Also in 1995, the band contributed the song "Quietly Approaching" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Bothered produced by the Red Hot Organization. 1996's Upgrade & Afterlife included a would-be film score by O'Rourke, "Our Exquisite Replica of 'Eternity'", and an extended interpretation of the John Fahey piece "Dry Bones in the Valley" featuring guest Tony Conrad on violin. With the release of Camoufleur in 1998, Gastr del Sol progressed further into the realm of conventional melodies and chamber pop, creating their most accessible and popular album. Its chord patterns, melodies, and flugelhorn and string-heavy arrangements prefigure O'Rourke's future pop releases. The album was co-written with Markus Popp, of the pioneering German glitch group Oval, who contributed to the electronic aspects of the album. After Camoufleur the band split up. Grubbs and O'Rourke have both continued to release albums under their own names in the fields of rock, pop, and experimental music. In 2024, Drag City released We Have Dozens of Titles, a 3LP/2CD boxset containing various unreleased studio and live recordings made by the band between 1993 and 1998. Partial discography The Serpentine Similar (Teenbeat/Drag City, 1993) Twenty Songs Less (Teenbeat, 1993) Crookt, Crackt, or Fly (Drag City, 1994) Mirror Repair EP (Drag City, 1994) The Harp Factory on Lake Street (Table of the Elements, 1995) The Japanese Room at LA Pagode (with Tony Conrad) (Table of the Elements, 1995) Upgrade & Afterlife (Drag City, 1996) Camoufleur (Drag City, 1998) We Have Dozens of Titles (Drag City, 2024) References ^ "Grubbs Interview 1998". Paristransatlantic.com. 1998-06-28. Retrieved 2016-09-15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 170. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8. External links Work from Smoke: A Gastr del Sol Resource Jim O'Rourke discography with details on other Gastr del Sol recordings vteGastr del Sol David Grubbs Jim O'Rourke Markus Popp Bundy K. Brown John McEntire Studio albums The Serpentine Similar Crookt, Crackt, or Fly The Harp Factory on Lake Street Upgrade & Afterlife Camoufleur EPs Twenty Songs Less Mirror Repair Singles "The Japanese Room at La Pagode" (Split 7" with Tony Conrad) Related bands Squirrel Bait Bastro Tortoise Oval The Sea and Cake vteJim O'RourkeStudio albums Bad Timing Eureka Insignificance I'm Happy and I'm Singing and a 1, 2, 3, 4 The Visitor Simple Songs EPs Halfway to a Threeway Related bands Brise-Glace Gastr del Sol Loose Fur Sonic Youth Wilco Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"David Grubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grubbs"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"musique concrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te"}],"text":"Gastr del Sol (derived from a combination of the name of a race horse (Gato del Sol) and David Grubbs' previous band Bastro)[1] was an American, Chicago-based band, consisting for most of their career of David Grubbs and Jim O'Rourke.[2] Between 1993 and 1998 they released seven albums ranging in genre from post-rock (the scene they were most associated with) to musique concrète.","title":"Gastr del Sol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Squirrel Bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Bait"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Bastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastro"},{"link_name":"Bundy K. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundy_K._Brown"},{"link_name":"John McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEntire"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"The Serpentine Similar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpentine_Similar"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Tortoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"}],"text":"Grubbs, a former member of Squirrel Bait formed the band in Chicago in 1991 from the final line-up of the group Bastro, with Bundy K. Brown and John McEntire on bass guitar and drums respectively.[2] The trio released their first album, The Serpentine Similar, in 1993, ushering in a quieter, less rock-oriented sound with the change of name. Brown and McEntire left to join Tortoise the following year, and guitarist/composer/producer Jim O'Rourke joined.[2]","title":"Early line-up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"Drag City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Crookt, Crackt, or Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookt,_Crackt,_or_Fly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"surreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"The Harp Factory on Lake Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harp_Factory_on_Lake_Street"},{"link_name":"Table of the Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_the_Elements"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Red Hot + Bothered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_%2B_Bothered"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization"},{"link_name":"Upgrade & Afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upgrade_%26_Afterlife"},{"link_name":"John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tony Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Conrad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"Camoufleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camoufleur"},{"link_name":"chamber pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch_(music)"},{"link_name":"Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"}],"text":"At this point Gastr del Sol became mainly a collaboration between Grubbs and O'Rourke, joined by an ever-changing collection of guests.[2] Though McEntire was no longer a full member, he continued contributing to many Gastr del Sol recordings and concerts.Most releases by this line-up were on Chicago's Drag City, beginning with the acoustic guitar-based Crookt, Crackt, or Fly in 1994.[2] \"Work From Smoke\", the centerpiece of this album, fused Grubbs and O'Rourke's penchant for atonal guitar interplay with bass clarinet and Grubbs's increasingly surreal lyrics.A pair of releases followed quickly in 1995. The Mirror Repair EP added elements of electronic music. The Harp Factory on Lake Street, released on the Table of the Elements label, was their most experimental work, a piece for chamber orchestra with only occasional voice and piano from Grubbs.[2] Also in 1995, the band contributed the song \"Quietly Approaching\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Bothered produced by the Red Hot Organization.1996's Upgrade & Afterlife included a would-be film score by O'Rourke, \"Our Exquisite Replica of 'Eternity'\", and an extended interpretation of the John Fahey piece \"Dry Bones in the Valley\" featuring guest Tony Conrad on violin.[2]With the release of Camoufleur in 1998, Gastr del Sol progressed further into the realm of conventional melodies and chamber pop, creating their most accessible and popular album.[2] Its chord patterns, melodies, and flugelhorn and string-heavy arrangements prefigure O'Rourke's future pop releases. The album was co-written with Markus Popp, of the pioneering German glitch group Oval, who contributed to the electronic aspects of the album.[2]After Camoufleur the band split up. Grubbs and O'Rourke have both continued to release albums under their own names in the fields of rock, pop, and experimental music.[2]In 2024, Drag City released We Have Dozens of Titles, a 3LP/2CD boxset containing various unreleased studio and live recordings made by the band between 1993 and 1998.","title":"Duo line-up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Serpentine Similar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpentine_Similar"},{"link_name":"Drag City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Crookt, Crackt, or Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookt,_Crackt,_or_Fly"},{"link_name":"Mirror Repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Repair"},{"link_name":"The Harp Factory on Lake Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harp_Factory_on_Lake_Street"},{"link_name":"Table of the Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_the_Elements"},{"link_name":"Tony Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Upgrade & Afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upgrade_%26_Afterlife"},{"link_name":"Camoufleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camoufleur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin90-2"}],"text":"The Serpentine Similar (Teenbeat/Drag City, 1993)\nTwenty Songs Less (Teenbeat, 1993)\nCrookt, Crackt, or Fly (Drag City, 1994)\nMirror Repair EP (Drag City, 1994)\nThe Harp Factory on Lake Street (Table of the Elements, 1995)\nThe Japanese Room at LA Pagode (with Tony Conrad) (Table of the Elements, 1995)\nUpgrade & Afterlife (Drag City, 1996)\nCamoufleur (Drag City, 1998)[2]\nWe Have Dozens of Titles (Drag City, 2024)","title":"Partial discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Grubbs Interview 1998\". Paristransatlantic.com. 1998-06-28. Retrieved 2016-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/grubbs.html","url_text":"\"Grubbs Interview 1998\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 170. ISBN 0-7535-0427-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0427-8","url_text":"0-7535-0427-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22","external_links_name":"\"Gastr del Sol\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gastr+del+Sol%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/grubbs.html","external_links_name":"\"Grubbs Interview 1998\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203192842/http://www.bitmine.net/~gnat/gastr.html","external_links_name":"Work from Smoke: A Gastr del Sol Resource"},{"Link":"http://tisue.net/orourke/","external_links_name":"Jim O'Rourke discography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121740102","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143275795","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004029157","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20121009021&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8f54d90b-f322-4e5d-a0fd-bdc960f2d20f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Acosta_(politician)
Mariano Acosta (politician)
["1 Life and times","2 References","3 External links"]
3rd Vice President of Argentina This article is about the Argentine politician. For the city in Buenos Aires Province, see Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires Province. Mariano AcostaVice President of ArgentinaIn officeOctober 12, 1874 – October 12, 1880PresidentNicolás AvellanedaPreceded byAdolfo AlsinaSucceeded byFrancisco Bernabé Madero Personal detailsBornSeptember 8, 1825Buenos AiresDiedSeptember 17, 1893(1893-09-17) (aged 68)Buenos AiresNationalityArgentinePolitical partyNational Autonomist PartyProfessionLawyer Mariano Acosta (September 8, 1825 – September 17, 1893) was an Argentine lawyer and politician. Life and times Acosta was born in 1825 to Magdalena Santa Coloma Lezica, the daughter of a prominent Buenos Aires Province landowner, and José Francisco Acosta, from Corrientes Province. Opposed to the repressive regime of Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, Acosta emigrated to Europe shortly after his secondary school graduation. He returned following Rosas' defeat at the 1852 Battle of Caseros, and was elected to the Buenos Aires Province Legislature later that year. He served as a lieutenant in the Patricios Regiment, and took part in Valentín Alsina's successful pro-autonomy uprising in 1853 against the victor at Caseros, Justo José de Urquiza. He was returned to the Buenos Aires Legislature the following year and was named Commissioner of Immigration. A dispute with the new Governor, Pastor Obligado, kept Acosta out of public service from 1855 to 1860, when he was elected to the provincial constitutional convention. Acosta married in 1857; his wife, Remedios Oromi, was a niece of Remedios de Escalada, the erstwhile wife of General José de San Martín (leader of the Argentine War of Independence). Governor Mariano Saavedra appointed Acosta Minister of Government in 1862, and he served as a member of the Veterans' Assistance Commission from 1866 to 1872. Acosta, in 1871, also served as a legal adviser to the newly formed Western Railway, and as President of the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires. Acosta returned briefly to the legislature, and in 1872, he was elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province. His tenure became known for its works of infrastructure, and among his varied public works initiatives, he appointed Argentina's first engineer, Luis Huergo, to plan an extensive road and canal building program. Governor Acosta promulgated a new provincial constitution in December 1873, and shortly afterwards, he was named running mate to the National Autonomist Party nominee, Nicolás Avellaneda. Elected handily in September 1874, Avellaneda and Acosta were opposed by Bartolomé Mitre, who maintained a rivalry with Avellaneda's benefactor, outgoing Vice President Adolfo Alsina. Acosta devoted his tenure as Vice President to the coordination of the vigorous school-building program President Avenalleda had inherited from his predecessor, Domingo Sarmiento. He also served as President of the Commission for the Repatriation of the Remains of General San Martín, which Avellaneda had created in 1874, and which fulfilled its objective in 1880; the Liberator of Argentina and Perú had died in France in 1850. Acosta retired from public life in 1880, and died in Buenos Aires in 1893, at age 68; a lay Franciscan, Acosta was buried in that city's Church of St. Francis. Having established a town (Ramallo) and a county (Almirante Brown), Acosta had another town, Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires, named in his honor. References ^ a b c d "Heráldica Argentina: Mariano Acosta {{in lang|es}}". Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2009-09-02. ^ Levene, Ricardo. A History of Argentina. University of North Carolina, 1937. ^ Todo Argentina: Mariano Acosta (in Spanish) ^ Mariano Acosta (in Spanish) Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine External links Media related to Mariano Acosta (politician) at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded byAdolfo Alsina Vice President of Argentina 1874-1880 Succeeded byFrancisco Bernabé Madero Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Acosta,_Buenos_Aires_Province"}],"text":"This article is about the Argentine politician. For the city in Buenos Aires Province, see Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires Province.Mariano Acosta (September 8, 1825 – September 17, 1893) was an Argentine lawyer and politician.","title":"Mariano Acosta (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caseros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Patricios Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricios_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Valentín Alsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Alsina"},{"link_name":"Justo José de Urquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-her-1"},{"link_name":"Pastor Obligado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_Obligado"},{"link_name":"Remedios de Escalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedios_de_Escalada"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Argentine War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Mariano Saavedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Saavedra"},{"link_name":"Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril_Oeste"},{"link_name":"Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_the_Province_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-her-1"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Luis Huergo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Huergo"},{"link_name":"National Autonomist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomist_Party"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Avellaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-her-1"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Alsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Alsina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Domingo Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-her-1"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallo,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Almirante Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante_Brown_Partido"},{"link_name":"Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Acosta,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Acosta was born in 1825 to Magdalena Santa Coloma Lezica, the daughter of a prominent Buenos Aires Province landowner, and José Francisco Acosta, from Corrientes Province. Opposed to the repressive regime of Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, Acosta emigrated to Europe shortly after his secondary school graduation. He returned following Rosas' defeat at the 1852 Battle of Caseros, and was elected to the Buenos Aires Province Legislature later that year. He served as a lieutenant in the Patricios Regiment, and took part in Valentín Alsina's successful pro-autonomy uprising in 1853 against the victor at Caseros, Justo José de Urquiza.[1]He was returned to the Buenos Aires Legislature the following year and was named Commissioner of Immigration. A dispute with the new Governor, Pastor Obligado, kept Acosta out of public service from 1855 to 1860, when he was elected to the provincial constitutional convention. Acosta married in 1857; his wife, Remedios Oromi, was a niece of Remedios de Escalada, the erstwhile wife of General José de San Martín (leader of the Argentine War of Independence). Governor Mariano Saavedra appointed Acosta Minister of Government in 1862, and he served as a member of the Veterans' Assistance Commission from 1866 to 1872. Acosta, in 1871, also served as a legal adviser to the newly formed Western Railway, and as President of the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires.[1]Acosta returned briefly to the legislature, and in 1872, he was elected Governor of Buenos Aires Province. His tenure became known for its works of infrastructure, and among his varied public works initiatives, he appointed Argentina's first engineer, Luis Huergo, to plan an extensive road and canal building program. Governor Acosta promulgated a new provincial constitution in December 1873, and shortly afterwards, he was named running mate to the National Autonomist Party nominee, Nicolás Avellaneda.[1]Elected handily in September 1874, Avellaneda and Acosta were opposed by Bartolomé Mitre, who maintained a rivalry with Avellaneda's benefactor, outgoing Vice President Adolfo Alsina.[2] Acosta devoted his tenure as Vice President to the coordination of the vigorous school-building program President Avenalleda had inherited from his predecessor, Domingo Sarmiento. He also served as President of the Commission for the Repatriation of the Remains of General San Martín, which Avellaneda had created in 1874, and which fulfilled its objective in 1880; the Liberator of Argentina and Perú had died in France in 1850.[1]Acosta retired from public life in 1880, and died in Buenos Aires in 1893, at age 68; a lay Franciscan, Acosta was buried in that city's Church of St. Francis.[3] Having established a town (Ramallo) and a county (Almirante Brown), Acosta had another town, Mariano Acosta, Buenos Aires, named in his honor.[4]","title":"Life and times"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Heráldica Argentina: Mariano Acosta {{in lang|es}}\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2009-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622103238/http://heraldicaargentina.com.ar/3-BA-MerloMarianoAcosta.htm","url_text":"\"Heráldica Argentina: Mariano Acosta {{in lang|es}}\""},{"url":"http://www.heraldicaargentina.com.ar/3-BA-MerloMarianoAcosta.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170622103238/http://heraldicaargentina.com.ar/3-BA-MerloMarianoAcosta.htm","external_links_name":"\"Heráldica Argentina: Mariano Acosta {{in lang|es}}\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldicaargentina.com.ar/3-BA-MerloMarianoAcosta.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.todo-argentina.net/biografias/Personajes/mariano_acosta.htm","external_links_name":"Todo Argentina: Mariano Acosta (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.casmarianoacosta.com.ar/mariano%20acosta/fundador.htm","external_links_name":"Mariano Acosta (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090629150628/http://www.casmarianoacosta.com.ar/mariano%20acosta/fundador.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000450967439","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316737574","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16295966t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16295966t","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I._Rostovtzeff
Michael Rostovtzeff
["1 Career","2 The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire","3 Selected publications","3.1 Articles","3.2 Books","4 Notes","5 References","6 Citited sources","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Russian historian (1870–1952) "Mikhail Rostovtsev" redirects here. For the singer and actor of the same name, see Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Michael Rostovtzeff" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael RostovtzeffMichael RostovtzeffBornMikhail Ivanovich RostovtzeffNovember 10  1870Zhitomir, Volhynia Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)DiedOctober 20, 1952(1952-10-20) (aged 81)New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.NationalityRussianCitizenshipUSAScientific careerFieldsArchaeology, history, ancient HistoryInstitutions University of St. Petersburg University of Wisconsin–Madison Yale University Doctoral advisorNikodim KondakovDoctoral students Elias Joseph Bickerman Clark Hopkins C. Bradford Welles Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; November 10  1870 – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. Career Rostovtzeff was the son of a Latin teacher. Upon completing his studies at the universities of Kiev and St. Petersburg, Rostovtsev served as an assistant and then as a full Professor of Latin at the University of St. Petersburg 1898–1918. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, he emigrated first to Sweden, then to England, and finally in 1920 to the United States. There he accepted a chair at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before moving to Yale University in 1925 where he taught until his retirement in 1944. He oversaw all archaeological activities of the latter institution in general and the excavations of Dura-Europos in particular. He is believed to have coined the term "caravan city". While working in Russia, Rostovtzeff became an authority on the ancient history of South Russia and Ukraine. He summed up his knowledge on the subject in Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (1922) and Skythien und der Bosporus (1925). His most important archaeological findings at Yale were described in Dura-Europos and Its Art (1938). Glen Bowersock described Rostovtzeff's views as having been largely formed by the age of thirty, developing mainly only in the quality of execution in later life, and making him "the last of the nineteenth-century ancient historians". Rostovtzeff was known as a proud and slightly overpowering man who did not fit in easily. In later life, he suffered from depression. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire Rostovtzeff was notable for his theories, notably, of the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire, which he expounded in detail in his The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926). Scarred by his experience of fleeing from the Russian Revolution, he attributed the collapse of the Roman Empire to an alliance between the rural proletariat and the military in the third century A.D. Despite not being a Marxist himself, Rostovtzeff used terms such as proletariat, bourgeoisie and capitalism freely in his work and the importation of those terms into a description of the ancient world, where they did not necessarily apply, caused criticism. Rostovtzeff's theory was quickly understood as one based on the author's own experiences and equally quickly rejected by the academic community. Bowersock later described the book as "the marriage of pre-1918 scholarly training and taste with post-1918 personal experience and reflection." At the same time, however, the detailed scholarship involved in the production of the work impressed his contemporaries and he was one of the first to merge archaeological evidence with literary sources. Selected publications Articles Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). "Queen Dynamis of Bosporus". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 88–109. doi:10.2307/624874. JSTOR 624874. S2CID 163237568. Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). "Ancient decorative wall-painting". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 144–163. doi:10.2307/624878. JSTOR 624878. S2CID 163721898. Rostovtzeff, M. (1920). "The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1177/030751332000600102. S2CID 192222914. "The Contribution of Russia to Learning". The Quarterly Review. 233: 272–287. April 1920. Books The Birth of the Roman Empire. 1918. Iranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922. A large estate in Egypt in the third century B.C. A study in economic history. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1922. Skythien und der Bosporus. 1925. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 1926. (Revised edition in German 1931, and further revised edition in Italian 1933) (Second edition, revised by P.M. Fraser, Oxford, 1957) A History of the Ancient World: Volume I The Orient and Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926. A History of the Ancient World: Volume II Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. Mystic Italy. New York: Henry Holt, 1927. (Brown University, the Colver lectures series) Caravan Cities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932. (First published in book form as O Blijnem Vostoke. Paris, 1931.) Dura-Europos and Its Art. 1938. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941. (2nd edition 1953) Notes ^ The 1932 English edition was substantially revised from the 1931 first edition after the author made further trips to the Near East. References ^ Bongard-Levin 1997, p. 52—53. ^ a b c Sidorchuk, I. V.; Rostovtzeff, E. A. (2012). "Ростовцев Михаил Иванович" . Bioslochist. SPSU. ^ Ward W. Briggs (1 January 1994). Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 547–. ISBN 978-0-313-24560-2. ^ Rostovtzeff, M. (1922) Iranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Title page. ^ "Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-07-21. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-07-21. ^ Michael Ivanovich Rostovtzeff britannica.com, 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014. ^ Michael I. Rostovtzeff 1870–1952 Yale Department of Classics, 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2013. Archived November 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff (1977). The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Yale University Press. ^ M. Rostovtzeff (November 2008). Caravan Cities. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4437-2888-1. ^ a b Bowersock, G.W. "The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire by Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzef" in Daedalus, Vol. 103, No. 1, Twentieth-Century Classics Revisited (Winter, 1974), pp. 15–23. ^ Myres, J. L. (1929). "Review of The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire". The Economic History Review. 2 (1): 137–145. doi:10.2307/2589879. ISSN 0013-0117. ^ "Review of A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. A Study in Economic History by Michael Rostovtzeff". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 42: 292–295. 1922. Citited sources Bongard-Levin, Grigory, ed. (1997). Скифский роман (in Russian). Moskow: ROSSPEN. ISBN 5-86004-104-7. Further reading Alipov, P. A. (2009). "Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта" . The New Historical Bulletin (in Russian). 10 (19): 128–133. ISSN 2072-9286. Bongard-Levin, G.M. The great Russian historian M. Rostovtsev in the USA: The years of exile. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1999 (in Russian, ISBN 978-0-7734-3226-0). Bowersock, G.W. "Rostovtzeff in Madison" in American Scholar, Spring 1986, Vol. 55 Issue 3, pp. 391–400. Hopkins, Clark. The discovery of Dura-Europos. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979 (ISBN 978-0-300-02288-9). Momigliano, Arnaldo. "M.I. Rostovtzeff" in The Cambridge Journal, 1954, 7, pp. 334–346. Studies in historiography (The Academy Library, TB 1288). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966, pp. 91–104. Studies on Modern Scholarship. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-520-08545-9), pp. 32–43. Reinhold, Meyer. "Historian of the Classic World: A Critique of Rostovtzeff", Studies in Classical History and Society (American Classical Studies; 45). New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 978-0-19-514543-4), pp. 82–100. Shaw, Brent D. "Under Russian eyes: ", The Journal of Roman studies, Vol. 82. (1992), pp. 216–228. Wes, Marinus A. Michael Rostovtzeff, historian in exile: Russian roots in an American context (Historia-Einzelschriften; 65). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (ISBN 978-3-515-05664-9). Reviewed by Brent D. Shaw in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 82. (1992), pp. 216–228. Wes, Marinus A. "The Russian background of the young Rostovtzeff", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 37, No. 2. (1988), pp. 207–221. Wes, Marinus A. "The Correspondence between Rostovtzeff and Westermann. A Note on Gaetano De Sanctis", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 42, No. 1. (1993), pp. 125–128. External links Michael Rostovtzeff at the Database of Classical Scholars Works by or about Michael Rostovtzeff at Internet Archive Michael Ivanovich Rostovtzeff Papers (MS 1133). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Rostovtzeff Project. Mansi, Gregory. M.I. Rostovtzeff: An essay on his life and major works. vtePresidents of the American Historical Association1884–1900 Andrew Dickson White (1884–1885) George Bancroft (1886) Justin Winsor (1887) William Frederick Poole (1888) Charles Kendall Adams (1889) John Jay (1890) William Wirt Henry (1891) James Burrill Angell (1892–1893) Henry Adams (1893–1894) George F. Hoar (1895) Richard Salter Storrs (1896) James Schouler (1897) George Park Fisher (1898) James Ford Rhodes (1899) Edward Eggleston (1900) 1901–1925 Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1901) Alfred Thayer Mahan (1902) Henry Charles Lea (1903) Goldwin Smith (1904) John Bach McMaster (1905) Simeon E. Baldwin (1906) J. Franklin Jameson (1907) George Burton Adams (1908) Albert Bushnell Hart (1909) Frederick Jackson Turner (1910) William Milligan Sloane (1911) Theodore Roosevelt (1912) William Archibald Dunning (1913) Andrew C. McLaughlin (1914) H. Morse Stephens (1915) George Lincoln Burr (1916) Worthington C. Ford (1917) William Roscoe Thayer (1918–1919) Edward Channing (1920) Jean Jules Jusserand (1921) Charles Homer Haskins (1922) Edward Potts Cheyney (1923) Woodrow Wilson (1924) Charles McLean Andrews (1924–1925) 1926–1950 Dana Carleton Munro (1926) Henry Osborn Taylor (1927) James Henry Breasted (1928) James Harvey Robinson (1929) Evarts Boutell Greene (1930) Carl L. Becker (1931) Herbert Eugene Bolton (1932) Charles A. Beard (1933) William Dodd (1934) Michael Rostovtzeff (1935) Charles Howard McIlwain (1936) Guy Stanton Ford (1937) Laurence M. Larson (1938) William Scott Ferguson (1939) Max Farrand (1940) James Westfall Thompson (1941) Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. (1942) Nellie Neilson (1943) William Linn Westermann (1944) Carlton J. H. Hayes (1945) Sidney Bradshaw Fay (1946) Thomas J. Wertenbaker (1947) Kenneth Scott Latourette (1948) Conyers Read (1949) Samuel Eliot Morison (1950) 1951–1975 Robert Livingston Schuyler (1951) James G. Randall (1952) Louis R. Gottschalk (1953) Merle Curti (1954) Lynn Thorndike (1955) Dexter Perkins (1956) William L. Langer (1957) Walter Prescott Webb (1958) Allan Nevins (1959) Bernadotte Everly Schmitt (1960) Samuel Flagg Bemis (1961) Carl Bridenbaugh (1962) Crane Brinton (1963) Julian P. Boyd (1964) Frederic C. Lane (1965) Roy Franklin Nichols (1966) Hajo Holborn (1967) John King Fairbank (1968) C. Vann Woodward (1969) Robert Roswell Palmer (1970) David M. Potter (1971) Joseph Strayer (1971) Thomas C. Cochran (1972) Lynn Townsend White Jr. (1973) Lewis Hanke (1974) Gordon Wright (1975) 1976–2000 Richard B. Morris (1976) Charles Gibson (1977) William J. Bouwsma (1978) John Hope Franklin (1979) David H. Pinkney (1980) Bernard Bailyn (1981) Gordon A. Craig (1982) Philip D. Curtin (1983) Arthur S. Link (1984) William H. McNeill (1985) Carl N. Degler (1986) Natalie Zemon Davis (1987) Akira Iriye (1988) Louis R. Harlan (1989) David Herlihy (1990) William Leuchtenburg (1991) Frederic Wakeman (1992) Louise A. Tilly (1993) Thomas C. Holt (1994) John Henry Coatsworth (1995) Caroline Walker Bynum (1996) Joyce Appleby (1997) Joseph C. Miller (1998) Robert Darnton (1999) Eric Foner (2000) 2001–present Wm. Roger Louis (2001) Lynn Hunt (2002) James M. McPherson (2003) Jonathan D. Spence (2004) James J. Sheehan (2005) Linda K. Kerber (2006) Barbara Weinstein (2007) Gabrielle M. Spiegel (2008) Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (2009) Barbara D. Metcalf (2010) Anthony Grafton (2011) William Cronon (2012) Kenneth Pomeranz (2013) Jan E. Goldstein (2014) Vicki L. Ruiz (2015) Patrick Manning (2016) Tyler E. Stovall (2017) Mary Beth Norton (2018) J. R. McNeill (2019) Mary Lindemann (2020) Jacqueline Jones (2021) James H. Sweet (2022) Edward Muir (2023) Thavolia Glymph (2024) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece 2 Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Rostovtsev_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"ancient Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Briggs1994-3"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Mikhail Rostovtsev\" redirects here. For the singer and actor of the same name, see Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor).Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; November 10 [O.S. October 29] 1870 – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history.[3] He was a member of the Russian Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.[4][5][6]","title":"Michael Rostovtzeff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"University of St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dura-Europos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rostovtzeff1977-9"},{"link_name":"caravan city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_city"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rostovtzeff2008-10"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Glen Bowersock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Bowersock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bow-11"}],"text":"Rostovtzeff was the son of a Latin teacher. Upon completing his studies at the universities of Kiev and St. Petersburg, Rostovtsev served as an assistant and then as a full Professor of Latin at the University of St. Petersburg 1898–1918.[7] In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, he emigrated first to Sweden, then to England, and finally in 1920 to the United States. There he accepted a chair at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before moving to Yale University in 1925 where he taught until his retirement in 1944.[8] He oversaw all archaeological activities of the latter institution in general and the excavations of Dura-Europos in particular.[9] He is believed to have coined the term \"caravan city\".[10]While working in Russia, Rostovtzeff became an authority on the ancient history of South Russia and Ukraine. He summed up his knowledge on the subject in Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (1922) and Skythien und der Bosporus (1925). His most important archaeological findings at Yale were described in Dura-Europos and Its Art (1938).Glen Bowersock described Rostovtzeff's views as having been largely formed by the age of thirty, developing mainly only in the quality of execution in later life, and making him \"the last of the nineteenth-century ancient historians\".[11] Rostovtzeff was known as a proud and slightly overpowering man who did not fit in easily. In later life, he suffered from depression.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bow-11"}],"text":"Rostovtzeff was notable for his theories, notably, of the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire, which he expounded in detail in his The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926).[12] Scarred by his experience of fleeing from the Russian Revolution, he attributed the collapse of the Roman Empire to an alliance between the rural proletariat and the military in the third century A.D. Despite not being a Marxist himself, Rostovtzeff used terms such as proletariat, bourgeoisie and capitalism freely in his work and the importation of those terms into a description of the ancient world, where they did not necessarily apply, caused criticism.[11]Rostovtzeff's theory was quickly understood as one based on the author's own experiences and equally quickly rejected by the academic community. Bowersock later described the book as \"the marriage of pre-1918 scholarly training and taste with post-1918 personal experience and reflection.\" At the same time, however, the detailed scholarship involved in the production of the work impressed his contemporaries and he was one of the first to merge archaeological evidence with literary sources.","title":"The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire "},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Queen Dynamis of Bosporus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=154"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/624874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F624874"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"624874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/624874"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163237568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163237568"},{"link_name":"\"Ancient decorative wall-painting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=210"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/624878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F624878"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"624878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/624878"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163721898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163721898"},{"link_name":"\"The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000112983501;view=1up;seq=20"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/030751332000600102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F030751332000600102"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"192222914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192222914"},{"link_name":"\"The Contribution of Russia to Learning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529346;view=1up;seq=294"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). \"Queen Dynamis of Bosporus\". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 88–109. doi:10.2307/624874. JSTOR 624874. S2CID 163237568.\nRostovtzeff, M. (1919). \"Ancient decorative wall-painting\". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 144–163. doi:10.2307/624878. JSTOR 624878. S2CID 163721898.\nRostovtzeff, M. (1920). \"The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad\". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1177/030751332000600102. S2CID 192222914.\n\"The Contribution of Russia to Learning\". The Quarterly Review. 233: 272–287. April 1920.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranians and Greeks in South Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924028575060"},{"link_name":"A large estate in Egypt in the third century B.C. A study in economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924013858661"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clarendon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press"},{"link_name":"Mystic Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mysticitaly00rost"},{"link_name":"Caravan Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_city"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Birth of the Roman Empire. 1918.\nIranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.\nA large estate in Egypt in the third century B.C. A study in economic history. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1922.[13]\nSkythien und der Bosporus. 1925.\nThe Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 1926. (Revised edition in German 1931, and further revised edition in Italian 1933) (Second edition, revised by P.M. Fraser, Oxford, 1957)\nA History of the Ancient World: Volume I The Orient and Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926.\nA History of the Ancient World: Volume II Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.\nMystic Italy. New York: Henry Holt, 1927. (Brown University, the Colver lectures series)\nCaravan Cities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932. (First published in book form as O Blijnem Vostoke. Paris, 1931.)[a]\nDura-Europos and Its Art. 1938.\nThe Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941. (2nd edition 1953)","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ The 1932 English edition was substantially revised from the 1931 first edition after the author made further trips to the Near East.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bongard-Levin, Grigory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Bongard-Levin"},{"link_name":"ROSSPEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSSPEN"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-86004-104-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-86004-104-7"}],"text":"Bongard-Levin, Grigory, ed. (1997). Скифский роман [Scuthial novel] (in Russian). Moskow: ROSSPEN. ISBN 5-86004-104-7.","title":"Citited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istorik-m-i-rostovtsev-nauchnyy-uspeh-emigranta"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2072-9286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-9286"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7734-3226-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-3226-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-02288-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02288-9"},{"link_name":"Momigliano, Arnaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-08545-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08545-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-514543-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514543-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-515-05664-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05664-9"},{"link_name":"Gaetano De Sanctis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_De_Sanctis"}],"text":"Alipov, P. A. (2009). \"Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта\" [Historian M. I. Rostovtsev: scientific success of an emigrant]. The New Historical Bulletin (in Russian). 10 (19): 128–133. ISSN 2072-9286.\nBongard-Levin, G.M. The great Russian historian M. Rostovtsev in the USA: The years of exile. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1999 (in Russian, ISBN 978-0-7734-3226-0).\nBowersock, G.W. \"Rostovtzeff in Madison\" in American Scholar, Spring 1986, Vol. 55 Issue 3, pp. 391–400.\nHopkins, Clark. The discovery of Dura-Europos. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979 (ISBN 978-0-300-02288-9).\nMomigliano, Arnaldo. \"M.I. Rostovtzeff\" in The Cambridge Journal, 1954, 7, pp. 334–346. Studies in historiography (The Academy Library, TB 1288). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966, pp. 91–104. Studies on Modern Scholarship. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994 (paperback, ISBN 978-0-520-08545-9), pp. 32–43.\nReinhold, Meyer. \"Historian of the Classic World: A Critique of Rostovtzeff\", Studies in Classical History and Society (American Classical Studies; 45). New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 978-0-19-514543-4), pp. 82–100.\nShaw, Brent D. \"Under Russian eyes: [Review article]\", The Journal of Roman studies, Vol. 82. (1992), pp. 216–228.\nWes, Marinus A. Michael Rostovtzeff, historian in exile: Russian roots in an American context (Historia-Einzelschriften; 65). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (ISBN 978-3-515-05664-9).\nReviewed by Brent D. Shaw in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 82. (1992), pp. 216–228.\nWes, Marinus A. \"The Russian background of the young Rostovtzeff\", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 37, No. 2. (1988), pp. 207–221.\nWes, Marinus A. \"The Correspondence between Rostovtzeff and Westermann. A Note on Gaetano De Sanctis\", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 42, No. 1. (1993), pp. 125–128.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). \"Queen Dynamis of Bosporus\". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 88–109. doi:10.2307/624874. JSTOR 624874. S2CID 163237568.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=154","url_text":"\"Queen Dynamis of Bosporus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624874","url_text":"10.2307/624874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624874","url_text":"624874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163237568","url_text":"163237568"}]},{"reference":"Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). \"Ancient decorative wall-painting\". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 144–163. doi:10.2307/624878. JSTOR 624878. S2CID 163721898.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=210","url_text":"\"Ancient decorative wall-painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624878","url_text":"10.2307/624878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624878","url_text":"624878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163721898","url_text":"163721898"}]},{"reference":"Rostovtzeff, M. (1920). \"The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad\". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1177/030751332000600102. S2CID 192222914.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000112983501;view=1up;seq=20","url_text":"\"The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751332000600102","url_text":"10.1177/030751332000600102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192222914","url_text":"192222914"}]},{"reference":"\"The Contribution of Russia to Learning\". The Quarterly Review. 233: 272–287. April 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529346;view=1up;seq=294","url_text":"\"The Contribution of Russia to Learning\""}]},{"reference":"Sidorchuk, I. V.; Rostovtzeff, E. A. (2012). \"Ростовцев Михаил Иванович\" [Rostovtzeff Mikhail Ivanovich]. Bioslochist. SPSU.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioslovhist.spbu.ru/person/567-rostovtsev-mikhail-ivanovich.html","url_text":"\"Ростовцев Михаил Иванович\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University","url_text":"SPSU"}]},{"reference":"Ward W. Briggs (1 January 1994). Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 547–. ISBN 978-0-313-24560-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8-uLxAnngUC&pg=PA547","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-24560-2","url_text":"978-0-313-24560-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/michael-ivanovitch-rostovtzeff","url_text":"\"Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Michael+I.+Rostovtzeff&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff (1977). The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Yale University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wL1tAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Excavations at Dura-Europos"}]},{"reference":"M. Rostovtzeff (November 2008). Caravan Cities. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4437-2888-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LHmPKP8z7XMC","url_text":"Caravan Cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2888-1","url_text":"978-1-4437-2888-1"}]},{"reference":"Myres, J. L. (1929). \"Review of The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire\". The Economic History Review. 2 (1): 137–145. doi:10.2307/2589879. ISSN 0013-0117.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2589879","url_text":"\"Review of The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2589879","url_text":"10.2307/2589879"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117","url_text":"0013-0117"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. A Study in Economic History by Michael Rostovtzeff\". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 42: 292–295. 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000099732178;view=1up;seq=390","url_text":"\"Review of A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. A Study in Economic History by Michael Rostovtzeff\""}]},{"reference":"Bongard-Levin, Grigory, ed. (1997). Скифский роман [Scuthial novel] (in Russian). Moskow: ROSSPEN. ISBN 5-86004-104-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Bongard-Levin","url_text":"Bongard-Levin, Grigory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSSPEN","url_text":"ROSSPEN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-86004-104-7","url_text":"5-86004-104-7"}]},{"reference":"Alipov, P. A. (2009). \"Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта\" [Historian M. I. Rostovtsev: scientific success of an emigrant]. The New Historical Bulletin (in Russian). 10 (19): 128–133. ISSN 2072-9286.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istorik-m-i-rostovtsev-nauchnyy-uspeh-emigranta","url_text":"\"Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-9286","url_text":"2072-9286"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22","external_links_name":"\"Michael Rostovtzeff\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Rostovtzeff%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=154","external_links_name":"\"Queen Dynamis of Bosporus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624874","external_links_name":"10.2307/624874"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624874","external_links_name":"624874"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163237568","external_links_name":"163237568"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000092288129;view=1up;seq=210","external_links_name":"\"Ancient decorative wall-painting\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F624878","external_links_name":"10.2307/624878"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/624878","external_links_name":"624878"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163721898","external_links_name":"163721898"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000112983501;view=1up;seq=20","external_links_name":"\"The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751332000600102","external_links_name":"10.1177/030751332000600102"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192222914","external_links_name":"192222914"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092529346;view=1up;seq=294","external_links_name":"\"The Contribution of Russia to Learning\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028575060","external_links_name":"Iranians and Greeks in South Russia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924013858661","external_links_name":"A large estate in Egypt in the third century B.C. A study in economic history"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mysticitaly00rost","external_links_name":"Mystic Italy"},{"Link":"https://bioslovhist.spbu.ru/person/567-rostovtsev-mikhail-ivanovich.html","external_links_name":"\"Ростовцев Михаил Иванович\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8-uLxAnngUC&pg=PA547","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924028575060","external_links_name":"Iranians and Greeks in South Russia"},{"Link":"https://www.amacad.org/person/michael-ivanovitch-rostovtzeff","external_links_name":"\"Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff\""},{"Link":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Michael+I.+Rostovtzeff&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","external_links_name":"\"APS Member History\""},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510296/Michael-Ivanovich-Rostovtzeff","external_links_name":"Michael Ivanovich Rostovtzeff"},{"Link":"http://www.yale.edu/classics/rostovtzeff.html","external_links_name":"Michael I. Rostovtzeff 1870–1952"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115008/http://www.yale.edu/classics/rostovtzeff.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wL1tAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Excavations at Dura-Europos"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LHmPKP8z7XMC","external_links_name":"Caravan Cities"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2589879","external_links_name":"\"Review of The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2589879","external_links_name":"10.2307/2589879"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117","external_links_name":"0013-0117"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000099732178;view=1up;seq=390","external_links_name":"\"Review of A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. A Study in Economic History by Michael Rostovtzeff\""},{"Link":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istorik-m-i-rostovtsev-nauchnyy-uspeh-emigranta","external_links_name":"\"Историк М. И. Ростовцев: научный успех эмигранта\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2072-9286","external_links_name":"2072-9286"},{"Link":"https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9076-rostovtzeff-michael-mikhail-ivanovich-rostovcev","external_links_name":"Michael Rostovtzeff"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Rostovtzeff%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Michael%20Rostovtzeff%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rostovtzeff%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Michael%20Rostovtzeff%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rostovtzeff%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Michael%20Rostovtzeff%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rostovtzeff%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Michael%20Rostovtzeff%22%29%20OR%20%28%221870-1952%22%20AND%20Rostovtzeff%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Michael Rostovtzeff"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050831151822/http://www.telemaco.unibo.it:591/michele/home.html","external_links_name":"Rostovtzeff Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511102454/http://www.academia.edu/9346956/M.I._Rostovtzeff_His_Life_and_Major_Works","external_links_name":"M.I. Rostovtzeff: An essay on his life and major works"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45573/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122771015","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90637534","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18347198","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyJFBmvmcrfrt3wmRCbBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90324257","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1098841","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120891325","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120891325","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118927086","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V158042","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267091705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79130756","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/fcrtv8vz3537hx4","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000028847&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454758","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002162371&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36587338","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record148823","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record99457","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018G3765","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000184482&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068443927","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575439605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/111303","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/43214","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01474190?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118927086.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1307315","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6417gzd","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029219116","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Gallo
Carlos Gallo
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
Brazilian footballer (born 1956) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Rocha and the second or paternal family name is Gallo. Carlos GalloPersonal informationFull name Carlos Roberto Rocha GalloDate of birth (1956-03-04) 4 March 1956 (age 68)Place of birth Vinhedo, BrazilPosition(s) GoalkeeperYouth career1972–1974 Ponte PretaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1975–1983 Ponte Preta 437 (0)1984–1988 Corinthians 159 (0)1988–1989 Malatyaspor 0 (0)1990–1991 Atlético Mineiro 45 (0)1991 Guarani 32 (0)1992 Palmeiras 36 (0)1993 Portuguesa 2 (0)International career1975–1993 Brazil 44 (0)1976 Brazil Olympic 5 (0) Medal record Pan American Games 1975 Mexico City Team competition *Club domestic league appearances and goals Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo (born 4 March 1956), known as Carlos, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in football at the 1975 Pan American Games. Club career In a club career which spanned from 1974 to 1993, Carlos Gallo played for Ponte Preta, Corinthians, Atlético Mineiro, Guarani, Palmeiras, Portuguesa and Malatyaspor (1988–1989) in Turkey. He won two Brazilian Silver Ball Awards. International career At international level, Carlos Gallo played 44 matches for the Brazil national team, between 1976 and June 1993, and was selected for the 1978, 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cup tournaments, playing in the latter edition of the competition. He conceded only one goal in the five World Cup games Brazil played in 1986. Honours Corinthans Campeonato Paulista: 1988 Brazil Pan American Games: 1975 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1976 References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Carlos (Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo)". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2019. External links Carlos Gallo – FIFA competition record (archived) Carlos Gallo at National-Football-Teams.com Carlos Gallo at CBF Carlos Gallo at Sambafoot (archived) Carlos Gallo at www.mackolik.com (also at arsiv.mackolik.com) (in Turkish) Carlos Gallo at Olympics.com Brazil squads vteBrazil football squad – 1976 Summer Olympics – fourth place 1 Carlos 2 Rosemiro 3 Tecão 4 Edinho 5 Júnior 6 Leguelé 7 Marinho 8 Batista 9 Eudes 10 Erivelto 11 Santos 12 Mauro 13 Júlio César 14 Fraga 15 Jarbas 16 Edval 17 Zé Carlos Coach: Coutinho vteBrazil squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Leão 2 Toninho 3 Oscar 4 Amaral 5 Cerezo 6 Edinho 7 Zé Sérgio 8 Zico 9 Reinaldo 10 Rivellino (c) 11 Dirceu 12 Carlos 13 Nelinho 14 Abel 15 Polozzi 16 Rodrigues Neto 17 Batista 18 Gil 19 Jorge Mendonça 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Chicão 22 Waldir Peres Coach: Coutinho vteBrazil squad – 1979 Copa América semi-finalists GK Carlos GK João Leite GK Leão DF Edinho DF Gomes DF Júnior DF Marco Antônio DF Nelinho DF Oscar DF Pedrinho DF Rondinelli DF Toninho MF Adílio MF Amaral MF Batista MF Carpegiani MF Cerezo MF Chicão MF Falcão MF Jair MF Pintinho MF Pita MF Renato MF Sócrates MF Zenon MF Zico FW Éder FW João Paulo FW Juary FW Nílton Batata FW Palhinha FW Roberto Dinamite FW Serginho FW Tarciso FW Tita FW Zé Sérgio FW Zezé Coach: Coutinho vteBrazil squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Waldir Peres 2 Leandro 3 Oscar 4 Luizinho 5 Cerezo 6 Júnior 7 Paulo Isidoro 8 Sócrates (c) 9 Serginho 10 Zico 11 Éder 12 Paulo Sérgio 13 Edevaldo 14 Juninho 15 Falcão 16 Edinho 17 Pedrinho 18 Batista 19 Renato 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Dirceu 22 Carlos Coach: Telê Santana vteBrazil squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Carlos 2 Édson 3 Oscar 4 Edinho (c) 5 Falcão 6 Júnior 7 Müller 8 Casagrande 9 Careca 10 Zico 11 Edivaldo 12 Paulo Vítor 13 Josimar 14 Júlio César 15 Alemão 16 Mauro Galvão 17 Branco 18 Sócrates 19 Elzo 20 Silas 21 Valdo 22 Leão Coach: Telê Santana vteBrazil squad – 1987 Copa América 1 Carlos 2 Josimar 3 Geraldão 4 Ricardo Rocha 5 Douglas 6 Nelsinho 7 Müller 8 Raí 9 Careca 10 Edu Marangon 11 Valdo 12 Zé Carlos 13 Jorginho 14 Ricardo Gomes 15 Júlio César 16 Dunga 17 Edu Manga 18 Silas 19 Romário 20 Mirandinha 21 João Paulo 22 Regis Coach: Carlos Alberto Silva vteBrazil squad – 1993 Copa América 1 Taffarel 2 Cafu 3 Antônio Carlos 4 Válber 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Edmundo 8 Boiadeiro 9 Müller 10 Palhinha 11 Zinho 12 Carlos 13 Winck 14 Luís Henrique 15 Paulão 16 Elivélton 17 Luisinho 18 Marquinhos 19 Edílson 20 Almir 21 Viola 22 Zetti Coach: Parreira vte1980 Bola de Prata GK: Carlos DF: Nelinho DF: Joãozinho DF: Luizinho DF: Júnior MF: Batista MF: Cerezo MF: Sócrates FW: Botelho FW: Baltazar FW: Mário Sérgio vte1982 Bola de Prata GK: Carlos DF: Leandro DF: Juninho DF: Edinho DF: Wladimir MF: Batista MF: Biro-Biro MF: Pita MF: Zico FW: Lúcio FW: Careca This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football goalkeeper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"football at the 1975 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1975_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Rocha and the second or paternal family name is Gallo.Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo (born 4 March 1956), known as Carlos, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in football at the 1975 Pan American Games.[1]","title":"Carlos Gallo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponte Preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Ponte_Preta"},{"link_name":"Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Atlético Mineiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mineiro"},{"link_name":"Guarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portuguesa_de_Desportos"},{"link_name":"Malatyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatyaspor"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Silver Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_de_Ouro"}],"text":"In a club career which spanned from 1974 to 1993, Carlos Gallo played for Ponte Preta, Corinthians, Atlético Mineiro, Guarani, Palmeiras, Portuguesa and Malatyaspor (1988–1989) in Turkey. He won two Brazilian Silver Ball Awards.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"At international level, Carlos Gallo played 44 matches for the Brazil national team, between 1976 and June 1993, and was selected for the 1978, 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cup tournaments, playing in the latter edition of the competition. He conceded only one goal in the five World Cup games Brazil played in 1986.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1975_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL_Pre-Olympic_Tournament"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_CONMEBOL_Pre-Olympic_Tournament"}],"text":"CorinthansCampeonato Paulista: 1988BrazilPan American Games: 1975\nCONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1976","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Carlos (Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo)\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318001853/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/carlos-1.html","url_text":"\"Carlos (Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/carlos-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318001853/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/carlos-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Carlos (Carlos Roberto Rocha Gallo)\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/carlos-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=63623/index.html","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/17979.html","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"http://200.159.15.35/brasilnacopa/craques.aspx?j=48","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201231000000/http://www.sambafoot.com/en/players/358_carlos.html","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"https://www.mackolik.com/futbolcu/-/2lo1al0t6p0nukps52tin3mqd","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"https://arsiv.mackolik.com/Futbolcu/19360/","external_links_name":"arsiv.mackolik.com"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/carlos-rocha-gallo","external_links_name":"Carlos Gallo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Gallo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hoare_II
Henry Hoare
["1 Family","2 Career","3 References","4 Further reading"]
British banker, politician, and garden designer, died 1785 For other people named Henry Hoare, see Henry Hoare (disambiguation). Henry Hoare portrayed by his friend the painter William Hoare about 1750–1760 Memorial in St Peter's Church, Stourton Henry Hoare II (1705–1785), known as Henry the Magnificent, was an English banker and garden owner-designer. Family Henry's grandfather, Richard Hoare, was a goldsmith-banker and Lord Mayor of London. His father, Henry Hoare I, bought the ancestral estate of the Stourtons and built a Palladian villa designed by Colen Campbell. When his father died, Henry Hoare II was 20 years old. He was educated at Westminster School. Career Henry dominated the Hoare family through his wealth and personal charisma. He was a partner for nearly 60 years in Hoare's Bank. His nickname, "Henry The Magnificent", derived in part from his influence as a great patron of the Arts, but more particularly because he laid out the gardens at Stourhead in Wiltshire, an estate bought by his father. In the thirty years after his mother died in 1741, he worked on the gardens at Stourhead, planning and planting what became a "masterpiece" of European garden design. In the 'school' of Poussin, it was said to be "more beautiful than any landscape put on canvas". The gardens were admired as a showplace and Capability Brown, the renowned landscape gardener, was well known to Henry. In 1734 he was elected Member of Parliament for Salisbury. He died in 1785 leaving Stourhead to the son of his daughter Ann (1734–1759), Richard Colt Hoare. His younger daughter, Susanna, became Countess of Ailesbury. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Hoare. References ^ a b Hyams, Edwards (1971). A History of Gardens and Gardening. New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers. p. 240. ^ a b Hutchings, V. p 49 ^ Hutchings, V. p 51 ^ Hutchings, V. p 55 ^ Hutchings, V. p 70 ^ Hutchings, V. p 50 ^ Hutchings, V. p 85 ^ Barak LONGMATE (the Elder.) (1788). The Pocket Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland; Containing the Descent and Present State of Every Noble Family, Etc. With the Extinct, Forfeited, and Dormant Titles, Etc;. J. F.&C. Rivington. p. 2. Further reading Hoare, Henry Peregrine Rennie, Hoare's Bank: A Record 1672-1955, 1932, new edition 1955 Hutchings, Victoria, Messrs Hoare, Bankers: A History of the Hoare Banking Dynasty, 2005 Parliament of Great Britain Preceded byAnthony DuncombeThomas Lewis Member of Parliament for Salisbury 1734–1741 With: Peter Bathurst Succeeded bySir Jacob BouverieSir Edward Seymour Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef This United Kingdom business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (1707–1800) representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Hoare (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hoare_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Hoare_The_Magnificent_of_Stourhead_(1705-1785)_by_William_Hoare_of_Bath.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hoare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Henry_Hoare_(d._1785).jpg"}],"text":"For other people named Henry Hoare, see Henry Hoare (disambiguation).Henry Hoare portrayed by his friend the painter William Hoare about 1750–1760Memorial in St Peter's Church, StourtonHenry Hoare II (1705–1785), known as Henry the Magnificent, was an English banker and garden owner-designer.","title":"Henry Hoare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hoare_(banker)"},{"link_name":"goldsmith-banker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith-banker"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Henry Hoare I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hoare_(banker)"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Colen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyams-1"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchings,_V._p_49-2"}],"text":"Henry's grandfather, Richard Hoare, was a goldsmith-banker and Lord Mayor of London. His father, Henry Hoare I, bought the ancestral estate of the Stourtons and built a Palladian villa designed by Colen Campbell.[1] When his father died, Henry Hoare II was 20 years old. He was educated at Westminster School.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchings,_V._p_49-2"},{"link_name":"Hoare's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoare%27s_Bank"},{"link_name":"Stourhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourhead"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyams-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Capability Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_%22Capability%22_Brown"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Colt Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Brudenell-Bruce,_Countess_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Henry Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Hoare"}],"text":"Henry dominated the Hoare family through his wealth and personal charisma.[2] He was a partner for nearly 60 years in Hoare's Bank. His nickname, \"Henry The Magnificent\", derived in part from his influence as a great patron of the Arts, but more particularly because he laid out the gardens at Stourhead in Wiltshire, an estate bought by his father.[3] In the thirty years after his mother died in 1741, he worked on the gardens at Stourhead, planning and planting what became a \"masterpiece\" of European garden design. In the 'school' of Poussin, it was said to be \"more beautiful than any landscape put on canvas\".[1] \nThe gardens were admired as a showplace[4] and Capability Brown, the renowned landscape gardener, was well known to Henry.[5] In 1734 he was elected Member of Parliament for Salisbury.[6]He died in 1785 leaving Stourhead to the son of his daughter Ann (1734–1759), Richard Colt Hoare.[7] His younger daughter, Susanna, became Countess of Ailesbury.[8]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Hoare.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622796#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/173397/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000082053392"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/20845756"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrChrhCkKyhykhC4wTPwC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/13246411X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012726471605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85326561"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p171028988"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500083962"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6621033"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/200272101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hoare&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK-business-bio-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg"},{"link_name":"Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hoare&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-GreatBritain-MP-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-GreatBritain-MP-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-GreatBritain-MP-stub"}],"text":"Hoare, Henry Peregrine Rennie, Hoare's Bank: A Record 1672-1955, 1932, new edition 1955\nHutchings, Victoria, Messrs Hoare, Bankers: A History of the Hoare Banking Dynasty, 2005Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRefThis United Kingdom business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (1707–1800) representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Henry Hoare portrayed by his friend the painter William Hoare about 1750–1760","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Henry_Hoare_The_Magnificent_of_Stourhead_%281705-1785%29_by_William_Hoare_of_Bath.jpg/230px-Henry_Hoare_The_Magnificent_of_Stourhead_%281705-1785%29_by_William_Hoare_of_Bath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial in St Peter's Church, Stourton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Memorial_to_Henry_Hoare_%28d._1785%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Henry_Hoare_%28d._1785%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hyams, Edwards (1971). A History of Gardens and Gardening. New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers. p. 240.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barak LONGMATE (the Elder.) (1788). The Pocket Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland; Containing the Descent and Present State of Every Noble Family, Etc. With the Extinct, Forfeited, and Dormant Titles, Etc;. J. F.&C. Rivington. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J26W14p8_m0C&pg=RA2-PA145","url_text":"The Pocket Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland; Containing the Descent and Present State of Every Noble Family, Etc. With the Extinct, Forfeited, and Dormant Titles, Etc;"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J26W14p8_m0C&pg=RA2-PA145","external_links_name":"The Pocket Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland; Containing the Descent and Present State of Every Noble Family, Etc. With the Extinct, Forfeited, and Dormant Titles, Etc;"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/173397/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082053392","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/20845756","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrChrhCkKyhykhC4wTPwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13246411X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012726471605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85326561","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p171028988","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500083962","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6621033","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/200272101","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hoare&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hoare&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Hell_in_a_Handbag
To Hell in a Handbag
["1 Plot","2 Productions","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2016 play by Helen Norton To Hell in a Handbag: The Secret Lives of Canon Chasuble and Miss Prism is a 2016 play by the Irish actor/writers Helen Norton and Jonathan White. It deals with two minor characters from Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest. Plot Much as Tom Stoppard did with two of Hamlet's attendant lords in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the play To Hell in a Handbag explores its protagonists lives when they are not onstage in Wilde's original. Beginning with their walk "to the schools and back" in Wilde’s Act II, we begin to learn how these well-educated but impecunious individuals have survived on the lower rungs of Victorian society. Continuing with their time offstage in Act III, we learn that far from being the models of propriety they appear in public, both have been forced to make ends meet in less than ethical and legal fashion. They find themselves mutually dependent to ensure their survival. But no sooner has The Importance ended happily, than one of the duo turns the tables on the other. Productions To Hell in a Handbag was originally seen in the Dublin Fringe Festival in September 2016. Supported by the Show in a Bag initiative of Dublin Fringe Festival, Fishamble: The New Play Company and the Irish Theatre Institute, it was premiered at Bewley's Café Theatre on September 14, 2016. In 2017, the production was revived at the original venue before travelling to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe where it played a sell-out run at the Assembly Rooms. It then embarked on a nationwide tour of Ireland. In 2018, the production travelled to England as part of Culture Ireland's GB18 initiative, playing right along the southern coast. One of the venues was Worthing, the seaside town where Wilde wrote the original play. It was revived again in 2019, playing in Dublin, Armagh and Wexford. The first production not featuring its creators was in October 2019. In the Bag Theatre Company staged the play at the Two Sisters Arts Centre in Felixstowe, Suffolk. Reception In its initial runs in Dublin and Edinburgh, the play received a universally positive response. The Irish Times said, "Helen Norton and Jonathan White, actors and writers, have pulled off a coup with their enchanting visit to the outer rim of Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest" and that the play "packs extraordinary amounts of plot and top-notch gags into a compact package". The Sunday Independent described it as "wickedly, side-splittingly funny, in a sophisticated, witty and elegant way" and "a joyous romp not to be missed, a worthy homage to its master and progenitor". The Observer called it a "comic gem" and "a hoot of an instant classic". References ^ Helen Norton at IMDb ^ Jonathan White at IMDb ^ a b Peter Crawley (August 24, 2019). "Event of the week: To Hell in a Handbag". The Irish Times. ^ a b "To Hell in a Handbag at Bewley's Café Theatre] Dublin Fringe reviews". The Irish Times. September 16, 2016. ^ Show In A Bag, Irish Theatre Institute ^ a b Clare Brennan (August 13, 2017). "Edinburgh festival 2017". The Observer. ^ To Hell in a Handbag English tour: 06 Nov 2018—24 Nov 2018, Culture Ireland GB18 ^ "From refugees to a famous handbag". The Sunday Independent. August 24, 2019. External links Official website Entry in Irish Playography Irish Theatre Institute ‘Improving’ Oscar Wilde: To Hell in a Handbag Account of how the play came to be written by Jonathan White vteOscar Wilde's The Importance of Being EarnestFilms The Importance of Being Earnest (1932) Let's Touch Wood (1933) Al Compás de tu Mentira (1950) The Importance of Being Earnest (1952) The Importance of Being Earnest (1992) The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) Ashta Chamma (2008) The Importance of Being Earnest (2011) Mencari Rahmat (2017) Television The Importance of Being Earnest (1957) Other Ernest in Love (musical) The Importance of Being Earnest (opera) To Hell in a Handbag (play)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"The Importance of Being Earnest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-event-3"}],"text":"To Hell in a Handbag: The Secret Lives of Canon Chasuble and Miss Prism is a 2016 play by the Irish actor/writers Helen Norton[1] and Jonathan White.[2] It deals with two minor characters from Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest.[3]","title":"To Hell in a Handbag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fringe-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-event-3"}],"text":"Much as Tom Stoppard did with two of Hamlet's attendant lords in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the play To Hell in a Handbag explores its protagonists lives when they are not onstage in Wilde's original.[4] Beginning with their walk \"to the schools and back\" in Wilde’s Act II, we begin to learn how these well-educated but impecunious individuals have survived on the lower rungs of Victorian society. Continuing with their time offstage in Act III, we learn that far from being the models of propriety they appear in public, both have been forced to make ends meet in less than ethical and legal fashion. They find themselves mutually dependent to ensure their survival. But no sooner has The Importance ended happily, than one of the duo turns the tables on the other.[3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dublin Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Fishamble: The New Play Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishamble:_The_New_Play_Company"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"Assembly Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_Rooms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edinburgh-6"},{"link_name":"Culture Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford"},{"link_name":"Felixstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstowe"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"}],"text":"To Hell in a Handbag was originally seen in the Dublin Fringe Festival in September 2016. Supported by the Show in a Bag initiative[5] of Dublin Fringe Festival, Fishamble: The New Play Company and the Irish Theatre Institute, it was premiered at Bewley's Café Theatre on September 14, 2016.\nIn 2017, the production was revived at the original venue before travelling to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe where it played a sell-out run at the Assembly Rooms. It then embarked on a nationwide tour of Ireland.[6]In 2018, the production travelled to England as part of Culture Ireland's GB18 initiative, playing right along the southern coast.[7] One of the venues was Worthing, the seaside town where Wilde wrote the original play. It was revived again in 2019, playing in Dublin, Armagh and Wexford.The first production not featuring its creators was in October 2019. In the Bag Theatre Company staged the play at the Two Sisters Arts Centre in Felixstowe, Suffolk.","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fringe-4"},{"link_name":"Sunday Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Independent_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edinburgh-6"}],"text":"In its initial runs in Dublin and Edinburgh, the play received a universally positive response. The Irish Times said, \"Helen Norton and Jonathan White, actors and writers, have pulled off a coup with their enchanting visit to the outer rim of Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest\" and that the play \"packs extraordinary amounts of plot and top-notch gags into a compact package\".[4] The Sunday Independent described it as \"wickedly, side-splittingly funny, in a sophisticated, witty and elegant way\" and \"a joyous romp not to be missed, a worthy homage to its master and progenitor\".[8] The Observer called it a \"comic gem\" and \"a hoot of an instant classic\".[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Peter Crawley (August 24, 2019). \"Event of the week: To Hell in a Handbag\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/event-of-the-week-to-hell-in-a-handbag-1.3994008","url_text":"\"Event of the week: To Hell in a Handbag\""}]},{"reference":"\"To Hell in a Handbag at Bewley's Café Theatre] Dublin Fringe reviews\". The Irish Times. September 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/dublin-fringe-reviews-a-brilliant-show-i-never-want-to-suffer-through-again-1.2792275","url_text":"\"To Hell in a Handbag at Bewley's Café Theatre] Dublin Fringe reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Clare Brennan (August 13, 2017). \"Edinburgh festival 2017\". The Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/aug/13/edinburgh-fringe-theatre-whales-revlon-girl-venus-adonis-half-breed-review","url_text":"\"Edinburgh festival 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"From refugees to a famous handbag\". The Sunday Independent. August 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/theatre-arts/theatre-from-refugees-to-a-famous-handbag-35055078.html","url_text":"\"From refugees to a famous handbag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Independent_(Ireland)","url_text":"The Sunday Independent"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0636223/?ref_=nv_sr_1?ref_=nv_sr_1","external_links_name":"Helen Norton"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0925014/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm","external_links_name":"Jonathan White"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/event-of-the-week-to-hell-in-a-handbag-1.3994008","external_links_name":"\"Event of the week: To Hell in a Handbag\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/dublin-fringe-reviews-a-brilliant-show-i-never-want-to-suffer-through-again-1.2792275","external_links_name":"\"To Hell in a Handbag at Bewley's Café Theatre] Dublin Fringe reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtheatreinstitute.ie/page.aspx?t=show_in_a_bag&contentid=64","external_links_name":"Show In A Bag"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/aug/13/edinburgh-fringe-theatre-whales-revlon-girl-venus-adonis-half-breed-review","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh festival 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.cultureireland.ie/GB18/event/to-hell-in-a-handbag","external_links_name":"To Hell in a Handbag"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/theatre-arts/theatre-from-refugees-to-a-famous-handbag-35055078.html","external_links_name":"\"From refugees to a famous handbag\""},{"Link":"https://2hellinahandbag.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.irishplayography.com/play.aspx?playid=34095","external_links_name":"Entry in Irish Playography"},{"Link":"https://www.writing.ie/resources/improving-oscar-wilde-to-hell-in-a-handbag-by-jonathan-white/","external_links_name":"‘Improving’ Oscar Wilde: To Hell in a Handbag"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Horwich
Paul Horwich
["1 Education and career","2 Philosophical work","3 Books","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]
British analytic philosopher This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Paul Horwich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul HorwichBornPaul Gordon Horwich1947EducationCornell UniversityEraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalyticThesisThe Metric and Topology of Time (1975)Doctoral advisorRichard BoydMain interestsPhilosophy of science, Metaphysics, EpistemologyNotable ideasMinimal theory of truth Paul Gordon Horwich (born 1947) is a British analytic philosopher at New York University, noted for his contributions to philosophy of science, philosophy of physics, the philosophy of language (especially truth and meaning) and the interpretation of Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Education and career Horwich read Physics at Oxford, graduating in 1968, and earned his PhD in Philosophy from Cornell University in 1975 with a thesis on The Metric and Topology of Time, under the direction of Richard Boyd. He began his academic career at MIT, where he taught from 1973 until 1994, when he took up a post at University College London. He returned to the U.S. in 2000, to take up a chair at the CUNY Graduate Center. He moved to NYU in 2005. Philosophical work In Truth (1990), Horwich presented a detailed defence of the minimalist variant of the deflationary theory of truth. He is opposed to appealing to reference and truth to explicate meaning, and so has defended a naturalistic use theory of meaning in his book Meaning. Other concepts he has advanced are a probabilistic account of scientific methodology and a unified explanation of temporally asymmetric phenomena. In the context of philosophical speculations about time travel, Horwich coined the term autofanticide for a variant of the grandfather paradox, in which a person goes back in time and deliberately or inadvertently kills their infant self. Books Probability and Evidence (Cambridge University Press, 1982) Asymmetries in Time (MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1987) Truth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990; 2nd edn. 1998) Meaning (Oxford University Press, 1998) From a Deflationary Point of View (Oxford University Press, 2004) Reflections on Meaning (Oxford University Press, 2005) Truth—Meaning—Reality (Oxford University Press, 2010) Wittgenstein's Metaphilosophy (Oxford University Press, 2012) References Citations ^ as.nyu.edu ^ NYU faculty page ^ Asymmetries in Time: Problems in the Philosophy of Science by Paul Horwich, MIT Press, 1987. ^ Block 2005 ^ Review of "From a Deflationary Point of View", accessed January 2011 Sources Block, N. (2005). "Horwich, Paul". In Honderich, T. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. External links Interview at 3AM Magazine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii PhilPeople Other IdRef This biography of a British philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytic philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"philosophy of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"philosophy of physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics"},{"link_name":"truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth"},{"link_name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittgenstein"}],"text":"Paul Gordon Horwich (born 1947) is a British analytic philosopher at New York University, noted for his contributions to philosophy of science, philosophy of physics, the philosophy of language (especially truth and meaning) and the interpretation of Wittgenstein's later philosophy.","title":"Paul Horwich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Richard Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boyd"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"CUNY Graduate Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY_Graduate_Center"},{"link_name":"NYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Department_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Horwich read Physics at Oxford, graduating in 1968, and earned his PhD in Philosophy from Cornell University in 1975 with a thesis on The Metric and Topology of Time, under the direction of Richard Boyd. He began his academic career at MIT, where he taught from 1973 until 1994, when he took up a post at University College London. He returned to the U.S. in 2000, to take up a chair at the CUNY Graduate Center. He moved to NYU in 2005.[1]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimalist variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"deflationary theory of truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflationary_theory_of_truth"},{"link_name":"use theory of meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_theory_of_meaning"},{"link_name":"scientific methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_methodology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"time travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel"},{"link_name":"grandfather paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_paradox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Truth (1990), Horwich presented a detailed defence of the minimalist variant of the deflationary theory of truth. He is opposed to appealing to reference and truth to explicate meaning, and so has defended a naturalistic use theory of meaning in his book Meaning. Other concepts he has advanced are a probabilistic account of scientific methodology and a unified explanation of temporally asymmetric phenomena.[2]In the context of philosophical speculations about time travel, Horwich coined the term autofanticide for a variant of the grandfather paradox, in which a person goes back in time and deliberately or inadvertently kills their infant self.[3]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Probability and Evidence (Cambridge University Press, 1982)[4]\nAsymmetries in Time (MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1987)\nTruth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990; 2nd edn. 1998)\nMeaning (Oxford University Press, 1998)\nFrom a Deflationary Point of View (Oxford University Press, 2004)[5]\nReflections on Meaning (Oxford University Press, 2005)\nTruth—Meaning—Reality (Oxford University Press, 2010)\nWittgenstein's Metaphilosophy (Oxford University Press, 2012)","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Block, N. (2005). \"Horwich, Paul\". In Honderich, T. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 0-19-926479-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WbkSDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Horwich, Paul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Honderich","url_text":"Honderich, T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Philosophy","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Philosophy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926479-1","url_text":"0-19-926479-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paul+Horwich%22","external_links_name":"\"Paul Horwich\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paul+Horwich%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paul+Horwich%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paul+Horwich%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paul+Horwich%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paul+Horwich%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/rec/HOROTM","external_links_name":"The Metric and Topology of Time"},{"Link":"https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/philosophy/documents/faculty-documents/horwich/Horwich-Paul-CV.pdf","external_links_name":"as.nyu.edu"},{"Link":"http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/object/paulhorwich","external_links_name":"NYU faculty page"},{"Link":"http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=5141","external_links_name":"Review of \"From a Deflationary Point of View\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WbkSDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Horwich, Paul\""},{"Link":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/deflationism-and-wittgenstein/","external_links_name":"Interview at 3AM Magazine"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120224990","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24625512","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWXVcjQVP6bTpJ7WRHYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90263353","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120780820","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120780820","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522004406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012483894","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007311202805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14027075","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81114778","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024941&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00468564","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2013788139&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000363777&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068441843","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810577479005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01491542?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://philpeople.org/profiles/paul-horwich","external_links_name":"PhilPeople"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029080665","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Horwich&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zuguang
Wu Zuguang
["1 Early life","2 Wartime career","3 Early People's Republic","4 Persecution","5 Post-Cultural Revolution","6 Children","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Chinese playwright In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu. Wu ZuguangNative name吴祖光Born(1917-04-21)21 April 1917Beijing, ChinaDied9 April 2003(2003-04-09) (aged 85)Beijing, ChinaOccupationPlaywright, film director and social criticLanguageChineseAlma materSino-French UniversityPeriod1937–2003Literary movementNew Culture MovementNotable worksCity of Phoenix,Return on a Snowy Night,The Soul of the Nation,Itinerant PlayersSpouse Lü En ​ ​(m. 1946; div. 1950)​ Xin Fengxia ​ ​(m. 1951; died 1998)​Children3 Wu Zuguang (Chinese: 吴祖光; pinyin: Wú Zǔguāng; Wade–Giles: Wu Tsu-kuang; 21 April 1917 – 9 April 2003) was a Chinese playwright, film director and social critic who has been called a "legendary figure in Chinese art and literary circles". He authored more than 40 plays and film scripts, including the patriotic drama City of Phoenix, one of the most influential plays during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and Return on a Snowy Night, which is generally considered his masterpiece. He directed The Soul of the Nation, Hong Kong's first colour film, based on his own historical drama Song of Righteousness. He was also well known as an outspoken critic of China's cultural policies, both of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist governments, and was repeatedly persecuted as a result. He fled to Hong Kong in 1945 to avoid being captured by KMT agents, and returned to Beijing after the foundation of the People's Republic China in 1949. He was denounced as a "rightist" during the Anti-Rightist Campaign and performed hard labour in the "Great Northern Wilderness" for three years, and was again persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. His wife, the celebrated pingju actress Xin Fengxia, refused to divorce him and became disabled after undergoing beatings and penal labour. Despite these ordeals, Wu continued to criticize government censorship and to call for political freedom, and was widely admired for his moral conviction. Early life Wu was born on 21 April 1917 to a prominent scholar-official family in Beijing, with ancestral roots in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. His grandfather Wu Zhiying (吴稚英) was a muliao of the Qing dynasty reformer Zhang Zhidong and participated in the Xinhai Revolution. His father Wu Ying (吴瀛) was a founder and curator of the Beijing Palace Museum. His mother Zhou Qinqi (周琴绮) gave birth to 15 children, 11 of whom (four sons and seven daughters) survived to adulthood. She gave birth to Wu Zuguang, her first child, in the mansion of Wu Ying's uncle Zhuang Yunkuan, a minister of the Republic of China government. In 1935, Wu entered Sino-French University in Beijing. The next year, a relative who was running a drama school in Nanjing persuaded him to move there and teach at his school. There he met several people who would become prominent dramatists, including Cao Yu and Chen Zhice. Wartime career At the outset of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Wu wrote the patriotic war play City of Phoenix (凤凰城), which made him well known in China at age 20. It was one of the most performed dramas during the eight-year war. He later wrote several critically acclaimed plays, including Return on a Snowy Night, which is generally considered his masterpiece. His works are strongly influenced by the May Fourth New Culture Movement. As eastern China fell to the Japanese, he moved to the wartime capital Chongqing, where he worked as an editor for the Xinmin Wanbao newspaper. In 1945, he published Mao Zedong's now famous poem "Snow: to the Tune of Garden in Full Spring", which infuriated the Kuomintang government. He escaped to British Hong Kong to avoid being captured by KMT agents, and made a living writing screenplays and making films. He directed The Soul of the Nation (国魂), Hong Kong's first colour film, based on his historical drama, Song of Righteousness, about the Song dynasty patriot Wen Tianxiang. He also made Return on a Snowy Night into a film, as well as two others. In 1946, Wu married the actress Lü En (吕恩) in Shanghai. Early People's Republic Wu Zuguang and wife Xin Fengxia After the Communist Party of China won the Civil War and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, Wu returned to Beijing. Like many intellectuals at the time, he held high hopes for the new People's Republic which finally restored peace in a united China after decades of war and division. He wanted to return to writing plays, but was assigned by the government to direct Song of the Red Flag, a film about women textile workers. As he had no experience with factory life, it took him a year to finish the film, which he considered a "worthless failure." He and Lü En divorced amicably in 1950, due to differences in personality and interests. In 1951, his friend Lao She introduced him to the famous pingju opera performer Xin Fengxia, who had acted in one of Wu's plays and admired his talent. They married that year, despite the fact that they were from differing socioeconomic backgrounds; she had no formal education and was nearly illiterate, while he was from a prominent family of scholars. Wu helped her to study reading, writing, and calligraphy. During this period he made the Peking opera film Goddess of the Luo River (洛神) and Mei Lanfang and His Stage Art, a documentary about Mei Lanfang. He also wrote the Peking operas Three Beatings of Tao Sanchun (三打陶三春) and San Guan Yan (三关宴). Persecution Wu (center), his wife Xin Fengxia, and their three children During Mao Zedong's Anti-Rightist Campaign, Wu was denounced as a "rightist" in 1957 and sent to the Great Northern Wilderness in Heilongjiang to be "reformed through labour." His crime was to criticize the Communist Party's control of the theatre and to argue that the neihang (experts) should have a greater role in such matters. He was called an enemy of the Party, even by his renowned colleague Tian Han. Tian later referenced Wu's work approvingly, which is seen by some as an implicit apology, and was himself persecuted to death. Xin Fengxia was pressured to divorce him, but refused. Citing a legendary love story from one of her operas, she said "Wang Baochuan waited 18 years for Xue Pinggui, and I will wait 28 years for Wu Zuguang." As a result, she was herself labeled a rightist and went through struggle sessions. Wu returned to Beijing after three years of hard labour, but six years later, China fell into the even greater turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966. Xin Fengxia and Wu Zuguang were both denounced at the beginning of the period. She became disabled below her left knee after a severe beating. Their friend Lao She drowned himself after being similarly tortured. During the tumultuous decade Wu and Xin both served years of forced labour. In December 1975, she became paralyzed after suffering a stroke, and Wu took care of her for the rest of her life. Post-Cultural Revolution After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Wu was politically rehabilitated in 1980 and inducted into the Communist Party, an event he described as "neither an occasion for laughter or tears", and his publication ban was lifted after two decades. His play Itinerant Players (闯江湖), based on Xin Fengxia's experiences, was performed that year. In 1983, Wu traveled to the University of Iowa in the U.S. to attend the International Writing Program. Wu was in general loyal to Deng Xiaoping's government, but continued to be an outspoken critic. In 1983, he dismissed Deng's Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign as futile. In September 1986, he read an essay at a meeting of the China Writers Association entitled "Against Those Who Wield the Scissors—a Plea for an End to Censorship". It was enthusiastically received by the audience, but only a censored version was published, minus 1,000 characters deemed "acrimonious". After the December 1986 student demonstrations, he was pressured to leave the Communist Party in 1987. Retired Politburo member Hu Qiaomu came to his home in person to demand his resignation from the Party. He obliged, as he did not think he was "the sort of person who should be in the Party." In spring 1989, Wu signed a petition calling for greater political freedom. Following the army crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Wu called for a reassessment of the incident, but was forbidden to speak at a CPPCC meeting. Xin Fengxia died on 12 April 1998, during a trip to Changzhou, Wu's ancestral hometown. He was devastated by the loss and his health quickly deteriorated. He suffered three strokes in the next few years, and died on 9 April 2003. Children Wu Zuguang and Xin Fengxia had three children. Their son Wu Huan is also a writer, painter, and calligrapher. After the deaths of Wu Zuguang, he organized the exhibition "A Hundred Years of the Wu Family" at the Poly Art Museum in Beijing. It was also held in France, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. References ^ a b c d e Ying, Li-hua (2010). The A to Z of Modern Chinese Literature. Scarecrow Press. pp. 211–2. ISBN 978-1-4617-3187-0. ^ a b c d Sullivan, Lawrence R. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. Scarecrow Press. pp. 574–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-6443-6. ^ a b c d e Jones, Derek (2001). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 9538. ISBN 978-1-136-79863-4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "吴欢吴霜忆父亲吴祖光：旷世才情不平则鸣". Ta Kung Pao. 19 May 2013. ^ a b "Exhibition Displays Wu Family Achievements". Cultural-china.com. Retrieved 31 January 2016. ^ Wu Lai (19 April 2005). "生正逢时 之三" (in Chinese). CCTV. ^ a b "北京人艺表演艺术家吕恩逝世" . Xinhua. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. ^ a b c d e f Wu Zuguang (9 April 2014). "回首与新凤霞的往事" . Sohu (in Chinese). ^ a b c d e "新凤霞与吴祖光的绝世爱情" . Chongqing News (in Chinese). 21 August 2012. ^ a b c d e Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D. (2003). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 597–9. ISBN 978-0-7656-0798-0. ^ Wagner, Rudolf G. (1990). The Contemporary Chinese Historical Drama: Four Studies. University of California Press s. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-520-05954-2. ^ a b Seymour Topping (27 December 1987). "Thaw and Freeze and Thaw Again: the Cultural Weather in China". The New York Times. ^ Schwarcz, Vera (1994). "No Solace from Lethe: History, Memory and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century China". In Tu Wei-ming (ed.). The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford University Press. p. 85. ^ a b Martin, Helmut; Kinkley, Jeffrey C.; Ba, Jin (1992). Modern Chinese Writers: Self-portrayals. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 34–41. ISBN 978-0-87332-817-3. Further reading "Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman". China Heritage Quarterly (25). March 2011. ISSN 1833-8461. Xin, Fengxia (2001). Chinnery, John D. (ed.). The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-592262-2. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Wade–Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ying2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2007-2"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2001-3"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Anti-Rightist Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"pingju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingju"},{"link_name":"Xin Fengxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_Fengxia"},{"link_name":"penal labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ying2010-1"}],"text":"Chinese playwrightIn this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.Wu Zuguang (Chinese: 吴祖光; pinyin: Wú Zǔguāng; Wade–Giles: Wu Tsu-kuang; 21 April 1917 – 9 April 2003) was a Chinese playwright, film director and social critic who has been called a \"legendary figure in Chinese art and literary circles\".[1] He authored more than 40 plays and film scripts,[2] including the patriotic drama City of Phoenix, one of the most influential plays during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and Return on a Snowy Night, which is generally considered his masterpiece. He directed The Soul of the Nation, Hong Kong's first colour film, based on his own historical drama Song of Righteousness.He was also well known as an outspoken critic of China's cultural policies,[3] both of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist governments, and was repeatedly persecuted as a result. He fled to Hong Kong in 1945 to avoid being captured by KMT agents, and returned to Beijing after the foundation of the People's Republic China in 1949. He was denounced as a \"rightist\" during the Anti-Rightist Campaign and performed hard labour in the \"Great Northern Wilderness\" for three years, and was again persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. His wife, the celebrated pingju actress Xin Fengxia, refused to divorce him and became disabled after undergoing beatings and penal labour. Despite these ordeals, Wu continued to criticize government censorship and to call for political freedom, and was widely admired for his moral conviction.[1]","title":"Wu Zuguang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scholar-official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-official"},{"link_name":"ancestral roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_home_(Chinese)"},{"link_name":"Changzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"吴稚英","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E7%A8%9A%E8%8B%B1"},{"link_name":"muliao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muliao"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zhidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong"},{"link_name":"Xinhai Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"Beijing Palace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Palace_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zhuang Yunkuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_Yunkuan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Cao Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yu_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"}],"text":"Wu was born on 21 April 1917 to a prominent scholar-official family in Beijing, with ancestral roots in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. His grandfather Wu Zhiying (吴稚英) was a muliao of the Qing dynasty reformer Zhang Zhidong and participated in the Xinhai Revolution.[4] His father Wu Ying (吴瀛) was a founder and curator of the Beijing Palace Museum.[4][5] His mother Zhou Qinqi (周琴绮) gave birth to 15 children, 11 of whom (four sons and seven daughters) survived to adulthood.[6] She gave birth to Wu Zuguang, her first child, in the mansion of Wu Ying's uncle Zhuang Yunkuan, a minister of the Republic of China government.[4]In 1935, Wu entered Sino-French University in Beijing. The next year, a relative who was running a drama school in Nanjing persuaded him to move there and teach at his school. There he met several people who would become prominent dramatists, including Cao Yu and Chen Zhice.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"May Fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement"},{"link_name":"New Culture Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ying2010-1"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"Xinmin Wanbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinmin_Wanbao"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ying2010-1"},{"link_name":"British Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wen Tianxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ying2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lven-7"}],"text":"At the outset of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Wu wrote the patriotic war play City of Phoenix (凤凰城), which made him well known in China at age 20. It was one of the most performed dramas during the eight-year war.[4] He later wrote several critically acclaimed plays, including Return on a Snowy Night, which is generally considered his masterpiece. His works are strongly influenced by the May Fourth New Culture Movement.[1]As eastern China fell to the Japanese, he moved to the wartime capital Chongqing, where he worked as an editor for the Xinmin Wanbao newspaper. In 1945, he published Mao Zedong's now famous poem \"Snow: to the Tune of Garden in Full Spring\", which infuriated the Kuomintang government.[1] He escaped to British Hong Kong to avoid being captured by KMT agents, and made a living writing screenplays and making films. He directed The Soul of the Nation (国魂), Hong Kong's first colour film, based on his historical drama, Song of Righteousness, about the Song dynasty patriot Wen Tianxiang. He also made Return on a Snowy Night into a film,[1] as well as two others.[4] In 1946, Wu married the actress Lü En (吕恩) in Shanghai.[7]","title":"Wartime career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xin_Fengxia_and_Wu_Zuguang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xin Fengxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_Fengxia"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lven-7"},{"link_name":"Lao She","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_She"},{"link_name":"pingju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingju"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cq-9"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cq-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeStefanowska-10"},{"link_name":"Peking opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera"},{"link_name":"Mei Lanfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei_Lanfang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"}],"text":"Wu Zuguang and wife Xin FengxiaAfter the Communist Party of China won the Civil War and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, Wu returned to Beijing. Like many intellectuals at the time, he held high hopes for the new People's Republic which finally restored peace in a united China after decades of war and division.[8] He wanted to return to writing plays, but was assigned by the government to direct Song of the Red Flag, a film about women textile workers. As he had no experience with factory life, it took him a year to finish the film, which he considered a \"worthless failure.\"[8] He and Lü En divorced amicably in 1950, due to differences in personality and interests.[7]In 1951, his friend Lao She introduced him to the famous pingju opera performer Xin Fengxia, who had acted in one of Wu's plays and admired his talent. They married that year, despite the fact that they were from differing socioeconomic backgrounds; she had no formal education and was nearly illiterate, while he was from a prominent family of scholars.[8][9] Wu helped her to study reading, writing, and calligraphy.[9][10]During this period he made the Peking opera film Goddess of the Luo River (洛神) and Mei Lanfang and His Stage Art, a documentary about Mei Lanfang. He also wrote the Peking operas Three Beatings of Tao Sanchun (三打陶三春) and San Guan Yan (三关宴).[4]","title":"Early People's Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xin_Fengxia,_Wu_Zuguang_and_children.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xin Fengxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_Fengxia"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Anti-Rightist Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Heilongjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang"},{"link_name":"reformed through labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2001-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeStefanowska-10"},{"link_name":"Tian Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Han"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner1990-11"},{"link_name":"a legendary love story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Baochuan_and_Xue_Pinggui"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cq-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeStefanowska-10"},{"link_name":"struggle sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_session"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cq-9"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cq-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2007-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeStefanowska-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeStefanowska-10"}],"text":"Wu (center), his wife Xin Fengxia, and their three childrenDuring Mao Zedong's Anti-Rightist Campaign, Wu was denounced as a \"rightist\" in 1957 and sent to the Great Northern Wilderness in Heilongjiang to be \"reformed through labour.\"[3][10] His crime was to criticize the Communist Party's control of the theatre and to argue that the neihang (experts) should have a greater role in such matters. He was called an enemy of the Party, even by his renowned colleague Tian Han. Tian later referenced Wu's work approvingly, which is seen by some as an implicit apology,[11] and was himself persecuted to death. Xin Fengxia was pressured to divorce him, but refused. Citing a legendary love story from one of her operas, she said \"Wang Baochuan waited 18 years for Xue Pinggui, and I will wait 28 years for Wu Zuguang.\"[9][10] As a result, she was herself labeled a rightist and went through struggle sessions.[9]Wu returned to Beijing after three years of hard labour, but six years later, China fell into the even greater turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966.[9] Xin Fengxia and Wu Zuguang were both denounced at the beginning of the period. She became disabled below her left knee after a severe beating. Their friend Lao She drowned himself after being similarly tortured.[8] During the tumultuous decade Wu and Xin both served years of forced labour.[2][10] In December 1975, she became paralyzed after suffering a stroke, and Wu took care of her for the rest of her life.[10]","title":"Persecution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2001-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topping-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2001-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2007-2"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"International Writing Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Writing_Program"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Spiritual_Pollution_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2001-3"},{"link_name":"China Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Writers_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinKinkley1992-14"},{"link_name":"1986 student demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_student_demonstrations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartinKinkley1992-14"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hu Qiaomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topping-12"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"CPPCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan2007-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-4"}],"text":"After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Wu was politically rehabilitated in 1980[3] and inducted into the Communist Party, an event he described as \"neither an occasion for laughter or tears\",[12] and his publication ban was lifted after two decades.[3] His play Itinerant Players (闯江湖), based on Xin Fengxia's experiences,[4] was performed that year.[2] In 1983, Wu traveled to the University of Iowa in the U.S. to attend the International Writing Program.[13]Wu was in general loyal to Deng Xiaoping's government, but continued to be an outspoken critic. In 1983, he dismissed Deng's Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign as futile.[3] In September 1986, he read an essay at a meeting of the China Writers Association entitled \"Against Those Who Wield the Scissors—a Plea for an End to Censorship\". It was enthusiastically received by the audience, but only a censored version was published, minus 1,000 characters deemed \"acrimonious\".[14] After the December 1986 student demonstrations, he was pressured to leave the Communist Party in 1987.[14] Retired Politburo member Hu Qiaomu came to his home in person to demand his resignation from the Party. He obliged, as he did not think he was \"the sort of person who should be in the Party.\"[12] In spring 1989, Wu signed a petition calling for greater political freedom. Following the army crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Wu called for a reassessment of the incident, but was forbidden to speak at a CPPCC meeting.[2]Xin Fengxia died on 12 April 1998, during a trip to Changzhou, Wu's ancestral hometown.[8] He was devastated by the loss and his health quickly deteriorated. He suffered three strokes in the next few years, and died on 9 April 2003.[4]","title":"Post-Cultural Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-8"},{"link_name":"Poly Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poly_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-5"}],"text":"Wu Zuguang and Xin Fengxia had three children.[8] Their son Wu Huan is also a writer, painter, and calligrapher. After the deaths of Wu Zuguang, he organized the exhibition \"A Hundred Years of the Wu Family\" at the Poly Art Museum in Beijing. It was also held in France, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.[5]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=025_gentleman.inc&issue=025"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1833-8461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-8461"},{"link_name":"The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CTdnQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-592262-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-592262-2"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10919666#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1760232/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083893940"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/64859454"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqvBrxctcqXBf8VgFHYP"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13055016"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13575891f"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13575891f"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/121291715"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269946405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81090001"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000223194&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20131121006&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36606164"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200203134"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p156735520"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684756105606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10534420?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/053465512"}],"text":"\"Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman\". China Heritage Quarterly (25). March 2011. ISSN 1833-8461.\nXin, Fengxia (2001). Chinnery, John D. (ed.). The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-592262-2.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Wu Zuguang and wife Xin Fengxia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Xin_Fengxia_and_Wu_Zuguang.jpg/220px-Xin_Fengxia_and_Wu_Zuguang.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (center), his wife Xin Fengxia, and their three children","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Xin_Fengxia%2C_Wu_Zuguang_and_children.jpg/220px-Xin_Fengxia%2C_Wu_Zuguang_and_children.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ying, Li-hua (2010). The A to Z of Modern Chinese Literature. Scarecrow Press. pp. 211–2. ISBN 978-1-4617-3187-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkJ1QrAxZAAC&pg=PA211","url_text":"The A to Z of Modern Chinese Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3187-0","url_text":"978-1-4617-3187-0"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Lawrence R. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. Scarecrow Press. pp. 574–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-6443-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA574","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6443-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-6443-6"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Derek (2001). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 9538. ISBN 978-1-136-79863-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT9538","url_text":"Censorship: A World Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79863-4","url_text":"978-1-136-79863-4"}]},{"reference":"\"吴欢吴霜忆父亲吴祖光：旷世才情不平则鸣\". Ta Kung Pao. 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2013/0519/1618584.html","url_text":"\"吴欢吴霜忆父亲吴祖光：旷世才情不平则鸣\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao","url_text":"Ta Kung Pao"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition Displays Wu Family Achievements\". Cultural-china.com. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/100Arts4060.html","url_text":"\"Exhibition Displays Wu Family Achievements\""}]},{"reference":"Wu Lai (19 April 2005). \"生正逢时 之三\" (in Chinese). CCTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cctv.com/program/witness/topic/geography/C13784/20050419/102096.shtml","url_text":"\"生正逢时 之三\""}]},{"reference":"\"北京人艺表演艺术家吕恩逝世\" [Performing artist Lü En of Beijing People's Art Theatre passes away]. Xinhua. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20160413102732/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2012-08/17/c_123595119.htm","url_text":"\"北京人艺表演艺术家吕恩逝世\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2012-08/17/c_123595119.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wu Zuguang (9 April 2014). \"回首与新凤霞的往事\" [Reminiscence of my time with Xin Fengxia]. Sohu (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://history.sohu.com/20140409/n397906248.shtml","url_text":"\"回首与新凤霞的往事\""}]},{"reference":"\"新凤霞与吴祖光的绝世爱情\" [The love story of Xin Fengxia and Wu Zuguang]. Chongqing News (in Chinese). 21 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://cq.cqnews.net/cqztlm/2012-08/21/content_18845537.htm","url_text":"\"新凤霞与吴祖光的绝世爱情\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D. (2003). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 597–9. ISBN 978-0-7656-0798-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&pg=PA598","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0798-0","url_text":"978-0-7656-0798-0"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Rudolf G. (1990). The Contemporary Chinese Historical Drama: Four Studies. University of California Press s. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-520-05954-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zFiHwkpo88C","url_text":"The Contemporary Chinese Historical Drama: Four Studies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zFiHwkpo88C/page/n79","url_text":"67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05954-2","url_text":"978-0-520-05954-2"}]},{"reference":"Seymour Topping (27 December 1987). \"Thaw and Freeze and Thaw Again: the Cultural Weather in China\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/27/books/thaw-and-freeze-and-thaw-again-the-cultural-weather-in-china.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Thaw and Freeze and Thaw Again: the Cultural Weather in China\""}]},{"reference":"Schwarcz, Vera (1994). \"No Solace from Lethe: History, Memory and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century China\". In Tu Wei-ming (ed.). The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford University Press. p. 85.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Helmut; Kinkley, Jeffrey C.; Ba, Jin (1992). Modern Chinese Writers: Self-portrayals. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 34–41. ISBN 978-0-87332-817-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CNAwX9FjrnUC&pg=PA34","url_text":"Modern Chinese Writers: Self-portrayals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-817-3","url_text":"978-0-87332-817-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman\". China Heritage Quarterly (25). March 2011. ISSN 1833-8461.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=025_gentleman.inc&issue=025","url_text":"\"Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-8461","url_text":"1833-8461"}]},{"reference":"Xin, Fengxia (2001). Chinnery, John D. (ed.). The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-592262-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CTdnQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-592262-2","url_text":"978-0-19-592262-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkJ1QrAxZAAC&pg=PA211","external_links_name":"The A to Z of Modern Chinese Literature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA574","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT9538","external_links_name":"Censorship: A World Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2013/0519/1618584.html","external_links_name":"\"吴欢吴霜忆父亲吴祖光：旷世才情不平则鸣\""},{"Link":"http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/100Arts4060.html","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition Displays Wu Family Achievements\""},{"Link":"http://www.cctv.com/program/witness/topic/geography/C13784/20050419/102096.shtml","external_links_name":"\"生正逢时 之三\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160413102732/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2012-08/17/c_123595119.htm","external_links_name":"\"北京人艺表演艺术家吕恩逝世\""},{"Link":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2012-08/17/c_123595119.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://history.sohu.com/20140409/n397906248.shtml","external_links_name":"\"回首与新凤霞的往事\""},{"Link":"http://cq.cqnews.net/cqztlm/2012-08/21/content_18845537.htm","external_links_name":"\"新凤霞与吴祖光的绝世爱情\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&pg=PA598","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zFiHwkpo88C","external_links_name":"The Contemporary Chinese Historical Drama: Four Studies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7zFiHwkpo88C/page/n79","external_links_name":"67"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/27/books/thaw-and-freeze-and-thaw-again-the-cultural-weather-in-china.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Thaw and Freeze and Thaw Again: the Cultural Weather in China\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CNAwX9FjrnUC&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"Modern Chinese Writers: Self-portrayals"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=025_gentleman.inc&issue=025","external_links_name":"\"Wu Zuguang: A Disaffected Gentleman\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-8461","external_links_name":"1833-8461"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CTdnQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Memoirs of Xin Fengxia"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1760232/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083893940","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64859454","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqvBrxctcqXBf8VgFHYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13055016","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13575891f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13575891f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121291715","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269946405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81090001","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000223194&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20131121006&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36606164","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200203134","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p156735520","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684756105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10534420?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/053465512","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Grobbe
Maarten Grobbe
["1 References","2 External links"]
Dutch footballer Maarten GrobbePersonal informationDate of birth (1901-09-07)7 September 1901Place of birth Zwolle, NetherlandsDate of death 13 May 1961(1961-05-13) (aged 59)International careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1928–1929 Netherlands 2 (1) Maarten Grobbe (7 September 1901 – 13 May 1961) was a Dutch footballer. He played in two matches for the Netherlands national football team from 1928 to 1929. References ^ "Maarten Grobbe". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Maarten Grobbe". National Football Teams. Retrieved 20 November 2021. External links Maarten Grobbe at WorldFootball.net Maarten Grobbe at National-Football-Teams.com Maarten Grobbe at EU-Football.info This biographical article relating to Dutch football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Maarten Grobbe (7 September 1901 – 13 May 1961) was a Dutch footballer.[1] He played in two matches for the Netherlands national football team from 1928 to 1929.[2]","title":"Maarten Grobbe"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Maarten Grobbe\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/maarten-grobbe/","url_text":"\"Maarten Grobbe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maarten Grobbe\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/72342/Maarten_Grobbe.html","url_text":"\"Maarten Grobbe\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/maarten-grobbe/","external_links_name":"\"Maarten Grobbe\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/72342/Maarten_Grobbe.html","external_links_name":"\"Maarten Grobbe\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/maarten-grobbe/","external_links_name":"Maarten Grobbe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774049#P2020"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/72342.html","external_links_name":"Maarten Grobbe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774049#P2574"},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=7273","external_links_name":"Maarten Grobbe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774049#P3726"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maarten_Grobbe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_International_Film_Festival
Copenhagen International Film Festival
["1 Regular award winners","2 Other awards","2.1 2003","2.2 2004","2.3 2005","3 References","4 External links"]
Former Danish film festival Copenhagen International Film Festival (CIFF) was a film festival held annually in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 2003 to 2008. The main prize, the Golden Swan, was awarded for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Script and Best Cinematography. In 2009, CIFF merged with the NatFilm Festival to become the CPH PIX film festival. Regular award winners Year Best Film Best Director Best Actress Best Actor Best Script Best Cinema-tographer Best Female Director Politiken Audience Award Lifetime Achievement Awards 2003 Song For a Raggy Boy(Aisling Walsh) Bent Hamer(Kitchen Stories) Stephanie Léon(Bagland) Kristoffer Joner(Himmelfald) Afgrunden(Torben Skjødt Jensen) Vera GebuhrGabriel Axel 2004 The Granny(Lidija Bobrova) Nimród Antal(Kontroll) Anna Maria Mühe(Love in Thoughts) Luis Tosar(Te doy mis ojos) Lidija Bobrova(The Granny) Gyula Pados(Kontroll) Guka Omarova(Shiza) Kongekabale(Nicolaj Arcel) István Szabó 2005 Live and Become(Radu Mihaileanu) Bent Hamer(Factotum) Lili Taylor(Factotum) Ion Fiscuteanu(The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu) Radu Mihaileanu(Live and Become) Gyula Pados(Fateless) Yasmine Kassari(The Sleeping Child) Harry's Daughters(Richard Hobert) Costa-GavrasNicolas Roeg 2006 12:08 East of Bucharest(Corneliu Porumboiu) Kim Rossi Stuart(Along the Ridge) Heidrun Bartholomäus(Happy as One) Ulrich Mühe(Das leben der Anderen) Corneliu Porumboiu(12:08 East of Bucharest) Stefano Falivene(Along the Ridge) Valeska Grisebach(Sehnsucht) Das Leben der Anderen(Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck) Henning Carlsen Other awards 2003 Special Grand Prize of the Jury Rithy Panh (S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine) The Special Jury Award Sylvain Chomet (The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)) 2004 Grand Jury Special Prize Nina Choubina and Anna Ovsiannikova (The Granny) Special Lifetime Achievement Award Abbas Kiarostami The Hans Morten prize (70.000 Euro) Mette Heeno 2005 Grand Prix du Jury The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu (Cristi Puiu) Honorary Award Nils Malmros Emir Kusturica References ^ Iversen, Ebbe (30 June 2008). "Copenhagen gets a new film festival". Berlingske Tidende. Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ Mitchell, Wendy (17 August 2015). "Niels Lind Larsen returns to CPH PIX". Screen Daily. ^ Ritzau (30 September 2006). "Romanian film snatched The Golden Swan". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ Gregerson, Cartsen (9 March 2006). "Malmros stops". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Retrieved 28 June 2018. External links http://www.copenhagenfilmfestival.com/ This article about a European film festival is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"NatFilm Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatFilm_Festival"},{"link_name":"CPH PIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPH_PIX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Copenhagen International Film Festival (CIFF) was a film festival held annually in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 2003 to 2008. The main prize, the Golden Swan, was awarded for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Script and Best Cinematography. In 2009, CIFF merged with the NatFilm Festival to become the CPH PIX film festival.[1][2]","title":"Copenhagen International Film Festival"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rithy Panh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithy_Panh"},{"link_name":"S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S21:_The_Khmer_Rouge_Killing_Machine"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Chomet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Chomet"},{"link_name":"The Triplets of Belleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triplets_of_Belleville"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"Special Grand Prize of the Jury\nRithy Panh (S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine)\nThe Special Jury Award\nSylvain Chomet (The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville))","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nina Choubina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Choubina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Ovsiannikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Ovsiannikova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Granny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Granny"},{"link_name":"Abbas Kiarostami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami"},{"link_name":"Mette Heeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mette_Heeno&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2004","text":"Grand Jury Special Prize\nNina Choubina and Anna Ovsiannikova (The Granny)\nSpecial Lifetime Achievement Award\nAbbas Kiarostami\nThe Hans Morten prize (70.000 Euro)\nMette Heeno","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Death of Mr. Lăzărescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Mr._L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu"},{"link_name":"Cristi Puiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristi_Puiu"},{"link_name":"Nils Malmros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Malmros"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Emir Kusturica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Kusturica"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"Grand Prix du Jury\nThe Death of Mr. Lăzărescu (Cristi Puiu)\nHonorary Award\nNils Malmros[4]\nEmir Kusturica","title":"Other awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Iversen, Ebbe (30 June 2008). \"Copenhagen gets a new film festival\". Berlingske Tidende. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b.dk/film/koebenhavn-faar-ny-filmfestival","url_text":"\"Copenhagen gets a new film festival\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Wendy (17 August 2015). \"Niels Lind Larsen returns to CPH PIX\". Screen Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/festivals/niels-lind-larsen-returns-to-cph-pix/5091716.article","url_text":"\"Niels Lind Larsen returns to CPH PIX\""}]},{"reference":"Ritzau (30 September 2006). \"Romanian film snatched The Golden Swan\". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritzau","url_text":"Ritzau"},{"url":"https://www.b.dk/danmark/rumaenske-film-snuppede-golden-swan","url_text":"\"Romanian film snatched The Golden Swan\""}]},{"reference":"Gregerson, Cartsen (9 March 2006). \"Malmros stops\". Berlingske Tidende (in Danish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b.dk/kultur/malmros-stopper","url_text":"\"Malmros stops\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.b.dk/film/koebenhavn-faar-ny-filmfestival","external_links_name":"\"Copenhagen gets a new film festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/festivals/niels-lind-larsen-returns-to-cph-pix/5091716.article","external_links_name":"\"Niels Lind Larsen returns to CPH PIX\""},{"Link":"https://www.b.dk/danmark/rumaenske-film-snuppede-golden-swan","external_links_name":"\"Romanian film snatched The Golden Swan\""},{"Link":"https://www.b.dk/kultur/malmros-stopper","external_links_name":"\"Malmros stops\""},{"Link":"http://www.copenhagenfilmfestival.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.copenhagenfilmfestival.com/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_International_Film_Festival&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Lissoni
Piero Lissoni
["1 Work","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]
Italian architect and designer This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (April 2018) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Piero Lissoni (born July 23, 1956, in Seregno) is an Italian architect, art director and designer. For over thirty years, he has developed projects the world over in the fields of architecture, landscape and interior, as well as in product and graphic design. He is also art director for Alpi, B&B Italia, Boffi, Living Divani, Lema, Lualdi, Porro and Sanlorenzo. In 1986, Lissoni, alongside Nicoletta Canesi, founded the studio Lissoni & Partners in Milan, Italy, focusing on architecture as well as interior and product design. In 1996, Lissoni Graphx, the agency for visual communication, directed by Piero Lissoni's brother Massimo Lissoni, was added to the company. Graphx specializes in brand identity, including catalogs, advertising campaigns, videos, web design, and packaging. They were in charge of the visual coordination of the Venice International Film Festival, organized by La Biennale di Venezia from 2007 until 2016. Lissoni Architettura was established in 2013, to take charge of numerous international architectural clients. In 2015, Lissoni Inc. was created in New York, where interior design for the American, Canadian, and Central and South American markets were developed. In 2023, the New York office expanded its services with a new studio dedicated to architecture. Work Piero Lissoni is the art director for Alpi, B&B Italia, Boffi, Living Divani, Lema, Lualdi, Porro and Sanlorenzo; he designs products and exhibition stands for many of the above brands and other companies including Alessi, Audi, Bonacina 1889, Cappellini, Cassina, Cotto, Fantini, Gallo, Glas Italia, Golran, Illy, Kartell, Kerakoll Design House, Knoll International, Olivari, Salvatori, Serapian, Tecno, Viccarbe, Wella. Starting out with kitchen and bathroom designs at Boffi Kitchens in the mid-1980s, Lissoni later established his own architectural firm in Milan. The setup called "Lissoni Associati" still continues to produce architectural work, now under the name Lissoni & Partners. Awards 2005 – Hall of Fame, I.D. Magazine International Design Award – USA 2014 – Winner “XXIII Compasso d'Oro”, ADI/Association for Industrial Design – L16 – Lualdi 2014 – Winner “Meilleure architecture intérieure d’hôtel en Europe”, Prix Villégiature 2014 – Conservatorium Hotel/Amsterdam 2016 – Winner "NYC Aquarium & Public Waterfront" open ideas competition Arch Out Loud/ New York USA 2016 – Winner "Meilleur hotel du Moyen Orient", Prix Villégiature 2016 – Mamilla Hotel/Jerusalem 2017 – Winner "Best Sleepover" Wallpaper* Design Awards – Extrasoft bed/ Living Divani 2022 — Winner "Hotel Conversion,” “Lobby and Public Spaces” AHEAD Global Awards - Shangri-La Shougang Park, Beijing 2023 — Winner "Outstanding Contribution" AHEAD Europe References ^ "Piero Lissoni's Must-Have List: iPods, Museums, and More". Elle Decor. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-08. ^ "About Us. Lissoni & Partners". ^ "La Biennale di Venezia - Corporate Identity". ^ "Lissoni New York expands its services". ^ "Piero Lissoni". Coolhunting.com. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-09-08. ^ "Piero Lissoni – The Maestro of Modern Lighting Designs". ^ "Interior Design Hall of Fame Members: View by Year". Interior Design. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ www.webservicesrl.com, Web Service Internet Solutions S.r.l. -. "ADI – Associazione per il Disegno Industriale". www.adi-design.org (in Italian). Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ a b "title". www.prix-villegiature.com. Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ "Aquatrium by Pietro Lissoni: a new waterfront aquarium in New York". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ Magazine, Wallpaper* (2017-01-27). "Design Awards 2017: best of the rest | Design | Wallpaper* Magazine". Wallpaper*. Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ "SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - LOBBY". ^ "SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - HOTEL CONVERSION". ^ "PIERO LISSONI - OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION". External links Lissoni Official website and portfolio Selection of pieces by Lissoni Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Netherlands Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seregno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seregno"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"product design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design"},{"link_name":"visual communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_communication"},{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"La Biennale di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Biennale_di_Venezia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Piero Lissoni (born July 23, 1956, in Seregno) is an Italian architect, art director and designer.[1] For over thirty years, he has developed projects the world over in the fields of architecture, landscape and interior, as well as in product and graphic design. He is also art director for Alpi, B&B Italia, Boffi, Living Divani, Lema, Lualdi, Porro and Sanlorenzo.[2]In 1986, Lissoni, alongside Nicoletta Canesi, founded the studio Lissoni & Partners in Milan, Italy, focusing on architecture as well as interior and product design. In 1996, Lissoni Graphx, the agency for visual communication, directed by Piero Lissoni's brother Massimo Lissoni, was added to the company. Graphx specializes in brand identity, including catalogs, advertising campaigns, videos, web design, and packaging. They were in charge of the visual coordination of the Venice International Film Festival, organized by La Biennale di Venezia from 2007 until 2016.[3]Lissoni Architettura was established in 2013, to take charge of numerous international architectural clients. In 2015, Lissoni Inc. was created in New York, where interior design for the American, Canadian, and Central and South American markets were developed. In 2023, the New York office expanded its services with a new studio dedicated to architecture.[4]","title":"Piero Lissoni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Cassina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassina_S.p.A."},{"link_name":"Illy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illy"},{"link_name":"Kartell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartell"},{"link_name":"Knoll International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoll_(company)"},{"link_name":"Salvatori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatori_(design)"},{"link_name":"Wella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wella"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Piero Lissoni is the art director for Alpi, B&B Italia, Boffi, Living Divani, Lema, Lualdi, Porro and Sanlorenzo; he designs products and exhibition stands for many of the above brands and other companies including Alessi, Audi, Bonacina 1889, Cappellini, Cassina, Cotto, Fantini, Gallo, Glas Italia, Golran, Illy, Kartell, Kerakoll Design House, Knoll International, Olivari, Salvatori, Serapian, Tecno, Viccarbe, Wella.[5] Starting out with kitchen and bathroom designs at Boffi Kitchens in the mid-1980s, Lissoni later established his own architectural firm in Milan. The setup called \"Lissoni Associati\" still continues to produce architectural work, now under the name Lissoni & Partners.[6]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prix-villegiature-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prix-villegiature-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"2005 – Hall of Fame, I.D. Magazine International Design Award – USA[7]2014 – Winner “XXIII Compasso d'Oro”, ADI/Association for Industrial Design – L16 – Lualdi[8]2014 – Winner “Meilleure architecture intérieure d’hôtel en Europe”, Prix Villégiature 2014 – Conservatorium Hotel/Amsterdam[9]2016 – Winner \"NYC Aquarium & Public Waterfront\" open ideas competition Arch Out Loud/ New York USA[10]2016 – Winner \"Meilleur hotel du Moyen Orient\", Prix Villégiature 2016 – Mamilla Hotel/Jerusalem[9]2017 – Winner \"Best Sleepover\" Wallpaper* Design Awards – Extrasoft bed/ Living Divani[11]2022 — Winner \"Hotel Conversion,” “Lobby and Public Spaces” AHEAD Global Awards - Shangri-La Shougang Park, Beijing [12] [13]2023 — Winner \"Outstanding Contribution\" AHEAD Europe [14]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Piero Lissoni's Must-Have List: iPods, Museums, and More\". Elle Decor. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/shortlist/shortlist-piero-lissoni-a-72058","url_text":"\"Piero Lissoni's Must-Have List: iPods, Museums, and More\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us. Lissoni & Partners\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/about+us","url_text":"\"About Us. Lissoni & Partners\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Biennale di Venezia - Corporate Identity\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/graphics/corporate+identity/all/completed/biennale-venezia-film-corporate-identity/644","url_text":"\"La Biennale di Venezia - Corporate Identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lissoni New York expands its services\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/news/lissoni-architecture/138","url_text":"\"Lissoni New York expands its services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piero Lissoni\". Coolhunting.com. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coolhunting.com/design/piero-lissoni-interview.php","url_text":"\"Piero Lissoni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piero Lissoni – The Maestro of Modern Lighting Designs\".","urls":[{"url":"https://usa.flos.com/brands/Piero-Lissoni.html","url_text":"\"Piero Lissoni – The Maestro of Modern Lighting Designs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interior Design Hall of Fame Members: View by Year\". Interior Design. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interiordesign.net/articles/8496-interior-design-hall-of-fame-members/","url_text":"\"Interior Design Hall of Fame Members: View by Year\""}]},{"reference":"www.webservicesrl.com, Web Service Internet Solutions S.r.l. -. \"ADI – Associazione per il Disegno Industriale\". www.adi-design.org (in Italian). Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adi-design.org/xxiii-compasso-d-oro-adi-i-vincitori.html","url_text":"\"ADI – Associazione per il Disegno Industriale\""}]},{"reference":"\"title\". www.prix-villegiature.com. Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prix-villegiature.com/awards/nommes-2016/","url_text":"\"title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquatrium by Pietro Lissoni: a new waterfront aquarium in New York\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044151/http://www.elledecor.it/en/new-york-design-week/piero-lissoni-new-aquarium-new-york-acquatrium","url_text":"\"Aquatrium by Pietro Lissoni: a new waterfront aquarium in New York\""},{"url":"http://www.elledecor.it/en/new-york-design-week/piero-lissoni-new-aquarium-new-york-acquatrium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Wallpaper* (2017-01-27). \"Design Awards 2017: best of the rest | Design | Wallpaper* Magazine\". Wallpaper*. Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wallpaper.com/gallery/design/design-awards-2017-best-of-the-rest#186373","url_text":"\"Design Awards 2017: best of the rest | Design | Wallpaper* Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - LOBBY\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aheadawards.com/global/ahead-americas-2022/winners/shangri-la-shougang-park-beijing-china-2","url_text":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - LOBBY\""}]},{"reference":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - HOTEL CONVERSION\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aheadawards.com/global/ahead-americas-2022/winners/shangri-la-shougang-park-beijing-china","url_text":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - HOTEL CONVERSION\""}]},{"reference":"\"PIERO LISSONI - OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aheadawards.com/europe/2023/winners/piero-lissoni","url_text":"\"PIERO LISSONI - OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piero_Lissoni&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piero_Lissoni&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/shortlist/shortlist-piero-lissoni-a-72058","external_links_name":"\"Piero Lissoni's Must-Have List: iPods, Museums, and More\""},{"Link":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/about+us","external_links_name":"\"About Us. Lissoni & Partners\""},{"Link":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/graphics/corporate+identity/all/completed/biennale-venezia-film-corporate-identity/644","external_links_name":"\"La Biennale di Venezia - Corporate Identity\""},{"Link":"https://www.lissoniandpartners.com/en/news/lissoni-architecture/138","external_links_name":"\"Lissoni New York expands its services\""},{"Link":"http://www.coolhunting.com/design/piero-lissoni-interview.php","external_links_name":"\"Piero Lissoni\""},{"Link":"https://usa.flos.com/brands/Piero-Lissoni.html","external_links_name":"\"Piero Lissoni – The Maestro of Modern Lighting Designs\""},{"Link":"http://www.interiordesign.net/articles/8496-interior-design-hall-of-fame-members/","external_links_name":"\"Interior Design Hall of Fame Members: View by Year\""},{"Link":"http://www.adi-design.org/xxiii-compasso-d-oro-adi-i-vincitori.html","external_links_name":"\"ADI – Associazione per il Disegno Industriale\""},{"Link":"http://www.prix-villegiature.com/awards/nommes-2016/","external_links_name":"\"title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044151/http://www.elledecor.it/en/new-york-design-week/piero-lissoni-new-aquarium-new-york-acquatrium","external_links_name":"\"Aquatrium by Pietro Lissoni: a new waterfront aquarium in New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.elledecor.it/en/new-york-design-week/piero-lissoni-new-aquarium-new-york-acquatrium","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wallpaper.com/gallery/design/design-awards-2017-best-of-the-rest#186373","external_links_name":"\"Design Awards 2017: best of the rest | Design | Wallpaper* Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.aheadawards.com/global/ahead-americas-2022/winners/shangri-la-shougang-park-beijing-china-2","external_links_name":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - LOBBY\""},{"Link":"https://www.aheadawards.com/global/ahead-americas-2022/winners/shangri-la-shougang-park-beijing-china","external_links_name":"\"SHANGRI-LA SHOUGANG PARK, BEIJING, CHINA - HOTEL CONVERSION\""},{"Link":"https://www.aheadawards.com/europe/2023/winners/piero-lissoni","external_links_name":"\"PIERO LISSONI - OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION\""},{"Link":"http://www.lissoniandpartners.com/","external_links_name":"Lissoni Official website and portfolio"},{"Link":"http://www.architonic.com/pmpro/piero-lissoni/8100420/2/2/1","external_links_name":"Selection of pieces by Lissoni"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1968281/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122102874","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38021140","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMDRg6RJQQgr3T3VQg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165655329","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165655329","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130271624","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV340219","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011085523","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p333438477","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500242393","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6385zv6","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/150542666","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Patterson
Stephen Patterson
["1 Early life","2 Politics","3 AFL career","4 Personal life","5 References"]
Australian rules footballer and politician Stephen PattersonMPMinister for Trade and InvestmentIn office29 July 2020 – 21 March 2022PremierSteven MarshallPreceded byDavid RidgwaySucceeded byNick ChampionMember of the South Australian House of Assemblyfor MorphettIncumbentAssumed office 17 March 2018Preceded byDuncan McFetridgeMayor of the City of Holdfast BayIn officeNovember 2014 (2014-11) – March 2018 (2018-03)Preceded byKen RollondSucceeded byAmanda Wilson Personal detailsBornStephen Patterson (1971-01-04) 4 January 1971 (age 53)Political partyLiberal Party of Australia (SA)Alma materUniversity of AdelaideOccupationElectrical engineer, small business owner, SANFL/AFL footballerWebsitestephenpatterson.com.auAustralian rules footballer Australian rules football careerPersonal informationOriginal team(s) Norwood (SANFL)Height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in)Weight 75 kg (165 lb)Position(s) RoverPlaying career1Years Club Games (Goals)1995–2000 Collingwood 96 (88) 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2000. Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com Stephen John Rayden Patterson (born 4 January 1971) is an Australian politician, and a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Australian Football League (AFL), and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He has been a Liberal member of the South Australian House of Assembly since the 2018 state election, representing the Electoral district of Morphett. Patterson has served as the Minister for Trade and Investment in the Second Marshall Ministry between July 2020 and March 2022. He currently serves as the Shadow Minister for Energy and Net Zero, Shadow Minister for Mining and Shadow Minister for Defence and Space Industries in the First Speirs Shadow Ministry. Early life Patterson grew up in the Adelaide suburb of Highbury. He attended Pembroke School, Adelaide, and then went on to study a Bachelor of Science (Physics) and Bachelor of Electrical & Electronic Engineering with 1st Class Honours at the University of Adelaide. Politics Patterson was elected as a Councillor for the City of Holdfast Bay in November 2010, and went on to become Deputy Mayor during his term. He became Mayor of the City of Holdfast Bay in November 2014, defeating incumbent Ken Rollond. In April 2017, he defeated the sitting member, Duncan McFetridge, in Liberal Party preselection for the Electoral district of Morphett at the 2018 state election, and was subsequently elected. While he only won 41 percent of the primary vote, McFetridge's preferences flowed overwhelmingly to him, allowing him to easily reclaim the seat for the Liberals. Patterson has previously served as the Presiding Member of the South Australian House of Assembly Environment, Resources and Development Committee, and the Parliamentary Committee on Occupational Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation. He has also previously served as a Member of the Economics and Finance Committee, the Public Works Committee, and the Joint Committee on Valuation Policies and Charges on Retirement Villages. On 29 July 2020, Patterson was appointed as Minister for Trade and Investment, replacing David Ridgway in a cabinet reshuffle. On 21 April 2022, Patterson was appointed as the Shadow Minister for Energy and Net Zero, Shadow Minister for Mining and Shadow Minister for Defence and Space Industries. AFL career Originally from South Australian National Football League (SANFL) club Norwood, Patterson was used mostly as a rover at Collingwood. He also played at half forward or as a wingman on occasions and kicked 25 goals in 1996. Patterson gathered three Brownlow Medal votes from Collingwood's win over North Melbourne in the final home and away match of the 1997 season. The following year, in 'The ANZAC Day clash' against Essendon, Patterson was voted Best on Ground after 24 disposals. His performances in the 1998 season saw him finish the year third in Collingwood's Copeland Trophy voting. He was the first player to kick a goal against Port Adelaide Power. Personal life Patterson is married and has four children. Patterson is an active member of the Glenelg Surf Life Saving Club, undertaking regular patrols along Adelaide's coastline. References ^ Wills, Daniel (29 July 2020). "Premier Steven Marshall reveals three new faces in ministry, as Stephen Patterson, Vincent Tarzia and David Basham are sworn in". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ "First-term MPs elevated to Libs' 'youthful' frontbench". InDaily. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ Stokes, John (10 November 2014). "New Holdfast Bay Mayor Stephen Patterson had two reasons to celebrate on Saturday night". Guardian Messenger. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ Washington, David (24 April 2017). "McFetridge dumping: bitter fight leaves party scars". InDaily. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Electorate: Morphett". ABC Elections. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ "Stephen Patterson". Members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2022. Stephen Patterson's playing statistics from AFL Tables Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing. Stephen Patterson from Collingwood Forever Parliament of South Australia Preceded byDuncan McFetridge Member for Morphett 2018–present Incumbent Political offices Preceded byDavid Ridgway Minister for Trade and Investment 2020–2022 Succeeded byNick Champion vteCurrent Members of the South Australian House of AssemblyLabor (27) Sarah Andrews Zoe Bettison Blair Boyer Michael Brown Nick Champion Nadia Clancy Susan Close Nat Cook John Fulbrook Katrine Hildyard Lucy Hood Eddie Hughes Catherine Hutchesson Tom Koutsantonis Peter Malinauskas Andrea Michaels Stephen Mullighan Cressida O'Hanlon Lee Odenwalder Rhiannon Pearce Tony Piccolo Chris Picton Olivia Savvas Jayne Stinson Joe Szakacs Erin Thompson Dana Wortley Liberal (14) David Basham Jack Batty Matt Cowdrey John Gardner Ashton Hurn Stephen Patterson Adrian Pederick David Pisoni Penny Pratt David Speirs Vincent Tarzia Josh Teague Sam Telfer Tim Whetstone Independents (6) Troy Bell Geoff Brock Dan Cregan Fraser Ellis Nick McBride Leon Bignell vte1993 AFL national draft 1. Darren Gaspar 2. Nigel Lappin 3. Justin Murphy 4. Glenn Gorman 5. Adam Heuskes 6. Trent Cummings 7. Chris Johnson 8. Michael Frost 9. Rowan Warfe 10. Trent Ormond-Allen 11. Brad Johnson 12. Chris Scott 13. David Ugrinic 14. Adam Simpson 15. Luke McCabe 16. Fraser Gehrig 17. Angelo Lekkas 18. Simon Beaumont 19. Robert Stevenson 20. Wade Chapman 21. Shane Hodges 22. Dion Myles 23. Shannon Gibson 24. Cameron Bennett 25. Clinton Shaw 26. Stephen Jurica 27. Brad Hall 28. Daryl Griffin 29. Scott Mollard 30. Paul Lewis 31. Mark Stevens 32. Paul Barnard 33. Ben Robbins 34. Stephen Patterson 35. Aaron James 36. Julian Kirzner 37. Ash Thompson 38. David Innella 39. Jason Wild 40. Matthew Lappin 41. Kieran Sporn 42. Michael Prentice 43. Jason Heatley 44. Eugene Warrior 45. Trent Bartlett 46. David King 47. Chris Palmer 48. Matt Hopkins 49. Simon Garlick 50. Mark Merenda 51. Kristian Pascoe 52. Matthew Dent 53. Justin Mallon 54. Sedat Sir 55. Grant Tanner 56. Rayden Tallis 57. Mark Hepburn 58. Jeff Bruce 59. Craig Biddiscombe 60. Troy Polak 61. Shayne Smith 62. Graeme Wood 63. Gareth John 64. Shane Hamilton 65. Paul Mullarvey 66. Andrew Schauble This article about a Liberal Party of Australia politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"South Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(South_Australian_Division)"},{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"2018 state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_South_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Morphett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Morphett"},{"link_name":"Marshall Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Speirs Shadow Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_David_Speirs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stephen John Rayden Patterson (born 4 January 1971) is an Australian politician, and a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Australian Football League (AFL), and Norwood in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).He has been a Liberal member of the South Australian House of Assembly since the 2018 state election, representing the Electoral district of Morphett. Patterson has served as the Minister for Trade and Investment in the Second Marshall Ministry between July 2020 and March 2022.[1] He currently serves as the Shadow Minister for Energy and Net Zero, Shadow Minister for Mining and Shadow Minister for Defence and Space Industries in the First Speirs Shadow Ministry.[2]","title":"Stephen Patterson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Pembroke School, Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_School,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"}],"text":"Patterson grew up in the Adelaide suburb of Highbury. He attended Pembroke School, Adelaide, and then went on to study a Bachelor of Science (Physics) and Bachelor of Electrical & Electronic Engineering with 1st Class Honours at the University of Adelaide.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Holdfast Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Holdfast_Bay"},{"link_name":"City of Holdfast Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Holdfast_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Duncan McFetridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_McFetridge"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(South_Australian_Division)"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Morphett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Morphett"},{"link_name":"2018 state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_South_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Australian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA_parl-6"},{"link_name":"David Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ridgway_(politician)"}],"text":"Patterson was elected as a Councillor for the City of Holdfast Bay in November 2010, and went on to become Deputy Mayor during his term. He became Mayor of the City of Holdfast Bay in November 2014, defeating incumbent Ken Rollond.[3]In April 2017, he defeated the sitting member, Duncan McFetridge, in Liberal Party preselection for the Electoral district of Morphett at the 2018 state election,[4] and was subsequently elected.[5] While he only won 41 percent of the primary vote, McFetridge's preferences flowed overwhelmingly to him, allowing him to easily reclaim the seat for the Liberals.Patterson has previously served as the Presiding Member of the South Australian House of Assembly Environment, Resources and Development Committee, and the Parliamentary Committee on Occupational Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation. He has also previously served as a Member of the Economics and Finance Committee, the Public Works Committee, and the Joint Committee on Valuation Policies and Charges on Retirement Villages.[6]On 29 July 2020, Patterson was appointed as Minister for Trade and Investment, replacing David Ridgway in a cabinet reshuffle.On 21 April 2022, Patterson was appointed as the Shadow Minister for Energy and Net Zero, Shadow Minister for Mining and Shadow Minister for Defence and Space Industries.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"The ANZAC Day clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ANZAC_Day_clash"},{"link_name":"Copeland Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Power"}],"text":"Originally from South Australian National Football League (SANFL) club Norwood, Patterson was used mostly as a rover at Collingwood. He also played at half forward or as a wingman on occasions and kicked 25 goals in 1996. Patterson gathered three Brownlow Medal votes from Collingwood's win over North Melbourne in the final home and away match of the 1997 season. The following year, in 'The ANZAC Day clash' against Essendon, Patterson was voted Best on Ground after 24 disposals. His performances in the 1998 season saw him finish the year third in Collingwood's Copeland Trophy voting.He was the first player to kick a goal against Port Adelaide Power.","title":"AFL career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Patterson is married and has four children. Patterson is an active member of the Glenelg Surf Life Saving Club, undertaking regular patrols along Adelaide's coastline.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wills, Daniel (29 July 2020). \"Premier Steven Marshall reveals three new faces in ministry, as Stephen Patterson, Vincent Tarzia and David Basham are sworn in\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/premier-steven-marshall-reveals-three-new-faces-in-ministry-as-stephen-patterson-vincent-tarzia-and-david-basham-are-elevated-in-reshuffle/news-story/46f0de93936c4448e478724334b0d6ac","url_text":"\"Premier Steven Marshall reveals three new faces in ministry, as Stephen Patterson, Vincent Tarzia and David Basham are sworn in\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-term MPs elevated to Libs' 'youthful' frontbench\". InDaily. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://indaily.com.au/news/2022/04/21/first-term-mps-elevated-to-libs-youthful-frontbench/","url_text":"\"First-term MPs elevated to Libs' 'youthful' frontbench\""}]},{"reference":"Stokes, John (10 November 2014). \"New Holdfast Bay Mayor Stephen Patterson had two reasons to celebrate on Saturday night\". Guardian Messenger. Retrieved 24 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/new-holdfast-bay-mayor-stephen-patterson-had-two-reasons-to-celebrate-on-saturday-night/news-story/3b953e1354d77c8a9a542db52e8a64fd","url_text":"\"New Holdfast Bay Mayor Stephen Patterson had two reasons to celebrate on Saturday night\""}]},{"reference":"Washington, David (24 April 2017). \"McFetridge dumping: bitter fight leaves party scars\". InDaily. Retrieved 24 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indaily.com.au/news/2017/04/24/mcfetridge-dumping-bitter-fight-leaves-party-scars/","url_text":"\"McFetridge dumping: bitter fight leaves party scars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InDaily","url_text":"InDaily"}]},{"reference":"\"Electorate: Morphett\". ABC Elections. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/sa-election-2018/guide/morp/","url_text":"\"Electorate: Morphett\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Patterson\". Members of the Parliament of South Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=5384","url_text":"\"Stephen Patterson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia","url_text":"Parliament of South Australia"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.stephenpatterson.com.au/","external_links_name":"stephenpatterson.com.au"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/S/Stephen_Patterson.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Stephen+Patterson/13414","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/premier-steven-marshall-reveals-three-new-faces-in-ministry-as-stephen-patterson-vincent-tarzia-and-david-basham-are-elevated-in-reshuffle/news-story/46f0de93936c4448e478724334b0d6ac","external_links_name":"\"Premier Steven Marshall reveals three new faces in ministry, as Stephen Patterson, Vincent Tarzia and David Basham are sworn in\""},{"Link":"https://indaily.com.au/news/2022/04/21/first-term-mps-elevated-to-libs-youthful-frontbench/","external_links_name":"\"First-term MPs elevated to Libs' 'youthful' frontbench\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/new-holdfast-bay-mayor-stephen-patterson-had-two-reasons-to-celebrate-on-saturday-night/news-story/3b953e1354d77c8a9a542db52e8a64fd","external_links_name":"\"New Holdfast Bay Mayor Stephen Patterson had two reasons to celebrate on Saturday night\""},{"Link":"http://indaily.com.au/news/2017/04/24/mcfetridge-dumping-bitter-fight-leaves-party-scars/","external_links_name":"\"McFetridge dumping: bitter fight leaves party scars\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/sa-election-2018/guide/morp/","external_links_name":"\"Electorate: Morphett\""},{"Link":"https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Search/Member?type=member&id=5384","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Patterson\""},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/S/Stephen_Patterson.html","external_links_name":"Stephen Patterson's playing statistics"},{"Link":"https://forever.collingwoodfc.com.au/players/stephen-patterson/","external_links_name":"Stephen Patterson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Patterson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_celeste_(album)
Blu celeste (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 Certifications","4 Year-end lists","5 References"]
2021 studio album by BlancoBlu celesteStudio album by BlancoReleased10 September 2021 (2021-09-10)Recorded2020–2021Length33:33LabelUniversalProducer Michelangelo Greg Willen Blanco chronology Blu celeste(2021) Innamorato(2023) Singles from Blu celeste "Notti in bianco"Released: 23 July 2020 "Ladro di fiori"Released: 20 October 2020 "Paraocchi"Released: 25 February 2021 "Blu celeste"Released: 10 September 2021 "Finché non mi seppelliscono"Released: 12 November 2021 Blu celeste (transl. Sky blue) is the debut studio album by Italian singer Blanco. The album was produced by Michelangelo and released on 10 September 2021 by Universal. The album peaked at number 1 of FIMI's album chart and was certified sextuple platinum in Italy. Track listing Blu celeste track listingNo.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Mezz'ora di sole"Michelangelo1:582."Notti in bianco"Michelangelo2:563."Figli di puttana"Greg Willen, Michelangelo2:134."Blu celeste"Michelangelo3:265."Sai cosa c'è"Michelangelo2:296."Paraocchi"Michelangelo, d.whale2:367."Lucciole"Michelangelo2:568."Finché non mi seppelliscono"Michelangelo2:489."Pornografia (Bianco paradiso)"Michelangelo2:3810."David"Michelangelo3:1311."Ladro di fiori"Michelangelo3:0812."Afrodite"Michelangelo3:12Total length:33:33 Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Blu celeste Chart (2021) Peakposition Italian Albums (FIMI) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 11 Year-end charts 2021 year-end chart performance for Blu celeste Chart (2021) Position Italian Albums (FIMI) 4 2022 year-end chart performance for Blu celeste Chart (2022) Position Italian Albums (FIMI) 3 2023 year-end chart performance for Blu celeste Chart (2023) Position Italian Albums (FIMI) 40 Certifications Certifications for Blu celeste Region Certification Certified units/sales Italy (FIMI) 6× Platinum 300,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Year-end lists Select year-end rankings of Blu celeste Publication List Rank Ref. Rolling Stone The 20 Best Italian Albums of 2021 7 References ^ Claudio Cabona (10 September 2021). "Blanco può piacere (quasi) a tutti". Rockol (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ Manuel Grazia (12 September 2021). "Blanco, da rivelazione dell'anno alla prova del primo disco: ecco "Blu celeste"". TGcom24 (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ Todesco, Claudio (10 September 2021). "Ma sei normale, Blanco?". Rolling Stone (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Blanco – Blu celeste". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Blanco – Blu celeste". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ "Classifica annuale 2021 (dal 01.01.2021 al 30.12.2021): Album & Compilation" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Classifica annuale 2022 (dal 31.12.2021 al 29.12.2022): Album & Compilation" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Classifica annuale 2023 (dal 30.12.2022 al 28.12.2023)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 7 January 2024. ^ "Italian album certifications – Blanco – Blu celeste" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 13 March 2022. ^ "I 20 migliori album italiani usciti nel 2021". Rolling Stone (in Italian). 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022. vteBlancoStudio albums Blu celeste Innamorato Singles "Notti in bianco" "Ladro di fiori" "La canzone nostra" "Paraocchi" "Mi fai impazzire" "Blu celeste" "Finché non mi seppelliscono" "Brividi" "Nostalgia" "L'isola delle rose" "Un briciolo di allegria" "Bruciasse il cielo" Featured singles "Bon ton" Concert tours Blu celeste Tour Related articles Michelangelo Sanremo Music Festival 2022 Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Italy 2022 Italy Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Blu celeste (transl. Sky blue) is the debut studio album by Italian singer Blanco. The album was produced by Michelangelo and released on 10 September 2021 by Universal.[1][2]The album peaked at number 1 of FIMI's album chart and was certified sextuple platinum in Italy.[3]","title":"Blu celeste (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notti in bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notti_in_bianco"},{"link_name":"Blu celeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_celeste_(song)"},{"link_name":"Paraocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraocchi"},{"link_name":"Finché non mi seppelliscono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch%C3%A9_non_mi_seppelliscono"},{"link_name":"Ladro di fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladro_di_fiori"}],"text":"Blu celeste track listingNo.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Mezz'ora di sole\"Michelangelo1:582.\"Notti in bianco\"Michelangelo2:563.\"Figli di puttana\"Greg Willen, Michelangelo2:134.\"Blu celeste\"Michelangelo3:265.\"Sai cosa c'è\"Michelangelo2:296.\"Paraocchi\"Michelangelo, d.whale2:367.\"Lucciole\"Michelangelo2:568.\"Finché non mi seppelliscono\"Michelangelo2:489.\"Pornografia (Bianco paradiso)\"Michelangelo2:3810.\"David\"Michelangelo3:1311.\"Ladro di fiori\"Michelangelo3:0812.\"Afrodite\"Michelangelo3:12Total length:33:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Year-end lists"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Claudio Cabona (10 September 2021). \"Blanco può piacere (quasi) a tutti\". Rockol (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockol.it/recensioni-musicali/album/9924/blanco-blu-celeste","url_text":"\"Blanco può piacere (quasi) a tutti\""}]},{"reference":"Manuel Grazia (12 September 2021). \"Blanco, da rivelazione dell'anno alla prova del primo disco: ecco \"Blu celeste\"\". TGcom24 (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/spettacolo/blanco-da-rivelazione-dell-anno-alla-prova-del-primo-disco-ecco-blu-celeste_37901563-202102k.shtml","url_text":"\"Blanco, da rivelazione dell'anno alla prova del primo disco: ecco \"Blu celeste\"\""}]},{"reference":"Todesco, Claudio (10 September 2021). \"Ma sei normale, Blanco?\". Rolling Stone (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/interviste-musica/ma-sei-normale-blanco/581916/","url_text":"\"Ma sei normale, Blanco?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica annuale 2021 (dal 01.01.2021 al 30.12.2021): Album & Compilation\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2021/0","url_text":"\"Classifica annuale 2021 (dal 01.01.2021 al 30.12.2021): Album & Compilation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica annuale 2022 (dal 31.12.2021 al 29.12.2022): Album & Compilation\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2022/0","url_text":"\"Classifica annuale 2022 (dal 31.12.2021 al 29.12.2022): Album & Compilation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica annuale 2023 (dal 30.12.2022 al 28.12.2023)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2023/0","url_text":"\"Classifica annuale 2023 (dal 30.12.2022 al 28.12.2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian album certifications – Blanco – Blu celeste\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/9721","url_text":"\"Italian album certifications – Blanco – Blu celeste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"I 20 migliori album italiani usciti nel 2021\". Rolling Stone (in Italian). 21 December 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/i-20-migliori-album-italiani-usciti-nel-2021/604672/","url_text":"\"I 20 migliori album italiani usciti nel 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.rockol.it/recensioni-musicali/album/9924/blanco-blu-celeste","external_links_name":"\"Blanco può piacere (quasi) a tutti\""},{"Link":"https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/spettacolo/blanco-da-rivelazione-dell-anno-alla-prova-del-primo-disco-ecco-blu-celeste_37901563-202102k.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Blanco, da rivelazione dell'anno alla prova del primo disco: ecco \"Blu celeste\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/interviste-musica/ma-sei-normale-blanco/581916/","external_links_name":"\"Ma sei normale, Blanco?\""},{"Link":"https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Blanco&titel=Blu+celeste&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Italiancharts.com – Blanco – Blu celeste\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Blanco&titel=Blu+celeste&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Blanco – Blu celeste\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2021/0","external_links_name":"\"Classifica annuale 2021 (dal 01.01.2021 al 30.12.2021): Album & Compilation\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2022/0","external_links_name":"\"Classifica annuale 2022 (dal 31.12.2021 al 29.12.2022): Album & Compilation\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/11/2023/0","external_links_name":"\"Classifica annuale 2023 (dal 30.12.2022 al 28.12.2023)\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/9721","external_links_name":"\"Italian album certifications – Blanco – Blu celeste\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/i-20-migliori-album-italiani-usciti-nel-2021/604672/","external_links_name":"\"I 20 migliori album italiani usciti nel 2021\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/2ab707d5-f1a7-49e0-a4f6-81f5ffa864d1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_V%C3%A9zina
Georges Vézina
["1 Personal life","2 Playing career","2.1 NHA","2.2 NHL","3 Legacy","4 Career statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player (1887–1926) Ice hockey player Georges Vézina Hockey Hall of Fame, 1945 Born (1887-01-21)January 21, 1887Chicoutimi, Quebec, CanadaDied March 27, 1926(1926-03-27) (aged 39)Chicoutimi, Quebec, CanadaHeight 5 ft 6 in (168 cm)Weight 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb)Position GoaltenderCaught LeftPlayed for Montreal CanadiensPlaying career 1910–1925 Joseph Georges Gonzague Vézina (/ˈvɛzɪnə/; French: ; January 21, 1887 – March 27, 1926) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and nine in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Montreal Canadiens. After being signed by the Canadiens in 1910, Vézina played in 327 consecutive regular season games and a further 39 playoff games, before leaving early during a game in 1925 due to illness. Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died on March 27, 1926. The only goaltender to play for the Canadiens between 1910 and 1925, Vézina helped the team win the Stanley Cup in 1916 and 1924, while reaching the Stanley Cup Finals three more times. Nicknamed the "Chicoutimi Cucumber" for his calm composure while in goal, Vézina allowed the fewest goals in the league seven times in his career: four times in the NHA and three times in the NHL. In 1918, Vézina became the first NHL goaltender to both record a shutout and earn an assist on a goal. At the start of the 1926–27 NHL season, the Canadiens donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL as an award to the goaltender who allowed the fewest goals during the season. Since 1981, the award has been given to the most outstanding goaltender as determined by a vote of NHL general managers. In Vézina's hometown of Chicoutimi, the sports arena is named the Centre Georges-Vézina in his honour. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Vézina was one of the original nine inductees, and in 2017 the NHL included him on their list of the 100 greatest players in league history. Personal life Georges, the fifth of eight children, was born on January 21, 1887, in Chicoutimi, Quebec, to Georges-Henri Vézina, a local baker and his wife Clara Belley. Georges attended school at the Petit Séminaire de Chicoutimi from 1898 until the age of fourteen, when he left the school to help at his father's bakery. He played hockey from a young age, participating in informal street hockey matches with others his own age. Vézina partook in these matches in his shoes, and used skates for the first time at age 16 when he joined the local team in Chicoutimi. As Chicoutimi was in a remote area of Quebec, more than 200 kilometres from Quebec City, the hockey club was not in any organised league. Rather the club, known as the Saguenéens ("People from the Saguenay", the region where Chicoutimi is located), toured the province, playing exhibition games against a variety of clubs. Vézina married Marie-Adélaïde-Stella Morin on June 3, 1908, in Chicoutimi. After Vézina's death, it was reported that he had fathered 22 children. This rumour was started when the Canadiens' manager, Léo Dandurand, told reporters that Vézina "speaks no English and has twenty-two children, including three sets of triplets, and they were all born in the space of nine years." In actuality the Vézinas only had two children and Georges spoke broken English. In 1912 they had their first child, a son named Jean-Jules. A second son was born the night of the Montreal Canadiens' first Stanley Cup win in 1916. To honour the event, Georges named the child Marcel Stanley. When not playing hockey, Vézina operated a tannery in Chicoutimi, living a quiet life. Playing career NHA Vézina while a member of the Chicoutimi Hockey Club On February 17, 1910, the Chicoutimi Hockey Club played an exhibition match against the Montreal Canadiens. Though playing an inferior team the Canadiens failed to score a goal, losing the game. This prompted Joseph Cattarinich, goaltender for the Canadiens, to convince his team to offer a tryout to Georges Vézina, who was Chicoutimi's goaltender. Vézina initially refused the offer, staying in Chicoutimi until the Canadiens returned in December of that year. This time they convinced Georges, along with his brother Pierre, to come to Montreal. The two Vézina brothers arrived on December 22, 1910. While Pierre failed to make the team, Georges impressed the Canadiens, especially with the use of his stick to block shots. Vézina was signed to a contract for C$800 per season, and made his professional debut December 31, 1910, against the Ottawa Senators. He would play all 16 games for the Canadiens in the 1910–11 season, finishing with a record of eight wins and eight losses, while allowing the fewest goals in the league. Georges Vézina with the Canadiens early in his career The following season Vézina again led the league in goals against, as well as winning eight games, along with 10 losses. Vézina recorded his first career shutout during the 1912–13 season, defeating Ottawa 6–0 on January 18, 1913, for one of his nine wins in the season. The Canadiens finished first in the NHA for the first time in 1913–14, in a tie with the Toronto Blueshirts. Once again, Vézina led the league with the fewest goals against, while posting 13 victories and seven losses. Under the NHA rules, the first place team would play in the Stanley Cup Finals, but due to the tie for first, the Canadiens had to play a two-game, total-goals series against Toronto. Vézina shut out the Blueshirts in the first game, a 2–0 win for Montreal, but let in six goals in the second game, allowing the Blueshirts to play for the Stanley Cup, which they won. After losing 14 games and finishing last in the NHA in 1914–15, Vézina and the Canadiens won 16 games during the 1915–16 season, placing the team first in the league. As league leaders, the Canadiens earned the right to play in the 1916 Stanley Cup Finals, where they faced off against the Portland Rosebuds, champions of the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two in the best-of-five-games series, winning the Stanley Cup for the first time in team history. Vézina's second son was born the night of the fifth game, which coupled with a bonus of $238 each member of the Canadiens received for the championship, led to him considering the series as the pinnacle of his career. The following season Vézina again led the NHA with the fewest goals against, the fourth time in seven years he did so, helping the Canadiens to again reach the Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost to the Seattle Metropolitans. NHL The NHA gave way to the National Hockey League (NHL) in November 1917, with Vézina and the Canadiens joining the new league. On February 18, 1918, he became the first goaltender in NHL history to record a shutout, by blanking the Torontos 9–0. He finished the season with 12 wins, allowing the fewest goals against. Vézina also set a record, which was shared with Clint Benedict of the Ottawa Senators, for the fewest shutouts needed to lead the league, with one. During the 1918–19 Vézina became the first goaltender to be credited with an assist: during a December 28, 1918 game against Toronto Vézina made a save and gave the puck to Newsy Lalonde, who immediately scored. Vézina won 10 games during the season and helped the Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators in the NHL playoffs for the right to play for the Stanley Cup against the PCHA champion, the Seattle Metropolitans. Held in Seattle, the two teams were tied in the best-of-five series when it was cancelled due to the Spanish flu epidemic, the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded. In the 10 playoff games prior to the cancellation, Vézina had won six games, lost three and tied one, with one shutout. Vézina recorded nearly identical records the next two seasons, with 13 wins, 11 losses and a goals against average above four in both 1919–20 and 1920–21. He won 12 games the following season, as the Canadiens again failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup. Georges Vézina c. 1919–21. He led the Canadiens to their first two Stanley Cup championships. After winning 13 games in 1922–23, Vézina led the Canadiens into the NHL playoffs, where they lost the two-game, total-goal series to the Senators, who would win the Stanley Cup. The following season saw Vézina return to leading the league in fewest goals against. His average of 1.97 goals per game was the first time a goaltender had averaged fewer than two goals against per game. With another 13-win season in 1923–24, the Canadiens reached the NHL playoffs, where they again faced the Ottawa Senators. This time the Canadiens won the series, then defeated the Vancouver Maroons of the PCHA before reaching the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in five years. Playing the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League, Vézina and the Canadiens won the best-of-three series two games to none, as Vézina recorded a shutout in the second game. The championship was the Canadiens' first as a member of the NHL and second title as a club. After a 17-win season in 1924–25 where Vézina recorded a goals-against average of 1.81 to again lead the league, the Canadiens reached the Stanley Cup Finals. The Canadiens only qualified after the Hamilton Tigers, the regular season champions, were suspended for refusing to play in the playoffs unless they were paid more. Facing the Victoria Cougars, the Canadiens lost the series three games to one. Returning to Montreal for training camp for the 1925–26 season, Vézina was noticeably ill, though he said nothing about it. By the time of the Canadiens' first game on November 28 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he had lost 35 pounds in a span of six weeks, and had a fever of 102 Fahrenheit. Regardless, he took to the ice, and completed the first period without allowing a goal. Vézina began vomiting blood in the intermission before returning for the start of the second period. He then collapsed in his goal area, and left the game, with former U.S. Olympic team goaltender Alphonse Lacroix taking his place. Pittsburgh won the game, 1–0. The day after the game, Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis and advised to return home. He made a last trip into the Canadiens' dressing room on December 3 to say a final goodbye to his teammates. Dandurand would later describe Vézina as sitting in his corner of the dressing room with "tears rolling down his cheeks. He was looking at his old pads and skates that Eddie Dufour had arranged in Georges' corner. Then, he asked one little favour—the sweater he had worn in the last world series." Vézina returned to his hometown of Chicoutimi with his wife Marie, where he died in the early hours on Saturday, March 27, 1926, at l'Hôtel-Dieu hospital. Though he played only one period for the Canadiens during the entire season, the team honoured his entire $6,000 salary, a testament to how important Vézina had been to the team. The Canadiens finished in last place in 1925–26. Legacy "Vézina was a pale, narrow-featured fellow, almost frail-looking, yet remarkably good with his stick. He'd pick off more shots with it than he did with his glove. He stood upright in the net and scarcely ever left his feet; he simply played all his shots in a standing position. He always wore a toque—a small, knitted hat with no brim in Montreal colours – bleu, blanc et rouge. I also remember him as the coolest man I ever saw, absolutely imperturbable." —Frank Boucher, player and coach for the New York Rangers One of the dominant goaltenders in the NHA and early NHL, Vézina led the Canadiens to five Stanley Cup Finals appearances, where they won the title twice. Seven times in his career, Vézina had the lowest goals-against average in the league he played, and he had the second-best average another five times. From when he joined the Canadiens in 1910, until being forced to retire in 1925, Vézina never missed a game nor allowed a substitute, playing in 328 consecutive regular season games and an additional 39 playoff games. For the first several years of his career goaltenders could not leave their feet to make a save, and while this rule was changed in 1918 Vézina continued to play in this conservative style throughout his career. Even so, Vézina is regarded as one of the greatest goaltenders in the early days of hockey; the Montreal Standard referred to him as the "greatest goaltender of the last two decades" in their obituary. Vézina's funeral procession at the Saint-François-Xavier Cathedral in Chicoutimi in 1926. Well liked in Montreal, Vézina was often seen as the best player on the ice for the Canadiens, and was respected by his teammates, who considered him the spiritual leader of the team. Referred to as "le Concombre de Chicoutimi" (the "Chicoutimi Cucumber") for his cool demeanour on the ice, he was also known as "l'Habitant silencieux" (the "silent Habitant", Habitant being a nickname for the Canadiens), a reference to his reserved personality. He often sat in a corner of the team's dressing room alone, smoking a pipe and reading the newspaper. When news of Vézina's death was announced, newspapers across Quebec paid tribute to the goalie with articles about his life and career. Hundreds of Catholic masses were held in honour of the devout Vézina, and more than 1,500 people filled the Chicoutimi cathedral for his funeral. He was buried in le Cimetière Saint-Francois Xavier in Chicoutimi. A lasting legacy of Vézina was the trophy named after him. At the start of the 1926–27 season, Léo Dandurand, Leo Letourneau and Joseph Cattarinich, owners of the Montreal Canadiens, donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL in honour of Vézina. The first trophy named after an NHL player, it was to be awarded to the goaltender of the team who allowed the fewest goals during the regular season. The inaugural winner of the trophy was Vézina's successor in goal for the Canadiens, George Hainsworth. He went on to win the trophy the next two seasons as well. In 1981, the NHL changed the format of awarding the trophy, instead giving it to the goaltender deemed best in the league based on a poll of NHL general managers. The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1945 and among the first nine inductees was Vézina. In 1998 Vézina was ranked number 75 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In honour of the first professional athlete to come from Chicoutimi, the city renamed their hockey arena the Centre Georges-Vézina in 1965. When the NHL announced its 100 greatest players in conjunction with the league's centennial 2017, Vézina was included on the list. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP W L T Min GA SO GAA GP W L T Min GA SO GAA 1909–10 Chicoutimi Saguenéens MCHL — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1910–11 Montreal Canadiens NHA 16 8 8 0 980 62 0 3.80 — — — — — — — — 1911–12 Montreal Canadiens NHA 18 8 10 0 1109 66 0 3.57 — — — — — — — — 1912–13 Montreal Canadiens NHA 20 9 11 0 1217 81 1 3.99 — — — — — — — — 1913–14 Montreal Canadiens NHA 20 13 7 0 1222 64 1 3.14 2 1 1 0 120 6 1 3.00 1914–15 Montreal Canadiens NHA 20 6 14 0 1257 81 0 3.86 — — — — — — — — 1915–16 Montreal Canadiens NHA 24 16 7 1 1482 76 0 3.08 5 3 2 0 300 13 0 2.60 1916–17 Montreal Canadiens NHA 20 10 10 0 1217 80 0 3.94 6 2 4 0 360 29 0 4.83 1917–18 Montreal Canadiens NHL 21 12 9 0 1282 84 1 3.93 2 1 1 0 120 10 0 5.00 1918–19 Montreal Canadiens NHL 18 10 8 0 1117 78 1 4.19 10 6 3 1 636 37 1 3.49 1919–20 Montreal Canadiens NHL 24 13 11 0 1456 113 0 4.66 — — — — — — — — 1920–21 Montreal Canadiens NHL 24 13 11 0 1441 99 1 4.12 — — — — — — — — 1921–22 Montreal Canadiens NHL 24 12 11 1 1469 94 0 3.84 — — — — — — — — 1922–23 Montreal Canadiens NHL 24 13 9 2 1488 61 2 2.46 2 1 1 0 120 3 0 1.50 1923–24 Montreal Canadiens NHL 24 13 11 0 1459 48 3 1.97 6 6 0 0 360 6 2 1.00 1924–25 Montreal Canadiens NHL 30 17 11 2 1860 56 5 1.81 6 3 3 0 360 18 1 3.00 1925–26 Montreal Canadiens NHL 1 0 0 0 20 0 0 0.00 — — — — — — — — NHA totals 138 70 67 1 8484 510 2 3.61 13 6 7 0 780 48 1 3.69 NHL totals 190 103 81 5 11592 633 13 3.28 26 17 8 1 1596 74 4 2.78 Source: NHL.com See also History of the Montreal Canadiens List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career Notes ^ Lalancette 2021, pp. 21–22 ^ Lalancette 2021, p. 27 ^ a b Vigneault 2005 ^ a b c d Jenish 2008, pp. 34–35 ^ a b c d e f Shea 2008a ^ Lalancette 2021, p. 46 ^ Jenish 2008, pp. 67–68 ^ Jenish 2008, p. 42 ^ a b c d e Georges Vézina Page. ^ a b Weir, Chapman & Weir 1999, p. 128 ^ Leonetti 2004, p. 37 ^ Lalancette 2021, p. 111 ^ Podnieks 2004, p. 48 ^ Shea 2008b ^ Lalancette 2021, p. 182 ^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 32 ^ Weekes & Banks 2004, p. 91 ^ Allen, Duff & Bower 2002, p. 187 ^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 34 ^ a b Diamond 2002, p. 550 ^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 187 ^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 57 ^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 60 ^ Diamond 2002, p. 125 ^ a b Dryden 1997, p. 141 ^ a b Jenish 2008, p. 68 ^ a b c Hackel 2017 ^ a b Jenish 2008, p. 70 ^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 64 ^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 10 ^ Stubbs 2017 ^ Diamond 2002, p. 1968 ^ Falla 2008, pp. 131–32 ^ Jenish 2008, p. 40 ^ Jenish 2008, p. 67 ^ Feige 2011, p. 236 ^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 205 ^ Lalancette 2021, p. 335 ^ Georges Vézina's NHL Profile. References Allen, Kevin; Duff, Bob; Bower, Johnny (2002), Without Fear: Hockey's 50 Greatest Goaltenders, Chicago: Triumph Books, ISBN 978-1-57243-484-4 Coleman, Charles (1966), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Toronto: Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 978-0-8403-2941-7 Diamond, Dan, ed. (2002), Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League, Second Edition, New York: Total Sports Publishing, ISBN 978-1-892129-85-7 Dryden, Steve (1997), The Top 100 NHL Players of All Time, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., ISBN 978-0-7710-4176-1 Falla, Jack (2008), Open Ice: Reflections and Confessions of a Hockey Lifer, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-470-15305-5 Feige, Timothy (2011), Hockey's Greatest Tragedies: The Broken Heroes of the Fastest Game on Earth, London: Arcturus Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84837-742-4 Georges Vézina's NHL Profile, National Hockey League, retrieved April 22, 2020 Georges Vézina Page, Hockey Hall of Fame, retrieved November 24, 2008 Hackel, Stu (January 1, 2017), Georges Vezina: 100 Greatest NHL Players, National Hockey League, retrieved January 19, 2017 Hughes, Morgan; Fischler, Stan and Shirley; Romain, Joseph; Duplacey, James (2003), Hockey Chronicle: Year-by-Year History of the National Hockey League, Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7853-9624-6 Jenish, D'Arcy (2008), The Montreal Canadiens: 100 Years of Glory, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 978-0-385-66324-3 Lalancette, Mikaël (2021), Georges Vézina: L'habitant silencieux (in French), Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homm, ISBN 978-2-761957-13-7 Leonetti, Mark (2004), Canadiens Legends: Montreal's Hockey Heroes, Raincoast Books, ISBN 978-1-55192-731-2 National Hockey League (2008), National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2009, Toronto: Dan Diamond & Associates, Inc., ISBN 978-1-894801-14-0 Podnieks, Andrew (2004), Lord Stanley's Cup, Bolton, Ontario: Fenn Publishing, ISBN 978-1-55168-261-7 Shea, Kevin (November 7, 2008a), One on One with Georges Vezina, Hockey Hall of Fame, archived from the original on October 8, 2015, retrieved November 24, 2008 Shea, Kevin (2008b), Georges Vézina, Pinnacle, Hockey Hall of Fame, archived from the original on July 6, 2010, retrieved November 25, 2008 Stubbs, Dave (February 19, 2017), Clint Benedict overshadowed, not forgotten, National Hockey League, retrieved August 7, 2020 Vigneault, Michel (2005), Vézina, Georges (baptized Joseph-Georges-Gonzague), Dictionary of Canadian Biography, retrieved January 8, 2022 Weekes, Don; Banks, Kerry (2004), The Unofficial Guide to Even More of Hockey's Most Unusual Records, Greystone Books, ISBN 978-1-55365-062-1 Weir, Glenn; Chapman, Jeff; Weir, Travis (1999), Ultimate Hockey, Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7737-6057-8 External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or Legends of Hockey, or The Internet Hockey Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈvɛzɪnə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[ʒɔʁʒ vezina]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"National Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1926–27 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Vezina Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezina_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges-Vézina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges-V%C3%A9zina"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"100 greatest players in league history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_NHL_Players"}],"text":"Canadian ice hockey player (1887–1926)Ice hockey playerJoseph Georges Gonzague Vézina (/ˈvɛzɪnə/; French: [ʒɔʁʒ vezina]; January 21, 1887 – March 27, 1926) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and nine in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Montreal Canadiens. After being signed by the Canadiens in 1910, Vézina played in 327 consecutive regular season games and a further 39 playoff games, before leaving early during a game in 1925 due to illness. Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died on March 27, 1926.The only goaltender to play for the Canadiens between 1910 and 1925, Vézina helped the team win the Stanley Cup in 1916 and 1924, while reaching the Stanley Cup Finals three more times. Nicknamed the \"Chicoutimi Cucumber\" for his calm composure while in goal, Vézina allowed the fewest goals in the league seven times in his career: four times in the NHA and three times in the NHL. In 1918, Vézina became the first NHL goaltender to both record a shutout and earn an assist on a goal. At the start of the 1926–27 NHL season, the Canadiens donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL as an award to the goaltender who allowed the fewest goals during the season. Since 1981, the award has been given to the most outstanding goaltender as determined by a vote of NHL general managers. In Vézina's hometown of Chicoutimi, the sports arena is named the Centre Georges-Vézina in his honour. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Vézina was one of the original nine inductees, and in 2017 the NHL included him on their list of the 100 greatest players in league history.","title":"Georges Vézina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicoutimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicoutimi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dictionary-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Léo Dandurand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Dandurand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page-9"}],"text":"Georges, the fifth of eight children, was born on January 21, 1887, in Chicoutimi, Quebec, to Georges-Henri Vézina, a local baker and his wife Clara Belley.[1] Georges attended school at the Petit Séminaire de Chicoutimi from 1898 until the age of fourteen, when he left the school to help at his father's bakery.[2][3] He played hockey from a young age, participating in informal street hockey matches with others his own age.[4] Vézina partook in these matches in his shoes, and used skates for the first time at age 16 when he joined the local team in Chicoutimi.[5] As Chicoutimi was in a remote area of Quebec, more than 200 kilometres from Quebec City, the hockey club was not in any organised league. Rather the club, known as the Saguenéens (\"People from the Saguenay\", the region where Chicoutimi is located), toured the province, playing exhibition games against a variety of clubs.[4]Vézina married Marie-Adélaïde-Stella Morin on June 3, 1908, in Chicoutimi.[6] After Vézina's death, it was reported that he had fathered 22 children. This rumour was started when the Canadiens' manager, Léo Dandurand, told reporters that Vézina \"speaks no English and has twenty-two children, including three sets of triplets, and they were all born in the space of nine years.\" In actuality the Vézinas only had two children and Georges spoke broken English.[7] In 1912 they had their first child, a son named Jean-Jules. A second son was born the night of the Montreal Canadiens' first Stanley Cup win in 1916. To honour the event, Georges named the child Marcel Stanley.[8] When not playing hockey, Vézina operated a tannery in Chicoutimi, living a quiet life.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vezina1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cattarinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cattarinich"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weir_1999_128-10"},{"link_name":"Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_V%C3%A9zina_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"C$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dictionary-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators_(original)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335-4"},{"link_name":"1910–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_NHA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vezina19101920.jpg"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page-9"},{"link_name":"shutout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout"},{"link_name":"1912–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1913–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%E2%80%9314_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blueshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blueshirts"},{"link_name":"1914–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"1915–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%E2%80%9316_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"1916 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Portland Rosebuds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Rosebuds_(hockey)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%9317_NHA_season"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Seattle Metropolitans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Metropolitans"}],"sub_title":"NHA","text":"Vézina while a member of the Chicoutimi Hockey ClubOn February 17, 1910, the Chicoutimi Hockey Club played an exhibition match against the Montreal Canadiens.[5] Though playing an inferior team the Canadiens failed to score a goal, losing the game. This prompted Joseph Cattarinich, goaltender for the Canadiens, to convince his team to offer a tryout to Georges Vézina, who was Chicoutimi's goaltender.[10] Vézina initially refused the offer, staying in Chicoutimi until the Canadiens returned in December of that year. This time they convinced Georges, along with his brother Pierre, to come to Montreal. The two Vézina brothers arrived on December 22, 1910.[4] While Pierre failed to make the team, Georges impressed the Canadiens, especially with the use of his stick to block shots.[11] Vézina was signed to a contract for C$800 per season,[3][5] and made his professional debut December 31, 1910, against the Ottawa Senators.[4] He would play all 16 games for the Canadiens in the 1910–11 season, finishing with a record of eight wins and eight losses, while allowing the fewest goals in the league.Georges Vézina with the Canadiens early in his careerThe following season Vézina again led the league in goals against, as well as winning eight games, along with 10 losses.[9] Vézina recorded his first career shutout during the 1912–13 season, defeating Ottawa 6–0 on January 18, 1913, for one of his nine wins in the season.[12] The Canadiens finished first in the NHA for the first time in 1913–14, in a tie with the Toronto Blueshirts. Once again, Vézina led the league with the fewest goals against, while posting 13 victories and seven losses. Under the NHA rules, the first place team would play in the Stanley Cup Finals, but due to the tie for first, the Canadiens had to play a two-game, total-goals series against Toronto. Vézina shut out the Blueshirts in the first game, a 2–0 win for Montreal, but let in six goals in the second game, allowing the Blueshirts to play for the Stanley Cup, which they won.After losing 14 games and finishing last in the NHA in 1914–15, Vézina and the Canadiens won 16 games during the 1915–16 season, placing the team first in the league. As league leaders, the Canadiens earned the right to play in the 1916 Stanley Cup Finals, where they faced off against the Portland Rosebuds, champions of the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two in the best-of-five-games series, winning the Stanley Cup for the first time in team history.[13] Vézina's second son was born the night of the fifth game, which coupled with a bonus of $238 each member of the Canadiens received for the championship, led to him considering the series as the pinnacle of his career.[14] The following season Vézina again led the NHA with the fewest goals against, the fourth time in seven years he did so, helping the Canadiens to again reach the Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost to the Seattle Metropolitans.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Torontos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Arenas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Clint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators_(original)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1918–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Newsy Lalonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsy_Lalonde"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"goals against average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_against_average"},{"link_name":"1919–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1920–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamond_2002_550-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vezina19191921.JPG"},{"link_name":"1922–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Maroons"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Calgary Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cougars"},{"link_name":"1925–26 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates_(NHL)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden_1997_141-25"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Lacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Lacroix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_68-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_68-26"}],"sub_title":"NHL","text":"The NHA gave way to the National Hockey League (NHL) in November 1917, with Vézina and the Canadiens joining the new league. On February 18, 1918, he became the first goaltender in NHL history to record a shutout, by blanking the Torontos 9–0.[15] He finished the season with 12 wins, allowing the fewest goals against.[16] Vézina also set a record, which was shared with Clint Benedict of the Ottawa Senators, for the fewest shutouts needed to lead the league, with one.[17]During the 1918–19 Vézina became the first goaltender to be credited with an assist: during a December 28, 1918 game against Toronto Vézina made a save and gave the puck to Newsy Lalonde, who immediately scored.[18] Vézina won 10 games during the season and helped the Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators in the NHL playoffs for the right to play for the Stanley Cup against the PCHA champion, the Seattle Metropolitans. Held in Seattle, the two teams were tied in the best-of-five series when it was cancelled due to the Spanish flu epidemic, the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded.[19] In the 10 playoff games prior to the cancellation, Vézina had won six games, lost three and tied one, with one shutout. Vézina recorded nearly identical records the next two seasons, with 13 wins, 11 losses and a goals against average above four in both 1919–20 and 1920–21. He won 12 games the following season, as the Canadiens again failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup.[20]Georges Vézina c. 1919–21. He led the Canadiens to their first two Stanley Cup championships.After winning 13 games in 1922–23, Vézina led the Canadiens into the NHL playoffs, where they lost the two-game, total-goal series to the Senators, who would win the Stanley Cup. The following season saw Vézina return to leading the league in fewest goals against. His average of 1.97 goals per game was the first time a goaltender had averaged fewer than two goals against per game.[21] With another 13-win season in 1923–24, the Canadiens reached the NHL playoffs, where they again faced the Ottawa Senators. This time the Canadiens won the series, then defeated the Vancouver Maroons of the PCHA before reaching the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in five years. Playing the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League, Vézina and the Canadiens won the best-of-three series two games to none, as Vézina recorded a shutout in the second game.[22] The championship was the Canadiens' first as a member of the NHL and second title as a club. After a 17-win season in 1924–25 where Vézina recorded a goals-against average of 1.81 to again lead the league, the Canadiens reached the Stanley Cup Finals. The Canadiens only qualified after the Hamilton Tigers, the regular season champions, were suspended for refusing to play in the playoffs unless they were paid more.[23] Facing the Victoria Cougars, the Canadiens lost the series three games to one.Returning to Montreal for training camp for the 1925–26 season, Vézina was noticeably ill, though he said nothing about it. By the time of the Canadiens' first game on November 28 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he had lost 35 pounds in a span of six weeks,[24] and had a fever of 102 Fahrenheit. Regardless, he took to the ice, and completed the first period without allowing a goal. Vézina began vomiting blood in the intermission before returning for the start of the second period.[25] He then collapsed in his goal area, and left the game, with former U.S. Olympic team goaltender Alphonse Lacroix taking his place. Pittsburgh won the game, 1–0.[5]The day after the game, Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis and advised to return home.[26] He made a last trip into the Canadiens' dressing room on December 3 to say a final goodbye to his teammates. Dandurand would later describe Vézina as sitting in his corner of the dressing room with \"tears rolling down his cheeks. He was looking at his old pads and skates that Eddie Dufour [the Canadiens trainer] had arranged in Georges' corner. Then, he asked one little favour—the sweater he had worn in the last world series.\"[5] Vézina returned to his hometown of Chicoutimi with his wife Marie, where he died in the early hours on Saturday, March 27, 1926, at l'Hôtel-Dieu hospital. Though he played only one period for the Canadiens during the entire season, the team honoured his entire $6,000 salary, a testament to how important Vézina had been to the team. The Canadiens finished in last place in 1925–26.[26]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Boucher"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One_on_One-5"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_Greatest-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_70-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_Vezina_funeral_procession.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-François-Xavier Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weir_1999_128-10"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Chicoutimi cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenish_2008_70-28"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"1926–27 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Léo Dandurand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Dandurand"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cattarinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cattarinich"},{"link_name":"Vezina Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezina_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_Greatest-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page-9"},{"link_name":"George Hainsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hainsworth"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamond_2002_550-20"},{"link_name":"The Hockey News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_News"},{"link_name":"100 Greatest Hockey Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_100_greatest_hockey_players_by_The_Hockey_News"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden_1997_141-25"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges-Vézina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges-V%C3%A9zina"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100_Greatest-27"}],"text":"\"Vézina was a pale, narrow-featured fellow, almost frail-looking, yet remarkably good with his stick. He'd pick off more shots with it than he did with his glove. He stood upright in the net and scarcely ever left his feet; he simply played all his shots in a standing position. He always wore a toque—a small, knitted hat with no brim in Montreal colours – bleu, blanc et rouge. I also remember him as the coolest man I ever saw, absolutely imperturbable.\"\n\n\n—Frank Boucher, player and coach for the New York Rangers[5]One of the dominant goaltenders in the NHA and early NHL, Vézina led the Canadiens to five Stanley Cup Finals appearances, where they won the title twice.[27] Seven times in his career, Vézina had the lowest goals-against average in the league he played, and he had the second-best average another five times.[28] From when he joined the Canadiens in 1910, until being forced to retire in 1925, Vézina never missed a game nor allowed a substitute, playing in 328 consecutive regular season games and an additional 39 playoff games.[9][29] For the first several years of his career goaltenders could not leave their feet to make a save, and while this rule was changed in 1918 Vézina continued to play in this conservative style throughout his career.[30][31] Even so, Vézina is regarded as one of the greatest goaltenders in the early days of hockey;[32] the Montreal Standard referred to him as the \"greatest goaltender of the last two decades\" in their obituary.[33]Vézina's funeral procession at the Saint-François-Xavier Cathedral in Chicoutimi in 1926.Well liked in Montreal, Vézina was often seen as the best player on the ice for the Canadiens, and was respected by his teammates, who considered him the spiritual leader of the team.[10] Referred to as \"le Concombre de Chicoutimi\" (the \"Chicoutimi Cucumber\") for his cool demeanour on the ice, he was also known as \"l'Habitant silencieux\" (the \"silent Habitant\", Habitant being a nickname for the Canadiens), a reference to his reserved personality.[34] He often sat in a corner of the team's dressing room alone, smoking a pipe and reading the newspaper.[35] When news of Vézina's death was announced, newspapers across Quebec paid tribute to the goalie with articles about his life and career. Hundreds of Catholic masses were held in honour of the devout Vézina, and more than 1,500 people filled the Chicoutimi cathedral for his funeral.[28] He was buried in le Cimetière Saint-Francois Xavier in Chicoutimi.[36]A lasting legacy of Vézina was the trophy named after him. At the start of the 1926–27 season, Léo Dandurand, Leo Letourneau and Joseph Cattarinich, owners of the Montreal Canadiens, donated the Vezina Trophy to the NHL in honour of Vézina.[9] The first trophy named after an NHL player, it was to be awarded to the goaltender of the team who allowed the fewest goals during the regular season.[27][9] The inaugural winner of the trophy was Vézina's successor in goal for the Canadiens, George Hainsworth. He went on to win the trophy the next two seasons as well. In 1981, the NHL changed the format of awarding the trophy, instead giving it to the goaltender deemed best in the league based on a poll of NHL general managers.[37] The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1945 and among the first nine inductees was Vézina.[20] In 1998 Vézina was ranked number 75 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.[25] In honour of the first professional athlete to come from Chicoutimi, the city renamed their hockey arena the Centre Georges-Vézina in 1965.[38] When the NHL announced its 100 greatest players in conjunction with the league's centennial 2017, Vézina was included on the list.[27]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina's_NHL_Profile-39"}],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","text":"Source: NHL.com[39]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dictionary_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dictionary_3-1"},{"link_name":"Vigneault 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVigneault2005"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_pp=34%E2%80%9335_4-3"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-One_on_One_5-5"},{"link_name":"Shea 2008a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShea2008a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page_9-4"},{"link_name":"Georges Vézina Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorges_V%C3%A9zina_Page"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weir_1999_128_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Weir_1999_128_10-1"},{"link_name":"Weir, Chapman & Weir 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeirChapmanWeir1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Leonetti 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeonetti2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Podnieks 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPodnieks2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Shea 2008b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShea2008b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Hughes et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughesFischlerRomainDuplacey2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Weekes & Banks 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeekesBanks2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Allen, Duff & Bower 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllenDuffBower2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Hughes et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughesFischlerRomainDuplacey2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diamond_2002_550_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Diamond_2002_550_20-1"},{"link_name":"Diamond 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDiamond2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNational_Hockey_League2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Hughes et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughesFischlerRomainDuplacey2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Hughes et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughesFischlerRomainDuplacey2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Diamond 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDiamond2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dryden_1997_141_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dryden_1997_141_25-1"},{"link_name":"Dryden 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDryden1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_68_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_68_26-1"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100_Greatest_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100_Greatest_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100_Greatest_27-2"},{"link_name":"Hackel 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHackel2017"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_70_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jenish_2008_70_28-1"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Hughes et al. 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughesFischlerRomainDuplacey2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNational_Hockey_League2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Stubbs 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStubbs2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Diamond 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDiamond2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Falla 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFalla2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Jenish 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenish2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Feige 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFeige2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNational_Hockey_League2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Lalancette 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLalancette2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_V%C3%A9zina's_NHL_Profile_39-0"},{"link_name":"Georges Vézina's NHL Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorges_V%C3%A9zina's_NHL_Profile"}],"text":"^ Lalancette 2021, pp. 21–22\n\n^ Lalancette 2021, p. 27\n\n^ a b Vigneault 2005\n\n^ a b c d Jenish 2008, pp. 34–35\n\n^ a b c d e f Shea 2008a\n\n^ Lalancette 2021, p. 46\n\n^ Jenish 2008, pp. 67–68\n\n^ Jenish 2008, p. 42\n\n^ a b c d e Georges Vézina Page.\n\n^ a b Weir, Chapman & Weir 1999, p. 128\n\n^ Leonetti 2004, p. 37\n\n^ Lalancette 2021, p. 111\n\n^ Podnieks 2004, p. 48\n\n^ Shea 2008b\n\n^ Lalancette 2021, p. 182\n\n^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 32\n\n^ Weekes & Banks 2004, p. 91\n\n^ Allen, Duff & Bower 2002, p. 187\n\n^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 34\n\n^ a b Diamond 2002, p. 550\n\n^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 187\n\n^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 57\n\n^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 60\n\n^ Diamond 2002, p. 125\n\n^ a b Dryden 1997, p. 141\n\n^ a b Jenish 2008, p. 68\n\n^ a b c Hackel 2017\n\n^ a b Jenish 2008, p. 70\n\n^ Hughes et al. 2003, p. 64\n\n^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 10\n\n^ Stubbs 2017\n\n^ Diamond 2002, p. 1968\n\n^ Falla 2008, pp. 131–32\n\n^ Jenish 2008, p. 40\n\n^ Jenish 2008, p. 67\n\n^ Feige 2011, p. 236\n\n^ National Hockey League 2008, p. 205\n\n^ Lalancette 2021, p. 335\n\n^ Georges Vézina's NHL Profile.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Vézina while a member of the Chicoutimi Hockey Club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vezina1909.jpg/170px-Vezina1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georges Vézina with the Canadiens early in his career","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vezina19101920.jpg/220px-Vezina19101920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georges Vézina c. 1919–21. He led the Canadiens to their first two Stanley Cup championships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vezina19191921.JPG/220px-Vezina19191921.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vézina's funeral procession at the Saint-François-Xavier Cathedral in Chicoutimi in 1926.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Georges_Vezina_funeral_procession.jpg/285px-Georges_Vezina_funeral_procession.jpg"}]
[{"title":"History of the Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Montreal_Canadiens"},{"title":"List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_hockey_players_who_died_during_their_playing_career"}]
[{"reference":"Allen, Kevin; Duff, Bob; Bower, Johnny (2002), Without Fear: Hockey's 50 Greatest Goaltenders, Chicago: Triumph Books, ISBN 978-1-57243-484-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57243-484-4","url_text":"978-1-57243-484-4"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Charles (1966), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Toronto: Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 978-0-8403-2941-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-2941-7","url_text":"978-0-8403-2941-7"}]},{"reference":"Diamond, Dan, ed. (2002), Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Hockey League, Second Edition, New York: Total Sports Publishing, ISBN 978-1-892129-85-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892129-85-7","url_text":"978-1-892129-85-7"}]},{"reference":"Dryden, Steve (1997), The Top 100 NHL Players of All Time, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., ISBN 978-0-7710-4176-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-4176-1","url_text":"978-0-7710-4176-1"}]},{"reference":"Falla, Jack (2008), Open Ice: Reflections and Confessions of a Hockey Lifer, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-470-15305-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15305-5","url_text":"978-0-470-15305-5"}]},{"reference":"Feige, Timothy (2011), Hockey's Greatest Tragedies: The Broken Heroes of the Fastest Game on Earth, London: Arcturus Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84837-742-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84837-742-4","url_text":"978-1-84837-742-4"}]},{"reference":"Georges Vézina's NHL Profile, National Hockey League, retrieved April 22, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/player/georges-vezina-8450137","url_text":"Georges Vézina's NHL Profile"}]},{"reference":"Georges Vézina Page, Hockey Hall of Fame, retrieved November 24, 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p194512&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByName#photo","url_text":"Georges Vézina Page"}]},{"reference":"Hackel, Stu (January 1, 2017), Georges Vezina: 100 Greatest NHL Players, National Hockey League, retrieved January 19, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/news/georges-vezina-100-greatest-nhl-hockey-players/c-284228760?tid=283865022","url_text":"Georges Vezina: 100 Greatest NHL Players"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League","url_text":"National Hockey League"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Morgan; Fischler, Stan and Shirley; Romain, Joseph; Duplacey, James (2003), Hockey Chronicle: Year-by-Year History of the National Hockey League, Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7853-9624-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-9624-6","url_text":"978-0-7853-9624-6"}]},{"reference":"Jenish, D'Arcy (2008), The Montreal Canadiens: 100 Years of Glory, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 978-0-385-66324-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-66324-3","url_text":"978-0-385-66324-3"}]},{"reference":"Lalancette, Mikaël (2021), Georges Vézina: L'habitant silencieux [Georges Vézina: The Silent Habitant] (in French), Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homm, ISBN 978-2-761957-13-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-761957-13-7","url_text":"978-2-761957-13-7"}]},{"reference":"Leonetti, Mark (2004), Canadiens Legends: Montreal's Hockey Heroes, Raincoast Books, ISBN 978-1-55192-731-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55192-731-2","url_text":"978-1-55192-731-2"}]},{"reference":"National Hockey League (2008), National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2009, Toronto: Dan Diamond & Associates, Inc., ISBN 978-1-894801-14-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894801-14-0","url_text":"978-1-894801-14-0"}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (2004), Lord Stanley's Cup, Bolton, Ontario: Fenn Publishing, ISBN 978-1-55168-261-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55168-261-7","url_text":"978-1-55168-261-7"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Kevin (November 7, 2008a), One on One with Georges Vezina, Hockey Hall of Fame, archived from the original on October 8, 2015, retrieved November 24, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008082447/http://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononep194512.shtml","url_text":"One on One with Georges Vezina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Hockey Hall of Fame"},{"url":"https://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononep194512.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Kevin (2008b), Georges Vézina, Pinnacle, Hockey Hall of Fame, archived from the original on July 6, 2010, retrieved November 25, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706101809/http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_pinnaclep194512.htm","url_text":"Georges Vézina, Pinnacle"},{"url":"http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_pinnaclep194512.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stubbs, Dave (February 19, 2017), Clint Benedict overshadowed, not forgotten, National Hockey League, retrieved August 7, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/news/clint-benedict-was-one-of-nhls-first-great-goalies/c-286889904","url_text":"Clint Benedict overshadowed, not forgotten"}]},{"reference":"Vigneault, Michel (2005), Vézina, Georges (baptized Joseph-Georges-Gonzague), Dictionary of Canadian Biography, retrieved January 8, 2022","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7979","url_text":"Vézina, Georges (baptized Joseph-Georges-Gonzague)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"}]},{"reference":"Weekes, Don; Banks, Kerry (2004), The Unofficial Guide to Even More of Hockey's Most Unusual Records, Greystone Books, ISBN 978-1-55365-062-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unofficialguidet0000week_j0o3","url_text":"The Unofficial Guide to Even More of Hockey's Most Unusual Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-062-1","url_text":"978-1-55365-062-1"}]},{"reference":"Weir, Glenn; Chapman, Jeff; Weir, Travis (1999), Ultimate Hockey, Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7737-6057-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-6057-8","url_text":"978-0-7737-6057-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/georges-vezina-8450137","external_links_name":"Georges Vézina's NHL Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p194512&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByName#photo","external_links_name":"Georges Vézina Page"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/news/georges-vezina-100-greatest-nhl-hockey-players/c-284228760?tid=283865022","external_links_name":"Georges Vezina: 100 Greatest NHL Players"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151008082447/http://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononep194512.shtml","external_links_name":"One on One with Georges Vezina"},{"Link":"https://www.hhof.com/htmlSpotlight/spot_oneononep194512.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706101809/http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_pinnaclep194512.htm","external_links_name":"Georges Vézina, Pinnacle"},{"Link":"http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_pinnaclep194512.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/news/clint-benedict-was-one-of-nhls-first-great-goalies/c-286889904","external_links_name":"Clint Benedict overshadowed, not forgotten"},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7979","external_links_name":"Vézina, Georges (baptized Joseph-Georges-Gonzague)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unofficialguidet0000week_j0o3","external_links_name":"The Unofficial Guide to Even More of Hockey's Most Unusual Records"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8450137","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=23175&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/v/vezinge01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=P194512","external_links_name":"Legends of Hockey"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=5573","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Give_My_First_Love_to_You
I Give My First Love to You
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Pre-production","3.3 Filming","3.4 Post-production","3.5 Theme song","4 Release","4.1 Cinema","4.2 Home video","5 Reception","5.1 Critical reception","5.2 Box office","5.3 Accolades","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2009 Japanese filmI Give My First Love to YouTheatrical posterDirected byTakehiko ShinjoWritten byKenji BandoStory byKenji BandoBased onI Give My First Love to Youby Kotomi AokiProduced byMitsuru Komiyama, Mika Nakamura, Hiroyasu Murakami, Fumihiro HiraiStarring Mao Inoue Masaki Okada CinematographyMitsuru KomiyamaMusic byYoshihiro IkeProductioncompaniesNTV, Shogakukan ProductionsDistributed byTohoRelease date 24 October 2009 (2009-10-24) (Japan) Running time122 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox office$24,051,386 I Give My First Love to You (僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ, Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu) is a 2009 Japanese film. It was based on a manga of the same name by Kotomi Aoki, and it was released on 24 October 2009 in Japanese cinemas. The story revolves around Takuma Kakinouchi, a boy who is told he will die before he is 20, and Mayu Taneda, a girl who is in love with him. The film is directed by director Takehiko Shinjo, and stars newcomer actor Masaki Okada and actress Mao Inoue, who played the role of Makino Tsukushi in the television drama and film adaptation of Hana Yori Dango. The film's theme song was sung by Japanese singer Ken Hirai. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The film began when Mayu and Takuma were children. They have been friends since they were eight years old. Takuma has heart disease and is treated by a cardiologist who happens to be Mayu's father. One day, Takuma and Mayu overhear that Takuma will not live past 20 due to his condition. However, their friendship grows, and Takuma becomes Mayu's, first love. When they are out playing in the fields, Takuma promises to marry Mayu when they turn 20. Time passes, and Mayu and Takuma have grown up and are attending junior high school, but their love for each other remains unchanged. However, Takuma, who knows his days are numbered, wants to push away his feelings for Mayu and distance himself from Mayu because he cannot stand to see her cry or hurt her more than he already has. He promised himself that after his last day in junior high, he would leave Mayu. He decided to attend an elite high school, which Takuma thinks Mayu cannot enter. To Takuma's surprise, Mayu went to that school and did well enough in the entrance examination to become the 1st year student body representative. She scolded Takuma before the school hall when she should have been making her welcome speech. She told Takuma that even if he wanted to abandon her, it would not happen in 100,000 years. Therefore, they became known to the school as lovers. Mayu then meets Kou, who likes her and asks her to be his girlfriend. However, Mayu refuses. On the other hand, Takuma meets Teru, another patient with the same heart condition he had met in the past, and Mayu gets jealous when he spends a lot of time visiting her. Kou asked Takuma to give Mayu to him, as Takuma should spare Mayu from the pain when Takuma dies. Mayu and Takuma broke up briefly because Takuma granted Teru her wish of experiencing a kiss before she died. When Takuma visited Teru the next day, he discovered she had died. Takuma then issued Kou a challenge- they would run a 100-meter race, with the loser backing off from Mayu. Kou accepts the challenge, but Takuma wins and goes to find Mayu for a date. That day, Kou left the school at the same time as Mayu and Takuma and was knocked down by an oncoming train. Then, Takuma was informed that he had a suitable heart donor. Later, Mayu found out that the donor was the now brain-dead Kou, and tried to hide the fact from Takuma. However, Takuma eventually found out and refused the donation. At the same time, Kou's family saw that Kou had shed tears and decided that there might be a miracle, and they refused the donation. Mayu begged them many times, but they refused to budge, although Kou had registered as a heart donor. Later, Takuma suffered a heart attack. He was rushed to the hospital, and the doctor did not give him much chance of living. In his sleep, Takuma prayed that he could have just a short time more to live, and he made a miraculous recovery and surprised Mayu. He brought Mayu on their "honeymoon," visiting many places. Finally, at the field where they first kissed, Takuma told Mayu that he was fortunate and happy with his life, handing over his lucky-charm 'will' to her that he had written when he was eight. Upon their arrival back to the hospital, Takuma suffered another heart attack, and despite the doctor's best efforts, he passed away. Mayu went to the roof and opened his letter, which told everyone to be happy when he was gone. The film ended with Mayu borrowing the urn containing Takuma's ashes and going to a church for a "wedding," thus fulfilling their promise when they were young. The ending scene is a flashback of the first time they met at the hospital when they were eight. Cast Mao Inoue played Mayu Taneda, the daughter of Takuma's doctor, Dr. Takahito Taneda Masaki Okada as Takuma Kakunouchi, who is suffering from heart disease Tetta Sugimoto as Minoru Kakinouchi, Takuma's father Yoko Moriguchi as Ryoko Kakinouchi, Takuma's mother Natsuki Harada as Teru Uehara, a fellow patient with the same disease as Takuma; she became friends with the 2 kids during one of Takuma's stays in the hospital Yoshihiko Hosoda as Kou Suzuya Keiko Horiuchi as Yoshimi Suzuya, Kou's mother Yuki Terada as Yoko Tamura, Sae's roommate and friend in high school Masataka Kubota as Ritsu Sugiyama, Takama's roommate in high school Gaku Yamamoto as Ryujo Suzuya, Kou's grandfather Toru Nakamura as Dr. Takahito Taneda, Mayu's father and Takuma's doctor Sea Kumada as the young Mayu Taneda Kaito Kobayashi as the young Takuma Kakunouchi. Production Development The live-action film adaptation of the manga was first announced on 1 December 2008. The film was directed by the director Shinjo Takehiko, the director of Tada, Kimi o Aishiteru. Pre-production Mao Inoue, who previously played the lead Makino Tsukushi in Hana Yori Dango, was chosen to play Mayu in this film, starring alongside actor Okada Masaki. Filming The filming of the film started in March 2009, once lead actress Mao Inoue had graduated from Meiji University. Post-production The film's 90 second trailer was first posted on the film's official website on 1 September 2009. Theme song The theme song for this film is I Will Fall in Love with You (僕は君に恋をする, Boku wa kimi ni koi o suru). It was sung by Japanese pop singer Ken Hirai, and was produced by DefStar Records. Release Cinema I Give My First Love to You was first released in Japan on 24 October 2009. It was then released in Taiwan under the name of (Chinese: 獻給你，我的初戀) on 10 April 2010, and in South Korea on 5 August 2010 (as Korean: 내 첫사랑을 너에게 바친다) Within South-East Asia, the film was released in Thailand on 24 December 2009 as (Thai: เพราะหัวใจบอกรักได้ครั้งเดียว) and in Singapore on 20 October 2010. Home video The home video for I Give My First Love to You was released on 21 April 2010 in Blu-ray and DVD Region 2 formats. Reception Critical reception Pick 'n' Mix Flix describes the film as "a good old-fashioned tear-jerker that may appeal more to twenty-somethings but still was powerful enough to bring some moisture to my old eyes." and gave it a rating of 7 out of 10. Box office In Japan, this film debuted on 302 screens and earned $3.07 million, making it the highest-grossing film in Japan and 20th highest internationally that week. According to the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, I Give My First Love to You was the 17th highest grossing Japanese film of 2009 with a total gross of 2.15 billion yen. Accolades Masaki Okada won the award of the Newcomer of the Year at the 2010 Japanese Academy Awards for his role in I Give My First Love to You, Honokaa Boy, and A Pierrot. He was also the "Best Newcomer" at the 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards. See also List of 2009 box office number-one films in Japan References ^ a b "Box Office Mojo". IMDb. Retrieved 16 December 2010. ^ "Boku no Hatsukoi wo Kimi ni Sasagu". Nippon Cinema. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ a b c d "Mao Inoue to star in "Boku no Hatsukoi" adaptation". Sports Hochi, Tokyograph. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ a b c d "Kinejun Cinema". Kinema-Junposha, Co., Ltd (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ a b c "insing Movie Review". SingTel Digital Media Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h "allcinema". Stingray (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ "Toshi Takeuchi profile on Yahoo Japan". Yahoo Japan Corporation. (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ "Kaito Kobayashi profile on Yahoo Japan". Yahoo Japan Corporation. (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ "Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu Manga Gets 2009 Film". Anime News Network. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2011. ^ "Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu, Kaiji Trailers Posted". Anime News Network. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011. ^ "2010.8.6 NOW PLAYING". JoongAng Ilbo. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ "MovieSeer". MovieSeer Limited. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011. ^ "Yahoo Movies Singapore". Yahoo! Southeast Asia Pte Ltd.. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ "僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ スタンダード・エディション on Amazon.jp" (in Japanese). Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "I Give My First Love to You". Pick 'n' Mix Flix. tokyohive. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011. ^ Strowbridge, C.S. (31 October 2009). "International Details – An Ugly Milestone". Nash Information Services, LLC. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 3 April 2011. ^ "Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Report for Year 2009". Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, Inc. (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2010. ^ "Japan Academy Prize". Japanese Academy Awards Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ ""Dear Doctor" dominates 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards". Tokyograph. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2011. External links Official Toho site (in Japanese) Kinejun Cinema (in Japanese) I Give My First Love to You at IMDb Singapore Movie Release Official Page Archived 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine vteFilms directed by Takehiko Shinjō Minami-kun no Koibito (TV, 2004) Heavenly Forest (2006) I Give My First Love to You (2009) Paradise Kiss (2011) Kiyoku Yawaku (2013) Your Lie in April (2016) Daytime Shooting Star (2017) Kiss Me at the Stroke of Midnight (2019)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boku_wa_Im%C5%8Dto_ni_Koi_o_Suru#Manga"},{"link_name":"Kotomi Aoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotomi_Aoki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipponcinema-2"},{"link_name":"Takehiko Shinjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehiko_Shinjo"},{"link_name":"Masaki Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaki_Okada"},{"link_name":"Mao Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Hana Yori Dango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Yori_Dango"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyograph1-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Hirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hirai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinejun-4"}],"text":"2009 Japanese filmI Give My First Love to You (僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ, Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu) is a 2009 Japanese film. It was based on a manga of the same name by Kotomi Aoki, and it was released on 24 October 2009 in Japanese cinemas.[2] The story revolves around Takuma Kakinouchi, a boy who is told he will die before he is 20, and Mayu Taneda, a girl who is in love with him.The film is directed by director Takehiko Shinjo, and stars newcomer actor Masaki Okada and actress Mao Inoue, who played the role of Makino Tsukushi in the television drama and film adaptation of Hana Yori Dango.[3] The film's theme song was sung by Japanese singer Ken Hirai.[4]","title":"I Give My First Love to You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brain-dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-dead"}],"text":"The film began when Mayu and Takuma were children. They have been friends since they were eight years old. Takuma has heart disease and is treated by a cardiologist who happens to be Mayu's father. One day, Takuma and Mayu overhear that Takuma will not live past 20 due to his condition. However, their friendship grows, and Takuma becomes Mayu's, first love. When they are out playing in the fields, Takuma promises to marry Mayu when they turn 20.Time passes, and Mayu and Takuma have grown up and are attending junior high school, but their love for each other remains unchanged. However, Takuma, who knows his days are numbered, wants to push away his feelings for Mayu and distance himself from Mayu because he cannot stand to see her cry or hurt her more than he already has. He promised himself that after his last day in junior high, he would leave Mayu. He decided to attend an elite high school, which Takuma thinks Mayu cannot enter.To Takuma's surprise, Mayu went to that school and did well enough in the entrance examination to become the 1st year student body representative. She scolded Takuma before the school hall when she should have been making her welcome speech. She told Takuma that even if he wanted to abandon her, it would not happen in 100,000 years. Therefore, they became known to the school as lovers.Mayu then meets Kou, who likes her and asks her to be his girlfriend. However, Mayu refuses. On the other hand, Takuma meets Teru, another patient with the same heart condition he had met in the past, and Mayu gets jealous when he spends a lot of time visiting her. Kou asked Takuma to give Mayu to him, as Takuma should spare Mayu from the pain when Takuma dies. Mayu and Takuma broke up briefly because Takuma granted Teru her wish of experiencing a kiss before she died. When Takuma visited Teru the next day, he discovered she had died.Takuma then issued Kou a challenge- they would run a 100-meter race, with the loser backing off from Mayu. Kou accepts the challenge, but Takuma wins and goes to find Mayu for a date. That day, Kou left the school at the same time as Mayu and Takuma and was knocked down by an oncoming train. Then, Takuma was informed that he had a suitable heart donor.Later, Mayu found out that the donor was the now brain-dead Kou, and tried to hide the fact from Takuma. However, Takuma eventually found out and refused the donation. At the same time, Kou's family saw that Kou had shed tears and decided that there might be a miracle, and they refused the donation. Mayu begged them many times, but they refused to budge, although Kou had registered as a heart donor.Later, Takuma suffered a heart attack. He was rushed to the hospital, and the doctor did not give him much chance of living. In his sleep, Takuma prayed that he could have just a short time more to live, and he made a miraculous recovery and surprised Mayu. He brought Mayu on their \"honeymoon,\" visiting many places. Finally, at the field where they first kissed, Takuma told Mayu that he was fortunate and happy with his life, handing over his lucky-charm 'will' to her that he had written when he was eight.Upon their arrival back to the hospital, Takuma suffered another heart attack, and despite the doctor's best efforts, he passed away. Mayu went to the roof and opened his letter, which told everyone to be happy when he was gone. The film ended with Mayu borrowing the urn containing Takuma's ashes and going to a church for a \"wedding,\" thus fulfilling their promise when they were young.The ending scene is a flashback of the first time they met at the hospital when they were eight.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mao Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Inoue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-5"},{"link_name":"Masaki Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaki_Okada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-5"},{"link_name":"Tetta Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetta_Sugimoto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"Yoko Moriguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Moriguchi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"Natsuki Harada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsuki_Harada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-5"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiko Hosoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Hosoda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"Masataka Kubota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Kubota"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"Toru Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Nakamura_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcinema-6"},{"link_name":"Sea Kumada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Kumada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jayahoo2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jayahoo3-8"}],"text":"Mao Inoue played Mayu Taneda, the daughter of Takuma's doctor, Dr. Takahito Taneda[5]\nMasaki Okada as Takuma Kakunouchi, who is suffering from heart disease[5]\nTetta Sugimoto as Minoru Kakinouchi, Takuma's father[6]\nYoko Moriguchi as Ryoko Kakinouchi, Takuma's mother[6]\nNatsuki Harada as Teru Uehara, a fellow patient with the same disease as Takuma; she became friends with the 2 kids during one of Takuma's stays in the hospital[5]\nYoshihiko Hosoda as Kou Suzuya[6]\nKeiko Horiuchi as Yoshimi Suzuya, Kou's mother[6]\nYuki Terada as Yoko Tamura, Sae's roommate and friend in high school[6]\nMasataka Kubota as Ritsu Sugiyama, Takama's roommate in high school[6]\nGaku Yamamoto as Ryujo Suzuya, Kou's grandfather[6]\nToru Nakamura as Dr. Takahito Taneda, Mayu's father and Takuma's doctor[6]\nSea Kumada as the young Mayu Taneda[7]\nKaito Kobayashi as the young Takuma Kakunouchi.[8]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann1-9"},{"link_name":"Tada, Kimi o Aishiteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tada,_Kimi_o_Aishiteru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyograph1-3"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The live-action film adaptation of the manga was first announced on 1 December 2008.[9] The film was directed by the director Shinjo Takehiko, the director of Tada, Kimi o Aishiteru.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mao Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Hana Yori Dango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Yori_Dango"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyograph1-3"}],"sub_title":"Pre-production","text":"Mao Inoue, who previously played the lead Makino Tsukushi in Hana Yori Dango, was chosen to play Mayu in this film, starring alongside actor Okada Masaki.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyograph1-3"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The filming of the film started in March 2009, once lead actress Mao Inoue had graduated from Meiji University.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann2-10"}],"sub_title":"Post-production","text":"The film's 90 second trailer was first posted on the film's official website on 1 September 2009.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinejun-4"},{"link_name":"Ken Hirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hirai"},{"link_name":"DefStar Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DefStar_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinejun-4"}],"sub_title":"Theme song","text":"The theme song for this film is I Will Fall in Love with You (僕は君に恋をする, Boku wa kimi ni koi o suru).[4] It was sung by Japanese pop singer Ken Hirai, and was produced by DefStar Records.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinejun-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joongang-11"},{"link_name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movieseer-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoosingapore-13"}],"sub_title":"Cinema","text":"I Give My First Love to You was first released in Japan on 24 October 2009.[4] It was then released in Taiwan under the name of (Chinese: 獻給你，我的初戀) on 10 April 2010,[1] and in South Korea on 5 August 2010 (as Korean: 내 첫사랑을 너에게 바친다)[11] Within South-East Asia, the film was released in Thailand on 24 December 2009 as (Thai: เพราะหัวใจบอกรักได้ครั้งเดียว)[12] and in Singapore on 20 October 2010.[13]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon1-14"}],"sub_title":"Home video","text":"The home video for I Give My First Love to You was released on 21 April 2010 in Blu-ray and DVD Region 2 formats.[14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-picknmix-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Pick 'n' Mix Flix describes the film as \"a good old-fashioned tear-jerker that may appeal more to twenty-somethings but still was powerful enough to bring some moisture to my old eyes.\" and gave it a rating of 7 out of 10.[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mppaj-17"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In Japan, this film debuted on 302 screens and earned $3.07 million, making it the highest-grossing film in Japan and 20th highest internationally that week.[16] According to the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, I Give My First Love to You was the 17th highest grossing Japanese film of 2009 with a total gross of 2.15 billion yen.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyograph2-19"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Masaki Okada won the award of the Newcomer of the Year at the 2010 Japanese Academy Awards for his role in I Give My First Love to You, Honokaa Boy, and A Pierrot.[18] He was also the \"Best Newcomer\" at the 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards.[19]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of 2009 box office number-one films in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2009_box_office_number-one_films_in_Japan"}]
[{"reference":"\"Box Office Mojo\". IMDb. Retrieved 16 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2009W43&id=_fBOKUNOHATSUKOIWO01","url_text":"\"Box Office Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi wo Kimi ni Sasagu\". Nippon Cinema. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184854/http://www.nipponcinema.com/tag/boku-no-hatsukoi-wo-kimi-ni-sasagu","url_text":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi wo Kimi ni Sasagu\""},{"url":"http://www.nipponcinema.com/tag/boku-no-hatsukoi-wo-kimi-ni-sasagu","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mao Inoue to star in \"Boku no Hatsukoi\" adaptation\". Sports Hochi, Tokyograph. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyograph.com/news/mao-inoue-to-star-in-boku-no-hatsukoi-adaptation","url_text":"\"Mao Inoue to star in \"Boku no Hatsukoi\" adaptation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kinejun Cinema\". Kinema-Junposha, Co., Ltd (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214811/http://www.kinejun.jp/cinema/id/40381","url_text":"\"Kinejun Cinema\""},{"url":"http://www.kinejun.jp/cinema/id/40381","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"insing Movie Review\". SingTel Digital Media Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101008050604/http://movies.insing.com/movie/i-give-my-first-love-to-you/id-fe010000?nav=60200","url_text":"\"insing Movie Review\""},{"url":"http://movies.insing.com/movie/i-give-my-first-love-to-you/id-fe010000?nav=60200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"allcinema\". Stingray (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=334187","url_text":"\"allcinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toshi Takeuchi profile on Yahoo Japan\". Yahoo Japan Corporation. (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/pf/profile/pp2309","url_text":"\"Toshi Takeuchi profile on Yahoo Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaito Kobayashi profile on Yahoo Japan\". Yahoo Japan Corporation. (in Japanese). Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=334187","url_text":"\"Kaito Kobayashi profile on Yahoo Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu Manga Gets 2009 Film\". Anime News Network. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-02/boku-no-hatsukoi-o-kimi-ni-sasagu-manga-gets-2009-film","url_text":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu Manga Gets 2009 Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu, Kaiji Trailers Posted\". Anime News Network. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-01/boku-no-hatsukoi-o-kimi-ni-sasagu-kaiji-trailers-posted","url_text":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu, Kaiji Trailers Posted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"2010.8.6 NOW PLAYING\". JoongAng Ilbo. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2924216","url_text":"\"2010.8.6 NOW PLAYING\""}]},{"reference":"\"MovieSeer\". MovieSeer Limited. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728135639/http://www.movieseer.com/th/movies/9601--I_Give_You_My_First_Love_(Boku_no_hatsukoi_wo_kimi_ni_sasagu)","url_text":"\"MovieSeer\""},{"url":"http://www.movieseer.com/th/movies/9601--I_Give_You_My_First_Love_%28Boku_no_hatsukoi_wo_kimi_ni_sasagu%29","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Movies Singapore\". Yahoo! Southeast Asia Pte Ltd.. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sg.movies.yahoo.com/I+Give+My+First+Love+To+You/movie/15942/","url_text":"\"Yahoo Movies Singapore\""}]},{"reference":"\"僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ スタンダード・エディション [DVD] on Amazon.jp\" (in Japanese). Amazon. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%83%95%E3%81%AE%E5%88%9D%E6%81%8B%E3%82%92%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9F%E3%81%AB%E6%8D%A7%E3%81%90-%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3-DVD-%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%BD%A6/dp/B0038J5O4W/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1306755018&sr=8-2","url_text":"\"僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ スタンダード・エディション [DVD] on Amazon.jp\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Give My First Love to You\". Pick 'n' Mix Flix. tokyohive. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.picknmixflix.com/i/i_give_my.php","url_text":"\"I Give My First Love to You\""}]},{"reference":"Strowbridge, C.S. (31 October 2009). \"International Details – An Ugly Milestone\". Nash Information Services, LLC. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 3 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=4581","url_text":"\"International Details – An Ugly Milestone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Report for Year 2009\". Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, Inc. (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102022022/http://www.eiren.org/toukei/index.html","url_text":"\"Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Report for Year 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.eiren.org/toukei/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Academy Prize\". Japanese Academy Awards Committee. Retrieved 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=33","url_text":"\"Japan Academy Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dear Doctor\" dominates 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards\". Tokyograph. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyograph.com/news/dear-doctor-dominates-22nd-nikkan-sports-film-awards","url_text":"\"\"Dear Doctor\" dominates 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Give_My_First_Love_to_You&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Give_My_First_Love_to_You&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2009W43&id=_fBOKUNOHATSUKOIWO01","external_links_name":"\"Box Office Mojo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184854/http://www.nipponcinema.com/tag/boku-no-hatsukoi-wo-kimi-ni-sasagu","external_links_name":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi wo Kimi ni Sasagu\""},{"Link":"http://www.nipponcinema.com/tag/boku-no-hatsukoi-wo-kimi-ni-sasagu","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tokyograph.com/news/mao-inoue-to-star-in-boku-no-hatsukoi-adaptation","external_links_name":"\"Mao Inoue to star in \"Boku no Hatsukoi\" adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214811/http://www.kinejun.jp/cinema/id/40381","external_links_name":"\"Kinejun Cinema\""},{"Link":"http://www.kinejun.jp/cinema/id/40381","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101008050604/http://movies.insing.com/movie/i-give-my-first-love-to-you/id-fe010000?nav=60200","external_links_name":"\"insing Movie Review\""},{"Link":"http://movies.insing.com/movie/i-give-my-first-love-to-you/id-fe010000?nav=60200","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=334187","external_links_name":"\"allcinema\""},{"Link":"http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/pf/profile/pp2309","external_links_name":"\"Toshi Takeuchi profile on Yahoo Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=334187","external_links_name":"\"Kaito Kobayashi profile on Yahoo Japan\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-02/boku-no-hatsukoi-o-kimi-ni-sasagu-manga-gets-2009-film","external_links_name":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu Manga Gets 2009 Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-01/boku-no-hatsukoi-o-kimi-ni-sasagu-kaiji-trailers-posted","external_links_name":"\"Boku no Hatsukoi o Kimi ni Sasagu, Kaiji Trailers Posted\""},{"Link":"http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2924216","external_links_name":"\"2010.8.6 NOW PLAYING\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728135639/http://www.movieseer.com/th/movies/9601--I_Give_You_My_First_Love_(Boku_no_hatsukoi_wo_kimi_ni_sasagu)","external_links_name":"\"MovieSeer\""},{"Link":"http://www.movieseer.com/th/movies/9601--I_Give_You_My_First_Love_%28Boku_no_hatsukoi_wo_kimi_ni_sasagu%29","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sg.movies.yahoo.com/I+Give+My+First+Love+To+You/movie/15942/","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo Movies Singapore\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%83%95%E3%81%AE%E5%88%9D%E6%81%8B%E3%82%92%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9F%E3%81%AB%E6%8D%A7%E3%81%90-%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3-DVD-%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%BD%A6/dp/B0038J5O4W/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1306755018&sr=8-2","external_links_name":"\"僕の初恋をキミに捧ぐ スタンダード・エディション [DVD] on Amazon.jp\""},{"Link":"http://www.picknmixflix.com/i/i_give_my.php","external_links_name":"\"I Give My First Love to You\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=4581","external_links_name":"\"International Details – An Ugly Milestone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102022022/http://www.eiren.org/toukei/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Report for Year 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.eiren.org/toukei/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=33","external_links_name":"\"Japan Academy Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.tokyograph.com/news/dear-doctor-dominates-22nd-nikkan-sports-film-awards","external_links_name":"\"\"Dear Doctor\" dominates 22nd Nikkan Sports Film Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119093056/http://www.toho.co.jp/lineup/bokunohatsukoi/","external_links_name":"Official Toho site"},{"Link":"http://www.kinejun.jp/cinema/%E5%83%95%E3%81%AE%E5%88%9D%E6%81%8B%E3%82%92%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9F%E3%81%AB%E6%8D%A7%E3%81%90","external_links_name":"Kinejun Cinema"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1401656/","external_links_name":"I Give My First Love to You"},{"Link":"http://encorefilms.com/firstlove/index.html","external_links_name":"Singapore Movie Release Official Page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222093922/http://encorefilms.com/firstlove/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODA_System
CODA System
["1 Description","2 References"]
Role-playing game system This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CODA System" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "CODA System" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The CODA System is a role-playing game system designed by Decipher, Inc. Description After Last Unicorn Games was purchased by Wizards of the Coast, some of the staff from Last Unicorn started working for Decipher, Inc. where they created their Star Trek Roleplaying Game, which used the CODA System. The CODA System was also used, in an altered form, in their Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game. It was published in two 256-page hardcover books. It uses six-sided dice to resolve actions. It uses a set of character statistics, as well as skills and edges, that function similarly to the d20 System 'Feats' systems. Characters belong to a class, and can adopt more than one class as they progress. The CODA System has characters advancing and refers to characters as having N advancements, similar to having a particular level in the d20 System. Advancing gives the player a number of picks with which to buy upgrades to their character's statistics and abilities. Characters have a total hit point pool segmented into health levels; each health level of damage incurred imposes a wound penalty to certain actions. Characters also have a number of 'weariness' levels; extended or intense activity can result in penalties to certain actions based on the number of weariness levels lost. References ^ Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7. ^ a b "In heat". InQuest Gamer. No. 79. Wizard Entertainment. November 2001. p. 24. vteRole-playing game systems 3D&T Advanced Fighting Fantasy Alternity Amazing Engine Amber DRPG BRP CODA Cortex / Cortex Plus d20 D6/OpenD6 EABA Fate Fudge Fuzion Gumshoe GURPS HARP Hero Interlock MURPG Masterbook MEGS Megaversal/Palladium Omni One-Roll Engine Powered by the Apocalypse QAGS QuestWorlds Risus Rolemaster SAGA Savage Worlds SF SilCORE SRS Storyteller / Storytelling Traveller Tri-Stat True20 TWERPS Ubiquity Unisystem vteDecipher, Inc.Collectible card games Austin Powers Beyblade Trading Card Game Boy Crazy Fight Klub .hack//Enemy Jedi Knights The Lord of the Rings Star Trek Star Wars Tribbles WARS Young Jedi Other games CODA System How to Host a Murder The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Star Trek Roleplaying Game Star Trek: The Next Generation Interactive VCR Board Game This role-playing game related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"role-playing game system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game_system"},{"link_name":"Decipher, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipher,_Inc."}],"text":"The CODA System is a role-playing game system designed by Decipher, Inc.","title":"CODA System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Last Unicorn Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Unicorn_Games"},{"link_name":"Wizards of the Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast"},{"link_name":"Decipher, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipher,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Star Trek Roleplaying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Roleplaying_Game_(Decipher)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designers-1"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquest79-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquest79-2"},{"link_name":"six-sided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"d20 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D20_System"},{"link_name":"hit point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_point"}],"text":"After Last Unicorn Games was purchased by Wizards of the Coast, some of the staff from Last Unicorn started working for Decipher, Inc. where they created their Star Trek Roleplaying Game, which used the CODA System.[1] The CODA System was also used, in an altered form, in their Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game.[2] It was published in two 256-page hardcover books.[2]It uses six-sided dice to resolve actions. It uses a set of character statistics, as well as skills and edges, that function similarly to the d20 System 'Feats' systems. Characters belong to a class, and can adopt more than one class as they progress.The CODA System has characters advancing and refers to characters as having N advancements, similar to having a particular level in the d20 System. Advancing gives the player a number of picks with which to buy upgrades to their character's statistics and abilities.Characters have a total hit point pool segmented into health levels; each health level of damage incurred imposes a wound penalty to certain actions. Characters also have a number of 'weariness' levels; extended or intense activity can result in penalties to certain actions based on the number of weariness levels lost.","title":"Description"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Shannon Appelcline (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907702-58-7","url_text":"978-1-907702-58-7"}]},{"reference":"\"In heat\". InQuest Gamer. No. 79. Wizard Entertainment. November 2001. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InQuest_Gamer","url_text":"InQuest Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_Entertainment","url_text":"Wizard Entertainment"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CODA+System%22","external_links_name":"\"CODA System\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CODA+System%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CODA+System%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CODA+System%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CODA+System%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CODA+System%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CODA+System%22","external_links_name":"\"CODA System\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CODA+System%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CODA+System%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CODA+System%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CODA+System%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CODA+System%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CODA_System&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad_Glacier
Iliad Glacier
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450Glacier in Antarctica Iliad GlacierLocation of Iliad Glacier in AntarcticaLocationPalmer ArchipelagoCoordinates64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450ThicknessunknownTerminusLapeyrère BayStatusunknown Iliad Glacier (64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450) is a glacier flowing northeast from the central highlands of Anvers Island between the Achaean Range and the Trojan Range into Lapeyrere Bay, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was surveyed in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Homer's Iliad. See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic Glaciology References ^ "Iliad Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Portal: Geography vteGlaciersTypes Aufeis Cirque Ice cap Ice field Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Ledoyom Outlet glacier Piedmont glacier Rock glacier Valley glacier Anatomy Ablation zone Accumulation zone Bergschrund Blue ice Crevasse Dirt cone Firn Glacier cave Glacier head Ice divide Glacier tongue Icefall Lateral moraine Medial moraine Moraine Moulin Penitente Randkluft Sérac Terminus Processes Ablation Accumulation Basal sliding Calving Creep Motion Outburst flood Overdeepening Periglaciation Plucking Retreat Starvation Surge Measurements Ice core Mass balance Volcanic relations Jökulhlaup Subglacial eruption Subglacial volcano Tuya LandformsErosional Arête Cirque Cirque stairway Crag and tail Finger lake Fjord Glacial horn Glacial lake Glacial striae Hanging valley Nunatak P-form Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Suncup Tarn Trough lake Trough valley Tunnel valley U-valley Valley step Zungenbecken Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Moraine-dammed lake Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Sevetti moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glaciofluvial Alpentor Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Urstromtal Glaciology Category List Template:Periglacial environment vteGlaciers in the AntarcticAlphabetic List of glaciers in the Antarctic: A–H List of glaciers in the Antarctic: I–Z By territory Adélie Land Bouvet Island Coats Land Ellsworth Land Enderby Land Graham Land Heard Island and McDonald Islands James Ross Island and Graham Land Kaiser Wilhelm II Land Kemp Land Mac. Robertson Land Marie Byrd Land Oates Land Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land Palmer Land Princess Elizabeth Land Queen Elizabeth Land Queen Mary Land Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Trinity Peninsula and Graham Land Victoria Land Wilkes Land Miscellaneous List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands List of Antarctic ice rises List of Antarctic ice shelves List of Antarctic ice streams List of glaciers List of subantarctic glaciers vteGlaciers of the Palmer Archipelago and Graham Land This article about a glacier in the Palmer Archipelago is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Anvers Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iliad_Glacier&params=64_27_S_63_27_W_type:glacier_region:AQ_source:GNIS"},{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Anvers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers_Island"},{"link_name":"Achaean Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaean_Range"},{"link_name":"Trojan Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Range"},{"link_name":"Lapeyrere Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeyrere_Bay"},{"link_name":"Palmer Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies_Survey"},{"link_name":"UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Antarctic_Place-Names_Committee"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Glacier in AntarcticaIliad Glacier (64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450) is a glacier flowing northeast from the central highlands of Anvers Island between the Achaean Range and the Trojan Range into Lapeyrere Bay, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was surveyed in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Homer's Iliad.[1]","title":"Iliad Glacier"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of glaciers in the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic"},{"title":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"}]
[{"reference":"\"Iliad Glacier\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7265","url_text":"\"Iliad Glacier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iliad_Glacier&params=64_27_S_63_27_W_type:glacier_region:AQ_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iliad_Glacier&params=64_27_S_63_27_W_region:AQ_type:glacier","external_links_name":"64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iliad_Glacier&params=64_27_S_63_27_W_type:glacier_region:AQ_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"64°27′S 63°27′W / 64.450°S 63.450°W / -64.450; -63.450"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7265","external_links_name":"\"Iliad Glacier\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliad_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliad_Glacier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Loree
Brad Loree
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Brad Loree" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Canadian actor and stuntman (born 1960) Brad LoreeBornBradley Clifford Roy Lee (1960-07-05) July 5, 1960 (age 63)Burnaby, British Columbia, CanadaNationalityCanadianOccupation(s)Stuntman, ActorYears active1993-present Bradley Clifford Roy Loree (born July 5, 1960) is a Canadian actor and stuntman. He is a member of Stunts Canada. He played Michael Myers in Halloween: Resurrection (2002). Loree was born in Burnaby. He is 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall. Filmography selected The Cabin in the Woods stunt performer (2012) Mr. Hush - Actor - Holland Price (2011) Messages Deleted - stunt coordinator (2010) Tron: Legacy - stunt performer (2010) Tooth Fairy - stunt performer (2010) The Twilight Saga: New Moon - stunt performer (2009) 2012 - stunt performer (2009) Watchmen - stunt performer (2009) Battlestar Galactica: Razor - stunt performer (2007) Martian Child - stunt double for John Cusack (2007) Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer - stunt performer (2007) X-Men: The Last Stand - stunt performer (2006) Smallville: Lexmas - actor (2005) Catwoman - stunt performer (2004) Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed - stunt performer (2004) White Chicks - Stunt performer, played Dealer Henchman (2004) Stargate SG-1 - actor (2004) X2: X-Men United - William Stryker (flashback scenes), stunt performer (2003) Halloween: Resurrection - actor, co-stunt coordinator, Michael Myers (2002) Smallville - stunt performer (2001,2002) Los Luchadores - stunt double (2001) Cats & Dogs - stunt performer (2001) Get Carter - stunt performer (2000) Mission to Mars - stunt performer (2000) Shanghai Noon - stunt performer (2000) Reindeer Games - stunt performer (2000) The 13th Warrior - stunt performer (1999) Futuresport - actor (1998) Timecop - actor (1994) Highlander: The Watchers - actor (1993) References ^ Stunts Canada profile Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ info at Stunts Canada Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine External links Brad Loree at IMDb This biographical article related to film in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Canadian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"stuntman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_performer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Myers_(Halloween)"},{"link_name":"Halloween: Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween:_Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Canadian actor and stuntman (born 1960)Bradley Clifford Roy Loree (born July 5, 1960) is a Canadian actor and stuntman. He is a member of Stunts Canada.[1] He played Michael Myers in Halloween: Resurrection (2002).Loree was born in Burnaby. He is 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall.[2]","title":"Brad Loree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cabin in the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabin_in_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"Tron: Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron:_Legacy"},{"link_name":"Tooth Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_Fairy_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Saga: New Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_New_Moon"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Battlestar Galactica: Razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica:_Razor"},{"link_name":"Martian Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Child_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"John Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cusack"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_Rise_of_the_Silver_Surfer"},{"link_name":"X-Men: The Last Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Last_Stand"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby_Doo_2:_Monsters_Unleashed"},{"link_name":"White Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Chicks"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"X2: X-Men United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X2_(film)"},{"link_name":"Halloween: Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween:_Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Los Luchadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Luchadores"},{"link_name":"Get Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Carter_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Mission to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_to_Mars"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Noon"},{"link_name":"Reindeer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer_Games"},{"link_name":"The 13th Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13th_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Futuresport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuresport"},{"link_name":"Timecop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timecop"},{"link_name":"Highlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlander_(TV_series)"}],"text":"selectedThe Cabin in the Woods stunt performer (2012)\nMr. Hush - Actor - Holland Price (2011)\nMessages Deleted - stunt coordinator (2010)\nTron: Legacy - stunt performer (2010)\nTooth Fairy - stunt performer (2010)\nThe Twilight Saga: New Moon - stunt performer (2009)\n2012 - stunt performer (2009)\nWatchmen - stunt performer (2009)\nBattlestar Galactica: Razor - stunt performer (2007)\nMartian Child - stunt double for John Cusack (2007)\nFantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer - stunt performer (2007)\nX-Men: The Last Stand - stunt performer (2006)\nSmallville: Lexmas - actor (2005)\nCatwoman - stunt performer (2004)\nScooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed - stunt performer (2004)\nWhite Chicks - Stunt performer, played Dealer Henchman (2004)\nStargate SG-1 - actor (2004)\nX2: X-Men United - William Stryker (flashback scenes), stunt performer (2003)\nHalloween: Resurrection - actor, co-stunt coordinator, Michael Myers (2002)\nSmallville - stunt performer (2001,2002)\nLos Luchadores - stunt double (2001)\nCats & Dogs - stunt performer (2001)\nGet Carter - stunt performer (2000)\nMission to Mars - stunt performer (2000)\nShanghai Noon - stunt performer (2000)\nReindeer Games - stunt performer (2000)\nThe 13th Warrior - stunt performer (1999)\nFuturesport - actor (1998)\nTimecop - actor (1994)\nHighlander: The Watchers - actor (1993)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brad+Loree%22","external_links_name":"\"Brad Loree\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brad+Loree%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brad+Loree%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brad+Loree%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brad+Loree%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brad+Loree%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.stuntscanada.com/low/memberprofile.php?m=30","external_links_name":"Stunts Canada profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018202059/http://www.stuntscanada.com/low/memberprofile.php?m=30","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stuntscanada.com/low/memberprofile.php?m=30","external_links_name":"info at Stunts Canada"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018202059/http://www.stuntscanada.com/low/memberprofile.php?m=30","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0520562/","external_links_name":"Brad Loree"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Loree&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Loree&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framta
Framta
["1 Sources","2 Notes"]
Framta, Framtan or Framtane (Latin: Framtanus, Spanish: Frantán; died 457) was one of the kings of the Suevi in Galicia in 457. After the death of the Suevic king Rechiar, executed by the conquering Visigoths, and the Warnic king Aioulf, executed by his Visigothic masters for insubordination, the Suevi regrouped themselves and "set up" one of their own, Maldras, as king in 456. In 457, however, some of the Suevic people apparently abandoned Maldras and "called" Framta king. In light of the evidence of dynastic kingship among the Sueves, the instance of Maldras and Framta has been taken as indicative that the people retained some right to elect a king of their choosing at the end of a lineage. Framta and Maldras, as well as their followers, acted independently of one another. While Framta reigned, Maldras led his Sueves into Lusitania. Framta died after a few months and there is debate whether the two Suevic factions were reunited under Maldras at that juncture or not. Framta's followers are soon found under the leadership of Rechimund, who was not king. Sources Thompson, E. A. Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. ISBN 0-299-08700-X. Notes ^ a b Thompson, 166. ^ a b c d Thompson, 167. Preceded byMaldras King of the Suevi 457 Succeeded byRechimund(not as king) vteMonarchs of GaliciaSuebian kings Hermeric Rechila Rechiar Aioulf Maldras Framta Richimund Frumar Remismund Hermeneric Veremund Theodemund Chararic Ariamir Theodemar Miro Eboric Audeca Malaric Astur-Leonese dynasty Ordoño II Sancho I Bermudo II Alfonso V Bermudo III House of Jiménez García II Sancho II Alfonso VI Urraca House of Burgundy Alfonso VII Ferdinand II Alfonso IX Sancha & Dulce Ferdinand III Alfonso X Sancho IV Prince John Ferdinand IV Alfonso XI Peter Portuguese House of Burgundy Ferdinand I of Portugal House of LancasterJohn of GauntHouse of Trastámara Henry II John I Henry III John II Henry IV Isabella I & Ferdinand V Joanna & Philip I House of Habsburg Charles I
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rechiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechiar"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Warnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warni"},{"link_name":"Aioulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aioulf"},{"link_name":"Maldras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson166-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson166-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson167-2"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson167-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson167-2"},{"link_name":"Rechimund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechimund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson167-2"}],"text":"After the death of the Suevic king Rechiar, executed by the conquering Visigoths, and the Warnic king Aioulf, executed by his Visigothic masters for insubordination, the Suevi regrouped themselves and \"set up\" one of their own, Maldras, as king in 456.[1] In 457, however, some of the Suevic people apparently abandoned Maldras and \"called\" Framta king.[1] In light of the evidence of dynastic kingship among the Sueves, the instance of Maldras and Framta has been taken as indicative that the people retained some right to elect a king of their choosing at the end of a lineage.[2]Framta and Maldras, as well as their followers, acted independently of one another. While Framta reigned, Maldras led his Sueves into Lusitania.[2] Framta died after a few months and there is debate whether the two Suevic factions were reunited under Maldras at that juncture or not.[2] Framta's followers are soon found under the leadership of Rechimund, who was not king.[2]","title":"Framta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-299-08700-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-08700-X"}],"text":"Thompson, E. A. Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. ISBN 0-299-08700-X.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson166_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson166_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson167_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson167_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson167_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson167_2-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Galician_monarchs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Galician_monarchs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galician_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Suebian kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi"},{"link_name":"Hermeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeric"},{"link_name":"Rechila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechila"},{"link_name":"Rechiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechiar"},{"link_name":"Aioulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aioulf"},{"link_name":"Maldras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldras"},{"link_name":"Framta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Richimund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richimund"},{"link_name":"Frumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumar"},{"link_name":"Remismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remismund"},{"link_name":"Hermeneric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneric"},{"link_name":"Veremund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veremund"},{"link_name":"Theodemund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemund"},{"link_name":"Chararic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chararic_(Suebian_king)"},{"link_name":"Ariamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariamir"},{"link_name":"Theodemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)"},{"link_name":"Miro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro_(Suebian_king)"},{"link_name":"Eboric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboric"},{"link_name":"Audeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audeca"},{"link_name":"Malaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COA_Kingdom_of_Galice.svg"},{"link_name":"Astur-Leonese dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ordoño II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sancho I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bermudo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bermudo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"House of Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty"},{"link_name":"García II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Sancho II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Urraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"House of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscarids"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Sancho IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Prince John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Portuguese House of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"House of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"House of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Isabella I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Philip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"}],"text":"^ a b Thompson, 166.\n\n^ a b c d Thompson, 167.vteMonarchs of GaliciaSuebian kings\nHermeric\nRechila\nRechiar\nAioulf\nMaldras\nFramta\nRichimund\nFrumar\nRemismund\nHermeneric\nVeremund\nTheodemund\nChararic\nAriamir\nTheodemar\nMiro\nEboric\nAudeca\nMalaric\nAstur-Leonese dynasty\nOrdoño II\nSancho I\nBermudo II\nAlfonso V\nBermudo III\nHouse of Jiménez\nGarcía II\nSancho II\nAlfonso VI\nUrraca\nHouse of Burgundy\nAlfonso VII\nFerdinand II\nAlfonso IX\nSancha & Dulce\nFerdinand III\nAlfonso X\nSancho IV\nPrince John\nFerdinand IV\nAlfonso XI\nPeter\nPortuguese House of Burgundy\nFerdinand I of Portugal\nHouse of LancasterJohn of GauntHouse of Trastámara\nHenry II\nJohn I\nHenry III\nJohn II\nHenry IV\nIsabella I & Ferdinand V\nJoanna & Philip I\nHouse of Habsburg\nCharles I","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(automobile_company)
James (automobile company)
["1 History","2 Models","3 See also","4 References"]
Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer Motor vehicle James1909 James Model B Advertisement - Cycle and Automobile Trade JournalOverviewTypeHigh-wheelerManufacturerJ. & M. Motor Car CompanyProduction1909-1911DesignerH. K. James, President The James automobile manufactured by the J & M Motor Car Company of Lawrenceburg, Indiana was produced from 1909 to 1911. History H. K. James tested his first car, called a Model A, on April 2, 1909, on a 100-mile test run. A reporter from Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal wrote that the James "will climb any ordinary hill with two or four passengers." The Model A was a high wheeler and cost between $700 and $800 (equivalent to $27,129 in 2023). Production was minimal, and in 1911 the company switched production to a larger car called the Dearborn. It lasted one year. Models Model (year) Engine Horsepower wheelbase wheel diameter transmission Model A (1909-1910) 2-cylinder 14 90 inches 36in. front planetary Model B (1909-0910) 2-cylinder 14 90 inches 36in. front planetary Model C (1909-1910) 2-cylinder 14-16 90 inches 36in. front planetary Dearborn (1911) 4-cylinder 35 90 inches N/A N/A See also High wheeler Brass Era car References ^ a b c Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-428-4.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrenceburg, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe James automobile manufactured by the J & M Motor Car Company of Lawrenceburg, Indiana was produced from 1909 to 1911.[1]","title":"James (automobile company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_wheeler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"H. K. James tested his first car, called a Model A, on April 2, 1909, on a 100-mile test run. A reporter from Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal wrote that the James \"will climb any ordinary hill with two or four passengers.\" The Model A was a high wheeler and cost between $700 and $800 (equivalent to $27,129 in 2023). Production was minimal, and in 1911 the company switched production to a larger car called the Dearborn. It lasted one year.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Models"}]
[]
[{"title":"High wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_wheeler"},{"title":"Brass Era car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Era_car"}]
[{"reference":"Kimes, Beverly (1996). standard catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause publications. ISBN 0-87341-428-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-428-4","url_text":"0-87341-428-4"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Motiuk
David Motiuk
["1 Scholarly work","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian bishop This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Most ReverendDavid MotiukUkrainian Catholic Eparchy of EdmontonChurchUkrainian Greek Catholic ChurchIn officeJanuary 24, 2007PredecessorLawrence Huculak, O.S.B.M.OrdersOrdinationAugust 21, 1988by Bishop Demetrius Martin GreschukConsecrationJune 11, 2002by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar, M.S.U.Personal detailsBornDavid Motiuk (1962-01-13) January 13, 1962 (age 62)Vegreville, Alberta, Canada David Motiuk (born January 13, 1962, in Vegreville, Alberta) is the bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton. He was ordained a priest on 21 August 1988 and was ordained a bishop in Winnipeg on 11 June 2002. He was appointed Eparchial Bishop of Edmonton on 25 January 2007 and installed on 24 March 2007. On January 16, 2020, he was appointed an Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of New Westminster. He holds a doctorate in Eastern Catholic canon law from the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome. Scholarly work In October 2014, David presented "An Overview of the Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of the Second Vatican Council" at the conference "The Vatican II Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches, Orientalium ecclesiarum - Fifty Years Later" organized by the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies held at the University of Toronto. References ^ "Bishop David Motiuk | Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster". nweparchy.ca. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-25. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of Vatican II, David Motiuk". YouTube. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to David Motiuk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Motiuk. Catholic Hierarchy Entry Official Biography Catholic Church titles Preceded byLawrence Huculak Bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton 2007–present Incumbent vteUkrainian Greek Catholic ChurchHierarchy including Ecclesiastical circumscriptionsMajor archeparchy Kyiv–Galicia: Sviatoslav Shevchuk Archeparchies Kyiv: Sviatoslav Shevchuk Lviv: Ihor Vozniak Przemyśl–Warsaw: Eugeniusz Popowicz Winnipeg: Lawrence Huculak Philadelphia: Borys Gudziak Ivano-Frankivsk: Volodymyr Viytyshyn Ternopil–Zboriv: Vasyl Semeniuk São João Batista em Curitiba: Valdomiro Koubetch EparchiesUkraine Buchach: Dmytro Hryhorak Chernivtsi: Yosafat Moschych Kamyanets–Podilskyi: Ivan Kulyk Kolomyia: Vasyl Ivasyuk Sambir–Drohobych: Yaroslav Pryriz Sokal–Zhovkva: Mykhaylo Koltun Stryi: Taras Senkiv Poland Olsztyn–Gdańsk: Arkadiusz Trochanowski Wrocław–Koszalin: Włodzimierz Juszczak Canada Edmonton: David Motiuk Saskatoon: Michael Smolinski New Westminster: Michael Kwiatkowski Toronto and Eastern Canada: Bryan Bayda United States Saint Nicholas of Chicago: Venedykt Aleksiychuk Saint Josaphat in Parma: Bohdan Danylo Stamford: Paul Chomnycky Brazil Imaculada Conceição in Prudentópolis: Meron Mazur Argentina Santa María del Patrocinio en Buenos Aires: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Australia and New Zealand Saints Peter and Paul of Australia: Mykola Bychok United Kingdom Holy Family of London: Kenneth Nowakowski France, Benelux and Switzerland Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris: Hlib Lonchyna (Apostolic Administrator) Apostolic exarchatesGermany and Scandinavia Bohdan Dzyurakh Italy andSan Marino Dionisio Lachovicz Archiepiscopal exarchates Donetsk: Stepan Meniok Kharkiv: Vasyl Tuchapets Krym: Mykhaylo Bubniy (Archiepiscopal Administrator) Odesa: Mykhaylo Bubniy Lutsk: Yosafat Hovera Apostolic visitors Chile: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Ireland: Kenneth Nowakowski Northern Ireland: Kenneth Nowakowski Paraguay: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Uruguay: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Venezuela: Daniel Kozelinski Netto Curial andauxiliary bishops Volodymyr Firman (Ternopil–Zboriv) Petro Holiney (Kolomyia) Volodymyr Hrutsa (Lviv) Andriy Khimyak (Kyiv) Hryhoriy Komar (Sambir–Drohobych) Petro Loza (Sokal–Zhovkva) Bohdan Manyshyn (Stryi) Teodor Martynyuk (Ternopil–Zboriv) Yosyf Milyan (Kyiv) Andriy Rabiy (Winnipeg) Maksym Ryabukha (Donetsk) Mykola Semenyshyn (Ivano-Frankivsk) Stepan Sus (Curial Bishop) Bishopsemeritus Jan Martyniak (Metropolitan) (Przemyśl – Warsaw) Stefan Soroka (Metropolitan) (Philadelphia) Iryney Bilyk (Buchach) Stephen Chmilar (Toronto) Petro Kryk (Germany and Scandinavia) Basil Losten (Stamford) Wasyl Medwit (Donetsk) Peter Stasiuk (Saints Peter and Paul of Australia) Michael Wiwchar (Saskatoon) DefunctcircumscriptionsPoland Apostolic Exarchate of Łemkowszczyzna Eparchy of Kholm and Belz Conversion of Chełm Eparchy Ukraine Eparchy of Zboriv Ruthenian Uniate Church Eparchy of Suprasl Archeparchy of Polotsk Eparchy of Turov and Pinsk Eparchy of Volodymyr and Brest Eparchy of Lutsk and Ostroh Archeparchy of Smolensk Seminaries Kyiv Lviv Drohobych Ivano-Frankivsk Ternopil Rome Stamford Washington D.C. Edmonton Curitiba Catholicism portal Ukraine portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vegreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegreville"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Oriental Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute"}],"text":"David Motiuk (born January 13, 1962, in Vegreville, Alberta) is the bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton. He was ordained a priest on 21 August 1988 and was ordained a bishop in Winnipeg on 11 June 2002. He was appointed Eparchial Bishop of Edmonton on 25 January 2007 and installed on 24 March 2007. On January 16, 2020, he was appointed an Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of New Westminster.[1] He holds a doctorate in Eastern Catholic canon law from the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome.","title":"David Motiuk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Andrey_Sheptytsky_Institute_of_Eastern_Christian_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In October 2014, David presented \"An Overview of the Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of the Second Vatican Council\" at the conference \"The Vatican II Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches, Orientalium ecclesiarum - Fifty Years Later\" organized by the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies held at the University of Toronto.[2]","title":"Scholarly work"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bishop David Motiuk | Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster\". nweparchy.ca. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://nweparchy.ca/bishop-david-motiuk/","url_text":"\"Bishop David Motiuk | Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of Vatican II, David Motiuk\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9PIt2aDjN4","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of Vatican II, David Motiuk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://nweparchy.ca/bishop-david-motiuk/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop David Motiuk | Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of New Westminster\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/i9PIt2aDjN4","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112212657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9PIt2aDjN4","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9PIt2aDjN4","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Church on the Eve of Vatican II, David Motiuk\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmotiuk.html","external_links_name":"Catholic Hierarchy Entry"},{"Link":"http://www.edmontoneparchy.com/about_hierarchy.htm","external_links_name":"Official Biography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000075411569","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/106582300","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycVtYkC87b63HpXFdhHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1052162142","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017018220","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=68782","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/144718472","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Muchnick
Sam Muchnick
["1 Early life","2 Promoting career","2.1 St. Louis promoter","2.2 National Wrestling Alliance","2.3 NWA President","2.4 Retirement","3 Death","4 Championships and accomplishments","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"]
American wrestling promoter Sam MuchnickBornJeshua Muchnick(1905-08-22)August 22, 1905Novohrad-Volynskyi, Russian Empire(now Zviahel, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine)DiedDecember 30, 1998(1998-12-30) (aged 93)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.OccupationProfessional wrestling promoterSpouse Helen Wildefong ​ ​(m. 1947; died 1981)​Children3Military serviceAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States Army Air ForcesYears of service1942–1945RankCorporalBattles/warsWorld War II Samuel Muchnick (born Jeshua Muchnick, August 22, 1905 – December 30, 1998) was an American professional wrestling promoter from St. Louis, Missouri. He is often regarded as wrestling's equivalent of Pete Rozelle (the forward-thinking commissioner who revolutionized the NFL), and he was instrumental in establishing the National Wrestling Alliance, which became the industry's top governing body, in 1948. Muchnick served as the NWA's president from 1950 to 1960 and again from 1963 to 1975. He operated the St. Louis Wrestling Club, one of the primary members of the NWA, based in St. Louis. Early life Muchnick was born in Ukraine to a Jewish family on August 22, 1905, but moved to the United States in 1911. He grew up in St. Louis, and his name was changed to Samuel when his father decided that Jeshua (Jesus or Joshua) was an inappropriate name for a Jewish child. While attending school, he worked various jobs to help out his family before earning his high school degree (though he ditched his graduation to attend a live wrestling event at the Odeon Theatre, where he watched the great Wladek Zbyszko in action). In 1924, he took a job with the U.S. Post Office; and in 1926, he joined the sports staff at the St. Louis Times newspaper, where he covered the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team while developing many influential acquaintances (including Babe Ruth, Al Capone, and others). Muchnick also covered professional wrestling, where he formed a friendship with Tom Packs, who was the Midwest's top sports promoter. In 1932, the Times merged with the rival St. Louis Star, and Muchnick left the paper for a position as Packs' publicist, where he handled public relations, finances and even booking duties. Promoting career St. Louis promoter For nine years, Muchnick served as Tom Packs' righthand man while learning the ropes under one of the nation's most powerful promoters. However, Muchnick was insulted when Packs awarded him a paltry $200 bonus following the duo's successful promotion of the Joe Louis vs. Tony Musto heavyweight title bout in April 1941 (a fight that drew profits of $14,000). Muchnick then decided to leave his mentor when longtime wrestling champion Jim Londos (who was also on the outs with Packs) convinced him to start his own organization. Despite facing heavy resistance from Packs (who possessed much political clout with the State Athletic Commission), Muchnick promoted his first shows in May 1942 before enlisting in the Air Force during World War II. Upon returning, Muchnick continued to face competitive pressures from Packs; though he filed several court injunctions to promote his first show at St. Louis' renowned Kiel Auditorium on December 5, 1945. With the help of maverick Ohio promoter Jack Pfefer (who sent Sam several wrestlers to help him get started), Muchnick drew 3,771 fans to the arena while featuring such veteran wrestling stars as Ed "Strangler" Lewis, Roy Dunn, and others. National Wrestling Alliance Over the next few years, Muchnick was often forced to use old-timers past their primes as Packs employed most of the top talent (including reigning World Champion Lou Thesz). Then, in mid-1948, Muchnick was approached by Iowa's Pinky George and Minnesota's Tony Stecher about forming a new wrestling union. Up until this time, all pro wrestling regulations had come from the National Wrestling Association, which was made up of various athletic commissions. Their idea was to form a coalition of promoters, which would then share the bookings of the World Champion and top wrestlers while also splitting the gate draws. As a result, on July 19, 1948, Muchnick met with fellow promoters Pinky George, Wally Karbo (representing Tony Stecher), Orville Brown, Max Clayton, and Al Haft at the President Hotel in Waterloo, Iowa to form what was named the National Wrestling Alliance. Pinky George was named the organization's first President while Orville Brown was subsequently recognized as the first NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Shortly thereafter, Muchnick became the beneficiary of talent exchanges with various territories that joined the NWA. As a result, he was then able to secure the services of an innovative young heel named "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, who had previously been wrestling in Jack Pfefer's Toledo, Ohio territory. Rogers' outspoken persona and charismatic personality allowed him to outdraw even the great Lou Thesz (who by now had taken over much of Tom Packs' operation) while adding legitimacy to Muchnick's company. Eventually, the two St. Louis groups would merge while starting a promotional war angle; Muchnick kept a controlling interest in the territory by holding two percentage points more than Thesz. Then, on November 27, 1949, Thesz unified the National Wrestling Association and National Wrestling Alliance World Titles after Brown was injured in an auto accident prior to their scheduled match. NWA President In 1950, Sam Muchnick was named the new president of the NWA, a position to which he was unanimously re-elected for the next nine years due to the immense trust that he inspired among the various members of the organization. With Muchnick at the helm, the NWA became the dominant governing body in pro wrestling, as nearly every major wrestling territory across the country joined the Alliance in order to gain access to the treasure chest that was the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, who was universally recognized as the industry's premier star. Under Muchnick's leadership, the NWA would also donate thousands of dollars to help fund the U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team. Then, in the late 1950s, Sam Muchnick formed the St. Louis Wrestling Club while producing a new television program titled Wrestling at the Chase on KPLR-TV, which ran from May 23, 1959, to Sept. 10, 1983. There were approximately 1,100 episodes made during that time span. The show would become one of the most popular local productions in St. Louis television history, as it turned pro wrestling into a nationally popular entertainment while bringing the many stars of the NWA into the homes of its fans. By 1960, Sam Muchnick stepped aside as NWA president so that the organization could benefit from new ideas. He served as executive secretary under Frank Tunney, Fred Kohler and Karl "Doc" Sarpolis. Consequently, Muchnick was unanimously re-installed as NWA president in 1963 and held the office until 1975, thus contributing a total of 25 years as the industry's most influential promoter. During his second reign, Muchnick maintained the NWA's position as wrestling's top power while he also displayed an uncanny eye for scouting future talent, as his St. Louis territory groomed such eventual champions as Johnny Valentine, Gene Kiniski, Harley Race, Dory Funk Jr., Terry Funk, Ric Flair, and many others. Moreover, he expanded the NWA globally by inking agreements with territories in Mexico, the Far East, Europe, and the Caribbean. Retirement Muchnick promoted his last card on January 1, 1982, which was subsequently named "Sam Muchnick Day" in St. Louis by Mayor Vincent Schoemehl. Shortly afterward, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was purchased by Bob Geigel, Pat O'Connor and Harley Race. Muchnick's former announcer and general manager Larry Matysik formed his own competing promotion in St. Louis around the same time. A year later, the WWF made a deal with Matysik which brought them into St. Louis and gave them the former TV timeslot of "Wrestling at the Chase." In 1985, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was sold to Jim Crockett Jr. and absorbed into what eventually became World Championship Wrestling. In 1990, he spoke at the beginning of WCW’s Starrcade. In 1997, during the World Wrestling Federation’s Badd Blood: In Your House pay-per-view, he was honored as a St. Louis legend. Death Muchnick died on December 30, 1998, in St. Louis. He was 93. Championships and accomplishments National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005) St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2007) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum (Class of 2003) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) See also Roger Deem, photographer and author of St. Louis Snapshots: The Last Years of the Sam Muchnick Era Sam Muchnick Memorial Tournament a tribute tournament held in 1986. Footnotes ^ The current U.S. Postal Service was not established until 1971. References ^ a b c d "Power Slam". What's going down... SW Publishing. January 1999. p. 7. 55. ^ "NWA Hall of Fame". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2008-01-08. External links Wrestling-Titles.com: Sam Muchnick Sam Muchnick Scrapbook Collection finding aid at the St. Louis Public Library vteNational Wrestling AllianceChampionshipsPrimary Worlds Heavyweight (reigns) World Jr. Heavyweight (reigns) World Women's (reigns) Secondary Television (reigns) National (reigns) Mid-America (reigns) Women's Television (reigns) (2022–2024) Tag team World Tag Team (reigns) United States Tag Team (Reigns) Women's Tag Team (reigns) ProgrammingCurrent Powerrr Former Primetime Live Shockwave USA Pay-per-view and major eventsCurrent pay-per-view events Anniversary Show Crockett Cup 312 EmPowerrr Hard Times Nuff Said Samhain Pop-Up Events New Years Clash By Any Means Necessary PowerrrTrip 1 2 The World is a Vampire: NWA vs. AAA Historical events Alwayz Ready Back for the Attack Break the Barrier Into the Fire Superbowl of Wrestling When Our Shadows Fall World Wrestling Peace Festival Wrestling Summit Pay-per-view and closed circuit events (1983–1990) Pay-per-view events (2002–2004) Home bases GPB Studios Notable acquisitions Houston Wrestling (video library) PartnershipsCurrent All Japan Pro Wrestling Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide Ohio Valley Wrestling World League Wrestling Former All Elite Wrestling American Wrestling Association Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Global Force Wrestling National Wrestling Federation New Japan Pro-Wrestling Ring of Honor Total Nonstop Action Wrestling United Wrestling Network Championship Wrestling from Hollywood Combat Zone Wrestling World Championship Wrestling World Wrestling Federation Related All In Attendance records Billy Corgan Current champions Hall of Fame Hall of Heroes NWA All Access NWA (stable) Pinkie George Sam Muchnick Territories Wrestling at the Chase vteNWA Hall of Fame Inductees2005 Gordon Solie Harley Race Jim Barnett Jim Cornette Lou Thesz Sam Muchnick 2006 Dory Funk Jr. Eddie Graham Lance Russell Leilani Kai Rock 'n' Roll Express Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson Saul Weingeroff 2008 Corsicans Corsica Joe and Corsica Jean The Iron Sheik Midnight Express Bobby Eaton and Dennis Condrey Nikita Koloff Ric Flair Tommy Rich 2009 Dennis Coralluzzo Gene Kiniski Jerry Jarrett Mil Máscaras Paul Orndorff Terry Funk Tully Blanchard 2010 Buddy Rogers Dan Severn Danny Hodge Ed Chuman Jack Brisco Minnesota Wrecking Crew Gene Anderson, Lars Anderson, and Ole Anderson Nick Gulas The Sheik Shinya Hashimoto 2011 Angelo Savoldi Bill Apter Dusty Rhodes Freddie Blassie Johnny Valentine LeBells Aileen Eaton, Gene LeBell and Mike LeBell Pat O'Connor Rikidōzan Sue Green Wahoo McDaniel 2012 The Fabulous Moolah John Tolos Joyce Grable Little Beaver Misty Blue Mr. Wrestling II Paul Boesch Ricky Steamboat Road Warriors Road Warrior Animal and Road Warrior Hawk Sputnik Monroe Teddy Long 2013 Bobo Brazil Dory Funk, Sr. Ernie Ladd Fabulous Kangaroos Al Costello and Roy Heffernan Jackie Fargo Ray Stevens Salvador Lutteroth 2014 Cowboy Bob Kelly Giant Baba J. J. Dillon Kevin Sullivan Ox Baker Pinkie George 2015 Adam Pearce Leroy McGuirk Mike Sircy Wright Brothers Don Wright and Ron Wright 2016 Boris Malenko Gary Hart Jim Ross Len Rossi Nick Bockwinkel 2017 Everett Marshall José Lothario
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS55-1"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Pete Rozelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rozelle"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS55-1"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Wrestling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS55-1"}],"text":"Samuel Muchnick (born Jeshua Muchnick, August 22, 1905 – December 30, 1998[1]) was an American professional wrestling promoter from St. Louis, Missouri. He is often regarded as wrestling's equivalent of Pete Rozelle (the forward-thinking commissioner who revolutionized the NFL), and he was instrumental in establishing the National Wrestling Alliance, which became the industry's top governing body, in 1948.[1] Muchnick served as the NWA's president from 1950 to 1960 and again from 1963 to 1975. He operated the St. Louis Wrestling Club, one of the primary members of the NWA, based in St. Louis.[1]","title":"Sam Muchnick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"Wladek Zbyszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladek_Zbyszko"},{"link_name":"U.S. Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Tom Packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Packs"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"}],"text":"Muchnick was born in Ukraine to a Jewish family on August 22, 1905, but moved to the United States in 1911. He grew up in St. Louis, and his name was changed to Samuel when his father decided that Jeshua (Jesus or Joshua) was an inappropriate name for a Jewish child. While attending school, he worked various jobs to help out his family before earning his high school degree (though he ditched his graduation to attend a live wrestling event at the Odeon Theatre, where he watched the great Wladek Zbyszko in action). In 1924, he took a job with the U.S. Post Office;[a] and in 1926, he joined the sports staff at the St. Louis Times newspaper, where he covered the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team while developing many influential acquaintances (including Babe Ruth, Al Capone, and others). Muchnick also covered professional wrestling, where he formed a friendship with Tom Packs, who was the Midwest's top sports promoter. In 1932, the Times merged with the rival St. Louis Star, and Muchnick left the paper for a position as Packs' publicist, where he handled public relations, finances and even booking duties.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promoting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis"},{"link_name":"Jim Londos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Londos"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kiel Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Jack Pfefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pfefer"},{"link_name":"Ed \"Strangler\" Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)"}],"sub_title":"St. Louis promoter","text":"For nine years, Muchnick served as Tom Packs' righthand man while learning the ropes under one of the nation's most powerful promoters. However, Muchnick was insulted when Packs awarded him a paltry $200 bonus following the duo's successful promotion of the Joe Louis vs. Tony Musto heavyweight title bout in April 1941 (a fight that drew profits of $14,000). Muchnick then decided to leave his mentor when longtime wrestling champion Jim Londos (who was also on the outs with Packs) convinced him to start his own organization. Despite facing heavy resistance from Packs (who possessed much political clout with the State Athletic Commission), Muchnick promoted his first shows in May 1942 before enlisting in the Air Force during World War II. Upon returning, Muchnick continued to face competitive pressures from Packs; though he filed several court injunctions to promote his first show at St. Louis' renowned Kiel Auditorium on December 5, 1945. With the help of maverick Ohio promoter Jack Pfefer (who sent Sam several wrestlers to help him get started), Muchnick drew 3,771 fans to the arena while featuring such veteran wrestling stars as Ed \"Strangler\" Lewis, Roy Dunn, and others.","title":"Promoting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Thesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Thesz"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"Wally Karbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Karbo"},{"link_name":"Orville Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Brown"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"\"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rogers_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Jack Pfefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pfefer"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tom Packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Packs"}],"sub_title":"National Wrestling Alliance","text":"Over the next few years, Muchnick was often forced to use old-timers past their primes as Packs employed most of the top talent (including reigning World Champion Lou Thesz). Then, in mid-1948, Muchnick was approached by Iowa's Pinky George and Minnesota's Tony Stecher about forming a new wrestling union. Up until this time, all pro wrestling regulations had come from the National Wrestling Association, which was made up of various athletic commissions. Their idea was to form a coalition of promoters, which would then share the bookings of the World Champion and top wrestlers while also splitting the gate draws. As a result, on July 19, 1948, Muchnick met with fellow promoters Pinky George, Wally Karbo (representing Tony Stecher), Orville Brown, Max Clayton, and Al Haft at the President Hotel in Waterloo, Iowa to form what was named the National Wrestling Alliance. Pinky George was named the organization's first President while Orville Brown was subsequently recognized as the first NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Shortly thereafter, Muchnick became the beneficiary of talent exchanges with various territories that joined the NWA. As a result, he was then able to secure the services of an innovative young heel named \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers, who had previously been wrestling in Jack Pfefer's Toledo, Ohio territory. Rogers' outspoken persona and charismatic personality allowed him to outdraw even the great Lou Thesz (who by now had taken over much of Tom Packs' operation) while adding legitimacy to Muchnick's company. Eventually, the two St. Louis groups would merge while starting a promotional war angle; Muchnick kept a controlling interest in the territory by holding two percentage points more than Thesz. Then, on November 27, 1949, Thesz unified the National Wrestling Association and National Wrestling Alliance World Titles after Brown was injured in an auto accident prior to their scheduled match.","title":"Promoting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Wrestling at the Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Chase"},{"link_name":"KPLR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPLR-TV"},{"link_name":"Frank Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tunney"},{"link_name":"Fred Kohler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kohler"},{"link_name":"Johnny Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Gene Kiniski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kiniski"},{"link_name":"Harley Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Race"},{"link_name":"Dory Funk Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory_Funk_Jr."},{"link_name":"Terry Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Funk"},{"link_name":"Ric Flair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Flair"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"sub_title":"NWA President","text":"In 1950, Sam Muchnick was named the new president of the NWA, a position to which he was unanimously re-elected for the next nine years due to the immense trust that he inspired among the various members of the organization. With Muchnick at the helm, the NWA became the dominant governing body in pro wrestling, as nearly every major wrestling territory across the country joined the Alliance in order to gain access to the treasure chest that was the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, who was universally recognized as the industry's premier star. Under Muchnick's leadership, the NWA would also donate thousands of dollars to help fund the U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team. Then, in the late 1950s, Sam Muchnick formed the St. Louis Wrestling Club while producing a new television program titled Wrestling at the Chase on KPLR-TV, which ran from May 23, 1959, to Sept. 10, 1983. There were approximately 1,100 episodes made during that time span. The show would become one of the most popular local productions in St. Louis television history, as it turned pro wrestling into a nationally popular entertainment while bringing the many stars of the NWA into the homes of its fans.By 1960, Sam Muchnick stepped aside as NWA president so that the organization could benefit from new ideas. He served as executive secretary under Frank Tunney, Fred Kohler and Karl \"Doc\" Sarpolis. Consequently, Muchnick was unanimously re-installed as NWA president in 1963 and held the office until 1975, thus contributing a total of 25 years as the industry's most influential promoter. During his second reign, Muchnick maintained the NWA's position as wrestling's top power while he also displayed an uncanny eye for scouting future talent, as his St. Louis territory groomed such eventual champions as Johnny Valentine, Gene Kiniski, Harley Race, Dory Funk Jr., Terry Funk, Ric Flair, and many others. Moreover, he expanded the NWA globally by inking agreements with territories in Mexico, the Far East, Europe, and the Caribbean.","title":"Promoting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Schoemehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Schoemehl"},{"link_name":"Larry Matysik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Matysik"},{"link_name":"Wrestling at the Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Chase"},{"link_name":"Jim Crockett Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Jr."},{"link_name":"WCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Starrcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starrcade_%2790:_Collision_Course"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Badd Blood: In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badd_Blood:_In_Your_House"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Muchnick promoted his last card on January 1, 1982, which was subsequently named \"Sam Muchnick Day\" in St. Louis by Mayor Vincent Schoemehl. Shortly afterward, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was purchased by Bob Geigel, Pat O'Connor and Harley Race. Muchnick's former announcer and general manager Larry Matysik formed his own competing promotion in St. Louis around the same time. A year later, the WWF made a deal with Matysik which brought them into St. Louis and gave them the former TV timeslot of \"Wrestling at the Chase.\" In 1985, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was sold to Jim Crockett Jr. and absorbed into what eventually became World Championship Wrestling. In 1990, he spoke at the beginning of WCW’s Starrcade. In 1997, during the World Wrestling Federation’s Badd Blood: In Your House pay-per-view, he was honored as a St. Louis legend.","title":"Promoting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS55-1"}],"text":"Muchnick died on December 30, 1998, in St. Louis. He was 93.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"NWA Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hof-3"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame#Class_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Class of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame#2003"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_awards"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Class of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter_Hall_of_Fame#Inductees"}],"text":"National Wrestling Alliance\nNWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)[2]\nSt. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame\n(Class of 2007)\nProfessional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum\n(Class of 2003)\nWrestling Observer NewsletterWrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"}],"text":"^ The current U.S. Postal Service was not established until 1971.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Roger Deem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Deem"},{"title":"Sam Muchnick Memorial Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Muchnick_Memorial_Tournament"}]
[{"reference":"\"Power Slam\". What's going down... SW Publishing. January 1999. p. 7. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NWA Hall of Fame\". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061102154847/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/nwa/nwahof.htm","url_text":"\"NWA Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/nwa/nwahof.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061102154847/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/nwa/nwahof.htm","external_links_name":"\"NWA Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/nwa/nwahof.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/personalities/muchnick_sam/","external_links_name":"Wrestling-Titles.com: Sam Muchnick"},{"Link":"http://rbsc.slpl.org/MA_Sam_Muchnick_ScrapbookCollection.pdf","external_links_name":"Sam Muchnick Scrapbook Collection"},{"Link":"https://www.slpl.org/","external_links_name":"St. Louis Public Library"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu
Trial of Anming Hu
["1 First trial","1.1 FBI testimony","1.2 Fraud charges","1.3 Mistrial","2 Retrial","3 Aftermath","3.1 University of Tennessee","3.2 Casey Arrowood","4 Accusations of racial profiling","5 References"]
2021 trial of Chinese-Canadian researcher Termination letter sent to Anming Hu in October 2020Anming HuChinese胡安明TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHú Ānmíng Anming Hu (born 1968) is a Chinese-Canadian academic who worked as an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) from 2013 to February 2020 when he was charged with fraud, after which UT suspended him. He was arrested on February 27, 2020, and charged with fraud under a 2011 law the Donald Trump administration used to target professors and researchers working at American universities as part of the "China Initiative" on combating economic espionage. Hu was accused of not disclosing his association with a Chinese university; on September 9, 2021, the trial resulted in acquittal, thus Hu was cleared of all charges. On February 1, 2022, he returned to his lab at UTK. Hu was the first target of the China Initiative to stand trial. He was represented by Knoxville attorney Phil Lomonaco. Hu was charged with three counts of wire fraud and three counts of making false statements after 21 months of FBI surveillance failed to turn up evidence of espionage. The first trial of Hu's case ended in a mistrial due to a hung jury on June 16, 2021. The trial generated controversy due to the FBI's conduct, which included knowingly building a case based on false evidence, obtaining Hu's university documents without warrant, spying on Hu and his family, and attempting to coerce Hu to spy on China for the United States. Following the mistrial, Hu was again prosecuted by the United States Department of Justice, which resulted in a second defeat for the Justice Department when Hu was acquitted. First trial FBI testimony In June 2021, FBI agent Kujtim Sadiku admitted in a testimony that he falsely accused Hu of being a spy, baselessly implicated him as a Chinese military agent to UTK, and used false information to put him on the Federal No Fly List. The agent also stated he attempted to have Hu spy for the United States. Hu refused, leading to FBI agents stalking and harassing him for more than two years. According to Sadiku, he got a tip that Hu might be a spy but cannot remember where he got that information. He did a Google search of Hu in March 2018, which turned up a couple of press releases in Chinese with one including a photograph of Hu. Sadiku then proceeded to use Google translation to do further research. The app made an error in translating Hu's forename in the photo caption. The translation of two documents described Hu obtaining a 2012 "short term" award to teach at Beijing University for 20 hours annually through China's Long-Term Thousand Talents Program. Sadiku investigated him based on his involvement in the program, which he described as benefiting the Chinese military. He opened up an economic espionage case because the US government believes the program aims at acquiring information and technology from the US. When Sadiku confronted Hu, Hu said that those who agreed to spy for China were "cheaters," and that he was not involved in any espionage. Sadiku offered Hu to spy for the US using his part-time work at Beijing University as cover, but Hu refused, stating that he was too afraid. Hu then sent Sadiku an email informing him that he would not go to China. Despite no longer believing Hu was a spy, Sadiku ordered a surveillance team to spy on Hu and his son, then a freshman at UT, for the next 21 months. A group of six or seven agents followed him to work, to school, to the grocery, and even went through his trash. They found no evidence of espionage, but the FBI persisted in building up a case against Hu, resulting in the fraud charges. Sadiku called it Operation Chelsea Dagger. Fraud charges The charges against Anming Hu were based on the Wolf Amendment, a 2011 defense spending bill that prevents NASA funds from being used for collaboration with "China or Chinese-owned companies." Hu was charged with three counts of wire fraud and three counts of making false statements in connection with a NASA grant he received through the University of Tennessee. Hu denied being a member of Long-Term Thousand Talents Program but admitted he had ties to the Beijing University of Technology and that he was working on a NASA grant. Hu had been upfront with his ties to a university in Beijing and followed UT administrative advice when preparing documents for the grant. As far as he knew, nothing criminal was involved in his summer work in China, which the University of Tennessee permitted. Hu had repeatedly disclosed his involvement in the Beijing university to UT, and a UT grant administrator even assured him via email that the NASA China restriction did not apply to faculty. He was told by UT that he only had to disclose income from lectures in China exceeding $10,000. He earned $3,000 from his lectures in China. Despite the lack of espionage charges, one of the prosecutors stated during the trial that one of the reasons for prosecuting scientists and professors was "to teach these Chinese spies a lesson." The case against Hu depended on him knowing the government's new and expansive interpretation of research funding rules and hiding his affiliations with Beijing University of Technology. The indictment against Hu stated:NASA defined "China or any Chinese-owned company" to include Chinese universities ... Through his fraudulent representations and omissions to UTK about his affiliation with BJUT, HU knowingly and willfully caused UTK to falsely certify to NASA and to NASA contractors that UTK was in compliance with NASA's China Funding Restriction The definition was not published in NASA's Grants and Cooperative Agreements Manual (GCAM) but instead was circulated internally within NASA in the 2012 Grant Information Circular (GIC) 12-01A. According to NASA, the Information Circular "is used for internal dissemination ..., is temporary in nature or episodic and ... should be used very carefully and their duration shall not exceed one year" (NASA NFS Section 1801.272). As of 2016, NASA GIC 12-01A was no longer active. The U.S. used the same NASA Circular in 2020 as the basis for criminal charges against Texas A&M University professor Zhengdong Cheng. Mistrial Hu's trial for fraud ended on June 16, 2021, in a mistrial when the jury could not reach a verdict. Afterward, Wendy Chandler, who was Juror 44 and one of the four female jurors in an all-white jury, stated that she kept looking for a big reveal but ultimately characterized the trial as "the most ridiculous case" and the charges against Hu as "a series of plausible errors, a lack of support from UT, and ruthless ambition on behalf of the FBI." The day after the end of the trial, Democratic Representatives Ted Lieu, Mondaire Jones, and Pramila Jayapal voiced concerns about Hu's prosecution and called on Justice Department Inspector General Michael E. Horowitz to investigate allegations of FBI misconduct. Retrial On July 30, 2021, the federal government announced that they would retry Anming Hu. On September 9, 2021, Anming Hu was acquitted of fraud charges by a federal judge. According to U.S. District Judge Thomas A. Varlan: "ven viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, no rational jury could conclude that defendant acted with a scheme to defraud NASA." Varlan cited testimony from NASA OIG special agent Lee Gibson:Agent Gibson of the NASA Office of Inspector General testified that the NASA grant money that defendant helped obtain went to UTK ... Further, Agent Gibson testified that he had no evidence that defendant “took any money to China or had anybody in China working on” the NASA grants. But according to NASA, "It is acceptable as long as you keep your NASA projects and your PRC related projects separate, i.e., don't use any NASA funds for projects with the PRC". Varlan further wrote, "In fact, Agent Gibson specifically testified that he was not sure whether BJUT was incorporated under  the laws of the People’s Republic of China." Although Gibson speculated that NASA considered BJUT to be a Chinese-owned company NASA Senior Analyst Chris Murguia stated that 'a state-owned university would be considered “China”', whereas a private university is a "Chinese-owned company". Aftermath University of Tennessee It was revealed during the trial that the University of Tennessee aided the FBI in their investigation by handing over Hu's university documents without a warrant, concealing the investigation from him, misleading NASA, and firing him the moment he was arrested. Meetings were set up between Hu's bosses and the FBI but it is unclear who authorized these meetings. The FBI did not have any proof of wrongdoing by Hu when they entered UT and did not have the legal authority to take records from his personnel files. The university suspended Hu without pay and the federal government revoked his work authorization. According to the faculty handbook, the faculty senate president should be consulted when the administration is considering suspending a tenured faculty member, which did not happen. The then-president was only informed of the case. After being acquitted of wrongdoing, UT Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor John Zomchick said the university was willing to undo Hu's termination if he could verify U.S. authorization to work in the next year. According to Mary McAlpin, the president of the UT chapter of the American Association of University Professors, regaining his work visa would require sponsorship from UT. Subsequently, in October 2021 the university offered to reinstate Hu with some back pay, research funding, and university support to regain his work visa. His reinstatement was finalized effective February 1, 2022. Casey Arrowood The prosecution of Anming Hu was led by Assistant U.S. Attorney Casey Arrowood. Arrowood was nominated in 2022 by President Biden for U.S. Attorney of the Eastern District of Tennessee. Asian American civil rights groups called on supporters to oppose the nomination, which they called an "affront to the Asian American, immigrant, and scientific communities." Hu said that instead of being punished, Arrowood is being rewarded, encouraging future cases such as his to happen again. Accusations of racial profiling The OCA-Asian Pacific American Advocates denounced the government's decision to retry Anming Hu. OCA National president Linda Ng accused law enforcement of rampant anti-Asian sentiment and "systemic efforts to strip Asian Americans and Asian immigrants of their civil liberties." Nearly 100 members of Congress led by Representative Ted Lieu sent a letter to Attorney General Merrick Garland calling for an investigation into the "wrongful targeting of individuals of Asian descent." US Congressperson Judy Chu accused the FBI of racial profiling in a Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC) statement, pointing out that Hu's case is only the most glaring of many FBI cases that had been flawed from the start, "evident in the number of cases that have been dropped without any explanation." References ^ "美国田纳西大学Anming Hu教授应邀做学术讲座". Sues News. December 27, 2017. ^ "US-China tech war: In battle for talent, US 'shooting ourselves in the foot'". South China Morning Post. 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2024-02-19. ^ Gilbert, Natasha (2022-03-07). "'I lost two years of my life': US scientist falsely accused of hiding ties to China speaks out". Nature. 603 (7901): 371–372. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..371G. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00528-2. PMID 35256788. S2CID 247293986. ^ Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-07). "Trial of former UT professor centers on whether he concealed ties to Chinese University". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2023-06-29. ^ a b c Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-17). "Trump administration's first 'China Initiative' prosecution sputters as jurors deadlock". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ a b Choi, Joseph (2021-06-14). "Federal agents admit to falsely accusing Chinese professor of being a spy". The Hill. Retrieved 2021-06-15. ^ a b Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-13). "Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ a b Chen, Shawna (September 10, 2021). "Chinese researcher accused of spying under DOJ initiative acquitted of all charges". Axios. Retrieved 2021-09-21. ^ a b Hvistendahl, Mara (2021-06-23). ""RIDICULOUS CASE": JUROR CRITICIZES DOJ FOR CHARGING SCIENTIST WITH HIDING TIES TO CHINA". The Intercept. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ Prasso, Sheridan (December 14, 2021). "China Initiative Set Out to Catch Spies. It Didn't Find Many". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2021-12-23. ^ Klein, Jodi Xu (August 21, 2021). "Calls grow for US to dismiss 'Nasa lies' case of Hu Anming, as critics cite 'racial bias' in accusation that he hid ties to Chinese university". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-08-29. ^ a b McDermott, Brenna (September 9, 2021). "Former Tennessee professor acquitted of fraud charges in espionage investigation". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-09-21. ^ "Indictment. USA v HU" (PDF). February 5, 2020. ^ "NASA GCAM". NASA. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. ^ McNally, William P. (September 26, 2012). "GIC 12-01A CLASS DEVIATION IMPLEMENTING NASA RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDING ACTIVITIES WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)". NASA. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. ^ "NASA FAR Supplement" (PDF). NASA. September 28, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2021. ^ "Active Grant Information Circulars (GICs)". NASA. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. ^ "US v Chendong Cheng" (PDF). August 20, 2020. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. According to guidance published by NASA and circulated to grant applicants, "Chinese universities and other similar institutions are considered to be incorporated under the laws of the PRC and, therefore, the funding restrictions apply to grants and cooperative agreements that include bilateral participation, collaboration, or coordination with Chinese universities." ^ Fromer, Jacob; Klein, Jody Xu (July 31, 2021). "US to retry University of Tennessee professor for fraud, drawing outcry". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-08-29. ^ Nakamura, David (2021-06-17). "Mistrial in Justice Dept. fraud case against college professor prompts renewed scrutiny of agency's 'China Initiative'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ a b "Federal prosecutors: We will retry UT prof accused of making false statements". WBIR TV. July 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-29. ^ Gibson, Lee (8 June 2021). "Testimony of Lee Gibson" (PDF). Wikimedia. ^ a b Varlan, Thomas (September 9, 2021). "MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER" (PDF). ^ NASA. "NASA Science for Researchers". NASA. ^ Gibson, Lee (8 June 2021). "Testimony of NASA Special Agent Lee Gibson" (PDF). Wikimedia. ^ Murguia, Chris (1 September 2021). "Question about NASA grant policy". Wikimedia. ^ a b "Anming Hu". APA Justice. Retrieved 2021-08-15. ^ a b Wright, Becca (October 3, 2021). "University of Tennessee at Knoxville faculty call on the school to reinstate Anming Hu". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-10-08. ^ "University offers to rehire prof acquitted of ties to China". AP News. 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2021-10-17. ^ Wright, Rebecca (February 3, 2022). "Anming Hu, professor falsely accused of espionage, reinstated by University of Tennessee". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved February 3, 2022. ^ Satterfield, Jamie (June 14, 2021). "With spy case a bust, feds seek fraud conviction against University of Tennessee professor". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-12-28. ^ Wright, Becca (November 6, 2022). "'I want him voted down': Professor wrongly accused of spying fights prosecutor's promotion". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-12-28. ^ Satterfield, Jamie (August 31, 2022). "Asian American groups urge rejection of nominee for U.S. Attorney in Tennessee's Eastern District". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved 2022-09-19. ^ a b Randall (September 1, 2022). "Opposition grows to Biden nomination of lawyer in Chinese spy case". AsAmNews. Retrieved 2022-09-19. ^ "CAPAC Chair Statement on Retrial of Dr. Anming Hu After Mistrial Based on False Evidence" (Press release). Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. July 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-15. vteAnti-Chinese sentiment (Sinophobia)Background Coolie Yellow Peril Chinese emigration The Unparalleled Invasion Japanese nationalism Minzoku De-Sinicization By persecutor Adriaan Valckenier Andrew Jackson Bryant Denis Kearney Hideki Tojo Suharto Pol Pot Plaek Phibunsongkhram By country Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Racism in Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Racism in Malaysia Ketuanan Melayu Myanmar Nazi Germany Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand United States China Initiative Vietnam By institution Anti-Chinese Union Asiatic Exclusion League Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees Tsagaan Khas Uyoku dantai By incident17th century Sangley Rebellion (1603) 2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) Sangley Massacre (1662) 18th century 1740 Batavia massacre 1782 Saigon massacre 19th century Buckland Riot (1857) Lambing Flat riots (1860–1861) Anti-Coolie Act (1862) Chinese massacre of 1871 Pigtail Ordinance (1873) Page Act of 1875 Trout Creek Outrage (1876) San Francisco riot of 1877 New Zealand head tax (1881–1944) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882–1943) Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 Issaquah riot of 1885 Tacoma riot of 1885 Rock Springs massacre (1885) 1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka Chinese head tax in Canada (1885–1923) Seattle riot of 1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 Hells Canyon Massacre (1887) Scott Act (1888) Geary Act (1892–1943) Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden (1899) 20th century White Australia policy (1901–1973) Vancouver anti-Asian riots (1907) Beipu uprising (1907) Torreón massacre (1911) 1918 Kudus riot Soviet deportations of Chinese people (1920s–1930s) Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 Wanpaoshan Incident (1931) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Nanking Massacre (1937–1938) Japanese war crimes Three Alls Policy Sook Ching massacre (1942) Changkiao massacre (1943) Home Office 213/926 (1945–1946) Bersiap (1945–1947) Mergosono massacre (1947) Legislation on Chinese Indonesians (1950s-) Chinese Confession Program (1956–1965) Internment of Chinese-Indians (1962) 1964 race riots in Singapore Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome) 13 May incident (Malaysia) (1969) 1969 race riots of Singapore Malari incident (1974) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) 1997 Banjarmasin riot May 1998 riots of Indonesia 21st century 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots Abacus Bank prosecution 2008 Kunming bus bombings July 2009 Ürümqi riots 2011 Kashgar attacks Wolf Amendment 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 2014 Kunming attack April 2014 Ürümqi attack May 2014 Ürümqi attack 2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 2015 Aksu colliery attack China–United States trade war (Trump tariffs) Artificial Intelligence Cold War China Initiative COVID-19 pandemic incidents 2021 Atlanta spa shootings 2021 Solomon Islands unrest 2024 Papua New Guinean unrest Boycotts of Chinese products By victim19th century Chae Chan Ping Fong Yue Ting Mary Tape Wong Kim Ark Yick Wo 20th century Vincent Chin Ita Martadinata Haryono Qian Xuesen Velma Demerson Wen Ho Lee 21st century Anming Hu Danny Chen Ee Lee Eileen Gu Franklin Feng Tao Gang Chen Haoyang Yu Jiansheng Chen Jiayang Fan Leung Chi-cheung Mi Gao Huang Chen Sherry Chen Teoh Beng Hock Xiaoxing Xi Yao Pan Ma Michelle Go Slurs Chinaman Chinaman's chance Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees Ching chong Chink Chinky Locust/Wongchung Shina/Zhina Sick man of Asia Related Chinese imperialism Hong Kong nationalism This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (August 2021)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Termination_letter_sent_to_University_of_Tennessee_tenured_professor_Anming_Hu.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"China Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Initiative"},{"link_name":"acquittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews202106207-4"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20210617-5"},{"link_name":"hung jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_jury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi20210624-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satterfield20210613-7"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axios20210910-8"}],"text":"Termination letter sent to Anming Hu in October 2020Anming Hu (born 1968)[2] is a Chinese-Canadian academic who worked as an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) from 2013 to February 2020 when he was charged with fraud, after which UT suspended him.He was arrested on February 27, 2020, and charged with fraud under a 2011 law the Donald Trump administration used to target professors and researchers working at American universities as part of the \"China Initiative\" on combating economic espionage. Hu was accused of not disclosing his association with a Chinese university; on September 9, 2021, the trial resulted in acquittal, thus Hu was cleared of all charges. On February 1, 2022, he returned to his lab at UTK.[3]Hu was the first target of the China Initiative to stand trial. He was represented by Knoxville attorney Phil Lomonaco.[4] Hu was charged with three counts of wire fraud and three counts of making false statements after 21 months of FBI surveillance failed to turn up evidence of espionage.[5] The first trial of Hu's case ended in a mistrial due to a hung jury on June 16, 2021. The trial generated controversy due to the FBI's conduct, which included knowingly building a case based on false evidence, obtaining Hu's university documents without warrant, spying on Hu and his family, and attempting to coerce Hu to spy on China for the United States.[6][7] Following the mistrial, Hu was again prosecuted by the United States Department of Justice, which resulted in a second defeat for the Justice Department when Hu was acquitted.[8]","title":"Trial of Anming Hu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Fly List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fly_List"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20210617-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Choi20210624-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satterfield20210613-7"}],"sub_title":"FBI testimony","text":"In June 2021, FBI agent Kujtim Sadiku admitted in a testimony that he falsely accused Hu of being a spy, baselessly implicated him as a Chinese military agent to UTK, and used false information to put him on the Federal No Fly List. The agent also stated he attempted to have Hu spy for the United States. Hu refused, leading to FBI agents stalking and harassing him for more than two years.[5] According to Sadiku, he got a tip that Hu might be a spy but cannot remember where he got that information. He did a Google search of Hu in March 2018, which turned up a couple of press releases in Chinese with one including a photograph of Hu. Sadiku then proceeded to use Google translation to do further research. The app made an error in translating Hu's forename in the photo caption. The translation of two documents described Hu obtaining a 2012 \"short term\" award to teach at Beijing University for 20 hours annually through China's Long-Term Thousand Talents Program. Sadiku investigated him based on his involvement in the program, which he described as benefiting the Chinese military. He opened up an economic espionage case because the US government believes the program aims at acquiring information and technology from the US. When Sadiku confronted Hu, Hu said that those who agreed to spy for China were \"cheaters,\" and that he was not involved in any espionage. Sadiku offered Hu to spy for the US using his part-time work at Beijing University as cover, but Hu refused, stating that he was too afraid. Hu then sent Sadiku an email informing him that he would not go to China. Despite no longer believing Hu was a spy, Sadiku ordered a surveillance team to spy on Hu and his son, then a freshman at UT, for the next 21 months. A group of six or seven agents followed him to work, to school, to the grocery, and even went through his trash. They found no evidence of espionage, but the FBI persisted in building up a case against Hu, resulting in the fraud charges. Sadiku called it Operation Chelsea Dagger.[6][7]","title":"First trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolf Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hvistendahl-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BusinessWeek-2021-12-14-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCMP-2021-08-21-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20210909-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Fraud charges","text":"The charges against Anming Hu were based on the Wolf Amendment, a 2011 defense spending bill that prevents NASA funds from being used for collaboration with \"China or Chinese-owned companies.\" Hu was charged with three counts of wire fraud and three counts of making false statements in connection with a NASA grant he received through the University of Tennessee. Hu denied being a member of Long-Term Thousand Talents Program but admitted he had ties to the Beijing University of Technology and that he was working on a NASA grant. Hu had been upfront with his ties to a university in Beijing and followed UT administrative advice when preparing documents for the grant. As far as he knew, nothing criminal was involved in his summer work in China, which the University of Tennessee permitted. Hu had repeatedly disclosed his involvement in the Beijing university to UT, and a UT grant administrator even assured him via email that the NASA China restriction did not apply to faculty.[9] He was told by UT that he only had to disclose income from lectures in China exceeding $10,000. He earned $3,000 from his lectures in China.[10] Despite the lack of espionage charges, one of the prosecutors stated during the trial that one of the reasons for prosecuting scientists and professors was \"to teach these Chinese spies a lesson.\"[11]The case against Hu depended on him knowing the government's new and expansive interpretation of research funding rules and hiding his affiliations with Beijing University of Technology.[12] The indictment[13] against Hu stated:NASA defined \"China or any Chinese-owned company\" to include Chinese universities ... Through his fraudulent representations and omissions to UTK about his affiliation with BJUT, HU knowingly and willfully caused UTK to falsely certify to NASA and to NASA contractors that UTK was in compliance with NASA's China Funding RestrictionThe definition was not published in NASA's Grants and Cooperative Agreements Manual (GCAM)[14] but instead was circulated internally within NASA in the 2012 Grant Information Circular (GIC) 12-01A.[15] According to NASA, the Information Circular \"is used for internal dissemination ..., is temporary in nature or episodic and ... should be used very carefully and their duration shall not exceed one year\" (NASA NFS Section 1801.272[16]). As of 2016, NASA GIC 12-01A was no longer active.[17] The U.S. used the same NASA Circular in 2020 as the basis for criminal charges against Texas A&M University professor Zhengdong Cheng.[18]","title":"First trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20210617-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hvistendahl-9"},{"link_name":"Ted Lieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lieu"},{"link_name":"Mondaire Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondaire_Jones"},{"link_name":"Pramila Jayapal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal"},{"link_name":"Justice Department Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Office_of_the_Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"Michael E. Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Horowitz"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Mistrial","text":"Hu's trial for fraud ended on June 16, 2021, in a mistrial when the jury could not reach a verdict.[5][19] Afterward, Wendy Chandler, who was Juror 44 and one of the four female jurors in an all-white jury, stated that she kept looking for a big reveal but ultimately characterized the trial as \"the most ridiculous case\" and the charges against Hu as \"a series of plausible errors, a lack of support from UT, and ruthless ambition on behalf of the FBI.\"[9] The day after the end of the trial, Democratic Representatives Ted Lieu, Mondaire Jones, and Pramila Jayapal voiced concerns about Hu's prosecution and called on Justice Department Inspector General Michael E. Horowitz to investigate allegations of FBI misconduct.[20]","title":"First trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knoxnews20210730-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20210909-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axios20210910-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On July 30, 2021, the federal government announced that they would retry Anming Hu.[21]On September 9, 2021, Anming Hu was acquitted of fraud charges by a federal judge.[12] According to U.S. District Judge Thomas A. Varlan: \"[E]ven viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, no rational jury could conclude that defendant acted with a scheme to defraud NASA.\"[8] Varlan cited testimony from NASA OIG special agent Lee Gibson:[22]Agent Gibson of the NASA Office of Inspector General testified that the NASA grant money that defendant helped obtain went to UTK ... Further, Agent Gibson testified that he had no evidence that defendant “took any money to China or had anybody in China working on” the NASA grants.[23]But according to NASA, \"It is acceptable as long as you keep your NASA projects and your PRC related projects separate, i.e., don't use any NASA funds for projects with the PRC\".[24] Varlan further wrote, \"In fact, Agent Gibson specifically testified that he was not sure whether BJUT was incorporated under  the laws of the People’s Republic of China.\"[23] Although Gibson speculated that NASA considered BJUT to be a Chinese-owned company[25] NASA Senior Analyst Chris Murguia stated that 'a state-owned university [such as BJUT] would be considered “China”', whereas a private university is a \"Chinese-owned company\".[26]","title":"Retrial"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APAJUSTICE-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20211003-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNews20211003-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"University of Tennessee","text":"It was revealed during the trial that the University of Tennessee aided the FBI in their investigation by handing over Hu's university documents without a warrant, concealing the investigation from him, misleading NASA, and firing him the moment he was arrested. Meetings were set up between Hu's bosses and the FBI but it is unclear who authorized these meetings. The FBI did not have any proof of wrongdoing by Hu when they entered UT and did not have the legal authority to take records from his personnel files.[27]The university suspended Hu without pay and the federal government revoked his work authorization. According to the faculty handbook, the faculty senate president should be consulted when the administration is considering suspending a tenured faculty member, which did not happen. The then-president was only informed of the case.[28]After being acquitted of wrongdoing, UT Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor John Zomchick said the university was willing to undo Hu's termination if he could verify U.S. authorization to work in the next year. According to Mary McAlpin, the president of the UT chapter of the American Association of University Professors, regaining his work visa would require sponsorship from UT.[28]Subsequently, in October 2021 the university offered to reinstate Hu with some back pay, research funding, and university support to regain his work visa.[29] His reinstatement was finalized effective February 1, 2022.[30]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casey Arrowood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_T._Arrowood"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TnLookout-2022-08-31-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsAmNews-2022-09-01-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsAmNews-2022-09-01-34"}],"sub_title":"Casey Arrowood","text":"The prosecution of Anming Hu was led by Assistant U.S. Attorney Casey Arrowood.[31] Arrowood was nominated in 2022 by President Biden for U.S. Attorney of the Eastern District of Tennessee.[32] Asian American civil rights groups called on supporters to oppose the nomination, which they called an \"affront to the Asian American, immigrant, and scientific communities.\"[33][34] Hu said that instead of being punished, Arrowood is being rewarded, encouraging future cases such as his to happen again.[34]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Chinese_Americans"},{"link_name":"Ted Lieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lieu"},{"link_name":"Merrick Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrick_Garland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knoxnews20210730-21"},{"link_name":"Judy Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Chu"},{"link_name":"Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APAJUSTICE-27"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The OCA-Asian Pacific American Advocates denounced the government's decision to retry Anming Hu. OCA National president Linda Ng accused law enforcement of rampant anti-Asian sentiment and \"systemic efforts to strip Asian Americans and Asian immigrants of their civil liberties.\" Nearly 100 members of Congress led by Representative Ted Lieu sent a letter to Attorney General Merrick Garland calling for an investigation into the \"wrongful targeting of individuals of Asian descent.\"[21] US Congressperson Judy Chu accused the FBI of racial profiling in a Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC) statement, pointing out that Hu's case is only the most glaring of many FBI cases that had been flawed from the start, \"evident in the number of cases that have been dropped without any explanation.\"[27][35]","title":"Accusations of racial profiling"}]
[{"image_text":"Termination letter sent to Anming Hu in October 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Termination_letter_sent_to_University_of_Tennessee_tenured_professor_Anming_Hu.png/220px-Termination_letter_sent_to_University_of_Tennessee_tenured_professor_Anming_Hu.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"美国田纳西大学Anming Hu教授应邀做学术讲座\". Sues News. December 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sues.edu.cn/29/c1/c13983a141761/pagem.htm","url_text":"\"美国田纳西大学Anming Hu教授应邀做学术讲座\""}]},{"reference":"\"US-China tech war: In battle for talent, US 'shooting ourselves in the foot'\". South China Morning Post. 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2024-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3139521/us-china-tech-war-battle-talent-us-shooting-ourselves-foot","url_text":"\"US-China tech war: In battle for talent, US 'shooting ourselves in the foot'\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Natasha (2022-03-07). \"'I lost two years of my life': US scientist falsely accused of hiding ties to China speaks out\". Nature. 603 (7901): 371–372. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..371G. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00528-2. PMID 35256788. S2CID 247293986.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00528-2","url_text":"\"'I lost two years of my life': US scientist falsely accused of hiding ties to China speaks out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.603..371G","url_text":"2022Natur.603..371G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00528-2","url_text":"10.1038/d41586-022-00528-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256788","url_text":"35256788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247293986","url_text":"247293986"}]},{"reference":"Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-07). \"Trial of former UT professor centers on whether he concealed ties to Chinese University\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2023-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/08/anming-hu-trial-ex-tennessee-professor-faces-federal-fraud-charges/7581526002/","url_text":"\"Trial of former UT professor centers on whether he concealed ties to Chinese University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-17). \"Trump administration's first 'China Initiative' prosecution sputters as jurors deadlock\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/17/anming-hu-case-jurors-trump-china-initiative-trial-deadlocked/7712463002/","url_text":"\"Trump administration's first 'China Initiative' prosecution sputters as jurors deadlock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Joseph (2021-06-14). \"Federal agents admit to falsely accusing Chinese professor of being a spy\". The Hill. Retrieved 2021-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/558345-federal-agents-admit-to-falsely-accusing-chinese-professor-of-being","url_text":"\"Federal agents admit to falsely accusing Chinese professor of being a spy\""}]},{"reference":"Satterfield, Jamie (2021-06-13). \"Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/14/federal-agents-falsely-accused-university-of-tennessee-professor-spying-china/7649378002/","url_text":"\"Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Shawna (September 10, 2021). \"Chinese researcher accused of spying under DOJ initiative acquitted of all charges\". Axios. Retrieved 2021-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/china-initiative-doj-anming-hu-acquitted-4b529c19-ca33-45b0-832f-68d1c3d640d7.html","url_text":"\"Chinese researcher accused of spying under DOJ initiative acquitted of all charges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios_(website)","url_text":"Axios"}]},{"reference":"Hvistendahl, Mara (2021-06-23). \"\"RIDICULOUS CASE\": JUROR CRITICIZES DOJ FOR CHARGING SCIENTIST WITH HIDING TIES TO CHINA\". The Intercept. Retrieved 2021-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2021/06/23/anming-hu-trial-fbi-china/","url_text":"\"\"RIDICULOUS CASE\": JUROR CRITICIZES DOJ FOR CHARGING SCIENTIST WITH HIDING TIES TO CHINA\""}]},{"reference":"Prasso, Sheridan (December 14, 2021). \"China Initiative Set Out to Catch Spies. It Didn't Find Many\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2021-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-12-14/doj-china-initiative-to-catch-spies-prompts-fbi-misconduct-racism-claims","url_text":"\"China Initiative Set Out to Catch Spies. It Didn't Find Many\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek","url_text":"Bloomberg Businessweek"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Jodi Xu (August 21, 2021). \"Calls grow for US to dismiss 'Nasa lies' case of Hu Anming, as critics cite 'racial bias' in accusation that he hid ties to Chinese university\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3145861/calls-dismiss-case-former-university-tennessee-professor-hu-anming-grow","url_text":"\"Calls grow for US to dismiss 'Nasa lies' case of Hu Anming, as critics cite 'racial bias' in accusation that he hid ties to Chinese university\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post","url_text":"South China Morning Post"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, Brenna (September 9, 2021). \"Former Tennessee professor acquitted of fraud charges in espionage investigation\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2021/09/09/tennessee-professor-hu-acquitted-spying-charges/8265020002/","url_text":"\"Former Tennessee professor acquitted of fraud charges in espionage investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Indictment. USA v HU\" (PDF). February 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.tned.93460/gov.uscourts.tned.93460.3.0.pdf","url_text":"\"Indictment. USA v HU\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA GCAM\". NASA. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161119000658/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/Grant_and_CooperativeAgreementManual.doc","url_text":"\"NASA GCAM\""},{"url":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/Grant_and_CooperativeAgreementManual.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNally, William P. (September 26, 2012). \"GIC 12-01A CLASS DEVIATION IMPLEMENTING NASA RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDING ACTIVITIES WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)\". NASA. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151023013827/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic12-01A.html","url_text":"\"GIC 12-01A CLASS DEVIATION IMPLEMENTING NASA RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDING ACTIVITIES WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)\""},{"url":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic12-01A.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NASA FAR Supplement\" (PDF). NASA. September 28, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/procurement/regs/NFS.pdf","url_text":"\"NASA FAR Supplement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823020521/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/procurement/regs/NFS.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Active Grant Information Circulars (GICs)\". NASA. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129065622/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic.html","url_text":"\"Active Grant Information Circulars (GICs)\""},{"url":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US v Chendong Cheng\" (PDF). August 20, 2020. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2021. According to guidance published by NASA and circulated to grant applicants, \"Chinese universities and other similar institutions are considered to be incorporated under the laws of the PRC and, therefore, the funding restrictions apply to grants and cooperative agreements that include bilateral participation, collaboration, or coordination with Chinese universities.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632.1.0_3.pdf","url_text":"\"US v Chendong Cheng\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211209145245/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632.1.0_3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fromer, Jacob; Klein, Jody Xu (July 31, 2021). \"US to retry University of Tennessee professor for fraud, drawing outcry\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3143271/us-lawmakers-press-justice-department-possible-racial-profiling-asians","url_text":"\"US to retry University of Tennessee professor for fraud, drawing outcry\""}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, David (2021-06-17). \"Mistrial in Justice Dept. fraud case against college professor prompts renewed scrutiny of agency's 'China Initiative'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/doj-china-initiative-mistrial/2021/06/17/7571c73c-cf8f-11eb-8014-2f3926ca24d9_story.html","url_text":"\"Mistrial in Justice Dept. fraud case against college professor prompts renewed scrutiny of agency's 'China Initiative'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal prosecutors: We will retry UT prof accused of making false statements\". WBIR TV. July 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbir.com/article/news/crime/federal-prosecutors-we-will-retry-ut-prof-accused-of-making-false-statements/51-4b3d1f2f-d2d7-4231-8701-e1bf4ef6f000","url_text":"\"Federal prosecutors: We will retry UT prof accused of making false statements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBIR_TV","url_text":"WBIR TV"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Lee (8 June 2021). \"Testimony of Lee Gibson\" (PDF). Wikimedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA-v-HU-testimony-NASA-Lee-Gibson-universities-incorporated.pdf","url_text":"\"Testimony of Lee Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Varlan, Thomas (September 9, 2021). \"MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.tned.93460/gov.uscourts.tned.93460.141.0.pdf","url_text":"\"MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\""}]},{"reference":"NASA. \"NASA Science for Researchers\". NASA.","urls":[{"url":"http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/faqs/prc-faq-roses/","url_text":"\"NASA Science for Researchers\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Lee (8 June 2021). \"Testimony of NASA Special Agent Lee Gibson\" (PDF). Wikimedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA-v-HU-testimony-NASA-Lee-Gibson-universities-are-companies.pdf","url_text":"\"Testimony of NASA Special Agent Lee Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Murguia, Chris (1 September 2021). \"Question about NASA grant policy\". Wikimedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasa-analyst-marguia-universities-are-china-2021.png","url_text":"\"Question about NASA grant policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anming Hu\". APA Justice. Retrieved 2021-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apajustice.org/anming-hu.html","url_text":"\"Anming Hu\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Becca (October 3, 2021). \"University of Tennessee at Knoxville faculty call on the school to reinstate Anming Hu\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2021-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2021/10/03/university-of-tennessee-faculty-demand-school-reinstate-anming-hu-after-acquittal/5890443001/","url_text":"\"University of Tennessee at Knoxville faculty call on the school to reinstate Anming Hu\""}]},{"reference":"\"University offers to rehire prof acquitted of ties to China\". AP News. 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2021-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/technology-business-education-arrests-tennessee-51e167f211f59ae991ca24119d94f8a4","url_text":"\"University offers to rehire prof acquitted of ties to China\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Rebecca (February 3, 2022). \"Anming Hu, professor falsely accused of espionage, reinstated by University of Tennessee\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2022/02/03/anming-hu-reinstated-university-of-tennessee-false-espionage-charge/9008950002/","url_text":"\"Anming Hu, professor falsely accused of espionage, reinstated by University of Tennessee\""}]},{"reference":"Satterfield, Jamie (June 14, 2021). \"With spy case a bust, feds seek fraud conviction against University of Tennessee professor\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/15/jury-deliberates-fate-ex-university-tennessee-professor-falsely-accused-spy/7685206002/","url_text":"\"With spy case a bust, feds seek fraud conviction against University of Tennessee professor\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Becca (November 6, 2022). \"'I want him voted down': Professor wrongly accused of spying fights prosecutor's promotion\". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved 2022-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2022/11/07/joe-biden-nomination-anming-hu-prosecutor-stirs-anger/69607046007/","url_text":"\"'I want him voted down': Professor wrongly accused of spying fights prosecutor's promotion\""}]},{"reference":"Satterfield, Jamie (August 31, 2022). \"Asian American groups urge rejection of nominee for U.S. Attorney in Tennessee's Eastern District\". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved 2022-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseelookout.com/2022/08/31/asian-american-groups-urge-rejection-of-nominee-for-u-s-attorney-in-tennessees-eastern-district/","url_text":"\"Asian American groups urge rejection of nominee for U.S. Attorney in Tennessee's Eastern District\""}]},{"reference":"Randall (September 1, 2022). \"Opposition grows to Biden nomination of lawyer in Chinese spy case\". AsAmNews. Retrieved 2022-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://asamnews.com/2022/09/01/casey-arrowood-lead-the-prosecution-of-anming-hu-who-was-falsely-accused-of-spying/","url_text":"\"Opposition grows to Biden nomination of lawyer in Chinese spy case\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAPAC Chair Statement on Retrial of Dr. Anming Hu After Mistrial Based on False Evidence\" (Press release). Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. July 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://capac-chu.house.gov/press-release/capac-chair-statement-retrial-dr-anming-hu-after-mistrial-based-false-evidence","url_text":"\"CAPAC Chair Statement on Retrial of Dr. Anming Hu After Mistrial Based on False Evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus","url_text":"Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://news.sues.edu.cn/29/c1/c13983a141761/pagem.htm","external_links_name":"\"美国田纳西大学Anming Hu教授应邀做学术讲座\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3139521/us-china-tech-war-battle-talent-us-shooting-ourselves-foot","external_links_name":"\"US-China tech war: In battle for talent, US 'shooting ourselves in the foot'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00528-2","external_links_name":"\"'I lost two years of my life': US scientist falsely accused of hiding ties to China speaks out\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.603..371G","external_links_name":"2022Natur.603..371G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00528-2","external_links_name":"10.1038/d41586-022-00528-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256788","external_links_name":"35256788"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247293986","external_links_name":"247293986"},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/08/anming-hu-trial-ex-tennessee-professor-faces-federal-fraud-charges/7581526002/","external_links_name":"\"Trial of former UT professor centers on whether he concealed ties to Chinese University\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/17/anming-hu-case-jurors-trump-china-initiative-trial-deadlocked/7712463002/","external_links_name":"\"Trump administration's first 'China Initiative' prosecution sputters as jurors deadlock\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/558345-federal-agents-admit-to-falsely-accusing-chinese-professor-of-being","external_links_name":"\"Federal agents admit to falsely accusing Chinese professor of being a spy\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/14/federal-agents-falsely-accused-university-of-tennessee-professor-spying-china/7649378002/","external_links_name":"\"Trial reveals federal agents falsely accused a UT professor born in China of spying\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/china-initiative-doj-anming-hu-acquitted-4b529c19-ca33-45b0-832f-68d1c3d640d7.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese researcher accused of spying under DOJ initiative acquitted of all charges\""},{"Link":"https://theintercept.com/2021/06/23/anming-hu-trial-fbi-china/","external_links_name":"\"\"RIDICULOUS CASE\": JUROR CRITICIZES DOJ FOR CHARGING SCIENTIST WITH HIDING TIES TO CHINA\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-12-14/doj-china-initiative-to-catch-spies-prompts-fbi-misconduct-racism-claims","external_links_name":"\"China Initiative Set Out to Catch Spies. It Didn't Find Many\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3145861/calls-dismiss-case-former-university-tennessee-professor-hu-anming-grow","external_links_name":"\"Calls grow for US to dismiss 'Nasa lies' case of Hu Anming, as critics cite 'racial bias' in accusation that he hid ties to Chinese university\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2021/09/09/tennessee-professor-hu-acquitted-spying-charges/8265020002/","external_links_name":"\"Former Tennessee professor acquitted of fraud charges in espionage investigation\""},{"Link":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.tned.93460/gov.uscourts.tned.93460.3.0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indictment. USA v HU\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161119000658/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/Grant_and_CooperativeAgreementManual.doc","external_links_name":"\"NASA GCAM\""},{"Link":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/Grant_and_CooperativeAgreementManual.doc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151023013827/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic12-01A.html","external_links_name":"\"GIC 12-01A CLASS DEVIATION IMPLEMENTING NASA RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDING ACTIVITIES WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)\""},{"Link":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic12-01A.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/procurement/regs/NFS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NASA FAR Supplement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210823020521/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/procurement/regs/NFS.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129065622/https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic.html","external_links_name":"\"Active Grant Information Circulars (GICs)\""},{"Link":"https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/pub/pub_library/grantnotices/gic.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632.1.0_3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"US v Chendong Cheng\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211209145245/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632/gov.uscourts.txsd.1793632.1.0_3.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3143271/us-lawmakers-press-justice-department-possible-racial-profiling-asians","external_links_name":"\"US to retry University of Tennessee professor for fraud, drawing outcry\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/doj-china-initiative-mistrial/2021/06/17/7571c73c-cf8f-11eb-8014-2f3926ca24d9_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mistrial in Justice Dept. fraud case against college professor prompts renewed scrutiny of agency's 'China Initiative'\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbir.com/article/news/crime/federal-prosecutors-we-will-retry-ut-prof-accused-of-making-false-statements/51-4b3d1f2f-d2d7-4231-8701-e1bf4ef6f000","external_links_name":"\"Federal prosecutors: We will retry UT prof accused of making false statements\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA-v-HU-testimony-NASA-Lee-Gibson-universities-incorporated.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Testimony of Lee Gibson\""},{"Link":"https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.tned.93460/gov.uscourts.tned.93460.141.0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\""},{"Link":"http://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/faqs/prc-faq-roses/","external_links_name":"\"NASA Science for Researchers\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA-v-HU-testimony-NASA-Lee-Gibson-universities-are-companies.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Testimony of NASA Special Agent Lee Gibson\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasa-analyst-marguia-universities-are-china-2021.png","external_links_name":"\"Question about NASA grant policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.apajustice.org/anming-hu.html","external_links_name":"\"Anming Hu\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2021/10/03/university-of-tennessee-faculty-demand-school-reinstate-anming-hu-after-acquittal/5890443001/","external_links_name":"\"University of Tennessee at Knoxville faculty call on the school to reinstate Anming Hu\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/technology-business-education-arrests-tennessee-51e167f211f59ae991ca24119d94f8a4","external_links_name":"\"University offers to rehire prof acquitted of ties to China\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2022/02/03/anming-hu-reinstated-university-of-tennessee-false-espionage-charge/9008950002/","external_links_name":"\"Anming Hu, professor falsely accused of espionage, reinstated by University of Tennessee\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/crime/2021/06/15/jury-deliberates-fate-ex-university-tennessee-professor-falsely-accused-spy/7685206002/","external_links_name":"\"With spy case a bust, feds seek fraud conviction against University of Tennessee professor\""},{"Link":"https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2022/11/07/joe-biden-nomination-anming-hu-prosecutor-stirs-anger/69607046007/","external_links_name":"\"'I want him voted down': Professor wrongly accused of spying fights prosecutor's promotion\""},{"Link":"https://tennesseelookout.com/2022/08/31/asian-american-groups-urge-rejection-of-nominee-for-u-s-attorney-in-tennessees-eastern-district/","external_links_name":"\"Asian American groups urge rejection of nominee for U.S. Attorney in Tennessee's Eastern District\""},{"Link":"https://asamnews.com/2022/09/01/casey-arrowood-lead-the-prosecution-of-anming-hu-who-was-falsely-accused-of-spying/","external_links_name":"\"Opposition grows to Biden nomination of lawyer in Chinese spy case\""},{"Link":"https://capac-chu.house.gov/press-release/capac-chair-statement-retrial-dr-anming-hu-after-mistrial-based-false-evidence","external_links_name":"\"CAPAC Chair Statement on Retrial of Dr. Anming Hu After Mistrial Based on False Evidence\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_of_Anming_Hu&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees_(basketball)
Bronx Yankees
["1 Year-by-year","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bronx Yankees" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bronx Yankees were an American basketball team based in the Bronx in New York City, that was a member of the American Basketball League for a brief period. During the first half of the 1937–38 season, the team became the New York Yankees. They dropped out of the league on 11 January 1938 near the halfway point of their first and only season. Year-by-year Year League Reg. Season Playoffs 1937/38 ABL N/A N/A References ^ "American Basketball League (1933-34 TO 1952-53)". Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved 25 May 2011. This article about a basketball team in New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sports in New York City is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"American Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925-1955)"}],"text":"The Bronx Yankees were an American basketball team based in the Bronx in New York City, that was a member of the American Basketball League for a brief period.During the first half of the 1937–38 season, the team became the New York Yankees. They dropped out of the league on 11 January 1938 near the halfway point of their first and only season.","title":"Bronx Yankees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"[1]","title":"Year-by-year"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"American Basketball League (1933-34 TO 1952-53)\". Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved 25 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apbr.org/leagues.html","url_text":"\"American Basketball League (1933-34 TO 1952-53)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Professional_Basketball_Research","url_text":"Association for Professional Basketball Research"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bronx+Yankees%22","external_links_name":"\"Bronx Yankees\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bronx+Yankees%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bronx+Yankees%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bronx+Yankees%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bronx+Yankees%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bronx+Yankees%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.apbr.org/leagues.html","external_links_name":"\"American Basketball League (1933-34 TO 1952-53)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronx_Yankees&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronx_Yankees&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLQ
WLLQ
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°58′7.52″N 79°0′9.04″W / 35.9687556°N 79.0025111°W / 35.9687556; -79.0025111This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "WLLQ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio station in North Carolina, United StatesWLLQChapel Hill, North CarolinaUnited StatesFrequency1530 kHzBrandingLa GrandeProgrammingFormatRegional MexicanOwnershipOwnerEstuardo Valdemar Rodriguez and Leonor RodriguezSister stationsWRTG, WREV, WSRP, WLLNHistoryFirst air date1973 (as WRBX)Former call signsWRBX (1973–1986)WRTP (1986–2005)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID9068ClassDPower10,000 watts daytime onlyTransmitter coordinates35°58′7.52″N 79°0′9.04″W / 35.9687556°N 79.0025111°W / 35.9687556; -79.0025111LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsitelagrandenc.com WLLQ is a daytime-only AM radio station licensed to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on 1530 kHz. The station is part of the regional Mexican music network called La Grande. History WLLQ debuted in 1973 as WRBX, a jazz-formatted station under the ownership of Stuart Epperson, later the head of national Christian broadcaster Salem Communications. WRBX's studios were located on Chapel Hill's West Rosemary Street, and the daytime-only station had 5,000 watts of power. As the jazz format lost listeners to competitors on the FM dial, WRBX moved towards an inspirational Christian format. By 1978, WRBX had gone southern gospel, increased its power to 10,000 watts and moved to studios on Durham-Chapel Hill Boulevard (US 15/501) near present-day New Hope Commons Shopping Center. In 1979, Epperson sold WRBX to Hugh Johnston, who changed the station to a country format. The country format continued until 1985, when WRBX was sold to L. L "Buddy" Leathers' Carolina Christian Communications, and the inspirational Christian format was reinstated. The station's studios were moved into Leathers' repair shop, and the call letters changed to WRTP. The inspirational format soon became a contemporary Christian one. Carolina Christian Communications expanded WRTP to a simulcast with Garner-based WRTG, 1000 AM, in 1994 and to Mebane-based WGSB, 1060 AM in 1995. Between these three stations the full Triangle region was covered, but only during daylight hours, as all three were licensed only for daytime operation. In October 2004, WRTP, WRTG and WGSB were all purchased by Estuardo Valdemar Rodriguez and Leonor Rodriguez, owners of WLLN in Lillington, for $1.1 million. On February 3, 2005, WRTP and its two sister AM stations ceased broadcasting the "His Radio WRTP" Christian format on AM, and after a day off-air, the three stations resumed broadcasting, now with a regional Mexican format formerly heard on WFTK. AM 1530 also changed its call letters from WRTP to WLLQ. The La Grande network later added stations, while WGSB's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on March 12, 2019, due to the station having been silent since January 13, 2017. Notes ^ The original Christian format now airs over WRTP-FM, WCCE-FM, and a number of FM translators 24 hours a day throughout central and eastern North Carolina. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WLLQ". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. External links La Grande Que Pasa radio network History of WLLQ WLLQ in the FCC AM station database WLLQ in Nielsen Audio's AM station database vteRadio stations in Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill, North Carolina (the Research Triangle)By AM frequency 540 570 620 680 750 850 1000 1030 1090 1130 1240 1270 1310 1360 1410 1490 1530 1550 1590 By FM frequency 88.1 88.5 88.7 88.9 89.3 89.7 90.5 90.7 91.5 92.5 93.9 94.7 96.1 96.9 97.5 99.9 100.7 101.1 101.5 102.3 102.5 102.9 103.1 103.9 104.3 105.1 106.1 107.1 LPFM 90.3 93.5 101.9 103.5 WCOM-LP WFNE-LP 106.7 Translators 91.1 92.7 92.9 93.3 93.5 W228CV W228CZ 94.3 95.1 95.3 95.7 96.5 97.9 W250AZ W250BP 98.1 98.5 98.7 W254AS W254BV 98.9 W255AM W255BE 99.1 99.3 100.3 101.9 W270AW W270DT 104.7 W284CD W284CP 105.5 105.7 106.5 107.5 107.7 107.9 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.1-1 88.1-2 88.1-3 90.7-1 91.5-1 91.5-2 93.9-1 93.9-2 94.7-1 94.7-2 94.7-3 97.5-1 99.9-1 99.9-2 99.9-3 99.9-4 100.7-1 100.7-2 101.5-1 101.5-2 101.5-3 103.9-1 103.9-2 104.3-1 105.1-1 105.1-2 106.1-1 107.1-1 By call sign W216BN W224DK W225DF W227CZ W228CV W228CZ W232CH W236CA W237BZ W239CK W243DK W250AZ W250BP W251CA W253CY W254AS W254BV W255AM W255BE W256AH W257CS W262CZ W270AW W270DT W284CD W284CP W288BU W289BD W293DV W298DB W299AP W300CE WAUG WBBB WCHL WCLY WCMC-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WCOM-LP WCPE WDCG HD2 WDNC WDRU WDUR WEAD-LP WFNE-LP WFXC WFXK WHPY WKIX WKIX-FM WKJO WKNC-FM HD2 HD3 WKRP-LP WKXU WLHC WLLQ WMPM WNCB HD2 WNCU WNNL HD2 WPJL WPLW-FM WPTF WPYB WQDR WQDR-FM HD2 HD3 WQOK WRAL HD2 HD3 WRDU HD2 WRJD WRKV WRLY WRTG WRTP WTIK WTKK WTSB WUNC HD2 WUIT-LP WVRD WXDU WXYC WYFL WYMY Defunct WGSB (1060 AM) WCRY (1460 AM) WSHP-LP (103.3 FM) Nearby regions Charlotte Elizabeth City–Nags Head Fayetteville Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point Roanoke Rapids-South Hill Rocky Mount-Wilson Southside See also List of radio stations in North Carolina vteSpanish-language radio stations in the state of North CarolinaStations WBLO – Thomasville WCXN – Claremont WETC – Wendell-Zebulon WFEC-LP – Winston Salem WGSP – Charlotte WHVN – Charlotte WIST-FM – Thomasville WLLN – Lillington WLLQ – Chapel Hill WLQB – Ocean Isle Beach WLSG - Wilmington WNOW – Mint Hill WOLS – Waxhaw WREV – Reidsville WRTG – Garner WSGH – Lewisville WSRP – Jacksonville WTIK – Durham WUIT-LP – Durham WWNT - Winston-Salem WXNC – Monroe WXQR-FM – Jacksonville WYMY – Burlington WYSR – High Point WZUP – La Grange Defunct WGSB – Mebane See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in North Carolina See also Classical Jazz Religious Spanish Smooth Jazz Other vteDaytime-only radio stations in North CarolinaStations WARR - Warrenton WAUG - New Hope WBFJ - Winston-Salem WCIS - Morganton WCLN - Clinton WCLW - Eden WCOK - Sparta WCPS - Tarboro WCXN - Claremont WDSL - Mocksville WDRU - Creedmoor WEAL - Greensboro WECR - Newland WGCR - Pisgah Forest WGOS - High Point WHNC - Henderson WKGX - Lenoir WKOO - Rose Hill WKTE - King WLLQ - Chapel Hill WLWL - Rockingham WNOW - Mint Hill WOBX - Wanchese WOGR - Charlotte WPEK - Fairview WPIP - Winston-Salem WPYB - Benson WREV - Reidsville WRNA - China Grove WRRZ - Clinton WRTG - Garner WRXO - Roxboro WSME - Camp Lejeune WSMX - Winston-Salem WTCG - Mount Holly WTSB - Selma WTXY - Whiteville WVOE - Chadbourn WWDR - Murfreesboro WWOL - Forest City WXIT - Blowing Rock WXNC - Monroe WYAL - Scotland Neck WYNC - Yanceyville WYZD - Dobson WZOO - Asheboro Defunct WGSB - Mebane WGTL - Kannapolis WGTM - Spindale WJOS - Elkin WJPI - Plymouth WLTT - Carolina Beach WSDC - Mocksville WSPF - Hickory WTRQ - Warsaw WUIV - Icard WWNG - Havelock See also: Clear channel radio stations and Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night vteChapel Hill-Carrboro, North CarolinaUrban areas Carrboro Chapel Hill Franklin Street Southern Village UNC Schools Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools Carrboro High Chapel Hill High East Chapel Hill High University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Transportation Chapel Hill Transit GoTriangle Horace Williams Airport Media The Carrboro Citizen The Chapel Hill News Chapelboro The Daily Tar Heel WCHL WCOM-LP WLLQ WUNC WUNC-TV WXYC People Julian Carr Mayors of Carrboro Mayors of Chapel Hill Leaders of UNC UNC alumni Images Carrboro Chapel Hill UNC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"regional Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Mexican"}],"text":"Radio station in North Carolina, United StatesWLLQ is a daytime-only AM radio station licensed to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on 1530 kHz. The station is part of the regional Mexican music network called La Grande.","title":"WLLQ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Stuart Epperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Epperson"},{"link_name":"Salem Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Communications"},{"link_name":"southern gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_gospel"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_15_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_501"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian"},{"link_name":"WRTG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRTG"},{"link_name":"WGSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGSB_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WLLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLN"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"WFTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDRU"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_(broadcasting)"}],"text":"WLLQ debuted in 1973 as WRBX, a jazz-formatted station under the ownership of Stuart Epperson, later the head of national Christian broadcaster Salem Communications. WRBX's studios were located on Chapel Hill's West Rosemary Street, and the daytime-only station had 5,000 watts of power.As the jazz format lost listeners to competitors on the FM dial, WRBX moved towards an inspirational Christian format. By 1978, WRBX had gone southern gospel, increased its power to 10,000 watts and moved to studios on Durham-Chapel Hill Boulevard (US 15/501) near present-day New Hope Commons Shopping Center.In 1979, Epperson sold WRBX to Hugh Johnston, who changed the station to a country format. The country format continued until 1985, when WRBX was sold to L. L \"Buddy\" Leathers' Carolina Christian Communications, and the inspirational Christian format was reinstated. The station's studios were moved into Leathers' repair shop, and the call letters changed to WRTP.The inspirational format soon became a contemporary Christian one. Carolina Christian Communications expanded WRTP to a simulcast with Garner-based WRTG, 1000 AM, in 1994 and to Mebane-based WGSB, 1060 AM in 1995. Between these three stations the full Triangle region was covered, but only during daylight hours, as all three were licensed only for daytime operation.In October 2004, WRTP, WRTG and WGSB were all purchased by Estuardo Valdemar Rodriguez and Leonor Rodriguez, owners of WLLN in Lillington, for $1.1 million. On February 3, 2005, WRTP and its two sister AM stations ceased broadcasting the \"His Radio WRTP\" Christian format on AM,[a] and after a day off-air, the three stations resumed broadcasting, now with a regional Mexican format formerly heard on WFTK. AM 1530 also changed its call letters from WRTP to WLLQ.The La Grande network later added stations, while WGSB's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on March 12, 2019, due to the station having been silent since January 13, 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"WRTP-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRTP-FM"},{"link_name":"WCCE-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCE"}],"text":"^ The original Christian format now airs over WRTP-FM, WCCE-FM, and a number of FM translators 24 hours a day throughout central and eastern North Carolina.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLLQ\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=9068","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLLQ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WLLQ&params=35_58_7.52_N_79_0_9.04_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°58′7.52″N 79°0′9.04″W / 35.9687556°N 79.0025111°W / 35.9687556; -79.0025111"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22WLLQ%22","external_links_name":"\"WLLQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22WLLQ%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22WLLQ%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22WLLQ%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22WLLQ%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22WLLQ%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WLLQ&params=35_58_7.52_N_79_0_9.04_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°58′7.52″N 79°0′9.04″W / 35.9687556°N 79.0025111°W / 35.9687556; -79.0025111"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WLLQ","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=9068","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.lagrandenc.com/","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.lagrandenc.com/","external_links_name":"lagrandenc.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=9068","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLLQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.lagrandenc.com/","external_links_name":"La Grande"},{"Link":"http://www.quepasamedia.com/web/content/view/28/52/lang,en/","external_links_name":"Que Pasa radio network"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090829054614/http://geocities.com/rduhistory/wrtp.html","external_links_name":"History of WLLQ"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WLLQ","external_links_name":"WLLQ"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WLLQ","external_links_name":"WLLQ"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/daytime.html","external_links_name":"Why AM Radio Stations Must Reduce Power, Change Operations, or Cease Operations at Night"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khar_Road_railway_station
Khar Road railway station
["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]
Railway Station in Maharashtra, India Khar RoadMumbai Suburban Railway stationGeneral informationCoordinates19°04′07″N 72°50′24″E / 19.068598°N 72.840042°E / 19.068598; 72.840042Owned byMinistry of Railways, Indian RailwaysLine(s)Western Line, Harbour LinePlatforms6+1A(under construction)Tracks6ConstructionStructure typeStandard on-ground stationOther informationStatusActiveStation codeKHARFare zoneWestern RailwaysHistoryOpened1 July 1924ElectrifiedYesPassengers85,000 (2014) Services Preceding station Mumbai Suburban Railway Following station Bandratowards Churchgate Western line Santacruztowards Dahanu Road Bandratowards Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Harbour line Santacruztowards Goregaon Route map Legend Konkan Railwayto Roha to Uran Panvel Konkan Railwayto Karjat and Vasai Road Khandeshwar Mansarovar Taloja River Kharghar CBD Belapur Nerul–Uran lineto Uran Western lineto Dahanu Road Seawoods–Darave planned extension to Borivali Nerul Goregaon Juinagar Ram Mandir Trans-Harbour lineto Thane Jogeshwari Sanpada Line 1 Andheri Vashi Sahar Airport Vile Parle Thane Creek Sahar Airport Santacruz Mankhurd Khar Road Govandi Chembur Line 1 Bandra Tilak Nagar Mithi River Central lineto Thane Mahim Junction Kurla LTT Western lineto Churchgate Central line Chunabhatti King's Circle Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar  Line 1 Vadala Road Line 1 Sewri Cotton Green Reay Road Dockyard Road Central line Sandhurst Road Masjid Line 3 Mumbai CSMT Legend Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line Dahanu Road Vangaon Boisar Umroli Palghar Kelve Road Saphale Vaitarna River Vaitarna Virar Nallasopara Vasai Road Central line and Vasai Road - Roha line Naigaon Vasai Creek Bhayandar Mira Road Dahisar Dahisar River Borivali Kandivli Malad planned extension to Borivali Goregaon Ram Mandir Jogeshwari Andheri Line 1 Vile Parle Sahar Airport Santacruz Sahar Airport Khar Road Bandra Mithi River Mahim Harbour line Matunga Road Central line Dadar plannedMonorail Prabhadevi Parel Central line Lower Parel Mahalaxmi Line 3 Mumbai Central Line 3 Grant Road Line 3 Charni Road Marine Lines Churchgate Line 3 LocationKhar RoadLocation within Mumbai Khar Road (; station code: KHAR) is a railway station on the Western Line and the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network, in the Khar suburb. It is close to the Bandra Terminus for catching upcountry trains. The name of the station is derived from the name of the Koli village, Khar-Danda, near the Arabian Sea. Danda is home to the fishermen community. History The station at Khar Rd was opened on 1st April 1924, to cater to the expected 1700 passengers of the then new town planning scheme. On 11 July 2006, Khar Road was affected by the Mumbai train bombings. Gallery Khar Road station Khar Road Platform board References ^ Rahul Mehrotra, Sharada Dwivedi (2000). Anchoring A City Line. Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd. p. 172. ISBN 81-900602-4-4. ^ Rahul Mehrotra, Sharada Dwivedi (2000). Anchoring A City Line. Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd. p. 102. ISBN 81-900602-4-4. ^ "Mumbai 7/11 train blasts: Five get death, seven sentenced to life". Livemint. 30 September 2015. ^ "7/11 Mumbai blasts: Five get death, seven get life imprisonment". The Economic Times. 1 October 2015. ^ "Khar Road railway station turns 90". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khar Road railway station. This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Maharashtra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kʰaːɾ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Suburban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"Khar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khar,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Bandra Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandra_Terminus"}],"text":"Khar Road ([kʰaːɾ]; station code: KHAR) is a railway station on the Western Line and the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network, in the Khar suburb. It is close to the Bandra Terminus for catching upcountry trains.The name of the station is derived from the name of the Koli village, Khar-Danda, near the Arabian Sea. Danda is home to the fishermen community.","title":"Khar Road railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mumbai train bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_train_bombings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The station at Khar Rd was opened on 1st April 1924, to cater to the expected 1700 passengers of the then new town planning scheme.[2]On 11 July 2006, Khar Road was affected by the Mumbai train bombings.[3][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_06_Khar_Road_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khar_Road.jpg"}],"text":"Khar Road station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhar Road Platform board","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rahul Mehrotra, Sharada Dwivedi (2000). Anchoring A City Line. Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd. p. 172. ISBN 81-900602-4-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900602-4-4","url_text":"81-900602-4-4"}]},{"reference":"Rahul Mehrotra, Sharada Dwivedi (2000). Anchoring A City Line. Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd. p. 102. ISBN 81-900602-4-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900602-4-4","url_text":"81-900602-4-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Mumbai 7/11 train blasts: Five get death, seven sentenced to life\". Livemint. 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/J5BR2d2DVNbK2OtM0gyUIK/Mumbai-711-train-blasts-Five-get-death-seven-sentenced-to.html","url_text":"\"Mumbai 7/11 train blasts: Five get death, seven sentenced to life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livemint","url_text":"Livemint"}]},{"reference":"\"7/11 Mumbai blasts: Five get death, seven get life imprisonment\". The Economic Times. 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/7/11-mumbai-blasts-five-get-death-seven-get-life-imprisonment/articleshow/49165069.cms","url_text":"\"7/11 Mumbai blasts: Five get death, seven get life imprisonment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Khar Road railway station turns 90\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101802/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Khar-Road-railway-station-turns-90-01072014004054","url_text":"\"Khar Road railway station turns 90\""},{"url":"http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Khar-Road-railway-station-turns-90-01072014004054","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khar_Road_railway_station&params=19.068598_N_72.840042_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"19°04′07″N 72°50′24″E / 19.068598°N 72.840042°E / 19.068598; 72.840042"},{"Link":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/J5BR2d2DVNbK2OtM0gyUIK/Mumbai-711-train-blasts-Five-get-death-seven-sentenced-to.html","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai 7/11 train blasts: Five get death, seven sentenced to life\""},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/7/11-mumbai-blasts-five-get-death-seven-get-life-imprisonment/articleshow/49165069.cms","external_links_name":"\"7/11 Mumbai blasts: Five get death, seven get life imprisonment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101802/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Khar-Road-railway-station-turns-90-01072014004054","external_links_name":"\"Khar Road railway station turns 90\""},{"Link":"http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31804&articlexml=Khar-Road-railway-station-turns-90-01072014004054","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khar_Road_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(Attila_album)
Rage (Attila album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
2010 studio album by AttilaRageStudio album by AttilaReleasedMay 11, 2010RecordedFebruary 5 – 19, 2010StudioBreakroom Studios, Portland, OregonGenre Metalcore deathcore Length27:00LabelArteryProducerStephan Hawkes, Eric RushingAttila chronology Soundtrack to a Party(2008) Rage(2010) Outlawed(2011) Singles from Rage "Rage"Released: 2010 Rage is the third studio album by American metalcore band Attila. The album was released on May 11, 2010, through Artery Recordings. It is the band's debut release on the label. The album charted on Billboard US Heatseekers chart at number 15. The album was produced by Stephan Hawkes, who has previously worked with such bands as Burning the Masses and American Me. Track listing No.TitleLength1."The End"0:252."Make It Sick"2:513."The Invitation"2:564."Rage"3:345."Lights Out"3:126."Temper"3:107."Girls Don't Lie"2:518."Strikeout"1:069."Cheyenne 420"2:5110."Jumanji"3:59Total length:27:00 Personnel Attila Chris Fronzak – vocals Nate Salameh – rhythm guitar Chris Linck – lead guitar Paul Ollinger – bass Sean Heenan – drums, percussion Production Produced and engineered by Stephan Hawkes Executive production by Eric Rushing (The Artery Foundation) A&R, management and layout by Mike Milford Artwork by Aaron Crawford References ^ "Attila Chart History". Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. ^ Blabbermouth (February 11, 2010). "ATTILA Signs With ARTERY RECORDINGS". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ "Attila Sign To Artery Recordings | News @". Ultimate-guitar.com. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2011-09-07. ^ "Rage - Attila". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-09-07. vteAttila Chris "Fronz" Fronzak Chris Linck Kalan Blehm Walter Adams Tyler Kruckmeyer Matt Booth Kris Wilson Sam Halcomb Nate Salameh Paul Ollinger Chris Comrie Sean Heenan Bryan McClure Studio albums Rage (2010) Outlawed (2011) About That Life (2013) Guilty Pleasure (2014) Chaos (2016) Villain (2019) Closure (2021)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_(metalcore_band)"},{"link_name":"Artery Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"US Heatseekers chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blabbermouth_2010-2"},{"link_name":"American Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Me_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rage is the third studio album by American metalcore band Attila. The album was released on May 11, 2010, through Artery Recordings. It is the band's debut release on the label. The album charted on Billboard US Heatseekers chart at number 15.[1]The album was produced by Stephan Hawkes,[2] who has previously worked with such bands as Burning the Masses and American Me.[3]","title":"Rage (Attila album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"The End\"0:252.\"Make It Sick\"2:513.\"The Invitation\"2:564.\"Rage\"3:345.\"Lights Out\"3:126.\"Temper\"3:107.\"Girls Don't Lie\"2:518.\"Strikeout\"1:069.\"Cheyenne 420\"2:5110.\"Jumanji\"3:59Total length:27:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"The Artery Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artery_Foundation"}],"text":"AttilaChris Fronzak – vocals\nNate Salameh – rhythm guitar\nChris Linck – lead guitar\nPaul Ollinger – bass\nSean Heenan – drums, percussionProduction[4]Produced and engineered by Stephan Hawkes\nExecutive production by Eric Rushing (The Artery Foundation)\nA&R, management and layout by Mike Milford\nArtwork by Aaron Crawford","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Attila Chart History\". Archived from the original on November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112051215/http://www.billboard.com/music/attila/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"\"Attila Chart History\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/attila/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (February 11, 2010). \"ATTILA Signs With ARTERY RECORDINGS\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/attila-signs-with-artery-recordings/","url_text":"\"ATTILA Signs With ARTERY RECORDINGS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084948/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/attila-signs-with-artery-recordings/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Attila Sign To Artery Recordings | News @\". Ultimate-guitar.com. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2011-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/upcoming_releases/attila_sign_to_artery_recordings.html","url_text":"\"Attila Sign To Artery Recordings | News @\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rage - Attila\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://allmusic.com/album/rage-r1783632/credits","url_text":"\"Rage - Attila\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112051215/http://www.billboard.com/music/attila/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","external_links_name":"\"Attila Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/attila/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/attila-signs-with-artery-recordings/","external_links_name":"\"ATTILA Signs With ARTERY RECORDINGS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084948/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/attila-signs-with-artery-recordings/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/upcoming_releases/attila_sign_to_artery_recordings.html","external_links_name":"\"Attila Sign To Artery Recordings | News @\""},{"Link":"http://allmusic.com/album/rage-r1783632/credits","external_links_name":"\"Rage - Attila\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surfaces_of_revolution
Minimal surface of revolution
["1 Relation to minimal surfaces","2 Catenoid solution","3 Goldschmidt solution","4 References"]
Stretching a soap film between two parallel circular wire loops generates a catenoidal minimal surface of revolution In mathematics, a minimal surface of revolution or minimum surface of revolution is a surface of revolution defined from two points in a half-plane, whose boundary is the axis of revolution of the surface. It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that can be generated in this way, it is the one that minimizes the surface area. A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution. Relation to minimal surfaces A minimal surface of revolution is a subtype of minimal surface. A minimal surface is defined not as a surface of minimal area, but as a surface with a mean curvature of 0. Since a mean curvature of 0 is a necessary condition of a surface of minimal area, all minimal surfaces of revolution are minimal surfaces, but not all minimal surfaces are minimal surfaces of revolution. As a point forms a circle when rotated about an axis, finding the minimal surface of revolution is equivalent to finding the minimal surface passing through two circular wireframes. A physical realization of a minimal surface of revolution is soap film stretched between two parallel circular wires: the soap film naturally takes on the shape with least surface area. Catenoid solution A catenoid If the half-plane containing the two points and the axis of revolution is given Cartesian coordinates, making the axis of revolution into the x-axis of the coordinate system, then the curve connecting the points may be interpreted as the graph of a function. If the Cartesian coordinates of the two given points are ( x 1 , y 1 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})} , ( x 2 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})} , then the area of the surface generated by a nonnegative differentiable function f {\displaystyle f} may be expressed mathematically as 2 π ∫ x 1 x 2 f ( x ) 1 + f ′ ( x ) 2 d x {\displaystyle 2\pi \int _{x_{1}}^{x_{2}}f(x){\sqrt {1+f'(x)^{2}}}dx} and the problem of finding the minimal surface of revolution becomes one of finding the function that minimizes this integral, subject to the boundary conditions that f ( x 1 ) = y 1 {\displaystyle f(x_{1})=y_{1}} and f ( x 2 ) = y 2 {\displaystyle f(x_{2})=y_{2}} . In this case, the optimal curve will necessarily be a catenary. The axis of revolution is the directrix of the catenary, and the minimal surface of revolution will thus be a catenoid. Goldschmidt solution Solutions based on discontinuous functions may also be defined. In particular, for some placements of the two points the optimal solution is generated by a discontinuous function that is nonzero at the two points and zero everywhere else. This function leads to a surface of revolution consisting of two circular disks, one for each point, connected by a degenerate line segment along the axis of revolution. This is known as a Goldschmidt solution after German mathematician Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, who announced his discovery of it in his 1831 paper "Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae" ("Determination of the surface-minimal rotation curve given two joined points about a given axis of origin"). To continue the physical analogy of soap film given above, these Goldschmidt solutions can be visualized as instances in which the soap film breaks as the circular wires are stretched apart. However, in a physical soap film, the connecting line segment would not be present. Additionally, if a soap film is stretched in this way, there is a range of distances within which the catenoid solution is still feasible but has greater area than the Goldschmidt solution, so the soap film may stretch into a configuration in which the area is a local minimum but not a global minimum. For distances greater than this range, the catenary that defines the catenoid crosses the x-axis and leads to a self-intersecting surface, so only the Goldschmidt solution is feasible. References ^ a b c d e f Weisstein, Eric W. "Minimal Surface of Revolution". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Minimal Surface". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ Olver, Peter J. (2012). "Chapter 21: The Calculus of Variations". Applied Mathematics Lecture Notes (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ a b c Nahin, Paul J. (2011). When Least Is Best: How Mathematicians Discovered Many Clever Ways to Make Things as Small (or as Large) as Possible. Princeton University Press. pp. 265–6. So what happens to the soap film after it breaks ? This discontinuous behavior is called the Goldschmidt solution, after the German mathematician C. W. B. Goldschmidt (1807-51) who discovered it (on paper) in 1831. ^ a b c Sagan, Hans (1992), "2.6 The problem of minimal surfaces of revolution", Introduction to the Calculus of Variations, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 62–66, ISBN 9780486673660 ^ Colding, Tobias Holck; Minicozzi II, William P. (2011). "Chapter 1: The Beginning of the Theory". A Course in Minimal Surfaces (PDF). Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ Meeks III, William H.; Pérez, Joaquín (2012). "Chapter 2.5: Some interesting examples of complete minimal surfaces.". A Survey on Classical Minimal Surface Theory (PDF). University Lectures Series. Vol. 60. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Goldschmidt Solution". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29. ^ Goldschmidt, Benjamin (1831). "Bibliographic Information: Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae". Retrieved 2012-08-27. ^ Isenberg, Cyril (1992), The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles, Courier Dover Publications, p. 165, ISBN 9780486269603.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"surface of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_revolution"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"half-plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-plane"},{"link_name":"curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"minimizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization"},{"link_name":"surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"},{"link_name":"calculus of variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_variations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"}],"text":"In mathematics, a minimal surface of revolution or minimum surface of revolution is a surface of revolution defined from two points in a half-plane, whose boundary is the axis of revolution of the surface. It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that can be generated in this way, it is the one that minimizes the surface area.[1] A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution.[1]","title":"Minimal surface of revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimal surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_surface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"},{"link_name":"mean curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_curvature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface-2"},{"link_name":"necessary condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_condition"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"rotated about an axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis"},{"link_name":"wireframes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireframe_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"},{"link_name":"soap film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_film"},{"link_name":"wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peter_J._Olver-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_Least_Is_Best-Soap_and_Solution-4"}],"text":"A minimal surface of revolution is a subtype of minimal surface.[1] A minimal surface is defined not as a surface of minimal area, but as a surface with a mean curvature of 0.[2] Since a mean curvature of 0 is a necessary condition of a surface of minimal area, all minimal surfaces of revolution are minimal surfaces, but not all minimal surfaces are minimal surfaces of revolution. As a point forms a circle when rotated about an axis, finding the minimal surface of revolution is equivalent to finding the minimal surface passing through two circular wireframes.[1] A physical realization of a minimal surface of revolution is soap film stretched between two parallel circular wires: the soap film naturally takes on the shape with least surface area.[3][4]","title":"Relation to minimal surfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catenoid.svg"},{"link_name":"catenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenoid"},{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate"},{"link_name":"graph of a function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"differentiable function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"boundary conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_conditions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagan-5"},{"link_name":"catenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagan-5"},{"link_name":"catenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenoid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Minimal_Surface_of_Revolution-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colding_and_Minicozzi-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meeks_and_Perez-7"}],"text":"A catenoidIf the half-plane containing the two points and the axis of revolution is given Cartesian coordinates, making the axis of revolution into the x-axis of the coordinate system, then the curve connecting the points may be interpreted as the graph of a function. If the Cartesian coordinates of the two given points are \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})}\n \n, \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})}\n \n, then the area of the surface generated by a nonnegative differentiable function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n may be expressed mathematically as2\n π\n \n ∫\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n 1\n +\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi \\int _{x_{1}}^{x_{2}}f(x){\\sqrt {1+f'(x)^{2}}}dx}and the problem of finding the minimal surface of revolution becomes one of finding the function that minimizes this integral, subject to the boundary conditions that \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x_{1})=y_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x_{2})=y_{2}}\n \n.[5] In this case, the optimal curve will necessarily be a catenary.[1][5] The axis of revolution is the directrix of the catenary, and the minimal surface of revolution will thus be a catenoid.[1][6][7]","title":"Catenoid solution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagan-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathworld:_Goldschmidt_Solution-8"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wolfgang_Benjamin_Goldschmidt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_Least_Is_Best-Soap_and_Solution-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_Least_Is_Best-Soap_and_Solution-4"},{"link_name":"local minimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_minimum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Solutions based on discontinuous functions may also be defined. In particular, for some placements of the two points the optimal solution is generated by a discontinuous function that is nonzero at the two points and zero everywhere else. This function leads to a surface of revolution consisting of two circular disks, one for each point, connected by a degenerate line segment along the axis of revolution. This is known as a Goldschmidt solution[5][8] after German mathematician Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt,[4] who announced his discovery of it in his 1831 paper \"Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae\" (\"Determination of the surface-minimal rotation curve given two joined points about a given axis of origin\").[9]To continue the physical analogy of soap film given above, these Goldschmidt solutions can be visualized as instances in which the soap film breaks as the circular wires are stretched apart.[4] However, in a physical soap film, the connecting line segment would not be present. Additionally, if a soap film is stretched in this way, there is a range of distances within which the catenoid solution is still feasible but has greater area than the Goldschmidt solution, so the soap film may stretch into a configuration in which the area is a local minimum but not a global minimum. For distances greater than this range, the catenary that defines the catenoid crosses the x-axis and leads to a self-intersecting surface, so only the Goldschmidt solution is feasible.[10]","title":"Goldschmidt solution"}]
[{"image_text":"Stretching a soap film between two parallel circular wire loops generates a catenoidal minimal surface of revolution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bulle_cat%C3%A9no%C3%AFde.png/240px-Bulle_cat%C3%A9no%C3%AFde.png"},{"image_text":"A catenoid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Catenoid.svg/220px-Catenoid.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Minimal Surface of Revolution\". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimalSurfaceofRevolution.html","url_text":"\"Minimal Surface of Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathworld","url_text":"Mathworld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research","url_text":"Wolfram Research"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Minimal Surface\". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimalSurface.html","url_text":"\"Minimal Surface\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathworld","url_text":"Mathworld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research","url_text":"Wolfram Research"}]},{"reference":"Olver, Peter J. (2012). \"Chapter 21: The Calculus of Variations\". Applied Mathematics Lecture Notes (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Olver","url_text":"Olver, Peter J."},{"url":"http://www.math.umn.edu/~olver/am_/cvz.pdf","url_text":"Applied Mathematics Lecture Notes"}]},{"reference":"Nahin, Paul J. (2011). When Least Is Best: How Mathematicians Discovered Many Clever Ways to Make Things as Small (or as Large) as Possible. Princeton University Press. pp. 265–6. So what happens to the soap film after it breaks [...]? This discontinuous behavior is called the Goldschmidt solution, after the German mathematician C. W. B. Goldschmidt (1807-51) who discovered it (on paper) in 1831.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._W._B._Goldschmidt","url_text":"C. W. B. Goldschmidt"}]},{"reference":"Sagan, Hans (1992), \"2.6 The problem of minimal surfaces of revolution\", Introduction to the Calculus of Variations, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 62–66, ISBN 9780486673660","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=abhS8PgpBskC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Introduction to the Calculus of Variations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486673660","url_text":"9780486673660"}]},{"reference":"Colding, Tobias Holck; Minicozzi II, William P. (2011). \"Chapter 1: The Beginning of the Theory\". A Course in Minimal Surfaces (PDF). Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Colding","url_text":"Colding, Tobias Holck"},{"url":"https://www.ams.org/bookstore/pspdf/gsm-121-prev.pdf","url_text":"A Course in Minimal Surfaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"}]},{"reference":"Meeks III, William H.; Pérez, Joaquín (2012). \"Chapter 2.5: Some interesting examples of complete minimal surfaces.\". A Survey on Classical Minimal Surface Theory (PDF). University Lectures Series. Vol. 60. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ugr.es/~jperez/papers/monograph-book2.pdf","url_text":"A Survey on Classical Minimal Surface Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Goldschmidt Solution\". Mathworld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2012-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldschmidtSolution.html","url_text":"\"Goldschmidt Solution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathworld","url_text":"Mathworld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Research","url_text":"Wolfram Research"}]},{"reference":"Goldschmidt, Benjamin (1831). \"Bibliographic Information: Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae\". Retrieved 2012-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bPs-AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Bibliographic Information: Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae\""}]},{"reference":"Isenberg, Cyril (1992), The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles, Courier Dover Publications, p. 165, ISBN 9780486269603","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Isenberg","url_text":"Isenberg, Cyril"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PdsVME_LXTYC&pg=PA165","url_text":"The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486269603","url_text":"9780486269603"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimalSurfaceofRevolution.html","external_links_name":"\"Minimal Surface of Revolution\""},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimalSurface.html","external_links_name":"\"Minimal Surface\""},{"Link":"http://www.math.umn.edu/~olver/am_/cvz.pdf","external_links_name":"Applied Mathematics Lecture Notes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=abhS8PgpBskC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Calculus of Variations"},{"Link":"https://www.ams.org/bookstore/pspdf/gsm-121-prev.pdf","external_links_name":"A Course in Minimal Surfaces"},{"Link":"http://www.ugr.es/~jperez/papers/monograph-book2.pdf","external_links_name":"A Survey on Classical Minimal Surface Theory"},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldschmidtSolution.html","external_links_name":"\"Goldschmidt Solution\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bPs-AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Bibliographic Information: Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PdsVME_LXTYC&pg=PA165","external_links_name":"The Science of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University_Lahore
Government College University, Lahore
["1 Overview","2 History","3 Campus","3.1 Old Campus","3.2 Kala Shah Kaku Campus","4 Emblem","5 Academics","5.1 Programs","5.2 Research","5.3 Institutes","6 Abdus Salam School for Mathematical Sciences","7 Chairs","7.1 Abdus Salam Chair in Physics","7.2 Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics","7.3 Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics","8 Accommodation","9 Notable alumni","10 In popular culture","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°34′24″N 74°18′28″E / 31.5732°N 74.3079°E / 31.5732; 74.3079Public research university in Lahore, Pakistan For other uses, see Government College University. This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Government College UniversityOther nameGCUFormer namesGovernment College (GC)MottoEducating People for tomorrow (historical)Courage to Know (present)TypePublicEstablished1864; 160 years ago (1864)AccreditationHigher Education CommissionPakistan Engineering CouncilPakistan Bar CouncilChancellorGovernor of the PunjabVice-ChancellorAhmad AdnanAcademic staff454Administrative staff103Students10,662Undergraduates5,831Postgraduates1,712Doctoral students520Other studentsIntermediate, CertificationsLocationLahore, Punjab, Pakistan31°34′24″N 74°18′28″E / 31.5732°N 74.3079°E / 31.5732; 74.3079CampusUrbanColours    Royal blue, goldenrod, maroonWebsitegcu.edu.pk The Government College University (colloquially known as GCU; Punjabi, Urdu: گورنمنٹ کالج یونیورسٹی) is a public research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. GCU is ranked among the most prestigious academic institutions in Pakistan. Founded as Government College, Lahore, in 1864 under British administration, it became a university in year 2002. Overview In 1864, Government College was established by the British government in India. After being elevated to university status in 2002, it has become one the ten largest educational institutions in Pakistan, with a student body of over 12,000. It has 32 academic departments, segregated into five faculties. There are five research centers, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. The university secured the second place in the general category by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2013. It has the highest graduation rate in the country, with an average of 94.6% annually. In Government College University, the medium of instruction is English. Government College University is noted for its historical roots and produced notable scholars such as poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Nobel laureates Har Gobind Khorana and Abdus Salam, former president of both the United Nations General Assembly and the International Court of Justice Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, scholar and novelist couple Bano Qudsia and Ashfaq Ahmed. Among its graduates are also four prime ministers and one caretaker prime minister of Pakistan. History Government College, Lahore circa 1880 Originally, the establishment of a central college in Lahore was sanctioned in 1856 by the British Raj, given that the teachers were from University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Dublin University HC or Durham University. Under the leadership of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, a professor of Arabic and Islamic Law at King's College London, the college was established on 1 January 1864, located in the Palace of Raja Dhyan Singh Haveli (Dogra prime minister of Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore) inside Walled City of Lahore, as an affiliated college of Calcutta University. In April 1871, the college moved to a large Bungalow near Anarkali Bazaar. In 1873, its location was again changed to another house called Rahim Khan's Kothi due to rapidly increasing student strength. It moved to its present building in 1876. The first principal was Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, whose name is closely attached to the college. In 1882, Leitner was very instrumental in laying the foundation of Punjab University, Lahore. Thereafter, the college would remain affiliated with Punjab University for 115 years. In 1997, government of the Punjab gave Government College autonomy in all affairs and granted degree awarding status. In 2002, it was promoted to university status by the government of Punjab; the word college was retained in its title for preserving its historical roots. Main Building, GCU Campus GCU's Iconic tower Old Campus Positioned in Downtown Lahore, it is located at the junction of The Mall, Lahore and the Lower Mall, surrounded by main business and administrative areas, schools, colleges and Punjab University old Campus. The main building was designed by W. Purdon and completed in 1877 at a cost of Rs. 320,000. In the centre of the main building stands a 176' tall clock tower. Built during the colonial era, the main building reflects the neo-Gothic tradition, with broad verandahs and elevated ceilings. A large ground accompanies the main building, alluded to as the "Oval Ground". In 2019, the ground was renamed "The Leitner Oval", in honour of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, the first principal of the institute. To meet the needs of an increasing number of students, several buildings and blocks have been commissioned which include a postgraduate block, a new block for intermediate students and a bachelors' block which is accessible by an overhead bridge. The main campus is spread over 56 acres along the Anarkali Bazaar, one of the oldest surviving markets in Lahore. Kala Shah Kaku Campus On 24 August 2019, the Kala Shah Kaku campus of the university was inaugurated which is known as GCU KSK campus. The campus is spread over 370 acres, able to house 25,000 students, 1,250 teachers and 650 staff members. 22 hostels are available for accommodation. On 24 September 2020, the new campus was formally opened to students. A bus shuttle service will operate between both campuses. Emblem Annual Dinner at GCUThe torch, as the crest of the university emblem, represents the light of knowledge. The motto "Courage to Know" represents the guiding principle of the student community. Academics Programs The university offers degrees in Higher Secondary School Certificate (locally referred to as Intermediate), undergraduate and post-graduate studies. In the higher education level, it offers 28 bachelor's degrees, 28 MS/MPhil Degrees and 19 PhD degrees. These degrees are offered under the following faculties: Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences Faculty of Language, Islamic & Oriental Learning Faculty of Engineering Research The university has always been a research-led university, however, in recent times, it has shifted its focus towards quality output projects, which the university believes to be beneficial academically and industrially. Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) has been set up to manage all research issues. The objective of the office is to advance, diversify and manage all research programs and to uphold international standards of research. It receives research grants mostly from foreign universities like Strathclyde University, Cranfield University, World Bank Researchers Alliance for Development and British Council and from national institutes and organizations like Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), PTCL, Higher Education Commission and Ministry of Science and Technology. Institutes The university has five autonomous/semi-autonomous, research-oriented institutes, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. These institutes are: Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) – study of scientific and technological problems by mathematical methods in mathematical sciences. Center for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) – research and development (R&D) in Experimental Physics. Institute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB) – offers degrees in Biotechnology and Microbiology. Sustainable Development Study Center (SDSC) – R&D in Environmental science. Center of Excellence of China Studies (CECS) – offers diplomas in Chinese language and China studies. Abdus Salam School for Mathematical Sciences Main article: Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences The Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) is one of the largest mathematical research institutes in Pakistan. The school was established in 2003 by Government of Punjab under the aegis of Government College University. In 2011, it was labeled as the first "Emerging Regional Center of Excellence" by the European Mathematical Society (EMS) for the period 2011 to 2015. It has taken steps to provide encouragement to Pakistani students in schools and colleges. These include: Hiring Foreign Faculty to teach or supervise ASSMS students in advanced level mathematics. This step was initiated by the founding Director General of ASSMS, A.D.R. Choudary. Jürgen Herzog, Josip Pečarić, Amer Iqbal, Alexandru Dimca, and Hannah Markwig are among Foreign Faculty that have supervised/co-supervised Ph.D. students at ASSMS. Hosted international conferences and workshops in mathematics. The most important conferences of AS-SMS were “World Conferences of Mathematics in the 21st Century” series, held during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary. Some notable mathematicians that have visited and given talks in this conference series are Ari Laptev (president of the EMS 2007–2010), Marta Sanz-Solé (president of the EMS 2011–2014), Pierre Cartier (an associate of the Bourbaki Group), Arnfinn Laudal, Michel Waldschmidt, János Pach, Alan Huckleberry, Aline Bonami, and Ragni Piene (Chair of the Abel Prize Committee 2010-2014 and the first-ever woman in the International Mathematical Union Executive Committee). Up until 2014, during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary, the faculty at the Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences hosted training camps for students from schools and colleges. The participants of the camps are prepared for the national team of Pakistan to compete at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). In 2005, the national team of Pakistan took part for the first time in IMO. Trained in ASSMS, the Pakistan team won its first medal at IMO in 2007 and its first silver medal in 2012. ASSMS initiated the Mathematical Kangaroo contests at the national level. Chairs Abdus Salam Chair in Physics Main article: Abdus Salam Chair in Physics The Abdus Salam Chair in Physics, named after the Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Abdus Salam is an honorary chair in physics at the university. Starting out as a semi-autonomous institute, it became operational in March 2000 with the efforts of Ishfaq Ahmad, a lifelong friend of Salam. In 2009, the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) donated Salam's original Nobel certificate to the Salam Chair in Physics. The former director of ICTP, Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, visited Lahore where he gifted the original Nobel certificate to the university's alma mater. The certificate reads: "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter-alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current". It has been integrated into Department of Physics, where MPhil and PhD students carry out their research work. Some of its achievements include: getting 52 research publications in international journals; producing 6 PhD and 25 MPhil theses; setting up a Plasma Technology Lab; and contracting research grants from funding agencies and research centers such as the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL), Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) and Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR). Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics The Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics was named after Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry, a renowned Pakistani nuclear physicist and a professor of particle physics at the university. He is widely regarded as having been the pioneer of experimental nuclear physics research in Pakistan. During his tenure as a professor at the university, he set up High Tension Laboratory there in 1952 (now amalgamated into Center for Advanced Studies in Physics CASP) where research anent to gaseous discharges, ion, and electron impact phenomena, nuclear physics, radioactivity, and cosmic rays is carried out. The university set up the chair in recognition of his services to Pakistan and to Physics. Currently, post-graduate research work in Applied Physics is carried out here. Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics The Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics is the latest addition to honorary chairs at the university, named after Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani economist, politician and international development theorist who served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan. While serving as the Special Advisor to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), he led the establishment of the Human Development Report (HDI) and the widely respected Human Development Index (HDI). The Economist called him "one of the visionaries of international development." The university established the chair to recognize his services to Pakistan, its people, and above all to the discipline of Economics. Apart from post-graduate research in Economics, the chair is also in charge of publishing GCU Economics Journal an annual scholarly and peer-audited publication. Its intent is to act as a platform for researchers, professionals, and students to share their achievements, perspectives, and practical experiences. Accommodation The university has four hostels – three for boys and one for girls. Iqbal Hostel (built in 1891) and Quaid-e-Azam Hostel (built in 1993) accommodate about 150 and 200 Intermediate students, respectively. The New Hostel (built in 1937) houses about 400 Degree students. Girls Hostel (built in 1975) accommodates about 50 girl students. A Faculty Mess has been built for visiting family members, faculty and officers of the other universities. Lodging and messing facilities are available here. Notable alumni Main article: List of RaviansAlumni of the institute are called Ravians, which is a derived word from the name of the student magazine "Ravi", published by the administration of the college; the magazine name itself is inspired by the Ravi River that passes through Lahore. Sir Muhammad Iqbal – the national poet of Pakistan and important figure in Urdu literature. Har Gobind Khorana – won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Abdus Salam – won the 1979 Nobel prize in Physics. Ishfaq Ahmad – Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served at CERN and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Wajid Ali Khan Burki – Pakistani ophthalmologist and Army Medical Corps general Nawaz Sharif – former three times (12th, 14th, and 20th) prime minister of Pakistan. Zafarullah Khan Jamali – 15th prime minister of Pakistan. Yousaf Raza Gillani – 18th prime minister of Pakistan. Shehbaz Sharif - 23rd prime minister of Pakistan. Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi – former caretaker prime minister of Pakistan and former senior vice president of the World Bank. Lieutenant General Agha Ibrahim Akram – Historian and author Madan Lal Dhingra (1883–1909), Indian revolutionary, pro-independence activist, who, while studying in England, assassinated a British colonial officer William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, Dhingra was hanged at HM Prison Pentonville, denied Hindu rites and buried by the British authorities. Winston Churchill privately acknowledged Dhingra's statement "he Finest ever made in the name of Patriotism". Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari – served as the first Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations. Munir Ahmad Khan – former Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Dev Anand (born Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand; 26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), Indian film Superstar, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful and celebrated actors in the Indian film history. Faiz Ahmad Faiz – one of the most celebrated poets of the Urdu language in Pakistan as well as in India. Raheel Sharif – former Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan. Asif Saeed Khan Khosa – Pakistani jurist who served as the 26th chief justice of Pakistan from 18 January 2019 to 20 December 2019. Hamid Gul – former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. Jahangir Khan – 6-time squash world champion, who is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time. Tariq Jamil – Pakistani Islamic television preacher, religious writer, scholar, and a member of the Tablighi Jamaat. Ashfaq Ahmed – Pakistani intellectual, playwright, and broadcaster, awarded the President's Pride of Performance and Sitara-i-Imtiaz for his services in the field of literature. Bilal U. Haq – naturalist, geoscientist and poet, France's Prestwich Prize laureate in geology, inducted in the European Academy of Science and Letters. Recipient of the International Distinguished Career Award from the Geological Society of America, the Ocean Sciences Award from the American Geophysical Union, the Francis Shepard Medal in Marine Geology, the Antarctic Medal from the US National Science Foundation, and honoured by his peers by the naming of a fossil genus and species after him. Senior Justice Javed Iqbal – son of Dr Muhammad Iqbal; had a prolific career in the Judiciary of Pakistan Amjad Siddique – Pakistani former first-class cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority cricket team (WAPDA cricket team), including some time as captain Rameez Raja – Pakistani former cricketer, who represented Pakistan in 1990s. He is a well-known commentator in international cricket matches. Former chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. Iqrar Ul Hassan – TV presenter and Investigative reporter of ARY News. He hosts a famous program "Sar-e-Aam". Ismat Beg (PhD, Bucharest) – mathematician, known for his work on Multiple-criteria decision analysis and fixed point (mathematics) Hadiqa Kiani – Pakistani singer. Aftab Iqbal – senior TV anchor and Journalist. Javed Ahmad Ghamidi – Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar, Islamic modernist, exegete and educationist. Rehan Butt – former international field hockey player and captain of Pakistan team who represented Pakistan from 2002 to 2012. Bilal Zafar – Pakistan army officer Farid Ahmad Khan - Pakistani doctor and plastic surgeon who served as chairman and dean of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex from 2015 to 2018, and Registrar of King Edward Medical University from 2011 to 2015. In popular culture "The Last Follower and The Resurrection of Voldemort" is Pakistan's first Harry Potter movie, and it was filmed at GCU, which served as Hogwarts in the film. The film is produced by a group of young Ravians which laid the foundation of annual Harry Potter Festival at GCU. See also List of Ravians References ^ "Vice Chancellor's Welcome Note". Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ a b c d e f g "About – GC University, Lahore". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ a b "About – GC University, Lahore". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan; Virdee, Pippa (October 2022). "Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 59 (4): 423–445. doi:10.1177/00194646221130414. hdl:2086/22269. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 253263019. ^ "HEC rankings". Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ "Graduation at GCU". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "GCU among top 10 universities of Pakistan". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 17 September 2019. ^ "The Government College University, Lahore Ordinance, 2002". punjablaws.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "GCU Oval ground named after Dr. Leitner". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "Historical Background". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "GCU KSK Campus Opened For Academic Activities". The Academia. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ "GCU KSK campus becomes operational". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 26 September 2020. ^ "GCU Emblem". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019. ^ "Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Mathematical and Physical Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Arts & Social Sciences". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Languages, Islamic & Oriental Learning". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Faculty of Engineering". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) – GC University, Lahore". Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "GCU Research Publications". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ "GCU Academic Departments". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019. ^ "A Report on ASSMS" (PDF). Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, Lahore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ "ASSMS – GC University, Lahore". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "Emerging Regional Center of Excellence". European Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ a b "Foreign Faculty Hiring Program: ASSMS". Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ "Josip Pecaric's activities in Pakistan". Croatian World Network. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "4th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ a b c d "5th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2015. ^ a b c d "6th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ GCU houses Dr. Abdus Salam’s Nobel prize Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Facilities, Dept. of Physics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ a b ".:.GC University Lahore". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ "Research Fellowships Awarded". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ "Research Grants Awarded". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ Haq, Prof. M. Ikramul (27 January 2004). "Remembering Dr Rafi Chaudhry". Dawn newspaper. Retrieved 21 August 2019. ^ "Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "Mahbub ul Haq". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "Human Development | The Reports | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP)". 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "Mahbub ul Haq". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 23 February 2016. ^ "Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "Publications: GCU Economic Journal". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019. ^ "Accommodation at GCU". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ GCU. "Old Ravian Union". Old Ravian Union. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013. ^ Chandra, Bipan (1989). India's Struggle for Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-14-010781-4. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal; Nand Lal Gupta (2006). Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism. Hope India Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-81-7871-117-1. ^ "Madan Lal Dhingra". The Open University. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ Godbole, Dr Shreerang. "Madan Lal Dhingra: A lion hearted National hero". Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ Bandhu, Vishav (19 January 2021). The Life And Times Of Madan Lal Dhingra. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184302295. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (8 March 2020). "GCU students' Harry Potter film screened". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 5 November 2023. External links Media related to Government College University, Lahore at Wikimedia Commons Official website vteLandmarks of The Mall, LahoreEducational institutions Aitchison College Government College University Lahore American School National College of Arts St. Anthony High School Government landmarks Charing Cross General Post Office Governor's House Summit Minar, Lahore Lahore High Court Masonic Temple Provincial Assembly of the Punjab WAPDA House Visitor attractions Alhamra Arts Council Bagh-e-Jinnah Cathedral Church of the Resurrection Ferozsons Lahore Gymkhana Club Lahore Museum Lahore Zoo Pak Tea House Pearl-Continental Hotel & Resort Quaid-e-Azam Library Sacred Heart Cathedral Zamzama vteUniversities and colleges in LahorePublic Government College University Government Islamia College Government M.A.O. Graduate College, Lahore Information Technology University King Edward Medical University Kinnaird College for Women Lahore College for Women University National College of Arts Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design University of Education University of Engineering and Technology University of Health Sciences University of the Punjab University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Virtual University of Pakistan Private Beaconhouse National University Forman Christian College Hajvery University Imperial College of Business Studies Institute of Management Sciences International Fashion Academy Pakistan Lahore Garrison University Lahore School of Economics Lahore School of Fashion Design Lahore University of Management Sciences Minhaj University National College of Business Administration and Economics National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences National University of Modern Languages Qarshi University The Superior University, Lahore University of Central Punjab University of Lahore University of Management and Technology University of South Asia These universities are recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. vteEngineering universities in PakistanAzad KashmirMirpur Mirpur University of Science & Technology BalochistanKhuzdar Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology Quetta Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences Gilgit-BaltistanGilgitKarakoram International UniversityIslamabad Capital TerritoryIslamabad Air University Pakistan Bahria University Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Federal Urdu University Hamdard University Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Institute of Geographical Information Systems Institute of Space Technology International Islamic University, Islamabad Iqra University Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Capital University of Science & Technology National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences National University of Modern Languages NUST Institute of Civil Engineering NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science NUST School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Riphah International University University of Lahore Khyber PakhtunkhwaAbbottabad COMSATS Institute of Information Technology University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar Nowshera College of Aeronautical Engineering Military College of Engineering (Pakistan) Peshawar Abasyn University CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar Iqra National University National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Other Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (Swabi) University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar (Bannu) University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan PunjabFaisalabad Government College University, Faisalabad National Textile University NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research University of Agriculture, Faisalabad University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore University of Faisalabad National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Lahore COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Government College University, Lahore Hajvery University Lahore College for Women University Lahore University of Management Sciences National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences The Superior College University of Central Punjab University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore University of Lahore University of Management and Technology, Lahore University of South Asia (Pakistan) University of the Punjab Multan Bahauddin Zakariya University Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering & Technology NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Rawalpindi Army Public College of Management Sciences College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Wah) Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology Fatima Jinnah Women University Foundation University, Islamabad HITEC University (Taxila) Military College of Signals University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila University of Wah (Wah Cantonment) Other Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (Rahimyar Khan) Islamia University (Bahawalpur) Rachna College of Engineering and Technology (Gujranwala) University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Sheikhupura) University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Chakwal) University of Gujrat (Gujrat) SindhKarachi Bahria University Dawood University of Engineering and Technology Hamdard University Indus University Iqra University Institute of Business Management Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences NED University of Engineering & Technology DHA Suffa Pakistan Navy Engineering College Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Usman Institute of Technology University of Karachi Other Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (Jamshoro) Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (Shaheed Benazir Abad) Sindh Agriculture University (Hyderabad, Sindh) Sukkur Institute of Business Administration (Sukkur) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government College University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_College_University_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"British administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)"}],"text":"Public research university in Lahore, PakistanFor other uses, see Government College University.The Government College University (colloquially known as GCU; Punjabi, Urdu: گورنمنٹ کالج یونیورسٹی) is a public research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. GCU is ranked among the most prestigious academic institutions in Pakistan. Founded as Government College, Lahore, in 1864 under British administration, it became a university in year 2002.","title":"Government College University, Lahore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British government in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rule_in_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graduation_at_GCU-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"Allama Muhammad Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Muhammad_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Har Gobind Khorana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana"},{"link_name":"Abdus Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zafarullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bano Qudsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bano_Qudsia"},{"link_name":"Ashfaq Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaq_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"prime ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"}],"text":"In 1864, Government College was established by the British government in India.[3][4] After being elevated to university status in 2002, it has become one the ten largest educational institutions in Pakistan,[citation needed] with a student body of over 12,000. It has 32 academic departments, segregated into five faculties. There are five research centers, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. The university secured the second place in the general category by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2013.[5] It has the highest graduation rate in the country, with an average of 94.6% annually.[6][7] In Government College University, the medium of instruction is English.Government College University is noted for its historical roots and produced notable scholars such as poet-philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Nobel laureates Har Gobind Khorana and Abdus Salam, former president of both the United Nations General Assembly and the International Court of Justice Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, scholar and novelist couple Bano Qudsia and Ashfaq Ahmed. Among its graduates are also four prime ministers and one caretaker prime minister of Pakistan.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_college_lahore1880b.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Dublin University HC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_HC"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Wilhelm_Leitner"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Law"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Raja Dhyan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhian_Singh"},{"link_name":"Dogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogras"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Walled City of Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore"},{"link_name":"affiliated college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_college"},{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"Anarkali Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkali_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Rahim Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheem_Khan"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Wilhelm_Leitner"},{"link_name":"Punjab University, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"government of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_College_University,_Lahore2.jpg"}],"text":"Government College, Lahore circa 1880Originally, the establishment of a central college in Lahore was sanctioned in 1856 by the British Raj, given that the teachers were from University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Dublin University HC or Durham University. Under the leadership of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, a professor of Arabic and Islamic Law at King's College London, the college was established on 1 January 1864, located in the Palace of Raja Dhyan Singh Haveli (Dogra prime minister of Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore) inside Walled City of Lahore, as an affiliated college of Calcutta University.In April 1871, the college moved to a large Bungalow near Anarkali Bazaar. In 1873, its location was again changed to another house called Rahim Khan's Kothi due to rapidly increasing student strength. It moved to its present building in 1876.The first principal was Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, whose name is closely attached to the college. In 1882, Leitner was very instrumental in laying the foundation of Punjab University, Lahore. Thereafter, the college would remain affiliated with Punjab University for 115 years. In 1997, government of the Punjab gave Government College autonomy in all affairs and granted degree awarding status.[3]In 2002, it was promoted to university status by the government of Punjab; the word college was retained in its title for preserving its historical roots.[8]Main Building, GCU","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_College_University_Tower_in_Lahore.jpg"}],"text":"GCU's Iconic tower","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Lahore"},{"link_name":"The Mall, Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mall,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Punjab University old Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab#Campus"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"overhead bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_bridge"},{"link_name":"Anarkali Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkali_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Old Campus","text":"Positioned in Downtown Lahore, it is located at the junction of The Mall, Lahore and the Lower Mall, surrounded by main business and administrative areas, schools, colleges and Punjab University old Campus. The main building was designed by W. Purdon and completed in 1877 at a cost of Rs. 320,000. In the centre of the main building stands a 176' tall clock tower. Built during the colonial era, the main building reflects the neo-Gothic tradition, with broad verandahs and elevated ceilings. A large ground accompanies the main building, alluded to as the \"Oval Ground\". In 2019, the ground was renamed \"The Leitner Oval\", in honour of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, the first principal of the institute.[9] To meet the needs of an increasing number of students, several buildings and blocks have been commissioned which include a postgraduate block, a new block for intermediate students and a bachelors' block which is accessible by an overhead bridge. The main campus is spread over 56 acres along the Anarkali Bazaar, one of the oldest surviving markets in Lahore.[10]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kala Shah Kaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Shah_Kaku"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Kala Shah Kaku Campus","text":"On 24 August 2019, the Kala Shah Kaku campus of the university was inaugurated which is known as GCU KSK campus. The campus is spread over 370 acres, able to house 25,000 students, 1,250 teachers and 650 staff members. 22 hostels are available for accommodation.[11]On 24 September 2020, the new campus was formally opened to students. A bus shuttle service will operate between both campuses.[12]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Night_view_of_Government_College_University,_Lahore.jpg"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Annual Dinner at GCUThe torch, as the crest of the university emblem, represents the light of knowledge. The motto \"Courage to Know\" represents the guiding principle of the student community.[13]","title":"Emblem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher Secondary School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate#Pakistan"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"post-graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-graduate"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"MPhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPhil"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Programs","text":"The university offers degrees in Higher Secondary School Certificate (locally referred to as Intermediate), undergraduate and post-graduate studies. In the higher education level, it offers 28 bachelor's degrees, 28 MS/MPhil Degrees and 19 PhD degrees. These degrees are offered under the following faculties:Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences[14]\nFaculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences[15]\nFaculty of Arts & Social Sciences[16]\nFaculty of Language, Islamic & Oriental Learning[17]\nFaculty of Engineering[18]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_University"},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"},{"link_name":"World Bank Researchers Alliance for Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Researchers_Alliance_for_Development"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Khan Research Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"PTCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTCL"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"The university has always been a research-led university, however, in recent times, it has shifted its focus towards quality output projects, which the university believes to be beneficial academically and industrially. Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) has been set up to manage all research issues. The objective of the office is to advance, diversify and manage all research programs and to uphold international standards of research.[19]It receives research grants mostly from foreign universities like Strathclyde University, Cranfield University, World Bank Researchers Alliance for Development and British Council and from national institutes and organizations like Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), PTCL, Higher Education Commission and Ministry of Science and Technology.[20]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam_School_of_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"mathematical methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"mathematical sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sciences"},{"link_name":"Experimental Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Physics"},{"link_name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"Environmental science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"China studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_studies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Institutes","text":"The university has five autonomous/semi-autonomous, research-oriented institutes, focused on academic and industrial research and development projects. These institutes are:Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) – study of scientific and technological problems by mathematical methods in mathematical sciences.\nCenter for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) – research and development (R&D) in Experimental Physics.\nInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB) – offers degrees in Biotechnology and Microbiology.\nSustainable Development Study Center (SDSC) – R&D in Environmental science.\nCenter of Excellence of China Studies (CECS) – offers diplomas in Chinese language and China studies.[21]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile_of_ASSMS-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_ASSMS-23"},{"link_name":"European Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Mathematical_Society_Website-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Success_Story_of_Higher_Education_Committee_of_Pakistan:_ASSMS-25"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Josip Pečarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Pe%C4%8Dari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Josip_Pecaric's_activities_in_Pakistan-26"},{"link_name":"Amer Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Dimca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Dimca"},{"link_name":"Hannah Markwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Markwig"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Success_Story_of_Higher_Education_Committee_of_Pakistan:_ASSMS-25"},{"link_name":"Ari Laptev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Laptev"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_4th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-27"},{"link_name":"Marta Sanz-Solé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Sanz-Sol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_5th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-28"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Bourbaki Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_6th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-29"},{"link_name":"Arnfinn Laudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnfinn_Laudal"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_5th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-28"},{"link_name":"Michel Waldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Waldschmidt"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_6th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-29"},{"link_name":"János Pach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Pach"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_5th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-28"},{"link_name":"Alan Huckleberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Huckleberry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_5th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-28"},{"link_name":"Aline Bonami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline_Bonami"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_6th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-29"},{"link_name":"Ragni Piene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragni_Piene"},{"link_name":"Abel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Prize"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_6th_World_Conference_in_21st_Century_Mathematics-29"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Kangaroo"}],"text":"The Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS) is one of the largest mathematical research institutes in Pakistan.[22] The school was established in 2003 by Government of Punjab under the aegis of Government College University.[23]In 2011, it was labeled as the first \"Emerging Regional Center of Excellence\" by the European Mathematical Society (EMS) for the period 2011 to 2015.[24]It has taken steps to provide encouragement to Pakistani students in schools and colleges. These include:Hiring Foreign Faculty to teach or supervise ASSMS students in advanced level mathematics.[25] This step was initiated by the founding Director General of ASSMS, A.D.R. Choudary. Jürgen Herzog, Josip Pečarić,[26] Amer Iqbal, Alexandru Dimca, and Hannah Markwig are among Foreign Faculty that have supervised/co-supervised Ph.D. students at ASSMS.\nHosted international conferences and workshops in mathematics.[25] The most important conferences of AS-SMS were “World Conferences of Mathematics in the 21st Century” series, held during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary. Some notable mathematicians that have visited and given talks in this conference series are Ari Laptev (president of the EMS 2007–2010),[27] Marta Sanz-Solé (president of the EMS 2011–2014),[28] Pierre Cartier (an associate of the Bourbaki Group),[29] Arnfinn Laudal,[28] Michel Waldschmidt,[29] János Pach,[28] Alan Huckleberry,[28] Aline Bonami,[29] and Ragni Piene (Chair of the Abel Prize Committee 2010-2014 and the first-ever woman in the International Mathematical Union Executive Committee).[29]\nUp until 2014, during the tenure of A.D.R. Choudary, the faculty at the Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences hosted training camps for students from schools and colleges. The participants of the camps are prepared for the national team of Pakistan to compete at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). In 2005, the national team of Pakistan took part for the first time in IMO. Trained in ASSMS, the Pakistan team won its first medal at IMO in 2007 and its first silver medal in 2012.\nASSMS initiated the Mathematical Kangaroo contests at the national level.","title":"Abdus Salam School for Mathematical Sciences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theoretical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physicist"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Ishfaq Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"International Center for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Katepalli R. Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katepalli_R._Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcu.edu.pk-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Research_Fellowships-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Research_Grants-34"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcu.edu.pk-32"}],"sub_title":"Abdus Salam Chair in Physics","text":"The Abdus Salam Chair in Physics, named after the Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Abdus Salam is an honorary chair in physics at the university. Starting out as a semi-autonomous institute, it became operational in March 2000 with the efforts of Ishfaq Ahmad, a lifelong friend of Salam. In 2009, the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) donated Salam's original Nobel certificate to the Salam Chair in Physics. The former director of ICTP, Katepalli R. Sreenivasan, visited Lahore where he gifted the original Nobel certificate to the university's alma mater. The certificate reads: \"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter-alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\".[30]It has been integrated into Department of Physics, where MPhil and PhD students carry out their research work.[31] Some of its achievements include: getting 52 research publications in international journals;[32] producing 6 PhD and 25 MPhil theses; setting up a Plasma Technology Lab; and contracting research grants from funding agencies and research centers such as the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL),[33] Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF)[34] and Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR).[32]","title":"Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi_Muhammad_Chaudhry"},{"link_name":"nuclear physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physicist"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Physics"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics","text":"The Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics was named after Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry, a renowned Pakistani nuclear physicist and a professor of particle physics at the university. He is widely regarded as having been the pioneer of experimental nuclear physics research in Pakistan.[35] During his tenure as a professor at the university, he set up High Tension Laboratory there in 1952 (now amalgamated into Center for Advanced Studies in Physics CASP) where research anent to gaseous discharges, ion, and electron impact phenomena, nuclear physics, radioactivity, and cosmic rays is carried out.The university set up the chair in recognition of his services to Pakistan and to Physics. Currently, post-graduate research work in Applied Physics is carried out here.[36]","title":"Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahbub ul Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"international development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program"},{"link_name":"Human Development Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report"},{"link_name":"Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics","text":"The Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics is the latest addition to honorary chairs at the university, named after Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani economist, politician and international development theorist who served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan.[37] While serving as the Special Advisor to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), he led the establishment of the Human Development Report (HDI) and the widely respected Human Development Index (HDI).[38] The Economist called him \"one of the visionaries of international development.\"[39]The university established the chair to recognize his services to Pakistan, its people, and above all to the discipline of Economics.[40] Apart from post-graduate research in Economics, the chair is also in charge of publishing GCU Economics Journal an annual scholarly and peer-audited publication. Its intent is to act as a platform for researchers, professionals, and students to share their achievements, perspectives, and practical experiences.[41]","title":"Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The university has four hostels – three for boys and one for girls. Iqbal Hostel (built in 1891) and Quaid-e-Azam Hostel (built in 1993) accommodate about 150 and 200 Intermediate students, respectively. The New Hostel (built in 1937) houses about 400 Degree students. Girls Hostel (built in 1975) accommodates about 50 girl students. A Faculty Mess has been built for visiting family members, faculty and officers of the other universities. Lodging and messing facilities are available here.[42]","title":"Accommodation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Ravian_Union-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Urdu literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Har_Gobind_Khorana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Har Gobind Khorana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abdus Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Ishfaq_Ahmad.png"},{"link_name":"Ishfaq Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WajidBurki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wajid Ali Khan Burki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki"},{"link_name":"Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Zafarullah Khan Jamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan_Jamali"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"Shehbaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeenuddin_Ahmad_Qureshi"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Agha Ibrahim Akram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Ibrahim_Akram"},{"link_name":"Madan Lal Dhingra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra"},{"link_name":"revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution"},{"link_name":"pro-independence activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"British colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_raj"},{"link_name":"William Hutt Curzon Wyllie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzon_Wyllie"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Pentonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Pentonville"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Open-46"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godbole-47"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra#Statement"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Shah_Patras_Bokhari"},{"link_name":"Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Munir Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dev Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_Anand"},{"link_name":"Faiz Ahmad Faiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz"},{"link_name":"Raheel Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheel_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Asif Saeed Khan Khosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Saeed_Khan_Khosa"},{"link_name":"Hamid Gul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Gul"},{"link_name":"Jahangir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tariq Jamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Jamil"},{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"Tablighi Jamaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat"},{"link_name":"Ashfaq Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaq_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"President's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"Sitara-i-Imtiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz"},{"link_name":"Bilal U. Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_U._Haq"},{"link_name":"Senior Justice Javed Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Judiciary of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Amjad Siddique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Siddique"},{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricketer"},{"link_name":"Water and Power Development Authority cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_and_Power_Development_Authority_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Rameez Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameez_Raja"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricketer"},{"link_name":"commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentator"},{"link_name":"international cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket"},{"link_name":"Iqrar Ul Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqrar_Ul_Hassan"},{"link_name":"ARY News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARY_News"},{"link_name":"Ismat Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismat_Beg"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Multiple-criteria decision analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-criteria_decision_analysis"},{"link_name":"fixed point (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Hadiqa Kiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiqa_Kiani"},{"link_name":"Aftab Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftab_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"Javed Ahmad Ghamidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi"},{"link_name":"Rehan Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehan_Butt"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Bilal Zafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_Zafar"},{"link_name":"Farid Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"King Edward Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Medical_University"}],"text":"Alumni of the institute are called Ravians, which is a derived word from the name of the student magazine \"Ravi\", published by the administration of the college; the magazine name itself is inspired by the Ravi River that passes through Lahore.[43]Sir Muhammad Iqbal – the national poet of Pakistan and important figure in Urdu literature.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHar Gobind Khorana – won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbdus Salam – won the 1979 Nobel prize in Physics.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIshfaq Ahmad – Pakistani nuclear physicist, who served at CERN and the International Atomic Energy Agency.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWajid Ali Khan Burki – Pakistani ophthalmologist and Army Medical Corps generalNawaz Sharif – former three times (12th, 14th, and 20th) prime minister of Pakistan.\nZafarullah Khan Jamali – 15th prime minister of Pakistan.\nYousaf Raza Gillani – 18th prime minister of Pakistan.\nShehbaz Sharif - 23rd prime minister of Pakistan.\nMoeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi – former caretaker prime minister of Pakistan and former senior vice president of the World Bank.\nLieutenant General Agha Ibrahim Akram – Historian and author\nMadan Lal Dhingra (1883–1909), Indian revolutionary, pro-independence activist,[44] who, while studying in England, assassinated a British colonial officer William Hutt Curzon Wyllie,[45] Dhingra was hanged at HM Prison Pentonville,[46] denied Hindu rites and buried by the British authorities.[47] Winston Churchill privately acknowledged Dhingra's statement \"[t]he Finest ever made in the name of Patriotism\".[48]\nSyed Ahmed Shah Patras Bokhari – served as the first Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations.\nMunir Ahmad Khan – former Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).\nDev Anand (born Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand; 26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), Indian film Superstar, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema, through a career that spanned over six decades. He was one of the most successful and celebrated actors in the Indian film history.\nFaiz Ahmad Faiz – one of the most celebrated poets of the Urdu language in Pakistan as well as in India.\nRaheel Sharif – former Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan.\nAsif Saeed Khan Khosa – Pakistani jurist who served as the 26th chief justice of Pakistan from 18 January 2019 to 20 December 2019.\nHamid Gul – former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989.\nJahangir Khan – 6-time squash world champion, who is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time.\nTariq Jamil – Pakistani Islamic television preacher, religious writer, scholar, and a member of the Tablighi Jamaat.\nAshfaq Ahmed – Pakistani intellectual, playwright, and broadcaster, awarded the President's Pride of Performance and Sitara-i-Imtiaz for his services in the field of literature.\nBilal U. Haq – naturalist, geoscientist and poet, France's Prestwich Prize laureate in geology, inducted in the European Academy of Science and Letters. Recipient of the International Distinguished Career Award from the Geological Society of America, the Ocean Sciences Award from the American Geophysical Union, the Francis Shepard Medal in Marine Geology, the Antarctic Medal from the US National Science Foundation, and honoured by his peers by the naming of a fossil genus and species after him.\nSenior Justice Javed Iqbal – son of Dr Muhammad Iqbal; had a prolific career in the Judiciary of Pakistan\nAmjad Siddique – Pakistani former first-class cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority cricket team (WAPDA cricket team), including some time as captain\nRameez Raja – Pakistani former cricketer, who represented Pakistan in 1990s. He is a well-known commentator in international cricket matches. Former chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board.\nIqrar Ul Hassan – TV presenter and Investigative reporter of ARY News. He hosts a famous program \"Sar-e-Aam\".\nIsmat Beg (PhD, Bucharest) – mathematician, known for his work on Multiple-criteria decision analysis and fixed point (mathematics)\nHadiqa Kiani – Pakistani singer.\nAftab Iqbal – senior TV anchor and Journalist.\nJaved Ahmad Ghamidi – Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar, Islamic modernist, exegete and educationist.\nRehan Butt – former international field hockey player and captain of Pakistan team who represented Pakistan from 2002 to 2012.\nBilal Zafar – Pakistan army officer\nFarid Ahmad Khan - Pakistani doctor and plastic surgeon who served as chairman and dean of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex from 2015 to 2018, and Registrar of King Edward Medical University from 2011 to 2015.","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hogwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"Ravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ravians"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"\"The Last Follower and The Resurrection of Voldemort\" is Pakistan's first Harry Potter movie, and it was filmed at GCU, which served as Hogwarts in the film. The film is produced by a group of young Ravians which laid the foundation of annual Harry Potter Festival at GCU.[49]","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Government College, Lahore circa 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Government_college_lahore1880b.jpg/220px-Government_college_lahore1880b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Building, GCU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Government_College_University%2C_Lahore2.jpg/220px-Government_College_University%2C_Lahore2.jpg"},{"image_text":"GCU's Iconic tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Government_College_University_Tower_in_Lahore.jpg/220px-Government_College_University_Tower_in_Lahore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Annual Dinner at GCU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Night_view_of_Government_College_University%2C_Lahore.jpg/220px-Night_view_of_Government_College_University%2C_Lahore.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Ravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ravians"}]
[{"reference":"\"Vice Chancellor's Welcome Note\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509183626/https://gcu.edu.pk/vc-message/","url_text":"\"Vice Chancellor's Welcome Note\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/vc-message/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","url_text":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","url_text":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bangash, Yaqoob Khan; Virdee, Pippa (October 2022). \"Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947\". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 59 (4): 423–445. doi:10.1177/00194646221130414. hdl:2086/22269. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 253263019.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646221130414","url_text":"\"Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00194646221130414","url_text":"10.1177/00194646221130414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2086%2F22269","url_text":"2086/22269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646","url_text":"0019-4646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253263019","url_text":"253263019"}]},{"reference":"\"HEC rankings\". Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073744/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx","url_text":"\"HEC rankings\""},{"url":"http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Graduation at GCU\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/#1582535152254-f0a6c38b-13ff","url_text":"\"Graduation at GCU\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/#1582535152254-f0a6c38b-13ff","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCU among top 10 universities of Pakistan\". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 17 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/316429-gcu-among-top-10-universities-of-pakistan","url_text":"\"GCU among top 10 universities of Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Government College University, Lahore Ordinance, 2002\". punjablaws.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/443.html","url_text":"\"The Government College University, Lahore Ordinance, 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCU Oval ground named after Dr. Leitner\". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/516530-gcu-oval-ground-named-after-dr-leitner","url_text":"\"GCU Oval ground named after Dr. Leitner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Background\". gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044411/http://gcu.edu.pk/History.htm","url_text":"\"Historical Background\""},{"url":"http://gcu.edu.pk/History.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCU KSK Campus Opened For Academic Activities\". The Academia. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://academiamag.com/gcu-ksk-campus/","url_text":"\"GCU KSK Campus Opened For Academic Activities\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCU KSK campus becomes operational\". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/719247-gcu-ksk-campus-becomes-operational","url_text":"\"GCU KSK campus becomes operational\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCU Emblem\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226042215/http://gcu.edu.pk/Logo.htm","url_text":"\"GCU Emblem\""},{"url":"http://gcu.edu.pk/Logo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509190521/https://gcu.edu.pk/chemistry-and-life-sciences/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/chemistry-and-life-sciences/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mathematical and Physical Sciences\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509193259/https://gcu.edu.pk/mathematical-and-physical-sciences/","url_text":"\"Mathematical and Physical Sciences\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/mathematical-and-physical-sciences/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arts & Social Sciences\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509192640/https://gcu.edu.pk/arts-social-sciences/","url_text":"\"Arts & Social Sciences\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/arts-social-sciences/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Languages, Islamic & Oriental Learning\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509185423/https://gcu.edu.pk/languages-islamic-oriental-learning/","url_text":"\"Languages, Islamic & Oriental Learning\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/languages-islamic-oriental-learning/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty of Engineering\". GC University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509203308/https://gcu.edu.pk/faculty-of-engineering/","url_text":"\"Faculty of Engineering\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/faculty-of-engineering/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) – GC University, Lahore\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924112818/http://gcu.edu.pk/office-of-research-innovation-and-commercialization/","url_text":"\"Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) – GC University, Lahore\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/office-of-research-innovation-and-commercialization/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCU Research Publications\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705161209/https://gcu.edu.pk/gcu-research-publications/","url_text":"\"GCU Research Publications\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/gcu-research-publications/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCU Academic Departments\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200331061550/http://gcu.edu.pk/departments/","url_text":"\"GCU Academic Departments\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/departments/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Report on ASSMS\" (PDF). Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, Lahore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504062917/http://www.sms.edu.pk/downloads/phd/areportonassms.pdf","url_text":"\"A Report on ASSMS\""},{"url":"http://sms.edu.pk/downloads/phd/areportonassms.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ASSMS – GC University, Lahore\". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509184621/https://gcu.edu.pk/abdus-salam-school-of-mathematical-sciences/","url_text":"\"ASSMS – GC University, Lahore\""},{"url":"https://gcu.edu.pk/abdus-salam-school-of-mathematical-sciences/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Emerging Regional Center of Excellence\". European Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906100534/http://euro-math-soc.eu/EMS-CDC/erce.php","url_text":"\"Emerging Regional Center of Excellence\""},{"url":"http://euro-math-soc.eu/EMS-CDC/erce.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Faculty Hiring Program: ASSMS\". Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230457/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/HRD/FacultyHiringPrograms/FFHP/Pages/ASSMS.aspx","url_text":"\"Foreign Faculty Hiring Program: ASSMS\""},{"url":"http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/HRD/FacultyHiringPrograms/FFHP/Pages/ASSMS.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Josip Pecaric's activities in Pakistan\". Croatian World Network. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/10323/1/Josip-Pecarics-activities-in-Pakistan-and-Croatia-from-Mathematics-to-Croatian-history.html","url_text":"\"Josip Pecaric's activities in Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"4th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081107042044/http://wc2009.sms.edu.pk/","url_text":"\"4th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"url":"http://wc2009.sms.edu.pk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"5th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728112434/http://wc2011.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","url_text":"\"5th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"url":"http://wc2011.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\". Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130320003932/http://wc2013.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","url_text":"\"6th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"url":"http://wc2013.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facilities, Dept. of Physics\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004063522/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Phys.htm#Facilities","url_text":"\"Facilities, Dept. of Physics\""},{"url":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Phys.htm#Facilities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\".:.GC University Lahore\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","url_text":"\".:.GC University Lahore\""},{"url":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Research Fellowships Awarded\". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","url_text":"\"Research Fellowships Awarded\""},{"url":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm#RESEARCH_FELLOWSHIPS_AWARDED","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Research Grants Awarded\". Government College University, Lahore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","url_text":"\"Research Grants Awarded\""},{"url":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm#RESEARCH_GRANTS_AND_FELLOWSHIPS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haq, Prof. M. Ikramul (27 January 2004). \"Remembering Dr Rafi Chaudhry\". Dawn newspaper. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/17/letted.htm#6","url_text":"\"Remembering Dr Rafi Chaudhry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn newspaper"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200307073045/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics\""},{"url":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/obituary/1998/07/23/mahbub-ul-haq","url_text":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"\"Human Development | The Reports | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP)\". 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104100358/http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/reports/","url_text":"\"Human Development | The Reports | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP)\""},{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/reports/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/169653","url_text":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200209151313/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/MehbubH_Chair.htm","url_text":"\"Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics\""},{"url":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/MehbubH_Chair.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Publications: GCU Economic Journal\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200117035010/http://gcu.edu.pk/Eco_Jour.htm","url_text":"\"Publications: GCU Economic Journal\""},{"url":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Eco_Jour.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accommodation at GCU\". www.gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003052009/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Accommodation.htm","url_text":"\"Accommodation at GCU\""},{"url":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Accommodation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"GCU. \"Old Ravian Union\". Old Ravian Union. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630043442/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/alumni.htm","url_text":"\"Old Ravian Union\""},{"url":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Alumni.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Bipan (1989). India's Struggle for Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-0-14-010781-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010781-4","url_text":"978-0-14-010781-4"}]},{"reference":"Nehru, Jawaharlal; Nand Lal Gupta (2006). Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism. Hope India Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-81-7871-117-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&pg=PT161","url_text":"Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7871-117-1","url_text":"978-81-7871-117-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Madan Lal Dhingra\". The Open University. Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/madan-lal-dhingra","url_text":"\"Madan Lal Dhingra\""}]},{"reference":"Godbole, Dr Shreerang. \"Madan Lal Dhingra: A lion hearted National hero\". Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/46_madan-lal-dhingra.html","url_text":"\"Madan Lal Dhingra: A lion hearted National hero\""}]},{"reference":"Bandhu, Vishav (19 January 2021). The Life And Times Of Madan Lal Dhingra. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184302295.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U7wwBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Life And Times Of Madan Lal Dhingra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184302295","url_text":"9788184302295"}]},{"reference":"Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (8 March 2020). \"GCU students' Harry Potter film screened\". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1539175","url_text":"\"GCU students' Harry Potter film screened\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Government_College_University,_Lahore&params=31.5732_N_74.3079_E_","external_links_name":"31°34′24″N 74°18′28″E / 31.5732°N 74.3079°E / 31.5732; 74.3079"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_College_University,_Lahore&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Government_College_University,_Lahore&params=31.5732_N_74.3079_E_","external_links_name":"31°34′24″N 74°18′28″E / 31.5732°N 74.3079°E / 31.5732; 74.3079"},{"Link":"http://gcu.edu.pk/","external_links_name":"gcu.edu.pk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509183626/https://gcu.edu.pk/vc-message/","external_links_name":"\"Vice Chancellor's Welcome Note\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/vc-message/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","external_links_name":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","external_links_name":"\"About – GC University, Lahore\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646221130414","external_links_name":"\"Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00194646221130414","external_links_name":"10.1177/00194646221130414"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2086%2F22269","external_links_name":"2086/22269"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646","external_links_name":"0019-4646"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253263019","external_links_name":"253263019"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073744/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx","external_links_name":"\"HEC rankings\""},{"Link":"http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822171733/https://gcu.edu.pk/about/#1582535152254-f0a6c38b-13ff","external_links_name":"\"Graduation at GCU\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/about/#1582535152254-f0a6c38b-13ff","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/316429-gcu-among-top-10-universities-of-pakistan","external_links_name":"\"GCU among top 10 universities of Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/443.html","external_links_name":"\"The Government College University, Lahore Ordinance, 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/516530-gcu-oval-ground-named-after-dr-leitner","external_links_name":"\"GCU Oval ground named after Dr. Leitner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044411/http://gcu.edu.pk/History.htm","external_links_name":"\"Historical Background\""},{"Link":"http://gcu.edu.pk/History.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://academiamag.com/gcu-ksk-campus/","external_links_name":"\"GCU KSK Campus Opened For Academic Activities\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/719247-gcu-ksk-campus-becomes-operational","external_links_name":"\"GCU KSK campus becomes operational\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200226042215/http://gcu.edu.pk/Logo.htm","external_links_name":"\"GCU Emblem\""},{"Link":"http://gcu.edu.pk/Logo.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509190521/https://gcu.edu.pk/chemistry-and-life-sciences/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Chemistry and Life Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/chemistry-and-life-sciences/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509193259/https://gcu.edu.pk/mathematical-and-physical-sciences/","external_links_name":"\"Mathematical and Physical Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/mathematical-and-physical-sciences/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509192640/https://gcu.edu.pk/arts-social-sciences/","external_links_name":"\"Arts & Social Sciences\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/arts-social-sciences/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509185423/https://gcu.edu.pk/languages-islamic-oriental-learning/","external_links_name":"\"Languages, Islamic & Oriental Learning\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/languages-islamic-oriental-learning/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509203308/https://gcu.edu.pk/faculty-of-engineering/","external_links_name":"\"Faculty of Engineering\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/faculty-of-engineering/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200924112818/http://gcu.edu.pk/office-of-research-innovation-and-commercialization/","external_links_name":"\"Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC) – GC University, Lahore\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/office-of-research-innovation-and-commercialization/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705161209/https://gcu.edu.pk/gcu-research-publications/","external_links_name":"\"GCU Research Publications\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/gcu-research-publications/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200331061550/http://gcu.edu.pk/departments/","external_links_name":"\"GCU Academic Departments\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/departments/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504062917/http://www.sms.edu.pk/downloads/phd/areportonassms.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Report on ASSMS\""},{"Link":"http://sms.edu.pk/downloads/phd/areportonassms.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509184621/https://gcu.edu.pk/abdus-salam-school-of-mathematical-sciences/","external_links_name":"\"ASSMS – GC University, Lahore\""},{"Link":"https://gcu.edu.pk/abdus-salam-school-of-mathematical-sciences/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906100534/http://euro-math-soc.eu/EMS-CDC/erce.php","external_links_name":"\"Emerging Regional Center of Excellence\""},{"Link":"http://euro-math-soc.eu/EMS-CDC/erce.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230457/http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/HRD/FacultyHiringPrograms/FFHP/Pages/ASSMS.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Faculty Hiring Program: ASSMS\""},{"Link":"http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/HRD/FacultyHiringPrograms/FFHP/Pages/ASSMS.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/10323/1/Josip-Pecarics-activities-in-Pakistan-and-Croatia-from-Mathematics-to-Croatian-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Josip Pecaric's activities in Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081107042044/http://wc2009.sms.edu.pk/","external_links_name":"\"4th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"Link":"http://wc2009.sms.edu.pk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728112434/http://wc2011.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","external_links_name":"\"5th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"Link":"http://wc2011.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130320003932/http://wc2013.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","external_links_name":"\"6th World Conference in 21st Century Mathematics\""},{"Link":"http://wc2013.sms.edu.pk/doku.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\\11\\22\\story_22-11-2009_pg13_6","external_links_name":"GCU houses Dr. Abdus Salam’s Nobel prize"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022135532/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C11%5C22%5Cstory_22-11-2009_pg13_6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004063522/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Phys.htm#Facilities","external_links_name":"\"Facilities, Dept. of Physics\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Phys.htm#Facilities","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"\".:.GC University Lahore\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"\"Research Fellowships Awarded\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm#RESEARCH_FELLOWSHIPS_AWARDED","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042026/http://gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"\"Research Grants Awarded\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Salam_Chair.htm#RESEARCH_GRANTS_AND_FELLOWSHIPS","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/17/letted.htm#6","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Dr Rafi Chaudhry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200307073045/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry Chair in Experimental Physics\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/RafiCh_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/obituary/1998/07/23/mahbub-ul-haq","external_links_name":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","external_links_name":"0013-0613"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104100358/http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/reports/","external_links_name":"\"Human Development | The Reports | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Program (UNDP)\""},{"Link":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/reports/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/169653","external_links_name":"\"Mahbub ul Haq\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","external_links_name":"0013-0613"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200209151313/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/MehbubH_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mahboob-ul-Haq Chair in Economics\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/MehbubH_Chair.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200117035010/http://gcu.edu.pk/Eco_Jour.htm","external_links_name":"\"Publications: GCU Economic Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Eco_Jour.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191003052009/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Accommodation.htm","external_links_name":"\"Accommodation at GCU\""},{"Link":"https://www.gcu.edu.pk/Accommodation.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630043442/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/alumni.htm","external_links_name":"\"Old Ravian Union\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Alumni.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&pg=PT161","external_links_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism"},{"Link":"http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/madan-lal-dhingra","external_links_name":"\"Madan Lal Dhingra\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/46_madan-lal-dhingra.html","external_links_name":"\"Madan Lal Dhingra: A lion hearted National hero\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U7wwBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Life And Times Of Madan Lal Dhingra"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1539175","external_links_name":"\"GCU students' Harry Potter film screened\""},{"Link":"http://gcu.edu.pk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122337083","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167609216","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008219092","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._William_McCalpin
F. William McCalpin
["1 References"]
American lawyer Brothers F. William McCalpin (left) and George A. McCalpin (right) in Golden Gate National Cemetery in August 2007 at the grave of their cousin Sgt. William "Billy Jack" Dieter who died on the Doolittle Raid. F. William McCalpin (8 November 1921 – 9 December 2009) was an American attorney, who throughout his career was a strong advocate for legal services within the American Bar Association. He was involved in a variety of leadership positions supporting both the private bar and legal services. He was named Chair twice of the national Legal Services Corporation and served on that organization's board of directors across four decades. Hillary Clinton, who served as Chair of the Legal Services Corporation between McCalpin's two terms as Chair, wrote of him, "He was an extraordinary man, a valued mentor and a true champion for equal justice and access to legal services for the poor. Through his work Bill changed lives and made an indelible impact upon the legal community." McCalpin was a partner and counsel of the St. Louis, Missouri law firm Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, L.C.. He was awarded in 1988 the American Bar Association Medal, awarded to recognize "exceptionally distinguished service by a lawyer to the cause of American jurisprudence." The F. William McCalpin Pro Bono Award, given by the Legal Services of Eastern Missouri, is named for him. In addition, Legal Services of Eastern Missouri dedicated the F. Wm. McCalpin Wall of Justice in 1999. On November 19, 2010, the Legal Services Corporation dedicated its Conference Center Washington, DC, to McCalpin, formally naming it in his honor. Besides local papers, The New York Times ran McCalpin's obituary on December 17, 2009. Political offices Preceded byHillary Rodham Legal Services Corporation Chair 1980–1981 Succeeded byWilliam F. Harvey References ^ "Tribute to F. William McCalpin, Missouri Bar Association 2010 midyear meeting" (PDF). Missouri Bar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ "Guidelines for ABA Medal" (PDF). American Bar Association. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ "Obituary". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ "William H. Gates, Sr., to Receive American Bar Association Medal for 2009". American Bar Association. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009. ^ LSC Dedication for F. William McCalpin November 19, 2010 Archived January 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Hevesi, Dennis (17 December 2009). "F. William McCalpin, Champion of Legal Aid to Poor, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010. vteLegal Services CorporationAffiliates Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation Colorado Legal Services Texas RioGrande Legal Aid, Inc. Wyoming Legal Services, Inc. Legal Aid Society of Louisville National chairs F. William McCalpin Hillary Rodham William F. Harvey Other Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States This biography of a person who has held a non-elected position in the federal government of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This American law–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cousins_at_Billy_Jack_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sgt. William \"Billy Jack\" Dieter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Dieter"},{"link_name":"Doolittle Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid"},{"link_name":"attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Legal Services Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Services_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clinton-1"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, L.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lewisrice.com/"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABAmedal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Legal Services Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Services_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsc-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Brothers F. William McCalpin (left) and George A. McCalpin (right) in Golden Gate National Cemetery in August 2007 at the grave of their cousin Sgt. William \"Billy Jack\" Dieter who died on the Doolittle Raid.F. William McCalpin (8 November 1921 – 9 December 2009) was an American attorney, who throughout his career was a strong advocate for legal services within the American Bar Association. He was involved in a variety of leadership positions supporting both the private bar and legal services. He was named Chair twice of the national Legal Services Corporation and served on that organization's board of directors across four decades. Hillary Clinton, who served as Chair of the Legal Services Corporation between McCalpin's two terms as Chair, wrote of him, \"He was an extraordinary man, a valued mentor and a true champion for equal justice and access to legal services for the poor. Through his work Bill changed lives and made an indelible impact upon the legal community.\"[1]McCalpin was a partner and counsel of the St. Louis, Missouri law firm Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, L.C.. He was awarded in 1988 the American Bar Association Medal,[2][3] awarded to recognize \"exceptionally distinguished service by a lawyer to the cause of American jurisprudence.\"[4] The F. William McCalpin Pro Bono Award, given by the Legal Services of Eastern Missouri, is named for him. In addition, Legal Services of Eastern Missouri dedicated the F. Wm. McCalpin Wall of Justice in 1999.On November 19, 2010, the Legal Services Corporation dedicated its Conference Center Washington, DC, to McCalpin, formally naming it in his honor.[5]Besides local papers, The New York Times ran McCalpin's obituary on December 17, 2009.[6]","title":"F. William McCalpin"}]
[{"image_text":"Brothers F. William McCalpin (left) and George A. McCalpin (right) in Golden Gate National Cemetery in August 2007 at the grave of their cousin Sgt. William \"Billy Jack\" Dieter who died on the Doolittle Raid.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cousins_at_Billy_Jack_grave.jpg/220px-Cousins_at_Billy_Jack_grave.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tribute to F. William McCalpin, Missouri Bar Association 2010 midyear meeting\" (PDF). Missouri Bar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091808/http://www.mobar.org/data/esq10/feb26/aba-mccalpin.pdf","url_text":"\"Tribute to F. William McCalpin, Missouri Bar Association 2010 midyear meeting\""},{"url":"http://www.mobar.org/data/esq10/feb26/aba-mccalpin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidelines for ABA Medal\" (PDF). American Bar Association. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/board_of_governors/aba_medal_guidelines_past_recipients_2015.authcheckdam.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidelines for ABA Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stltoday.com/news/article_85ba55b2-037c-55df-87f3-d4a2c2310051.html","url_text":"\"Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"William H. Gates, Sr., to Receive American Bar Association Medal for 2009\". American Bar Association. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090830120628/http://www.abanet.org/abanet/media/release/news_release.cfm?releaseid=685","url_text":"\"William H. Gates, Sr., to Receive American Bar Association Medal for 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.abanet.org/abanet/media/release/news_release.cfm?releaseid=685","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hevesi, Dennis (17 December 2009). \"F. William McCalpin, Champion of Legal Aid to Poor, Dies at 88\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17mccalpin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=mccalpin&st=cse","url_text":"\"F. William McCalpin, Champion of Legal Aid to Poor, Dies at 88\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.lewisrice.com/","external_links_name":"Lewis, Rice & Fingersh, L.C."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091808/http://www.mobar.org/data/esq10/feb26/aba-mccalpin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to F. William McCalpin, Missouri Bar Association 2010 midyear meeting\""},{"Link":"http://www.mobar.org/data/esq10/feb26/aba-mccalpin.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/board_of_governors/aba_medal_guidelines_past_recipients_2015.authcheckdam.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guidelines for ABA Medal\""},{"Link":"http://www.stltoday.com/news/article_85ba55b2-037c-55df-87f3-d4a2c2310051.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090830120628/http://www.abanet.org/abanet/media/release/news_release.cfm?releaseid=685","external_links_name":"\"William H. Gates, Sr., to Receive American Bar Association Medal for 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.abanet.org/abanet/media/release/news_release.cfm?releaseid=685","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lsc.gov/pdfs/mccalpin_conference_center_dedication.pdf","external_links_name":"LSC Dedication for F. William McCalpin November 19, 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110109212824/http://www.lsc.gov/pdfs/mccalpin_conference_center_dedication.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17mccalpin.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=mccalpin&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"F. William McCalpin, Champion of Legal Aid to Poor, Dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000046679291","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46459021","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcCp9cHwqw7GQKwKkbh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003100821","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._William_McCalpin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._William_McCalpin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submyotodon_moupinensis
Moupin broad-muzzled bat
["1 Description","2 References"]
Species of bat You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (June 2019) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Submyotodon moupinensis}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Moupin broad-muzzled bat Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Genus: Submyotodon Species: S. moupinensis Binomial name Submyotodon moupinensis(Milne-Edwards, 1872) Synonyms Myotis muricola moupinensis (Milne-Edwards, 1872) The Moupin broad-muzzled bat (Submyotodon moupinensis) is a bat in the family Vespertilionidae endemic to southern China. Description It has a head-body length of 40 mm (1.6 in), forearm length of 33 mm (1.3 in), and tail length of 38 mm (1.5 in). The fur is long and silky, a yellowish colour on the back, dark brownish-black on the sides and greyish below. The ears are long, with a hollow at the rear edge just below the pointed end. The wing membranes are attached to the back of the toes which are small and delicate. The tail is long and completely inclosed in the large uropatagium, the calcar has a distinct smooth outline. References ^ Allen GM (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Vol. 11. The American Museum of Natural History, New York. ^ "China Endemic Mammals Checklist". lntreasures.com. Retrieved 2020-03-17. ^ Ruedi, Manuel; Csorba, Gábor; Lin, Liang-Kong; Chou, Cheng-HAN (2015). "Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China". Zootaxa. 3920 (2): 301–342. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6. PMID 25781252. Taxon identifiersSubmyotodon moupinensis Wikidata: Q19521373 Wikispecies: Submyotodon moupinensis CoL: 8LVHJ GBIF: 11138523 ITIS: 1157367 MDD: 1005491 NCBI: 2783555 Myotis muricola moupinensis Wikidata: Q20906890 GBIF: 4266406 ITIS: 948603 MSW: 13802494 Vespertilio moupinensis Wikidata: Q109647650 CoL: 8LJ7Y GBIF: 9089335 ITIS: 946538 This Vespertilionidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moupin"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Moupin broad-muzzled bat (Submyotodon moupinensis) is a bat in the family Vespertilionidae endemic to southern China.[1][2]","title":"Moupin broad-muzzled bat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"uropatagium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropatagium"},{"link_name":"calcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcar"}],"text":"It has a head-body length of 40 mm (1.6 in), forearm length of 33 mm (1.3 in), and tail length of 38 mm (1.5 in).[3] The fur is long and silky, a yellowish colour on the back, dark brownish-black on the sides and greyish below. The ears are long, with a hollow at the rear edge just below the pointed end. The wing membranes are attached to the back of the toes which are small and delicate. The tail is long and completely inclosed in the large uropatagium, the calcar has a distinct smooth outline.","title":"Description"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Allen GM (1938). The Mammals of China and Mongolia. Vol. 11. The American Museum of Natural History, New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofchinamo01alle#page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"The Mammals of China and Mongolia"}]},{"reference":"\"China Endemic Mammals Checklist\". lntreasures.com. Retrieved 2020-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://lntreasures.com/chinam.html","url_text":"\"China Endemic Mammals Checklist\""}]},{"reference":"Ruedi, Manuel; Csorba, Gábor; Lin, Liang-Kong; Chou, Cheng-HAN (2015). \"Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China\". Zootaxa. 3920 (2): 301–342. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6. PMID 25781252.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272830083","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3920.2.6","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25781252","url_text":"25781252"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSubmyotodon_moupinensis&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofchinamo01alle#page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Mammals of China and Mongolia"},{"Link":"http://lntreasures.com/chinam.html","external_links_name":"\"China Endemic Mammals Checklist\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272830083","external_links_name":"\"Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3920.2.6","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25781252","external_links_name":"25781252"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8LVHJ","external_links_name":"8LVHJ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11138523","external_links_name":"11138523"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1157367","external_links_name":"1157367"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005491","external_links_name":"1005491"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2783555","external_links_name":"2783555"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4266406","external_links_name":"4266406"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=948603","external_links_name":"948603"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13802494","external_links_name":"13802494"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8LJ7Y","external_links_name":"8LJ7Y"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9089335","external_links_name":"9089335"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=946538","external_links_name":"946538"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moupin_broad-muzzled_bat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_mantle
Lower mantle
["1 Physical properties","2 Composition","3 Spin transition zone","4 History","5 See also","6 References"]
The region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface Structure of Earth. The mesosphere is labeled as Stiffer mantle in this diagram. The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost (660–770 km), mid-lower mantle (770–2700 km), and the D layer (2700–2900 km). Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24–127 GPa and 1900–2600 K. It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic, containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which may affect both mantle plume dynamics and lower mantle chemistry. The upper boundary is defined by the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of 660 kilometers (410 mi). At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite (γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) decomposes into Mg-Si perovskite and magnesiowüstite. This reaction marks the boundary between the upper mantle and lower mantle. This measurement is estimated from seismic data and high-pressure laboratory experiments. The base of the mesosphere includes the D″ zone which lies just above the mantle–core boundary at approximately 2,700 to 2,890 km (1,678 to 1,796 mi). The base of the lower mantle is about 2700 km. Physical properties The lower mantle was initially labelled as the D-layer in Bullen's spherically symmetric model of the Earth. The PREM seismic model of the Earth's interior separated the D-layer into three distinctive layers defined by the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities: 660–770 km: A discontinuity in compression wave velocity (6–11%) followed by a steep gradient is indicative of the transformation of the mineral ringwoodite to bridgmanite and ferropericlase and the transition between the transition zone layer to the lower mantle. 770–2700 km: A gradual increase in velocity indicative of the adiabatic compression of the mineral phases in the lower mantle. 2700–2900 km: The D-layer is considered the transition from the lower mantle to the outer core. The temperature of the lower mantle ranges from 1,960 K (1,690 °C; 3,070 °F) at the topmost layer to 2,630 K (2,360 °C; 4,270 °F) at a depth of 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi). Models of the temperature of the lower mantle approximate convection as the primary heat transport contribution, while conduction and radiative heat transfer are considered negligible. As a result, the lower mantle's temperature gradient as a function of depth is approximately adiabatic. Calculation of the geothermal gradient observed a decrease from 0.47 kelvins per kilometre (0.47 °C/km; 1.4 °F/mi) at the uppermost lower mantle to 0.24 kelvins per kilometre (0.24 °C/km; 0.70 °F/mi) at 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi). Composition The lower mantle is mainly composed of three components, bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite (CaSiO3-perovskite). The proportion of each component has been a subject of discussion historically where the bulk composition is suggested to be, Pyrolitic: derived from petrological composition trends from upper mantle peridotite suggesting homogeneity between the upper and lower mantle with a Mg/Si ratio of 1.27. This model implies that the lower mantle is composed of 75% bridgmanite, 17% ferropericlase, and 8% CaSiO3-perovskite by volume. Chondritic: suggests that the Earth's lower mantle was accreted from the composition of chondritic meteorite suggesting a Mg/Si ratio of approximately 1. This infers that bridgmanite and CaSiO3-perovskites are major components. Laboratory multi-anvil compression experiments of pyrolite simulated conditions of the adiabatic geotherm and measured the density using in situ X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the density profile along the geotherm is in agreement with the PREM model. The first principle calculation of the density and velocity profile across the lower mantle geotherm of varying bridgmanite and ferropericlase proportion observed a match to the PREM model at an 8:2 proportion. This proportion is consistent with the pyrolitic bulk composition at the lower mantle. Furthermore, shear wave velocity calculations of pyrolitic lower mantle compositions considering minor elements resulted in a match with the PREM shear velocity profile within 1%. On the other hand, Brillouin spectroscopic studies at relevant pressures and temperatures revealed that a lower mantle composed of greater than 93% bridgmanite phase has corresponding shear-wave velocities to measured seismic velocities. The suggested composition is consistent with a chondritic lower mantle. Thus, the bulk composition of the lower mantle is currently a subject of discussion. Spin transition zone The electronic environment of two iron-bearing minerals in the lower mantle (bridgmanite, ferropericlase) transitions from a high-spin (HS) to a low-spin (LS) state. Fe2+ in ferropericlase undergoes the transition between 50–90 GPa. Bridgmanite contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the structure, the Fe2+ occupy the A-site and transition to a LS state at 120 GPa. While Fe3+ occupies both A- and B-sites, the B-site Fe3+ undergoes HS to LS transition at 30–70 GPa while the A-site Fe3+ exchanges with the B-site Al3+ cation and becomes LS. This spin transition of the iron cation results in the increase in partition coefficient between ferropericlase and bridgmanite to 10–14 depleting bridgmanite and enriching ferropericlase of Fe2+. The HS to LS transition are reported to affect the physical properties of the iron bearing minerals. For example, the density and incompressibility was reported to increase from HS to LS state in ferropericlase. The effects of the spin transition on the transport properties and rheology of the lower mantle is currently being investigated and discussed using numerical simulations. History Mesosphere (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from "mesospheric shell", coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer Earth consisted of three spherical layers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly's hypothetical depths to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km (50 to 62 mi), and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) were from 200 to 480 km (124 to 298 mi). Thus, Daly's asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km (75 to 249 mi) thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid Earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core). A derivative term, mesoplates, was introduced as a heuristic, based on a combination of "mesosphere" and "plate", for postulated reference frames in which mantle hotspots exist. See also Large low-shear-velocity provinces References ^ a b Kaminsky, Felix V. (2017). The Earth's lower mantle: composition and structure. Cham: Springer. ISBN 9783319556840. OCLC 988167555. ^ a b c Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI...25..297D. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. ISSN 0031-9201. ^ a b c Katsura, Tomoo; Yoneda, Akira; Yamazaki, Daisuke; Yoshino, Takashi; Ito, Eiji (2010). "Adiabatic temperature profile in the mantle". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 183 (1–2): 212–218. Bibcode:2010PEPI..183..212K. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.07.001. ISSN 0031-9201. ^ a b Ringwood, Alfred E. (1976). Composition and petrology of the earth's mantle. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070529329. OCLC 16375050. ^ a b c d Badro, J. (2003-04-03). "Iron Partitioning in Earth's Mantle: Toward a Deep Lower Mantle Discontinuity". Science. 300 (5620): 789–791. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..789B. doi:10.1126/science.1081311. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12677070. S2CID 12208090. ^ Shahnas, M.H.; Pysklywec, R.N.; Justo, J.F.; Yuen, D.A. (2017-05-09). "Spin transition-induced anomalies in the lower mantle: implications for mid-mantle partial layering". Geophysical Journal International. 210 (2): 765–773. doi:10.1093/gji/ggx198. ISSN 0956-540X. ^ Bower, Dan J.; Gurnis, Michael; Jackson, Jennifer M.; Sturhahn, Wolfgang (2009-05-28). "Enhanced convection and fast plumes in the lower mantle induced by the spin transition in ferropericlase". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (10). Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3610306B. doi:10.1029/2009GL037706. ISSN 0094-8276. ^ a b c Condie, Kent C. (2001). 'Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–10. ISBN 0-521-01472-7. ^ Bullen, K.E. (1942). "The density variation of the earth's central core". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 32 (1): 19–29. Bibcode:1942BuSSA..32...19B. doi:10.1785/BSSA0320010019. ^ Irifune, T.; Shinmei, T.; McCammon, C. A.; Miyajima, N.; Rubie, D. C.; Frost, D. J. (2010-01-08). "Iron Partitioning and Density Changes of Pyrolite in Earth's Lower Mantle". Science. 327 (5962): 193–195. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..193I. doi:10.1126/science.1181443. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19965719. S2CID 19243930. ^ Wang, Xianlong; Tsuchiya, Taku; Hase, Atsushi (2015). "Computational support for a pyrolitic lower mantle containing ferric iron". Nature Geoscience. 8 (7): 556–559. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..556W. doi:10.1038/ngeo2458. ISSN 1752-0894. ^ Hyung, Eugenia; Huang, Shichun; Petaev, Michail I.; Jacobsen, Stein B. (2016). "Is the mantle chemically stratified? Insights from sound velocity modeling and isotope evolution of an early magma ocean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 440: 158–168. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.440..158H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.001. ^ Murakami, Motohiko; Ohishi, Yasuo; Hirao, Naohisa; Hirose, Kei (May 2012). "A perovskitic lower mantle inferred from high-pressure, high-temperature sound velocity data". Nature. 485 (7396): 90–94. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...90M. doi:10.1038/nature11004. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22552097. S2CID 4387193. ^ Badro, James (2014-05-30). "Spin Transitions in Mantle Minerals". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 42 (1): 231–248. Bibcode:2014AREPS..42..231B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105304. ISSN 0084-6597. ^ Lin, Jung-Fu; Speziale, Sergio; Mao, Zhu; Marquardt, Hauke (April 2013). "Effects of the Electronic Spin Transitions of Iron in Lower Mantle Minerals: Implications for Deep Mantle Geophysics and Geochemistry". Reviews of Geophysics. 51 (2): 244–275. Bibcode:2013RvGeo..51..244L. doi:10.1002/rog.20010. S2CID 21661449. ^ Daly, Reginald Aldworth (1940). Strength and Structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice Hall. ^ Kumazawa, M; Fukao, Y (1977). "Dual Plate Tectonics Model". In Manghnani, Murli; Akimoto, Syun-Iti (eds.). High-Pressure Research: Applications in Geophysics. Academic Press. p. 127. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0. ISBN 978-0-12-468750-9. vteStructure of EarthShells Crust Mantle Upper mantle Lithospheric mantle Asthenosphere Lower mantle (aka Mesosphere) Core Outer core Inner core Global discontinuities Mohorovičić (crust–mantle) 410 discontinuity (upper mantle) 660 discontinuity (upper mantle) D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle) Core–mantle boundary Inner-core boundary Regional discontinuities Conrad continental crust Gutenberg (upper mantle) Lehmann (upper mantle) Repetti discontinuity (upper-lower mantle) Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_poster.svg"},{"link_name":"Earth's surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth#Surface"},{"link_name":"transition zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)"},{"link_name":"outer core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"preliminary reference Earth model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_reference_Earth_model"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"pyrolitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"bridgmanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_perovskite"},{"link_name":"ferropericlase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferropericlase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"mantle plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"seismic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condie-8"},{"link_name":"ringwoodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite"},{"link_name":"Mg-Si perovskite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_perovskite"},{"link_name":"magnesiowüstite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiow%C3%BCstite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condie-8"},{"link_name":"upper mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_mantle"},{"link_name":"lower mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"D″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E2%80%B3"},{"link_name":"mantle–core boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condie-8"}],"text":"Structure of Earth. The mesosphere is labeled as Stiffer mantle in this diagram.The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core.[1] The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost (660–770 km), mid-lower mantle (770–2700 km), and the D layer (2700–2900 km).[2] Pressure and temperature in the lower mantle range from 24–127 GPa[2] and 1900–2600 K.[3] It has been proposed that the composition of the lower mantle is pyrolitic,[4] containing three major phases of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite. The high pressure in the lower mantle has been shown to induce a spin transition of iron-bearing bridgmanite and ferropericlase,[5] which may affect both mantle plume dynamics[6][7] and lower mantle chemistry.[5]The upper boundary is defined by the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of 660 kilometers (410 mi).[8] At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite (γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) decomposes into Mg-Si perovskite and magnesiowüstite.[8] This reaction marks the boundary between the upper mantle and lower mantle. This measurement is estimated from seismic data and high-pressure laboratory experiments. The base of the mesosphere includes the D″ zone which lies just above the mantle–core boundary at approximately 2,700 to 2,890 km (1,678 to 1,796 mi). The base of the lower mantle is about 2700 km.[8]","title":"Lower mantle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"seismic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"ringwoodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite"},{"link_name":"transition zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)"},{"link_name":"adiabatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic"},{"link_name":"D-layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary"},{"link_name":"outer core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_core"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"}],"text":"The lower mantle was initially labelled as the D-layer in Bullen's spherically symmetric model of the Earth.[9] The PREM seismic model of the Earth's interior separated the D-layer into three distinctive layers defined by the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities:[2]660–770 km: A discontinuity in compression wave velocity (6–11%) followed by a steep gradient is indicative of the transformation of the mineral ringwoodite to bridgmanite and ferropericlase and the transition between the transition zone layer to the lower mantle.\n770–2700 km: A gradual increase in velocity indicative of the adiabatic compression of the mineral phases in the lower mantle.\n2700–2900 km: The D-layer is considered the transition from the lower mantle to the outer core.The temperature of the lower mantle ranges from 1,960 K (1,690 °C; 3,070 °F) at the topmost layer to 2,630 K (2,360 °C; 4,270 °F) at a depth of 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi).[3] Models of the temperature of the lower mantle approximate convection as the primary heat transport contribution, while conduction and radiative heat transfer are considered negligible. As a result, the lower mantle's temperature gradient as a function of depth is approximately adiabatic.[1] Calculation of the geothermal gradient observed a decrease from 0.47 kelvins per kilometre (0.47 °C/km; 1.4 °F/mi) at the uppermost lower mantle to 0.24 kelvins per kilometre (0.24 °C/km; 0.70 °F/mi) at 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi).[3]","title":"Physical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)"},{"link_name":"peridotite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridotite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"chondritic meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrite"},{"link_name":"pyrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolite"},{"link_name":"geotherm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient"},{"link_name":"X-ray diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"PREM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_reference_Earth_model"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brillouin spectroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillouin_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The lower mantle is mainly composed of three components, bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and calcium-silicate perovskite (CaSiO3-perovskite). The proportion of each component has been a subject of discussion historically where the bulk composition is suggested to be,Pyrolitic: derived from petrological composition trends from upper mantle peridotite suggesting homogeneity between the upper and lower mantle with a Mg/Si ratio of 1.27. This model implies that the lower mantle is composed of 75% bridgmanite, 17% ferropericlase, and 8% CaSiO3-perovskite by volume.[4]\nChondritic: suggests that the Earth's lower mantle was accreted from the composition of chondritic meteorite suggesting a Mg/Si ratio of approximately 1. This infers that bridgmanite and CaSiO3-perovskites are major components.Laboratory multi-anvil compression experiments of pyrolite simulated conditions of the adiabatic geotherm and measured the density using in situ X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the density profile along the geotherm is in agreement with the PREM model.[10] The first principle calculation of the density and velocity profile across the lower mantle geotherm of varying bridgmanite and ferropericlase proportion observed a match to the PREM model at an 8:2 proportion. This proportion is consistent with the pyrolitic bulk composition at the lower mantle.[11] Furthermore, shear wave velocity calculations of pyrolitic lower mantle compositions considering minor elements resulted in a match with the PREM shear velocity profile within 1%.[12] On the other hand, Brillouin spectroscopic studies at relevant pressures and temperatures revealed that a lower mantle composed of greater than 93% bridgmanite phase has corresponding shear-wave velocities to measured seismic velocities. The suggested composition is consistent with a chondritic lower mantle.[13] Thus, the bulk composition of the lower mantle is currently a subject of discussion.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"partition coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"rheology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheology"}],"text":"The electronic environment of two iron-bearing minerals in the lower mantle (bridgmanite, ferropericlase) transitions from a high-spin (HS) to a low-spin (LS) state.[5] Fe2+ in ferropericlase undergoes the transition between 50–90 GPa. Bridgmanite contains both Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the structure, the Fe2+ occupy the A-site and transition to a LS state at 120 GPa. While Fe3+ occupies both A- and B-sites, the B-site Fe3+ undergoes HS to LS transition at 30–70 GPa while the A-site Fe3+ exchanges with the B-site Al3+ cation and becomes LS.[14] This spin transition of the iron cation results in the increase in partition coefficient between ferropericlase and bridgmanite to 10–14 depleting bridgmanite and enriching ferropericlase of Fe2+.[5] The HS to LS transition are reported to affect the physical properties of the iron bearing minerals. For example, the density and incompressibility was reported to increase from HS to LS state in ferropericlase.[15] The effects of the spin transition on the transport properties and rheology of the lower mantle is currently being investigated and discussed using numerical simulations.","title":"Spin transition zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mesosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"Reginald Aldworth Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aldworth_Daly"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"plate tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"spherical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"lithosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth#Core"},{"link_name":"mesoplates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoplates"},{"link_name":"heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KUMAZAWA-17"}],"text":"Mesosphere (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from \"mesospheric shell\", coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer Earth consisted of three spherical layers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell.[16] Daly's hypothetical depths to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km (50 to 62 mi), and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) were from 200 to 480 km (124 to 298 mi). Thus, Daly's asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km (75 to 249 mi) thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid Earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core).A derivative term, mesoplates, was introduced as a heuristic, based on a combination of \"mesosphere\" and \"plate\", for postulated reference frames in which mantle hotspots exist.[17]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Structure of Earth. The mesosphere is labeled as Stiffer mantle in this diagram.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Earth_poster.svg/310px-Earth_poster.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Large low-shear-velocity provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces"}]
[{"reference":"Kaminsky, Felix V. (2017). The Earth's lower mantle: composition and structure. Cham: Springer. ISBN 9783319556840. OCLC 988167555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319556840","url_text":"9783319556840"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988167555","url_text":"988167555"}]},{"reference":"Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981). \"Preliminary reference Earth model\". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI...25..297D. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. ISSN 0031-9201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PEPI...25..297D","url_text":"1981PEPI...25..297D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7","url_text":"10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201","url_text":"0031-9201"}]},{"reference":"Katsura, Tomoo; Yoneda, Akira; Yamazaki, Daisuke; Yoshino, Takashi; Ito, Eiji (2010). \"Adiabatic temperature profile in the mantle\". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 183 (1–2): 212–218. Bibcode:2010PEPI..183..212K. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.07.001. ISSN 0031-9201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PEPI..183..212K","url_text":"2010PEPI..183..212K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pepi.2010.07.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.pepi.2010.07.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201","url_text":"0031-9201"}]},{"reference":"Ringwood, Alfred E. (1976). Composition and petrology of the earth's mantle. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070529329. OCLC 16375050.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/compositionpetro0000ring","url_text":"Composition and petrology of the earth's mantle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070529329","url_text":"0070529329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16375050","url_text":"16375050"}]},{"reference":"Badro, J. (2003-04-03). \"Iron Partitioning in Earth's Mantle: Toward a Deep Lower Mantle Discontinuity\". Science. 300 (5620): 789–791. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..789B. doi:10.1126/science.1081311. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12677070. S2CID 12208090.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1081311","url_text":"\"Iron Partitioning in Earth's Mantle: Toward a Deep Lower Mantle Discontinuity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..789B","url_text":"2003Sci...300..789B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1081311","url_text":"10.1126/science.1081311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12677070","url_text":"12677070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12208090","url_text":"12208090"}]},{"reference":"Shahnas, M.H.; Pysklywec, R.N.; Justo, J.F.; Yuen, D.A. (2017-05-09). \"Spin transition-induced anomalies in the lower mantle: implications for mid-mantle partial layering\". Geophysical Journal International. 210 (2): 765–773. doi:10.1093/gji/ggx198. ISSN 0956-540X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgji%2Fggx198","url_text":"10.1093/gji/ggx198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X","url_text":"0956-540X"}]},{"reference":"Bower, Dan J.; Gurnis, Michael; Jackson, Jennifer M.; Sturhahn, Wolfgang (2009-05-28). \"Enhanced convection and fast plumes in the lower mantle induced by the spin transition in ferropericlase\". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (10). Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3610306B. doi:10.1029/2009GL037706. ISSN 0094-8276.","urls":[{"url":"http://eartharxiv.org/zq8nw/","url_text":"\"Enhanced convection and fast plumes in the lower mantle induced by the spin transition in ferropericlase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3610306B","url_text":"2009GeoRL..3610306B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL037706","url_text":"10.1029/2009GL037706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276","url_text":"0094-8276"}]},{"reference":"Condie, Kent C. (2001). 'Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–10. ISBN 0-521-01472-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01472-7","url_text":"0-521-01472-7"}]},{"reference":"Bullen, K.E. (1942). \"The density variation of the earth's central core\". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 32 (1): 19–29. Bibcode:1942BuSSA..32...19B. doi:10.1785/BSSA0320010019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/32/1/19/115369/the-density-variation-of-the-earth-s-central-core","url_text":"\"The density variation of the earth's central core\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942BuSSA..32...19B","url_text":"1942BuSSA..32...19B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1785%2FBSSA0320010019","url_text":"10.1785/BSSA0320010019"}]},{"reference":"Irifune, T.; Shinmei, T.; McCammon, C. A.; Miyajima, N.; Rubie, D. C.; Frost, D. J. (2010-01-08). \"Iron Partitioning and Density Changes of Pyrolite in Earth's Lower Mantle\". Science. 327 (5962): 193–195. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..193I. doi:10.1126/science.1181443. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19965719. S2CID 19243930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Frost_(earth_scientist)","url_text":"Frost, D. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..193I","url_text":"2010Sci...327..193I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1181443","url_text":"10.1126/science.1181443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965719","url_text":"19965719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19243930","url_text":"19243930"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Xianlong; Tsuchiya, Taku; Hase, Atsushi (2015). \"Computational support for a pyrolitic lower mantle containing ferric iron\". Nature Geoscience. 8 (7): 556–559. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..556W. doi:10.1038/ngeo2458. ISSN 1752-0894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatGe...8..556W","url_text":"2015NatGe...8..556W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2458","url_text":"10.1038/ngeo2458"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894","url_text":"1752-0894"}]},{"reference":"Hyung, Eugenia; Huang, Shichun; Petaev, Michail I.; Jacobsen, Stein B. (2016). \"Is the mantle chemically stratified? Insights from sound velocity modeling and isotope evolution of an early magma ocean\". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 440: 158–168. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.440..158H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.001","url_text":"\"Is the mantle chemically stratified? Insights from sound velocity modeling and isotope evolution of an early magma ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E&PSL.440..158H","url_text":"2016E&PSL.440..158H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.001"}]},{"reference":"Murakami, Motohiko; Ohishi, Yasuo; Hirao, Naohisa; Hirose, Kei (May 2012). \"A perovskitic lower mantle inferred from high-pressure, high-temperature sound velocity data\". Nature. 485 (7396): 90–94. Bibcode:2012Natur.485...90M. doi:10.1038/nature11004. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22552097. S2CID 4387193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485...90M","url_text":"2012Natur.485...90M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11004","url_text":"10.1038/nature11004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22552097","url_text":"22552097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387193","url_text":"4387193"}]},{"reference":"Badro, James (2014-05-30). \"Spin Transitions in Mantle Minerals\". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 42 (1): 231–248. Bibcode:2014AREPS..42..231B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105304. ISSN 0084-6597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AREPS..42..231B","url_text":"2014AREPS..42..231B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-042711-105304","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597","url_text":"0084-6597"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Jung-Fu; Speziale, Sergio; Mao, Zhu; Marquardt, Hauke (April 2013). \"Effects of the Electronic Spin Transitions of Iron in Lower Mantle Minerals: Implications for Deep Mantle Geophysics and Geochemistry\". Reviews of Geophysics. 51 (2): 244–275. Bibcode:2013RvGeo..51..244L. doi:10.1002/rog.20010. S2CID 21661449.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frog.20010","url_text":"\"Effects of the Electronic Spin Transitions of Iron in Lower Mantle Minerals: Implications for Deep Mantle Geophysics and Geochemistry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RvGeo..51..244L","url_text":"2013RvGeo..51..244L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frog.20010","url_text":"10.1002/rog.20010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21661449","url_text":"21661449"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Reginald Aldworth (1940). Strength and Structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice Hall.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/strengthstructur00daly","url_text":"Strength and Structure of the Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall","url_text":"Prentice Hall"}]},{"reference":"Kumazawa, M; Fukao, Y (1977). \"Dual Plate Tectonics Model\". In Manghnani, Murli; Akimoto, Syun-Iti (eds.). High-Pressure Research: Applications in Geophysics. Academic Press. p. 127. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0. ISBN 978-0-12-468750-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-468750-9","url_text":"978-0-12-468750-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988167555","external_links_name":"988167555"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PEPI...25..297D","external_links_name":"1981PEPI...25..297D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201","external_links_name":"0031-9201"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PEPI..183..212K","external_links_name":"2010PEPI..183..212K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pepi.2010.07.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pepi.2010.07.001"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201","external_links_name":"0031-9201"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/compositionpetro0000ring","external_links_name":"Composition and petrology of the earth's mantle"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16375050","external_links_name":"16375050"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1081311","external_links_name":"\"Iron Partitioning in Earth's Mantle: Toward a Deep Lower Mantle Discontinuity\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..789B","external_links_name":"2003Sci...300..789B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1081311","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1081311"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12677070","external_links_name":"12677070"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12208090","external_links_name":"12208090"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgji%2Fggx198","external_links_name":"10.1093/gji/ggx198"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X","external_links_name":"0956-540X"},{"Link":"http://eartharxiv.org/zq8nw/","external_links_name":"\"Enhanced convection and fast plumes in the lower mantle induced by the spin transition in ferropericlase\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3610306B","external_links_name":"2009GeoRL..3610306B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL037706","external_links_name":"10.1029/2009GL037706"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276","external_links_name":"0094-8276"},{"Link":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/32/1/19/115369/the-density-variation-of-the-earth-s-central-core","external_links_name":"\"The density variation of the earth's central core\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942BuSSA..32...19B","external_links_name":"1942BuSSA..32...19B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1785%2FBSSA0320010019","external_links_name":"10.1785/BSSA0320010019"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..193I","external_links_name":"2010Sci...327..193I"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1181443","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1181443"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","external_links_name":"0036-8075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965719","external_links_name":"19965719"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19243930","external_links_name":"19243930"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatGe...8..556W","external_links_name":"2015NatGe...8..556W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2458","external_links_name":"10.1038/ngeo2458"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894","external_links_name":"1752-0894"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.001","external_links_name":"\"Is the mantle chemically stratified? Insights from sound velocity modeling and isotope evolution of an early magma ocean\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E&PSL.440..158H","external_links_name":"2016E&PSL.440..158H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.001"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485...90M","external_links_name":"2012Natur.485...90M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11004","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature11004"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22552097","external_links_name":"22552097"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387193","external_links_name":"4387193"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AREPS..42..231B","external_links_name":"2014AREPS..42..231B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-042711-105304","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105304"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597","external_links_name":"0084-6597"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frog.20010","external_links_name":"\"Effects of the Electronic Spin Transitions of Iron in Lower Mantle Minerals: Implications for Deep Mantle Geophysics and Geochemistry\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RvGeo..51..244L","external_links_name":"2013RvGeo..51..244L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frog.20010","external_links_name":"10.1002/rog.20010"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21661449","external_links_name":"21661449"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/strengthstructur00daly","external_links_name":"Strength and Structure of the Earth"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-12-468750-9.50014-0"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephthah%27s_daughter
Jephthah's daughter
["1 Later influence","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Biblical figure James Tissot, Jephthah's Daughter, c. 1896–1902. Jephthah's daughter, sometimes later referred to as Seila or as Iphis, is a figure in the Hebrew Bible, whose story is recounted in Judges 11. The judge Jephthah had just won a battle over the Ammonites, and vowed he would give the first thing that came out of his house as a burnt offering to God. However, his only child, an unnamed daughter, came out to meet him dancing and playing a tambourine (v. 34). She encourages Jephthah to fulfill his vow (v. 36) but asks for two months to weep for her virginity (v. 38). After this period of time, Jephthah fulfilled his vow and offered his daughter. One opinion among commentators is that after she mourned for her virginity in light of the Biblical commandment to "be fruitful and multiply", which she would now no longer be able to fulfill, Jephthah killed his daughter in an act of human sacrifice. There is an opposing opinion that Jephthah's daughter was "offered to the Lord" in the same way Samuel was offered after birth, and spent the rest of her life in seclusion. This is based on considerations such as weeping for her virginity would make no sense if she were about to die. Commentators holding this view include David Kimhi, Keil and Delitzsch, James B. Jordan, and the Jehovah's Witnesses. Later influence Jephthah's daughter was not given a central role in many pre-medieval texts: the major exception was the first-century Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum of "Pseudo-Philo", which devoted an entire chapter to her (and gave her the name of "Seila"). The French scholar Peter Abelard (d. 1142) praised Seila in his lament Planctus virginum Israel super filia Jephte. In a letter to his lover Héloïse d'Argenteuil, Abelard also portrayed Seila as a model for monastic women who devote their whole lives to God. In other medieval Christian texts, Jephthah's daughter was portrayed as a type of Virgin Mary and her death was likened to the Purification of the Virgin. In the medieval period, some Jewish communities refrained from drinking water from wells and rivers for a few hours at four key times of the year, a custom called the tekufah. In the twelfth century Rabbi Judah the Pious wrote that the tekufah that fell during the month of Tishre was observed because of Jephthah's daughter. Jephthah's daughter is called "Adah" by the Order of the Eastern Star and is one of its five heroines, representing obedience to duty. In the field of Jewish exegesis, the work titled Dirshuni: Contemporary Women's Midrash names Jephthah's daughter as "Tannot" (or "Tanot") and appears in various chapters. The name is derived from the verse in Judges 11:40 "for the maidens of Israel to go every year, for four days in the year, and chant dirges ("tannot") for the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite." See also List of names for the biblical nameless Iphigenia References ^ Stone, Lawson (2016). Joshua, Judges, Ruth. Tyndale House. p. 358. ISBN 9781414398792. Retrieved 29 July 2018. But did Jephthah actually offer his daughter as a burnt offering? ^ Hirsch, Emil. "Jephthah (יפתח)". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ Keil and Delitzsch. "Judges 11". Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ Jordan, James (June 1996). "Jephthah's Daughter". Biblical Horizons. 86. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "She Was Loved by God and by Her Friends | Teach Your Children". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2019-08-31. ^ a b c d e Baumgarten, Elisheva. (2007). ""Remember that glorious girl": Jephthah's Daughter in Medieval Jewish Culture". Jewish Quarterly Review. 97 (2): 180–209. doi:10.1353/jqr.2007.0010. ISSN 1553-0604. S2CID 161293832. ^ "Eastern Star". Symbol Dictionary: A Visual Glossary. 26 Jan 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Archived 27 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine ^ רבקה לוביץ, 'מדרשי בת יפתח', בתוך נחמה וינגרטן־מינץ ותמר ביאלה (עורכות), דרשוני: מדרשי נשים, א, תל אביב 2009,עמ' 100 ^ ADELMAN, R. (2022). CROSSING THE THRESHOLD OF HOME: JEPHTHAH’S DAUGHTER FROM THE HEBREW BIBLE TO MODERN MIDRASH. Feminist Interpretations of Biblical Literature, 1. ^ Roded, R. (2015). Jewish and Islamic religious feminist exegesis of the sacred books: Adam, woman and gender. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues, (29), 56-80. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Jephthah's daughter. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tissot_Jephthah%27s_Daughter.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Tissot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tissot"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judges"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judges_11"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges"},{"link_name":"Jephthah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephthah"},{"link_name":"Ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon"},{"link_name":"burnt offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"human sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel"},{"link_name":"David Kimhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kimhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Keil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Keil"},{"link_name":"Delitzsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James B. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Jordan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"James Tissot, Jephthah's Daughter, c. 1896–1902.Jephthah's daughter, sometimes later referred to as Seila or as Iphis, is a figure in the Hebrew Bible, whose story is recounted in Judges 11. The judge Jephthah had just won a battle over the Ammonites, and vowed he would give the first thing that came out of his house as a burnt offering to God. However, his only child, an unnamed daughter, came out to meet him dancing and playing a tambourine (v. 34). She encourages Jephthah to fulfill his vow (v. 36) but asks for two months to weep for her virginity (v. 38). After this period of time, Jephthah fulfilled his vow and offered his daughter.One opinion among commentators is that after she mourned for her virginity in light of the Biblical commandment to \"be fruitful and multiply\", which she would now no longer be able to fulfill, Jephthah killed his daughter in an act of human sacrifice.[1] There is an opposing opinion that Jephthah's daughter was \"offered to the Lord\" in the same way Samuel was offered after birth, and spent the rest of her life in seclusion. This is based on considerations such as weeping for her virginity would make no sense if she were about to die. Commentators holding this view include David Kimhi,[2] Keil and Delitzsch,[3] James B. Jordan,[4] and the Jehovah's Witnesses.[5]","title":"Jephthah's daughter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudo-Philo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Philo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard"},{"link_name":"lament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Héloïse d'Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_d%27Argenteuil"},{"link_name":"monastic women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology_(theology)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Purification of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purification_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"tekufah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekufah"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Judah the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"Tishre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishrei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Order of the Eastern Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"exegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Jephthah's daughter was not given a central role in many pre-medieval texts: the major exception was the first-century Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum of \"Pseudo-Philo\", which devoted an entire chapter to her (and gave her the name of \"Seila\").[6] The French scholar Peter Abelard (d. 1142) praised Seila in his lament Planctus virginum Israel super filia Jephte.[6] In a letter to his lover Héloïse d'Argenteuil, Abelard also portrayed Seila as a model for monastic women who devote their whole lives to God.[6] In other medieval Christian texts, Jephthah's daughter was portrayed as a type of Virgin Mary and her death was likened to the Purification of the Virgin.[6]In the medieval period, some Jewish communities refrained from drinking water from wells and rivers for a few hours at four key times of the year, a custom called the tekufah. In the twelfth century Rabbi Judah the Pious wrote that the tekufah that fell during the month of Tishre was observed because of Jephthah's daughter.[6]Jephthah's daughter is called \"Adah\" by the Order of the Eastern Star and is one of its five heroines, representing obedience to duty.[7]In the field of Jewish exegesis, the work titled Dirshuni: Contemporary Women's Midrash names Jephthah's daughter as \"Tannot\" (or \"Tanot\") and appears in various chapters. The name is derived from the verse in Judges 11:40 \"for the maidens of Israel to go every year, for four days in the year, and chant dirges (\"tannot\") for the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite.\"[8][9][10]","title":"Later influence"}]
[{"image_text":"James Tissot, Jephthah's Daughter, c. 1896–1902.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tissot_Jephthah%27s_Daughter.jpg/200px-Tissot_Jephthah%27s_Daughter.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of names for the biblical nameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless"},{"title":"Iphigenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphigenia"}]
[{"reference":"Stone, Lawson (2016). Joshua, Judges, Ruth. Tyndale House. p. 358. ISBN 9781414398792. Retrieved 29 July 2018. But did Jephthah actually offer his daughter as a burnt offering?","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr07CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA358","url_text":"Joshua, Judges, Ruth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_House","url_text":"Tyndale House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781414398792","url_text":"9781414398792"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Emil. \"Jephthah (יפתח)\". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch","url_text":"Hirsch, Emil"},{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8584-jephthah","url_text":"\"Jephthah (יפתח)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Keil and Delitzsch. \"Judges 11\". Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/commentaries/kad/judges/11.htm","url_text":"\"Judges 11\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, James (June 1996). \"Jephthah's Daughter\". Biblical Horizons. 86. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Jordan","url_text":"Jordan, James"},{"url":"http://www.biblicalhorizons.com/biblical-horizons/no-86-jephthahs-daughter/","url_text":"\"Jephthah's Daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"She Was Loved by God and by Her Friends | Teach Your Children\". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2019-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20110201/loved-by-god-and-friends/","url_text":"\"She Was Loved by God and by Her Friends | Teach Your Children\""}]},{"reference":"Baumgarten, Elisheva. (2007). \"\"Remember that glorious girl\": Jephthah's Daughter in Medieval Jewish Culture\". Jewish Quarterly Review. 97 (2): 180–209. doi:10.1353/jqr.2007.0010. ISSN 1553-0604. S2CID 161293832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.2007.0010","url_text":"10.1353/jqr.2007.0010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-0604","url_text":"1553-0604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161293832","url_text":"161293832"}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Star\". Symbol Dictionary: A Visual Glossary. 26 Jan 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083852/http://symboldictionary.net/?p=3184","url_text":"\"Eastern Star\""},{"url":"http://symboldictionary.net/?p=3184","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr07CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA358","external_links_name":"Joshua, Judges, Ruth"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8584-jephthah","external_links_name":"\"Jephthah (יפתח)\""},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/commentaries/kad/judges/11.htm","external_links_name":"\"Judges 11\""},{"Link":"http://www.biblicalhorizons.com/biblical-horizons/no-86-jephthahs-daughter/","external_links_name":"\"Jephthah's Daughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20110201/loved-by-god-and-friends/","external_links_name":"\"She Was Loved by God and by Her Friends | Teach Your Children\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.2007.0010","external_links_name":"10.1353/jqr.2007.0010"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-0604","external_links_name":"1553-0604"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161293832","external_links_name":"161293832"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083852/http://symboldictionary.net/?p=3184","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Star\""},{"Link":"http://symboldictionary.net/?p=3184","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083852/http://symboldictionary.net/?p=3184","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sefaria.org/Dirshuni_I%2C_Prophets_and_Writing%2C_II.4?lang=bi","external_links_name":"רבקה לוביץ, 'מדרשי בת יפתח', בתוך נחמה וינגרטן־מינץ ותמר ביאלה (עורכות), דרשוני: מדרשי נשים, א, תל אביב 2009,עמ' 100"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/293433/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31180727","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007305117705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91103999","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eagles
History of the Eagles
["1 Background","2 Content","2.1 Part 1","2.2 Part 2","3 Reactions","4 Certifications","5 References","6 External links"]
2013 documentary about the American rock group the Eagles History of the EaglesDirected byAlison EllwoodProduced byAlex GibneyStarringGlenn FreyDon HenleyBernie LeadonRandy MeisnerDon FelderJoe WalshTimothy B. SchmitMusic byEaglesProductioncompanyJigsaw ProductionsDistributed byShowtimeRelease date January 19, 2013 (2013-01-19) (Sundance) Running time186 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish History of the Eagles is a 2013 two-part authorized documentary about the career of the American rock group the Eagles, directed by Alison Ellwood and co-produced by Alex Gibney. After screening at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival in January, it aired on Showtime in February, and was released in April on DVD and Blu-ray with a third disc containing eight songs from the band's performance at the Capital Centre in March 1977. A concert tour of the same name took place from 2013 to 2015, visiting North America, Europe, and Oceania. At the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the film received the award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming. It was also nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming (Single or Multi-Camera). The Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set received a Bronze Prize at the 2013 Key Art Awards. Background The documentary is intended to be an official account of the history of the band Eagles. The Eagles' manager Irving Azoff came up with the idea for an official history in 2011 when the Eagles would be celebrating their 40th anniversary. Frey chose Alex Gibney after viewing works by those who had been nominated for the Academy Award for best documentary, and Gibney then brought in Ellwood to direct and co-edit. According to Frey, the band had made some suggestions to the production team, but overall the director and producer were left to make their film the way they chose. Part 1 of History of the Eagles premiered at the Eccles Theater in Park City, Utah during the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2013, followed by screenings at other locations in the week. The first part was aired on February 15, 2013, on Showtime, and the second part the following night. Content The documentary is divided into two parts. The first part is around two hours long and covers the early period to their breakup, the second part is about one hour long and covers the subsequent periods. The documentary combined archive footage of the band with interviews with all the members of the band, as well as other people involved in the band history or who knew them, such as Kenny Rogers, Bob Seger, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, J. D. Souther, David Geffen, and Stevie Nicks. In the DVD release, a further third disc with songs from the band's concert at the Capital Centre in March 1977 is included. Part 1 Part one of the documentary traced the beginning of the band to the breakup in 1980. It chronicles the early life of band members and the founding of the band, the making of their albums and their rise to success, the subsequent conflicts between band members, concluding with the breakup of the band. Part 2 Part two of the documentary begins with the period following the breakup, with brief accounts of the careers of individual members of the band and by the reunion of the band in 1994, followed by the 1990s and 21st century phases of the Eagles. The documentary shows that Frey was resistant to the idea of a reunion until they joined Travis Tritt for the making of the video of his cover of "Take It Easy". It documents their successful tours, the dispute with Don Felder and the period after his dismissal. It concludes with the band members looking back assessing their actions and career, with contributions from other people who knew them. Reactions Don Felder, who participated in the documentary, claimed that History of the Eagles was incomplete, that it glorified Don Henley and Glenn Frey's work and did not give enough credit to all the other people who had contributed to the group, as well as glossing over disputes between band members. Felder said: "Overall I thought it was OK, but I didn't think it was really an accurate documentary. I thought a lot was omitted from the documentary. There were a lot of things that weren't discussed, a lot of issues that aren't brought to the forefront." He said he had put his disputes with the band behind him, and expressed surprise by the anger still felt by Frey and Henley towards him, and said of the documentary: "Most of it was about Don and Glenn. But they controlled it, owned it, and paid for it, so they could do what they wanted. But it did take me back how angry they were and how much venom they still had toward me, especially Glenn." However, Henley said that Felder had continued to engage in legal actions, unspecified by Henley, against them. Nevertheless, Henley admitted to Felder's charge that his conflicts with Frey had been downplayed in the film, and said: "We have had our differences, we still do, but we’re a lot like brothers. We fight but we’re still family." Henley saw History of the Eagles as being instructive on how bands need leaders and cannot work as a democracy. Henley reiterated a point made by Frey in the documentary: "The thing about bands is you have to have leaders in a band. Everybody can’t be on equal footing. It’s like a football team. Somebody's got to be the quarterback. Somebody’s got to snap the ball, somebody's got to run with the ball, somebody's got to block. If people play their positions and play their strengths everything turns out well. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. We always understood that, some of the other people apparently didn't understand that." The documentary received a Metacritic rating of 74 based on 4 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 2× Platinum 30,000^ Canada (Music Canada) 9× Platinum 90,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 25,000* United States (RIAA) Platinum 100,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "History of Eagles Part One". Sundance Institute. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ Rodman, Sarah (February 2013). "Eagles fly high in new Showtime documentary". Boston Globe. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ "History Of The Eagles". Amazon. 30 April 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ "'History of the Eagles' Tour to Kick Off July 6 in Louisville, Kentucky" (Press release). March 21, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ "and the EMMY goes to..." (PDF) (Press release). The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ "History of the Eagles". The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ "History of the Eagles Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set". Key Art Awards. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ a b c Gallo, Phil (January 17, 2013). "'History of the Eagles' Films to Dispel Myths About Band". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ Gallo, Phil (January 20, 2013). "Exclusive Eagles Q&A: Glenn Frey and Don Henley Talk 'History' Lessons". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ Wilkening, Matthew (February 18, 2013). "The Eagles, 'History of the Eagles' – Film Review". Ultimate Classic Rock. ^ Graff, Gary (February 21, 2013). "Don Felder: 'History of the Eagles' Isn't the Whole Story". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013. ^ Ruggiero, Bob (May 16, 2014). "Don Felder Surprised at Ex-Eagles Mates' Ill Will Toward Him". Houston Press. ^ Greene, Andy (July 5, 2013). "Eagles Tour Will Feature Founding Guitarist Bernie Leadon". Rolling Stone. ^ a b "Don Henley talks resentment, jealousy and bust-ups as Eagles put egos aside for Australian tour". news.com.au. June 4, 2014. ^ "History of the Eagles". Metacritic. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. ^ "Canadian video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles". Music Canada. ^ "British video certifications – Eagles – History Of The Eagles". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles". Recording Industry Association of America. External links History of the Eagles at IMDb Scoppa, Bud (March 9, 2013). "Don Felder Gives 'History of the Eagles' a Mixed Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Simmons, Bill (August 13, 2013). "The Eagles' Greatest Hit". Grantland. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Stuever, Hank (February 14, 2013). "Showtime's 'History of the Eagles': Soaring, and occasionally still sore". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Van Syckle, Katie (January 20, 2013). "Q&A: Don Henley Opens Up About 'The History of the Eagles' at Sundance". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Yarborough, Chuck (July 6, 2013). "'History of the Eagles' chronicles the birth, life, death and resurrection of a great band". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved December 26, 2013. vteEagles Don Henley Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Deacon Frey Vince Gill Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Compilation Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) Eagles Greatest Hits Volume 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works: 1972–1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Live releases Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour: Live from Melbourne Live from the Forum MMXVIII Singles "Take It Easy" "Witchy Woman" "Peaceful Easy Feeling" "Tequila Sunrise" "Outlaw Man" "Already Gone" "James Dean" "Best of My Love" "One of These Nights" "Lyin' Eyes" "Take It to the Limit" "New Kid in Town" "Hotel California" "Life in the Fast Lane" "Please Come Home for Christmas" "Heartache Tonight" "The Long Run" "I Can't Tell You Why" "Seven Bridges Road" "Get Over It" "Love Will Keep Us Alive" "Hole in the World" "How Long" "Busy Being Fabulous" Other songs "Desperado" "Ol' '55" "The Last Resort" "In the City" Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Hotel California 2020 Tour People Irving Azoff Jackson Browne David Geffen Glyn Johns Linda Ronstadt J. D. Souther Bill Szymczyk Jack Tempchin Related Discography Poco Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001) Standin' on the Corner Park Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alex Gibney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gibney"},{"link_name":"2013 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Capital Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Centre_(Landover,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"concert tour of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eagles_Tour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Key Art Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Art_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"History of the Eagles is a 2013 two-part authorized documentary about the career of the American rock group the Eagles, directed by Alison Ellwood and co-produced by Alex Gibney. After screening at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival in January,[1] it aired on Showtime in February,[2] and was released in April on DVD and Blu-ray with a third disc containing eight songs from the band's performance at the Capital Centre in March 1977.[3] A concert tour of the same name took place from 2013 to 2015, visiting North America, Europe, and Oceania.[4]At the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the film received the award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for Nonfiction Programming.[5] It was also nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming (Single or Multi-Camera).[6]The Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set received a Bronze Prize at the 2013 Key Art Awards.[7]","title":"History of the Eagles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irving Azoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Azoff"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Park City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The documentary is intended to be an official account of the history of the band Eagles. The Eagles' manager Irving Azoff came up with the idea for an official history in 2011 when the Eagles would be celebrating their 40th anniversary.[8] Frey chose Alex Gibney after viewing works by those who had been nominated for the Academy Award for best documentary, and Gibney then brought in Ellwood to direct and co-edit. According to Frey, the band had made some suggestions to the production team, but overall the director and producer were left to make their film the way they chose.[9]Part 1 of History of the Eagles premiered at the Eccles Theater in Park City, Utah during the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2013, followed by screenings at other locations in the week.[8] The first part was aired on February 15, 2013, on Showtime, and the second part the following night.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Bob Seger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Seger"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"J. D. Souther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Souther"},{"link_name":"David Geffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geffen"},{"link_name":"Stevie Nicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks"}],"text":"The documentary is divided into two parts. The first part is around two hours long and covers the early period to their breakup, the second part is about one hour long and covers the subsequent periods. The documentary combined archive footage of the band with interviews with all the members of the band, as well as other people involved in the band history or who knew them, such as Kenny Rogers, Bob Seger, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, J. D. Souther, David Geffen, and Stevie Nicks. In the DVD release, a further third disc with songs from the band's concert at the Capital Centre in March 1977 is included.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard1-8"}],"sub_title":"Part 1","text":"Part one of the documentary traced the beginning of the band to the breakup in 1980.[8] It chronicles the early life of band members and the founding of the band, the making of their albums and their rise to success, the subsequent conflicts between band members, concluding with the breakup of the band.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"Take It Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_Easy"}],"sub_title":"Part 2","text":"Part two of the documentary begins with the period following the breakup, with brief accounts of the careers of individual members of the band and by the reunion of the band in 1994, followed by the 1990s and 21st century phases of the Eagles. The documentary shows that Frey was resistant to the idea of a reunion until they joined Travis Tritt for the making of the video of his cover of \"Take It Easy\". It documents their successful tours, the dispute with Don Felder and the period after his dismissal. It concludes with the band members looking back assessing their actions and career, with contributions from other people who knew them.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Felder"},{"link_name":"Don Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Henley"},{"link_name":"Glenn Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Frey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-14"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-15"}],"text":"Don Felder, who participated in the documentary, claimed that History of the Eagles was incomplete, that it glorified Don Henley and Glenn Frey's work and did not give enough credit to all the other people who had contributed to the group, as well as glossing over disputes between band members. Felder said: \"Overall I thought it was OK, but I didn't think it was really an accurate documentary. I thought a lot was omitted from the documentary. There were a lot of things that weren't discussed, a lot of issues that aren't brought to the forefront.\"[11] He said he had put his disputes with the band behind him, and expressed surprise by the anger still felt by Frey and Henley towards him, and said of the documentary: \"Most of it was about Don and Glenn. But they controlled it, owned it, and paid for it, so they could do what they wanted. But it did take me back how angry they were and how much venom they still had toward me, especially Glenn.\"[12]However, Henley said that Felder had continued to engage in legal actions, unspecified by Henley, against them.[13] Nevertheless, Henley admitted to Felder's charge that his conflicts with Frey had been downplayed in the film, and said: \"We have had our differences, we still do, but we’re a lot like brothers. We fight but we’re still family.\"[14] Henley saw History of the Eagles as being instructive on how bands need leaders and cannot work as a democracy. Henley reiterated a point made by Frey in the documentary: \"The thing about bands is you have to have leaders in a band. Everybody can’t be on equal footing. It’s like a football team. Somebody's got to be the quarterback. Somebody’s got to snap the ball, somebody's got to run with the ball, somebody's got to block. If people play their positions and play their strengths everything turns out well. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. We always understood that, some of the other people apparently didn't understand that.\"[14]The documentary received a Metacritic rating of 74 based on 4 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.[15]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"History of Eagles Part One\". Sundance Institute. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmguide.sundance.org/film/13024/history_of_the_eagles_part_one","url_text":"\"History of Eagles Part One\""}]},{"reference":"Rodman, Sarah (February 2013). \"Eagles fly high in new Showtime documentary\". Boston Globe. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2013/02/14/eagles-fly-high-new-showtime-documentary/j2ap6YeCHgM38tF92Gr4WP/story.html","url_text":"\"Eagles fly high in new Showtime documentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Of The Eagles\". Amazon. 30 April 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BSBUZPK/","url_text":"\"History Of The Eagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"'History of the Eagles' Tour to Kick Off July 6 in Louisville, Kentucky\" (Press release). March 21, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eaglesband.com/news/138521","url_text":"\"'History of the Eagles' Tour to Kick Off July 6 in Louisville, Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"\"and the EMMY goes to...\" (PDF) (Press release). The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 15, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/2013CreativeArtsEmmysWinners.pdf","url_text":"\"and the EMMY goes to...\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Eagles\". The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/shows/history-eagles","url_text":"\"History of the Eagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Eagles Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set\". Key Art Awards. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keyartaward.com/catalog/2013/packaging/entry.cfm?entryid=501311205","url_text":"\"History of the Eagles Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set\""}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (January 17, 2013). \"'History of the Eagles' Films to Dispel Myths About Band\". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1499472/history-of-the-eagles-films-to-dispel-myths-about-band","url_text":"\"'History of the Eagles' Films to Dispel Myths About Band\""}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (January 20, 2013). \"Exclusive Eagles Q&A: Glenn Frey and Don Henley Talk 'History' Lessons\". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1508375/exclusive-eagles-qa-glenn-frey-and-don-henley-talk-history-lessons","url_text":"\"Exclusive Eagles Q&A: Glenn Frey and Don Henley Talk 'History' Lessons\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkening, Matthew (February 18, 2013). \"The Eagles, 'History of the Eagles' – Film Review\". Ultimate Classic Rock.","urls":[{"url":"http://ultimateclassicrock.com/eagles-history-of-the-eagles-film-review/","url_text":"\"The Eagles, 'History of the Eagles' – Film Review\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (February 21, 2013). \"Don Felder: 'History of the Eagles' Isn't the Whole Story\". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549693/don-felder-history-of-the-eagles-isnt-the-whole-story","url_text":"\"Don Felder: 'History of the Eagles' Isn't the Whole Story\""}]},{"reference":"Ruggiero, Bob (May 16, 2014). \"Don Felder Surprised at Ex-Eagles Mates' Ill Will Toward Him\". Houston Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonpress.com/music/don-felder-surprised-at-ex-eagles-mates-ill-will-toward-him-6529142","url_text":"\"Don Felder Surprised at Ex-Eagles Mates' Ill Will Toward Him\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (July 5, 2013). \"Eagles Tour Will Feature Founding Guitarist Bernie Leadon\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eagles-tour-will-feature-founding-guitarist-bernie-leadon-20130705","url_text":"\"Eagles Tour Will Feature Founding Guitarist Bernie Leadon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Henley talks resentment, jealousy and bust-ups as Eagles put egos aside for Australian tour\". news.com.au. June 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/don-henley-talks-resentment-jealousy-and-bustups-as-eagles-put-egos-aside-for-australian-tour/story-e6frfn09-1226943002053","url_text":"\"Don Henley talks resentment, jealousy and bust-ups as Eagles put egos aside for Australian tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Eagles\". Metacritic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/history-of-the-eagles","url_text":"\"History of the Eagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 DVDs\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAdVk17fViUnXNKd5SZXapJa/2016%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 DVDs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=History+of+the+Eagles%20Eagles","url_text":"\"Canadian video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"British video certifications – Eagles – History Of The Eagles\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9970-663-5","url_text":"\"British video certifications – Eagles – History Of The Eagles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Eagles&ti=History+of+the+Eagles&format=Video+Longform&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Scoppa, Bud (March 9, 2013). \"Don Felder Gives 'History of the Eagles' a Mixed Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/don-felder-gives-history-eagles-427098","url_text":"\"Don Felder Gives 'History of the Eagles' a Mixed Review\""}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Bill (August 13, 2013). \"The Eagles' Greatest Hit\". Grantland. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/9562051/the-eagles-greatest-hit","url_text":"\"The Eagles' Greatest Hit\""}]},{"reference":"Stuever, Hank (February 14, 2013). \"Showtime's 'History of the Eagles': Soaring, and occasionally still sore\". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/showtimes-history-of-the-eagles-soaring-and-occasionally-still-sore/2013/02/14/e3c61fa8-7561-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html","url_text":"\"Showtime's 'History of the Eagles': Soaring, and occasionally still sore\""}]},{"reference":"Van Syckle, Katie (January 20, 2013). \"Q&A: Don Henley Opens Up About 'The History of the Eagles' at Sundance\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q-a-don-henley-opens-up-about-the-history-of-the-eagles-at-sundance-20130120","url_text":"\"Q&A: Don Henley Opens Up About 'The History of the Eagles' at Sundance\""}]},{"reference":"Yarborough, Chuck (July 6, 2013). \"'History of the Eagles' chronicles the birth, life, death and resurrection of a great band\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved December 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/index.ssf/2013/07/history_of_the_eagles_chronicl.html","url_text":"\"'History of the Eagles' chronicles the birth, life, death and resurrection of a great band\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://filmguide.sundance.org/film/13024/history_of_the_eagles_part_one","external_links_name":"\"History of Eagles Part One\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2013/02/14/eagles-fly-high-new-showtime-documentary/j2ap6YeCHgM38tF92Gr4WP/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Eagles fly high in new Showtime documentary\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BSBUZPK/","external_links_name":"\"History Of The Eagles\""},{"Link":"http://www.eaglesband.com/news/138521","external_links_name":"\"'History of the Eagles' Tour to Kick Off July 6 in Louisville, Kentucky\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/2013CreativeArtsEmmysWinners.pdf","external_links_name":"\"and the EMMY goes to...\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/shows/history-eagles","external_links_name":"\"History of the Eagles\""},{"Link":"http://www.keyartaward.com/catalog/2013/packaging/entry.cfm?entryid=501311205","external_links_name":"\"History of the Eagles Super Deluxe Limited Edition Box Set\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1499472/history-of-the-eagles-films-to-dispel-myths-about-band","external_links_name":"\"'History of the Eagles' Films to Dispel Myths About Band\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1508375/exclusive-eagles-qa-glenn-frey-and-don-henley-talk-history-lessons","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Eagles Q&A: Glenn Frey and Don Henley Talk 'History' Lessons\""},{"Link":"http://ultimateclassicrock.com/eagles-history-of-the-eagles-film-review/","external_links_name":"\"The Eagles, 'History of the Eagles' – Film Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549693/don-felder-history-of-the-eagles-isnt-the-whole-story","external_links_name":"\"Don Felder: 'History of the Eagles' Isn't the Whole Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.houstonpress.com/music/don-felder-surprised-at-ex-eagles-mates-ill-will-toward-him-6529142","external_links_name":"\"Don Felder Surprised at Ex-Eagles Mates' Ill Will Toward Him\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/eagles-tour-will-feature-founding-guitarist-bernie-leadon-20130705","external_links_name":"\"Eagles Tour Will Feature Founding Guitarist Bernie Leadon\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/don-henley-talks-resentment-jealousy-and-bustups-as-eagles-put-egos-aside-for-australian-tour/story-e6frfn09-1226943002053","external_links_name":"\"Don Henley talks resentment, jealousy and bust-ups as Eagles put egos aside for Australian tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/history-of-the-eagles","external_links_name":"\"History of the Eagles\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAdVk17fViUnXNKd5SZXapJa/2016%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 DVDs\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=History+of+the+Eagles%20Eagles","external_links_name":"\"Canadian video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9970-663-5","external_links_name":"\"British video certifications – Eagles – History Of The Eagles\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Eagles&ti=History+of+the+Eagles&format=Video+Longform&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American video certifications – Eagles – History of the Eagles\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2194326/","external_links_name":"History of the Eagles"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/don-felder-gives-history-eagles-427098","external_links_name":"\"Don Felder Gives 'History of the Eagles' a Mixed Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/9562051/the-eagles-greatest-hit","external_links_name":"\"The Eagles' Greatest Hit\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/showtimes-history-of-the-eagles-soaring-and-occasionally-still-sore/2013/02/14/e3c61fa8-7561-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Showtime's 'History of the Eagles': Soaring, and occasionally still sore\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/q-a-don-henley-opens-up-about-the-history-of-the-eagles-at-sundance-20130120","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Don Henley Opens Up About 'The History of the Eagles' at Sundance\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/popmusic/index.ssf/2013/07/history_of_the_eagles_chronicl.html","external_links_name":"\"'History of the Eagles' chronicles the birth, life, death and resurrection of a great band\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Fighter_Squadron
39th Flying Training Squadron
["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 World War II","2.2 Far East Air Forces","2.3 Tactical Air Command","3 Lineage","3.1 Assignments","3.2 Stations","3.3 Aircraft","4 Notable members","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "39th Flying Training Squadron" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 39th Flying Training SquadronT-1 Jayhawk from Randolph AFBActive1940–1957; 1969–1974; 1977–1984; 1990–1991; 1993–1999; 2001–2007; 2007–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleInstructor Pilot TrainingPart ofAir Education and Training CommandGarrison/HQRandolph Air Force BaseEngagementsSouthwest Pacific TheaterKorean WarDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardPhilippine Presidential Unit CitationRepublic of Korea Presidential Unit CitationCommandersNotablecommandersLt. Col. Thomas J. LynchBrig Gen. Robert F. TitusInsignia39th Flying Training Squadron emblem (approved 13 April 2009)39th Pursuit Squadron emblem (approved 16 April 1941)Military unit The 39th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 340th Flying Training Group and is the reserve associate to the 12th Flying Training Wing based at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. The squadron was first activated as the 39th Pursuit Squadron in the buildup of the United States Army Air Corps in response to the War in Europe. It moved to the Pacific Coast in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor and briefly flew antisubmarine patrols before deploying to the Southwest Pacific Theater, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations (DUC)s and a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the war. The squadron remained in the Far East and as the 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was part of the air defenses of Japan when North Korea invaded South Korea. The 39th earned two more DUCs and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation during combat in Korea. Following the 1953 truce, the squadron returned to Japan, serving as an air defense unit until inactivating in December 1957. The squadron was activated as the 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron in 1969 when Tactical Air Command replaced its Command controlled (4 digit) units with Air Force controlled units. It trained Douglas B-66 Destroyer aircrews until inactivating in 1974. The squadron has been a flying training unit since 1990, except for a brief stint as a test squadron. Mission It operates the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft conducting Pilot Instructor Training. History World War II Activated by Northeast Air District (later First Air Force) as the 39th Pursuit Squadron, a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk pursuit squadron, at Selfridge Field, Michigan, where it was one of a number of units drawing its cadre from the 1st Pursuit Group, stationed there. The squadron moved to Baer Field, Indiana the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor, but was soon rushed to Bellingham Army Air Field, where it flew antisubmarine patrols off the coast of Washington until the middle of January 1942, when it was reassigned from the 31st Pursuit Group to the 35th Pursuit Group, which was preparing for deployment to Australia. Aces of the 39th FS at Schwimmer Airfield, May 1943, in front of squadron commander Thomas J. Lynch's P-38 number 10. Kneeling, left to right: Captain Charles P. O'Sullivan, Captain Thomas J. Lynch, 1st Lieutenant Kenneth C. Sparks. Standing, left to right: Captain Richard C. Suehr, 1st Lieutenant John H. Lane, 1st Lieutenant Stanley O. Andrews Re-equipped with long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and deployed to Fifth Air Force in Australia, June 1942. Engaged in combat operations against the Japanese in the Lightning, but became the second Pacific Theater fighter group to convert to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in late 1943. Conducted combat operations in the Thunderbolt from late 1943 through Spring 1945. Participated in offensives in the Netherlands East Indies, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Philippines and the Battle of Okinawa. Far East Air Forces Squadron F-86D at Yokota AB Re-equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and moved to Japan as part of the army of occupation, September 1945, remaining as part of the Far East Air Forces air defense mission throughout the postwar era. Engaged in combat, June 1950, during the initial actions of the Korean War. Re-equipped with Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star jets, fighting air-to-air combat against communist aircraft and engaging in ground support missions supporting United Nations Forces, 1950–1953. Returned to Japan after the 1953 armistice and upgraded to the purpose-built Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor flying air defense missions. The squadron moved to Johnson Air Base on 20 July 1954 and established temporary air defense detachments on the same day at Komaki Air Base, Japan to 4 August 1954 and at Misawa Air Base, Japan to 27 August 1954. The squadron was inactivated in December 1957. Tactical Air Command 39th TFTS F-4C at George AFB Reactivated by Tactical Air Command in 1969 at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, assuming the personnel and equipment of the 4417th Combat Crew Training Squadron. Equipped with reconnaissance and electronic warfare versions of the Douglas B-66 Destroyer and trained tactical reconnaissance and electronic warfare crews from, 1969–1974 when the B-66 was retired. Moved to George Air Force Base, California and equipped with McDonnell F-4E Phantom IIs. Trained Wild Weasel aircrews in surface to air missile suppression tactics from, 1977–1984. Inactivated when the F-4 was retired. 39th Test Squadron F-16 39th FTS formation flying Reactivated by Air Training Command as an undergraduate pilot training squadron with Northrop T-38 Talons, 1990–1991. Transferred to Air Force Materiel Command, 1993 as a flight test squadron on various weapons systems from 1993 to 1999, then went back to Air Education and Training Command providing flying training from 2001 onwards. 39th FTS T-6 painted in colors of former commander Leroy V. Grosshuesch's P-51, October 2020 Lineage Constituted as the 39th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939 Activated on 1 February 1940 Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942 Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 27 October 1942 Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 19 February 1944 Redesignated 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 20 January 1950 Inactivated on 8 December 1957 Redesignated 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron on 18 August 1969 Organized on 15 October 1969 Redesignated 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Training Squadron on 15 February 1970 Inactivated on 15 March 1974 Redesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 1 June 1977 Activated on 1 July 1977 Redesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 9 October 1980 Inactivated on 11 May 1984 Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 9 February 1990 Activated on 2 April 1990 Inactivated on 15 December 1991 Redesignated 39th Test Squadron on 31 August 1993 Activated on 8 September 1993 Redesignated 39th Flight Test Squadron on 15 March 1994 Inactivated on 1 September 1999 Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 30 September 1999 Activated in the reserve on 2 April 2001 Assignments 31st Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940 35th Pursuit Group (later 35th Fighter Group, 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group), 15 January 1942 (attached to 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 7 May 1951; 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 1 June 1952 – 14 July 1954) 41st Air Division, 1 October–8 December 1957 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974 (attached to 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 April 1969 – 31 December 1971) 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984 47th Flying Training Wing, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991 46th Operations Group, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999 340th Flying Training Group, 2 April 2001 – present Stations Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 February 1940 Baer Field, Indiana, 6 December 1941 Bellingham Army Air Field, Washington, 10 December 1941 – 23 January 1942 Brisbane Airport, Australia, 25 February 1942 Ballarat Airport, Australia, 8 March 1942 Mount Gambier Airport, Australia, 16 March 1942 RAAF Base Williamtown, Australia, 3 April 1942 Donnington Airpark, Australia, 20 April 1942 Port Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 2 June 1942 RAAF Base Townsville, Australia, 26 July 1942 Port Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 18 October 1942 Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 15 December 1943 Gusap Airfield, New Guinea, 27 January 1944 Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 9 June 1944 Kornasoren Airfield, Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, 7 August 1944 Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 12 September 1944 Wama Drome, Morotai, Moluccas Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 23 October 1944 Mangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 22 January 1945 Lingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, c. 10 April 1945 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 21 April 1945 Yontan Airfield, Okinawa, 30 June 1945 Irumagawa Air Base, Japan, 10 October 1945 Yokota Air Base, Japan, c. 1 April 1950 Ashiya Air Base, Japan, 8 July 1950 Pohang Air Base, South Korea, 7 August 1950 Tsuiki Air Base, Japan, 14 August 1950 Pohang Air Base, South Korea, 3 October 1950 Yonpo Airfield, North Korea, 19 November 1950 Pusan Air Base, South Korea, 7 December 1950 Chinhae Air Base, South Korea, 12 May 1951 Suwon Air Base, South Korea, 1 June 1952 Johnson Air Base, Japan, 20 July 1954 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 31 July 1954 Komaki Air Base, Japan, 25 August 1955 – 8 December 1957 Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974 George Air Force Base, California, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984 Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991 Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999 Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, 2 April 2001 Randolph Air Force Base, (later, Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph), Texas, 13 September 2007 – present) Aircraft Seversky P-35 Guardsman (1940–1941) Curtiss P-36 Hawk (1940–1941) Bell P-39 Airacobra (1941–1942) Lockheed P-38 Lightning (1942–1943) Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1943–1944) North American P-51 Mustang (later F-51) (1944–1945, 1945–1952) Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1950) North American F-86D Sabre (1952–1957) Lockheed F-94 Starfire (1954) Douglas RB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970) Douglas WB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970) Douglas EB-66 Destroyer (1970–1974) McDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1977–1980, 1982–1984) Republic F-105 Thunderchief (1977) Cessna T-37 Tweet (1990–1991) Northrop T-38 Talon (1990–1991, 2001–present) General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1993–1999) Boeing B-52 Stratofortress (1995–1999) Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (1999) Beechcraft T-6 Texan II (2001–present) Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk (2007–present) Notable members Charles Peter O'Sullivan, Squadron commander in World War II References Notes Explanatory notes ^ Aircraft is North American F-86D Sabre serial 52-4038. Taken in 1955. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 183. Haulman misspells this as Komati. ^ Aircraft is McDonnell F-4C-23-MC, serial 64-781. Taken about 1980. ^ Aircraft is General Dynamics F-16B Block 1 Fighting Falcon serial 78-97, about 1995. The oldest active F-16 in the USAF inventory, originally delivered to the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing at Hill AFB in 1979. ^ The 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Training Squadron is not related to the 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, which was constituted on 18 March 1969 and activated 1 April 1969 at Spangdahlem Air Base, and inactivated 1 January 1973. Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Haulman, Daniel L. (19 April 2017). "Factsheet 39 Flying Training Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018. ^ Station information in Haulman, except as noted. Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency External links 39th Fighter Squadron vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"340th Flying Training Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/340th_Flying_Training_Group"},{"link_name":"12th Flying Training Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Flying_Training_Wing"},{"link_name":"Randolph Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"War in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"Southwest Pacific Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Philippine Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"air defenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defense"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"combat in Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Command controlled (4 digit) units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MAJCOM_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force#Conversion_of_MAJCON_Wings_to_AFCON_Wings"},{"link_name":"Douglas B-66 Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer"}],"text":"Military unitThe 39th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 340th Flying Training Group and is the reserve associate to the 12th Flying Training Wing based at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas.The squadron was first activated as the 39th Pursuit Squadron in the buildup of the United States Army Air Corps in response to the War in Europe. It moved to the Pacific Coast in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor and briefly flew antisubmarine patrols before deploying to the Southwest Pacific Theater, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations (DUC)s and a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the war.The squadron remained in the Far East and as the 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was part of the air defenses of Japan when North Korea invaded South Korea. The 39th earned two more DUCs and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation during combat in Korea. Following the 1953 truce, the squadron returned to Japan, serving as an air defense unit until inactivating in December 1957.The squadron was activated as the 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron in 1969 when Tactical Air Command replaced its Command controlled (4 digit) units with Air Force controlled units. It trained Douglas B-66 Destroyer aircrews until inactivating in 1974.The squadron has been a flying training unit since 1990, except for a brief stint as a test squadron.","title":"39th Flying Training Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechcraft T-6 Texan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II"},{"link_name":"Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raytheon_T-1A_Jayhawk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northrop T-38 Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon"}],"text":"It operates the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft conducting Pilot Instructor Training.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Curtiss P-40 Warhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Selfridge Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridge_Field"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"1st Pursuit Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Pursuit_Group"},{"link_name":"Baer Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baer_Field"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Bellingham Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"31st Pursuit Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Pursuit_Group"},{"link_name":"35th Pursuit Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Pursuit_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:39th_Fighter_Squadron_Aces_Schwimmer_Airfield_May_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schwimmer Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmer_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-38 Lightnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Fifth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Republic P-47 Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"Bismarck Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Activated by Northeast Air District (later First Air Force) as the 39th Pursuit Squadron, a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk pursuit squadron,[clarification needed List of aircraft flown does not show ever operatied P-40s] at Selfridge Field, Michigan, where it was one of a number of units drawing its cadre from the 1st Pursuit Group, stationed there. The squadron moved to Baer Field, Indiana the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor, but was soon rushed to Bellingham Army Air Field, where it flew antisubmarine patrols off the coast of Washington until the middle of January 1942, when it was reassigned from the 31st Pursuit Group to the 35th Pursuit Group, which was preparing for deployment to Australia.[1]Aces of the 39th FS at Schwimmer Airfield, May 1943, in front of squadron commander Thomas J. Lynch's P-38 number 10. Kneeling, left to right: Captain Charles P. O'Sullivan, Captain Thomas J. Lynch, 1st Lieutenant Kenneth C. Sparks. Standing, left to right: Captain Richard C. Suehr, 1st Lieutenant John H. Lane, 1st Lieutenant Stanley O. AndrewsRe-equipped with long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and deployed to Fifth Air Force in Australia, June 1942. Engaged in combat operations against the Japanese in the Lightning, but became the second Pacific Theater fighter group[clarification needed unit is squadron, not group] to convert to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in late 1943. Conducted combat operations in the Thunderbolt from late 1943 through Spring 1945. Participated in offensives in the Netherlands East Indies, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Philippines and the Battle of Okinawa.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:39th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_F-86D_52-4038_Yokota_Air_Base.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"army of occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation"},{"link_name":"Far East Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"air defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defense"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-80_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"Lockheed F-94 Starfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-94_Starfire"},{"link_name":"Johnson Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Komaki Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komaki_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Misawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Far East Air Forces","text":"Squadron F-86D at Yokota AB[note 1]Re-equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and moved to Japan as part of the army of occupation, September 1945, remaining as part of the Far East Air Forces air defense mission throughout the postwar era. Engaged in combat, June 1950, during the initial actions of the Korean War. Re-equipped with Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star jets, fighting air-to-air combat against communist aircraft and engaging in ground support missions supporting United Nations Forces, 1950–1953. Returned to Japan after the 1953 armistice and upgraded to the purpose-built Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor flying air defense missions.The squadron moved to Johnson Air Base on 20 July 1954 and established temporary air defense detachments on the same day at Komaki Air Base,[note 2] Japan to 4 August 1954 and at Misawa Air Base, Japan to 27 August 1954.[1] The squadron was inactivated in December 1957.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:39th_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Squadron_-_McDonnell_F-4C-23-MC_Phantom_64-0781.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Shaw Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Douglas B-66 Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_B-66_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"George Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"McDonnell F-4E Phantom IIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_F-4E_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"Wild Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Weasel"},{"link_name":"surface to air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_to_air_missile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:39th_Test_Squadron_-_General_Dynamics_F-16B_Block_1_Fighting_Falcon_-_78-0097.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_37a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"Northrop T-38 Talons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon"},{"link_name":"Air Force Materiel Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:201027-F-ZZ999-001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leroy V. Grosshuesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_V._Grosshuesch"}],"sub_title":"Tactical Air Command","text":"39th TFTS F-4C at George AFB[note 3]Reactivated by Tactical Air Command in 1969 at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, assuming the personnel and equipment of the 4417th Combat Crew Training Squadron. Equipped with reconnaissance and electronic warfare versions of the Douglas B-66 Destroyer and trained tactical reconnaissance and electronic warfare crews from, 1969–1974 when the B-66 was retired. Moved to George Air Force Base, California and equipped with McDonnell F-4E Phantom IIs. Trained Wild Weasel aircrews in surface to air missile suppression tactics from, 1977–1984. Inactivated when the F-4 was retired.39th Test Squadron F-16[note 4]39th FTS formation flyingReactivated by Air Training Command as an undergraduate pilot training squadron with Northrop T-38 Talons, 1990–1991. Transferred to Air Force Materiel Command, 1993 as a flight test squadron on various weapons systems from 1993 to 1999, then went back to Air Education and Training Command providing flying training from 2001 onwards.[1]39th FTS T-6 painted in colors of former commander Leroy V. Grosshuesch's P-51, October 2020","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"}],"text":"Constituted as the 39th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939Activated on 1 February 1940\nRedesignated 39th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942\nRedesignated 39th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 27 October 1942\nRedesignated 39th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 19 February 1944\nRedesignated 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 20 January 1950\nInactivated on 8 December 1957Redesignated 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron on 18 August 1969Organized on 15 October 1969\nRedesignated 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Training Squadron on 15 February 1970[note 5]\nInactivated on 15 March 1974Redesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 1 June 1977Activated on 1 July 1977\nRedesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 9 October 1980\nInactivated on 11 May 1984Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 9 February 1990Activated on 2 April 1990\nInactivated on 15 December 1991Redesignated 39th Test Squadron on 31 August 1993Activated on 8 September 1993\nRedesignated 39th Flight Test Squadron on 15 March 1994\nInactivated on 1 September 1999Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 30 September 1999Activated in the reserve on 2 April 2001[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18th Fighter-Bomber Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Fighter-Bomber_Wing"},{"link_name":"51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing"},{"link_name":"41st Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363d_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"36th Tactical Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"35th Tactical Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"47th Flying Training Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Flying_Training_Wing"},{"link_name":"46th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"340th Flying Training Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/340th_Flying_Training_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"31st Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940\n35th Pursuit Group (later 35th Fighter Group, 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group), 15 January 1942 (attached to 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 7 May 1951; 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 1 June 1952 – 14 July 1954)\n41st Air Division, 1 October–8 December 1957\n363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974 (attached to 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 April 1969 – 31 December 1971)\n35th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984\n47th Flying Training Wing, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991\n46th Operations Group, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999\n340th Flying Training Group, 2 April 2001 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellingham Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mount Gambier Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gambier_Airport"},{"link_name":"RAAF Base Williamtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Base_Williamtown"},{"link_name":"Donnington Airpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnington_Airpark"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby Airfield Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby_Airfield_Complex"},{"link_name":"RAAF Base Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Base_Townsville"},{"link_name":"Nadzab Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadzab_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Gusap Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusap_Airfield"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Kornasoren Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornasoren_Airfield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Noemfoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemfoor"},{"link_name":"Schouten Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schouten_Islands"},{"link_name":"Owi Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owi_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Wama Drome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Morotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotai"},{"link_name":"Mangaldan Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaldan_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Clark Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Field"},{"link_name":"Yontan Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yontan_Airfield"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Irumagawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irumagawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Ashiya Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashiya_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Pohang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Tsuiki Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuiki_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Yonpo Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonpo_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Pusan Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Chinhae Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinhae_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Suwon Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwon_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Laughlin Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Eglin Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Moody Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Randolph Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 February 1940\nBaer Field, Indiana, 6 December 1941\nBellingham Army Air Field, Washington, 10 December 1941 – 23 January 1942\nBrisbane Airport, Australia, 25 February 1942\nBallarat Airport, Australia, 8 March 1942\nMount Gambier Airport, Australia, 16 March 1942\nRAAF Base Williamtown, Australia, 3 April 1942\nDonnington Airpark, Australia, 20 April 1942\nPort Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 2 June 1942\nRAAF Base Townsville, Australia, 26 July 1942\nPort Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 18 October 1942\nNadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 15 December 1943\nGusap Airfield, New Guinea, 27 January 1944\nNadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 9 June 1944\nKornasoren Airfield,[citation needed] Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, 7 August 1944\nOwi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 12 September 1944\nWama Drome,[citation needed] Morotai, Moluccas Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 23 October 1944\nMangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 22 January 1945\nLingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, c. 10 April 1945\nClark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 21 April 1945\nYontan Airfield,[citation needed] Okinawa, 30 June 1945\nIrumagawa Air Base, Japan, 10 October 1945\nYokota Air Base, Japan, c. 1 April 1950\nAshiya Air Base, Japan, 8 July 1950\nPohang Air Base, South Korea, 7 August 1950\nTsuiki Air Base, Japan, 14 August 1950\nPohang Air Base, South Korea, 3 October 1950\nYonpo Airfield, North Korea, 19 November 1950\nPusan Air Base, South Korea, 7 December 1950\nChinhae Air Base, South Korea, 12 May 1951\nSuwon Air Base, South Korea, 1 June 1952\nJohnson Air Base, Japan, 20 July 1954\nYokota Air Base, Japan, 31 July 1954\nKomaki Air Base, Japan, 25 August 1955 – 8 December 1957\nShaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974\nGeorge Air Force Base, California, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984\nLaughlin Air Force Base, Texas, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991\nEglin Air Force Base, Florida, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999\nMoody Air Force Base, Georgia, 2 April 2001\nRandolph Air Force Base, (later, Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph), Texas, 13 September 2007 – present)[2]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seversky P-35 Guardsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seversky_P-35_Guardsman"},{"link_name":"Curtiss P-36 Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Bell P-39 Airacobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"North American F-86D Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-86D_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Republic F-105 Thunderchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief"},{"link_name":"Cessna T-37 Tweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39FTSfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Seversky P-35 Guardsman (1940–1941)\nCurtiss P-36 Hawk (1940–1941)\nBell P-39 Airacobra (1941–1942)\nLockheed P-38 Lightning (1942–1943)\nRepublic P-47 Thunderbolt (1943–1944)\nNorth American P-51 Mustang (later F-51) (1944–1945, 1945–1952)\nLockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1950)\nNorth American F-86D Sabre (1952–1957)\nLockheed F-94 Starfire (1954)\nDouglas RB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970)\nDouglas WB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970)\nDouglas EB-66 Destroyer (1970–1974)\nMcDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1977–1980, 1982–1984)\nRepublic F-105 Thunderchief (1977)\nCessna T-37 Tweet (1990–1991)\nNorthrop T-38 Talon (1990–1991, 2001–present)\nGeneral Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1993–1999)\nBoeing B-52 Stratofortress (1995–1999)\nFairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (1999)\nBeechcraft T-6 Texan II (2001–present)\nRaytheon T-1A Jayhawk (2007–present)[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Peter O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Peter_O%27Sullivan"}],"text":"Charles Peter O'Sullivan, Squadron commander in World War II","title":"Notable members"}]
[{"image_text":"Aces of the 39th FS at Schwimmer Airfield, May 1943, in front of squadron commander Thomas J. Lynch's P-38 number 10. Kneeling, left to right: Captain Charles P. O'Sullivan, Captain Thomas J. Lynch, 1st Lieutenant Kenneth C. Sparks. Standing, left to right: Captain Richard C. Suehr, 1st Lieutenant John H. Lane, 1st Lieutenant Stanley O. Andrews","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/39th_Fighter_Squadron_Aces_Schwimmer_Airfield_May_1943.jpg/220px-39th_Fighter_Squadron_Aces_Schwimmer_Airfield_May_1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"Squadron F-86D at Yokota AB[note 1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/39th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_F-86D_52-4038_Yokota_Air_Base.jpg/220px-39th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron_F-86D_52-4038_Yokota_Air_Base.jpg"},{"image_text":"39th TFTS F-4C at George AFB[note 3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/39th_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Squadron_-_McDonnell_F-4C-23-MC_Phantom_64-0781.jpg/220px-39th_Tactical_Fighter_Training_Squadron_-_McDonnell_F-4C-23-MC_Phantom_64-0781.jpg"},{"image_text":"39th Test Squadron F-16[note 4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/39th_Test_Squadron_-_General_Dynamics_F-16B_Block_1_Fighting_Falcon_-_78-0097.jpg/220px-39th_Test_Squadron_-_General_Dynamics_F-16B_Block_1_Fighting_Falcon_-_78-0097.jpg"},{"image_text":"39th FTS formation flying","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/T_37a.jpg/220px-T_37a.jpg"},{"image_text":"39th FTS T-6 painted in colors of former commander Leroy V. Grosshuesch's P-51, October 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/201027-F-ZZ999-001.jpg/220px-201027-F-ZZ999-001.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (19 April 2017). \"Factsheet 39 Flying Training Squadron (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434071/39-flying-training-squadron-afrc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 39 Flying Training Squadron (AFRC)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22","external_links_name":"\"39th Flying Training Squadron\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2239th+Flying+Training+Squadron%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/434071/39-flying-training-squadron-afrc/","external_links_name":"\"Factsheet 39 Flying Training Squadron (AFRC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://cobraintheclouds.com/","external_links_name":"39th Fighter Squadron"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Larsson
Bo Larsson
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
Swedish footballer (1944–2023) For other people named Bo Larsson, see Bo Larsson (disambiguation). Bosse Larsson Larsson in 1965Personal informationFull name Bo-Göran LarssonDate of birth (1944-05-05)5 May 1944Place of birth Malmö, SwedenDate of death 18 December 2023(2023-12-18) (aged 79)Place of death Malmö, SwedenHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Midfielder, strikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1962–1966 Malmö FF 86 (67)1966–1969 VfB Stuttgart 88 (21)1969–1979 Malmö FF 222 (52)1980 Trelleborgs FF International career1961–1962 Sweden U19 6 (0)1963–1964 Sweden U21 3 (1)1963–1965 Sweden B 3 (6)1964–1978 Sweden 70 (17) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Bo-Göran "Bosse" Larsson (5 May 1944 – 18 December 2023) was a Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder and striker. Best remembered for his time with Malmö FF, he also represented VfB Stuttgart and Trelleborgs FF during his career. A full international between 1964 and 1978, he won 70 caps for the Sweden national team and scored 17 goals. He also represented Sweden at the 1970, 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Club career Most of his club career he played for Malmö FF where he won the league championship several times. Between 1966 and 1969 he was an appreciated professional for VfB Stuttgart scoring 21 times in 88 games. As the best player in the team and loved by the supporters he was also awarded "Athlete of the Year" in 1969 by the city of Stuttgart. According to many he had a by far too short career as a professional player, but his wife Anita never settled to life in Germany, which made him move back home to Malmö that same summer. Larsson was awarded the Guldbollen (the golden ball) in 1965 and 1973, and was the first to be awarded twice. In Malmö FF and among its supporters Bosse holds an iconic status and is regarded as the club's greatest player ever. International career Bosse Larsson was one of the Sweden national team profiles during the 1970s. In total he got 70 caps, scoring 17 times, and played at the 1970 FIFA World Cup, 1974 FIFA World Cup and 1978 FIFA World Cup. The Sweden national team manager Georg "Åby" Ericson used to say that; "When picking a Swedish national squad you start by picking Bosse Larsson, then you start thinking about which other players to pick". Beside Nils Liedholm, Bosse Larsson is regarded as Sweden's most complete player ever, being able to actually play at almost any position on the pitch. Personal life Larsson later lived in Malmö. In September 2007 a book titled "Bosse Larsson" was released. The book, written by Jonny Ambrius together with Bosse, and contains stories from his life, but with a focus on his footballer years. Shortly after the book release he also gave his permission for a possible statue to be made in his honour and placed outside Malmö FF's new stadium. Larsson died on 18 December 2023, at the age of 79. Career statistics International Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Sweden 1964 2 2 1965 5 3 1966 3 1 1967 0 0 1968 3 2 1969 6 0 1970 11 0 1971 9 2 1972 8 4 1973 9 2 1974 10 1 1975 0 0 1976 0 0 1977 0 0 1978 4 0 Total 70 17 Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Larsson goal. List of international goals scored by Bosse Larsson No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 20 September 1964 Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway  Norway 1–0 1–1 1964–67 Nordic Football Championship 2 7 October 1964 Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden  Poland 3–3 3–3 Friendly 3 16 June 1965 Malmö Stadion, Malmö, Sweden  Italy 1–2 2–2 Friendly 4 7 November 1965 Dr. Fazil Kucuk Stadium, Famagusta, Cyprus  Cyprus 4–0 5–0 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 5–0 6 18 May 1966 Swierczewski, Wrocław, Poland  Poland 1–0 1–1 Friendly 7 9 October 1968 Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden  Norway 2–0 5–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification 8 5–0 9 20 May 1971 Ryavallen, Örebro, Sweden  Finland 1–1 4–1 1968–71 Nordic Football Championship 10 8 August 1971 Malmö Stadion, Malmö, Sweden  Norway 3–0 3–0 1968–71 Nordic Football Championship 11 29 June 1972 Malmö Stadion, Malmö, Sweden  Denmark 1–0 2–0 1972–77 Nordic Football Championship 12 17 September 1972 Ullevaal Stadion, Oslo, Norway  Norway 3–1 3–1 1972–77 Nordic Football Championship 13 15 October 1972 Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden  Malta 2–0 7–0 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification 14 3–0 15 11 November 1973 Gzira Stadium, Gżira, Malta  Malta 2–1 2–1 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification 16 27 November 1973 Parkstadion, Gelsenkirchen, West Germany  Austria 2–0 2–1 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification 17 4 September 1974 Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden  Netherlands 1–1 1–5 Friendly Honours Malmö FF Allsvenskan: 1965, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977 Svenska Cupen: 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978 Trelleborgs FF Division 3 Skåne: 1980 Individual Allsvenskan top scorer: 1963 (17 goals), 1965 (28 goals), 1970 (16 goals) Guldbollen (Swedish Footballer of the Year): 1965, 1973 (the first to be awarded twice) Stor Grabb: 1968 Best footballer of the Bundesliga: 1968–69 Athlete of the Year by the city of Stuttgart: 1969 2005 Swedish Football Association Hall of Fame inductee Honorary member of Malmö FF Records Most goal scorer of Malmö FF: 119 goals (307 games) References ^ "Zlatan är en unik spelare". Sportbladet. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2021. ^ "Bo Larsson, Sweden and Malmo soccer great, dies at 79". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. ^ VfB Stuttgart trauert um Bo Larsson (in German) ^ https://www.ratsit.se/19440505-Bo_Goran_Larsson_Malmo/XeThJNONZ7-ZIOoVsotumuYgASKNzFA1SB1RsKscmCQ (in Swedish) ^ "Bo Larsson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Polen - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Aftonbladet: Århundradets Sport". www.aftonbladet.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Italien - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1965". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Cypern - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Polen - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Finland - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ a b "Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1971". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Danmark - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ a b "Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1972". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Malta - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Malta - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Österrike - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "Sverige - Nederländerna - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "1980 - Clas Glenning Football". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "SvenskaFans". svenskafans.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "Stora Grabbars Märke - Svensk fotboll". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "Larsson, Bo – svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 30 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bo Larsson. Bo Larsson at WorldFootball.net Sporting positions Preceded byKrister Kristensson Malmö FFCaptain 1979 Succeeded byRoland Andersson Awards vteAllsvenskan top scorers 1925: F. Johansson 1926: C. Holmberg 1927: A. Olsson 1928: C. Holmberg 1929: Lundahl 1930: Lundahl 1931: J. Nilsson 1932: C. Holmberg 1933: Bunke 1934: Jonasson 1935: H. Andersson 1936: Jonasson 1937: Zetherlund 1938: Hjelm 1939: O. Andersson, Lindgren & Persson 1940: Pålsson 1941: Nyström 1942: S. Jacobsson 1943: Nordahl 1944: Leif Larsson 1945: Nordahl 1946: Nordahl 1947: Gren 1948: Nordahl 1949: Franck 1950: Rydell 1951: Jeppson 1952: K. A. Jacobsson 1953: K. A. Jacobsson 1954: K. A. Jacobsson 1955: Hamrin 1956: Bengtsson 1957: Bild 1958: B. Johansson & Källgren 1959: R. Börjesson 1960: R. Börjesson 1961: B. Johansson 1962: Skiöld 1963: Heineman & B. Larsson 1964: Granbom 1965: B. Larsson 1966: O. Kindvall 1967: Szepanski 1968: O. Eklund 1969: Almqvist 1970: B. Larsson 1971: Sandberg 1972: Edström & Sandberg 1973: Mattsson 1974: Mattsson 1975: Mattsson 1976: Backe 1977: Almqvist & Aronsson 1978: Berggren 1979: Werner 1980: B. Ohlsson 1981: T. Nilsson 1982: Corneliusson 1983: Ahlström 1984: B. Ohlsson 1985: S. Börjesson, Karlsson & Lansdowne 1986: Ekström 1987: Lasse Larsson 1988: Dahlin 1989: Hellström 1990: Eskelinen 1991: K. Andersson 1992: H. Eklund 1993: Bertilsson & Lilienberg 1994: N. Kindvall 1995: Skoog 1996: A. Andersson 1997: Lilienberg, Mattiasson & Sahlin 1998: Stavrum 1999: Allbäck 2000: Berglund 2001: Selaković 2002: Ijeh 2003: Skoog 2004: Rosenberg 2005: Þorvaldsson 2006: Ari 2007: Berg & Omotoyossi 2008: Ingelsten 2009: Hysén & Wánderson 2010: Gerndt 2011: Ranégie 2012: Waris 2013: Khalili 2014: Vibe 2015: Kujović 2016: Owoeri 2017: Eriksson & K. Holmberg 2018: Paulinho 2019: Buya Turay 2020: Nyman 2021: Adegbenro 2022: Jeremejeff 2023: Kiese Thelin vteGuldbollen 1946: Gren 1947: G. Nordahl 1948: B. Nordahl 1949: K. Nordahl 1950: E. Nilsson 1951: Åhlund 1952: K. Svensson 1953: Gustavsson 1954: S. Svensson 1955: Löfgren 1956: Sandberg 1957: Johansson 1958: Bergmark 1959: Simonsson 1960: Jonsson 1961: Nyholm 1962: Öberg 1963: Bild 1964: Mild 1965: B. Larsson 1966: Kindvall 1967: Svahn 1968: Nordqvist 1969: T. Svensson 1970: Olsson 1971: Hellström 1972: Edström 1973: B. Larsson 1974: Edström 1975: Karlsson 1976: Linderoth 1977: R. Andersson 1978: Hellström 1979: Möller 1980: Zetterlund 1981: Ravelli 1982: T. Nilsson 1983: Hysén 1984: Dahlkvist 1985: Strömberg 1986: Prytz 1987: P. Larsson 1988: Hysén 1989: Thern 1990: Brolin 1991: Limpar 1992: Eriksson 1993: Dahlin 1994: Brolin 1995: P. Andersson 1996: R. Nilsson 1997: Zetterberg 1998: H. Larsson 1999: Schwarz 2000: Hedman 2001: P. Andersson 2002: Ljungberg 2003: Mellberg 2004: H. Larsson 2005: Ibrahimović 2006: Ljungberg 2007: Ibrahimović 2008: Ibrahimović 2009: Ibrahimović 2010: Ibrahimović 2011: Ibrahimović 2012: Ibrahimović 2013: Ibrahimović 2014: Ibrahimović 2015: Ibrahimović 2016: Ibrahimović 2017: Granqvist 2018: Lindelöf 2019: Lindelöf 2020: Ibrahimović 2021: Forsberg 2022: Kulusevski 2023: Kulusevski vteSwedish Football Hall of Fame inductees2003 Bergmark Edström Gustafsson Johanson Jonasson Kock E. Nilsson T. Nilsson G. Nordahl Rydell Sundhage 2004 Börjesson Gren Lindberg Nordqvist Persson 2005 F. Johansson Larsson Liedholm K. Svensson 2006 Börjesson Hamrin Raynor Skoglund 2007 Ekroth Hysén L. Johansson 2008 Carlson Kindvall Simonsson 2009 G. Andersson Carrick Jeppson 2010 Brolin Friberg B. Nordahl Rosengren 2011 Bernmar Hellström Videkull 2012 Carlsson Magnusson Ravelli 2013 Lundahl Selmosson T. Svensson 2014 Å. Johansson Pettersson Thern 2015 P. Andersson Axelsson Halldén Leidinge Linde 2016 S. Andersson Dahlin Kornerup 2017 Eriksson Holmberg Jansson Prytz 2018 K. Andersson K. Nordahl S. Svensson 2019 Alfredsson Moström Parling Strömberg 2020 Hammarbäck Larsson Ljungberg Schwarz Torstensson 2021 Arnesson Gustavsson Keller Paijkull 2022 Gelbord Ljungberg Rosén Sandell Svenjeby 2023 E. Andersson Friberg Lindberg Lyfors Sweden squads vteSweden squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Hellström 2 Selander 3 Axelsson 4 Nordqvist (c) 5 Grip 6 Svensson 7 B. Larsson 8 Eriksson 9 Kindvall 10 Grahn 11 Persson 12 S. Larsson 13 Cronqvist 14 Kristensson 15 Målberg 16 Nordahl 17 Pettersson 18 Turesson 19 Nicklasson 20 Olsson 21 Ejderstedt 22 Pålsson Coach: Bergmark vteSweden squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Hellström 2 Olsson 3 Karlsson 4 Nordqvist 5 Andersson 6 Grahn 7 B. Larsson (c) 8 Torstensson 9 Kindvall 10 Edström 11 Sandberg 12 S. Larsson 13 Grip 14 Tapper 15 Magnusson 16 Ejderstedt 17 Hagberg 18 Augustsson 19 Cronqvist 20 Lindman 21 Persson 22 Ahlström Coach: Ericson vteSweden squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Hellström 2 Borg 3 Roy Andersson 4 Nordqvist (c) 5 Erlandsson 6 Tapper 7 Linderoth 8 B. Larsson 9 L. Larsson 10 Sjöberg 11 Wendt 12 Hagberg 13 M. Andersson 14 Åhman 15 Nilsson 16 Torstensson 17 Möller 18 Nordin 19 Karlsson 20 Roland Andersson 21 Åslund 22 Edström Coach: Ericson Authority control databases: National Germany Israel Sweden
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bo Larsson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Larsson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Trelleborgs FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Sweden national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"For other people named Bo Larsson, see Bo Larsson (disambiguation).Bo-Göran \"Bosse\" Larsson (5 May 1944 – 18 December 2023) was a Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder and striker. Best remembered for his time with Malmö FF, he also represented VfB Stuttgart and Trelleborgs FF during his career. A full international between 1964 and 1978, he won 70 caps for the Sweden national team and scored 17 goals. He also represented Sweden at the 1970, 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups.","title":"Bo Larsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Guldbollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbollen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Most of his club career he played for Malmö FF where he won the league championship several times. Between 1966 and 1969 he was an appreciated professional for VfB Stuttgart scoring 21 times in 88 games. As the best player in the team and loved by the supporters he was also awarded \"Athlete of the Year\" in 1969 by the city of Stuttgart. According to many he had a by far too short career as a professional player, but his wife Anita never settled to life in Germany, which made him move back home to Malmö that same summer.Larsson was awarded the Guldbollen (the golden ball) in 1965 and 1973,[1] and was the first to be awarded twice. In Malmö FF and among its supporters Bosse holds an iconic status and is regarded as the club's greatest player ever.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1970 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1974 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Georg \"Åby\" Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ericson"},{"link_name":"Nils Liedholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Liedholm"}],"text":"Bosse Larsson was one of the Sweden national team profiles during the 1970s. In total he got 70 caps, scoring 17 times, and played at the 1970 FIFA World Cup, 1974 FIFA World Cup and 1978 FIFA World Cup.\nThe Sweden national team manager Georg \"Åby\" Ericson used to say that; \"When picking a Swedish national squad you start by picking Bosse Larsson, then you start thinking about which other players to pick\". Beside Nils Liedholm, Bosse Larsson is regarded as Sweden's most complete player ever, being able to actually play at almost any position on the pitch.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(Malm%C3%B6)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Larsson later lived in Malmö. In September 2007 a book titled \"Bosse Larsson\" was released. The book, written by Jonny Ambrius together with Bosse, and contains stories from his life, but with a focus on his footballer years. Shortly after the book release he also gave his permission for a possible statue to be made in his honour and placed outside Malmö FF's new stadium.Larsson died on 18 December 2023, at the age of 79.[2][3][4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Larsson goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Svenska_Cupen_Final"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Svenska_Cupen_Final"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Svenska_Cupen_Final"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Svenska_Cupen_Final"},{"link_name":"Division 3 Skåne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_3_(Swedish_football)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan top scorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan_top_scorer"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Guldbollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbollen"},{"link_name":"Stor Grabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor_Grabb"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Swedish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"}],"text":"Malmö FFAllsvenskan: 1965, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977\nSvenska Cupen: 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978Trelleborgs FFDivision 3 Skåne: 1980[24][25]IndividualAllsvenskan top scorer: 1963 (17 goals), 1965 (28 goals), 1970 (16 goals)Guldbollen (Swedish Footballer of the Year): 1965, 1973 (the first to be awarded twice)\nStor Grabb: 1968[26]\nBest footballer of the Bundesliga: 1968–69\nAthlete of the Year by the city of Stuttgart: 1969\n2005 Swedish Football Association Hall of Fame inductee[27]\nHonorary member of Malmö FFRecordsMost goal scorer of Malmö FF: 119 goals (307 games)","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Zlatan är en unik spelare\". Sportbladet. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/e1GVOy/zlatan-ar-en-unik-spelare","url_text":"\"Zlatan är en unik spelare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bo Larsson, Sweden and Malmo soccer great, dies at 79\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/national/story/2023-12-19/bo-larsson-sweden-and-malmo-soccer-great-dies-at-79","url_text":"\"Bo Larsson, Sweden and Malmo soccer great, dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bo Larsson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se. (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/bo-larsson/c7379cec-2bc8-426b-b59a-f60aee6947e8/","url_text":"\"Bo Larsson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603114330/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/bo-larsson/c7379cec-2bc8-426b-b59a-f60aee6947e8/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/norge-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568352/","url_text":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Polen - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-polen-landskamper-herr-senior/1568353/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Polen - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aftonbladet: Århundradets Sport\". www.aftonbladet.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/arhundradets/dagar/991007.html","url_text":"\"Aftonbladet: Århundradets Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Italien - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-italien-landskamper-herr-senior/1568359/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Italien - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1965\". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbollsweden.se/1965.htm","url_text":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cypern - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/cypern-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568368/","url_text":"\"Cypern - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polen - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/polen-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568371/","url_text":"\"Polen - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-norge-landskamper-herr-senior/1568410/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Finland - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-finland-landskamper-herr-senior/1568448/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Finland - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1971\". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotbollsweden.se/1971.htm","url_text":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1971\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-norge-landskamper-herr-senior/1568458/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Danmark - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-danmark-landskamper-herr-senior/1568471/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Danmark - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1972\". www.fotbollsweden.se. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotbollsweden.se/1972.htm","url_text":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/norge-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568476/","url_text":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Malta - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.sehttps (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-malta-landskamper-herr-senior/1568477/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Malta - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malta - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/malta-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568494/","url_text":"\"Malta - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Österrike - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/osterrike-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1653034/","url_text":"\"Österrike - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sverige - Nederländerna - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-nederlanderna-landskamper-herr-senior/1568510/","url_text":"\"Sverige - Nederländerna - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"1980 - Clas Glenning Football\". sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035659/https://sites.google.com/site/clasglenningfootball/home/sweden-historical-tables/1980","url_text":"\"1980 - Clas Glenning Football\""},{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/clasglenningfootball/home/sweden-historical-tables/1980","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SvenskaFans\". svenskafans.com (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/299292","url_text":"\"SvenskaFans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stora Grabbars Märke - Svensk fotboll\". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herr/historik-herr/stora-grabbar/","url_text":"\"Stora Grabbars Märke - Svensk fotboll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larsson, Bo – svenskfotboll.se\". www2.svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/hall-of-fame/sfs-hall-of-fame/?profile=16743","url_text":"\"Larsson, Bo – svenskfotboll.se\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/e1GVOy/zlatan-ar-en-unik-spelare","external_links_name":"\"Zlatan är en unik spelare\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/national/story/2023-12-19/bo-larsson-sweden-and-malmo-soccer-great-dies-at-79","external_links_name":"\"Bo Larsson, Sweden and Malmo soccer great, dies at 79\""},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/vfb-stuttgart-trauert-um-bo-larsson-985749/artikel","external_links_name":"VfB Stuttgart trauert um Bo Larsson"},{"Link":"https://www.ratsit.se/19440505-Bo_Goran_Larsson_Malmo/XeThJNONZ7-ZIOoVsotumuYgASKNzFA1SB1RsKscmCQ","external_links_name":"https://www.ratsit.se/19440505-Bo_Goran_Larsson_Malmo/XeThJNONZ7-ZIOoVsotumuYgASKNzFA1SB1RsKscmCQ"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/bo-larsson/c7379cec-2bc8-426b-b59a-f60aee6947e8/","external_links_name":"\"Bo Larsson - Spelarstatistik - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603114330/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/bo-larsson/c7379cec-2bc8-426b-b59a-f60aee6947e8/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/norge-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568352/","external_links_name":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-polen-landskamper-herr-senior/1568353/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Polen - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/arhundradets/dagar/991007.html","external_links_name":"\"Aftonbladet: Århundradets Sport\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-italien-landskamper-herr-senior/1568359/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Italien - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"http://www.fotbollsweden.se/1965.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1965\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/cypern-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568368/","external_links_name":"\"Cypern - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/polen-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568371/","external_links_name":"\"Polen - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-norge-landskamper-herr-senior/1568410/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-finland-landskamper-herr-senior/1568448/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Finland - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotbollsweden.se/1971.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1971\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-norge-landskamper-herr-senior/1568458/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Norge - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-danmark-landskamper-herr-senior/1568471/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Danmark - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotbollsweden.se/1972.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sveriges Landslag i Fotboll 1972\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/norge-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568476/","external_links_name":"\"Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.sehttps//www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-malta-landskamper-herr-senior/1568477/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Malta - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/malta-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1568494/","external_links_name":"\"Malta - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/osterrike-sverige-landskamper-herr-senior/1653034/","external_links_name":"\"Österrike - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-nederlanderna-landskamper-herr-senior/1568510/","external_links_name":"\"Sverige - Nederländerna - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035659/https://sites.google.com/site/clasglenningfootball/home/sweden-historical-tables/1980","external_links_name":"\"1980 - Clas Glenning Football\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/clasglenningfootball/home/sweden-historical-tables/1980","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/299292","external_links_name":"\"SvenskaFans\""},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herr/historik-herr/stora-grabbar/","external_links_name":"\"Stora Grabbars Märke - Svensk fotboll\""},{"Link":"https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/hall-of-fame/sfs-hall-of-fame/?profile=16743","external_links_name":"\"Larsson, Bo – svenskfotboll.se\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/bo-larsson/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Bo Larsson"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1244399779","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007374550805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/fcrv022z526z8d8","external_links_name":"Sweden"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Sydenham
Sydenham House, Somerset
["1 History","2 Location","3 Owners","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°08′26″N 2°59′09″W / 51.1406°N 2.9859°W / 51.1406; -2.9859 Sydenham House, west front, in 2015 Sydenham House, south side, in 2015 "Sydenham Manor" shown to the north-east of the historic centre of Bridgwater in a 1946 map Sydenham House, the manor house of the ancient manor of Sydenham in the parish of Wembdon, Somerset, England, is a grade II listed building, constructed in the early 16th century and refronted and rebuilt after 1613. In 1937, British Cellophane Ltd set up production and built extensive factories on 59 acres (24 ha) of land ("Sydenham Manor Fields") adjacent to the manor house. Production ceased in 2005 and between 2010 and 2015 the industrial site was razed to the ground. In 2015 the razed site is owned by EDF Energy, which in 2012 purchased the manor house with the former factory site, intended for construction of temporary accommodation for 1,000 workers. History In 1381 Sydenham House was sacked by Bridgwater's peasants under Nicholas Frampton during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The local tax collectors were murdered and the town's records were destroyed. Its owners were on the losing side in the Civil War and again in the Monmouth Rebellion. The current building was constructed in the early 16th century and refronted and rebuilt after 1613. In 1937, British Cellophane Ltd set up production and built extensive factories on 59 acres (24 ha) of land ("Sydenham Manor Fields") adjacent to the manor house. Location The house is situated to the north side of the A39 Bath Road, about one mile (1.6 km) north-east of the centre of historic Bridgwater, Owners It was the earliest known seat of the de Sydenham (later Sydenham) family, which took its surname from the manor. The family split into many prominent branches, the senior branch seated at Sydenham and Kittisford died out in the male line in the 15th century when Sydenham passed via the heiress to the Cave family, then to the Percival family, later Earl of Egmont. The next senior line was seated in the early 15th century at Combe Sydenham in Somerset, of which family was Simon Sydenham (died 1438), Bishop of Chichester, and later inherited the Somerset manors of Orchard Sydenham (later called Orchard Wyndham) and Brympton d'Evercy, which latter remained the seat of the Sydenham baronets, which title was created in 1641. Another branch was seated at Combe, Dulverton and were lords of the manor of Dulverton. Percival lords of the manor of Sydenham included Richard Percivale (1550–1620) an administrator and politician, also known as a Hispanist and lexicographer. He wrote a Spanish grammar for English readers. He was the eldest son and heir of George Perceval (1561–1601) of Sydenham, by his wife Elizabeth Bampfylde, a daughter of Sir Edward Bampfylde (d.1528) of Poltimore, Devon and Elizabeth Wadham, daughter of Sir Nicholas Wadham (died 1542) of Edge, Branscombe and Merryfield, Ilton. He was the ancestor of the Earls of Egmont. In 1935 British Cellophane Ltd. purchased the house and surrounding land from Philip Sturdy, who had acquired it in 1921 and had added additional land purchased in 1927. Sydenham House was restored in the 1960s and again in the 1980s, and in 1987 served as a conference and hospitality centre for British Cellophane Ltd. Further reading Ward-Jackson C.H., An Account of Sydenham Manor House and some of its former owners, 1986 (Author of: The Cellophane Story. Origins of a British Industrial Group, Bridgwater, William Blackwood & Sons Ltd., for British Cellophane Ltd., 1977) Sydenham, Dr George Francis, History of the Sydenham Family, Collected From Family Documents, Pedigrees, Deeds, and Copious Memoranda by the Late Dr. G. F. Sydenham, of Dulverton, Allan Thomas Cameron (ed.), privately printed by Dwelly, E., East Molesey, Surrey, 1928, in an edition of 300 copies. The author was born at Combe, Dulverton. Anderson, James, A Genealogical History of the House of Yvery, in its Different Branches of Yvery, Luvel, Perceval and Gournay, Volume 1, London, 1742 Baggs, A.P. & Siraut, M.C., 'Wembdon: Manors and Other Estates', in Victoria County History, Volume 6: Somerset: Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes), ed. R W Dunning and C R Elrington, London, 1992, pp. 325–330 References ^ A P Baggs and M C Siraut, 'Bridgwater: Economic history', in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6, andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes), ed. R W Dunning and C R Elrington (London, 1992), pp. 213-223 ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1297180)". National Heritage List for England. ^ a b Historic England. "Sydenham Manor House (1297180)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2007. ^ Guerrilla Explorer 2010 tour of derelict Cellophane factories on former "Sydenham Manor Fields" ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater". Friarn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2009. ^ "Radical History". Bridgwater. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ "Roger Evans". Bridgwater Town Web. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010. ^ Collinson, 1791, Vol.3, p.86 ^ Collinson, Rev. John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.3, Bath, 1791, p.547 ^ Burke, John & Burke, John Bernard, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland, 2nd edition, London, 1841, pp.514-5 ^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.39, pedigree of Bampfield ^ VCH, Baggs & Siraut ^ "Item no longer available". External links 1947 aerial view of Sydenham House Sydenham Manor House, listed building text Guerrilla Explorer 2010 tour of derelict Cellophane plant on former "Sydenham Manor Fields" 51°08′26″N 2°59′09″W / 51.1406°N 2.9859°W / 51.1406; -2.9859
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_WestFront.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_SouthSide.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridgewater_map_1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Wembdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembdon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-3"},{"link_name":"British Cellophane Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cellophane_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"EDF Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDF_Energy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sydenham House, west front, in 2015Sydenham House, south side, in 2015\"Sydenham Manor\" shown to the north-east of the historic centre of Bridgwater in a 1946 mapSydenham House, the manor house of the ancient manor of Sydenham in the parish of Wembdon,[1] Somerset, England, is a grade II listed building,[2] constructed in the early 16th century and refronted and rebuilt after 1613.[3] In 1937, British Cellophane Ltd set up production and built extensive factories on 59 acres (24 ha) of land (\"Sydenham Manor Fields\") adjacent to the manor house. Production ceased in 2005 and between 2010[4] and 2015 the industrial site was razed to the ground. In 2015 the razed site is owned by EDF Energy, which in 2012 purchased the manor house with the former factory site, intended for construction of temporary accommodation for 1,000 workers.[5]","title":"Sydenham House, Somerset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-3"},{"link_name":"British Cellophane Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cellophane_Ltd"}],"text":"In 1381 Sydenham House was sacked by Bridgwater's peasants under Nicholas Frampton during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.[6] The local tax collectors were murdered and the town's records were destroyed.[7] Its owners were on the losing side in the Civil War and again in the Monmouth Rebellion.[8]The current building was constructed in the early 16th century and refronted and rebuilt after 1613.[3] In 1937, British Cellophane Ltd set up production and built extensive factories on 59 acres (24 ha) of land (\"Sydenham Manor Fields\") adjacent to the manor house.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater"}],"text":"The house is situated to the north side of the A39 Bath Road, about one mile (1.6 km) north-east of the centre of historic Bridgwater,","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kittisford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Kittisford"},{"link_name":"Earl of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"Combe Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Sydenham"},{"link_name":"Simon Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Sydenham"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Orchard Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"Brympton d'Evercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brympton_d%27Evercy"},{"link_name":"Sydenham baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_baronets"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Combe, Dulverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe,_Dulverton"},{"link_name":"Richard Percivale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Percivale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Poltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Poltimore"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Wadham (died 1542)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wadham_(died_1542)"},{"link_name":"Edge, Branscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge,_Branscombe"},{"link_name":"Merryfield, Ilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merryfield,_Ilton"},{"link_name":"Earls of Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Egmont"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"It was the earliest known seat of the de Sydenham (later Sydenham) family,[9][10] which took its surname from the manor.The family split into many prominent branches, the senior branch seated at Sydenham and Kittisford died out in the male line in the 15th century when Sydenham passed via the heiress to the Cave family, then to the Percival family, later Earl of Egmont. The next senior line was seated in the early 15th century at Combe Sydenham in Somerset, of which family was Simon Sydenham (died 1438), Bishop of Chichester, and later inherited the Somerset manors of Orchard Sydenham (later called Orchard Wyndham) and Brympton d'Evercy, which latter remained the seat of the Sydenham baronets, which title was created in 1641.[11] Another branch was seated at Combe, Dulverton and were lords of the manor of Dulverton.Percival lords of the manor of Sydenham included Richard Percivale (1550–1620) an administrator and politician, also known as a Hispanist and lexicographer. He wrote a Spanish grammar for English readers. He was the eldest son and heir of George Perceval (1561–1601) of Sydenham, by his wife Elizabeth Bampfylde, a daughter of Sir Edward Bampfylde (d.1528)[12] of Poltimore, Devon and Elizabeth Wadham, daughter of Sir Nicholas Wadham (died 1542) of Edge, Branscombe and Merryfield, Ilton. He was the ancestor of the Earls of Egmont.In 1935 British Cellophane Ltd. purchased the house and surrounding land from Philip Sturdy, who had acquired it in 1921 and had added additional land purchased in 1927. Sydenham House was restored in the 1960s and again in the 1980s, and in 1987 served as a conference and hospitality centre for British Cellophane Ltd.[13]","title":"Owners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Combe, Dulverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe,_Dulverton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RyoAAAAAQAAJ&dq=pixton+sydenham&pg=PR14-IA14"},{"link_name":"Victoria County History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol6/pp325-330"}],"text":"Ward-Jackson C.H., An Account of Sydenham Manor House and some of its former owners, 1986 (Author of: The Cellophane Story. Origins of a British Industrial Group, Bridgwater, William Blackwood & Sons Ltd., for British Cellophane Ltd., 1977)\nSydenham, Dr George Francis, History of the Sydenham Family, Collected From Family Documents, Pedigrees, Deeds, and Copious Memoranda by the Late Dr. G. F. Sydenham, of Dulverton, Allan Thomas Cameron (ed.), privately printed by Dwelly, E., East Molesey, Surrey, 1928, in an edition of 300 copies.[14] The author was born at Combe, Dulverton.\nAnderson, James, A Genealogical History of the House of Yvery, in its Different Branches of Yvery, Luvel, Perceval and Gournay, Volume 1, London, 1742 [5]\nBaggs, A.P. & Siraut, M.C., 'Wembdon: Manors and Other Estates', in Victoria County History, Volume 6: Somerset: Andersfield, Cannington, and North Petherton Hundreds (Bridgwater and Neighbouring Parishes), ed. R W Dunning and C R Elrington, London, 1992, pp. 325–330 [6]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Sydenham House, west front, in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_WestFront.PNG/200px-SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_WestFront.PNG"},{"image_text":"Sydenham House, south side, in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_SouthSide.PNG/200px-SydenhamHouse_Bridgwater_Somerset_SouthSide.PNG"},{"image_text":"\"Sydenham Manor\" shown to the north-east of the historic centre of Bridgwater in a 1946 map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bridgewater_map_1946.jpg/250px-Bridgewater_map_1946.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1297180)\". National Heritage List for England.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1297180","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1297180)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Sydenham Manor House (1297180)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1297180","url_text":"\"Sydenham Manor House (1297180)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022619/http://infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010001/2.%20Post-Submission/Representations/Comments/Other%20Comments/FS017%20Further%20Submissions%20on%20updated%20DCO%20by%20Cllr%20Leigh%20Redman%28r%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010001/2.%20Post-Submission/Representations/Comments/Other%20Comments/FS017%20Further%20Submissions%20on%20updated%20DCO%20by%20Cllr%20Leigh%20Redman%28r%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater\". Friarn.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124643/http://www.friarn.co.uk/StJohn/","url_text":"\"The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater\""},{"url":"http://www.friarn.co.uk/StJohn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radical History\". Bridgwater. Retrieved 20 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~smedlo/Bridgwater/Bridgwater.htm","url_text":"\"Radical History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roger Evans\". Bridgwater Town Web. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524115605/http://www.bridgwater.net/Town/About_Town/History/roger_evans.htm","url_text":"\"Roger Evans\""},{"url":"http://www.bridgwater.net/Town/About_Town/History/roger_evans.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Item no longer available\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abebooks.com/History-Sydenham-Family-Collected-Documents-Pedigrees/12120185362/bd","url_text":"\"Item no longer available\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydenham_House,_Somerset&params=51.1406_N_2.9859_W_type:landmark_region:GB-SOM","external_links_name":"51°08′26″N 2°59′09″W / 51.1406°N 2.9859°W / 51.1406; -2.9859"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RyoAAAAAQAAJ&dq=pixton+sydenham&pg=PR14-IA14","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol6/pp325-330","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol6/pp213-223","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1297180","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1297180)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1297180","external_links_name":"\"Sydenham Manor House (1297180)\""},{"Link":"http://www.guerrillaexploring.com/gesite/public_html/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:ges006-british-cellophane-factory-bridgwater&catid=4:industry&Itemid=5","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022619/http://infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010001/2.%20Post-Submission/Representations/Comments/Other%20Comments/FS017%20Further%20Submissions%20on%20updated%20DCO%20by%20Cllr%20Leigh%20Redman%28r%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://infrastructure.planningportal.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010001/2.%20Post-Submission/Representations/Comments/Other%20Comments/FS017%20Further%20Submissions%20on%20updated%20DCO%20by%20Cllr%20Leigh%20Redman%28r%29.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124643/http://www.friarn.co.uk/StJohn/","external_links_name":"\"The Hospital of St John the Baptist Bridgwater\""},{"Link":"http://www.friarn.co.uk/StJohn/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~smedlo/Bridgwater/Bridgwater.htm","external_links_name":"\"Radical History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110524115605/http://www.bridgwater.net/Town/About_Town/History/roger_evans.htm","external_links_name":"\"Roger Evans\""},{"Link":"http://www.bridgwater.net/Town/About_Town/History/roger_evans.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyantiqutit03colluoft#page/86/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Collinson, 1791, Vol.3, p.86"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyantiqutit03colluoft/historyantiqutit03colluoft_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HKpfAAAAcAAJ&dq=nettlecombe+sydenham&pg=PA516","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/History-Sydenham-Family-Collected-Documents-Pedigrees/12120185362/bd","external_links_name":"\"Item no longer available\""},{"Link":"http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/eaw005156","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk/image/eaw005156","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.guerrillaexploring.com/gesite/public_html/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:ges006-british-cellophane-factory-bridgwater&catid=4:industry&Itemid=5","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sydenham_House,_Somerset&params=51.1406_N_2.9859_W_type:landmark_region:GB-SOM","external_links_name":"51°08′26″N 2°59′09″W / 51.1406°N 2.9859°W / 51.1406; -2.9859"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OJT
On-the-job training
["1 History","2 Psychology","3 On-the-Job vs. Off-the-Job Training","4 On-the-job training plan","5 Advantages and disadvantages","5.1 Advantages","5.2 Disadvantages","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Form of workplace training On-the-job training (widely known as OJT) is an important topic of human resource management. It helps develop the career of the individual and the prosperous growth of the organization. On-the-job training is a form of training provided at the workplace. During the training, employees are familiarized with the working environment they will become part of. Employees also get a hands-on experience using machinery, equipment, tools, materials, etc. Part of on-the-job training is to face the challenges that occur during the performance of the job. An experienced employee or a manager are executing the role of the mentor who through written, or verbal instructions and demonstrations are passing on his/her knowledge and company-specific skills to the new employee. Executing the training on at the job location, rather than the classroom, creates a stress-free environment for the employees. On-the-job training is the most popular method of training not only in the United States but in most of the developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, etc. Its effectiveness is based on the use of existing workplace tools, machines, documents and equipment, and the knowledge of specialists who are working in this field. On -the-job training is easy to arrange and manage and it simplifies the process of adapting to the new workplace. On-the-job training is highly used for practical tasks. It is inexpensive, and it doesn't require special equipment that is normally used for a specific job. Upon satisfaction of completion of the training, the employer is expected to retain participants as regular employees. History On-the-job training is one of the earliest forms of training in the world, with masters taking on young apprentices and introducing them to their work, educating them on the techniques necessary for them to become masters themselves. The on-the-job training method dates from times as early as 2400 B.C when masons would instruct their apprentices on construction methods since not everyone was literate and it was the most convenient way to understand the requirements needed for the new job, on a one-to-one basis. In antiquity, the work performed by most people did not rely on abstract thinking or academic education. Parents or community members, who knew the skills necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction. This method is still widely used today. It is a frequently used because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task and use the tools to complete the task. Over the years, as society grew, on-the-job training has become less popular. Many companies have switched to doing simulation training and using training guides. Businesses now prefer to hire employees who are already experienced and have a required skill set. However, there are still many companies who feel that on-the-job training is best for their employees. While some companies do not see on-the-job training as an essential aspect of the workforce, Gary Becker, an economic scientist during 1962, referred to on-the-job training as an investment similar to conventional schooling (Becker, 1962). On-the-job training was deemed an investment like school because while they differ in effects on earnings, both improve people's physical and mental abilities and raise real income prospects. Whether that is the ability to gain a job or improve one's skills to become a more vital part of the workforce. Additionally, one of the earlier forms of on-the-job training can be traced back to the middle ages dating as early as the 5th to 15th century. During this time, apprenticeship was a system by which "men and women in pre-industrialized societies acquired skills necessary to become a specialized artisan" (Goddard, 2002). Apprenticeship contracts usually lasted six years. Young girls at the age of 12 and young boys at the age of 14 would work, alongside getting the needed training and hands-on experience to become an artisan themselves (Goddard, 2002). Apprenticeship Program: An experienced artisan is teaching young apprentices how to create his work. The Apprentices will be able to mimic the behaviour of their teacher and become skilled in the task themselves. Apprenticeships are one of the earliest forms of On-The-Job training. Psychology The concept of observational learning was introduced by Albert Bandura, whose social cognitive theory Bandura believes that people learn best by observing others. According to his theory, people must pay attention to those around them first, retain what they have observed, and try to reproduce it. Bandura's theory is implemented in the aspect of on-the-job training, where the new employees observe first their trainer completing the tasks, before trying to perform the task themselves. After observing for some time, typically, they will imitate the action they had observed. This is exactly how on-the-job training is expected to occur, if necessary until the new employee is can perform the task on their own. Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory “is a psychological perspective on human functioning that emphasizes the critical role played by the social environment on motivation, learning, and self-regulation” (Schunk & Dibenetto, 2020). Bandura’s earlier Social Learning Theory placed great emphasis on the importance of observational or vicarious learning. Bandura proposed that for observational learning to occur, individuals must follow a model, retain what the model did, recreate the modelled behaviour, and have the motivation to do so. Motivation is an essential aspect of this theory; Bandura suggested that “motivation comprises internal processes that manifest themselves overtly in goal-directed action” (Schunk & Dibenetto, 2020). This suggests that for a modelled action to be retained by an individual, there must be some motivation, such as the motivation to complete goals in the workplace. On-the-Job vs. Off-the-Job Training There are two methods used for training new employees: on-the-job training and off-the-job training (training simulation). Both methods are effective; however, they are very different and require specific measures. On-the-job training refers to the training provided at the job location by an experienced supervisor or manager who is passionate about their job and will relay the information to the newly hired, whereas the off-the-job method involves giving training to the employees at a place other than the real job location, where simulations, videos, and tests are replacing the human interaction. Off-the-job training is usually executed by an outsourced vendor outside of the company. On-the-job training is when employees observe the processes and procedures that their employer uses to create an efficient and effective workplace. Whether that is learning how to operate specialized machinery and equipment or observing methods that facilitate the employee to perform specific jobs. Usually, this is done by shadowing an experienced employee who can give hands-on instructions and training, which can help develop the skills and knowledge needed to carry out roles in the company effectively. On-the-job training is a cheaper option as companies usually do not need to pay for external professional development classes, instead employees gain knowledge from within their workplace. Unlike On-the-job training, Off-the-Job training requires employees to train away from their workplace. Usually, this is in the form of classes, lectures, and sometimes role play. Off-the-job training takes more time and is most often expensive as the company is required to hire external trainers or pay for conferences and classes. Most companies prefer on-the-job training rather than off-the-job training because it is cheaper, and the company can train their employees based on their requirements. Additionally, companies can train their employees on specific company policies while teaching them hands-on. Companies prefer hands-on learning because it helps individuals retain more information, which, as a result, would cause fewer errors. Category On-the-job Training Off-the-job Training Location Imparted at the actual job location At a place other than the real job location Approach Practical Theoretical Time Consumption Less time More Time Learning Method Learning by doing the task Learning by acquiring knowledge Effect on Production No, because trainees produce the products during learning Yes, because training is provided first, which is followed by a performance Who Performs the Training Employees, internal trainers or managers Experts outside of the company Cost Inexpensive Expensive On-the-job training plan On-the-job is a form of investment in human capital. In order to be executed efficiently, it needs a good on-the-job training plan in place. The initial cost for the company is the time spent on training and the resources used, such as trainee time and equipment. When the training plan is well executed, the return on investment for the company is imminent and the result is an increase in productivity. On-the-job training is based on the requirements of the job description and is specific for each company. Every company is unique and requires a unique approach when it comes to creating a training program. Key elements of the training plan are measures, such as working hours, due date and evaluation. Another key element is the choice of a trainer or coach assigned to the project. In order for the plan to be effective, a knowledgeable coach, a co-worker, a training vendor or a manager with excellent leadership skills is needed to conduct the training. Research shows that companies who invest in teaching their managers how to train new employees are more successful. They can articulate their beliefs to reinforce their ideas with employees. Having the knowledge and the understanding of companies culture makes them a perfect example of what is required from the new employee. Using managers to train employees is an effective on-the-job training strategy because it allows them to connect the training to the actual operation that employees will conduct in their routine work. Training employees to train coworkers is another effective strategy since they are familiar with the company's culture, strengths, and weaknesses. As well as making it easier for the new hire to get to know the team. An experienced employee is the ultimate choice for a trainer (business) Some guidelines for developing and implementing an effective on-the-job training program include and are not limited to: - Understanding the company's needs. - Identifying the skills and knowledge required in an employee. - Inclusiveness when selecting an employee for training. - Evaluation. Evaluating each trainee will determine the effectiveness of the training, resulting in increased performance - Follow-up. Feedback helps determine how much of the training employees are retaining and using. Advantages and disadvantages There are both advantages and disadvantages to on-the-job training. Before deciding which type of training is most beneficial, companies need to weigh out if there are more disadvantages than advantages of the training method. If that's the case, they need to opt out from the on-the-job training and look for better options. Advantages On-the-job training is beneficial for both employers and employees. For the employers, it is beneficial because it narrows down and prepares the skilled employees who are right for the company. By the end of the training process, the company's values, strategy, and goals are introduced and resulting in an employee's loyalty to the business. Employees trained in the job are an important asset for the company because they can cover more areas than just the tasks in their job description. On-the-job training creates a culture which extends past the bare minimum required by the job and allows continuing education as part of the working process. As a result, an uninterrupted production process increases the company's gains when opting out from the need of an initial investment for an off-site training. On-the-job training is cost-effective. For employees, on-the-job training is beneficial because it allows them to learn a new skill or qualification within their field of work in a timely matter. During on-the-job training, they are engaged in the real production process instead of the simulated learning process. The new teammate is being introduced to the team and the company's values during the first step of the on-the-job training. On-the-job training leads to more opportunities to grow within the organization. Disadvantages On-the-job training can be a disadvantage for the company when the new employee doesn't have the required skills. This will result in more time needed for the training to be completed and will cost the company more since it takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. On-the-job training can often cause distraction of the regular working day which can affect productivity. If employees are not introduced to the safety features and safety precautions are not taught prior to entering the job field, there could be injuries since on-the-job training is most often used for practical tasks and working with machinery. Such an issue can cause a company a lawsuit and loss of assets. Finally, oftentimes on-the-job training is rushed and that can cause a negative effect on productivity. See also Lifelong learning References ^ John M. Barron, Mark C. Berger, Dan A. Black (1997). Introduction to On-the-Job Training. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. pp. 1–3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. Cengage Learning. pp. 305–306. ^ Becker, Gary S. (1962-10-01). "Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis". Journal of Political Economy. 70 (5, Part 2): 9–49. doi:10.1086/258724. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 153979487. ^ a b Goddard, Richard (2002). "Female Apprenticeship in the West Midlands in the Later Middle Ages". Midland History. 27: 165–181. doi:10.1179/mdh.2002.27.1.165. S2CID 162085840. ^ Wilson, Thurlow R.; Olmstead, Joseph A.; Trexler, Robert C. (11 November 2018). "On-the-Job Training and Social Learning Theory: A Literature Review" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b Schunk, Dale H.; Dibenedetto, Maria K. (2020-01-01). "Motivation and social cognitive theory". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 60: 101832. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832. ISSN 0361-476X. S2CID 213431289. ^ "On-The-Job Training: How to Develop an Effective Program". Run Powered by ADP. ADP. 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ FTS (2016). "Why Is On-The-Job Training Effective?". Flexible Training Solutions. Retrieved 26 September 2018. ^ Jan Streumer, Marcel R (2002). "Effectiveness of on the job training" (PDF). Emerald. Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ Xiangmin Liu, Rosemary Bat. "The Economic Pay-Offs To On-The-Job Training In Routine Service Work". Cornell University. ^ Heathfield, Susan M. (2018). "How On-the-Job Training Brings You Value". Human Resources. The Balance Career. Retrieved 29 September 2018. ^ "Advantages of On The Job Training". UKessays. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2018. External links Look up on-the-job in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "A Developmental History of Training in the United States and Europe". msu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-30. "Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology". www.simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 2018-04-30. "On the Job Training - Pros and Cons". www.exploreadultlearning.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-30. "Top 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of On-the-job Training - WiseStep". WiseStep. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management"},{"link_name":"career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager"},{"link_name":"mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On-the-job training (widely known as OJT) is an important topic of human resource management. It helps develop the career of the individual and the prosperous growth of the organization. On-the-job training is a form of training provided at the workplace. During the training, employees are familiarized with the working environment they will become part of. Employees also get a hands-on experience using machinery, equipment, tools, materials, etc. Part of on-the-job training is to face the challenges that occur during the performance of the job. An experienced employee or a manager are executing the role of the mentor who through written, or verbal instructions and demonstrations are passing on his/her knowledge and company-specific skills to the new employee. Executing the training on at the job location, rather than the classroom, creates a stress-free environment for the employees. On-the-job training is the most popular method of training not only in the United States but in most of the developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, etc. Its effectiveness is based on the use of existing workplace tools, machines, documents and equipment, and the knowledge of specialists who are working in this field. On -the-job training is easy to arrange and manage and it simplifies the process of adapting to the new workplace. On-the-job training is highly used for practical tasks. It is inexpensive, and it doesn't require special equipment that is normally used for a specific job. Upon satisfaction of completion of the training, the employer is expected to retain participants as regular employees.[1][2]","title":"On-the-job training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job"},{"link_name":"abstract thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_thinking"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Maori_Electrical_Pre-apprentice_Class,_1966.jpg"}],"text":"On-the-job training is one of the earliest forms of training in the world, with masters taking on young apprentices and introducing them to their work, educating them on the techniques necessary for them to become masters themselves. The on-the-job training method dates from times as early as 2400 B.C when masons would instruct their apprentices on construction methods since not everyone was literate and it was the most convenient way to understand the requirements needed for the new job, on a one-to-one basis. In antiquity, the work performed by most people did not rely on abstract thinking or academic education. Parents or community members, who knew the skills necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction. This method is still widely used today. It is a frequently used because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task and use the tools to complete the task. Over the years, as society grew, on-the-job training has become less popular. Many companies have switched to doing simulation training and using training guides. Businesses now prefer to hire employees who are already experienced and have a required skill set. However, there are still many companies who feel that on-the-job training is best for their employees.While some companies do not see on-the-job training as an essential aspect of the workforce, Gary Becker, an economic scientist during 1962, referred to on-the-job training as an investment similar to conventional schooling[3] (Becker, 1962). On-the-job training was deemed an investment like school because while they differ in effects on earnings, both improve people's physical and mental abilities and raise real income prospects. Whether that is the ability to gain a job or improve one's skills to become a more vital part of the workforce. Additionally, one of the earlier forms of on-the-job training can be traced back to the middle ages dating as early as the 5th to 15th century. During this time, apprenticeship was a system by which \"men and women in pre-industrialized societies acquired skills necessary to become a specialized artisan\"[4] (Goddard, 2002). Apprenticeship contracts usually lasted six years. Young girls at the age of 12 and young boys at the age of 14 would work, alongside getting the needed training and hands-on experience to become an artisan themselves[4] (Goddard, 2002).Apprenticeship Program: An experienced artisan is teaching young apprentices how to create his work. The Apprentices will be able to mimic the behaviour of their teacher and become skilled in the task themselves. Apprenticeships are one of the earliest forms of On-The-Job training.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"observational learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_learning"},{"link_name":"Albert Bandura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura"},{"link_name":"social cognitive theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-6"}],"text":"The concept of observational learning was introduced by Albert Bandura, whose social cognitive theory[5] Bandura believes that people learn best by observing others. According to his theory, people must pay attention to those around them first, retain what they have observed, and try to reproduce it. Bandura's theory is implemented in the aspect of on-the-job training, where the new employees observe first their trainer completing the tasks, before trying to perform the task themselves. After observing for some time, typically, they will imitate the action they had observed. This is exactly how on-the-job training is expected to occur, if necessary until the new employee is can perform the task on their own.Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory “is a psychological perspective on human functioning that emphasizes the critical role played by the social environment on motivation, learning, and self-regulation”[6] (Schunk & Dibenetto, 2020). Bandura’s earlier Social Learning Theory placed great emphasis on the importance of observational or vicarious learning. Bandura proposed that for observational learning to occur, individuals must follow a model, retain what the model did, recreate the modelled behaviour, and have the motivation to do so. Motivation is an essential aspect of this theory; Bandura suggested that “motivation comprises internal processes that manifest themselves overtly in goal-directed action”[6] (Schunk & Dibenetto, 2020). This suggests that for a modelled action to be retained by an individual, there must be some motivation, such as the motivation to complete goals in the workplace.","title":"Psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"training simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_simulation"},{"link_name":"human interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interaction"},{"link_name":"vendor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor"}],"text":"There are two methods used for training new employees: on-the-job training and off-the-job training (training simulation). Both methods are effective; however, they are very different and require specific measures. On-the-job training refers to the training provided at the job location by an experienced supervisor or manager who is passionate about their job and will relay the information to the newly hired, whereas the off-the-job method involves giving training to the employees at a place other than the real job location, where simulations, videos, and tests are replacing the human interaction. Off-the-job training is usually executed by an outsourced vendor outside of the company.On-the-job training is when employees observe the processes and procedures that their employer uses to create an efficient and effective workplace. Whether that is learning how to operate specialized machinery and equipment or observing methods that facilitate the employee to perform specific jobs. Usually, this is done by shadowing an experienced employee who can give hands-on instructions and training, which can help develop the skills and knowledge needed to carry out roles in the company effectively. On-the-job training is a cheaper option as companies usually do not need to pay for external professional development classes, instead employees gain knowledge from within their workplace. Unlike On-the-job training, Off-the-Job training requires employees to train away from their workplace. Usually, this is in the form of classes, lectures, and sometimes role play. Off-the-job training takes more time and is most often expensive as the company is required to hire external trainers or pay for conferences and classes. Most companies prefer on-the-job training rather than off-the-job training because it is cheaper, and the company can train their employees based on their requirements. Additionally, companies can train their employees on specific company policies while teaching them hands-on. Companies prefer hands-on learning because it helps individuals retain more information, which, as a result, would cause fewer errors.","title":"On-the-Job vs. Off-the-Job Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital"},{"link_name":"return on investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity"},{"link_name":"job description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_description"},{"link_name":"project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"trainer (business)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(business)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance"},{"link_name":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On-the-job is a form of investment in human capital. In order to be executed efficiently, it needs a good on-the-job training plan in place. The initial cost for the company is the time spent on training and the resources used, such as trainee time and equipment. When the training plan is well executed, the return on investment for the company is imminent and the result is an increase in productivity. On-the-job training is based on the requirements of the job description and is specific for each company. Every company is unique and requires a unique approach when it comes to creating a training program. Key elements of the training plan are measures, such as working hours, due date and evaluation. Another key element is the choice of a trainer or coach assigned to the project. In order for the plan to be effective, a knowledgeable coach, a co-worker, a training vendor or a manager with excellent leadership skills is needed to conduct the training.[7]Research shows that companies who invest in teaching their managers how to train new employees are more successful. They can articulate their beliefs to reinforce their ideas with employees. Having the knowledge and the understanding of companies culture makes them a perfect example of what is required from the new employee. Using managers to train employees is an effective on-the-job training strategy because it allows them to connect the training to the actual operation that employees will conduct in their routine work.[8]Training employees to train coworkers is another effective strategy since they are familiar with the company's culture, strengths, and weaknesses. As well as making it easier for the new hire to get to know the team. An experienced employee is the ultimate choice for a trainer (business)[9]Some guidelines for developing and implementing an effective on-the-job training program include and are not limited to:\n- Understanding the company's needs.\n- Identifying the skills and knowledge required in an employee. \n- Inclusiveness when selecting an employee for training.\n- Evaluation. Evaluating each trainee will determine the effectiveness of the training, resulting in increased performance \n- Follow-up. Feedback helps determine how much of the training employees are retaining and using.[10]","title":"On-the-job training plan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are both advantages and disadvantages to on-the-job training. Before deciding which type of training is most beneficial, companies need to weigh out if there are more disadvantages than advantages of the training method. If that's the case, they need to opt out from the on-the-job training and look for better options.","title":"Advantages and disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal"},{"link_name":"job description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_description"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"production process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_process"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"production process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_process"},{"link_name":"learning process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_process"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Advantages","text":"On-the-job training is beneficial for both employers and employees. For the employers, it is beneficial because it narrows down and prepares the skilled employees who are right for the company. By the end of the training process, the company's values, strategy, and goals are introduced and resulting in an employee's loyalty to the business. Employees trained in the job are an important asset for the company because they can cover more areas than just the tasks in their job description. On-the-job training creates a culture which extends past the bare minimum required by the job and allows continuing education as part of the working process. As a result, an uninterrupted production process increases the company's gains when opting out from the need of an initial investment for an off-site training. On-the-job training is cost-effective.[11]For employees, on-the-job training is beneficial because it allows them to learn a new skill or qualification within their field of work in a timely matter. During on-the-job training, they are engaged in the real production process instead of the simulated learning process. The new teammate is being introduced to the team and the company's values during the first step of the on-the-job training. On-the-job training leads to more opportunities to grow within the organization.[12]","title":"Advantages and disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assets"},{"link_name":"productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity"}],"sub_title":"Disadvantages","text":"On-the-job training can be a disadvantage for the company when the new employee doesn't have the required skills. This will result in more time needed for the training to be completed and will cost the company more since it takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. On-the-job training can often cause distraction of the regular working day which can affect productivity. If employees are not introduced to the safety features and safety precautions are not taught prior to entering the job field, there could be injuries since on-the-job training is most often used for practical tasks and working with machinery. Such an issue can cause a company a lawsuit and loss of assets. Finally, oftentimes on-the-job training is rushed and that can cause a negative effect on productivity.","title":"Advantages and disadvantages"}]
[{"image_text":"Apprenticeship Program: An experienced artisan is teaching young apprentices how to create his work. The Apprentices will be able to mimic the behaviour of their teacher and become skilled in the task themselves. Apprenticeships are one of the earliest forms of On-The-Job training.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Maori_Electrical_Pre-apprentice_Class%2C_1966.jpg/220px-A_Maori_Electrical_Pre-apprentice_Class%2C_1966.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lifelong learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning"}]
[{"reference":"John M. Barron, Mark C. Berger, Dan A. Black (1997). Introduction to On-the-Job Training. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. pp. 1–3.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://us.search.yahoo.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1073&context=up_bookchapters","url_text":"Introduction to On-the-Job Training"}]},{"reference":"Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. Cengage Learning. pp. 305–306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Becker, Gary S. (1962-10-01). \"Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis\". Journal of Political Economy. 70 (5, Part 2): 9–49. doi:10.1086/258724. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 153979487.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/258724","url_text":"\"Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F258724","url_text":"10.1086/258724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808","url_text":"0022-3808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153979487","url_text":"153979487"}]},{"reference":"Goddard, Richard (2002). \"Female Apprenticeship in the West Midlands in the Later Middle Ages\". Midland History. 27: 165–181. doi:10.1179/mdh.2002.27.1.165. S2CID 162085840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fmdh.2002.27.1.165","url_text":"10.1179/mdh.2002.27.1.165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162085840","url_text":"162085840"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Thurlow R.; Olmstead, Joseph A.; Trexler, Robert C. (11 November 2018). \"On-the-Job Training and Social Learning Theory: A Literature Review\" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204594.pdf","url_text":"\"On-the-Job Training and Social Learning Theory: A Literature Review\""}]},{"reference":"Schunk, Dale H.; Dibenedetto, Maria K. (2020-01-01). \"Motivation and social cognitive theory\". Contemporary Educational Psychology. 60: 101832. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832. ISSN 0361-476X. S2CID 213431289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361476X19304370","url_text":"\"Motivation and social cognitive theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cedpsych.2019.101832","url_text":"10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-476X","url_text":"0361-476X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213431289","url_text":"213431289"}]},{"reference":"\"On-The-Job Training: How to Develop an Effective Program\". Run Powered by ADP. ADP. 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbshrs.adpinfo.com/blog/on-the-job-training-how-to-develop-an-effective-program","url_text":"\"On-The-Job Training: How to Develop an Effective Program\""}]},{"reference":"FTS (2016). \"Why Is On-The-Job Training Effective?\". Flexible Training Solutions. Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://flexibletrainingsolutions.com.au/why-is-on-the-job-training-effective/","url_text":"\"Why Is On-The-Job Training Effective?\""}]},{"reference":"Jan Streumer, Marcel R (2002). \"Effectiveness of on the job training\" (PDF). Emerald. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6906901/Klink02effectiveness.pdf","url_text":"\"Effectiveness of on the job training\""}]},{"reference":"Xiangmin Liu, Rosemary Bat. \"The Economic Pay-Offs To On-The-Job Training In Routine Service Work\". Cornell University.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1279&context=cahrswp","url_text":"\"The Economic Pay-Offs To On-The-Job Training In Routine Service Work\""}]},{"reference":"Heathfield, Susan M. (2018). \"How On-the-Job Training Brings You Value\". Human Resources. The Balance Career. Retrieved 29 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-on-the-job-training-brings-you-value-1917941","url_text":"\"How On-the-Job Training Brings You Value\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advantages of On The Job Training\". UKessays. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-on-the-job-training-management-essay.php","url_text":"\"Advantages of On The Job Training\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Developmental History of Training in the United States and Europe\". msu.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html","url_text":"\"A Developmental History of Training in the United States and Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology\". www.simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html","url_text":"\"Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Job Training - Pros and Cons\". www.exploreadultlearning.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exploreadultlearning.co.uk/job-training-pros-cons.html","url_text":"\"On the Job Training - Pros and Cons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of On-the-job Training - WiseStep\". WiseStep. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2018-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-job-training-methods/","url_text":"\"Top 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of On-the-job Training - WiseStep\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://us.search.yahoo.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1073&context=up_bookchapters","external_links_name":"Introduction to On-the-Job Training"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/258724","external_links_name":"\"Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F258724","external_links_name":"10.1086/258724"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808","external_links_name":"0022-3808"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153979487","external_links_name":"153979487"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fmdh.2002.27.1.165","external_links_name":"10.1179/mdh.2002.27.1.165"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162085840","external_links_name":"162085840"},{"Link":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204594.pdf","external_links_name":"\"On-the-Job Training and Social Learning Theory: A Literature Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361476X19304370","external_links_name":"\"Motivation and social cognitive theory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cedpsych.2019.101832","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-476X","external_links_name":"0361-476X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213431289","external_links_name":"213431289"},{"Link":"https://sbshrs.adpinfo.com/blog/on-the-job-training-how-to-develop-an-effective-program","external_links_name":"\"On-The-Job Training: How to Develop an Effective Program\""},{"Link":"http://flexibletrainingsolutions.com.au/why-is-on-the-job-training-effective/","external_links_name":"\"Why Is On-The-Job Training Effective?\""},{"Link":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6906901/Klink02effectiveness.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Effectiveness of on the job training\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1279&context=cahrswp","external_links_name":"\"The Economic Pay-Offs To On-The-Job Training In Routine Service Work\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebalancecareers.com/how-on-the-job-training-brings-you-value-1917941","external_links_name":"\"How On-the-Job Training Brings You Value\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-on-the-job-training-management-essay.php","external_links_name":"\"Advantages of On The Job Training\""},{"Link":"https://msu.edu/~sleightd/trainhst.html","external_links_name":"\"A Developmental History of Training in the United States and Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html","external_links_name":"\"Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology\""},{"Link":"http://www.exploreadultlearning.co.uk/job-training-pros-cons.html","external_links_name":"\"On the Job Training - Pros and Cons\""},{"Link":"https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-job-training-methods/","external_links_name":"\"Top 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of On-the-job Training - WiseStep\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_themes_of_geography
Five themes of geography
["1 Themes","1.1 Location","1.2 Place","1.3 Human-environment interaction","1.4 Movement","1.5 Region","2 History","3 Current Usage","4 References"]
Educational tool for teaching geography LocationPlaceHuman-Environment InteractionMovementRegion The five themes of geography are an educational tool for teaching geography. The five themes were published in 1984 and widely adopted by teachers, textbook publishers, and curriculum designers in the United States. Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices, as they provide "an alternative to the detrimental, but unfortunately persistent, habit of teaching geography through rote memorization". They are pedagogical themes that guide how geographic content should be taught in schools. Themes Five Themes of geography: Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Movement Region Location Every point on Earth has a location. Location can be described in two different ways: Absolute location, a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth. For example, the coordinates of Albany, New York are 42.6525° N, 73.7572° W. Relative location, a location as described by where it is compared to something else. For example, Albany, New York is roughly 140 miles north of New York City. Every site on Earth has a unique absolute location, which can be identified with a reference grid (such as latitude and longitude). Maps and globes can be used to find location and can also be used to convey other types of geographical information. Map projections are used to represent the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional map. The Earth's position relative to the Sun affects climate, seasons, and time zones. Location as a theme helps teachers to demonstrate to students that observers have to know and be able to explain where something is before it can be examined geographically. It allows the examination of spatial relationships using spatial ideas such as distance, direction, adjacency, proximity, and enclosure. Place A place is an area that is defined by everything in it. It differs from location in that a place is conditions and features, and location is a position in space. Places have physical characteristics, such as landforms and plant and animal life, as well as human characteristics, such as economic activities and languages. All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places. It is a combination of the “features, perceptions, and activities that occur in a given location". Toponym: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature. Site: an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed. Situation: the location and surroundings of a place. Population: the number of people that live in the area. Human-environment interaction Further information: human-environment interaction This theme describes how people interact with the environment, and how the environment responds, with three key concepts: Dependency: Humans depend on the environment. Adaptation: Humans adapt to the environment. Modification: Humans modify the environment. Sub-themes include "the earth as an environmental system" (including the role and problems of technology, environmental hazards and limits, and adaptation) and "ethics and values" (differing cultural values and the trade-off between economic development and environmental protection). In the original 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools, this was called “relationships within places". It focused on the advantages and disadvantages for human settlement in places. It was later renamed to human-environment interaction. This theme is not exclusive to geography, as it is a goal for many disciplines of study. Movement Movement is the travel of people, goods, and ideas from one location to another. Examples of movement include the United States' westward expansion, the Information Revolution, and immigration. New devices such as the airplane and the Internet allow physical and ideological goods to be transferred long distances in short time intervals. A person's travel from place to place, and the actions they perform there are also considered movement. Places are connected by movement: Methods of transportation (transportation geography) – public transportation, private transportation, freight transportation Movement in everyday life History of movement Economic factors influencing movement Energy or mass induced movement – the water cycle, tectonic plates, movements within ecosystems, etc. Global interdependence Models of human interaction, including gravity models and central place theory In the original 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools document, movement was called “relationships between places". Transportation routes and telephone lines that link people all over the world are visible examples of relationships between places. Region Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics: human characteristics, such as demographics or politics, and physical characteristics, such as climate and vegetation. For example, the US is a political region because it shares one governmental system. Regions may have clear, well-defined borders or vague boundaries. Uniform region – "defined by some uniform cultural or physical characteristic", such as the Bible Belt or New England Functional region – space organized around a focal point, such as a metropolitan area or around the flow of something, like the water of the Amazon Basin, or the flow of travelers in an airport Cultural diversity – regions are a way to understand human diversity. Uniform regions and formal regions share a similar definition, with formal regions being “a group of places that have similar conditions". Even in formal regions, it is true that no region is completely homogeneous, as characteristics vary from place to place. While regions all share at least one common trait, it is true that they can have multiple traits that unite them, an example being a region that shares a language and a government. History The five themes of geography were published in the 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools by the National Council for Geographic Education/Association of American Geographers Joint Committee on Geographic Education. The document was 28 pages, and suggested the themes as a way for teachers to organize content for geography classes. The committee included Salvatore J. Natoli, Richard G. Boehm, James B. Kracht, David A. Lanegran, Janice J. Monk, and Robert W. Morrill. They settled on five themes: location, place, relationships within places (later changed to human-environment interaction), relationships between places (later shortened to movement), and region. The themes were not a "new geography" but rather a conceptual structure for organizing information about geography. The themes became widespread in American social science education and were used for teacher training by the National Geographic Society's statewide alliances. They also played a role in reestablishing geography in school curricula. When the National Geography Standards were released in 1994, people compared them to the five themes, saying that the themes had a simplicity that the new standards were lacking. In 1992, a National Assessment of Educational Progress consensus group said that the five themes are useful for teaching, but that for assessment, geography should be divided into the three topics of "space and place", "environment and society", and "spatial dynamic and connections". The five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets. As of 2012, they are included in the National Council for the Social Studies elementary school standards and in state social studies standards. Current Usage The five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets. As of 2012, they are included in the National Council for the Social Studies elementary school standards and in state social studies standards. The influence of the five themes can still be found in many standards, such as the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) Standards for elementary grades. With the increase of emphasis placed on standardized testing in the United States, social studies, and thus geography, is receiving less time in elementary classrooms. References Geography portalEducation portal ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Boehm, Richard G.; Petersen, James F. (April–May 1994). "An Elaboration of the Fundamental Themes in Geography". Social Education. 58 (4): 211–18. ^ a b Natoli, Salvatore J. (1 January 1994). "Guidelines for Geographic Education and the Fundamental Themes in Geography". Journal of Geography. 93 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1080/00221349408979676. ISSN 0022-1341. ^ a b c Ganzel, Karen. "Geography Lesson Plans Using Google Earth". Lesson Planet. Retrieved April 28, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gersmehl, Phil (2014). Teaching Geography. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-4625-1641-4. ^ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Five Themes of Geography". About.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2013. ^ "The Five Themes of Geography" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ a b c Massachusetts Geographic Alliance (1990). Global Geography: Activities for Teaching the Five Themes of Geography (Grades 3-9). Colorado: Social Science Education Consortium. pp. 6–12. ISBN 0-89994-356-X. ^ a b Buchanan, Lisa Brown; Tschida, Christina M. (2015). "Exploring the five themes of geography using technology". The Ohio Social Studies Review. 52 (1): 29–39. ^ "NCSS Social Studies Standards | Social Studies". www.socialstudies.org. Retrieved 2021-12-01. ^ Buchanan, Lisa; Tschida, Christina (Spring 2015). "Exploring the Five Themes of Geography Using Technology". Ohio Social Studies Review. 52 (1): 29–32.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orthographic_projection_SW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruine_Aggstein_02.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deforestration_premejung.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MS_Hanseatic_vor_Anker.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sahara_ecoregion.svg"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidelines_for_Geographic_Education_and_the_Fundamental-2"},{"link_name":"social studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies"},{"link_name":"classrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessonPlanet-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"LocationPlaceHuman-Environment InteractionMovementRegionThe five themes of geography are an educational tool for teaching geography. The five themes were published in 1984[1] and widely adopted by teachers, textbook publishers, and curriculum designers in the United States.[2] Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices,[3] as they provide \"an alternative to the detrimental, but unfortunately persistent, habit of teaching geography through rote memorization\".[1] They are pedagogical themes that guide how geographic content should be taught in schools.[4]","title":"Five themes of geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5Themes-5"},{"link_name":"Location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Human-Environment Interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-Environment_Interaction"},{"link_name":"Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_(geography)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"}],"text":"Five Themes of geography:[5]Location\nPlace\nHuman-Environment Interaction\nMovement\nRegion","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"latitude and longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude_and_longitude"},{"link_name":"Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe"},{"link_name":"Map projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"time zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"spatial relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_relationships"},{"link_name":"distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Every point on Earth has a location. Location can be described in two different ways:Absolute location, a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth. For example, the coordinates of Albany, New York are 42.6525° N, 73.7572° W.\nRelative location, a location as described by where it is compared to something else. For example, Albany, New York is roughly 140 miles north of New York City.Every site on Earth has a unique absolute location, which can be identified with a reference grid (such as latitude and longitude). Maps and globes can be used to find location and can also be used to convey other types of geographical information. Map projections are used to represent the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional map. The Earth's position relative to the Sun affects climate, seasons, and time zones.[1] Location as a theme helps teachers to demonstrate to students that observers have to know and be able to explain where something is before it can be examined geographically.[4] It allows the examination of spatial relationships using spatial ideas such as distance, direction, adjacency, proximity, and enclosure.[4]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"physical characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"landforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform"},{"link_name":"human characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Toponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"}],"sub_title":"Place","text":"A place is an area that is defined by everything in it. It differs from location in that a place is conditions and features, and location is a position in space.[4] Places have physical characteristics, such as landforms and plant and animal life, as well as human characteristics, such as economic activities and languages.[1] All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places. It is a combination of the “features, perceptions, and activities that occur in a given location\".[4]Toponym: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature.\nSite: an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed.\nSituation: the location and surroundings of a place.\nPopulation: the number of people that live in the area.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human-environment interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-environment_interaction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Human-environment interaction","text":"Further information: human-environment interactionThis theme describes how people interact with the environment, and how the environment responds, with three key concepts:[6]Dependency: Humans depend on the environment.\nAdaptation: Humans adapt to the environment.\nModification: Humans modify the environment.Sub-themes include \"the earth as an environmental system\" (including the role and problems of technology, environmental hazards and limits, and adaptation) and \"ethics and values\" (differing cultural values and the trade-off between economic development and environmental protection).[1] In the original 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools, this was called “relationships within places\". It focused on the advantages and disadvantages for human settlement in places.[7] It was later renamed to human-environment interaction.[4] This theme is not exclusive to geography, as it is a goal for many disciplines of study.[4]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People"},{"link_name":"goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)"},{"link_name":"ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"westward expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westward_expansion"},{"link_name":"Information Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Revolution"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"transportation geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_geography"},{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"private transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_transportation"},{"link_name":"freight transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_transportation"},{"link_name":"water cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"},{"link_name":"tectonic plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plates"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"Global interdependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_interdependence"},{"link_name":"gravity models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_model"},{"link_name":"central place theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_place_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"Movement is the travel of people, goods, and ideas from one location to another. Examples of movement include the United States' westward expansion, the Information Revolution, and immigration. New devices such as the airplane and the Internet allow physical and ideological goods to be transferred long distances in short time intervals. A person's travel from place to place, and the actions they perform there are also considered movement.Places are connected by movement:[1]Methods of transportation (transportation geography) – public transportation, private transportation, freight transportation\nMovement in everyday life\nHistory of movement\nEconomic factors influencing movement\nEnergy or mass induced movement – the water cycle, tectonic plates, movements within ecosystems, etc.\nGlobal interdependence\nModels of human interaction, including gravity models and central place theoryIn the original 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools document, movement was called “relationships between places\".[4] Transportation routes and telephone lines that link people all over the world are visible examples of relationships between places.[7]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"Bible Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Cultural diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diversity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Region","text":"Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics: human characteristics, such as demographics or politics, and physical characteristics, such as climate and vegetation. For example, the US is a political region because it shares one governmental system.Regions may have clear, well-defined borders or vague boundaries.[1]Uniform region – \"defined by some uniform cultural or physical characteristic\", such as the Bible Belt or New England[1]\nFunctional region – space organized around a focal point, such as a metropolitan area[1] or around the flow of something, like the water of the Amazon Basin, or the flow of travelers in an airport[4]\nCultural diversity – regions are a way to understand human diversity.[1]Uniform regions and formal regions share a similar definition, with formal regions being “a group of places that have similar conditions\".[4] Even in formal regions, it is true that no region is completely homogeneous, as characteristics vary from place to place.[4] While regions all share at least one common trait, it is true that they can have multiple traits that unite them, an example being a region that shares a language and a government.[7]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Council for Geographic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education"},{"link_name":"Association of American Geographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Geographers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Janice J. Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_J._Monk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guidelines_for_Geographic_Education_and_the_Fundamental-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"National Assessment of Educational Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Elaboration_of_the_Fundamental_Themes_in_Geography-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessonPlanet-3"},{"link_name":"National Council for the Social Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"}],"text":"The five themes of geography were published in the 1984 Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools by the National Council for Geographic Education/Association of American Geographers Joint Committee on Geographic Education.[1] The document was 28 pages, and suggested the themes as a way for teachers to organize content for geography classes.[4] The committee included Salvatore J. Natoli, Richard G. Boehm, James B. Kracht, David A. Lanegran, Janice J. Monk, and Robert W. Morrill.[2] They settled on five themes: location, place, relationships within places (later changed to human-environment interaction), relationships between places (later shortened to movement), and region.[4] The themes were not a \"new geography\" but rather a conceptual structure for organizing information about geography.[1]The themes became widespread in American social science education and were used for teacher training by the National Geographic Society's statewide alliances. They also played a role in reestablishing geography in school curricula.[1] When the National Geography Standards were released in 1994, people compared them to the five themes, saying that the themes had a simplicity that the new standards were lacking.[4]In 1992, a National Assessment of Educational Progress consensus group said that the five themes are useful for teaching, but that for assessment, geography should be divided into the three topics of \"space and place\", \"environment and society\", and \"spatial dynamic and connections\".[1]The five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets.[3] As of 2012, they are included in the National Council for the Social Studies elementary school standards and in state social studies standards.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessonPlanet-3"},{"link_name":"National Council for the Social Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets.[3] As of 2012, they are included in the National Council for the Social Studies elementary school standards and in state social studies standards.[8] The influence of the five themes can still be found in many standards, such as the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) Standards for elementary grades.[9] With the increase of emphasis placed on standardized testing in the United States, social studies, and thus geography, is receiving less time in elementary classrooms.[10]","title":"Current Usage"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Boehm, Richard G.; Petersen, James F. (April–May 1994). \"An Elaboration of the Fundamental Themes in Geography\". Social Education. 58 (4): 211–18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/5804/580402.html","url_text":"\"An Elaboration of the Fundamental Themes in Geography\""}]},{"reference":"Natoli, Salvatore J. (1 January 1994). \"Guidelines for Geographic Education and the Fundamental Themes in Geography\". Journal of Geography. 93 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1080/00221349408979676. ISSN 0022-1341.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221349408979676","url_text":"\"Guidelines for Geographic Education and the Fundamental Themes in Geography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Geography","url_text":"Journal of Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00221349408979676","url_text":"10.1080/00221349408979676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1341","url_text":"0022-1341"}]},{"reference":"Ganzel, Karen. \"Geography Lesson Plans Using Google Earth\". Lesson Planet. Retrieved April 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lessonplanet.com/article/elementary-math/geography-lesson-plans-using-google-earth","url_text":"\"Geography Lesson Plans Using Google Earth\""}]},{"reference":"Gersmehl, Phil (2014). Teaching Geography. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-4625-1641-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1641-4","url_text":"978-1-4625-1641-4"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Matt. \"The Five Themes of Geography\". About.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232928/https://www.thoughtco.com/five-themes-of-geography-1435624","url_text":"\"The Five Themes of Geography\""},{"url":"http://geography.about.com/od/teachgeography/a/5themes.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Five Themes of Geography\" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/TeacherEd/FacultyStaff/betts/Handouts/PDFs/Five%20Themes%20of%20Geography.pdf","url_text":"\"The Five Themes of Geography\""}]},{"reference":"Massachusetts Geographic Alliance (1990). Global Geography: Activities for Teaching the Five Themes of Geography (Grades 3-9). Colorado: Social Science Education Consortium. pp. 6–12. ISBN 0-89994-356-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89994-356-X","url_text":"0-89994-356-X"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Lisa Brown; Tschida, Christina M. (2015). \"Exploring the five themes of geography using technology\". The Ohio Social Studies Review. 52 (1): 29–39.","urls":[{"url":"https://ossr.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/2781/download","url_text":"\"Exploring the five themes of geography using technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCSS Social Studies Standards | Social Studies\". www.socialstudies.org. Retrieved 2021-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socialstudies.org/standards","url_text":"\"NCSS Social Studies Standards | Social Studies\""}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Lisa; Tschida, Christina (Spring 2015). \"Exploring the Five Themes of Geography Using Technology\". Ohio Social Studies Review. 52 (1): 29–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://ossr.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/2781/download#page=35","url_text":"\"Exploring the Five Themes of Geography Using Technology\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/5804/580402.html","external_links_name":"\"An Elaboration of the Fundamental Themes in Geography\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221349408979676","external_links_name":"\"Guidelines for Geographic Education and the Fundamental Themes in Geography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00221349408979676","external_links_name":"10.1080/00221349408979676"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1341","external_links_name":"0022-1341"},{"Link":"http://www.lessonplanet.com/article/elementary-math/geography-lesson-plans-using-google-earth","external_links_name":"\"Geography Lesson Plans Using Google Earth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232928/https://www.thoughtco.com/five-themes-of-geography-1435624","external_links_name":"\"The Five Themes of Geography\""},{"Link":"http://geography.about.com/od/teachgeography/a/5themes.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/TeacherEd/FacultyStaff/betts/Handouts/PDFs/Five%20Themes%20of%20Geography.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Five Themes of Geography\""},{"Link":"https://ossr.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/2781/download","external_links_name":"\"Exploring the five themes of geography using technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.socialstudies.org/standards","external_links_name":"\"NCSS Social Studies Standards | Social Studies\""},{"Link":"https://ossr.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/attachments/2781/download#page=35","external_links_name":"\"Exploring the Five Themes of Geography Using Technology\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctors_Theatre
Proctor's Theatre (Schenectady, New York)
["1 Building","2 History","2.1 Timeline of the expansion","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°48′44″N 73°56′31″W / 42.81222°N 73.94194°W / 42.81222; -73.94194Historic theatre in Schenectady, New York Proctor's TheatreNorth elevation and marquee, 2009Address432 State StreetSchenectady, New YorkUnited StatesOwnerArts Center and Theatre of SchenectadyDesignationNRHP #79003237TypeMovie palaceCapacity3,250ConstructionOpened1926Reopened1980ArchitectThomas W. LambWebsitewww.proctors.org Proctor's TheatreU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation82 4th St., Schenectady, New YorkCoordinates42°48′44″N 73°56′31″W / 42.81222°N 73.94194°W / 42.81222; -73.94194Arealess than one acreBuilt1914ArchitectJohnson, ArlardMPSMovie Palaces of the Tri-Cities TRNRHP reference No.79003237Added to NRHPOctober 4, 1979 Proctor's Theatre (officially stylized as Proctors since 2007; however, the marquee retains the apostrophe) is a theatre and former vaudeville house located in Schenectady, New York, United States. Many famous artists have performed there, including Mariah Carey (whose 1993 top-rated Thanksgiving special was taped there), Britney Spears, Hal Holbrook, Ted Wiles, and George Burns, as well as many others. It has one of the largest movie screens in the Northeast. The theatre was opened on December 27, 1926. It was designed by architect Thomas Lamb. In 1979 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, shortly before being renovated after a long period of decline and neglect. A renovation completed in 2007 added two theatres to the complex, providing a variety of performance spaces. Building The theater building is located on the south side of State Street (NY 5), in a densely developed commercial area. The exterior of the building and its interior arcade are included in the Register listing. It is a three-story building with attic. The North (front) facade is faced in stucco, with engaged Doric pilasters. Ornamentation includes garlands and paterae on the friezes. A large marquee covers the sidewalk in front. Inside, the arcade that connects the entrance to the theatre features space for (originally) 14 boutiques, with five copper-framed glass windows. A marble staircase leads to the upstairs offices, and the box office and showcase are paneled in Walnut. The foyer is carpeted in red, with men's and women's smoking rooms on either side. Two more marble staircases lead to the balcony level. A pastoral mural in sepia decorates the wall. The staircases lead to a balcony promenade with an authentic Louis XV style sofa. Decoration includes Corinthian columns, iron railings and extensive gold leaf detailing. Corinthian columns also flank the proscenium arch over the stage. Gold leaf detail is all over the domed ceiling and entrance arches, in contrast to the black and silver damask wall coverings. The side loges are trimmed with iron grilles in the arches and heavy velvet drapes. Light is provided by a central black and gold chandelier with 192 lamps, flanked by six smaller fixtures. History The arrival of General Electric led to rapid growth in Schenectady through the late 19th and early 20th century. The city's streetcar network made its downtown more accessible to the city. The vaudeville impresario Frederick Freeman Proctor chose to build his first theater in 1912. In the last years of his life, he decided to replace it. It cost $1.5 million ($25.8 million in contemporary dollars) to build and opened on December 27, 1926, with a showing of the silent film Stranded in Paris. The audience was so impressed by the lavish facilities that no one complained about the malfunctioning Wurlitzer theatre organ, an "F 3M" style, model# Opus 1469. Proctor had sound equipment installed two years later for the new sound films. Shortly before his death in 1929, Proctor sold his theater chain to RKO Pictures. On May 22, 1930, the theatre hosted Ernst Alexanderson, who conducted an early public demonstration of television, utilizing his closed-circuit system and projecting a large screen image on a six by six foot screen. The theatre had fallen into disrepair throughout the 1960s and '70s while population shifted and moved out of Schenectady. The theatre was going to be torn down for use of the plot as a parking lot until a group of activists joined together and created the Arts Districts of Schenectady. In 1984, the Golub Family donated "Goldie" a 1931 Wurlitzer theatre organ to the theatre, replacing the long-lost original organ. The project to restore and install Goldie was undertaken by the Hudson-Mohawk chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society. That year, Proctors named organist Allen Mills as its first artist in residence. The theatre produced two albums of music with Mills: Allen Mills Plays Proctor's and An Old Fashioned Christmas. In 1988, PBS affiliate WMHT recorded Susannah McCorkle and Friends: Jazz Meets Pop at Proctors, a live concert later broadcast on television featuring jazz vocalist Susannah McCorkle. Artist Hiroshi Sugimoto visited the theatre to photograph it in 1996. The resulting work was published in his Theaters book in 2000. In the fall of 2007, Proctors finished a $24.5 million expansion. Several local firms were involved, including Stracher Roth Gilmore (architectural), Ryan-Biggs Associates (structural), M/E Engineering (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) and Adirondack Scenic (theatrical & rigging designers). The renovation added two theatres, making three separate theatre venues available for the public: Main Theatre, with a historic proscenium stage, seats about 2700 GE Black Box Theatre, which will seat 450. This multifunctional theatre has retractable seating. This will allow the space to be reconfigured in unusual ways for experimental performances. 440 Upstairs, this 100-seat theatre located in the Wright Family Building at 440 State Street will support smaller performances, such as one man/woman shows, jazz performances, or a place for playwrights to showcase new material with staged readings. {This venue was sold off and the building was demolished in 2011 to make room for construction of the headquarters building of Transfinder.} In September 2007, upon completion of the expansion project, Proctor's Theatre changed its name to "Proctors" to reflect its three theatres. On July 18, 2009, the theatre won the Outstanding Historic Theatre Award, presented by the League of Historic American Theatres at their annual meeting in Cleveland. Proctors hosted the group's convention in 2011. Timeline of the expansion 2004: Replacement of the 25+ year-old roof Acoustic wall built in main theatre to improve sound quality Foundation work for new stagehouse begins 2005: $1 million sound system installed Revamped candy counter Tripling the size of the former stagehouse, including a three-bay enclosed loading dock, crossover, and new dressing & multi purpose rooms backstage 2006: Construction started for the GE Theatre, which includes 4,000 sq-flat floor theatre, 450 seats that are retractable, and a 60' x 60' wide-format screen and equipment known as iWERKS-ExtremeScreen. New carpet in the main theatre New furniture in the men's’ lounge of the main theatre Restoration of the Golub Arcade Creation of the Ed Sells & Eveline Ward-Sells Green Room Larger and improved gift shops Restoration on decorative plaster work and plaster Removal of paint from frosted glass panels and copper edging 2007: Additional construction of the former Carl company 2018: In 2018, Proctors Theater took seven weeks and replaced all their main stage seating to bigger and comfier seats, while also fitting in more than originally installed. They now can seat 2,594 patrons in the theaters fixed seating. After adding the total of pit orchestra seats and handicapped seating they can fit 2,700 patrons in the theater. 1st Floor: Completion of the GE Theatre New box office Expanded lobby space for easier patron traffic flow More restroom facilities for patrons 3-story atrium outside of GE Theatre Various retail outlets: Northeastern Fine Jewelry and The Muddy Cup Coffee House & Cafe 2nd Floor: Gallery & various conference spaces New administrative offices & board room 3rd Floor: TBD See also Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York) National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Lisi, Michael (November 21, 1993). "Archives 1993: Proctor's show was huge event for Carey fans". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 4 March 2024. ^ "Spears to Hit SPAC in August for Third Capital Region Gig". The Daily Gazette. February 23, 2000. Retrieved 2 May 2023. ^ a b c d e Powers, Robert (May 1979). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, F.F. Proctor Theatre and Arcade". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2009. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "A History of Proctors". Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009. ^ Junchen, David L. (2005). The Wurlitzer Pipe Organ: an Illustrated History. The American Theaetre Organ Society. p. 668. ^ Stashower, Daniel (2002). The Boy Genius and the Mogul The Untold Story of Television. Crown. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7679-1321-8. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ "Initial Public Exhibit Gives New Impetus to Television". The Daily Gazette. May 23, 1930. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ "Alexanderson wins royal Danish medal". The Daily Gazette. November 23, 1946. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Richards, Rashna Wadia (2021). Cinematic TV. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-007128-8. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Edgerton, Gary (2007). The Columbia History of American Television. Columbia University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-231-51218-3. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Wright, Peg Churchill (October 22, 1984). "Mills named Proctor's organist in residence". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ "Allen Mills Plays Proctor's". American Theatre Organ Journal. 27 (4): 23. 1986. ^ Beaupre, Walter J. (1986). "For the Records: An Old Fashioned Christmas". American Theatre Organ Journal. 28 (5): 40. ^ Davis, Francis (2009). Jazz and its Discontents. Hachette Books. ^ Sugimoto, Hiroshi (2000). Theaters. Sonnabend Sundell Editions/Eyestorm. p. 131. ^ "Demolition planned for Schenectady building; facade to be lost". Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-26. ^ "Transfinder". Archived from the original on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-03-27. ^ Curtain falls on apostrophe. Albany Times Union. August 5, 2007. ^ "Where history lives: Proctors to use national award won Saturday for marketing purposes" Archived 2022-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Albany Times Union, July 20, 2009 ^ Barnes, Steve. New season, new seats for Proctors Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Times Union 3 October 2018. External links Proctors official website vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"movie screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_screen"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamb"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Historic theatre in Schenectady, New YorkProctor's Theatre (officially stylized as Proctors since 2007; however, the marquee retains the apostrophe) is a theatre and former vaudeville house located in Schenectady, New York, United States. Many famous artists have performed there, including Mariah Carey (whose 1993 top-rated Thanksgiving special was taped there),[3] Britney Spears,[4] Hal Holbrook, Ted Wiles, and George Burns, as well as many others. It has one of the largest movie screens in the Northeast.The theatre was opened on December 27, 1926. It was designed by architect Thomas Lamb. In 1979 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, shortly before being renovated after a long period of decline and neglect. A renovation completed in 2007 added two theatres to the complex, providing a variety of performance spaces.","title":"Proctor's Theatre (Schenectady, New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NY 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic"},{"link_name":"facade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"Ornamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"garlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_(decoration)"},{"link_name":"paterae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patera"},{"link_name":"friezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"marquee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_(sign)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-5"},{"link_name":"boutiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"Walnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut#Wood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-5"},{"link_name":"foyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyer"},{"link_name":"balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"promenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade"},{"link_name":"Louis XV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-5"},{"link_name":"proscenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium"},{"link_name":"damask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask"},{"link_name":"loges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-5"}],"text":"The theater building is located on the south side of State Street (NY 5), in a densely developed commercial area. The exterior of the building and its interior arcade are included in the Register listing.It is a three-story building with attic. The North (front) facade is faced in stucco, with engaged Doric pilasters. Ornamentation includes garlands and paterae on the friezes. A large marquee covers the sidewalk in front.[5]Inside, the arcade that connects the entrance to the theatre features space for (originally) 14 boutiques, with five copper-framed glass windows. A marble staircase leads to the upstairs offices, and the box office and showcase are paneled in Walnut.[5]The foyer is carpeted in red, with men's and women's smoking rooms on either side. Two more marble staircases lead to the balcony level. A pastoral mural in sepia decorates the wall. The staircases lead to a balcony promenade with an authentic Louis XV style sofa. Decoration includes Corinthian columns, iron railings and extensive gold leaf detailing.[5]Corinthian columns also flank the proscenium arch over the stage. Gold leaf detail is all over the domed ceiling and entrance arches, in contrast to the black and silver damask wall coverings. The side loges are trimmed with iron grilles in the arches and heavy velvet drapes. Light is provided by a central black and gold chandelier with 192 lamps, flanked by six smaller fixtures.[5]","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Frederick Freeman Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Freeman_Proctor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_nom-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-6"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer"},{"link_name":"theatre organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_organ"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theater_history_page-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sound films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Ernst Alexanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer"},{"link_name":"theatre organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_organ"},{"link_name":"American Theatre Organ Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theatre_Organ_Society"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"WMHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMHT_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Susannah McCorkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_McCorkle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The arrival of General Electric led to rapid growth in Schenectady through the late 19th and early 20th century. The city's streetcar network made its downtown more accessible to the city. The vaudeville impresario Frederick Freeman Proctor chose to build his first theater in 1912. In the last years of his life, he decided to replace it.[5] It cost $1.5 million ($25.8 million in contemporary dollars[6]) to build and opened on December 27, 1926, with a showing of the silent film Stranded in Paris. The audience was so impressed by the lavish facilities that no one complained about the malfunctioning Wurlitzer theatre organ, an \"F 3M\" style, model# Opus 1469.[7][8]Proctor had sound equipment installed two years later for the new sound films. Shortly before his death in 1929, Proctor sold his theater chain to RKO Pictures.On May 22, 1930, the theatre hosted Ernst Alexanderson, who conducted an early public demonstration of television, utilizing his closed-circuit system and projecting a large screen image on a six by six foot screen.[9][10][11][12][13]The theatre had fallen into disrepair throughout the 1960s and '70s while population shifted and moved out of Schenectady. The theatre was going to be torn down for use of the plot as a parking lot until a group of activists joined together and created the Arts Districts of Schenectady.In 1984, the Golub Family donated \"Goldie\" a 1931 Wurlitzer theatre organ to the theatre, replacing the long-lost original organ. The project to restore and install Goldie was undertaken by the Hudson-Mohawk chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society. That year, Proctors named organist Allen Mills as its first artist in residence.[14] The theatre produced two albums of music with Mills: Allen Mills Plays Proctor's and An Old Fashioned Christmas.[15][16]In 1988, PBS affiliate WMHT recorded Susannah McCorkle and Friends: Jazz Meets Pop at Proctors, a live concert later broadcast on television featuring jazz vocalist Susannah McCorkle.[17]Artist Hiroshi Sugimoto visited the theatre to photograph it in 1996. The resulting work was published in his Theaters book in 2000.[18]In the fall of 2007, Proctors finished a $24.5 million expansion. Several local firms were involved, including Stracher Roth Gilmore (architectural), Ryan-Biggs Associates (structural), M/E Engineering (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) and Adirondack Scenic (theatrical & rigging designers). The renovation added two theatres, making three separate theatre venues available for the public:Main Theatre, with a historic proscenium stage, seats about 2700\nGE Black Box Theatre, which will seat 450. This multifunctional theatre has retractable seating. This will allow the space to be reconfigured in unusual ways for experimental performances.\n440 Upstairs, this 100-seat theatre located in the Wright Family Building at 440 State Street will support smaller performances, such as one man/woman shows, jazz performances, or a place for playwrights to showcase new material with staged readings. {This venue was sold off and the building was demolished in 2011 [19] to make room for construction of the headquarters building of Transfinder.[20]}In September 2007, upon completion of the expansion project, Proctor's Theatre changed its name to \"Proctors\" to reflect its three theatres.[21]On July 18, 2009, the theatre won the Outstanding Historic Theatre Award, presented by the League of Historic American Theatres at their annual meeting in Cleveland. Proctors hosted the group's convention in 2011.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_company"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Timeline of the expansion","text":"2004:Replacement of the 25+ year-old roof\nAcoustic wall built in main theatre to improve sound quality\nFoundation work for new stagehouse begins2005:$1 million sound system installed\nRevamped candy counter\nTripling the size of the former stagehouse, including a three-bay enclosed loading dock, crossover, and new dressing & multi purpose rooms backstage2006:Construction started for the GE Theatre, which includes 4,000 sq-flat floor theatre, 450 seats that are retractable, and a 60' x 60' wide-format screen and equipment known as iWERKS-ExtremeScreen.\nNew carpet in the main theatre\nNew furniture in the men's’ lounge of the main theatre\nRestoration of the Golub Arcade\nCreation of the Ed Sells & Eveline Ward-Sells Green Room\nLarger and improved gift shops\nRestoration on decorative plaster work and plaster\nRemoval of paint from frosted glass panels and copper edging2007:Additional construction of the former Carl company2018:In 2018, Proctors Theater took seven weeks and replaced all their main stage seating to bigger and comfier seats, while also fitting in more than originally installed. They now can seat 2,594 patrons in the theaters fixed seating. After adding the total of pit orchestra seats and handicapped seating they can fit 2,700 patrons in the theater.[23]1st Floor:Completion of the GE Theatre\nNew box office\nExpanded lobby space for easier patron traffic flow\nMore restroom facilities for patrons\n3-story atrium outside of GE Theatre\nVarious retail outlets: Northeastern Fine Jewelry and The Muddy Cup Coffee House & Cafe2nd Floor:Gallery & various conference spaces\nNew administrative offices & board room3rd Floor:\nTBD","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Proctor's Theater (Troy, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor%27s_Theater_(Troy,_New_York)"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schenectady_County,_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Lisi, Michael (November 21, 1993). \"Archives 1993: Proctor's show was huge event for Carey fans\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailygazette.com/life_and_arts/when-mariah-carey-the-queen-of-christmas-ruled-proctors/article_e20b77d8-a009-11ee-b94b-3fbce1e39aa0.html","url_text":"\"Archives 1993: Proctor's show was huge event for Carey fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spears to Hit SPAC in August for Third Capital Region Gig\". The Daily Gazette. February 23, 2000. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykZGAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22britney+spears%22+proctors+schenectady&pg=PA10","url_text":"\"Spears to Hit SPAC in August for Third Capital Region Gig\""}]},{"reference":"Powers, Robert (May 1979). \"National Register of Historic Places nomination, F.F. Proctor Theatre and Arcade\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11275","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places nomination, F.F. Proctor Theatre and Arcade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826100120/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11275","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of Proctors\". Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proctors.org/about","url_text":"\"A History of Proctors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090916131144/http://www.proctors.org/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Junchen, David L. (2005). The Wurlitzer Pipe Organ: an Illustrated History. The American Theaetre Organ Society. p. 668.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stashower, Daniel (2002). The Boy Genius and the Mogul The Untold Story of Television. Crown. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7679-1321-8. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4Hja2a6PYC&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA128","url_text":"The Boy Genius and the Mogul The Untold Story of Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1321-8","url_text":"978-0-7679-1321-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Initial Public Exhibit Gives New Impetus to Television\". The Daily Gazette. May 23, 1930. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1ohAAAAIBAJ&dq=Alexanderson+Proctor%27s+schenectady&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"Initial Public Exhibit Gives New Impetus to Television\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexanderson wins royal Danish medal\". The Daily Gazette. November 23, 1946. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nouAAAAIBAJ&dq=E.+F.+W.+Alexanderson+Proctor%27s&pg=PA5","url_text":"\"Alexanderson wins royal Danish medal\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Rashna Wadia (2021). Cinematic TV. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-007128-8. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EkIrEAAAQBAJ&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA5","url_text":"Cinematic TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007128-8","url_text":"978-0-19-007128-8"}]},{"reference":"Edgerton, Gary (2007). The Columbia History of American Television. Columbia University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-231-51218-3. Retrieved 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x4p3XMOeq7oC&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Columbia History of American Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51218-3","url_text":"978-0-231-51218-3"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Peg Churchill (October 22, 1984). \"Mills named Proctor's organist in residence\". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mhEhAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA40&dq=%22allen%20mills%22%20proctor%27s&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q=%22allen%20mills%22%20proctor's&f=false","url_text":"\"Mills named Proctor's organist in residence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allen Mills Plays Proctor's\". American Theatre Organ Journal. 27 (4): 23. 1986.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Beaupre, Walter J. (1986). \"For the Records: An Old Fashioned Christmas\". American Theatre Organ Journal. 28 (5): 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davis, Francis (2009). Jazz and its Discontents. Hachette Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jazz_And_Its_Discontents/oF0FywuNqU4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Susannah+McCorkle+wmht&pg=PT79&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Jazz and its Discontents"}]},{"reference":"Sugimoto, Hiroshi (2000). Theaters. Sonnabend Sundell Editions/Eyestorm. p. 131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Demolition planned for Schenectady building; facade to be lost\". Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailygazette.com/news/2011/nov/16/1116_demolition/","url_text":"\"Demolition planned for Schenectady building; facade to be lost\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101443/http://www.dailygazette.com/news/2011/nov/16/1116_demolition/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transfinder\". Archived from the original on 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transfinder.com/","url_text":"\"Transfinder\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315030420/https://www.transfinder.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Proctor%27s_Theatre_(Schenectady,_New_York)&params=42_48_44_N_73_56_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"42°48′44″N 73°56′31″W / 42.81222°N 73.94194°W / 42.81222; -73.94194"},{"Link":"http://www.proctors.org/","external_links_name":"www.proctors.org"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Proctor%27s_Theatre_(Schenectady,_New_York)&params=42_48_44_N_73_56_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"42°48′44″N 73°56′31″W / 42.81222°N 73.94194°W / 42.81222; -73.94194"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000575_text","external_links_name":"Movie Palaces of the Tri-Cities TR"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/79003237","external_links_name":"79003237"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailygazette.com/life_and_arts/when-mariah-carey-the-queen-of-christmas-ruled-proctors/article_e20b77d8-a009-11ee-b94b-3fbce1e39aa0.html","external_links_name":"\"Archives 1993: Proctor's show was huge event for Carey fans\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykZGAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22britney+spears%22+proctors+schenectady&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"\"Spears to Hit SPAC in August for Third Capital Region Gig\""},{"Link":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11275","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places nomination, F.F. Proctor Theatre and Arcade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120826100120/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=11275","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""},{"Link":"http://www.proctors.org/about","external_links_name":"\"A History of Proctors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090916131144/http://www.proctors.org/about","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4Hja2a6PYC&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"The Boy Genius and the Mogul The Untold Story of Television"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t1ohAAAAIBAJ&dq=Alexanderson+Proctor%27s+schenectady&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"Initial Public Exhibit Gives New Impetus to Television\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nouAAAAIBAJ&dq=E.+F.+W.+Alexanderson+Proctor%27s&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"\"Alexanderson wins royal Danish medal\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EkIrEAAAQBAJ&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Cinematic TV"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x4p3XMOeq7oC&dq=ernst%20alexanderson%20Proctor%27s&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"The Columbia History of American Television"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mhEhAAAAIBAJ&lpg=PA40&dq=%22allen%20mills%22%20proctor%27s&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q=%22allen%20mills%22%20proctor's&f=false","external_links_name":"\"Mills named Proctor's organist in residence\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jazz_And_Its_Discontents/oF0FywuNqU4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Susannah+McCorkle+wmht&pg=PT79&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Jazz and its Discontents"},{"Link":"http://www.dailygazette.com/news/2011/nov/16/1116_demolition/","external_links_name":"\"Demolition planned for Schenectady building; facade to be lost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101443/http://www.dailygazette.com/news/2011/nov/16/1116_demolition/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.transfinder.com/","external_links_name":"\"Transfinder\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220315030420/https://www.transfinder.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.timesunion.com/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6471787","external_links_name":"Curtain falls on apostrophe"},{"Link":"http://www.timesunion.com/ASPStories/Story.asp?StoryID=821512","external_links_name":"\"Where history lives: Proctors to use national award won Saturday for marketing purposes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327051159/https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Where-history-lives-547744.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.timesunion.com/entertainment/article/New-season-new-seats-for-Proctors-13278106.php","external_links_name":"New season, new seats for Proctors"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023203838/https://www.timesunion.com/entertainment/article/New-season-new-seats-for-Proctors-13278106.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.proctors.org/","external_links_name":"Proctors official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/c4eecce6-5b25-48be-8da4-bc0bcf5f1d6b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Lithuania
Constitutional Court of Lithuania
["1 Activities","2 Composition","3 Members","3.1 Current members","3.2 Historical composition","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273 Constitutional Court of the Republic of LithuaniaLietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273Established1992JurisdictionRepublic of LithuaniaLocationGediminas Avenue, Vilnius, LithuaniaCoordinates54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273Composition methodRenewed by a third every three years, each judge nominated by the President, Speaker of Seimas and the Head of the Supreme Court and appointed by SeimasAuthorized byConstitution of LithuaniaJudge term length9 years (only one term allowed)Number of positions9Websitelrkt.ltPresidentCurrentlyGintaras GodaSince18 June 2021 Politics of Lithuania Constitution Taxation Executive President Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė Legislature Seimas Seimas Palace Speaker: Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Elections Recent elections Seimas: 201620202024 Presidential: 201420192024 European: 201420192024 Referendums Political parties Administrative divisions Counties Municipalities Elderships Foreign relations Ministers of Foreign Affairs Lithuania portal Other countries vte Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas) is the constitutional court of the Republic of Lithuania, established by the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania of 1992. It began the activities after the adoption of the Law of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania on 3 February 1993. Since its inception, the court has been located in Vilnius. The main task of the court is judicial review. It may therefore declare the acts of the Seimas unconstitutional and thus render them ineffective. As such, it is comparable to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany or, in a limited scope, to the Supreme Court of the United States. However, it differs from it and other supreme courts in that it is not part of the regular judicial system, but more a unique judicial branch. Most importantly, it does not serve as a regular court of appeals from lower courts or as a sort of "superappellate court" on any violation of national laws. Its jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues, the integrity of the Constitution. Moreover, it adjudicates on the conformance of the acts of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania to the laws, compliance with the Constitution of international agreements, as well as their ratification, and takes a final decision on voting infringements. Activities The Court has played a substantial role in the development of the Lithuanian legal system, declaring a number of national laws unconstitutional. On 31 March 2004, it issued a ruling acknowledging the breach of the oath of office by the President Rolandas Paksas. He was removed from office by Seimas following the impeachment on 6 April 2004; this has been the first successful case of impeachment of the head of state in the history of Europe. The ruling interpreted the Constitution as precluding a person, who was pleaded guilty for the breach of oath, from assuming any future position in public service, which requires taking an oath. On 9 December 1998, the Constitutional Court declared that article 105 of the criminal code of the Republic of Lithuania, which established the death penalty, violated several articles of the Constitution. This ruling was a big step in humanizing the punishment system. Composition The Court comprises nine justices, appointed by the Seimas, for a nine-year non-renewable term of office. Only Lithuanian citizens of an impeccable reputation, who are trained in law, and who have served for at least 10 years in the legal profession, or in an area of legal education are eligible for appointment. Usually, notable legal scholars and highly experienced judges qualify for the position. The court is renewed by a third every three years. The candidates are nominated by the Chairman of the Seimas, the President of Lithuania and the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania, the Seimas then decides on appointing them. The Seimas appoints the President of the Court from among the justices upon the nomination by the President of the state. Members Current members Name Date of birth Hometown President Date appointed Mandatory retirement year Law School Prior judicial office Gintaras Goda (1965-06-13) 13 June 1965 (age 59) Švenčionys Grybauskaitė 14 March 2017 2026 Vilnius UniversityGoethe University Frankfurt Supreme Administrative Court of LithuaniaSupreme Court of Lithuania Daiva Petrylaitė (1977-08-23) 23 August 1977 (age 46) Raseiniai Grybauskaitė 14 March 2017 2026 Vilnius University Janina Stripeikienė (1955-03-08) 8 March 1955 (age 69) Kelmė Grybauskaitė 14 March 2017 2026 Vilnius University Court of Appeal of LithuaniaSupreme Court of Lithuania Giedrė Lastauskienė (1967-06-02) 2 June 1967 (age 57) Šilalė Nausėda 15 January 2021 2029 Vilnius University Algis Norkūnas (1962-08-24) 24 August 1962 (age 61) Trakai Nausėda 15 January 2021 2029 Vilnius University Ignalina District Local CourtVilnius Regional CourtSupreme Court of Lithuania Vytautas Mizaras (1974-08-20) 20 August 1974 (age 49) Babrai Nausėda 9 June 2021 2029 Vilnius UniversityGoethe University Frankfurt Tomas Davulis (1975-05-29) 29 May 1975 (age 49) Vilnius Nausėda 16 March 2023 2032 Vilnius University University of Freiburg Aurelijus Gutauskas (1972-05-22) 22 May 1972 (age 52) Vilkaviškis Nausėda 16 March 2023 2032 Mykolas Riomeris University Stasys Šedbaras (1958-02-10) February 10, 1958 (age 66) Tūjainiai Nausėda 16 March 2023 2029 Villnius University Historical composition 1993–1996 Juozas Žilys (President) Algirdas Gailiūnas Kęstutis Lapinskas Zigmas Levickis Vladas Pavilonis († 2003) Pranas Vytautas Rasimavičius († 2002) Teodora Staugaitienė Stasys Stačiokas Stasys Šedbaras. 1996–1999 Juozas Žilys (President) Egidijus Jarašiūnas Kęstutis Lapinskas Zigmas Levickis Augustinas Normantas Vladas Pavilonis (†2003) Jonas Prapiestis Pranas Vytautas Rasimavičius (†2002) Teodora Staugaitienė 1999–2002 Vladas Pavilonis (President) (†2003) Egidijus Jarašiūnas Egidijus Kūris Zigmas Levickis Augustinas Normantas Jonas Prapiestis Vytautas Sinkevičius Stasys Stačiokas Teodora Staugaitienė 2002–2005 Egidijus Kūris (President) Egidijus Jarašiūnas Augustinas Normantas Armanas Abramavičius Kęstutis Lapinskas Zenonas Namavičius Jonas Prapiestis Vytautas Sinkevičius Stasys Stačiokas 2005-2008 Egidijus Kūris (President) Vytautas Sinkevičius Stasys Stačiokas Kęstutis Lapinskas Armanas Abramavičius Zenonas Namavičius Romualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis Toma Birmontienė Ramutė Ruškytė 2008-2011 Kęstutis Lapinskas (President) Armanas Abramavičius Zenonas Namavičius Romualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis Toma Birmontienė Ramutė Ruškytė Pranas Kuconis Egidijus Šileikis Algirdas Taminskas 2011-2014 Romualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis (President) Toma Birmontienė Ramutė Ruškytė Pranas Kuconis Egidijus Šileikis Algirdas Taminskas Dainius Žalimas Egidijus Bieliūnas Gediminas Mesonis 2014-2017 Dainius Žalimas (President) Pranas Kuconis Egidijus Šileikis Algirdas Taminskas Gediminas Mesonis Elvyra Baltutytė Vytas Milius Vytautas Greičius Danutė Jočienė 2017-2020 Dainius Žalimas (President) Gediminas Mesonis Elvyra Baltutytė Vytas Milius Vytautas Greičius Danutė Jočienė Gintaras Goda Daiva Petrylaitė Janina Stripeikienė 2020-2023 Danutė Jočienė (President) Elvyra Baltutytė Vytautas Greičius Gintaras Goda Daiva Petrylaitė Janina Stripeikienė Giedrė Lastauskienė Algis Norkūnas Vytautas Mizaras 2023-2026 Gintaras Goda (President) Tomas Davulis Aurelijus Gutauskas Giedrė Lastauskienė Vytautas Mizaras Algis Norkūnas Daiva Petrilaitė Janina Stripeikienė Stasys Šedbaras References ^ a b "Appointment and status of Justices". Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ Lithuania: Paksas Becomes First European President To Be Removed From Office Accessed January 8, 2007 ^ Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimas dėl Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso 105 straipsnio sankcijoje numatytos mirties bausmės atitikimo Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijai Archived 10 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania on the constitutionality of the death penalty provided in the sanction of article 105 of the criminal code of the Republic of Lithuania) ^ Constitutional Court (13 January 2020) 25 Konstitucinio Teismo bylos, pakeitusios Lietuvą (25 cases of the Constitutional Court that changed Lithuania), p. 11 External links Official website vteLithuania articlesHistoryEarly Balts Lithuania proper Lithuania Minor Grand Duchy 1219–1295 Duchy Kingdom Christianization Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Lithuanian Crusade Revival andindependence Press ban National Revival Great Seimas of Vilnius Amber Declaration Act of Independence Wars of Independence Lithuanian–Soviet War Polish–Lithuanian War 1919 Polish coup d'état attempt 1926 coup d'état WWII andoccupations Occupation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1940) by Nazi Germany by the Soviet Union (1944) Holocaust Resistance Second Soviet republic Guerrilla war Lithuanian partisans Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) Government-in-exile Restoration Reform Movement (Sąjūdis) Singing Revolution Baltic Way Act of Re-Establishment Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania January Events 2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum EU accession Geography Cities capital Climate Extreme points Flora Forests Lakes Regional parks Rivers Towns Politics Administrative divisions counties municipalities elderships Constitution Constitutional Court Elections Foreign relations Government Prime Minister Law Law enforcement Human rights LGBT Political parties President Seimas parliament Speaker Military Land Force Naval Force Air Force Special Operations Force Economy Agriculture Banks Central bank e-Residency Energy Euro Telecommunications Transport airports rail roads seaport Tourism Society Demographics Education universities Ethnic minorities Ethnographic regions Health Language Lithuanians Religion Culture Calendar Cinema Cuisine Cultural history Cultural regions Ethnographic Lithuania Literature Music Design Mythology Name Public holidays Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag OutlineIndex Category Portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"constitutional court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_court"},{"link_name":"Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review"},{"link_name":"Seimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality"},{"link_name":"Federal Constitutional Court of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"supreme courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"court of appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeals"}],"text":"Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas) is the constitutional court of the Republic of Lithuania, established by the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania of 1992. It began the activities after the adoption of the Law of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania on 3 February 1993. Since its inception, the court has been located in Vilnius.The main task of the court is judicial review. It may therefore declare the acts of the Seimas unconstitutional and thus render them ineffective. As such, it is comparable to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany or, in a limited scope, to the Supreme Court of the United States. However, it differs from it and other supreme courts in that it is not part of the regular judicial system, but more a unique judicial branch. Most importantly, it does not serve as a regular court of appeals from lower courts or as a sort of \"superappellate court\" on any violation of national laws.Its jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues, the integrity of the Constitution. Moreover, it adjudicates on the conformance of the acts of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania to the laws, compliance with the Constitution of international agreements, as well as their ratification, and takes a final decision on voting infringements.","title":"Constitutional Court of Lithuania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian legal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"oath of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office"},{"link_name":"Rolandas Paksas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas"},{"link_name":"impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Court has played a substantial role in the development of the Lithuanian legal system, declaring a number of national laws unconstitutional. \nOn 31 March 2004, it issued a ruling acknowledging the breach of the oath of office by the President Rolandas Paksas. He was removed from office by Seimas following the impeachment on 6 April 2004; this has been the first successful case of impeachment of the head of state in the history of Europe.[2] The ruling interpreted the Constitution as precluding a person, who was pleaded guilty for the breach of oath, from assuming any future position in public service, which requires taking an oath.On 9 December 1998, the Constitutional Court declared that article 105 of the criminal code of the Republic of Lithuania, which established the death penalty, violated several articles of the Constitution.[3] This ruling was a big step in humanizing the punishment system.[4]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Lithuania"}],"text":"The Court comprises nine justices, appointed by the Seimas, for a nine-year non-renewable term of office. Only Lithuanian citizens of an impeccable reputation, who are trained in law, and who have served for at least 10 years in the legal profession, or in an area of legal education are eligible for appointment. Usually, notable legal scholars and highly experienced judges qualify for the position. The court is renewed by a third every three years. The candidates are nominated by the Chairman of the Seimas, the President of Lithuania and the President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania, the Seimas then decides on appointing them. The Seimas appoints the President of the Court from among the justices upon the nomination by the President of the state.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current members","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egidijus Jarašiūnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egidijus_Jara%C5%A1i%C5%ABnas"},{"link_name":"Jonas Prapiestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Prapiestis"},{"link_name":"Egidijus Kūris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egidijus_K%C5%ABris"},{"link_name":"Dainius Žalimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainius_%C5%BDalimas"},{"link_name":"Dainius Žalimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainius_%C5%BDalimas"},{"link_name":"Dainius Žalimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainius_%C5%BDalimas"}],"sub_title":"Historical composition","text":"1993–1996Juozas Žilys (President)\nAlgirdas Gailiūnas\nKęstutis Lapinskas\nZigmas Levickis\nVladas Pavilonis († 2003)\nPranas Vytautas Rasimavičius († 2002)\nTeodora Staugaitienė\nStasys Stačiokas\nStasys Šedbaras.1996–1999Juozas Žilys (President)\nEgidijus Jarašiūnas\nKęstutis Lapinskas\nZigmas Levickis\nAugustinas Normantas\nVladas Pavilonis (†2003)\nJonas Prapiestis\nPranas Vytautas Rasimavičius (†2002)\nTeodora Staugaitienė1999–2002Vladas Pavilonis (President) (†2003)\nEgidijus Jarašiūnas\nEgidijus Kūris\nZigmas Levickis\nAugustinas Normantas\nJonas Prapiestis\nVytautas Sinkevičius\nStasys Stačiokas\nTeodora Staugaitienė2002–2005Egidijus Kūris (President)\nEgidijus Jarašiūnas\nAugustinas Normantas\nArmanas Abramavičius\nKęstutis Lapinskas\nZenonas Namavičius\nJonas Prapiestis\nVytautas Sinkevičius\nStasys Stačiokas2005-2008Egidijus Kūris (President)\nVytautas Sinkevičius\nStasys Stačiokas\nKęstutis Lapinskas\nArmanas Abramavičius\nZenonas Namavičius\nRomualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis\nToma Birmontienė\nRamutė Ruškytė2008-2011Kęstutis Lapinskas (President)\nArmanas Abramavičius\nZenonas Namavičius\nRomualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis\nToma Birmontienė\nRamutė Ruškytė\nPranas Kuconis\nEgidijus Šileikis\nAlgirdas Taminskas2011-2014Romualdas Kęstutis Urbaitis (President)\nToma Birmontienė\nRamutė Ruškytė\nPranas Kuconis\nEgidijus Šileikis\nAlgirdas Taminskas\nDainius Žalimas\nEgidijus Bieliūnas\nGediminas Mesonis2014-2017Dainius Žalimas (President)\nPranas Kuconis\nEgidijus Šileikis\nAlgirdas Taminskas\nGediminas Mesonis\nElvyra Baltutytė\nVytas Milius\nVytautas Greičius\nDanutė Jočienė2017-2020Dainius Žalimas (President)\nGediminas Mesonis\nElvyra Baltutytė\nVytas Milius\nVytautas Greičius\nDanutė Jočienė\nGintaras Goda\nDaiva Petrylaitė\nJanina Stripeikienė2020-2023Danutė Jočienė (President)\nElvyra Baltutytė\nVytautas Greičius\nGintaras Goda\nDaiva Petrylaitė\nJanina Stripeikienė\nGiedrė Lastauskienė\nAlgis Norkūnas\nVytautas Mizaras2023-2026Gintaras Goda (President)\nTomas Davulis\nAurelijus Gutauskas\nGiedrė LastauskienėVytautas MizarasAlgis NorkūnasDaiva Petrilaitė\nJanina Stripeikienė\nStasys Šedbaras","title":"Members"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Appointment and status of Justices\". Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521163603/https://lrkt.lt/en/about-the-court/justices/appointment-and-status-of-justices/181","url_text":"\"Appointment and status of Justices\""},{"url":"https://lrkt.lt/en/about-the-court/justices/appointment-and-status-of-justices/181","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania&params=54.688_N_25.273_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania&params=54.688_N_25.273_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania&params=54.688_N_25.273_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°41′17″N 25°16′23″E / 54.688°N 25.273°E / 54.688; 25.273"},{"Link":"https://lrkt.lt/en","external_links_name":"lrkt.lt"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220521163603/https://lrkt.lt/en/about-the-court/justices/appointment-and-status-of-justices/181","external_links_name":"\"Appointment and status of Justices\""},{"Link":"https://lrkt.lt/en/about-the-court/justices/appointment-and-status-of-justices/181","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/04/dea1b82e-15e4-4651-a95e-b4e294eff047.html","external_links_name":"Lithuania: Paksas Becomes First European President To Be Removed From Office"},{"Link":"https://lrkt.lt/lt/teismo-aktai/paieska/135/ta385/content","external_links_name":"Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimas dėl Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso 105 straipsnio sankcijoje numatytos mirties bausmės atitikimo Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijai"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810112850/https://lrkt.lt/lt/teismo-aktai/paieska/135/ta385/content","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/lrkt/docs/25_web-compressed_/12","external_links_name":"25 Konstitucinio Teismo bylos, pakeitusios Lietuvą"},{"Link":"https://www.lrkt.lt/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110917320","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154184007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96027659","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)
Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)
["1 External links"]
Danish political party This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Workers' Communist Party" Denmark – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Danish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|da|Arbejderpartiet Kommunisterne}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) Workers' Communist Party Arbejderpartiet KommunisterneFoundedApril 2000NewspaperKommunistisk PolitikYouth wingDanish Communist Youth LeagueIdeologyCommunismMarxism–LeninismHoxhaismAnti-revisionismPolitical positionFar-leftInternational affiliationICMLPOColoursRedWebsitewww.apk2000.dkPolitics of DenmarkPolitical partiesElections Kommunistisk Politik is the central organ of the APK. The Workers' Communist Party (Danish: Arbejderpartiet Kommunisterne, abbreviated APK) is a minor Danish communist party. It was founded in Copenhagen in April 2000. The Founding Congress of the APK adopted the general programme, "The Manifesto for a Socialist Denmark", and the action program, "All Together against Capital", as well as the statutes of the APK. The organizational principle of the APK is democratic centralism. APK's historical roots lie in the antirevisionist Party-Building Communist Organization October (Oktober), which emerged from the Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists in 1997. The central organ of the APK is the fortnightly Kommunistisk Politik (Communist Policy). Its theoretical journal is the publication Orientering (Orientations). Its international bulletin is the English-language Kommunistisk Politik International. The youth organization of the APK is the Danish Communist Youth League (DKU). The APK is an active member of the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations. External links Official APK site, partly in English Kommunistisk Politik, APK's central organ vteInternational Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)Africa Benin Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Morocco Tunisia Asia Bangladesh Iran Turkey Europe Albania Denmark France Germany Greece Norway Spain North America Dominican Republic Mexico South America Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela Communism portal Authority control databases VIAF This article about a Communist party in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a political party in Denmark is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kommounistisk_7-07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Denmark/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists"},{"link_name":"Danish Communist Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Communist_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(Unity_%26_Struggle)"}],"text":"Kommunistisk Politik is the central organ of the APK.The Workers' Communist Party (Danish: Arbejderpartiet Kommunisterne, abbreviated APK) is a minor Danish communist party. It was founded in Copenhagen in April 2000.The Founding Congress of the APK adopted the general programme, \"The Manifesto for a Socialist Denmark\", and the action program, \"All Together against Capital\", as well as the statutes of the APK.The organizational principle of the APK is democratic centralism.APK's historical roots lie in the antirevisionist Party-Building Communist Organization October (Oktober), which emerged from the Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists in 1997.The central organ of the APK is the fortnightly Kommunistisk Politik (Communist Policy). Its theoretical journal is the publication Orientering (Orientations). Its international bulletin is the English-language Kommunistisk Politik International.The youth organization of the APK is the Danish Communist Youth League (DKU).The APK is an active member of the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations.","title":"Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)"}]
[{"image_text":"Kommunistisk Politik is the central organ of the APK.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Kommounistisk_7-07.jpg/220px-Kommounistisk_7-07.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark","external_links_name":"\"Workers' Communist Party\" Denmark"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Workers%27+Communist+Party%22+Denmark&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArbejderpartiet_Kommunisterne&sl=da&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.apk2000.dk/","external_links_name":"www.apk2000.dk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070406023154/http://www.apk2000.dk/","external_links_name":"Official APK site"},{"Link":"http://www.kpnet.dk/","external_links_name":"Kommunistisk Politik"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153173132","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Denmark)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ferguson_(snooker_player)
Jason Ferguson (snooker player)
["1 Playing career","2 Performance and rankings timeline","3 Career finals","3.1 Non-ranking finals: 2","3.2 Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)","3.3 Amateur finals: 1","4 Snooker administration","5 Other roles","6 References"]
Jason FergusonFerguson in 2013Born (1969-05-31) 31 May 1969 (age 55)Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, EnglandSport country EnglandProfessional1990–2004Highest ranking28 (1994–95)Best ranking finishLast 16 (x10) Jason Elliott Ferguson (born 31 May 1969) is an English former professional snooker player and current chairman of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. He reached the World Snooker Championship on three occasions, and was for four seasons ranked in the world's top 32 players, reaching a peak position of #28. In 1998 Ferguson was elected to the board of the WPBSA, and became chairman of the organisation in 2001. After retiring as a professional player and leaving his position on the WPBSA, he served as the mayor of Ollerton and Boughton between 2009 and 2010. In July 2010 Ferguson was re-elected as chairman of the WPBSA, a position he has held since. In 2022, it was confirmed that Ferguson would continue serving as chairman for at least four more years. Playing career Ferguson turned professional in 1990. Two years later he qualified for the World Snooker Championships, losing in the first round, and reached the last 16 of the UK Championship. He reached the same stage of six more ranking events but never progressed beyond that stage. Ferguson again qualified for the World Championship in 1996, again losing in the first round. His final World Championship appearance came in 1998, when he lost 8–10 to eventual champion John Higgins in the first round. He spent a total of four years ranked among the world's top 32 players, reaching his highest ranking of #28 in the 1994/95 season. Although Ferguson continued to play professionally for a further six years, his form suffered due to his increased workload after being elected to the WPBSA board. He retired in 2004. Performance and rankings timeline Tournament 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 Ranking 108 62 32 28 29 29 37 35 50 54 56 85 86 Ranking tournaments LG Cup 1R 2R 1R 2R 2R 2R 1R 1R 3R 1R LQ 2R LQ LQ British Open LQ 1R 1R 3R 2R 2R 2R LQ LQ 1R LQ LQ LQ LQ UK Championship LQ LQ 3R 1R 3R 2R 1R LQ LQ 1R LQ 1R LQ LQ Welsh Open NH LQ LQ 2R 2R 1R 1R 2R LQ 2R LQ LQ LQ LQ European Open LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ NH LQ Not Held LQ LQ LQ Irish Masters Non-Ranking Event LQ LQ Players Championship Not Held 3R 3R 2R 3R 1R 1R LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ World Championship LQ 1R LQ LQ LQ 1R LQ 1R LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ Non-ranking tournaments The Masters LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ A Former ranking tournaments Classic LQ 2R Tournament Not Held Strachan Open NH 1R MR NR Tournament Not Held Dubai Classic LQ LQ 2R LQ LQ LQ 1R Tournament Not Held German Open Tournament Not Held LQ 2R 2R Tournament Not Held Malta Grand Prix Tournament Not Held Non-Ranking Event LQ NR Not Held China Open Tournament Not Held NR LQ LQ LQ LQ Not Held Thailand Masters LQ LQ 3R LQ 1R LQ LQ WR LQ LQ LQ LQ NR NH Former non-ranking tournaments Shoot-Out 2R Tournament Not Held Performance Table Legend LQ lost in the qualifying draw #R lost in the early rounds of the tournament(WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) QF lost in the quarter-finals SF lost in the semi–finals F lost in the final W won the tournament DNQ did not qualify for the tournament A did not participate in the tournament WD withdrew from the tournament DQ disqualified from the tournament NH / Not Held event was not held. NR / Non-Ranking Event event is/was no longer a ranking event. R / Ranking Event event is/was a ranking event. MR / Minor-Ranking Event means an event is/was a minor-ranking event. PA / Pro-am Event means an event is/was a pro-am event. ^ From the 2010/2011 season it shows the ranking at the beginning of the season. ^ New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking. ^ The event was also called the Grand Prix (1990/1991–2000/2001) ^ The event was also called the Irish Open (1998/1999) ^ The event was also called the International Open (1992/1993–1996/1997) and the Scottish Open (1997/1998–2002/2003) ^ The event run under different name as Strachan Challenge (1992/1993–1993/1994) ^ The event run under different names as Thailand Classic (1995/1996) and Asian Classic (1996/1997) ^ The event run under different name as China International (1997/1998–1998/1999) ^ The event run under different names as Asian Open (1990/1991–1992/1993) and Thailand Open (1993/1994–1996/97) Career finals Non-ranking finals: 2 Outcome No. Year Championship Opponent in the final Score Runner-up 1. 1994 Merseyside Professional Championship Dean Reynolds 1–5 Runner-up 2. 1999 UK Tour - Event 4 James Reynolds 4–6 Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title) Outcome No. Year Championship Opponent in the final Score Winner 1. 1988 Pontins Autumn Open Jonathan Birch 5–2 Amateur finals: 1 Outcome No. Year Championship Opponent in the final Score Runner-up 1. 1989 World Under-21 Championship Ken Doherty 5–11 Snooker administration In December 1998 Ferguson was elected alongside Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor to the WPBSA's seven-person board, at the time led by Rex Williams. This appointment coincided with a period of difficulty between old and new board members. An attempt by Ferguson, Davis and Taylor to remove Williams and Bob Close in August 1999 failed, and a counter-motion saw the three voted off the board, although this was later reversed. Ferguson became the organisation's chairman in December 2001, replacing Mark Wildman. Ferguson was at the time ranked #56 in the world. He was criticised for endorsing the board's decision to fire chief executive Jim McKenzie one week after becoming chairman. After several years away from the post, Ferguson was re-elected as chairman of the WPBSA following a board meeting in July 2010. He survived a vote of confidence in December 2010 by a margin of 31 votes to three. In 2022, following an independent review, the WBPSA confirmed that Ferguson would continue as chairman at least until 2026. Other roles In May 2009 Ferguson was elected as mayor of the civil parish of Ollerton and Boughton having previously spent two years from late 2006 as a town councillor in Ollerton. He was replaced as mayor by Irene Miller in May 2010. Ferguson also owns the bicycle repair shop called Wheels ‘n’ Things. He was a non-executive director of the Sherwood Energy Village, an ecologically sustainable village on the site of a former coal mine in Ollerton; while the site still exists, the organisation went into liquidation in 2010. References ^ a b c d "Jason Ferguson". billiardssnooker.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "World Championship 1998". Global Snooker. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ a b "Jason Ferguson Appointed WPBSA Chairman". worldsnooker.com. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "World Rankings 1994/95". WWW Snooker. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "Willie Thorne, John Williams, Jason Ferguson and Mark Johnstone Allen's Snooker Chat". BBC Online. 30 April 2002. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "Ranking History". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ "Davis leads fight for change". BBC News. 23 December 1998. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Everton, Clive (29 August 1999). "Snooker: Hendry quick off the mark". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Rowland, James (21 December 2001). "Snooker: Troubled Ferguson falters on and off the table". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "WPBSA receives vote of confidence". Eurosport. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Huart, Matt (13 December 2022). "WPBSA Annual General Meeting 2022". WPBSA. Retrieved 17 December 2022. ^ a b c "Cued up as mayor". Newark Advertiser. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ "New mayor named". Newark Advertiser. 23 May 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ Sherwood Energy Village firm in liquidation - BBC News
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billiards-1"},{"link_name":"World Snooker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ollerton and Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollerton_and_Boughton"}],"text":"Jason Elliott Ferguson (born 31 May 1969) is an English former professional snooker player and current chairman of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association.[1] He reached the World Snooker Championship on three occasions, and was for four seasons ranked in the world's top 32 players, reaching a peak position of #28.In 1998 Ferguson was elected to the board of the WPBSA, and became chairman of the organisation in 2001. After retiring as a professional player and leaving his position on the WPBSA, he served as the mayor of Ollerton and Boughton between 2009 and 2010. In July 2010 Ferguson was re-elected as chairman of the WPBSA, a position he has held since. In 2022, it was confirmed that Ferguson would continue serving as chairman for at least four more years.","title":"Jason Ferguson (snooker player)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Snooker Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Snooker_Championships"},{"link_name":"UK Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billiards-1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billiards-1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_World_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSL-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billiards-1"}],"text":"Ferguson turned professional in 1990. Two years later he qualified for the World Snooker Championships, losing in the first round, and reached the last 16 of the UK Championship. He reached the same stage of six more ranking events but never progressed beyond that stage.[1]Ferguson again qualified for the World Championship in 1996, again losing in the first round.[1] His final World Championship appearance came in 1998, when he lost 8–10 to eventual champion John Higgins in the first round.[2] He spent a total of four years ranked among the world's top 32 players,[3] reaching his highest ranking of #28 in the 1994/95 season.[4]Although Ferguson continued to play professionally for a further six years, his form suffered due to his increased workload after being elected to the WPBSA board.[5] He retired in 2004.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EUR_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ From the 2010/2011 season it shows the ranking at the beginning of the season.\n\n^ New players on the Main Tour don't have a ranking.\n\n^ The event was also called the Grand Prix (1990/1991–2000/2001)\n\n^ The event was also called the Irish Open (1998/1999)\n\n^ The event was also called the International Open (1992/1993–1996/1997) and the Scottish Open (1997/1998–2002/2003)\n\n^ The event run under different name as Strachan Challenge (1992/1993–1993/1994)\n\n^ The event run under different names as Thailand Classic (1995/1996) and Asian Classic (1996/1997)\n\n^ The event run under different name as China International (1997/1998–1998/1999)\n\n^ The event run under different names as Asian Open (1990/1991–1992/1993) and Thailand Open (1993/1994–1996/97)","title":"Performance and rankings timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-ranking finals: 2","title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pro-am finals: 1 (1 title)","title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amateur finals: 1","title":"Career finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Davis"},{"link_name":"Dennis Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Rex Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Williams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bob Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Close&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mark Wildman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wildman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSL-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In December 1998 Ferguson was elected alongside Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor to the WPBSA's seven-person board, at the time led by Rex Williams. This appointment coincided with a period of difficulty between old and new board members.[7] An attempt by Ferguson, Davis and Taylor to remove Williams and Bob Close in August 1999 failed, and a counter-motion saw the three voted off the board, although this was later reversed.[8]Ferguson became the organisation's chairman in December 2001, replacing Mark Wildman. Ferguson was at the time ranked #56 in the world. He was criticised for endorsing the board's decision to fire chief executive Jim McKenzie one week after becoming chairman.[9]After several years away from the post, Ferguson was re-elected as chairman of the WPBSA following a board meeting in July 2010.[3] He survived a vote of confidence in December 2010 by a margin of 31 votes to three.[10] In 2022, following an independent review, the WBPSA confirmed that Ferguson would continue as chairman at least until 2026.[11]","title":"Snooker administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Ollerton and Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollerton_and_Boughton"},{"link_name":"Ollerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollerton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advertiser-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advertiser-21"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Energy Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Energy_Village&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advertiser-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In May 2009 Ferguson was elected as mayor of the civil parish of Ollerton and Boughton having previously spent two years from late 2006 as a town councillor in Ollerton.[12] He was replaced as mayor by Irene Miller in May 2010.[13]Ferguson also owns the bicycle repair shop called Wheels ‘n’ Things.[12] He was a non-executive director of the Sherwood Energy Village, an ecologically sustainable village on the site of a former coal mine in Ollerton;[12] while the site still exists, the organisation went into liquidation in 2010.[14]","title":"Other roles"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jason Ferguson\". billiardssnooker.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316201711/http://www.billiardssnookers.com/players-profile/jason-ferguson.html","url_text":"\"Jason Ferguson\""},{"url":"http://www.billiardssnookers.com/players-profile/jason-ferguson.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Championship 1998\". Global Snooker. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110310201452/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1998.asp","url_text":"\"World Championship 1998\""},{"url":"http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1998.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Ferguson Appointed WPBSA Chairman\". worldsnooker.com. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612034813/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2205308%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Jason Ferguson Appointed WPBSA Chairman\""},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2205308,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Rankings 1994/95\". WWW Snooker. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/rnk/rk_9495.shtml","url_text":"\"World Rankings 1994/95\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willie Thorne, John Williams, Jason Ferguson and Mark Johnstone Allen's Snooker Chat\". BBC Online. 30 April 2002. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/talkwales/chat/010423-010508/snooker/020430.shtml","url_text":"\"Willie Thorne, John Williams, Jason Ferguson and Mark Johnstone Allen's Snooker Chat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking History\". Snooker.org. Retrieved 6 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/rnk/history.asp","url_text":"\"Ranking History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davis leads fight for change\". BBC News. 23 December 1998. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/241543.stm","url_text":"\"Davis leads fight for change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Everton, Clive (29 August 1999). \"Snooker: Hendry quick off the mark\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Everton","url_text":"Everton, Clive"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/snooker-hendry-quick-off-the-mark-1118179.html","url_text":"\"Snooker: Hendry quick off the mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, James (21 December 2001). \"Snooker: Troubled Ferguson falters on and off the table\". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/snooker-troubled-ferguson-falters-on-and-off--the-table-620865.html","url_text":"\"Snooker: Troubled Ferguson falters on and off the table\""}]},{"reference":"\"WPBSA receives vote of confidence\". Eurosport. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://au.eurosport.com/snooker/wpbsa-backed-at-agm_sto2567314/story.shtml","url_text":"\"WPBSA receives vote of confidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"Huart, Matt (13 December 2022). \"WPBSA Annual General Meeting 2022\". WPBSA. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wpbsa.com/wpbsa-annual-general-meeting-2022/","url_text":"\"WPBSA Annual General Meeting 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cued up as mayor\". Newark Advertiser. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231202/http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/Cued-up-as-mayor","url_text":"\"Cued up as mayor\""},{"url":"http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/Cued-up-as-mayor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New mayor named\". Newark Advertiser. 23 May 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/New-mayor-named","url_text":"\"New mayor named\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316201711/http://www.billiardssnookers.com/players-profile/jason-ferguson.html","external_links_name":"\"Jason Ferguson\""},{"Link":"http://www.billiardssnookers.com/players-profile/jason-ferguson.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110310201452/http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1998.asp","external_links_name":"\"World Championship 1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.global-snooker.com/professional-snooker-tournaments-archive-world-championship-1998.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612034813/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0%2C%2C13165~2205308%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jason Ferguson Appointed WPBSA Chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2205308,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.snooker.org/rnk/rk_9495.shtml","external_links_name":"\"World Rankings 1994/95\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/talkwales/chat/010423-010508/snooker/020430.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Willie Thorne, John Williams, Jason Ferguson and Mark Johnstone Allen's Snooker Chat\""},{"Link":"http://www.snooker.org/rnk/history.asp","external_links_name":"\"Ranking History\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/241543.stm","external_links_name":"\"Davis leads fight for change\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/snooker-hendry-quick-off-the-mark-1118179.html","external_links_name":"\"Snooker: Hendry quick off the mark\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/snooker-troubled-ferguson-falters-on-and-off--the-table-620865.html","external_links_name":"\"Snooker: Troubled Ferguson falters on and off the table\""},{"Link":"http://au.eurosport.com/snooker/wpbsa-backed-at-agm_sto2567314/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"WPBSA receives vote of confidence\""},{"Link":"https://wpbsa.com/wpbsa-annual-general-meeting-2022/","external_links_name":"\"WPBSA Annual General Meeting 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231202/http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/Cued-up-as-mayor","external_links_name":"\"Cued up as mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/Cued-up-as-mayor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newarkadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/New-mayor-named","external_links_name":"\"New mayor named\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-11108281","external_links_name":"Sherwood Energy Village firm in liquidation - BBC News"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Gate
Fatima Gate
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°16′50.04″N 35°33′52.68″E / 33.2805667°N 35.5646333°E / 33.2805667; 35.5646333Former border crossing between Israel and Lebanon Fatima Gate, also known as the Good Fence Crossing, is a former border crossing between Lebanon and Israel. On the Lebanese side, it is close to the village of Kfar Kila and on the Israeli side, it is west of Metula. The crossing has been closed since the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon at the end of the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict, and since the summer of 2000 has been the site of many anti-Israeli demonstrations and cross-border stone throwing from Lebanon to Israel. See also Blue Line References ^ Frayer, Lauren (19 August 2006). "South Lebanon has seen violence for nearly 40 years". Fatima Gate, Lebanon: ASSOCIATED PRESS. Retrieved 5 October 2006. ^ Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon External links Jan S. Krogh's Geosite: Israeli-Lebanese border with photos from the Fatima Gate vte Israeli border crossingsBetween  Israel and Egypt Taba Border Crossing Nitzana Border Crossing Netafim Border Crossing (closed)  Jordan Yitzhak Rabin Crossing Jordan River Crossing Allenby Bridge1 King Abdullah Bridge (destroyed)  Lebanon Rosh HaNikra Crossing Fatima Gate (closed)  Syria Quneitra Crossing1 (ceasefire line crossing)  Gaza Strip Erez Crossing Kerem Shalom crossing 1 Crossings at Israeli-occupied territories, Also see: Rafah Border Crossing 33°16′50.04″N 35°33′52.68″E / 33.2805667°N 35.5646333°E / 33.2805667; 35.5646333 This Lebanon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This geography of Israel article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Fence"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Kfar Kila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Kila,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Metula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metula"},{"link_name":"1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982-2000_South_Lebanon_conflict"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Former border crossing between Israel and LebanonFatima Gate, also known as the Good Fence Crossing, is a former border crossing between Lebanon and Israel. On the Lebanese side, it is close to the village of Kfar Kila[1] and on the Israeli side, it is west of Metula. The crossing has been closed since the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon at the end of the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict, and since the summer of 2000 has been the site of many anti-Israeli demonstrations and cross-border stone throwing from Lebanon to Israel.[2]","title":"Fatima Gate"}]
[]
[{"title":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lebanon)"}]
[{"reference":"Frayer, Lauren (19 August 2006). \"South Lebanon has seen violence for nearly 40 years\". Fatima Gate, Lebanon: ASSOCIATED PRESS. Retrieved 5 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20060819-1234-mideast-embattledsouth.html","url_text":"\"South Lebanon has seen violence for nearly 40 years\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fatima_Gate&params=33_16_50.04_N_35_33_52.68_E_","external_links_name":"33°16′50.04″N 35°33′52.68″E / 33.2805667°N 35.5646333°E / 33.2805667; 35.5646333"},{"Link":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20060819-1234-mideast-embattledsouth.html","external_links_name":"\"South Lebanon has seen violence for nearly 40 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/depts/DPKO/Missions/unifil/n0121809.pdf#search=%22fatima%20gate%22","external_links_name":"Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon"},{"Link":"http://geosite.jankrogh.com/borders/lebanon.htm","external_links_name":"Jan S. Krogh's Geosite: Israeli-Lebanese border with photos from the Fatima Gate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fatima_Gate&params=33_16_50.04_N_35_33_52.68_E_","external_links_name":"33°16′50.04″N 35°33′52.68″E / 33.2805667°N 35.5646333°E / 33.2805667; 35.5646333"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Gate&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Gate&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Freeman_(footballer)
Walter Freeman (footballer)
["1 Personal life","2 Football career","3 Career statistics","4 References","5 Sources"]
English footballer Walter FreemanPersonal informationFull name Walter FreemanDate of birth (1884-01-21)21 January 1884Place of birth Handsworth, EnglandDate of death 2 December 1971(1971-12-02) (aged 87)Place of death Birmingham, EnglandHeight 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)0000–1904 Aston Manor 1904–1905 Lowestoft Town 1905–1906 Aston Villa 0 (0)1906–1909 Fulham 57 (22)1909–1911 Birmingham 37 (11)1911–1914 Stalybridge Celtic *Club domestic league appearances and goals Walter Freeman (21 January 1884 – 2 December 1971) was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward or centre forward. He scored 21 goals from 58 appearances in the Football League playing for Fulham and Birmingham. He was on the books of Aston Villa without appearing for their first team, and played non-league football for Lowestoft Town and Stalybridge Celtic. Personal life Freeman was born in 1884 in Handsworth, which was then in Staffordshire. His father, Thomas Holte Freeman, was a jeweller, and his mother, Sarah, was a draper. At the time of the 1891 census, he was the eighth of ten children living in the parental home. The ninth, Bert, became a prolific goalscorer for Woolwich Arsenal, Everton, Burnley and Wigan Borough, and played five times for England. Before taking up football full-time, Freeman had trained and worked as an electrician, and described himself as such when he married Catherine Harriett Whiteman in 1907; by the time of the 1911 Census, the couple had three children. The 1939 Register finds Freeman still working as an electrician. He, his wife, and two daughters of working age were living in Moor Park Road, Northfield, Birmingham. Freeman was still resident at that address when he died in December 1971 at the age of 87. Football career Freeman attended Gower Street School in Aston, whose football team won the district schools' title in both of the two years that Freeman was a member. He played youth football for Aston Manor – Aston Villa's nursery club – before signing amateur forms for Lowestoft Town. While a Lowestoft player, he represented Suffolk County in a match against Norfolk. After trials with Aston Villa's reserve team, Freeman turned professional in February 1904 with the Football League First Division club, where his brother Bert was already on the books. Freeman played for the reserves, but never broke through to the first team, and when Bert joined Woolwich Arsenal that November, Freeman followed him to London a few weeks later when he signed for Fulham of the Southern League. He scored 10 goals from 28 matches to help Fulham win the 1906–07 Southern League title, after which they were elected to the Football League Second Division. Freeman made his Football League debut on the opening day of Fulham's first season at that level, and in the next match, a 1–0 win away to Derby County on 7 September 1907, he scored both his and Fulham's first ever Football League goal. He played five matches in September, and did not return to the league side until January 1909, when a run of seven goals in six matches earned him a regular place in the team until the end of the season. Freeman began the 1909–10 season back in the reserves, scored a hat-trick against Arsenal Reserves in a South-Eastern League match, and was then transferred to another Second Division club, Birmingham, against whom he had scored twice the previous season. He missed only one match of what remained of Birmingham's 1909–10 season, initially playing at centre forward and then switched to inside right, and scored 10 goals, which was enough to make him the club's top scorer. They finished bottom of the table, and had to apply for re-election to the League. With the arrival of forwards including Jack Kidd, Thomas Jones and the prolific Jack Hall, Freeman played little in 1910–11. Ahead of the 1911–12 season, Freeman joined Stalybridge Celtic, newly professional and admitted to the Lancashire Combination Second Division. He helped them win that division, after which he and they spent two seasons in the Central League, although the second half of his 1913–14 season was affected by injury. Career statistics Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Fulham 1905–06 Southern League Division One 8 2 0 0 8 2 1906–07 Southern League Division One 28 10 4 1 32 11 1907–08 Football League Second Division 5 2 0 0 5 2 1908–09 Football League Second Division 16 8 2 2 18 10 Total 57 22 6 3 63 25 Birmingham 1909–10 Football League Second Division 33 10 1 0 34 10 1910–11 Football League Second Division 4 1 0 0 4 1 Total 37 11 1 0 38 11 Career total 94 33 7 3 101 36 References ^ a b c d e "Player search: Freeman, W (Walter)". English National Football Archive. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ a b "Wills and probate 1858–1996: Freeman 1972". UK Probate Service. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ a b Matthews (1995), p. 88. ^ a b "Lowestoft footballer for Aston Villa". Eastern Evening News. Norwich. 11 January 1905. p. 4. ^ Joyce (2004), p. 95. ^ "1891 England Census for Walter Freeman". RG12/2430 30 – via Ancestry.com. ^ Prentice, David (25 January 2008). "When he announced his retirement in 1921, Bert Freeman was described as 'one of the most remarkable players of the last 20 years'". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Joyce (2004), p. 94. ^ "Bert Freeman". England Football Online. Chris Goodwin & Glen Isherwood. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ "Walter Freeman". Birmingham, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754–1937: Birchfield, Holy Trinity 1904–1911. p. 116 – via Ancestry.com. ^ "1911 England Census for Walter Freeman". RG14/18662 – via Ancestry.com. ^ "1939 England and Wales Register for Walter Freeman". RG101/384/11 QCCP – via Ancestry.com. ^ a b "Walter Freeman". Athletic News. Manchester. 27 September 1909. p. 6. ^ "Men and matters". Evening Star. Ipswich. 11 February 1905. p. 2. ^ "Fulham. Another Freeman". Athletic News. Manchester. 12 February 1905. p. 6. ^ a b "Walter Freeman – Player Profile". Fulhamweb. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ "Early days". Fulham F.C. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. ^ "Gleanings". Athletic News. Manchester. 6 September 1909. p. 5. ^ a b c Matthews (2010), pp. 264–267. ^ "Macclesfield v. Stalybridge Celtic". Macclesfield Courier and Herald. 16 September 1911. p. 9."Friendlies". Ripley & Heanor News. 20 October 1911. p. 4. Stalybridge will select their eleven from the following: H. Maskery; Jackson, late Manchester City; ... Bunting, late Oldham Athletic; Evenson, late Plymouth Argyle; Johnston, late Southampton; Walker, late Sheffield United; Dunne, late Southampton; Freeman, late Birmingham; Smith, late Bury; Heppenstall, late Woolwich Arsenal ^ "Conquering the Celtic". Burnley Express. 23 April 1913. p. 6. Stalybridge Celtic were the visitors at Turf Moor on Saturday evening. ... The visitors included Walter Freeman, brother of the Burnley centre."Stalybridge at full strength". Daily Citizen. Manchester. 29 January 1914. p. 6. Freeman, brother of the Burnley player, who has been absent since the Rochdale match, will resume at outside right"Stalybridge Celtic's plight". Manchester Courier. 4 February 1914. p. 6. Freeman, who broke down in the Manchester United match last week, will not be available to play."Sports and pastimes". Manchester Evening News. 17 April 1914. p. 4. Walter Freeman, who was injured as far back as January 1, is expected to turn out Sources Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. ISBN 978-1-899468-67-6. Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9. Matthews, Tony (2010). Birmingham City: The Complete Record. Derby: Derby Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-853-2.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"inside forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_forward"},{"link_name":"centre forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_forward"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce200495-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-1"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa"},{"link_name":"non-league football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-league_football"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stalybridge Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge_Celtic_F.C."}],"text":"Walter Freeman (21 January 1884 – 2 December 1971) was an English professional footballer who played as an inside forward or centre forward. He scored 21 goals from 58 appearances in the Football League playing for Fulham and Birmingham.[5][1] He was on the books of Aston Villa without appearing for their first team, and played non-league football for Lowestoft Town and Stalybridge Celtic.","title":"Walter Freeman (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Borough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce200494-8"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1911 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1939 Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Register"},{"link_name":"Northfield, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Probate-2"}],"text":"Freeman was born in 1884 in Handsworth, which was then in Staffordshire. His father, Thomas Holte Freeman, was a jeweller, and his mother, Sarah, was a draper. At the time of the 1891 census, he was the eighth of ten children living in the parental home.[6] The ninth, Bert, became a prolific goalscorer for Woolwich Arsenal, Everton, Burnley and Wigan Borough,[7][8] and played five times for England.[9]Before taking up football full-time, Freeman had trained and worked as an electrician, and described himself as such when he married Catherine Harriett Whiteman in 1907;[10] by the time of the 1911 Census, the couple had three children.[11] The 1939 Register finds Freeman still working as an electrician. He, his wife, and two daughters of working age were living in Moor Park Road, Northfield, Birmingham.[12] Freeman was still resident at that address when he died in December 1971 at the age of 87.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowestoft-4"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa"},{"link_name":"nursery club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToBham-13"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1906–07 Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fweb-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-1"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C._Reserves"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South-Eastern_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToBham-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews199588-3"},{"link_name":"Birmingham's 1909–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E2%80%9310_Birmingham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"re-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-election_(Football_League)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhamStats-19"},{"link_name":"Jack Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kidd_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(footballer,_born_1885)"},{"link_name":"Jack Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hall_(footballer,_born_1883)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BhamStats-19"},{"link_name":"Stalybridge Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lancashire Combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Combination"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Central League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_League_(England)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Freeman attended Gower Street School in Aston, whose football team won the district schools' title in both of the two years that Freeman was a member.[4] He played youth football for Aston Manor – Aston Villa's nursery club[13] – before signing amateur forms for Lowestoft Town. While a Lowestoft player, he represented Suffolk County in a match against Norfolk. After trials with Aston Villa's reserve team, Freeman turned professional in February 1904 with the Football League First Division club,[14] where his brother Bert was already on the books. Freeman played for the reserves, but never broke through to the first team, and when Bert joined Woolwich Arsenal that November, Freeman followed him to London a few weeks later when he signed for Fulham of the Southern League.[15] He scored 10 goals from 28 matches to help Fulham win the 1906–07 Southern League title, after which they were elected to the Football League Second Division. Freeman made his Football League debut on the opening day of Fulham's first season at that level, and in the next match, a 1–0 win away to Derby County on 7 September 1907, he scored both his and Fulham's first ever Football League goal.[16][17] He played five matches in September, and did not return to the league side until January 1909, when a run of seven goals in six matches earned him a regular place in the team until the end of the season.[1]Freeman began the 1909–10 season back in the reserves, scored a hat-trick against Arsenal Reserves in a South-Eastern League match,[18] and was then transferred to another Second Division club, Birmingham, against whom he had scored twice the previous season.[13][1][3] He missed only one match of what remained of Birmingham's 1909–10 season, initially playing at centre forward and then switched to inside right, and scored 10 goals, which was enough to make him the club's top scorer. They finished bottom of the table, and had to apply for re-election to the League.[19] With the arrival of forwards including Jack Kidd, Thomas Jones and the prolific Jack Hall, Freeman played little in 1910–11.[19]Ahead of the 1911–12 season, Freeman joined Stalybridge Celtic, newly professional and admitted to the Lancashire Combination Second Division.[20] He helped them win that division, after which he and they spent two seasons in the Central League, although the second half of his 1913–14 season was affected by injury.[21]","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-899468-67-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899468-67-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85983-010-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-010-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85983-853-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-853-2"}],"text":"Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. ISBN 978-1-899468-67-6.\nMatthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9.\nMatthews, Tony (2010). Birmingham City: The Complete Record. Derby: Derby Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-853-2.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Player search: Freeman, W (Walter)\". English National Football Archive. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/playersearch.php","url_text":"\"Player search: Freeman, W (Walter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wills and probate 1858–1996: Freeman 1972\". UK Probate Service. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Freeman&yearOfDeath=1972&page=5#calendar","url_text":"\"Wills and probate 1858–1996: Freeman 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lowestoft footballer for Aston Villa\". Eastern Evening News. Norwich. 11 January 1905. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1891 England Census for Walter Freeman\". RG12/2430 30 – via Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6598/images/WARRG12_2428_2430-0418?pId=10941255","url_text":"\"1891 England Census for Walter Freeman\""}]},{"reference":"Prentice, David (25 January 2008). \"When he announced his retirement in 1921, Bert Freeman was described as 'one of the most remarkable players of the last 20 years'\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/announced-retirement-1921-bert-freeman-3495834","url_text":"\"When he announced his retirement in 1921, Bert Freeman was described as 'one of the most remarkable players of the last 20 years'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bert Freeman\". England Football Online. Chris Goodwin & Glen Isherwood. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersF/BioFreemanBC.html","url_text":"\"Bert Freeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Freeman\". Birmingham, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754–1937: Birchfield, Holy Trinity 1904–1911. p. 116 – via Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/4994/images/40458_316804-00070?pId=4343811","url_text":"\"Walter Freeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"1911 England Census for Walter Freeman\". RG14/18662 – via Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_18662_0545_03?pId=25751781","url_text":"\"1911 England Census for Walter Freeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"1939 England and Wales Register for Walter Freeman\". RG101/384/11 QCCP – via Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/61596/images/tna_r39_5619_5619h_008?pId=34346831","url_text":"\"1939 England and Wales Register for Walter Freeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Freeman\". Athletic News. Manchester. 27 September 1909. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Men and matters\". Evening Star. Ipswich. 11 February 1905. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fulham. Another Freeman\". Athletic News. Manchester. 12 February 1905. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Walter Freeman – Player Profile\". Fulhamweb. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fulhamweb.co.uk/player/290/walter-freeman.aspx","url_text":"\"Walter Freeman – Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early days\". Fulham F.C. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221235224/http://www.fulhamfc.com/history/early-days","url_text":"\"Early days\""},{"url":"http://www.fulhamfc.com/history/early-days","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gleanings\". Athletic News. Manchester. 6 September 1909. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Macclesfield v. Stalybridge Celtic\". Macclesfield Courier and Herald. 16 September 1911. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Friendlies\". Ripley & Heanor News. 20 October 1911. p. 4. Stalybridge will select their eleven from the following: H. Maskery; Jackson, late Manchester City; ... Bunting, late Oldham Athletic; Evenson, late Plymouth Argyle; Johnston, late Southampton; Walker, late Sheffield United; Dunne, late Southampton; Freeman, late Birmingham; Smith, late Bury; Heppenstall, late Woolwich Arsenal","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Conquering the Celtic\". Burnley Express. 23 April 1913. p. 6. Stalybridge Celtic were the visitors at Turf Moor on Saturday evening. ... The visitors included Walter Freeman, brother of the Burnley centre.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stalybridge at full strength\". Daily Citizen. Manchester. 29 January 1914. p. 6. Freeman, brother of the Burnley player, who has been absent since the Rochdale match, will resume at outside right","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stalybridge Celtic's plight\". Manchester Courier. 4 February 1914. p. 6. Freeman, who broke down in the Manchester United match last week, will not be available to play.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sports and pastimes\". Manchester Evening News. 17 April 1914. p. 4. Walter Freeman, who was injured as far back as January 1, is expected to turn out","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888 to 1939. Nottingham: SoccerData. ISBN 978-1-899468-67-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899468-67-6","url_text":"978-1-899468-67-6"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1995). Birmingham City: A Complete Record. Derby: Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-010-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-010-9","url_text":"978-1-85983-010-9"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (2010). Birmingham City: The Complete Record. Derby: Derby Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-853-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-853-2","url_text":"978-1-85983-853-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/playersearch.php","external_links_name":"\"Player search: Freeman, W (Walter)\""},{"Link":"https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Freeman&yearOfDeath=1972&page=5#calendar","external_links_name":"\"Wills and probate 1858–1996: Freeman 1972\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/6598/images/WARRG12_2428_2430-0418?pId=10941255","external_links_name":"\"1891 England Census for Walter Freeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/announced-retirement-1921-bert-freeman-3495834","external_links_name":"\"When he announced his retirement in 1921, Bert Freeman was described as 'one of the most remarkable players of the last 20 years'\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersF/BioFreemanBC.html","external_links_name":"\"Bert Freeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/4994/images/40458_316804-00070?pId=4343811","external_links_name":"\"Walter Freeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_18662_0545_03?pId=25751781","external_links_name":"\"1911 England Census for Walter Freeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/61596/images/tna_r39_5619_5619h_008?pId=34346831","external_links_name":"\"1939 England and Wales Register for Walter Freeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.fulhamweb.co.uk/player/290/walter-freeman.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Walter Freeman – Player Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200221235224/http://www.fulhamfc.com/history/early-days","external_links_name":"\"Early days\""},{"Link":"http://www.fulhamfc.com/history/early-days","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Darrow
Chris Darrow
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 The Dry City Scat Band","1.3 The Floggs and Kaleidoscope","1.4 Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","1.5 The Corvettes","1.6 Solo career","1.7 Other work","1.8 Photography","1.9 Death","2 Discography","2.1 Solo albums","2.2 As a member of Kaleidoscope","2.3 As a member of The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","2.4 As a member of the Darrow-Mosley Band","2.5 As composer","2.6 As producer","2.7 Also appeared on","3 References","4 External links"]
American musician (1944–2020) Chris DarrowBirth nameChristopher Lloyd DarrowBorn(1944-07-30)July 30, 1944Sioux Falls, South Dakota, U.S.DiedJanuary 15, 2020(2020-01-15) (aged 75)GenresRock, country rockOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Guitar, bass, fiddle, violin, banjo, resonator guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin, sitarYears active1963–2019Formerly ofThe Dry City Scat Band, Kaleidoscope, Nitty Gritty Dirt BandMusical artist Christopher Lloyd Darrow (July 30, 1944 – January 15, 2020) was an American multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter. He was considered to be a pioneer of country rock music in the late-1960s and performed and recorded with numerous groups, including Kaleidoscope and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Biography Early life Darrow was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, but grew up in the Los Angeles suburb of Claremont, California, listening to Ritchie Valens and the Everly Brothers on the radio. He began playing ukulele, but purchased his first guitar at age 13. His father Paul had played clarinet with traditional jazz band The Mentor Street Maniacs. Attending Pitzer College, Darrow spent two years assisting folklorist Guy Carawan, who taught American Folk Life Studies. Darrow's interest in folk and bluegrass music sparked the formation of his first band, the Reorganized Dry City Players in 1963, followed by the Mad Mountain Ramblers. The Dry City Scat Band In 1964, Darrow formed the bluegrass band The Dry City Scat Band with David Lindley, Richard Greene, Steve Cahill, and Pete Madlem. In 1964, the Scat Band performed regularly at Disneyland and at the Ash Grove in Hollywood. Darrow also attended Claremont graduate school, getting his master's degree in art. During this time, Darrow met fellow bluegrass artist Chris Hillman, and Hillman's transition to playing rock music with The Byrds had a profound effect on Darrow. The Floggs and Kaleidoscope Darrow's first rock band was the Floggs, which also included Roger Palos (bass), Bill Stamps (lead guitar), Tommy Salisbury (drums), and Hugh Kohler (keyboards). Darrow then joined Lindley in the psychedelic band Kaleidoscope, which also included Solomon Feldthouse and Max Buda. The band blended Middle Eastern, country, folk, blues and psychedelia, incorporating the Turkish oud and saz. Darrow, who composed and sang lead vocal on a number of songs, quit Kaleidoscope shortly after completion of Beacon From Mars. In 1976, Kaleidoscope reunited to record the album When Scopes Collide and then, in 1991, Greetings From Kartoonistan... We Ain't Dead Yet. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band In 1967, Darrow joined the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, replacing Bruce Kunkel, and recorded two albums with the band: Rare Junk and Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy. As a part of the band, he appeared in the Clint Eastwood musical Paint Your Wagon. The Corvettes In 1969, Darrow and Jeff Hanna formed The Corvettes, releasing two singles produced by Mike Nesmith for Dot Records. Linda Ronstadt recruited the band to be her touring band. When Hanna left the Corvettes to return to the Dirt Band, he was replaced by Bernie Leadon. Solo career In 1972, Darrow released his first album Artist Proof on Fantasy. It was reissued with bonus tracks in 2012 by Drag City Records. Personnel included Mickey McGee (drums), Ed Black (pedal steel guitar), Arnie Moore (bass), Loren Newkirk (piano), John Ware (drums), and Claudia Linear and Jennifer Warnes (backing vocals). His next two albums Chris Darrow and Under My Own Disguise were released by United Artists. Chris Darrow was recorded with members of Fairport Convention, the Jeff Beck Group, and Elton John's band. After Darrow took Ben Harper under his wing, Harper recorded a cover of Darrow's song "Whipping Boy" as the lead single for his major label debut album. In the mid-'90s, Darrow recorded for the German label Taxim. In 2000, he released the two-CD set Coyote: Straight from the Heart which includes a 40-minute instrumental suite and 20 original songs. Other work Darrow played bass on Leonard Cohen's debut Songs of Leonard Cohen. Outtakes of those sessions were later used in Robert Altman's film McCabe and Mrs. Miller. Darrow provided fiddle and violin on James Taylor's Sweet Baby James. In 1973, Darrow and Bob Mosley of Moby Grape recorded three demos as the Darrow/Mosley Band. These were later released on Desert Rain on the Shagrat label. They were joined by Frank Reckard (lead guitar), Loren Newkirk (keyboards) and Johnny Craviotto (drums). Photography Darrow took photographs since age 9, and shot album cover photographs for Starr Parodi, David Lindley and Henry Kaiser, Mojave, The Cache Valley Drifters, Swampdogs, and Los Chumps. Death Darrow died, aged 75, on January 15, 2020, of complications from a stroke. Discography Solo albums 1972: Artist Proof (Fantasy) reissued in 2012 by Drag City 1973: Chris Darrow (United Artists) reissued in 2009 by Everloving Records 1974: Under My Own Disguise (United Artists) reissued in 2009 by Everloving 1979: Fretless (Pacific Arts) 1980: A Southern California Drive (Wild Bunch) 1981: Eye of the Storm (Takoma) with Max Buda 1997: Coyote Straight from the Heart (Taxim) 1998: Harem Girl (Taxim) 2002: Slide on In (Taxim) 2006: Wages of Sin (Taxim) As a member of Kaleidoscope 1967: Side Trips (Epic) 1968: A Beacon from Mars (Epic) 1977: When Scopes Collide (Pacific Arts) reissued in 2005 by Taxim 1991: Greetings From Kartoonistan... (Gifthorse) As a member of The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 1968: Rare Junk (Liberty) 1969 Alive! (Liberty) 1970: Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy (Liberty) As a member of the Darrow-Mosley Band 1973: Desert Rain (Shagrat) released 2010 As composer 1970: Louie and the Lovers – Rise (Epic) – track 10, "If The Night" 1970: Kaleidoscope – Bernice (Epic) – track 5, "Lulu Arfin Nanny" 1994: Ben Harper – Welcome to the Cruel World (Virgin) – track 2, "Whipping Boy" 2014: Jo Jo Clark – New Hound in Town (Fuel 2000) – track 9, "King of the Cowboys"; track 12, "Goin' Back To Texas" (both songs co-written with Kim Fowley) As producer 1972: Guy Carawan – The Telling Takes Me Home (Cur Non) 1972: Maxfield Parrish – It's a Cinch to Give Legs to Old Hard-Boiled Eggs (Cur Non) 1975: Toulouse Engelhardt – Toullusions (Briar) 1983: Super Heroines – Souls That Save (Bemisbrain Records) Also appeared on 1970: John Stewart – Willard (Capitol) 1970: James Taylor – Sweet Baby James (Warner Bros.) 1971: Hoyt Axton – Joy to the World (Capitol) 1971: John Stewart – The Lonesome Picker Rides Again (Warner Bros.) 1972: John Fahey and His Orchestra – Of Rivers and Religion' (Reprise) 1972: Marc McClure – Marc McClure (Capitol) 1972: Morning – Struck Like Silver (Fantasy) 1972: Odyssey – Odyssey (MoWest) 1973: John Fahey and His Orchestra – After The Ball (Reprise) 1973: Andy Goldmark – Andy Goldmark (Warner Bros.) 1973: John Stewart – Cannons in the Rain (RCA Victor) 1975: Baron Stewart – Bartering (United Artists) 1976: Larry Hosford – Cross Words (Shelter) 1976: Robb Strandlund – Robb Strandlund (Polydor) 1977: Sammy Walker – Blue Ridge Mountain Skyline (Warner Bros.) 1977: Helen Reddy – Ear Candy (Capitol) 1977: Rank Strangers – Rank Strangers (Pacific Arts) 1978: Harry Chapin – Living Room Suite (Elektra) 1978: Dyan Diamond – In the Dark (MCA) 1980: The Packards – Pray for Surf (Surfside) 1986: The Unforgiven – The Unforgiven (Elektra) 1987: Divine Horsemen – Snake Handler (SST) 1997: Bill Ward – When the Bough Breaks (Purple Pyramid) 2009: Tea – Dreams (Teajuana) 2016: Corky Carroll and the Piranha (Darla) References ^ "Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Alum Chris Darrow Dies". Tasteofcountry.com. Retrieved August 22, 2021. ^ Roland, Terry (June 5, 2013). "Unsung Heroes of Americana Music: Chris Darrow and Artist Proof". No Depression. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ a b c Breznikar, Klemen (June 19, 2011). "Kaleidoscope Interview with Chris Darrow". It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ a b c Lindblad, Peter (April 12, 2010). "Backstage Pass: Chris Darrow – A brilliant disguise". Goldmine. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ a b Hale, Christine (March 13, 2009). "Chris Darrow: You Saved My Life". L.A. Record. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Unterberger, Richie (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution (1 ed.). ISBN 9780879307035. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Murray, Noel (March 17, 2009). "Chris Darrow". A.V. Club. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "Chris Darrow: Monterey Pop Summer of Love". Impose. January 30, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Beaudoin, Jedd (November 10, 2016). "Nitty Gritty Dirt Band History With Jeff Hanna". PopMatters. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ a b Neff, Joseph (February 26, 2013). "Graded on a Curve: Chris Darrow, Artist Proof". Vinyl District. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Kubernik, Harvey; Scott Calamar (2009). Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon (1 ed.). ISBN 9781402765896. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Neibaur, James L. (March 12, 2015). The Clint Eastwood Westerns (1 ed.). ISBN 9781442245044. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Vaughan, Andrew (February 1, 2015). The Eagles FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Classic Rock's Superstars (1 ed.). ISBN 9781617136238. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Raymer, Miles (February 5, 2013). "Chris Darrow – Artist Proof". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Hochman, Steve (February 7, 2013). ""Proof" positive: Chris Darrow's long-lost kaleidoscopic country-rock treasure reissued". Without a Net. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Glasebrook, D.A. (February 10, 2011). "Chris Darrow – 'Chris Darrow'". Rising Storm. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ Simmons, Michael (February 25, 2009). "Chris Darrow's Kaleidoscopic Vision". L.A. Weekly. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "Chris Darrow: A Gift Unheralded". JamBase. April 14, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ Fricke, David (October 13, 2010). "The Continuing Saga of Moby Grape". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ E.R. Beardsley. "Chris Darrow: Welcome to California". Intangible. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "Noted Claremont artist Chris Darrow dies at 75", January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020 ^ "You Need to Know Chris Darrow". Drag City. December 4, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "Kaleidoscope – When Scopes Collide". Rising Storm. August 30, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2017. ^ "Greetings from Kartoonistan". Pulsating Dream. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2017. External links Chris Darrow at AllMusic Chris Darrow discography at Discogs Chris Darrow at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(U.S._band)"},{"link_name":"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitty_Gritty_Dirt_Band"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-nodep-2013-2"}],"text":"Musical artistChristopher Lloyd Darrow (July 30, 1944 – January 15, 2020) was an American multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter.[1] He was considered to be a pioneer of country rock music in the late-1960s and performed and recorded with numerous groups, including Kaleidoscope and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.[2]","title":"Chris Darrow"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Claremont, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont,_California"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Valens"},{"link_name":"Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Pitzer College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_College"},{"link_name":"Guy Carawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Carawan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-psychbaby-2011-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Darrow was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, but grew up in the Los Angeles suburb of Claremont, California, listening to Ritchie Valens and the Everly Brothers on the radio. He began playing ukulele, but purchased his first guitar at age 13. His father Paul had played clarinet with traditional jazz band The Mentor Street Maniacs.Attending Pitzer College, Darrow spent two years assisting folklorist Guy Carawan, who taught American Folk Life Studies. Darrow's interest in folk and bluegrass music sparked the formation of his first band, the Reorganized Dry City Players in 1963, followed by the Mad Mountain Ramblers.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lindley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Richard Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Greene_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Ash Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Grove_(music_club)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-goldmine-2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-larecord-2009-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hillman"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-turnturn-2009-6"}],"sub_title":"The Dry City Scat Band","text":"In 1964, Darrow formed the bluegrass band The Dry City Scat Band with David Lindley, Richard Greene, Steve Cahill, and Pete Madlem. In 1964, the Scat Band performed regularly at Disneyland and at the Ash Grove in Hollywood.[4]Darrow also attended Claremont graduate school, getting his master's degree in art.[5] During this time, Darrow met fellow bluegrass artist Chris Hillman, and Hillman's transition to playing rock music with The Byrds had a profound effect on Darrow.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-psychbaby-2011-3"},{"link_name":"Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(U.S._band)"},{"link_name":"oud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud"},{"link_name":"saz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-avclub-2009-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-impose-2013-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-psychbaby-2011-3"}],"sub_title":"The Floggs and Kaleidoscope","text":"Darrow's first rock band was the Floggs, which also included Roger Palos (bass), Bill Stamps (lead guitar), Tommy Salisbury (drums), and Hugh Kohler (keyboards).[3]Darrow then joined Lindley in the psychedelic band Kaleidoscope, which also included Solomon Feldthouse and Max Buda. The band blended Middle Eastern, country, folk, blues and psychedelia, incorporating the Turkish oud and saz. Darrow, who composed and sang lead vocal on a number of songs, quit Kaleidoscope shortly after completion of Beacon From Mars.[7][8]In 1976, Kaleidoscope reunited to record the album When Scopes Collide and then, in 1991, Greetings From Kartoonistan... We Ain't Dead Yet.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitty_Gritty_Dirt_Band"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-popmatters-2016-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-vinyldistrict-2013-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-laurel-2009-11"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Paint Your Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Your_Wagon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-eastwood-2015-12"}],"sub_title":"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","text":"In 1967, Darrow joined the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, replacing Bruce Kunkel,[9] and recorded two albums with the band: Rare Junk and Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy.[10][11] As a part of the band, he appeared in the Clint Eastwood musical Paint Your Wagon.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Mike Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Dot Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Records"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-eagles-2015-13"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-goldmine-2010-4"}],"sub_title":"The Corvettes","text":"In 1969, Darrow and Jeff Hanna formed The Corvettes, releasing two singles produced by Mike Nesmith for Dot Records. Linda Ronstadt recruited the band to be her touring band.[13] When Hanna left the Corvettes to return to the Dirt Band, he was replaced by Bernie Leadon.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Records"},{"link_name":"Drag City Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-vinyldistrict-2013-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-pitchfork-2013-14"},{"link_name":"Mickey McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_McGee"},{"link_name":"John Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ware_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Warnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Warnes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-nonet-2013-15"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-goldmine-2010-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-risingstorm2-2011-16"},{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-laweekly-2009-17"},{"link_name":"Ben Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Harper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-jambase-2009-18"}],"sub_title":"Solo career","text":"In 1972, Darrow released his first album Artist Proof on Fantasy. It was reissued with bonus tracks in 2012 by Drag City Records.[10][14] Personnel included Mickey McGee (drums), Ed Black (pedal steel guitar), Arnie Moore (bass), Loren Newkirk (piano), John Ware (drums), and Claudia Linear and Jennifer Warnes (backing vocals).[15]His next two albums Chris Darrow and Under My Own Disguise were released by United Artists.[4][16] Chris Darrow was recorded with members of Fairport Convention, the Jeff Beck Group, and Elton John's band.[17] After Darrow took Ben Harper under his wing, Harper recorded a cover of Darrow's song \"Whipping Boy\" as the lead single for his major label debut album.[18]In the mid-'90s, Darrow recorded for the German label Taxim. In 2000, he released the two-CD set Coyote: Straight from the Heart which includes a 40-minute instrumental suite and 20 original songs.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songs of Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"McCabe and Mrs. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe_and_Mrs._Miller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-larecord-2009-5"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Sweet Baby James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James"},{"link_name":"Bob Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mosley"},{"link_name":"Moby Grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Grape"},{"link_name":"Frank Reckard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reckard"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-mosley-2010-19"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"Darrow played bass on Leonard Cohen's debut Songs of Leonard Cohen. Outtakes of those sessions were later used in Robert Altman's film McCabe and Mrs. Miller.[5]Darrow provided fiddle and violin on James Taylor's Sweet Baby James.In 1973, Darrow and Bob Mosley of Moby Grape recorded three demos as the Darrow/Mosley Band. These were later released on Desert Rain on the Shagrat label. They were joined by Frank Reckard (lead guitar), Loren Newkirk (keyboards) and Johnny Craviotto (drums).[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starr Parodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Parodi"},{"link_name":"Henry Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kaiser_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mojave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_(band)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-intangible-2017-20"}],"sub_title":"Photography","text":"Darrow took photographs since age 9, and shot album cover photographs for Starr Parodi, David Lindley and Henry Kaiser, Mojave, The Cache Valley Drifters, Swampdogs, and Los Chumps.[20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Darrow died, aged 75, on January 15, 2020, of complications from a stroke.[21]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Records"},{"link_name":"Drag City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_Records"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-dragcity-2012-22"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Records"},{"link_name":"Everloving Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everloving_Records"},{"link_name":"Pacific Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Arts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Takoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_Records"}],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"1972: Artist Proof (Fantasy) reissued in 2012 by Drag City[22]\n1973: Chris Darrow (United Artists) reissued in 2009 by Everloving Records\n1974: Under My Own Disguise (United Artists) reissued in 2009 by Everloving\n1979: Fretless (Pacific Arts)\n1980: A Southern California Drive (Wild Bunch)\n1981: Eye of the Storm (Takoma) with Max Buda\n1997: Coyote Straight from the Heart (Taxim)\n1998: Harem Girl (Taxim)\n2002: Slide on In (Taxim)\n2006: Wages of Sin (Taxim)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Side Trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_Trips"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"A Beacon from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Beacon_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-pulsating-2002-24"}],"sub_title":"As a member of Kaleidoscope","text":"1967: Side Trips (Epic)\n1968: A Beacon from Mars (Epic)\n1977: When Scopes Collide (Pacific Arts) reissued in 2005 by Taxim[23]\n1991: Greetings From Kartoonistan... (Gifthorse)[24]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rare Junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Junk"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Records"},{"link_name":"Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive_(Nitty_Gritty_Dirt_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Charlie_%26_His_Dog_Teddy"}],"sub_title":"As a member of The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band","text":"1968: Rare Junk (Liberty)\n1969 Alive! (Liberty)\n1970: Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy (Liberty)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As a member of the Darrow-Mosley Band","text":"1973: Desert Rain (Shagrat) released 2010","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louie and the Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_and_the_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Ben Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Harper"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Cruel World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Cruel_World"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"Fuel 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_2000"},{"link_name":"Kim Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fowley"}],"sub_title":"As composer","text":"1970: Louie and the Lovers – Rise (Epic) – track 10, \"If The Night\"\n1970: Kaleidoscope – Bernice (Epic) – track 5, \"Lulu Arfin Nanny\"\n1994: Ben Harper – Welcome to the Cruel World (Virgin) – track 2, \"Whipping Boy\"\n2014: Jo Jo Clark – New Hound in Town (Fuel 2000) – track 9, \"King of the Cowboys\"; track 12, \"Goin' Back To Texas\" (both songs co-written with Kim Fowley)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Carawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Carawan"},{"link_name":"Toulouse Engelhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_Engelhardt"},{"link_name":"Super Heroines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Heroines"},{"link_name":"Souls That Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souls_That_Save"}],"sub_title":"As producer","text":"1972: Guy Carawan – The Telling Takes Me Home (Cur Non)\n1972: Maxfield Parrish – It's a Cinch to Give Legs to Old Hard-Boiled Eggs (Cur Non)\n1975: Toulouse Engelhardt – Toullusions (Briar)\n1983: Super Heroines – Souls That Save (Bemisbrain Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_(album)"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Sweet Baby James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Axton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Axton"},{"link_name":"The Lonesome Picker Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonesome_Picker_Rides_Again"},{"link_name":"John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Of Rivers and Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Rivers_and_Religion"},{"link_name":"Reprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"After The Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Ball_(album)"},{"link_name":"Cannons in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Records"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"Sammy Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Walker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Helen Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Ear Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_Candy_(Helen_Reddy_album)"},{"link_name":"Rank Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Strangers"},{"link_name":"Harry Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chapin"},{"link_name":"Living Room Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Room_Suite"},{"link_name":"MCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"The Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgiven_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"Divine Horsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Horsemen"},{"link_name":"SST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"Corky Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corky_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Darla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darla_Records"}],"sub_title":"Also appeared on","text":"1970: John Stewart – Willard (Capitol)\n1970: James Taylor – Sweet Baby James (Warner Bros.)\n1971: Hoyt Axton – Joy to the World (Capitol)\n1971: John Stewart – The Lonesome Picker Rides Again (Warner Bros.)\n1972: John Fahey and His Orchestra – Of Rivers and Religion' (Reprise)\n1972: Marc McClure – Marc McClure (Capitol)\n1972: Morning – Struck Like Silver (Fantasy)\n1972: Odyssey – Odyssey (MoWest)\n1973: John Fahey and His Orchestra – After The Ball (Reprise)\n1973: Andy Goldmark – Andy Goldmark (Warner Bros.)\n1973: John Stewart – Cannons in the Rain (RCA Victor)\n1975: Baron Stewart – Bartering (United Artists)\n1976: Larry Hosford – Cross Words (Shelter)\n1976: Robb Strandlund – Robb Strandlund (Polydor)\n1977: Sammy Walker – Blue Ridge Mountain Skyline (Warner Bros.)\n1977: Helen Reddy – Ear Candy (Capitol)\n1977: Rank Strangers – Rank Strangers (Pacific Arts)\n1978: Harry Chapin – Living Room Suite (Elektra)\n1978: Dyan Diamond – In the Dark (MCA)\n1980: The Packards – Pray for Surf (Surfside)\n1986: The Unforgiven – The Unforgiven (Elektra)\n1987: Divine Horsemen – Snake Handler (SST)\n1997: Bill Ward – When the Bough Breaks (Purple Pyramid)\n2009: Tea – Dreams (Teajuana)\n2016: Corky Carroll and the Piranha (Darla)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Alum Chris Darrow Dies\". Tasteofcountry.com. Retrieved August 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteofcountry.com/nitty-gritty-dirt-band-chris-darrow-dies/","url_text":"\"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Alum Chris Darrow Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Roland, Terry (June 5, 2013). \"Unsung Heroes of Americana Music: Chris Darrow and Artist Proof\". No Depression. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212824/http://nodepression.com/article/unsung-heroes-americana-music-chris-darrow-and-artist-proof","url_text":"\"Unsung Heroes of Americana Music: Chris Darrow and Artist Proof\""},{"url":"http://nodepression.com/article/unsung-heroes-americana-music-chris-darrow-and-artist-proof","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Breznikar, Klemen (June 19, 2011). \"Kaleidoscope Interview with Chris Darrow\". It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemen_Breznikar","url_text":"Breznikar, Klemen"},{"url":"https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2011/06/kaleidoscope-interview-with-chris.html","url_text":"\"Kaleidoscope Interview with Chris Darrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Psychedelic_Baby!_Magazine","url_text":"It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916125358/http://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2011/06/kaleidoscope-interview-with-chris.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindblad, Peter (April 12, 2010). \"Backstage Pass: Chris Darrow – A brilliant disguise\". Goldmine. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldminemag.com/articles/backstage-pass-chris-darrow-a-brilliant-disguise-2","url_text":"\"Backstage Pass: Chris Darrow – A brilliant disguise\""}]},{"reference":"Hale, Christine (March 13, 2009). \"Chris Darrow: You Saved My Life\". L.A. Record. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://larecord.com/interviews/2009/03/13/chris-darrow-you-saved-my-life","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow: You Saved My Life\""}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution (1 ed.). ISBN 9780879307035. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aO4yVYsXu5MC","url_text":"Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879307035","url_text":"9780879307035"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (March 17, 2009). \"Chris Darrow\". A.V. Club. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/chris-darrow-25170","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Darrow: Monterey Pop Summer of Love\". Impose. January 30, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imposemagazine.com/features/chris-darrow-monterey-pop-summer-of-love","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow: Monterey Pop Summer of Love\""}]},{"reference":"Beaudoin, Jedd (November 10, 2016). \"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band History With Jeff Hanna\". PopMatters. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/feature/all-acoustic-instruments-and-kitchen-utensilsnitty-gritty-dirt-band-history/","url_text":"\"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band History With Jeff Hanna\""}]},{"reference":"Neff, Joseph (February 26, 2013). \"Graded on a Curve: Chris Darrow, Artist Proof\". Vinyl District. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thevinyldistrict.com/storefront/2013/02/graded-on-a-curve-chris-darrow-artist-proof/","url_text":"\"Graded on a Curve: Chris Darrow, Artist Proof\""}]},{"reference":"Kubernik, Harvey; Scott Calamar (2009). Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon (1 ed.). ISBN 9781402765896. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bANZjtz2qUkC","url_text":"Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402765896","url_text":"9781402765896"}]},{"reference":"Neibaur, James L. (March 12, 2015). The Clint Eastwood Westerns (1 ed.). ISBN 9781442245044. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LFRuBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Clint Eastwood Westerns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442245044","url_text":"9781442245044"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Andrew (February 1, 2015). The Eagles FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Classic Rock's Superstars (1 ed.). ISBN 9781617136238. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qky9CQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Eagles FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Classic Rock's Superstars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617136238","url_text":"9781617136238"}]},{"reference":"Raymer, Miles (February 5, 2013). \"Chris Darrow – Artist Proof\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17592-artist-proof/","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow – Artist Proof\""}]},{"reference":"Hochman, Steve (February 7, 2013). \"\"Proof\" positive: Chris Darrow's long-lost kaleidoscopic country-rock treasure reissued\". Without a Net. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scpr.org/blogs/newmedia/2013/02/07/12464/proof-positive-chris-darrows-long-lost-kaleidoscop/","url_text":"\"\"Proof\" positive: Chris Darrow's long-lost kaleidoscopic country-rock treasure reissued\""}]},{"reference":"Glasebrook, D.A. (February 10, 2011). \"Chris Darrow – 'Chris Darrow'\". Rising Storm. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://therisingstorm.net/chris-darrow-chris-darrow/","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow – 'Chris Darrow'\""}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Michael (February 25, 2009). \"Chris Darrow's Kaleidoscopic Vision\". L.A. Weekly. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/music/chris-darrows-kaleidoscopic-vision-2158537","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow's Kaleidoscopic Vision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Darrow: A Gift Unheralded\". JamBase. April 14, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jambase.com/article/chris-darrow-a-gift-unheralded","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow: A Gift Unheralded\""}]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (October 13, 2010). \"The Continuing Saga of Moby Grape\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-continuing-saga-of-moby-grape-20101013","url_text":"\"The Continuing Saga of Moby Grape\""}]},{"reference":"E.R. Beardsley. \"Chris Darrow: Welcome to California\". Intangible. Retrieved August 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intangible.org/Features/darrow/darrowintro.html","url_text":"\"Chris Darrow: Welcome to California\""}]},{"reference":"\"You Need to Know Chris Darrow\". Drag City. December 4, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dragcity.com/news/2012-12-04-you-need-to-know-chris-darrow","url_text":"\"You Need to Know Chris Darrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaleidoscope – When Scopes Collide\". Rising Storm. August 30, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://therisingstorm.net/kaleidoscope-when-scopes-collide/","url_text":"\"Kaleidoscope – When Scopes Collide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greetings from Kartoonistan\". Pulsating Dream. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612223530/http://www.pulsatingdream.com/kartoonistan_gallery.html","url_text":"\"Greetings from Kartoonistan\""},{"url":"http://www.pulsatingdream.com/kartoonistan_gallery.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://tasteofcountry.com/nitty-gritty-dirt-band-chris-darrow-dies/","external_links_name":"\"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Alum Chris Darrow Dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212824/http://nodepression.com/article/unsung-heroes-americana-music-chris-darrow-and-artist-proof","external_links_name":"\"Unsung Heroes of Americana Music: Chris Darrow and Artist Proof\""},{"Link":"http://nodepression.com/article/unsung-heroes-americana-music-chris-darrow-and-artist-proof","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2011/06/kaleidoscope-interview-with-chris.html","external_links_name":"\"Kaleidoscope Interview with Chris Darrow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916125358/http://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2011/06/kaleidoscope-interview-with-chris.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.goldminemag.com/articles/backstage-pass-chris-darrow-a-brilliant-disguise-2","external_links_name":"\"Backstage Pass: Chris Darrow – A brilliant disguise\""},{"Link":"http://larecord.com/interviews/2009/03/13/chris-darrow-you-saved-my-life","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow: You Saved My Life\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aO4yVYsXu5MC","external_links_name":"Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/chris-darrow-25170","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow\""},{"Link":"http://www.imposemagazine.com/features/chris-darrow-monterey-pop-summer-of-love","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow: Monterey Pop Summer of Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/feature/all-acoustic-instruments-and-kitchen-utensilsnitty-gritty-dirt-band-history/","external_links_name":"\"Nitty Gritty Dirt Band History With Jeff Hanna\""},{"Link":"http://www.thevinyldistrict.com/storefront/2013/02/graded-on-a-curve-chris-darrow-artist-proof/","external_links_name":"\"Graded on a Curve: Chris Darrow, Artist Proof\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bANZjtz2qUkC","external_links_name":"Canyon of Dreams: The Magic and the Music of Laurel Canyon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LFRuBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Clint Eastwood Westerns"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qky9CQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Eagles FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Classic Rock's Superstars"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17592-artist-proof/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow – Artist Proof\""},{"Link":"http://www.scpr.org/blogs/newmedia/2013/02/07/12464/proof-positive-chris-darrows-long-lost-kaleidoscop/","external_links_name":"\"\"Proof\" positive: Chris Darrow's long-lost kaleidoscopic country-rock treasure reissued\""},{"Link":"http://therisingstorm.net/chris-darrow-chris-darrow/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow – 'Chris Darrow'\""},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/music/chris-darrows-kaleidoscopic-vision-2158537","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow's Kaleidoscopic Vision\""},{"Link":"https://www.jambase.com/article/chris-darrow-a-gift-unheralded","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow: A Gift Unheralded\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-continuing-saga-of-moby-grape-20101013","external_links_name":"\"The Continuing Saga of Moby Grape\""},{"Link":"http://www.intangible.org/Features/darrow/darrowintro.html","external_links_name":"\"Chris Darrow: Welcome to California\""},{"Link":"https://www.claremont-courier.com/articles/obituaries/t35131-darrow","external_links_name":"\"Noted Claremont artist Chris Darrow dies at 75\", January 16, 2020"},{"Link":"http://www.dragcity.com/news/2012-12-04-you-need-to-know-chris-darrow","external_links_name":"\"You Need to Know Chris Darrow\""},{"Link":"http://therisingstorm.net/kaleidoscope-when-scopes-collide/","external_links_name":"\"Kaleidoscope – When Scopes Collide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612223530/http://www.pulsatingdream.com/kartoonistan_gallery.html","external_links_name":"\"Greetings from Kartoonistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.pulsatingdream.com/kartoonistan_gallery.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/chris-darrow-mn0000108096","external_links_name":"Chris Darrow"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/350509-Chris-Darrow","external_links_name":"Chris Darrow"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3044163/","external_links_name":"Chris Darrow"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406948169","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17145971346032331023","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141691953","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141691953","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95101637","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e2e9e869-c2c5-4e90-b7ea-38f18172f378","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquatpur
Liaquatpur
["1 Geography","2 Railway","3 Climate","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
Coordinates: 28°56′07″N 70°57′03″E / 28.93528°N 70.95083°E / 28.93528; 70.95083City in Punjab, Pakistan City in Punjab, PakistanLiaquatpur لِياقت پُورCityLiaquatpurShow map of Punjab, PakistanLiaquatpurShow map of PakistanCoordinates: 28°56′07″N 70°57′03″E / 28.93528°N 70.95083°E / 28.93528; 70.95083Country PakistanProvince PunjabDistrictRahim Yar KhanTehsilLiaquatpurGovernment • TypeUnion council • MayorSarmad AliArea • Total15.82 km2 (6.11 sq mi)Elevation96 m (315 ft)Population (2017) • Total51,888 • Density3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)Postal code64200Calling code068WebsiteTehsil Administration Website Liaquatpur (Urdu: لِياقت پُور) is a city and capital of Liaquatpur Tehsil in Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located on the north of Liaquatpur Tehsil, about 90 kilometres to the northeast of Rahim Yar Khan. As of 2017, it has a total population of 51,888. Liaquat Pur is the Biggest Market of Jaggery (Gor) in South Asia. Geography Liaquatpur is situated to the east of the Indus River. The Lahore Railway Line passes through the city. Its average elevation is 96 metres above the sea level. Railway Liaquat Pur railway station (Urdu and Punjabi: لِياقت پُور ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Liaquat Pur on main railway line. From north it becomes the first railway station in Rahim Yar Khan district. The railway station is centered in the city's territory as it divides the city into two parts. The right side of the city is called Kachi Mandi while the opposite is known as Pakki Mandi. The railway line was first planned in 1883 when it was in British India. In 1889 a single line of a Broad gauge was laid. Later it became a two line link and in 1903 a station was built here and was named after this town "Chaudri". After the independence of Pakistan, in 1956 the name was changed to Liaquat Pur in honour of Pakistan's first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification, Liaquatpur has a Hot Desert Climate (BWh). On average, its driest month is November, with 2 mm of precipitation; and the wettest month is August, with 53 mm of precipitation. Climate data for Liaquatpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.2(70.2) 24.2(75.6) 30.4(86.7) 37.2(99.0) 41.8(107.2) 41.9(107.4) 39.6(103.3) 37.6(99.7) 36.8(98.2) 34.5(94.1) 28.5(83.3) 23.2(73.8) 33.1(91.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 14.3(57.7) 17.3(63.1) 23.2(73.8) 29.7(85.5) 34.6(94.3) 36.2(97.2) 34.9(94.8) 33(91) 31.4(88.5) 27.3(81.1) 21.2(70.2) 15.9(60.6) 26.6(79.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.4(45.3) 10.1(50.2) 15.5(59.9) 21.3(70.3) 26.4(79.5) 29.8(85.6) 29.8(85.6) 28.4(83.1) 26.2(79.2) 20(68) 14(57) 8.9(48.0) 19.8(67.6) Average rainfall mm (inches) 5(0.2) 10(0.4) 10(0.4) 8(0.3) 8(0.3) 14(0.6) 47(1.9) 53(2.1) 27(1.1) 4(0.2) 2(0.1) 5(0.2) 193(7.8) Source: Climate-Data.org See also Liaquat Pur Railway station External links Aerial View of Liaquat Pur Liqauatpur Population and Area information at archive.today (archived 2013-02-09) References ^ "Punjāb (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-04-26. ^ "Liaquatpur topographic map, elevation, terrain". Topographic maps. Retrieved 2023-04-26. ^ "Liaquatpur climate: Temperature Liaquatpur & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26. vteNeighbourhoods of Rahim Yar KhanAdministrations: Rahim Yar Khan DistrictTehsils Khanpur Liaqatpur Rahim Yar Khan Sadiqabad Cities Rahim Yar Khan (capital) Chachran Sharif Khanpur Liaquatpur Mian Wali Qureshian Khan Bela Sadiqabad Zāhir Pīr Towns and councils Adam Sahaba Allah Abad Amingarh Bhong Firoza Machkka Goth Machi Villages Adam Sahaba Aminabad Bangla Manthar Basti Haji Gul Muhammad Bhong Chak 111/1L Chak 151 P Chak 152 P Chandia Chandrami Jajjah Abbasiyan Kot Karam Khan Rahimabad Haji Yusuf Solangi-Mauza Bhara- Machkka
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Liaquatpur Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquatpur_Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Rahim Yar Khan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Rahim Yar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jaggery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"}],"text":"City in Punjab, PakistanCity in Punjab, PakistanLiaquatpur (Urdu: لِياقت پُور) is a city and capital of Liaquatpur Tehsil in Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located on the north of Liaquatpur Tehsil, about 90 kilometres to the northeast of Rahim Yar Khan. As of 2017, it has a total population of 51,888.[1] Liaquat Pur is the Biggest Market of Jaggery (Gor) in South Asia.","title":"Liaquatpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Liaquatpur is situated to the east of the Indus River. The Lahore Railway Line passes through the city. Its average elevation is 96 metres above the sea level.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liaquat Pur railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Pur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Pur"},{"link_name":"Rahim Yar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"}],"text":"Liaquat Pur railway station (Urdu and Punjabi: لِياقت پُور ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Liaquat Pur on main railway line. From north it becomes the first railway station in Rahim Yar Khan district. The railway station is centered in the city's territory as it divides the city into two parts. The right side of the city is called Kachi Mandi while the opposite is known as Pakki Mandi. The railway line was first planned in 1883 when it was in British India. In 1889 a single line of a Broad gauge was laid. Later it became a two line link and in 1903 a station was built here and was named after this town \"Chaudri\". After the independence of Pakistan, in 1956 the name was changed to Liaquat Pur in honour of Pakistan's first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.","title":"Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Hot Desert Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification, Liaquatpur has a Hot Desert Climate (BWh). On average, its driest month is November, with 2 mm of precipitation; and the wettest month is August, with 53 mm of precipitation.Climate data for Liaquatpur\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n41.8(107.2)\n\n41.9(107.4)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n33.1(91.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n33(91)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n26.6(79.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n20(68)\n\n14(57)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n5(0.2)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n8(0.3)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n53(2.1)\n\n27(1.1)\n\n4(0.2)\n\n2(0.1)\n\n5(0.2)\n\n193(7.8)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[3]","title":"Climate"}]
[]
[{"title":"Liaquat Pur Railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Pur_Railway_station"}]
[{"reference":"\"Punjāb (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/cities/punjab/?cityid=27416","url_text":"\"Punjāb (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liaquatpur topographic map, elevation, terrain\". Topographic maps. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-pn4mdn/Liaquatpur/?center=28.935,70.9516","url_text":"\"Liaquatpur topographic map, elevation, terrain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liaquatpur climate: Temperature Liaquatpur & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/pakistan/punjab/liaquatpur-25604/","url_text":"\"Liaquatpur climate: Temperature Liaquatpur & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liaquatpur&params=28_56_07_N_70_57_03_E_type:city(51888)_region:PK-PB","external_links_name":"28°56′07″N 70°57′03″E / 28.93528°N 70.95083°E / 28.93528; 70.95083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liaquatpur&params=28_56_07_N_70_57_03_E_type:city(51888)_region:PK-PB","external_links_name":"28°56′07″N 70°57′03″E / 28.93528°N 70.95083°E / 28.93528; 70.95083"},{"Link":"http://www.tmaliaqatpur.com/","external_links_name":"Tehsil Administration Website"},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/3357572/Liaquat-Pur","external_links_name":"Aerial View of Liaquat Pur"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209124928/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=428209094","external_links_name":"Liqauatpur Population and Area information"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/cities/punjab/?cityid=27416","external_links_name":"\"Punjāb (Pakistan): Province, Major Cities, Municipalites & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information\""},{"Link":"https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-pn4mdn/Liaquatpur/?center=28.935,70.9516","external_links_name":"\"Liaquatpur topographic map, elevation, terrain\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/pakistan/punjab/liaquatpur-25604/","external_links_name":"\"Liaquatpur climate: Temperature Liaquatpur & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyans
Dragon Ball
["1 Setting","2 Production","3 Manga","3.1 Spin-offs","3.2 Crossovers","3.3 Reception","4 Anime","4.1 Dragon Ball","4.2 Dragon Ball Z","4.3 Dragon Ball GT","4.4 Dragon Ball Z Kai","4.5 Dragon Ball Super","4.6 Super Dragon Ball Heroes","4.7 Other installments","4.8 Reception","5 Other media","5.1 Anime films","5.2 Live-action film","5.3 Theme park attractions","5.4 Video games","5.5 Merchandise","5.6 Soundtracks","5.7 Companion books","5.8 Collectible cards","5.9 Tabletop role-playing game","6 Cultural impact","6.1 Comics and animation","6.2 Film and television","6.3 Music and sports","6.4 Video games","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Japanese media franchise created by Akira Toriyama This article is about the media franchise in general. For other uses, see Dragon Ball (disambiguation). Dragon BallThe logo for the original manga seriesCreated byAkira ToriyamaOriginal workDragon Ball (1984–1995)OwnerBird Studio/ShueishaYears1984–presentPrint publicationsBook(s)Companion booksComicsMangaFilms and televisionFilm(s)List of filmsShort film(s) Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! (2008) Episode of Bardock (2011) Animated series List of anime Dragon Ball (1986–1989) Dragon Ball Z (1989–1996) Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997) Dragon Ball Z Kai (2009–2011; 2014–2015) Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018) Super Dragon Ball Heroes (2018–present) Dragon Ball Daima (2024) Television special(s) Bardock – The Father of Goku (1990) The History of Trunks (1993) A Hero's Legacy (1997) Direct-to-video Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans (1993) Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans (2010) GamesTraditional Carddass Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game Video game(s)List of video gamesAudioSoundtrack(s)List of soundtracksOfficial websiteen.dragon-ball-official.com Dragon Ball (Japanese: ドラゴンボール, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru) is a Japanese media franchise created by Akira Toriyama in 1984. The initial manga, written and illustrated by Toriyama, was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995, with the 519 individual chapters collected in 42 tankōbon volumes by its publisher Shueisha. Dragon Ball was originally inspired by the classical 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, combined with elements of Hong Kong martial arts films. Dragon Ball characters also use a variety of East Asian martial arts styles, including karate and Wing Chun (kung fu). The series follows the adventures of protagonist Son Goku from his childhood through adulthood as he trains in martial arts. He spends his childhood far from civilization until he meets a teen girl named Bulma, who encourages him to join her quest in exploring the world in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls, which summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several other friends, becomes a family man, discovers his alien heritage, and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls. Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 21 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as an anime sequel series titled Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997) and an anime midquel series titled Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan under the title Dragon Ball Kai, as a recut that follows the manga's story more faithfully by removing most of the material featured exclusively in the anime. Several companies have developed various types of merchandise based on the series leading to a large media franchise that includes films (both animated and live-action), collectible trading card games, action figures, collections of soundtracks, and numerous video games. Dragon Ball has become one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Dragon Ball manga has been sold in over 40 countries and the anime has been broadcast in more than 80 countries. The manga's 42 collected tankōbon volumes have over 160 million copies sold in Japan and 260 million copies sold worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. Reviewers have praised the art, characterization, and humor of the story. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential manga series ever made, with many manga artists citing Dragon Ball as a source of inspiration for their own now-popular works. The anime, particularly Dragon Ball Z, is also highly popular around the world and is considered one of the most influential in boosting the popularity of Japanese animation in Western culture. It has had a considerable impact on global popular culture, referenced by and inspiring numerous artists, athletes, celebrities, filmmakers, musicians, and writers around the world. Setting See also: List of Dragon Ball characters Earth, known as the Dragon World (ドラゴンワールド) and designated as "Planet 4032-877" by the celestial hierarchy, is the main setting for the entire Dragon Ball series, as well as related media such as Dr. Slump, Neko Majin, and Jaco the Galactic Patrolman. It is mainly inhabited by Earthlings (地球人, Chikyūjin), a term used inclusively to refer to all of the intelligent races native to the planet, including humans, anthropomorphic beings, and monsters. Starting from the Dragon Ball Z series, various extraterrestrial species such as the Saiyans (サイヤ人, Saiya-jin) and Namekians (ナメック星人, Namekku-seijin) have played a more prominent role in franchise media. The narrative of Dragon Ball predominantly follows the adventures of the Saiyan Son Goku; upon meeting Bulma at the beginning of the series, the two embark on an adventure to gather the seven Dragon Balls, a set of orbs that summon the wish-granting dragon Shenlong. Goku later receives martial arts training from Kame-Sen'nin, meets his lifelong friend Kuririn, and enters the Tenkaichi Budōkai (天下一武道会, lit. "Strongest Under the Heavens Martial Arts Tournament") to fight the world's strongest warriors. When Piccolo Daimao, and later his offspring Piccolo, tries to conquer the planet, Goku receives training from Earth's deities to defeat them. Goku later sacrifices his life to save the planet from his estranged brother Raditz, but is revived after training in the afterlife under the tutelage of the North Kaio to combat the other incoming Saiyans, Nappa and Vegeta. He later becomes a Super Saiyan and defeats the powerful alien tyrant Freeza; this sets the tone of the rest of the series, with each enemy the characters face becoming stronger than the last, requiring them to attain further training. Dragon Ball Super establishes that the franchise is set in a multiverse composed of twelve numbered universes, with the majority of the Dragon Ball series taking place in Universe 7 (第７宇宙, Dai-Nana Uchū, lit. "Number Seven Universe"). Each universe is ruled by a number of benevolent and malevolent deities, respectively called Kaioshin and Gods of Destruction who are appointed by a higher being called Zeno, who watches over the multiverse. Production See also: List of Dragon Ball characters and Dragon Ball (manga) § Production Akira Toriyama was a fan of Hong Kong martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee films such as Enter the Dragon (1973) and Jackie Chan films such as Drunken Master (1978), and wanted to create a manga inspired by martial arts films. This led to Toriyama creating the 1983 one-shot manga Dragon Boy, which he later redeveloped into Dragon Ball. Toriyama loosely modeled the plot and characters of Dragon Ball on the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West, with Goku being Sun Wukong ("Son Goku" in Japanese), Bulma as Tang Sanzang, Oolong as Zhu Bajie, and Yamcha being Sha Wujing. Toriyama wanted to create a story with the basic theme of Journey to the West, but with "a little kung fu" by combining the novel with elements from the kung fu films of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee. The title Dragon Ball was inspired by Enter the Dragon and later Bruceploitation knockoff kung fu films which frequently had the word "Dragon" in the title, and the fighting scenes were influenced by Jackie Chan movies. Since it was serialized in a shōnen manga magazine, he added the idea of the Dragon Balls to give it a game-like activity of gathering something, without thinking of what the characters would wish for. His concept of the Dragon Balls was inspired by the Japanese novel Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1814–1842), which involves the heroes collecting eight Buddhist prayer beads, which Toriyama adapted into collecting seven Dragon Balls. He originally thought it would last about a year or end once the Dragon Balls were collected. Toriyama stated that although the stories are purposefully easy to understand, he specifically aimed Dragon Ball at readers older than those of his previous serial Dr. Slump. He also wanted to break from the Western influences common in Dr. Slump, deliberately going for Chinese scenery, referencing Chinese buildings and photographs of China his wife had bought. Toriyama wanted to set Dragon Ball in a fictional world largely based on Asia, taking inspiration from several Asian cultures including Japanese, Chinese, South Asian, Central Asian, Arabic and Indonesian cultures. The island where the Tenkaichi Budōkai is held is modeled after Bali (in Indonesia), which he, his wife and assistant visited in mid-1985, and for the area around Bobbidi's spaceship he consulted photos of Africa. Toriyama was also inspired by the jinn (genies) from The Arabian Nights. The Earth of Dragon Ball, as published in Daizenshuu 4: World Guide During the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editor, Kazuhiko Torishima, commented that Goku looked rather plain. To combat this, he added several characters like Kame-Sen'nin and Kuririn, and created the Tenkaichi Budōkai martial arts tournament to focus the storyline on fighting. It was when the first Tenkaichi Budōkai began that Dragon Ball truly became popular, having recalled the races and tournaments in Dr. Slump. Anticipating that readers would expect Goku to win the tournaments, Toriyama had him lose the first two while planning an eventual victory. This allowed for more character growth as the manga progressed. He said that Muscle Tower in the Red Ribbon Army storyline was inspired by the video game Spartan X (called Kung-Fu Master in the West), in which enemies appear very fast as the player ascends a tower (the game was in turn inspired by Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals and Bruce Lee's Game of Death). He then created Piccolo Daimao as a truly evil villain, and as a result called that arc the most interesting to draw. Once Goku and company had become the strongest on Earth, they turned to extraterrestrial opponents including the Saiyans (サイヤ人, Saiya-jin); and Goku himself was retconned from an Earthling to a Saiyan who was sent to Earth as a baby. Freeza, who forcibly took over planets to resell them, was created around the time of the Japanese economic bubble and was inspired by real estate speculators, whom Toriyama called the "worst kind of people." Finding the escalating enemies difficult, he created the Ginyu Force to add more balance to the series. When Toriyama created the Super Saiyan (超(スーパー)サイヤ人, Sūpā Saiya-jin) transformation during the Freeza arc, he was initially concerned that Goku's facial expressions as a Super Saiyan made him look like a villain, but decided it was acceptable since the transformation was brought about by anger. Goku's Super Saiyan form has blonde hair because it was easier to draw for Toriyama's assistant (who spent a lot of time blacking in Goku's hair), and has piercing eyes based on Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare. Dragon Ball Z anime character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro also used Bruce Lee as a reference for Goku's Super Saiyan form, stating that, when he "first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee." Toriyama later added time travel during the Cell arc, but said he had a hard time with it, only thinking of what to do that week and having to discuss it with his second editor Yu Kondo. After Cell's death, Toriyama intended for Gohan to replace Goku as the series' protagonist, but later felt the character was not suited for the role and changed his mind. Going against the normal convention that the strongest characters should be the largest in terms of physical size, he designed many of Dragon Ball's most powerful characters with small statures, including the protagonist, Goku. Toriyama later explained that he had Goku grow up as a means to make drawing fight scenes easier, even though his first editor Kazuhiko Torishima was initially against it because it was rare to have the main character of a manga series change drastically. When including fights in the manga, Toriyama had the characters go to uninhabited locations to avoid difficulties in drawing residents and destroyed buildings. Toriyama said that he did not plan the details of the story, resulting in strange occurrences and discrepancies later in the series, including changing the colors of the characters mid-story and few characters having screentone because he found it difficult to use. Since the completion of Dragon Ball, Toriyama has continued to add to its story, mostly background information on its universe, through guidebooks published by Shueisha. During the second half of the series, Toriyama has said that he had become more interested in coming up with the story than actually drawing it, and that the battles became more intense with him simplifying the lines. In 2013, he stated that because Dragon Ball is an action manga the most important aspect is the sense of speed, so he did not draw very elaborate, going so far as to suggest one could say that he was not interested in the art. He also once said that his goal for the series was to tell an "unconventional and contradictory" story. In 2013, commenting on Dragon Ball's global success, Toriyama said, "Frankly, I don't quite understand why it happened. While the manga was being serialized, the only thing I wanted as I kept drawing was to make Japanese boys happy.", "The role of my manga is to be a work of entertainment through and through. I dare say I don't care even if have left nothing behind, as long as they have entertained their readers." Manga Main article: Dragon Ball (manga) Dragon Ball debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 51, on December 3, 1984 which is also considered to be highly sought after among fans and collectors Written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, Dragon Ball was serialized in the manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 3, 1984, to June 5, 1995, when Toriyama grew exhausted and felt he needed a break from drawing. The 519 individual chapters were collected in 42 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha from September 10, 1985, through August 4, 1995. Between December 4, 2002, and April 2, 2004, the chapters were re-released in a collection of 34 kanzenban volumes, which included a slightly rewritten ending, new covers, and color artwork from its Weekly Shōnen Jump run. The February 2013 issue of V Jump, which was released in December 2012, announced that parts of the manga will be fully colored and re-released in 2013. 20 volumes, beginning from chapter 195 and grouped by story arcs, were released between February 4, 2013, and July 4, 2014. 12 volumes covering the first 194 chapters were published between January 4 and March 4, 2016. A sōshūhen edition that aims to recreate the manga as it was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump with color pages, promotional text, and next chapter previews, was published in 18 volumes between May 13, 2016, and January 13, 2017. Spin-offs Another manga penned by Ōishi, the three-chapter Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock that revolves around Bardock, Goku's father, was published in the monthly magazine V Jump from August and October 2011. The final chapter of Toriyama's 2013 manga series Jaco the Galactic Patrolman revealed that it is set before Dragon Ball, with several characters making appearances. Jaco's collected volumes contain a bonus Dragon Ball chapter depicting Goku's mother. In December 2016, a spin-off manga titled Dragon Ball Side Story: The Case of Being Reincarnated as Yamcha began in Shueisha's Shōnen Jump+ digital magazine. Written and illustrated by Dragon Garow Lee, it is about a high school boy who after an accident wakes up in the body of Yamcha in the Dragon Ball manga. Crossovers Toriyama also created a short series, Neko Majin (1999–2005), that became a self-parody of Dragon Ball. In 2006, a crossover between Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (or Kochikame) and Dragon Ball by Toriyama and Kochikame author Osamu Akimoto appeared in the Super Kochikame (超こち亀, Chō Kochikame) manga. That same year, Toriyama teamed up with Eiichiro Oda to create a crossover chapter of Dragon Ball and One Piece titled Cross Epoch. Reception Further information: Dragon Ball (manga) § Reception See also: Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figures Dragon Ball is one of the most popular manga series of all time, and it continues to enjoy high readership today. Dragon Ball is credited as one of the main reasons manga circulation was at its highest between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. During Dragon Ball's initial run in Weekly Shōnen Jump, the manga magazine reached an average circulation of 6.53 million weekly sales, the highest in its history. During Dragon Ball's serialisation between 1984 and 1995, Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine had a total circulation of over 2.9 billion copies, with those issues generating an estimated ¥554 billion ($6.9 billion) in sales revenue. Dragon Ball also sold a record number of collected tankōbon volumes for its time. By 2000, more than 126 million tankōbon copies had been sold in Japan alone. It sold over 150 million copies in Japan by 2008, making it the best-selling manga ever at the time. By 2012, its sales in Japan had grown to pass 156 million, making it the second best-selling Weekly Shōnen Jump manga of all time, behind One Piece. Dragon Ball's tankobon volumes sold 159.5 million copies in Japan by February 2014, and have sold over 160 million copies in Japan as of 2016. The manga is similarly popular overseas, having been translated and released in over 40 countries worldwide. The total number of tankōbon volumes sold have reached 350 million copies worldwide. not including unofficial pirated copies; when including pirated copies, an estimated total of more than 400 million official and unofficial copies have been sold worldwide. For the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006, Japanese fans voted Dragon Ball the third greatest manga of all time. In a survey conducted by Oricon in 2007 among 1,000 people, Son Goku, the main character of the franchise, ranked first place as the "Strongest Manga Character of All Time." Goku's journey and his ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning "the admiration of young boys everywhere". Manga artists, such as One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto, have stated that Goku inspired their series' main protagonists as well as series structure. Manga critic Jason Thompson stated in 2011 that "Dragon Ball is by far the most influential shōnen manga of the last 30 years, and today, almost every Shōnen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways." He says the series "turns from a gag/adventure manga to an nearly-pure fighting manga", and its basic formula of "lots of martial arts, lots of training sequences, a few jokes" became the model for other shōnen series, such as Naruto. Thompson also called Toriyama's art influential and cited it as a reason for the series' popularity. James S. Yadao, author of The Rough Guide to Manga, claims that the first several chapters of Dragon Ball "play out much like Saiyuki with Dr. Slump-like humour built in" and that Dr. Slump, Toriyama's previous manga, has a clear early influence on the series. He feels the series "established its unique identity" after the first occasion when Goku's group disbands and he trains under Kame-Sen'nin, when the story develops "a far more action-packed, sinister tone" with "wilder" battles with aerial and spiritual elements and an increased death count, while humor still makes an occasional appearance. Yadao claims that an art shift occurs when the characters "lose the rounded, innocent look that he established in Dr. Slump and gain sharper angles that leap off the page with their energy and intensity." Animerica felt the series had "worldwide appeal", using dramatic pacing and over-the-top martial arts action to "maintain tension levels and keep a crippler crossface hold on the audience's attention spans". In Little Boy: The Art of Japan's Exploding Subculture, Takashi Murakami commented that Dragon Ball's "never-ending cyclical narrative moves forward plausibly, seamlessly, and with great finesse." Ridwan Khan from Animefringe.com commented that the manga had a "chubby" art style, but as the series continued the characters got more refined, leaner, and more muscular. Khan prefers the manga over the slow pacing of the anime counterparts. Allen Divers of Anime News Network praised the story and humor of the manga as being very good at conveying all of the characters' personalities. Divers also called Viz's translation one of the best of all the English editions of the series due to its faithfulness to the original Japanese. D. Aviva Rothschild of Rationalmagic.com remarked the first manga volume as "a superior humor title". They praised Goku's innocence and Bulma's insistence as one of the funniest parts of the series. The content of the manga has been controversial in the United States. In November 1999, Toys "R" Us removed Viz's Dragon Ball from their stores nationwide when a Dallas parent complained the series had "borderline soft porn" after he bought them for his four-year-old son. Commenting on the issue, Susan J. Napier explained it as a difference in culture. After the ban, Viz reluctantly began to censor the series to keep wide distribution. However, in 2001, after releasing three volumes censored, Viz announced Dragon Ball would be uncensored and reprinted due to fan reactions. In October 2009, Wicomico County Public Schools in Maryland banned the Dragon Ball manga from their school district because it "depicts nudity, sexual contact between children and sexual innuendo among adults and children." Anime Main article: List of Dragon Ball anime Additionally, Dragon Ball is an anime television metaseries. Dragon Ball (1986–89), Dragon Ball Z (1989–96), and Dragon Ball Super (2015–18) are set in a uniform main continuity, while Dragon Ball GT (1996–97) and Super Dragon Ball Heroes (since 2018) explore several alternate continuities. Dragon Ball Main article: Dragon Ball (TV series) Further information: List of Dragon Ball episodes Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the first 194 manga chapters, also titled Dragon Ball. The series premiered in Japan on Fuji TV on February 26, 1986, and ran until April 19, 1989, lasting 153 episodes. It is broadcast in 81 countries worldwide. Dragon Ball Z Main article: Dragon Ball Z Further information: List of Dragon Ball Z episodes Instead of continuing the anime as Dragon Ball, Toei Animation decided to carry on with their adaptation under a new name and asked Akira Toriyama to come up with the title. Dragon Ball Z (ドラゴンボールZ(ゼット), Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) picks up five years after the first series left off and adapts the final 325 chapters of the manga. It premiered in Japan on Fuji TV on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996. Two television specials based on the Z series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The first, The One True Final Battle ~The Z Warrior Who Challenged Frieza – Son Goku's Father~, renamed Bardock – The Father of Goku by Funimation, was shown on October 17, 1990. The second special, Defiance in the Face of Despair!! The Remaining Super-Warriors: Gohan and Trunks, renamed The History of Trunks by Funimation, is based on a special chapter of the original manga and aired on February 24, 1993. Dragon Ball GT Main article: Dragon Ball GT Further information: List of Dragon Ball GT episodes Dragon Ball GT (ドラゴンボールGT(ジーティー), Doragon Bōru Jī Tī, G(rand) T(ouring)) premiered on Fuji TV on February 7, 1996, and ran until November 19, 1997, for 64 episodes. Unlike the first two anime series, it is not based on Akira Toriyama's original Dragon Ball manga, being created by Toei Animation as a sequel to the series or as Toriyama called it, a "grand side story of the original Dragon Ball." Toriyama designed the main cast, the spaceship used in the show, the design of three planets, and came up with the title and logo. In addition to this, Toriyama also oversaw production of the series, just as he had for the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime. The television special episode, Goku's Side Story! The Proof of his Courage is the Four-Star Ball, or A Hero's Legacy as Funimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64. Dragon Ball Z Kai Main article: List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes In February 2009, Dragon Ball Z celebrated its 20th anniversary, with Toei Animation announcing that it would broadcast a re-edited and remastered version of the Dragon Ball Z anime under the name Dragon Ball Kai (ドラゴンボール改, Doragon Bōru Kai, lit. "Dragon Ball Revised"). The footage would be re-edited to follow the manga more closely, eliminating scenes and episodes which were not featured in the original manga, resulting in a more faithful adaptation, as well as in a faster-moving, and more focused story. The episodes were remastered for HDTV, with rerecording of the vocal tracks by most of the original cast, and featuring updated opening and ending sequences. On April 5, 2009, the series premiered in Japan airing in Fuji TV. Dragon Ball Z Kai reduced the episode count to 159 episodes (167 episodes internationally), from the original footage of 291 episodes. Damaged frames were removed, resulting in some minor shots being remade from scratch in order to fix cropping, and others to address continuity issues. The majority of the international versions, including Funimation Entertainment's English dub, are titled Dragon Ball Z Kai. Dragon Ball Super Main article: Dragon Ball Super Further information: List of Dragon Ball Super episodes On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced Dragon Ball Super (ドラゴンボール超, Doragon Bōru Sūpā), the first all-new Dragon Ball television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and ran as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018, after 131 episodes. Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well. Koichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles, as Beerus and Whis, respectively. The story of the anime is set after the defeat of Majin Buu, when the Earth has become peaceful once again. Akira Toriyama is credited as the original creator, as well for "original story and character design concepts." It is also being adapted into a parallel manga. Super Dragon Ball Heroes Main article: Super Dragon Ball Heroes (anime) Further information: List of Super Dragon Ball Heroes episodes and Dragon Ball Heroes In 2018, an anime to promote the Super Dragon Ball Heroes card and video game series was announced with a July 1 premiere. The series' announcement included a brief synopsis: Trunks returns from the future to train with Goku and Vegeta. However, he abruptly vanishes. The mysterious man "Fu" suddenly appears, telling them that Trunks has been locked up on the "Prison Planet", a mysterious facility in an unknown location between universes. The group searches for the Dragon Balls to free Trunks, but an unending super battle awaits them! Will Goku and the others manage to rescue Trunks and escape the Prison Planet? Other installments The short film Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! was created for the Jump Super Anime Tour, which celebrated Weekly Shōnen Jump's 40th anniversary, and debuted on September 21, 2008. A short animated adaptation of Naho Ōishi's Bardock spinoff manga, Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock, was shown on December 17–18, 2011, at the Jump Festa 2012 event. A two-episode original video animation (OVA) titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans was created in 1993 as strategy guides for the Famicom video game of the same name. A remake titled Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was created as a bonus feature for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2, which was released on November 11, 2010. A two-part hour-long crossover special between Dragon Ball Z, One Piece and Toriko, referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!! aired on April 7, 2013. Reception The anime adaptations have also been very well-received and are better known in the Western world than the manga, with Anime News Network saying, "Few anime series have mainstreamed it the way Dragon Ball Z has. To a certain generation of television consumers its characters are as well known as any in the animated realm, and for many it was the first step into the wilderness of anime fandom." In a survey conducted by Oricon, "Japanese anime that I think is world-class" and "world-class Manga & Anime" "Dragon Ball" was selected as No. 1 with an overwhelming number of votes in both surveys. In 2000, satellite TV channel Animax together with Brutus, a men's lifestyle magazine, and Tsutaya, Japan's largest video rental chain, conducted a poll among 200,000 fans on the top anime series, with Dragon Ball coming in fourth. "Dragon Ball" won first place in the "100 Best Anime in Japan that has advanced to the world" questionnaire on TV Asahi 's " Decision! This is Japan's Best ". TV Asahi conducted two polls in 2005 on the Top 100 Anime, Dragon Ball came in second in the nationwide survey conducted with multiple age-groups and in third in the online poll. Dragon Ball is one of the most successful franchises in animation history. The anime series is broadcast in more than 80 countries worldwide. In Japan, the first sixteen anime films up until Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon (1995) sold 50 million tickets and grossed over ¥40 billion ($501 million) at the box office, in addition to selling over 500,000 home video units, by 1996. Later DVD releases of the Dragon Ball anime series have topped Japan's sales charts on several occasions. In the United States, the anime series sold over 25 million DVD units by January 2012, and has sold more than 30 million DVD and Blu-ray units as of 2017. In Latin America, public screenings of the Dragon Ball Super finale in 2018 filled public spaces and stadiums in cities across the region, including stadiums holding tens of thousands of spectators. Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States, outperforming top shows such as Friends and The X-Files in some parts of the country in sweeps ratings during its first season. The premiere of season three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999, done by Funimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network. In 2002, in the week ending September 22, Dragon Ball Z was the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9–14, boys 9–14 and men 12–24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9–14. Dragon ball GT has also had high ratings In 2001, it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans. Dragon Ball Z topped the Lycos 50 list of 'most searched' items for the second consecutive year—the first time that any topic has ever been able to repeat its dominance over a two-year period. Dragon Ball ranked second overall in the search number ranking for the past 10 years released by LYCOS in 2005. and ranked 3rd in Yahoo! in 2002 with PlayStation 2 topping the list Even after it ended, the "Dragon Ball" series continues to maintain a high level of popularity, surpassing that of new anime, and is also often being rebroadcast, making the "Dragon Ball" series Funimation's most important anime license The audience rating of the first Dragon ball Kai episode on Nicktoons is the highest since the station opened Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summed up Dragon Ball as "an action-packed tale told with rare humor and something even rarer—a genuine sense of adventure." Both Kimlinger and colleague Theron Martin noted Funimation's reputation for drastic alterations of the script, but praised the dub. However, some critics and most fans of the Japanese version have been more critical with Funimation's English dub and script of Dragon Ball Z over the years. Jeffrey Harris of IGN criticized the voices, including how Freeza's appearance combined with the feminine English voice left fans confused about Freeza's gender. Carlos Ross of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews considered the series' characters to be different from stereotypical stock characters and noted that they undergo much more development. Despite praising Dragon Ball Z for its cast of characters, they criticized it for having long and repetitive fights. Dragon Ball Z is well-known, and often criticized, for its long, repetitive, dragged-out fights that span several episodes, with Martin commenting "DBZ practically turned drawing out fights into an art form." However, Jason Thompson of io9 explained that this comes from the fact that the anime was being created alongside the manga. Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series, and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine's Top 100 Greatest Cartoons list. Harris commented that Dragon Ball GT "is downright repellent", mentioning that the material and characters had lost their novelty and fun. He also criticized the GT character designs of Trunks and Vegeta as being goofy. Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network also gave negative comments about GT, mentioning that the fights from the series were "a very simple childish exercise" and that many other anime were superior. The plot of Dragon Ball GT has also been criticized for giving a formula that was already used in its predecessors. Other media See also: List of Dragon Ball films Anime films Twenty animated theatrical films based on the Dragon Ball series have been released in Japan. The most recent films, Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods (2013), Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' (2015), Dragon Ball Super: Broly (2018), and Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero (2022), were produced as full-length feature films and were given stand-alone theatrical releases in Japan (as well as limited theatrical releases in the U.S.). They've also been the first movies to have original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved in their production; Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F' were remade into the first and second arcs of the Dragon Ball Super anime, which told the same stories as the two films in expanded detail. The 1996 feature film, Dragon Ball: The Path to Power, was also a full-length theatrical release with a running time of 80 minutes, and was produced to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the anime as a re-imagining of the first few arcs of the series. All previous films were mostly below feature length (around 45–60 minutes each), making them only slightly longer than one or two episodes of the TV series; this is due to them being originally shown as back-to-back presentations alongside other Toei film productions. These films are also mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs (like The Path to Power), or extra side-stories that do not correlate with the continuity of the series. The first three films, along with The Path to Power, are based on the original Dragon Ball anime series. The remaining thirteen older films are based on Dragon Ball Z. The first five films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival (東映まんがまつり, Tōei Manga Matsuri), while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair (東映アニメフェア, Toei Anime Fea). Live-action film Main article: Dragonball Evolution An American live-action film titled Dragonball Evolution was produced by 20th Century Fox after it acquired the feature film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise in March 2002. Previous to the film, two unofficial live-action films had been produced decades prior. The first was a Korean film titled Dragon Ball: Ssawora Son Goku, Igyeora Son Goku (드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공; Deulaegonbol Ssawola Son Ogong Igyeola Son Ogong; lit. Dragon Ball: Fight Son Goku, Win Son Goku), while the second was a Taiwanese film titled Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins (新七龍珠; Xīn qī lóng zhū), which was also dubbed in English. The film was directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow, it was released in the United States on April 10, 2009. The film was meant to lead into sequels, which were cancelled, after the film flopped at the box office and became universally heralded as one of the worst adaptations of all time, being considered by the fans as being unfaithful to the source material. Franchise creator Akira Toriyama also criticized the film adding he was completely left out of the creative process, despite having himself offered to help, going as far as saying: "the result was a movie, I couldn't even call Dragon Ball". Years after its release, the writer of the film, Ben Ramsey, released a public apology in which he admitted to have written the film "chasing for a payday" instead of "as a fan of the franchise". With the news of 20th Century Fox selling itself, its assets, which include the film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise, will now be owned by its purchaser, The Walt Disney Company. However, there have been no plans made by The Walt Disney Company to create a new live-action Dragon Ball movie. Theme park attractions "Dragon Ball Z: The Real 4D" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2016. It features a battle between Goku and Freeza. Unlike most Dragon Ball animation, the attraction is animated with CGI. A second attraction titled "Dragon Ball Z: The Real 4-D at Super Tenkaichi Budokai" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2017, which featured a battle between the heroes and Broly. Video games Main article: List of Dragon Ball video games A Dragon Ball Z arcade conversion kit that includes the PCB, instructions and operator's manual The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned multiple video games across various genres and platforms. Earlier games of the series included a system of card battling and were released for the Famicom following the storyline of the series. Starting with the Super Famicom and Mega Drive, most of the games were from the fighting genre or RPG (role-playing game), such as the Super Butoden series. The first Dragon Ball game to be released in the United States was Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout for the PlayStation in 1997. For the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable games the characters were redone in 3D cel-shaded graphics. These games included the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai series and the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi series. Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Dragon Ball Xenoverse was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game called Dragon Ball Online was available in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan until the servers were shut down in 2013. A few years later fans started recreating the game. Today, "Dragon Ball Online Global" is a new, European version of Dragon Ball Online and it is being developed, while open beta server is running. The mobile game Dragon Ball Z: Dokkan Battle (2015) has received over 350 million downloads worldwide, as of 2021. A notable recent release is Dragon Ball FighterZ (2018), a fighting game developed by Arc System Works. The game received massive fan and critical acclaim for its fast paced frantic 3v3 battles and great visuals, also winning Best Fighting Game of 2018 at The Game Awards and many other awards and other nominations. It also has a large eSports scene, where it is one of the most popular fighting games. It also did very well commercially, selling 4 million units across all platforms. Merchandise In 1994, the licensee Bandai earned $140 million annually from sales of licensed Dragon Ball toys, video games and other character goods in Japan. In 1996, Dragon Ball Z grossed $2.95 billion in merchandise sales worldwide. As of early 1996, more than 100 companies outside Japan applied for character goods. Bandai sold over 2 billion Dragon Ball Carddass cards in Japan by 1998, and over 1 million Dragon Stars action figures in the Americas and Europe as of 2018. In 2000, Burger King sponsored a toy promotion to distribute 20 million Dragon Ball Z figures across North America. By 2011, the franchise had generated $5 billion in merchandise sales. In 2012, the franchise grossed ¥7.67 billion ($96.13 million) from licensed merchandise sales in Japan. Soundtracks See also: List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Myriad soundtracks were released in the anime, movies and the games. The music for the first two anime Dragon Ball and Z and its films was composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi, while the music from GT was composed by Akihito Tokunaga and the music from Kai was composed by Kenji Yamamoto and Norihito Sumitomo. For the first anime, the soundtracks released were Dragon Ball: Music Collection in 1985 and Dragon Ball: Complete Song Collection in 1991, although they were reissued in 2007 and 2003, respectively. For the second anime, the soundtrack series released were Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series. It was produced and released by Columbia Records of Japan from July 21, 1989, to March 20, 1996, the show's entire lifespan. On September 20, 2006, Columbia re-released the Hit Song Collection on their Animex 1300 series. Other CDs released are compilations, video games and films soundtracks as well as music from the English versions. Companion books Cover of Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations There have been numerous companion books to the Dragon Ball franchise. Chief among these are the Daizenshuu (大全集) series, comprising seven hardback main volumes and three supplemental softcover volumes, covering the manga and the first two anime series and their theatrical films. The first of these, Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations (Daizenshuu volume 1), first published in Japan in 1995, is the only one that was released in English, being printed in 2008 by Viz Media. It contains all 264 colored illustrations Akira Toriyama drew for the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazines' covers, bonus giveaways and specials, and all the covers for the 42 tankōbon. It also includes an interview with Toriyama on his work process. The remainder have never been released in English, and all are now out of print in Japan. From February 4 to May 9, 2013, condensed versions of the Daizenshuu with some updated information were released as the four-volume Chōzenshū (超全集) series. For Dragon Ball GT, the Dragon Ball GT Perfect Files were released in May and December 1997 by Shueisha's Jump Comics Selection imprint. They include series information, illustration galleries, behind-the-scenes information, and more. They were out of print for many years, but were re-released in April 2006 (accompanying the Japanese DVD release of Dragon Ball GT) and this edition is still in print. Coinciding with the 34-volume kanzenban re-release of the manga, and the release of the entire series on DVD for the first time in Japan, four new guidebooks were released in 2003 and 2004. Dragon Ball Landmark and Dragon Ball Forever cover the manga, using volume numbers for story points that reference the kanzenban release, while Dragon Ball: Tenkaichi Densetsu (ドラゴンボール 天下一伝説) and Dragon Ball Z: Son Goku Densetsu (ドラゴンボールZ 孫悟空伝説) cover the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime, respectively. Much of the material in these books is reused from the earlier Daizenshuu volumes, but they include new textual material including substantial interviews with the creator, cast and production staff of the series. Son Goku Densetsu in particular showcases previously unpublished design sketches of Goku's father Bardock, drawn by character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru prior to creator Akira Toriyama's revisions that resulted in the final version. Following the release of Dragon Ball Kai in Japan, four new guidebooks were released: the two-volume Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide (ドラゴンボール 超エキサイティングガイド) in 2009, covering the manga, and two-volume Dragon Ball: Extreme Battle Collection (ドラゴンボール　極限バトルコレクション) in 2010, covering the anime series. Despite the TV series airing during this time being Kai, the Extreme Battle Collection books reference the earlier Z series in content and episode numbers. These books also include new question-and-answer sessions with Akira Toriyama, revealing a few new details about the world and characters of the series. 2010 also saw the release of a new artbook, Dragon Ball: Anime Illustrations Guide – The Golden Warrior (ドラゴンボール アニメイラスト集 「黄金の戦士」); a sort of anime-counterpart to the manga-oriented Complete Illustrations, it showcases anime-original illustrations and includes interviews with the three principal character designers for the anime. Each of the Japanese "Dragon Box" DVD releases of the series and movies, which were released from 2003 to 2006, as well as the Blu-ray boxed sets of Dragon Ball Kai, released 2009 to 2011, come with a Dragon Book guide that contains details about the content therein. Each also contains a new interview with a member of the cast or staff of the series. These books have been reproduced textually for Funimation's release of the Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box sets from 2009 to 2011. Collectible cards See also: Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game and Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game Collectible cards based on the Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball GT series have been released by Bandai. These cards feature various scenes from the manga and anime stills, plus exclusive artwork from all three series. Bandai released the first set in the United States in July 2008. Tabletop role-playing game Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game, a tabletop role-playing game produced by R. Talsorian Games, was published in 1999. Cultural impact Since its debut, Dragon Ball has had a considerable impact on global popular culture. In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as "Goku Day" (悟空の日, Gokū no Hi); in Japanese, the numbers five and nine can be pronounced as "Go" and "Ku". It is similarly influential in international popular culture across other parts of the world. In the Philippines, a children's musical titled Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z: Myth, Magic, Music, was staged in June 1996. Dragon Ball is widely referenced in American popular culture, from television and music to celebrities and athletes, and the show has been celebrated with Goku making an appearance at the 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parades, and with Dragon Ball murals appearing in cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Kansas City and Denver. Dragon Ball is also immensely popular in other regions of the world, such as Latin America, where public screenings of the Dragon Ball Super finale in 2018 filled public spaces and stadiums in cities across the region, including stadiums holding tens of thousands of spectators. Illegal screenings the 2018 finale even caused a diplomatic incident between Mexico and Japan. Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama was decorated a Chevalier or "Knight" of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in May 2019 for his contributions to the arts, particularly for Dragon Ball which has been credited with popularizing manga in France. Vegeta's quote "It's Over 9000!" from the Saiyan Saga in the English dub of Dragon Ball Z is a popular Internet meme. Goku has been identified as a superhero, as well as Gohan with his Great Saiyaman persona. Motorola's Freescale DragonBall and DragonBall EZ/VZ microcontroller processors, released in 1995, are named after Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, respectively. Comics and animation Further information: Dragon Ball (manga) § Legacy and cultural impact Dragon Ball has been cited as inspiration across various different media. Dragon Ball is credited with setting trends for popular shōnen manga and anime since the 1980s, with manga critic Jason Thompson in 2011 calling it "by far the most influential shōnen manga of the last 30 years." Successful shōnen manga authors such as Eiichiro Oda (One Piece), Masashi Kishimoto (Naruto), Tite Kubo (Bleach), Hiro Mashima (Fairy Tail) and Kentaro Yabuki (Black Cat) have cited Dragon Ball as an influence on their own now popular works. According to Thompson, "almost every Shōnen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways." Ian Jones-Quartey, a producer of the American animated series Steven Universe, is a fan of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, and uses Toriyama's vehicle designs as a reference for his own. He also stated that "We're all big Toriyama fans on , which kind of shows a bit." Comic book artist André Lima Araújo cited Dragon Ball, along with several other manga and anime, as a major influence on his work, which includes Marvel Comics such as Age of Ultron, Avengers A.I., Spider-Verse and The Inhumans. Filipino comic artist Dexter Soy, who has worked on Marvel and DC Comics such as Captain America, cited Dragon Ball as a major inspiration. Tony Stark: Iron Man #11 (2019) makes references to Dragon Ball Z, including Miles Morales as Spider-Man referencing the Super Saiyan transformation. Film and television In December 1990, an unofficial live-action Korean film adaptation Dragon Ball: Ssawora Son Goku, Igyeora Son Goku was released. Another unofficial live-action film adaptation of the series, Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins, was released in Taiwan in November 1991, and was later released in 2007 as an "Ultimate Edition," with new effects added à la Star Wars. Action film star Jackie Chan is a fan of the franchise, and said Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character. In 1995, Chan had expressed some interest in adapting Dragon Ball into a film, but said it would require "a lot of amazing special effects and an enormous budget." Later in 2013, Toriyama said his ideal live-action Goku would have been a young Jackie Chan, stating that "nobody could play Goku but him." The Matrix franchise echoes Dragon Ball Z in several action scenes, including the climactic fights of the 2003 films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Filipino-American film storyboard artist Jay Oliva has cited Dragon Ball as a major inspiration on his work, particularly the action scenes of 2013 Superman film Man of Steel, which launched the DC Extended Universe. Several films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe have also been visually influenced by Dragon Ball Z. Erik Killmonger's battle armour in Black Panther (2018) bears a resemblance to Vegeta's battle armour, which actor Michael B. Jordan (himself a Dragon Ball fan) said may have inspired Killmonger's battle armor. The fiery look of Carol Danvers' Binary powers in Captain Marvel (2019) also drew some influence from Dragon Ball Z. In Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Katy refers to one of Shang-Chi's techniques as a "Kamehameha fireball"; the film's director Destin Daniel Cretton cited Dragon Ball Z as an inspiration behind the film's climactic fight scene. A key characteristic that set Dragon Ball Z (and later other anime shows) apart from American television shows at the time was a serialization format, in which a continuous story arc stretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Serialization has since also become a common characteristic of American streaming television shows during the "Peak TV" era. Music and sports Dragon Ball has been channeled and referenced by numerous musicians. It is popular in the hip hop community, and has been referenced in numerous hip hop songs by rappers and artists such as Chris Brown, Chance the Rapper, Big Sean, Lil Uzi Vert, G-Mo Skee, The Weeknd, Childish Gambino, Denzel Curry, Thundercat, B.o.B, Soulja Boy, Drake, Frank Ocean, and Sese. Mark Sammut of TheGamer notes that Gohan occasionally performs the dab move (as the Great Saiyaman), decades before it became a popular hip-hop dance move in American popular culture. Numerous athletes have also channeled and referenced Dragon Ball, including NBA basketball players such as Sacramento Kings guard De'Aaron Fox, Utah Jazz forward Lauri Markkanen, Golden State Warriors player Jordan Bell, and Chicago Bulls guard Lonzo Ball, American football NFL stars such as Cleveland Browns players Darren Fells and David Njoku, mixed martial artist Ronda Rousey, and WWE wrestlers such as The New Day. Japanese kickboxer Panchan Rina took her nickname from the Dragon Ball character Pan. Japanese mixed martial artist Itsuki Hirata is nicknamed "Android 18" due to her resembling the Dragon Ball character. Canadian mixed martial artist Carlos Newton dubbed his fighting style "Dragon Ball jiu-jitsu" in tribute to the series. Other mixed martial artists inspired by Dragon Ball include Kana Watanabe, Yushin Okami, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Yuya Wakamatsu. The French group Yamakasi cited Dragon Ball as an influence on their development of parkour, inspired by how the heroes attain extraordinary abilities through hard work. Video games The producer of the Tekken video game series, Katsuhiro Harada, said that Dragon Ball was one of the first works to visually depict chi and thereby influenced numerous Japanese video games, especially fighting games such as Tekken and Street Fighter. Masaaki Ishikawa, art director of the video game Arms, said that its art style was largely influenced by Dragon Ball and Akira. French video game designer Éric Chahi also cited Dragon Ball as an influence on his 1991 cinematic platformer Another World. Other video game industry veterans who were inspired by Dragon Ball include Suda51, SWERY, Insomniac Games, Nina Freeman, Heart Machine, Iron Galaxy, and Mega64. Notes ^ Other sources estimate the total Dragon Ball tankōbon sales worldwide to be 260 or 300 million copies. See Dragon Ball (manga) § Reception for worldwide sales breakdown. ^ See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series ^ In addition to tankōbon sales, Dragon Ball had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2.96 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine. ^ Originally there were eighteen universes, but six of them were since erased by Zeno, a supreme deity. ^ a b See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figures ^ a b Additionally, more than 100 million unofficial pirated copies are estimated to have been sold in China, as of 2005. ^ a b Additionally, more than 30 million unofficial pirated copies are estimated to have been sold in South Korea, as of 2014. ^ Tally does not include unofficial pirated copies. When including the over 130 million unofficial pirated copies sold in China and South Korea, an estimated total of more than 470 million official and unofficial copies have been sold worldwide. References ^ "The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z". www.nkkf.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ a b Arts, Way of Martial. "What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)". Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ a b Gerardo (April 19, 2021). "What Martial Arts Does Goku Use in Dragon Ball Z?". Combat Museum. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones". CBR. May 5, 2020. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "DRAGON BALL SUPER: SUPER HERO GLOBAL THEATRICAL RELEASE DATES". Toei Animation. June 15, 2022. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2023. ^ Johnson, G. Allen (January 16, 2019). "'Dragon Ball Super: Broly,' 20th film of anime empire, opens in Bay Area". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2014). Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. p. xxxix. ISBN 9780313397516. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ 『ドラゴンボール超』劇場版最新作、2022年に公開決定. Toei Animation (in Japanese). May 9, 2021. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ ドラゴンボール超Dragon スーパーヒーロー："930倍"超巨大2.4メートルの超ムビチケ好調 3日間で受注200件 想定以上の売れ行き. Mantan Web (in Japanese). March 7, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ "Top Manga Properties in 2008 - Rankings and Circulation Data". Comipress. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2013. ^ SOS from the Future: A Dark New Enemy Appears!, Funimation dub ^ a b "Akira Toriyama × Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru". TV Anime Guide: Dragon Ball Z Son Goku Densetsu. Shueisha. 2003. ISBN 4088735463. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2019. ^ The Dragon Ball Z Legend: The Quest Continues. DH Publishing Inc. 2004. p. 7. ISBN 9780972312493. ^ "Interview — Dragon Power / Ask Akira Toriyama!". Shonen Jump (1). January 2003. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. ^ a b c d e f Clements, Jonathan; Helen McCarthy (September 1, 2001). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 1-880656-64-7. OCLC 47255331. ^ a b Wiedemann, Julius (September 25, 2004). "Akira Toriyama". In Amano Masanao (ed.). Manga Design. Taschen. p. 372. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3. ^ a b c d e f g DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: STORY GUIDE (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995. pp. 261–265. ISBN 4-08-782752-6. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021. ^ a b c DRAGON BALL 天下一伝説 (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2004. pp. 80–91. ISBN 4-08-873705-9. ^ "The Truth About the "Dragon Ball" Manga: "Toriyama Thought of It Like This" Special". Dragon Ball Super Exciting Guide: Story-Hen (DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編) . Tōkyō: Shūeisha. March 4, 2009. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-4088748030. When I came up with Dragon Ball, I thought I would try to combine the Kung-Fu movies of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee, which I loved so much that I'd watch them on video even while I was working, with the classic Journey to the West to make an enjoyable manga. ^ a b c DRAGON BALL 大全集 1: COMPLETE ILLUSTRATIONS (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995. pp. 206–207. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. ^ Padula, Derek (2015). Dragon Ball Culture Volume 2: Adventure. Derek Padula. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-9831205-4-4. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ "Akira Toriyama Q&A". ドラゴンボール 冒険SPECIAL (in Japanese). Shueisha. November 18, 1987. "A Full-Coverage Q&A With Toriyama!!: Is That So?! The Dragon Balls". Kanzenshuu. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. ^ a b "Shenlong Times 2". DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: Story Guide (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995. ^ "Toriyama/Takahashi interview". Furinkan.com. 1986. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ a b c DRAGON BALL 大全集 4: WORLD GUIDE. Shueisha. 1995. pp. 164–169. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. ^ "Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga". Anime News Network. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ "Dragon Ball Collector — Interview with the Majin". Shonen Jump. No. 58. October 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020. ^ Toriyama, Akira (2004). DRAGON BALL 天下一伝説 (in Japanese). Shueisha. pp. 80–91. ISBN 4-08-873705-9. ^ Toriyama, Akira (1995). DRAGON BALL 大全集 5: TV ANIMATION PART 2. Shueisha. pp. 206–210. ISBN 4-08-782755-0. ^ "Comic Legends: Why Did Goku's Hair Turn Blonde?". Comic Book Resources. January 1, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2019. ^ "Dragon Ball Back Then Vol. 2: Interview with "Dragon Ball Z" character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro". Dragon Ball Anime Illustration: Kin'iro no Senshi (ドラゴンボール アニメイラスト集 「黄金の戦士」) (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Hōmusha. April 21, 2010. pp. 50–1. ISBN 978-4834284133. ^ a b "Interview with the Majin! Revisited". Shonen Jump. 5 (11). Viz Media: 388. November 2007. ISSN 1545-7818. ^ a b DRAGON BALL 超画集 (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2013. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-4-08-782520-6. ^ DRAGON BALL 大全集 5: TV ANIMATION PART 2. Shueisha. 1995. pp. 206–210. ISBN 4-08-782755-0. ^ Iwamoto, Tetsuo (March 27, 2013). "Dragon Ball artist: 'I just wanted to make boys happy'". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ 週刊少年ジャンプ 1984/12/03 表示号数51. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. ^ 週刊少年ジャンプ 1995/06/05 表示号数25. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. ^ "Comipress News article on "The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shōnen Jump"". comipress.com. May 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ DRAGON BALL 1 ドラゴンボール (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ DRAGON BALL 42 ドラゴンボール (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2008. ^ DRAGON BALL 完全版 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ DRAGON BALL 完全版 34 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ a b "Dragon Ball Manga Reprinted in Full Color in Japan". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2012. ^ ドラゴンボール フルカラー サイヤ人編 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ^ ドラゴンボール フルカラー 魔人ブウ編 6 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ^ ドラゴンボール フルカラー 少年編 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ ドラゴンボール フルカラー ピッコロ大魔王編 4 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend18 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime". Anime News Network. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2012. ^ "The Galactic Patrolman's Completed Mission". Weekly Shōnen Jump (44). Shueisha. September 30, 2013. ^ "Dragon Ball Bonus Story to Run in Viz's Shonen Jump on Monday". Anime News Network. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ Chapman, Paul (December 12, 2016). ""Dragon Ball" Spin-Off Imagines a World Where Yamcha Totally Rules". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ ネコマジン 完全版 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ 超こち亀. ASIN 4088740963. ^ "Comics Spotlight on Shonen Jump #100". Wired. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2012. ^ a b Ibaraki, Masahiko (March 31, 2008). "The Reminiscence of My 25 Years with Shonen Jump". ComiPress. Ohara, T. (trans). Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. ^ a b "The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shonen Jump: A Look at the Circulation of Weekly Jump". ComiPress. May 8, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. ^ Garger, Ilya (February 17, 2003). "Look, Up in the Sky!". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008. ^ 週刊少年ジャンプの発行部数（最高653万部）. exlight.net. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2019. ^ a b Murakami, Takashi (May 15, 2005). "Earth in My Window". Little Boy: The Art of Japan's Exploding Subculture. Linda Hoaglund (translator). Yale University Press, Japan Society. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-300-10285-2. ^ "Top Manga Properties in 2008 – Rankings and Circulation Data". ComiPress. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ "Top 10 Shonen Jump Manga by All-Time Volume Sales". Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2012. ^ Shueisha Media Guide 2014 少年コミック誌・青年コミック誌 (PDF) (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2017. ^ やっぱり国産漫画はすごかった！日本の漫画＆漫画家に与えられたギネス記録. Naver Matome (in Japanese). April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ （熱血！マンガ学）ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 悟空の「成長物語」一大産業に 【大阪】. Asahi Shimbun. May 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017. ^ "Shueisha said in 2009 that Dragon Ball was at 350 million copies in circulation" (in Japanese). January 17, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022. ^ "～映画「ドラゴンボールZ 神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍!! 鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ!!!!!SP～" (in Japanese). March 14, 2013. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. ^ "よりスピーディーに、より迫力を増して復活する「ドラゴンボール改」in TAF2009". Livedoor News (in Japanese). Livedoor. March 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ "映画「ドラゴンボール」テーマソングは浜崎あゆみ". MSN Sankei News. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008. ^ "ピッコロは緑だけど触角なし......実写『ドラゴンボール』映像". Oricon News (in Japanese). December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. ^ 岐路のアジア 第3部・ 漫画「日本発」根付く共通文化 朝日新聞（大阪版）2005年12月6日付朝刊 8面 国際欄 ^ "Top 10 Anime and Manga at Japan Media Arts Festival". Anime News Network. October 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012. ^ 1000人が選んだ!漫画史上"最強"キャラクターランキング! (in Japanese). June 22, 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2007. ^ Oda, Eiichiro (2001). One Piece Color Walk 1. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-859217-4. ^ Kishimoto, Masashi (2007). Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto. Viz Media. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-4215-1407-9. ^ a b c d Thompson, Jason (March 10, 2011). "Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Thompson, Jason (April 8, 2009). "What is Dragon Ball?". Io9. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2009. ^ a b Yadao, James S. The Rough Guide to Manga. Penguin Books, October 1, 2009. p. 116 Archived July 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1405384239, 9781405384230. Available on Google Books. "Also in evidence is the influence of Dr. Slump, especially in the early chapters, which play out much like Saiyuki with Dr. Slump-like humour built in." ^ Yadao, James S. The Rough Guide to Manga. Penguin Books, October 1, 2009. p. 116 Archived July 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine-117. ISBN 1405384239, 9781405384230. Available on Google Books. ^ "Anime Radar: News". Animerica. 9 (2). San Francisco, California: Viz Media: 36. March 2001. ISSN 1067-0831. OCLC 27130932. ^ Khan, Ridwan (July 2003). "Dragon Ball Vol.1 review". Animefringe.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2008. ^ Divers, Allen (November 18, 2001). "Dragon Ball (manga) Graphic Novel vol 5". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball Volume 1 review". Rationalmagic.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2008. ^ a b c "Maryland School Library to Remove Dragon Ball Manga". Anime News Network. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b "Viz explains censorship in Dragonball Manga". Anime News Network. August 22, 2000. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ a b 深夜アニメの製作資金は約3億円…儲ける仕組みや製作委員会の構造とは 今こそ知っておきたいアニメビジネスの特徴を取材. Social Game Info (in Japanese). June 17, 2016. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ a b Akira Toriyama message in the Dragon Book included with the Dragon Ball GT Dragon Box DVD set. ^ "DBZ FAQ Update". April 10, 2001. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2008. ^ ｢ドラゴンボールZ｣放送開始20周年記念! HDリマスター坂で テレビアニメが堂々復活!! 孫悟空伝説再び!! その名も... DRAGON BALL KAI. V Jump (in Japanese). Japan: Shueisha: 10. February 9, 2009. ^ "Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April". Anime News Network. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2009. ^ "Japan's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai". Anime News Network. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2009. ^ Paschal, Jacob T. (May 19, 2010). "What is Dragon Ball Kai? Part I: The History Of Kai". toonzone.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2015. ^ "Navarre Reveals Funimation's Dragon Ball Kai License". Anime News Network. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2010. ^ Heldenfelds, Rich (March 11, 2010). "Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans". Ohiomm.com. Akron Beach Journal. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ "Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5". Anime News Network. June 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ 作品情報 (in Japanese). Toei Animation. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015. ^ a b "Dragon Ball Super Main Visual Reveals 2 New Characters". Anime News Network. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2015. ^ "Dragon Ball Gets 1st New TV Anime in 18 Years in July". Anime News Network. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ Osborn, Alex (May 19, 2015). "Dragon Ball Super Getting Companion Manga". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ "'Dragon Ball' Reveals New Anime Project". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ "New DB, Tegami Bachi, Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered". Anime News Network. December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime". Anime News Network. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "List of OVA produced by Toei in the 1990s". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball: RB2 Game to Add New 1/2-Hour Anime". Anime News Network. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "Toriko, One Piece, Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special". Anime News Network. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2013. ^ "Dragon Box Z Set 2". Anime News Network. March 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "世界に通用していると思う日本のアニメ、1位『ドラゴンボール』｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング". Oricon (in Japanese). August 2, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "世界に通用しているマンガ＆アニメランキング『日本が世界に誇る！傑作マンガ＆アニメの頂点は？』". ORICON NEWS. August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "Gundam Tops Anime Poll". Anime News Network. September 12, 2000. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "決定！これが日本のベスト". December 11, 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "Part 2 – TV Asahi Top 100 Anime". Anime News Network. September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "TV Asahi Top 100 Anime". Anime News Network. September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b "'Dragon Ball's' voice of Goku speaks for himself". Los Angeles Times. June 30, 2017. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ DB劇場版(ビデオ、1995年時点). Toei Company. 1996. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2019. ^ 歴代ドラゴンボール映画作品一覧. 年代流行. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2018. 1995年7月公開『悟空がやらねば誰がやる』までの劇場版シリーズ16作の累計記録は、劇場版ビデオ50万本以上、興行収入400億円以上と、それぞれ1996年初頭時点におけるアニメ映画史上1位を記録した。 ^ "Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, September 10–16". Anime News Network. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2008. ^ "Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, August 6–12". Anime News Network. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2008. ^ "Funimation January 2012 Catalog" (PDF). thecnl.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017. ^ a b c d e Muncy, Julie (January 17, 2019). "The Everlasting (and Still Growing) Appeal of 'Dragon Ball'". Wired. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020. ^ "Behind the Screens". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 98. Ziff Davis. September 1997. p. 118. ^ "Gundam Wing leaving Toonami?!". Anime News Network. December 12, 2000. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008. ^ "Dragonball Z Tops Ratings". Anime News Network. September 22, 2002. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014. ^ "Dragon Ball GT's Awesome Debut". icv2.com. November 13, 2003. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ Azoulay, Julia F (June 1, 2001). "Character study: CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet". Children's Business. Conde Nast Publications, Inc. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013. ^ "DBZ Tops Lycos 50 for 2002". icv2.com. December 9, 2002. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "検索ワード過去10年ランク ドラゴンボールが2位（9/21）". アニメ！アニメ！ (in Japanese). September 21, 2005. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "Britney loses out to PlayStation". December 30, 2002. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "米CNでドラゴンボールZの再放送開始（2/14）". アニメ！アニメ！ (in Japanese). February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2022. ^ "「ドラゴンボール改」が米国で好発進、放送局で開局以来最高視聴率。 | Narinari.com". www.narinari.com (in Japanese). June 6, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. ^ a b Kimlinger, Carl (December 14, 2009). "Dragon Ball DVD Season 2 Uncut Set". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Martin, Theron (December 14, 2009). "Dragon Ball DVD Season 3". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b Harris, Jeffrey (November 12, 2007). "Dragon Ball GT — The Lost Episodes DVD Box Set Review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2008. ^ Jones, Tim. "Dragon Ball anime review". themanime.org. Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2008. ^ Ross, Carlos. "Dragon Ball Z anime review". themanime.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2008. ^ Martin, Theron (November 5, 2008). "Dragon Ball Z DVD Season 6". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Thompson, Jason (April 8, 2009). "Isn't Dragon Ball just a bunch of speedlines and ripped dudes with bad hair screaming "It's over 9,000!"". Io9. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "78. Dragon Ball Z". IGN. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2009. ^ "Wizard Magazine's Top 100 cartoons list". Listal. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2011. ^ Bertschy, Zac (June 6, 2004). "Dragon Ball GT DVD 8: Salvation". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2008. ^ "Akira Toriyama, Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2013. ^ "1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza". ANN. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014. ^ Gardner, Chris (March 12, 2002). "Fox draws deal for DragonBall live-action pics". The Hollywood Reporter. 372 (28). ^ a b Tatiana Siegel (November 13, 2007). "Dragonball comes to bigscreen". Variety. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2007. ^ "DragonBall Movie". Fox Japan. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008. ^ Parfitt, Orlando (March 30, 2009). "Dragonball Sequels Exclusive". Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ "Dragonball Sequel Already Has A Script". Screen Rant. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ "REVIEW – DRAGONBALL: EVOLUTION (2009)". cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (April 2, 2013). "Didn't Like Hollywood's Dragon Ball Movie? Well, Neither Did Dragon Ball's Creator". Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ Padula, Derek (May 3, 2016). "Dragon Ball Evolution Writer Apologizes to Fans". Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ Barder, Ollie. "'Dragonball Evolution' Writer Apologizes To Fans". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ "Could The Disney/Fox Acquisition Lead To New Live-Action 'Dragon Ball ' Movies and What Could That Look Like? – GWW". August 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2019. ^ "Is Disney really making a Dragon Ball movie? Explained". December 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023. ^ "Dragon Ball: Daimaou Fukkatsu". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball Z Super Butouden". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2009. ^ "DBZ: Budokai to ship early". Anime News Network. November 13, 2002. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ Mueller, Greg (August 15, 2005). "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi Hands-On". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "Atari Announces the Next Generation Chapter for Dragon Ball Z(R) Video Game Series" (Press release). Atari. January 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2008. ^ Te, Zorine (June 11, 2014). "E3 2014: Powering Up Dragon Ball Xenoverse to the Next Generation". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2015. ^ Reparaz, Mikel (June 30, 2014). "DBZ Goes Next-Gen With Dragon Ball Xenoverse". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2015. ^ 드래곤볼 온라인 서비스 종료 안내 (End of Dragon Ball Online). Dragon Ball Online – Net Marble. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013. ^ "DragonBall Online Global – The Server Revival". dboglobal.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ 「ドラゴンボールZ ドッカンバトル」で世界累計3億5000万DL突破を記念したキャンペーンが開催. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). August 28, 2021. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "2018 | History | The Game Awards". The Game Awards. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020. ^ "DBFZ sells over 4 Million, 2019 March". March 28, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. ^ "Business Review Weekly: BRW". Business Review Weekly. 17 (1–7): 69. 1995. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2021. Last year alone Bandai sold $140 million of Dragon Ball licensed toys, video games and other character goods in Japan alone. ^ "Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history". The Indianapolis Star. August 2, 1997. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2021. ^ Dragon Ball: The Path to Power booklet. 1996. ^ "Bandai's "Carddas" topped the total sales volume of 10 billion pieces". GIGAZINE. March 29, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2019. ^ "30 Years of Dragon Ball Z". License Global: T13. February 2019. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019. ^ "Burger King Uses Kids' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series". Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Knight Ridder. June 5, 2000. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013. ^ "Funimation January 2012 Catalog" (PDF). thecnl.com. Funimation. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017. ^ "在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？". Taojinjubao. Character Databank (CharaBiz). January 6, 2018. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019. ^ "Dragonball Music Collection". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu 18½". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball Z Best Song Collection "Legend of Dragonworld"". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ "Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations". Viz Media. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013. ^ 復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．1 . Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ 復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．2 . Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ "Dragonball FOREVER". Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ "Dragonball LANDMARK". Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ テレビアニメ完全カイド「DRAGONBALL」～天下一伝説～ . Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ テレビアニメ完全ガイド Dragonball Z 孫悟空伝説 . Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013. ^ DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Story). Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド キャラクター編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Character). Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド01 . Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド02 . Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013. ^ "Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game – Series #1: The Warriors Return". Bandai. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013. ^ Pool, Robert (1999). "Review ofDragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game". RPGnet. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2017. ^ "Dragonball Z". July 3, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ a b c d "Celebs, athletes give 'Dragon Ball' pop culture super status". The Plain Dealer. January 15, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019. ^ "May 9 'Officially' Recognized as Goku Day". Anime News Network. May 9, 2015. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. ^ "Values to learn and live by". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. June 21, 1996. p. 31B. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021. ^ "How Dragon Ball caused a diplomatic spat". March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024. ^ Loveridge, Lynzee (May 31, 2019). "Dragonball Creator Akira Toriyama Knighted by France". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019. ^ Pinto, Ophelia (May 31, 2019). "Akira Toriyama nommé Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres". HuffPost (in French). Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019. ^ "Dragon Ball: 20 Things About Vegeta That Make Absolutely No Sense". Screen Rant. March 15, 2019. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019. ^ Porter, Robert J. (2006). "Superheroes in Therapy: Uncovering Children's Secret Identities". In Rubin, Lawrence C. (ed.). Using Superheroes in Counseling and Play Therapy. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 23–48 (25). ISBN 978-0-8261-0132-7. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020. The toys include figures of both genders, a variety of skin colors, and some child superheroes (e.g., from the Dragon Ball Z collection based on the television series). ^ Stone, Sam (February 18, 2020). "Thor Has Officially Become Marvel's Answer to Dragon Ball Z's Goku". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Thor's past wounds were completely healed while the Asgardian Avenger received a significant power boost that bears more than a passing resemblance to another hard-hitting, frequently blonde-haired superhero: Dragon Ball's Goku. ^ Ocasio, Joseph (February 7, 2020). "Dragon Ball: 5 Reasons We Love Great Saiyaman (& 5 Why We Hate Him)". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Gohan's Superhero alter ego ^ Chiu, Karen (April 15, 2019). "The story of DragonBall: How Motorola created our mobile future in Hong Kong". Abacus. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ^ Ohanesian, Liz (November 17, 2014). "Manga Series Dragon Ball Celebrates 30th Anniversary". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. ^ "Interview – André Lima Araújo Talks Man: Plus". Flickering Myth. January 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "Dragon Ball Super Artist Accused of Tracing Over Captain America Comic". WOWJAPAN. June 5, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ Peters, Megan (May 23, 2019). "Dragon Ball Z Makes Clever Appearance in the Marvel Universe". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ "Dragon Ball 1990" (in Korean). Cine21. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2009. ^ "드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공 (豆瓣)" (in Korean). 豆瓣电影. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ Toriyama, Akira (June 25, 1995). "I Love Dragon Ball #1: Jackie Chan". DRAGON BALL 大全集 1: COMPLETE ILLUSTRATIONS (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 7. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021. ^ Kobayashi, Kendō (March 24, 2013). "『漫道コバヤシ』～映画「ドラゴンボールZ神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍！！鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ！！！！！SP～" . Mandō Kobayashi. Episode 2 (in Japanese). Fuji TV One Two Next. If it were back when Jackie Chan was still young, I suppose I would have thought nobody could play Goku but him. ^ Saabedra, Humberto (August 21, 2019). "Fourth Matrix Film Revealed With Key Cast Members and Lana Wachowski Returning To Direct". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ Peters, Megan (June 4, 2018). "DCEU Storyboard Artist Reveals 'Dragon Ball' Inspired 'Man of Steel'". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ "Black Panther's Killmonger May Have Borrowed His Costume From Vegeta". Comic Book Resources. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "Michael B. Jordan's Killmonger Costume Honors His Anime Love". Screen Rant. February 21, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ "'Black Panther's Michael B. Jordan Says Killmonger's Armor May Be Based on Vegeta From 'Dragon Ball Z'". ComicBook.com. November 25, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ Peters, Megan (June 25, 2019). "Captain Marvel Visual Artist Explains How Dragon Ball Influenced Carol's Fiery Look". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2019. ^ Valdez, Nick (September 3, 2021). "Shang-Chi Gives Dragon Ball a Sneaky Shout Out". comicbook.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021. ^ Zaid, A'bidah (August 31, 2021). "Geek Interview: Director Destin Daniel Cretton On How DBZ's 'Kamehameha' Influenced Shang-Chi's Epic Final Battle". Geek Culture. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. ^ Ziegler, John R.; Richards, Leah (January 9, 2020). Representation in Steven Universe. Springer Nature. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-030-31881-9. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "'Dragon Ball Super: Broly' unites fans and critics with huge opening". The Daily Dot. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019. ^ "Drake & Chris Brown Act Out A Dance Battle In Their "No Guidance" Video". Genius. July 26, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019. ^ Weekes, Jabbari (September 3, 2015). "This Rapper Made an Entire Mixtape About 'Dragon Ball Z,' so We Quizzed Him About 'Dragon Ball Z'". Vice. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019. ^ Sammut, Mark (January 17, 2019). "25 Fortnite Emotes And Where They Were Stolen From". TheGamer. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019. ^ Sullivan, Meghan (April 7, 2016). "Xavier Woods on How Anime and Wrestling Came Together at WrestleMania 32". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2016. ^ Koch, Cameron (April 4, 2016). "There Was 'Dragon Ball Z' Cosplay On Display At 'WrestleMania 32'". Tech Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019. ^ "【KNOCK OUT】初参戦目前のぱんちゃん璃奈「KNOCK OUTの女子エースにならないといけないと思ってます」". Gong Kakutogi (in Japanese). August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ "Itsuki Hirata discusses her transition to Dragon Ball's Android 18". Asian MMA. September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022. ^ Teal, Bob (October 23, 2009). "Whatever happened to... Carlos Newton?". MMA Torch. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. ^ Kana Watanabe is addicted to DragonBall, wants more Japanese fighters in Bellator (web video). MMA Mania. May 10, 2022. Event occurs at 27:05. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Furness, Jay (March 26, 2020). "How Anime Inspired ONE Stars To Achieve Martial Arts Success". ONE Championship. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. ^ Angel, Julie (June 16, 2016). Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-78131-554-5. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2021. ^ a b Hilliard, Kyle (October 20, 2017). "Developers (And Others) Share Their Appreciation And Dream Games For The Dragon Ball Franchise". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. ^ Cox, Simon; Davison, John (June 14, 2017). "'Because Nintendo': 'Arms' Producer Explains Why Fighters Have Stretchy Arms". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ^ Another World Rotoscoping & Interview Eric Chahi on YouTube External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dragon Ball. Wikiquote has quotations related to Dragon Ball. Official Dragon Ball Site (in Japanese, Spanish, English, French, and German) Dragon Ball official website at Viz Media Dragon Ball official manga website at Manga Plus Dragon Ball (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteDragon Ball by Akira ToriyamaManga Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Dragon Ball Super Collected volumes Dragon Ball chapters Dragon Ball Z chapters Dragon Ball Super chapters AnimeTV and net series Dragon Ball episodes Dragon Ball Z episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kai episodes Dragon Ball GT episodes Dragon Ball Super episodes Super Dragon Ball Heroes episodes TV specials and OVAs Dragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of Goku Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! Dragon Ball Z: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!! FilmsDragon Ball Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Dragon Ball Z Dead Zone The World's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13! Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly – Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection 'F' Dragon Ball Super Broly Super Hero Others Dragonball Evolution MusicSoundtracks Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection series Dragon Ball Z Game Music series Dragonball Evolution: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Songs and singles "Makafushigi Adventure!" "Cha-La Head-Cha-La" "Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku" "Hitori ja Nai" "Don't You See!" "Blue Velvet" "Tsume Tsume Tsume/F" "Rule" "Dragon Soul" "Yeah! Break! Care! Break!" "'Z' no Chikai" "Chōzetsu Dynamic!" Games Video games Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Chi-Chi Krillin Red Ribbon Army Tien Shinhan Piccolo Mr. Popo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Bardock Trunks Android 18 Cell Mr. Satan Broly Videl Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Caulifla and Kale Jiren Related Kazuhiko Torishima Dr. Slump "It's Over 9000!" Neko Majin Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff-puff Category vteDragon Ball video gamesButōden series Super Butōden Super Butōden 2 Super Butōden 3 Shin Butōden Ultimate Butōden Extreme Butōden Idainaru Densetsu series Idainaru Son Goku Densetsu Idainaru Dragon Ball Densetsu Budokai series Budokai Budokai 2 Budokai 3 Shin Budokai Budokai Tenkaichi series Sparking! Zero Origins series Origins Origins 2 Raging Blast series Raging Blast Raging Blast 2 Ultimate Tenkaichi Xenoverse series Xenoverse Xenoverse 2 Other series The Legacy of Goku Supersonic Warriors Standalone games Buyū Retsuden Ultimate Battle 22 Hyper Dimension Final Bout Legendary Super Warriors Taiketsu Advanced Adventure Sagas Transformation Super Dragon Ball Z Harukanaru Densetsu Burst Limit Infinite World Attack of the Saiyans Revenge of King Piccolo Evolution Online Heroes For Kinect Battle of Z Dokkan Battle Fusions FighterZ Legends Kakarot Crossover games Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin Jump Super Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Ultimate Stars J-Stars Victory VS Jump Force Category vteWu Cheng'en's Journey to the WestCharacters Sun Wukong Tang Sanzang Zhu Bajie Sha Wujing White Dragon Horse Red Boy Baigujing Xiezijing Princess Iron Fan Bull Demon King Six-Eared Macaque Heifeng Guai Zhenyuan Daxian Puti Zushi Kui Mulang Pilanpo Maori Xingguan Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang FilmsAnimated Princess Iron Fan (1941) Alakazam the Great (1960) Havoc in Heaven (1961) The Cave of the Silken Web (1967) Starzinger (1979) The Monkey King Conquers the Demon (1985) Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West (1988) Saiyuki: Requiem (2001) Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen (2007) Monkey King: Hero Is Back (2015) The Monkey King (2023) Live action The Cave of the Silken Web (1927) Princess Iron Fan (1966) A Chinese Odyssey (1995) A Chinese Tall Story (2005) Saiyūki (2007) The Forbidden Kingdom (2008) Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons (2013) The Monkey King (2014) The Monkey King 2 (2016) A Chinese Odyssey Part Three (2016) Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back (2017) Wu Kong (2017) The Monkey King 3 (2018) Sequels A Supplement to the Journey to the West (c. 1640) TVAnimated Gokū no Daibōken (1966) Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger (1978) Monkey Magic (1998) Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King (1998) Saiyūki (1999) Shinzo (2000) Monkey Typhoon (2002) Patalliro Saiyuki! (2005) Lego Monkie Kid (2020) SD Gundam World Heroes (2021) Live action Monkey (1978) Journey to the West (1986) Journey to the West (1996) Journey to the West II (1996) Sunny Piggy (2000) The Monkey King (2001) The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (2002) Saiyūki (2006) Journey to the West (2010) Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West (2010) Journey to the West (2011) A Korean Odyssey (2017) The New Legends of Monkey (2018) Stage Monkey: Journey to the West (play) Manga and comics Patalliro Saiyuki! (1978) Starzinger (1979) Dragon Ball (1984) Saiyūki (1997) The Monkey King (1998) Shinzo (2000) Monkey Typhoon (2001) Xin (2003) American Born Chinese (2006) Saint Games Ether Saga Odyssey Enslaved: Odyssey to the West Fantasy Westward Journey Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken Legend of Wukong Monkey Hero Monkey King: Hero Is Back Monkey Magic Pokémon Saiyuki: Journey West SonSon Westward Journey Online II Whomp 'Em Yūyūki Black Myth: Wukong Literature Monkey (1942 novel) Griever: An American Monkey King in China (1986 novel) Tripmaster Monkey (1989 novel) Four Great Classical Novels Places Gao Village Gao Village Arc Mount Huaguo Shuilian Cave Tongtian River Liusha River Other List of media adaptations of Journey to the West Monkey King Festival Ruyi Jingu Bang Journey to the West (2008 soundtrack) Portals: 1980s Anime and manga Authority control databases: National France BnF data Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Akira Toriyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama"},{"link_name":"initial manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(manga)"},{"link_name":"serialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"East Asian martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_martial_arts#Asia"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerardo-2021-3"},{"link_name":"Wing Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Chun"},{"link_name":"kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu_(term)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerardo-2021-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Son Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku"},{"link_name":"Bulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulma"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z"},{"link_name":"21 animated feature films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_films"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Super"},{"link_name":"live-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"collectible trading card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Collectible_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"collections of soundtracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_soundtracks"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_video_games"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing media franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"best-selling manga series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga"},{"link_name":"manga artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"}],"text":"Japanese media franchise created by Akira ToriyamaThis article is about the media franchise in general. For other uses, see Dragon Ball (disambiguation).Dragon Ball (Japanese: ドラゴンボール, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru) is a Japanese media franchise created by Akira Toriyama in 1984. The initial manga, written and illustrated by Toriyama, was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995, with the 519 individual chapters collected in 42 tankōbon volumes by its publisher Shueisha. Dragon Ball was originally inspired by the classical 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, combined with elements of Hong Kong martial arts films. Dragon Ball characters also use a variety of East Asian martial arts styles, including karate[1][2][3] and Wing Chun (kung fu).[2][3][4] The series follows the adventures of protagonist Son Goku from his childhood through adulthood as he trains in martial arts. He spends his childhood far from civilization until he meets a teen girl named Bulma, who encourages him to join her quest in exploring the world in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls, which summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several other friends, becomes a family man, discovers his alien heritage, and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls.Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 21 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as an anime sequel series titled Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997) and an anime midquel series titled Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan under the title Dragon Ball Kai, as a recut that follows the manga's story more faithfully by removing most of the material featured exclusively in the anime. Several companies have developed various types of merchandise based on the series leading to a large media franchise that includes films (both animated and live-action), collectible trading card games, action figures, collections of soundtracks, and numerous video games. Dragon Ball has become one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.The Dragon Ball manga has been sold in over 40 countries and the anime has been broadcast in more than 80 countries. The manga's 42 collected tankōbon volumes have over 160 million copies sold in Japan and 260 million copies sold worldwide,[5][a][c] making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. Reviewers have praised the art, characterization, and humor of the story. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential manga series ever made, with many manga artists citing Dragon Ball as a source of inspiration for their own now-popular works. The anime, particularly Dragon Ball Z, is also highly popular around the world and is considered one of the most influential in boosting the popularity of Japanese animation in Western culture. It has had a considerable impact on global popular culture, referenced by and inspiring numerous artists, athletes, celebrities, filmmakers, musicians, and writers around the world.","title":"Dragon Ball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters"},{"link_name":"Dr. Slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Slump"},{"link_name":"Neko Majin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_Majin"},{"link_name":"Jaco the Galactic Patrolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_the_Galactic_Patrolman"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrial species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Namekians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Namekians"},{"link_name":"Son Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku"},{"link_name":"Bulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulma"},{"link_name":"Shenlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Shenron"},{"link_name":"ch. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.1"},{"link_name":"Kame-Sen'nin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Roshi"},{"link_name":"Kuririn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krillin"},{"link_name":"Piccolo Daimao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#King_Piccolo"},{"link_name":"Piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Raditz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Raditz"},{"link_name":"ch. 205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ch.205"},{"link_name":"North Kaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Kai"},{"link_name":"Nappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Nappa"},{"link_name":"Vegeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta"},{"link_name":"Freeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieza"},{"link_name":"multiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Multiverse-15"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Zeno"}],"text":"See also: List of Dragon Ball charactersEarth, known as the Dragon World (ドラゴンワールド) and designated as \"Planet 4032-877\" by the celestial hierarchy, is the main setting for the entire Dragon Ball series, as well as related media such as Dr. Slump, Neko Majin, and Jaco the Galactic Patrolman. It is mainly inhabited by Earthlings (地球人, Chikyūjin), a term used inclusively to refer to all of the intelligent races native to the planet, including humans, anthropomorphic beings, and monsters. Starting from the Dragon Ball Z series, various extraterrestrial species such as the Saiyans (サイヤ人, Saiya-jin) and Namekians (ナメック星人, Namekku-seijin) have played a more prominent role in franchise media.The narrative of Dragon Ball predominantly follows the adventures of the Saiyan Son Goku; upon meeting Bulma at the beginning of the series, the two embark on an adventure to gather the seven Dragon Balls, a set of orbs that summon the wish-granting dragon Shenlong.[ch. 1] Goku later receives martial arts training from Kame-Sen'nin, meets his lifelong friend Kuririn, and enters the Tenkaichi Budōkai (天下一武道会, lit. \"Strongest Under the Heavens Martial Arts Tournament\") to fight the world's strongest warriors. When Piccolo Daimao, and later his offspring Piccolo, tries to conquer the planet, Goku receives training from Earth's deities to defeat them. Goku later sacrifices his life to save the planet from his estranged brother Raditz,[ch. 205] but is revived after training in the afterlife under the tutelage of the North Kaio to combat the other incoming Saiyans, Nappa and Vegeta. He later becomes a Super Saiyan and defeats the powerful alien tyrant Freeza; this sets the tone of the rest of the series, with each enemy the characters face becoming stronger than the last, requiring them to attain further training.Dragon Ball Super establishes that the franchise is set in a multiverse[11] composed of twelve[d] numbered universes, with the majority of the Dragon Ball series taking place in Universe 7 (第７宇宙, Dai-Nana Uchū, lit. \"Number Seven Universe\"). Each universe is ruled by a number of benevolent and malevolent deities, respectively called Kaioshin and Gods of Destruction who are appointed by a higher being called Zeno, who watches over the multiverse.","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball (manga) § Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(manga)#Production"},{"link_name":"Akira Toriyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Enter the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Drunken Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunken_Master"},{"link_name":"martial arts films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_films"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"one-shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-shot_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"classic Chinese novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manga_Design-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"Sun Wukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong"},{"link_name":"Tang Sanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Sanzang"},{"link_name":"Oolong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Oolong"},{"link_name":"Zhu Bajie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Bajie"},{"link_name":"Yamcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Yamcha"},{"link_name":"Sha Wujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Wujing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TenkaDen-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bruceploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruceploitation"},{"link_name":"kung fu films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu_films"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrations-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"shōnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"manga magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_magazine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TenkaDen-22"},{"link_name":"Japanese novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_novel"},{"link_name":"Nansō Satomi Hakkenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans%C5%8D_Satomi_Hakkenden"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"prayer beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_beads"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenlong2-27"},{"link_name":"Dr. Slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Slump"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-29"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Asian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Asia"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture"},{"link_name":"South Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Central Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_culture"},{"link_name":"Indonesian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_culture"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bobbidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Babidi"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-29"},{"link_name":"jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"link_name":"The Arabian Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arabian_Nights"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_DragonBall_Earth.png"},{"link_name":"Kazuhiko Torishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuhiko_Torishima"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"Spartan X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Master_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Wheels on Meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_on_Meals"},{"link_name":"Game of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Death"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Japanese economic bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"speculators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"time travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-21"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ_interview-36"},{"link_name":"Kazuhiko Torishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuhiko_Torishima"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chogashu-37"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-29"},{"link_name":"screentone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrations-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TenkaDen-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shenlong2-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illustrations-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chogashu-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJ_interview-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsahiInterview-39"}],"text":"See also: List of Dragon Ball characters and Dragon Ball (manga) § ProductionAkira Toriyama was a fan of Hong Kong martial arts films, particularly Bruce Lee films such as Enter the Dragon (1973) and Jackie Chan films such as Drunken Master (1978), and wanted to create a manga inspired by martial arts films.[12][13][14] This led to Toriyama creating the 1983 one-shot manga Dragon Boy, which he later redeveloped into Dragon Ball.[15] Toriyama loosely modeled the plot and characters of Dragon Ball on the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West,[16][15] with Goku being Sun Wukong (\"Son Goku\" in Japanese), Bulma as Tang Sanzang, Oolong as Zhu Bajie, and Yamcha being Sha Wujing.[17] Toriyama wanted to create a story with the basic theme of Journey to the West, but with \"a little kung fu\"[18] by combining the novel with elements from the kung fu films of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee.[19] The title Dragon Ball was inspired by Enter the Dragon and later Bruceploitation knockoff kung fu films which frequently had the word \"Dragon\" in the title,[12] and the fighting scenes were influenced by Jackie Chan movies.[20][17] Since it was serialized in a shōnen manga magazine, he added the idea of the Dragon Balls to give it a game-like activity of gathering something, without thinking of what the characters would wish for.[18] His concept of the Dragon Balls was inspired by the Japanese novel Nansō Satomi Hakkenden (1814–1842), which involves the heroes collecting eight Buddhist prayer beads, which Toriyama adapted into collecting seven Dragon Balls.[21][22]He originally thought it would last about a year or end once the Dragon Balls were collected.[23] Toriyama stated that although the stories are purposefully easy to understand, he specifically aimed Dragon Ball at readers older than those of his previous serial Dr. Slump.[24] He also wanted to break from the Western influences common in Dr. Slump, deliberately going for Chinese scenery, referencing Chinese buildings and photographs of China his wife had bought.[25] Toriyama wanted to set Dragon Ball in a fictional world largely based on Asia, taking inspiration from several Asian cultures including Japanese, Chinese, South Asian, Central Asian, Arabic and Indonesian cultures.[26] The island where the Tenkaichi Budōkai is held is modeled after Bali (in Indonesia), which he, his wife and assistant visited in mid-1985, and for the area around Bobbidi's spaceship he consulted photos of Africa.[25] Toriyama was also inspired by the jinn (genies) from The Arabian Nights.[27]The Earth of Dragon Ball, as published in Daizenshuu 4: World GuideDuring the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editor, Kazuhiko Torishima, commented that Goku looked rather plain. To combat this, he added several characters like Kame-Sen'nin and Kuririn, and created the Tenkaichi Budōkai martial arts tournament to focus the storyline on fighting. It was when the first Tenkaichi Budōkai began that Dragon Ball truly became popular, having recalled the races and tournaments in Dr. Slump.[17] Anticipating that readers would expect Goku to win the tournaments, Toriyama had him lose the first two while planning an eventual victory. This allowed for more character growth as the manga progressed. He said that Muscle Tower in the Red Ribbon Army storyline was inspired by the video game Spartan X (called Kung-Fu Master in the West), in which enemies appear very fast as the player ascends a tower (the game was in turn inspired by Jackie Chan's Wheels on Meals and Bruce Lee's Game of Death). He then created Piccolo Daimao as a truly evil villain, and as a result called that arc the most interesting to draw.[17]Once Goku and company had become the strongest on Earth, they turned to extraterrestrial opponents including the Saiyans (サイヤ人, Saiya-jin); and Goku himself was retconned from an Earthling to a Saiyan who was sent to Earth as a baby.[28] Freeza, who forcibly took over planets to resell them, was created around the time of the Japanese economic bubble and was inspired by real estate speculators, whom Toriyama called the \"worst kind of people.\"[17] Finding the escalating enemies difficult, he created the Ginyu Force to add more balance to the series. When Toriyama created the Super Saiyan (超(スーパー)サイヤ人, Sūpā Saiya-jin) transformation during the Freeza arc, he was initially concerned that Goku's facial expressions as a Super Saiyan made him look like a villain, but decided it was acceptable since the transformation was brought about by anger.[29] Goku's Super Saiyan form has blonde hair because it was easier to draw for Toriyama's assistant (who spent a lot of time blacking in Goku's hair), and has piercing eyes based on Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare.[30] Dragon Ball Z anime character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro also used Bruce Lee as a reference for Goku's Super Saiyan form, stating that, when he \"first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee.\"[31] Toriyama later added time travel during the Cell arc, but said he had a hard time with it, only thinking of what to do that week and having to discuss it with his second editor Yu Kondo.[17] After Cell's death, Toriyama intended for Gohan to replace Goku as the series' protagonist, but later felt the character was not suited for the role and changed his mind.[17]Going against the normal convention that the strongest characters should be the largest in terms of physical size, he designed many of Dragon Ball's most powerful characters with small statures, including the protagonist, Goku.[32] Toriyama later explained that he had Goku grow up as a means to make drawing fight scenes easier, even though his first editor Kazuhiko Torishima was initially against it because it was rare to have the main character of a manga series change drastically.[33] When including fights in the manga, Toriyama had the characters go to uninhabited locations to avoid difficulties in drawing residents and destroyed buildings.[25] Toriyama said that he did not plan the details of the story, resulting in strange occurrences and discrepancies later in the series, including changing the colors of the characters mid-story and few characters having screentone because he found it difficult to use.[20][18][23][34] Since the completion of Dragon Ball, Toriyama has continued to add to its story, mostly background information on its universe, through guidebooks published by Shueisha.During the second half of the series, Toriyama has said that he had become more interested in coming up with the story than actually drawing it, and that the battles became more intense with him simplifying the lines.[20] In 2013, he stated that because Dragon Ball is an action manga the most important aspect is the sense of speed, so he did not draw very elaborate, going so far as to suggest one could say that he was not interested in the art.[33] He also once said that his goal for the series was to tell an \"unconventional and contradictory\" story.[32] In 2013, commenting on Dragon Ball's global success, Toriyama said, \"Frankly, I don't quite understand why it happened. While the manga was being serialized, the only thing I wanted as I kept drawing was to make Japanese boys happy.\", \"The role of my manga is to be a work of entertainment through and through. I dare say I don't care even if [my works] have left nothing behind, as long as they have entertained their readers.\"[35]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump_No._51_(Dec._1984)_is_the_first_appearance_of_Goku._Cover_art_by_Akira_Toriyama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sold-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shueisha_1-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShueishaZ_26-44"},{"link_name":"kanzenban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzenban"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"V Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Jump"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colorchozenshuu-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"sōshūhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dsh%C5%ABhen"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Dragon Ball debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 51, on December 3, 1984 which is also considered to be highly sought after among fans and collectorsWritten and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, Dragon Ball was serialized in the manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 3, 1984, to June 5, 1995,[36][37] when Toriyama grew exhausted and felt he needed a break from drawing. The 519 individual chapters were collected in 42 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha from September 10, 1985, through August 4, 1995.[38][39][40] Between December 4, 2002, and April 2, 2004, the chapters were re-released in a collection of 34 kanzenban volumes, which included a slightly rewritten ending, new covers, and color artwork from its Weekly Shōnen Jump run.[41][42] The February 2013 issue of V Jump, which was released in December 2012, announced that parts of the manga will be fully colored and re-released in 2013.[43] 20 volumes, beginning from chapter 195 and grouped by story arcs, were released between February 4, 2013, and July 4, 2014.[44][45] 12 volumes covering the first 194 chapters were published between January 4 and March 4, 2016.[46][47] A sōshūhen edition that aims to recreate the manga as it was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump with color pages, promotional text, and next chapter previews, was published in 18 volumes between May 13, 2016, and January 13, 2017.[48][49]","title":"Manga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_Episode_of_Bardock"},{"link_name":"Bardock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdock_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"V Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Jump"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Jaco the Galactic Patrolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_the_Galactic_Patrolman"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Spin-offs","text":"Another manga penned by Ōishi, the three-chapter Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock that revolves around Bardock, Goku's father, was published in the monthly magazine V Jump from August and October 2011.[50]The final chapter of Toriyama's 2013 manga series Jaco the Galactic Patrolman revealed that it is set before Dragon Ball, with several characters making appearances.[51] Jaco's collected volumes contain a bonus Dragon Ball chapter depicting Goku's mother.[52]In December 2016, a spin-off manga titled Dragon Ball Side Story: The Case of Being Reincarnated as Yamcha began in Shueisha's Shōnen Jump+ digital magazine. Written and illustrated by Dragon Garow Lee, it is about a high school boy who after an accident wakes up in the body of Yamcha in the Dragon Ball manga.[53]","title":"Manga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neko Majin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_Majin"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_crossover"},{"link_name":"Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochira_Katsushika-ku_Kameari_K%C5%8Den-mae_Hashutsujo"},{"link_name":"Osamu Akimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Akimoto"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Eiichiro Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiichiro_Oda"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Crossovers","text":"Toriyama also created a short series, Neko Majin (1999–2005), that became a self-parody of Dragon Ball.[54] In 2006, a crossover between Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo (or Kochikame) and Dragon Ball by Toriyama and Kochikame author Osamu Akimoto appeared in the Super Kochikame (超こち亀, Chō Kochikame) manga.[55] That same year, Toriyama teamed up with Eiichiro Oda to create a crossover chapter of Dragon Ball and One Piece titled Cross Epoch.[56]","title":"Manga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball (manga) § Reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(manga)#Reception"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Circulation_figures"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IbarakiInterview-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comipress-jump-62"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"manga magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_magazine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IbarakiInterview-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comipress-jump-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeMag-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exlight-64"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circulation-65"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circulation-65"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleBoy-66"},{"link_name":"best-selling manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156mil-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jump2014-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naver-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirate-80"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-78"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korea-79"},{"link_name":"Japan Media Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oricon-82"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manga_Design-20"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"Eiichiro Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiichiro_Oda"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Masashi Kishimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Kishimoto"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Jason Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANNJT-85"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANNJT-85"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANNJT-85"},{"link_name":"Saiyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Dr. Slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Slump"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yadao116-87"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yadao116-87"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yadao116117-88"},{"link_name":"Animerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animerica"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animerica-89"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleBoy-66"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Viz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maryland-93"},{"link_name":"Susan J. Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_J._Napier"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maryland-93"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censorship2-94"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censorship2-94"},{"link_name":"Wicomico County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicomico_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maryland-93"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Further information: Dragon Ball (manga) § ReceptionSee also: Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figuresDragon Ball is one of the most popular manga series of all time, and it continues to enjoy high readership today. Dragon Ball is credited as one of the main reasons manga circulation was at its highest between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s.[57][58] During Dragon Ball's initial run in Weekly Shōnen Jump, the manga magazine reached an average circulation of 6.53 million weekly sales, the highest in its history.[57][58][59] During Dragon Ball's serialisation between 1984 and 1995, Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine had a total circulation of over 2.9 billion copies,[60][e] with those issues generating an estimated ¥554 billion ($6.9 billion) in sales revenue.[e]Dragon Ball also sold a record number of collected tankōbon volumes for its time. By 2000, more than 126 million tankōbon copies had been sold in Japan alone.[61] It sold over 150 million copies in Japan by 2008, making it the best-selling manga ever at the time.[62] By 2012, its sales in Japan had grown to pass 156 million, making it the second best-selling Weekly Shōnen Jump manga of all time, behind One Piece.[63] Dragon Ball's tankobon volumes sold 159.5 million copies in Japan by February 2014,[64] and have sold over 160 million copies in Japan as of 2016.[65]The manga is similarly popular overseas, having been translated and released in over 40 countries worldwide.[66] The total number of tankōbon volumes sold have reached 350 million copies worldwide.[67][68][69][70][71] not including unofficial pirated copies; when including pirated copies, an estimated total of more than 400 million official and unofficial copies have been sold worldwide.[h][f][g]For the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006, Japanese fans voted Dragon Ball the third greatest manga of all time.[73] In a survey conducted by Oricon in 2007 among 1,000 people, Son Goku, the main character of the franchise, ranked first place as the \"Strongest Manga Character of All Time.\"[74] Goku's journey and his ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning \"the admiration of young boys everywhere\".[16] Manga artists, such as One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto, have stated that Goku inspired their series' main protagonists as well as series structure.[75][76]Manga critic Jason Thompson stated in 2011 that \"Dragon Ball is by far the most influential shōnen manga of the last 30 years, and today, almost every Shōnen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways.\"[77] He says the series \"turns from a gag/adventure manga to an nearly-pure fighting manga\",[77] and its basic formula of \"lots of martial arts, lots of training sequences, a few jokes\" became the model for other shōnen series, such as Naruto.[78] Thompson also called Toriyama's art influential and cited it as a reason for the series' popularity.[77] James S. Yadao, author of The Rough Guide to Manga, claims that the first several chapters of Dragon Ball \"play out much like Saiyuki with Dr. Slump-like humour built in\" and that Dr. Slump, Toriyama's previous manga, has a clear early influence on the series.[79] He feels the series \"established its unique identity\" after the first occasion when Goku's group disbands and he trains under Kame-Sen'nin, when the story develops \"a far more action-packed, sinister tone\" with \"wilder\" battles with aerial and spiritual elements and an increased death count, while humor still makes an occasional appearance.[79] Yadao claims that an art shift occurs when the characters \"lose the rounded, innocent look that he established in Dr. Slump and gain sharper angles that leap off the page with their energy and intensity.\"[80]Animerica felt the series had \"worldwide appeal\", using dramatic pacing and over-the-top martial arts action to \"maintain tension levels and keep a crippler crossface hold on the audience's attention spans\".[81] In Little Boy: The Art of Japan's Exploding Subculture, Takashi Murakami commented that Dragon Ball's \"never-ending cyclical narrative moves forward plausibly, seamlessly, and with great finesse.\"[61] Ridwan Khan from Animefringe.com commented that the manga had a \"chubby\" art style, but as the series continued the characters got more refined, leaner, and more muscular. Khan prefers the manga over the slow pacing of the anime counterparts.[82] Allen Divers of Anime News Network praised the story and humor of the manga as being very good at conveying all of the characters' personalities. Divers also called Viz's translation one of the best of all the English editions of the series due to its faithfulness to the original Japanese.[83] D. Aviva Rothschild of Rationalmagic.com remarked the first manga volume as \"a superior humor title\". They praised Goku's innocence and Bulma's insistence as one of the funniest parts of the series.[84]The content of the manga has been controversial in the United States. In November 1999, Toys \"R\" Us removed Viz's Dragon Ball from their stores nationwide when a Dallas parent complained the series had \"borderline soft porn\" after he bought them for his four-year-old son.[85] Commenting on the issue, Susan J. Napier explained it as a difference in culture.[85] After the ban, Viz reluctantly began to censor the series to keep wide distribution.[86] However, in 2001, after releasing three volumes censored, Viz announced Dragon Ball would be uncensored and reprinted due to fan reactions.[86] In October 2009, Wicomico County Public Schools in Maryland banned the Dragon Ball manga from their school district because it \"depicts nudity, sexual contact between children and sexual innuendo among adults and children.\"[85]","title":"Manga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"metaseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaseries"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Super"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT"},{"link_name":"Super Dragon Ball Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Dragon_Ball_Heroes"}],"text":"Additionally, Dragon Ball is an anime television metaseries. Dragon Ball (1986–89), Dragon Ball Z (1989–96), and Dragon Ball Super (2015–18) are set in a uniform main continuity, while Dragon Ball GT (1996–97) and Super Dragon Ball Heroes (since 2018) explore several alternate continuities.","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_episodes"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_TV"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamebiz-95"}],"sub_title":"Dragon Ball","text":"Further information: List of Dragon Ball episodesToei Animation produced an anime television series based on the first 194 manga chapters, also titled Dragon Ball. The series premiered in Japan on Fuji TV on February 26, 1986, and ran until April 19, 1989, lasting 153 episodes.[15] It is broadcast in 81 countries worldwide.[87]","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball Z episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"Bardock – The Father of Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Bardock_%E2%80%93_The_Father_of_Goku"},{"link_name":"The History of Trunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_The_History_of_Trunks"}],"sub_title":"Dragon Ball Z","text":"Further information: List of Dragon Ball Z episodesInstead of continuing the anime as Dragon Ball, Toei Animation decided to carry on with their adaptation under a new name and asked Akira Toriyama to come up with the title. Dragon Ball Z (ドラゴンボールZ(ゼット), Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) picks up five years after the first series left off and adapts the final 325 chapters of the manga. It premiered in Japan on Fuji TV on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996.[15] Two television specials based on the Z series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The first, The One True Final Battle ~The Z Warrior Who Challenged Frieza – Son Goku's Father~, renamed Bardock – The Father of Goku by Funimation, was shown on October 17, 1990. The second special, Defiance in the Face of Despair!! The Remaining Super-Warriors: Gohan and Trunks, renamed The History of Trunks by Funimation, is based on a special chapter of the original manga and aired on February 24, 1993.","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball GT episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_GT_episodes"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTDragonBox-96"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"grand side story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiden"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTDragonBox-96"},{"link_name":"A Hero's Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT:_A_Hero%27s_Legacy"}],"sub_title":"Dragon Ball GT","text":"Further information: List of Dragon Ball GT episodesDragon Ball GT (ドラゴンボールGT(ジーティー), Doragon Bōru Jī Tī, G(rand) T(ouring))[88] premiered on Fuji TV on February 7, 1996, and ran until November 19, 1997, for 64 episodes.[15] Unlike the first two anime series, it is not based on Akira Toriyama's original Dragon Ball manga,[89] being created by Toei Animation as a sequel to the series or as Toriyama called it, a \"grand side story of the original Dragon Ball.\"[88] Toriyama designed the main cast, the spaceship used in the show, the design of three planets, and came up with the title and logo. In addition to this, Toriyama also oversaw production of the series, just as he had for the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime. The television special episode, Goku's Side Story! The Proof of his Courage is the Four-Star Ball, or A Hero's Legacy as Funimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64.","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Funimation Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Dragon Ball Z Kai","text":"In February 2009, Dragon Ball Z celebrated its 20th anniversary, with Toei Animation announcing that it would broadcast a re-edited and remastered version of the Dragon Ball Z anime under the name Dragon Ball Kai (ドラゴンボール改, Doragon Bōru Kai, lit. \"Dragon Ball Revised\"). The footage would be re-edited to follow the manga more closely, eliminating scenes and episodes which were not featured in the original manga, resulting in a more faithful adaptation, as well as in a faster-moving, and more focused story.[90] The episodes were remastered for HDTV, with rerecording of the vocal tracks by most of the original cast, and featuring updated opening and ending sequences. On April 5, 2009, the series premiered in Japan airing in Fuji TV.[91][92] Dragon Ball Z Kai reduced the episode count to 159 episodes (167 episodes internationally), from the original footage of 291 episodes. Damaged frames were removed, resulting in some minor shots being remade from scratch in order to fix cropping, and others to address continuity issues.[93] The majority of the international versions, including Funimation Entertainment's English dub, are titled Dragon Ball Z Kai.[94][95]","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball Super episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBSdebut-104"},{"link_name":"Masako Nozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako_Nozawa"},{"link_name":"Goten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Goten"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creditsDBS-105"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castDBS-106"},{"link_name":"Koichi Yamadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Yamadera"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Morita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Morita"},{"link_name":"Beerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerus"},{"link_name":"Whis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Whis"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castDBS-106"},{"link_name":"Majin Buu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majin_Buu"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Dragon Ball Super","text":"Further information: List of Dragon Ball Super episodesOn April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced Dragon Ball Super (ドラゴンボール超, Doragon Bōru Sūpā), the first all-new Dragon Ball television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and ran as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018, after 131 episodes.[96] Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well.[97][98] Koichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles, as Beerus and Whis, respectively.[98]The story of the anime is set after the defeat of Majin Buu, when the Earth has become peaceful once again. Akira Toriyama is credited as the original creator, as well for \"original story and character design concepts.\"[99] It is also being adapted into a parallel manga.[100]","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Super Dragon Ball Heroes episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Super_Dragon_Ball_Heroes_episodes"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Super Dragon Ball Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Super Dragon Ball Heroes","text":"Further information: List of Super Dragon Ball Heroes episodes and Dragon Ball HeroesIn 2018, an anime to promote the Super Dragon Ball Heroes card and video game series was announced with a July 1 premiere.[101] The series' announcement included a brief synopsis:Trunks returns from the future to train with Goku and Vegeta. However, he abruptly vanishes. The mysterious man \"Fu\" suddenly appears, telling them that Trunks has been locked up on the \"Prison Planet\", a mysterious facility in an unknown location between universes. The group searches for the Dragon Balls to free Trunks, but an unending super battle awaits them! Will Goku and the others manage to rescue Trunks and escape the Prison Planet?","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_Yo!_Son_Goku_and_His_Friends_Return!!"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_Episode_of_Bardock"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-111"},{"link_name":"original video animation (OVA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_Side_Story:_Plan_to_Eradicate_the_Saiyans"},{"link_name":"strategy guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_guide"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_video_games#1990s"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_Plan_to_Eradicate_the_Super_Saiyans"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_Raging_Blast_2"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"Toriko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriko"},{"link_name":"Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_9_Toriko_%26_One_Piece_%26_Dragon_Ball_Z_Super_Collaboration_Special!!"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crossover-114"}],"sub_title":"Other installments","text":"The short film Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! was created for the Jump Super Anime Tour,[102] which celebrated Weekly Shōnen Jump's 40th anniversary, and debuted on September 21, 2008. A short animated adaptation of Naho Ōishi's Bardock spinoff manga, Dragon Ball: Episode of Bardock, was shown on December 17–18, 2011, at the Jump Festa 2012 event.[103]A two-episode original video animation (OVA) titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans was created in 1993 as strategy guides for the Famicom video game of the same name.[104] A remake titled Dragon Ball: Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was created as a bonus feature for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2, which was released on November 11, 2010.[105]A two-part hour-long crossover special between Dragon Ball Z, One Piece and Toriko, referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!! aired on April 7, 2013.[106]","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Animax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tsutaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Convenience_Club"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-122"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamebiz-95"},{"link_name":"sixteen anime films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_films"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Wrath_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funimation-127"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-122"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-128"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"sweeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeps"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"LYCOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Nicktoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBseason2-139"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBseason2-139"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBseason3-140"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-141"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBZSeason6-144"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign100-146"},{"link_name":"Wizard magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Trunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunks_(Dragon_Ball)"},{"link_name":"Vegeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The anime adaptations have also been very well-received and are better known in the Western world than the manga, with Anime News Network saying, \"Few anime series have mainstreamed it the way Dragon Ball Z has. To a certain generation of television consumers its characters are as well known as any in the animated realm, and for many it was the first step into the wilderness of anime fandom.\"[107] In a survey conducted by Oricon, \"Japanese anime that I think is world-class\" and \"world-class Manga & Anime\" \"Dragon Ball\" was selected as No. 1 with an overwhelming number of votes in both surveys.[108][109] In 2000, satellite TV channel Animax together with Brutus, a men's lifestyle magazine, and Tsutaya, Japan's largest video rental chain, conducted a poll among 200,000 fans on the top anime series, with Dragon Ball coming in fourth.[110] \"Dragon Ball\" won first place in the \"100 Best Anime in Japan that has advanced to the world\" questionnaire on TV Asahi 's \" Decision! This is Japan's Best \".[111] TV Asahi conducted two polls in 2005 on the Top 100 Anime, Dragon Ball came in second in the nationwide survey conducted with multiple age-groups and in third in the online poll.[112][113]Dragon Ball is one of the most successful franchises in animation history.[114] The anime series is broadcast in more than 80 countries worldwide.[87] In Japan, the first sixteen anime films up until Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon (1995) sold 50 million tickets and grossed over ¥40 billion ($501 million) at the box office, in addition to selling over 500,000 home video units, by 1996.[115][116] Later DVD releases of the Dragon Ball anime series have topped Japan's sales charts on several occasions.[117][118] In the United States, the anime series sold over 25 million DVD units by January 2012,[119] and has sold more than 30 million DVD and Blu-ray units as of 2017.[114] In Latin America, public screenings of the Dragon Ball Super finale in 2018 filled public spaces and stadiums in cities across the region, including stadiums holding tens of thousands of spectators.[120]Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States, outperforming top shows such as Friends and The X-Files in some parts of the country in sweeps ratings during its first season.[121] The premiere of season three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999, done by Funimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network.[122] In 2002, in the week ending September 22, Dragon Ball Z was the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9–14, boys 9–14 and men 12–24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9–14.[123] Dragon ball GT has also had high ratings[124] In 2001, it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans.[125] Dragon Ball Z topped the Lycos 50 list of 'most searched' items for the second consecutive year—the first time that any topic has ever been able to repeat its dominance over a two-year period.[126] Dragon Ball ranked second overall in the search number ranking for the past 10 years released by LYCOS in 2005.[127] and ranked 3rd in Yahoo! in 2002 with PlayStation 2 topping the list[128] Even after it ended, the \"Dragon Ball\" series continues to maintain a high level of popularity, surpassing that of new anime, and is also often being rebroadcast, making the \"Dragon Ball\" series Funimation's most important anime license[129] The audience rating of the first Dragon ball Kai episode on Nicktoons is the highest since the station opened[130]Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summed up Dragon Ball as \"an action-packed tale told with rare humor and something even rarer—a genuine sense of adventure.\"[131] Both Kimlinger and colleague Theron Martin noted Funimation's reputation for drastic alterations of the script, but praised the dub.[131][132] However, some critics and most fans of the Japanese version have been more critical with Funimation's English dub and script of Dragon Ball Z over the years. Jeffrey Harris of IGN criticized the voices, including how Freeza's appearance combined with the feminine English voice left fans confused about Freeza's gender.[133] Carlos Ross of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews considered the series' characters to be different from stereotypical stock characters and noted that they undergo much more development.[134] Despite praising Dragon Ball Z for its cast of characters, they criticized it for having long and repetitive fights.[135]Dragon Ball Z is well-known, and often criticized, for its long, repetitive, dragged-out fights that span several episodes, with Martin commenting \"DBZ practically turned drawing out fights into an art form.\"[136] However, Jason Thompson of io9 explained that this comes from the fact that the anime was being created alongside the manga.[137] Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series,[138] and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine's Top 100 Greatest Cartoons list.[139]Harris commented that Dragon Ball GT \"is downright repellent\", mentioning that the material and characters had lost their novelty and fun. He also criticized the GT character designs of Trunks and Vegeta as being goofy.[133] Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network also gave negative comments about GT, mentioning that the fights from the series were \"a very simple childish exercise\" and that many other anime were superior. The plot of Dragon Ball GT has also been criticized for giving a formula that was already used in its predecessors.[140]","title":"Anime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_films"}],"text":"See also: List of Dragon Ball films","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Battle_of_Gods"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Resurrection_%27F%27"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Super: Broly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Super:_Broly"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Super:_Super_Hero"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BattleGods-149"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball: The Path to Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball:_The_Path_to_Power"},{"link_name":"feature length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_length"},{"link_name":"東映まんがまつり","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%98%A0%E3%81%BE%E3%82%93%E3%81%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A4%E3%82%8A"},{"link_name":"東映アニメフェア","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%98%A0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2"}],"sub_title":"Anime films","text":"Twenty animated theatrical films based on the Dragon Ball series have been released in Japan. The most recent films, Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods (2013), Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' (2015), Dragon Ball Super: Broly (2018), and Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero (2022), were produced as full-length feature films and were given stand-alone theatrical releases in Japan (as well as limited theatrical releases in the U.S.). They've also been the first movies to have original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved in their production; Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F' were remade into the first and second arcs of the Dragon Ball Super anime, which told the same stories as the two films in expanded detail.[141][142] The 1996 feature film, Dragon Ball: The Path to Power, was also a full-length theatrical release with a running time of 80 minutes, and was produced to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the anime as a re-imagining of the first few arcs of the series.All previous films were mostly below feature length (around 45–60 minutes each), making them only slightly longer than one or two episodes of the TV series; this is due to them being originally shown as back-to-back presentations alongside other Toei film productions. These films are also mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs (like The Path to Power), or extra side-stories that do not correlate with the continuity of the series. The first three films, along with The Path to Power, are based on the original Dragon Ball anime series. The remaining thirteen older films are based on Dragon Ball Z. The first five films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival (東映まんがまつり, Tōei Manga Matsuri), while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair (東映アニメフェア, Toei Anime Fea).","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itsofficial-152"},{"link_name":"James Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wong_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chow"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itsofficial-152"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxJapan-153"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox selling itself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"sub_title":"Live-action film","text":"An American live-action film titled Dragonball Evolution was produced by 20th Century Fox after it acquired the feature film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise in March 2002. Previous to the film, two unofficial live-action films had been produced decades prior. The first was a Korean film titled Dragon Ball: Ssawora Son Goku, Igyeora Son Goku (드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공; Deulaegonbol Ssawola Son Ogong Igyeola Son Ogong; lit. Dragon Ball: Fight Son Goku, Win Son Goku), while the second was a Taiwanese film titled Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins (新七龍珠; Xīn qī lóng zhū), which was also dubbed in English.[143][144] The film was directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow, it was released in the United States on April 10, 2009.[144][145] The film was meant to lead into sequels,[146][147]\nwhich were cancelled, after the film flopped at the box office and became universally heralded as one of the worst adaptations of all time, being considered by the fans as being unfaithful to the source material.[148] Franchise creator Akira Toriyama also criticized the film adding he was completely left out of the creative process, despite having himself offered to help, going as far as saying: \"the result was a movie, I couldn't even call Dragon Ball\".[149] Years after its release, the writer of the film, Ben Ramsey, released a public apology in which he admitted to have written the film \"chasing for a payday\" instead of \"as a fan of the franchise\".[150][151]With the news of 20th Century Fox selling itself, its assets, which include the film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise, will now be owned by its purchaser, The Walt Disney Company.[152] However, there have been no plans made by The Walt Disney Company to create a new live-action Dragon Ball movie.[153]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Studios Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"Broly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broly"}],"sub_title":"Theme park attractions","text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: The Real 4D\" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2016. It features a battle between Goku and Freeza. Unlike most Dragon Ball animation, the attraction is animated with CGI. A second attraction titled \"Dragon Ball Z: The Real 4-D at Super Tenkaichi Budokai\" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2017, which featured a battle between the heroes and Broly.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon_Ball_Z_arcade_conversion_kit_by_Banpresto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Mega Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis"},{"link_name":"fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_GT:_Final_Bout"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"cel-shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Budokai"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Budokai_Tenkaichi"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Burst_Limit"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Xenoverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Xenoverse"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Online"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: Dokkan Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Dokkan_Battle"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball FighterZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_FighterZ"},{"link_name":"Arc System Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_System_Works"},{"link_name":"The Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"eSports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESports"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-128"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"A Dragon Ball Z arcade conversion kit that includes the PCB, instructions and operator's manualThe Dragon Ball franchise has spawned multiple video games across various genres and platforms. Earlier games of the series included a system of card battling and were released for the Famicom following the storyline of the series.[154] Starting with the Super Famicom and Mega Drive, most of the games were from the fighting genre or RPG (role-playing game), such as the Super Butoden series.[155] The first Dragon Ball game to be released in the United States was Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout for the PlayStation in 1997.[156] For the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable games the characters were redone in 3D cel-shaded graphics. These games included the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai series and the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi series.[157][158] Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[159] Dragon Ball Xenoverse was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[160][161] A massively multiplayer online role-playing game called Dragon Ball Online was available in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan until the servers were shut down in 2013.[162] A few years later fans started recreating the game. Today, \"Dragon Ball Online Global\" is a new, European version of Dragon Ball Online and it is being developed, while open beta server is running.[163]The mobile game Dragon Ball Z: Dokkan Battle (2015) has received over 350 million downloads worldwide, as of 2021[update].[164] A notable recent release is Dragon Ball FighterZ (2018), a fighting game developed by Arc System Works. The game received massive fan and critical acclaim for its fast paced frantic 3v3 battles and great visuals, also winning Best Fighting Game of 2018 at The Game Awards[165] and many other awards and other nominations. It also has a large eSports scene, where it is one of the most popular fighting games.[120] It also did very well commercially, selling 4 million units across all platforms.[166]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Carddass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carddass"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Burger King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bk-180"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charabiz-182"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"In 1994, the licensee Bandai earned $140 million annually from sales of licensed Dragon Ball toys, video games and other character goods in Japan.[167] In 1996, Dragon Ball Z grossed $2.95 billion in merchandise sales worldwide.[168] As of early 1996, more than 100 companies outside Japan applied for character goods.[169] Bandai sold over 2 billion Dragon Ball Carddass cards in Japan by 1998,[170] and over 1 million Dragon Stars action figures in the Americas and Europe as of 2018.[171] In 2000, Burger King sponsored a toy promotion to distribute 20 million Dragon Ball Z figures across North America.[172] By 2011, the franchise had generated $5 billion in merchandise sales.[173] In 2012, the franchise grossed ¥7.67 billion ($96.13 million) from licensed merchandise sales in Japan.[174]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Dragon Ball soundtracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_soundtracks"},{"link_name":"soundtracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_Hit_Song_Collection_Series"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"sub_title":"Soundtracks","text":"See also: List of Dragon Ball soundtracksMyriad soundtracks were released in the anime, movies and the games. The music for the first two anime Dragon Ball and Z and its films was composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi, while the music from GT was composed by Akihito Tokunaga and the music from Kai was composed by Kenji Yamamoto and Norihito Sumitomo. For the first anime, the soundtracks released were Dragon Ball: Music Collection in 1985 and Dragon Ball: Complete Song Collection in 1991, although they were reissued in 2007 and 2003, respectively.[175] For the second anime, the soundtrack series released were Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series. It was produced and released by Columbia Records of Japan from July 21, 1989, to March 20, 1996, the show's entire lifespan. On September 20, 2006, Columbia re-released the Hit Song Collection on their Animex 1300 series.[176][177] Other CDs released are compilations, video games and films soundtracks as well as music from the English versions.[178]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Db_TCI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colorchozenshuu-47"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"kanzenban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzenban"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"}],"sub_title":"Companion books","text":"Cover of Dragon Ball: The Complete IllustrationsThere have been numerous companion books to the Dragon Ball franchise. Chief among these are the Daizenshuu (大全集) series, comprising seven hardback main volumes and three supplemental softcover volumes, covering the manga and the first two anime series and their theatrical films. The first of these, Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations (Daizenshuu volume 1), first published in Japan in 1995, is the only one that was released in English, being printed in 2008 by Viz Media.[179] It contains all 264 colored illustrations Akira Toriyama drew for the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazines' covers, bonus giveaways and specials, and all the covers for the 42 tankōbon. It also includes an interview with Toriyama on his work process. The remainder have never been released in English, and all are now out of print in Japan. From February 4 to May 9, 2013, condensed versions of the Daizenshuu with some updated information were released as the four-volume Chōzenshū (超全集) series.[43] For Dragon Ball GT, the Dragon Ball GT Perfect Files were released in May and December 1997 by Shueisha's Jump Comics Selection imprint. They include series information, illustration galleries, behind-the-scenes information, and more. They were out of print for many years, but were re-released in April 2006 (accompanying the Japanese DVD release of Dragon Ball GT) and this edition is still in print.[180][181]Coinciding with the 34-volume kanzenban re-release of the manga, and the release of the entire series on DVD for the first time in Japan, four new guidebooks were released in 2003 and 2004. Dragon Ball Landmark and Dragon Ball Forever cover the manga, using volume numbers for story points that reference the kanzenban release,[182][183] while Dragon Ball: Tenkaichi Densetsu (ドラゴンボール 天下一伝説) and Dragon Ball Z: Son Goku Densetsu (ドラゴンボールZ 孫悟空伝説) cover the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime, respectively.[184][185] Much of the material in these books is reused from the earlier Daizenshuu volumes, but they include new textual material including substantial interviews with the creator, cast and production staff of the series. Son Goku Densetsu in particular showcases previously unpublished design sketches of Goku's father Bardock, drawn by character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru prior to creator Akira Toriyama's revisions that resulted in the final version.Following the release of Dragon Ball Kai in Japan, four new guidebooks were released: the two-volume Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide (ドラゴンボール 超エキサイティングガイド) in 2009, covering the manga,[186][187] and two-volume Dragon Ball: Extreme Battle Collection (ドラゴンボール　極限バトルコレクション) in 2010, covering the anime series.[188][189] Despite the TV series airing during this time being Kai, the Extreme Battle Collection books reference the earlier Z series in content and episode numbers. These books also include new question-and-answer sessions with Akira Toriyama, revealing a few new details about the world and characters of the series. 2010 also saw the release of a new artbook, Dragon Ball: Anime Illustrations Guide – The Golden Warrior (ドラゴンボール アニメイラスト集 「黄金の戦士」); a sort of anime-counterpart to the manga-oriented Complete Illustrations, it showcases anime-original illustrations and includes interviews with the three principal character designers for the anime. Each of the Japanese \"Dragon Box\" DVD releases of the series and movies, which were released from 2003 to 2006, as well as the Blu-ray boxed sets of Dragon Ball Kai, released 2009 to 2011, come with a Dragon Book guide that contains details about the content therein. Each also contains a new interview with a member of the cast or staff of the series. These books have been reproduced textually for Funimation's release of the Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box sets from 2009 to 2011.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Collectible_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_Collectible_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"}],"sub_title":"Collectible cards","text":"See also: Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game and Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card GameCollectible cards based on the Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball GT series have been released by Bandai. These cards feature various scenes from the manga and anime stills, plus exclusive artwork from all three series. Bandai released the first set in the United States in July 2008.[190]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_The_Anime_Adventure_Game"},{"link_name":"tabletop role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"R. Talsorian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Talsorian_Games"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-199"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"}],"sub_title":"Tabletop role-playing game","text":"Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game, a tabletop role-playing game produced by R. Talsorian Games, was published in 1999.[191][192]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-128"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-201"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-128"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"American popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-201"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-128"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Arts et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recluse-205"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Vegeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeta"},{"link_name":"It's Over 9000!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Over_9000!"},{"link_name":"Saiyan Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyan_Saga"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"Freescale DragonBall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_DragonBall"},{"link_name":"microcontroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"}],"text":"Since its debut, Dragon Ball has had a considerable impact on global popular culture.[120][193] In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as \"Goku Day\" (悟空の日, Gokū no Hi); in Japanese, the numbers five and nine can be pronounced as \"Go\" and \"Ku\".[194] It is similarly influential in international popular culture across other parts of the world.[120] In the Philippines, a children's musical titled Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z: Myth, Magic, Music, was staged in June 1996.[195] Dragon Ball is widely referenced in American popular culture, from television and music to celebrities and athletes, and the show has been celebrated with Goku making an appearance at the 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parades, and with Dragon Ball murals appearing in cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Kansas City and Denver.[193]Dragon Ball is also immensely popular in other regions of the world, such as Latin America, where public screenings of the Dragon Ball Super finale in 2018 filled public spaces and stadiums in cities across the region, including stadiums holding tens of thousands of spectators.[120] Illegal screenings the 2018 finale even caused a diplomatic incident between Mexico and Japan.[196] Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama was decorated a Chevalier or \"Knight\" of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in May 2019 for his contributions to the arts, particularly for Dragon Ball which has been credited with popularizing manga in France.[197][198]Vegeta's quote \"It's Over 9000!\" from the Saiyan Saga in the English dub of Dragon Ball Z is a popular Internet meme.[199] Goku has been identified as a superhero,[200][201] as well as Gohan with his Great Saiyaman persona.[202] Motorola's Freescale DragonBall and DragonBall EZ/VZ microcontroller processors, released in 1995, are named after Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z, respectively.[203]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragon Ball (manga) § Legacy and cultural impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(manga)#Legacy_and_cultural_impact"},{"link_name":"shōnen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Jason Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Eiichiro Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiichiro_Oda"},{"link_name":"One Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece"},{"link_name":"Masashi Kishimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Kishimoto"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Tite Kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tite_Kubo"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Hiro Mashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro_Mashima"},{"link_name":"Fairy Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Tail"},{"link_name":"Kentaro Yabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Yabuki"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(manga)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANNJT-85"},{"link_name":"Ian Jones-Quartey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Jones-Quartey"},{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Age of Ultron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Ultron"},{"link_name":"Avengers A.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_A.I."},{"link_name":"Spider-Verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Verse"},{"link_name":"The Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inhumans"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark: Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Miles Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Morales"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"}],"sub_title":"Comics and animation","text":"Further information: Dragon Ball (manga) § Legacy and cultural impactDragon Ball has been cited as inspiration across various different media. Dragon Ball is credited with setting trends for popular shōnen manga and anime since the 1980s, with manga critic Jason Thompson in 2011 calling it \"by far the most influential shōnen manga of the last 30 years.\" Successful shōnen manga authors such as Eiichiro Oda (One Piece), Masashi Kishimoto (Naruto), Tite Kubo (Bleach), Hiro Mashima (Fairy Tail) and Kentaro Yabuki (Black Cat) have cited Dragon Ball as an influence on their own now popular works. According to Thompson, \"almost every Shōnen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways.\"[77]Ian Jones-Quartey, a producer of the American animated series Steven Universe, is a fan of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, and uses Toriyama's vehicle designs as a reference for his own. He also stated that \"We're all big Toriyama fans on [Steven Universe], which kind of shows a bit.\"[204] Comic book artist André Lima Araújo cited Dragon Ball, along with several other manga and anime, as a major influence on his work, which includes Marvel Comics such as Age of Ultron, Avengers A.I., Spider-Verse and The Inhumans.[205] Filipino comic artist Dexter Soy, who has worked on Marvel and DC Comics such as Captain America, cited Dragon Ball as a major inspiration.[206] Tony Stark: Iron Man #11 (2019) makes references to Dragon Ball Z, including Miles Morales as Spider-Man referencing the Super Saiyan transformation.[207]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeEncyc-19"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Matrix franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Jay Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Oliva"},{"link_name":"Superman film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_film"},{"link_name":"Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)"},{"link_name":"DC Extended Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Erik Killmonger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Killmonger"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Michael B. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Carol Danvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Danvers"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(film)"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings"},{"link_name":"Katy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Shang-Chi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Chi_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Destin Daniel Cretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destin_Daniel_Cretton"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"American television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_television"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"streaming television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"Peak TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_TV"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"In December 1990, an unofficial live-action Korean film adaptation Dragon Ball: Ssawora Son Goku, Igyeora Son Goku was released.[208][209] Another unofficial live-action film adaptation of the series, Dragon Ball: The Magic Begins, was released in Taiwan in November 1991,[15] and was later released in 2007 as an \"Ultimate Edition,\" with new effects added à la Star Wars.Action film star Jackie Chan is a fan of the franchise, and said Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character. In 1995, Chan had expressed some interest in adapting Dragon Ball into a film, but said it would require \"a lot of amazing special effects and an enormous budget.\"[210] Later in 2013, Toriyama said his ideal live-action Goku would have been a young Jackie Chan, stating that \"nobody could play Goku but him.\"[211]The Matrix franchise echoes Dragon Ball Z in several action scenes, including the climactic fights of the 2003 films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions.[212] Filipino-American film storyboard artist Jay Oliva has cited Dragon Ball as a major inspiration on his work, particularly the action scenes of 2013 Superman film Man of Steel, which launched the DC Extended Universe.[213] Several films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe have also been visually influenced by Dragon Ball Z. Erik Killmonger's battle armour in Black Panther (2018) bears a resemblance to Vegeta's battle armour,[214][215] which actor Michael B. Jordan (himself a Dragon Ball fan) said may have inspired Killmonger's battle armor.[216] The fiery look of Carol Danvers' Binary powers in Captain Marvel (2019) also drew some influence from Dragon Ball Z.[217] In Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Katy refers to one of Shang-Chi's techniques as a \"Kamehameha fireball\";[218] the film's director Destin Daniel Cretton cited Dragon Ball Z as an inspiration behind the film's climactic fight scene.[219]A key characteristic that set Dragon Ball Z (and later other anime shows) apart from American television shows at the time was a serialization format, in which a continuous story arc stretches over multiple episodes or seasons. Serialization has since also become a common characteristic of American streaming television shows during the \"Peak TV\" era.[220]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"hip hop songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"Chance the Rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper"},{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"The Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Childish Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childish_Gambino"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-201"},{"link_name":"Denzel Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzel_Curry"},{"link_name":"Thundercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundercat_(musician)"},{"link_name":"B.o.B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.o.B"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Gohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohan"},{"link_name":"dab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dab_(dance)"},{"link_name":"hip-hop dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_dance"},{"link_name":"American popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"De'Aaron Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27Aaron_Fox"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Lauri Markkanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Markkanen"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Jordan Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Bell"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Lonzo Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonzo_Ball"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Darren Fells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Fells"},{"link_name":"David Njoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Njoku"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"Ronda Rousey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_Rousey"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-201"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"The New Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Day_(wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Panchan Rina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchan_Rina"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Itsuki Hirata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsuki_Hirata"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Carlos Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Newton"},{"link_name":"jiu-jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Kana Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_Watanabe"},{"link_name":"Yushin Okami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushin_Okami"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Akiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Akiyama"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Yamakasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamakasi"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"sub_title":"Music and sports","text":"Dragon Ball has been channeled and referenced by numerous musicians. It is popular in the hip hop community, and has been referenced in numerous hip hop songs by rappers and artists such as Chris Brown, Chance the Rapper, Big Sean, Lil Uzi Vert, G-Mo Skee, The Weeknd, Childish Gambino,[193] Denzel Curry, Thundercat, B.o.B, Soulja Boy,[221] Drake,[222] Frank Ocean, and Sese.[223] Mark Sammut of TheGamer notes that Gohan occasionally performs the dab move (as the Great Saiyaman), decades before it became a popular hip-hop dance move in American popular culture.[224]Numerous athletes have also channeled and referenced Dragon Ball, including NBA basketball players such as Sacramento Kings guard De'Aaron Fox, Utah Jazz forward Lauri Markkanen, Golden State Warriors player Jordan Bell, and Chicago Bulls guard Lonzo Ball, American football NFL stars such as Cleveland Browns players Darren Fells and David Njoku, mixed martial artist Ronda Rousey,[193] and WWE wrestlers such as The New Day.[225][226] Japanese kickboxer Panchan Rina took her nickname from the Dragon Ball character Pan.[227] Japanese mixed martial artist Itsuki Hirata is nicknamed \"Android 18\" due to her resembling the Dragon Ball character.[228] Canadian mixed martial artist Carlos Newton dubbed his fighting style \"Dragon Ball jiu-jitsu\" in tribute to the series.[229] Other mixed martial artists inspired by Dragon Ball include Kana Watanabe, Yushin Okami, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Yuya Wakamatsu.[230][231] The French group Yamakasi cited Dragon Ball as an influence on their development of parkour, inspired by how the heroes attain extraordinary abilities through hard work.[232]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken"},{"link_name":"Katsuhiro Harada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhiro_Harada"},{"link_name":"chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"},{"link_name":"Japanese video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_video_games"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_games"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-241"},{"link_name":"Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Akira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_(manga)"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"Éric Chahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Chahi"},{"link_name":"cinematic platformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_platformer"},{"link_name":"Another World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_Chahi_Interview-243"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"Suda51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda51"},{"link_name":"SWERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWERY"},{"link_name":"Insomniac Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomniac_Games"},{"link_name":"Nina Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Heart Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Machine"},{"link_name":"Iron Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Mega64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega64"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-241"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The producer of the Tekken video game series, Katsuhiro Harada, said that Dragon Ball was one of the first works to visually depict chi and thereby influenced numerous Japanese video games, especially fighting games such as Tekken and Street Fighter.[233] Masaaki Ishikawa, art director of the video game Arms, said that its art style was largely influenced by Dragon Ball and Akira.[234] French video game designer Éric Chahi also cited Dragon Ball as an influence on his 1991 cinematic platformer Another World.[235] Other video game industry veterans who were inspired by Dragon Ball include Suda51, SWERY, Insomniac Games, Nina Freeman, Heart Machine, Iron Galaxy, and Mega64.[233]","title":"Cultural impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_manga_volumes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball (manga) § Reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(manga)#Reception"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WSJ_12-0"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Manga_series"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Multiverse_15-0"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dragon_Ball_characters#Zeno"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Circulation_65-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Circulation_65-1"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump#Circulation_figures"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-China_78-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-China_78-1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinakai-77"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Korea_79-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Korea_79-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pirate_80-0"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China-78"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korea-79"}],"text":"^ Other sources estimate the total Dragon Ball tankōbon sales worldwide to be 260 or 300 million copies.[6][7][8][9][10] See Dragon Ball (manga) § Reception for worldwide sales breakdown.\n\n^ See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Manga series\n\n^ In addition to tankōbon sales, Dragon Ball had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2.96 billion copies in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine.[b]\n\n^ Originally there were eighteen universes, but six of them were since erased by Zeno, a supreme deity.\n\n^ a b See Weekly Shōnen Jump § Circulation figures\n\n^ a b Additionally, more than 100 million unofficial pirated copies are estimated to have been sold in China, as of 2005.[72]\n\n^ a b Additionally, more than 30 million unofficial pirated copies are estimated to have been sold in South Korea, as of 2014.[citation needed]\n\n^ Tally does not include unofficial pirated copies. When including the over 130 million unofficial pirated copies sold in China and South Korea,[f][g] an estimated total of more than 470 million official and unofficial copies have been sold worldwide.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Earth of Dragon Ball, as published in Daizenshuu 4: World Guide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Wiki_DragonBall_Earth.png/220px-Wiki_DragonBall_Earth.png"},{"image_text":"Dragon Ball debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 51, on December 3, 1984 which is also considered to be highly sought after among fans and collectors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump_No._51_%28Dec._1984%29_is_the_first_appearance_of_Goku._Cover_art_by_Akira_Toriyama.jpg/170px-Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump_No._51_%28Dec._1984%29_is_the_first_appearance_of_Goku._Cover_art_by_Akira_Toriyama.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Dragon Ball Z arcade conversion kit that includes the PCB, instructions and operator's manual","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Dragon_Ball_Z_arcade_conversion_kit_by_Banpresto.jpg/220px-Dragon_Ball_Z_arcade_conversion_kit_by_Banpresto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover of Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Db_TCI.jpg/170px-Db_TCI.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z\". www.nkkf.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z","url_text":"\"The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135600/https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arts, Way of Martial. \"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)\". Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/","url_text":"\"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gerardo (April 19, 2021). \"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use in Dragon Ball Z?\". Combat Museum. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/","url_text":"\"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use in Dragon Ball Z?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones\". CBR. May 5, 2020. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135558/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DRAGON BALL SUPER: SUPER HERO GLOBAL THEATRICAL RELEASE DATES\". Toei Animation. June 15, 2022. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/en/press/press-220615.html","url_text":"\"DRAGON BALL SUPER: SUPER HERO GLOBAL THEATRICAL RELEASE DATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation","url_text":"Toei Animation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212074137/https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/en/press/press-220615.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, G. Allen (January 16, 2019). \"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly,' 20th film of anime empire, opens in Bay Area\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/dragon-ball-super-broly-20th-film-of-anime-empire-opens-in-bay-area","url_text":"\"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly,' 20th film of anime empire, opens in Bay Area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116024917/http://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/dragon-ball-super-broly-20th-film-of-anime-empire-opens-in-bay-area","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Booker, M. Keith (2014). Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. p. xxxix. ISBN 9780313397516. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR39","url_text":"Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313397516","url_text":"9780313397516"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190210092056/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR39","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"『ドラゴンボール超』劇場版最新作、2022年に公開決定. Toei Animation (in Japanese). May 9, 2021. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/press/press1756269914992343745.html","url_text":"『ドラゴンボール超』劇場版最新作、2022年に公開決定"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation","url_text":"Toei Animation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025185940/https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/press/press1756269914992343745.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラゴンボール超Dragon スーパーヒーロー：\"930倍\"超巨大2.4メートルの超ムビチケ好調 3日間で受注200件 想定以上の売れ行き. Mantan Web (in Japanese). March 7, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/amp/article/20220307dog00m200052000c.html","url_text":"ドラゴンボール超Dragon スーパーヒーロー：\"930倍\"超巨大2.4メートルの超ムビチケ好調 3日間で受注200件 想定以上の売れ行き"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421181024/https://mantan-web.jp/amp/article/20220307dog00m200052000c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 - Rankings and Circulation Data\". Comipress. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","url_text":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 - Rankings and Circulation Data\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120629000255/http://comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Akira Toriyama × Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru\". TV Anime Guide: Dragon Ball Z Son Goku Densetsu. Shueisha. 2003. ISBN 4088735463. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/son-goku-densetsu-toriyama-x-nakatsuru/","url_text":"\"Akira Toriyama × Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4088735463","url_text":"4088735463"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173254/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/son-goku-densetsu-toriyama-x-nakatsuru/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Dragon Ball Z Legend: The Quest Continues. DH Publishing Inc. 2004. p. 7. ISBN 9780972312493.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked","url_text":"The Dragon Ball Z Legend: The Quest Continues"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked/page/n8","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780972312493","url_text":"9780972312493"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview — Dragon Power / Ask Akira Toriyama!\". Shonen Jump (1). January 2003. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-january-2003-interview-dragon-power-ask-akira-toriyama/","url_text":"\"Interview — Dragon Power / Ask Akira Toriyama!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonen_Jump_(magazine)","url_text":"Shonen Jump"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173305/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-january-2003-interview-dragon-power-ask-akira-toriyama/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clements, Jonathan; Helen McCarthy (September 1, 2001). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 1-880656-64-7. OCLC 47255331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clements","url_text":"Clements, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy","url_text":"Helen McCarthy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem","url_text":"The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem/page/101","url_text":"101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880656-64-7","url_text":"1-880656-64-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47255331","url_text":"47255331"}]},{"reference":"Wiedemann, Julius (September 25, 2004). \"Akira Toriyama\". In Amano Masanao (ed.). Manga Design. Taschen. p. 372. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen","url_text":"Taschen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-2591-3","url_text":"3-8228-2591-3"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: STORY GUIDE (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995. pp. 261–265. ISBN 4-08-782752-6. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-2-akira-toriyama-super-interview/","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: STORY GUIDE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782752-6","url_text":"4-08-782752-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210205235616/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-2-akira-toriyama-super-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 天下一伝説 (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2004. pp. 80–91. ISBN 4-08-873705-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-873705-9","url_text":"4-08-873705-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Truth About the \"Dragon Ball\" Manga: \"Toriyama Thought of It Like This\" Special\". Dragon Ball Super Exciting Guide: Story-Hen (DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編) [Dragon Ball Super Exciting Guide: Story Volume]. Tōkyō: Shūeisha. March 4, 2009. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-4088748030. When I came up with Dragon Ball, I thought I would try to combine the Kung-Fu movies of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee, which I loved so much that I'd watch them on video even while I was working, with the classic Journey to the West to make an enjoyable manga.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABeisha","url_text":"Shūeisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4088748030","url_text":"978-4088748030"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 1: COMPLETE ILLUSTRATIONS (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995. pp. 206–207. ISBN 4-08-782754-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782754-2","url_text":"4-08-782754-2"}]},{"reference":"Padula, Derek (2015). Dragon Ball Culture Volume 2: Adventure. Derek Padula. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-9831205-4-4. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uxcqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","url_text":"Dragon Ball Culture Volume 2: Adventure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9831205-4-4","url_text":"978-0-9831205-4-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173249/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxcqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Akira Toriyama Q&A\". ドラゴンボール 冒険SPECIAL [Dragon Ball: Adventure Special] (in Japanese). Shueisha. November 18, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"}]},{"reference":"\"A Full-Coverage Q&A With Toriyama!!: Is That So?! The Dragon Balls\". Kanzenshuu. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/adventure-special-toriyama-qa/","url_text":"\"A Full-Coverage Q&A With Toriyama!!: Is That So?! The Dragon Balls\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910151803/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/adventure-special-toriyama-qa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shenlong Times 2\". DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: Story Guide (in Japanese). Shueisha. 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"}]},{"reference":"\"Toriyama/Takahashi interview\". Furinkan.com. 1986. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furinkan.com/takahashi/takahashi4.html","url_text":"\"Toriyama/Takahashi interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142058/http://www.furinkan.com/takahashi/takahashi4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 4: WORLD GUIDE. Shueisha. 1995. pp. 164–169. ISBN 4-08-782754-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782754-2","url_text":"4-08-782754-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga\". Anime News Network. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","url_text":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117184117/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Collector — Interview with the Majin\". Shonen Jump. No. 58. October 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-october-2007-dragon-ball-collector-interview-with-the-majin/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Collector — Interview with the Majin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonen_Jump_(magazine)","url_text":"Shonen Jump"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173250/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-october-2007-dragon-ball-collector-interview-with-the-majin/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Toriyama, Akira (2004). DRAGON BALL 天下一伝説 (in Japanese). Shueisha. pp. 80–91. ISBN 4-08-873705-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama","url_text":"Toriyama, Akira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-873705-9","url_text":"4-08-873705-9"}]},{"reference":"Toriyama, Akira (1995). DRAGON BALL 大全集 5: TV ANIMATION PART 2. Shueisha. pp. 206–210. ISBN 4-08-782755-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama","url_text":"Toriyama, Akira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782755-0","url_text":"4-08-782755-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Comic Legends: Why Did Goku's Hair Turn Blonde?\". Comic Book Resources. January 1, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/goku-dragon-ball-blonde/","url_text":"\"Comic Legends: Why Did Goku's Hair Turn Blonde?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719145451/https://www.cbr.com/goku-dragon-ball-blonde/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Back Then Vol. 2: Interview with \"Dragon Ball Z\" character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro\". Dragon Ball Anime Illustration: Kin'iro no Senshi (ドラゴンボール アニメイラスト集 「黄金の戦士」) [Dragon Ball Anime Illustration Collection: The Golden Warrior] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Hōmusha. April 21, 2010. pp. 50–1. ISBN 978-4834284133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4834284133","url_text":"978-4834284133"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with the Majin! Revisited\". Shonen Jump. 5 (11). Viz Media: 388. November 2007. ISSN 1545-7818.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonen_Jump_(magazine)","url_text":"Shonen Jump"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7818","url_text":"1545-7818"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 超画集 (in Japanese). Shueisha. 2013. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-4-08-782520-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-08-782520-6","url_text":"978-4-08-782520-6"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 5: TV ANIMATION PART 2. Shueisha. 1995. pp. 206–210. ISBN 4-08-782755-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782755-0","url_text":"4-08-782755-0"}]},{"reference":"Iwamoto, Tetsuo (March 27, 2013). \"Dragon Ball artist: 'I just wanted to make boys happy'\". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201303270032","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball artist: 'I just wanted to make boys happy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401232100/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201303270032","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1984/12/03 表示号数51. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009171854/http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/322516","url_text":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1984/12/03 表示号数51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/322516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1995/06/05 表示号数25. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322110201/http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/321985","url_text":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1995/06/05 表示号数25"},{"url":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/321985","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comipress News article on \"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\". comipress.com. May 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","url_text":"\"Comipress News article on \"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213050220/http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 1 ドラゴンボール (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851831-4&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 1 ドラゴンボール"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170313005147/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851831-4&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 42 ドラゴンボール (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 42 ドラゴンボール"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031254/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873444-0&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082655/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873444-0&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 34 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873477-7&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 34"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006083125/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873477-7&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Manga Reprinted in Full Color in Japan\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-20/dragon-ball-manga-reprinted-in-full-color-in-japan","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Manga Reprinted in Full Color in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173253/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-20/dragon-ball-manga-reprinted-in-full-color-in-japan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー サイヤ人編 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870707-5&mode=1","url_text":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー サイヤ人編 1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927140936/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870707-5&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 魔人ブウ編 6 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880112-4&mode=1","url_text":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 魔人ブウ編 6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160526200020/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880112-4&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 少年編 1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880571-9&mode=1","url_text":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 少年編 1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016213546/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880571-9&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー ピッコロ大魔王編 4 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880645-7&mode=1","url_text":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー ピッコロ大魔王編 4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142103/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880645-7&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111165-7&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160731124344/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111165-7&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend18 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111182-4&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend18"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142058/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111182-4&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\". Anime News Network. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173252/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Galactic Patrolman's Completed Mission\". Weekly Shōnen Jump (44). Shueisha. September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump","url_text":"Weekly Shōnen Jump"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Bonus Story to Run in Viz's Shonen Jump on Monday\". Anime News Network. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-03/dragon-ball-bonus-story-to-run-in-viz-shonen-jump-on-monday","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Bonus Story to Run in Viz's Shonen Jump on Monday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173254/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-03/dragon-ball-bonus-story-to-run-in-viz-shonen-jump-on-monday","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Paul (December 12, 2016). \"\"Dragon Ball\" Spin-Off Imagines a World Where Yamcha Totally Rules\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/12/11-1/dragon-ball-spin-off-imagines-a-world-where-yamcha-totally-rules","url_text":"\"\"Dragon Ball\" Spin-Off Imagines a World Where Yamcha Totally Rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161213114717/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/12/11-1/dragon-ball-spin-off-imagines-a-world-where-yamcha-totally-rules","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ネコマジン 完全版 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","url_text":"ネコマジン 完全版"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031254/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"超こち亀. ASIN 4088740963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4088740963","url_text":"4088740963"}]},{"reference":"\"Comics Spotlight on Shonen Jump #100\". Wired. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2011/03/comics-spotlight-on-shonen-jump-100/","url_text":"\"Comics Spotlight on Shonen Jump #100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(website)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170520071025/https://www.wired.com/2011/03/comics-spotlight-on-shonen-jump-100/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ibaraki, Masahiko (March 31, 2008). \"The Reminiscence of My 25 Years with Shonen Jump\". ComiPress. Ohara, T. (trans). Archived from the original on September 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://comipress.com/article/2008/03/31/3452","url_text":"\"The Reminiscence of My 25 Years with Shonen Jump\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912001524/http://comipress.com/article/2008/03/31/3452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shonen Jump: A Look at the Circulation of Weekly Jump\". ComiPress. May 8, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","url_text":"\"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shonen Jump: A Look at the Circulation of Weekly Jump\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306083429/http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garger, Ilya (February 17, 2003). \"Look, Up in the Sky!\". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081024163537/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,423567,00.html","url_text":"\"Look, Up in the Sky!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,423567,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"週刊少年ジャンプの発行部数（最高653万部）. exlight.net. July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://exlight.net/doc/business/jump/index.html","url_text":"週刊少年ジャンプの発行部数（最高653万部）"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173256/http://exlight.net/doc/business/jump/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murakami, Takashi (May 15, 2005). \"Earth in My Window\". Little Boy: The Art of Japan's Exploding Subculture. Linda Hoaglund (translator). Yale University Press, Japan Society. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-300-10285-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/littleboyartsofj0000unse/page/105","url_text":"\"Earth in My Window\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/littleboyartsofj0000unse/page/105","url_text":"105–106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10285-2","url_text":"0-300-10285-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 – Rankings and Circulation Data\". ComiPress. December 31, 2008. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","url_text":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 – Rankings and Circulation Data\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030442/http://www.comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Shonen Jump Manga by All-Time Volume Sales\". Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-10-23/top-10-shonen-jump-manga-by-all-time-volume-sales","url_text":"\"Top 10 Shonen Jump Manga by All-Time Volume Sales\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008192850/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-10-23/top-10-shonen-jump-manga-by-all-time-volume-sales","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shueisha Media Guide 2014 少年コミック誌・青年コミック誌 [Boy's & Men's Comic Magazines] (PDF) (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430025858/http://adnavi.shueisha.co.jp/mediaguide/2014/pdf/boys.pdf","url_text":"Shueisha Media Guide 2014 少年コミック誌・青年コミック誌"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"http://adnavi.shueisha.co.jp/mediaguide/2014/pdf/boys.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"やっぱり国産漫画はすごかった！日本の漫画＆漫画家に与えられたギネス記録. Naver Matome (in Japanese). April 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190210092056/https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2152281850010813901/2152337959465347003","url_text":"やっぱり国産漫画はすごかった！日本の漫画＆漫画家に与えられたギネス記録"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver Matome"},{"url":"https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2152281850010813901/2152337959465347003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"（熱血！マンガ学）ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 悟空の「成長物語」一大産業に 【大阪】. Asahi Shimbun. May 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170807233512/http://book.asahi.com/reviews/column/2011072800053.html","url_text":"（熱血！マンガ学）ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 悟空の「成長物語」一大産業に 【大阪】"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"},{"url":"http://book.asahi.com/reviews/column/2011072800053.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shueisha said in 2009 that Dragon Ball was at 350 million copies in circulation\" (in Japanese). January 17, 2022. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.gzn.jp/img/2009/03/21/db_kai/db_kai_04_m.jpg","url_text":"\"Shueisha said in 2009 that Dragon Ball was at 350 million copies in circulation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031250/https://i.gzn.jp/img/2009/03/21/db_kai/db_kai_04_m.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"～映画「ドラゴンボールZ 神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍!! 鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ!!!!!SP～\" (in Japanese). March 14, 2013. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/movie/2013_dragonballz/news/30.html","url_text":"\"～映画「ドラゴンボールZ 神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍!! 鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ!!!!!SP～\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212212807/https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/movie/2013_dragonballz/news/30.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"よりスピーディーに、より迫力を増して復活する「ドラゴンボール改」in TAF2009\". Livedoor News (in Japanese). Livedoor. March 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4071398/","url_text":"\"よりスピーディーに、より迫力を増して復活する「ドラゴンボール改」in TAF2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livedoor_News","url_text":"Livedoor News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livedoor","url_text":"Livedoor"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816093643/http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4071398/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"映画「ドラゴンボール」テーマソングは浜崎あゆみ\". MSN Sankei News. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212210945/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/081210/tnr0812100742001-n1.htm","url_text":"\"映画「ドラゴンボール」テーマソングは浜崎あゆみ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Sankei_News","url_text":"MSN Sankei News"},{"url":"https://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/081210/tnr0812100742001-n1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ピッコロは緑だけど触角なし......実写『ドラゴンボール』映像\". Oricon News (in Japanese). December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61072/full/","url_text":"\"ピッコロは緑だけど触角なし......実写『ドラゴンボール』映像\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_News","url_text":"Oricon News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125800/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61072/full/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Anime and Manga at Japan Media Arts Festival\". Anime News Network. October 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-10-04/top-10-anime-and-manga-at-japan-media-arts-festival","url_text":"\"Top 10 Anime and Manga at Japan Media Arts Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721040658/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-10-04/top-10-anime-and-manga-at-japan-media-arts-festival","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"1000人が選んだ!漫画史上\"最強\"キャラクターランキング! (in Japanese). June 22, 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/45750/","url_text":"1000人が選んだ!漫画史上\"最強\"キャラクターランキング!"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173257/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/45750/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oda, Eiichiro (2001). One Piece Color Walk 1. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-859217-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-859217-4","url_text":"4-08-859217-4"}]},{"reference":"Kishimoto, Masashi (2007). Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto. Viz Media. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-4215-1407-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4215-1407-9","url_text":"978-1-4215-1407-9"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jason (March 10, 2011). \"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","url_text":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117184117/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jason (April 8, 2009). \"What is Dragon Ball?\". Io9. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)","url_text":"Thompson, Jason"},{"url":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/5201656/what-is-dragon-ball","url_text":"\"What is Dragon Ball?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173300/https://io9.gizmodo.com/what-is-dragon-ball-5201656","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Anime Radar: News\". Animerica. 9 (2). San Francisco, California: Viz Media: 36. March 2001. ISSN 1067-0831. OCLC 27130932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animerica","url_text":"Animerica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0831","url_text":"1067-0831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27130932","url_text":"27130932"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Ridwan (July 2003). \"Dragon Ball Vol.1 review\". Animefringe.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211064603/http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2003/07/reviews/08/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Vol.1 review\""},{"url":"http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2003/07/reviews/08/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Divers, Allen (November 18, 2001). \"Dragon Ball (manga) Graphic Novel vol 5\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gn-5","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball (manga) Graphic Novel vol 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173258/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gn-5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Volume 1 review\". Rationalmagic.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rationalmagic.com/Comics/DragonBall1.html","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Volume 1 review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127052226/http://rationalmagic.com/Comics/DragonBall1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland School Library to Remove Dragon Ball Manga\". Anime News Network. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-07/maryland-school-library-to-remove-dragon-ball-manga","url_text":"\"Maryland School Library to Remove Dragon Ball Manga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173305/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-07/maryland-school-library-to-remove-dragon-ball-manga","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Viz explains censorship in Dragonball Manga\". Anime News Network. August 22, 2000. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-21/viz-explains-censorship-in-dragonball-manga","url_text":"\"Viz explains censorship in Dragonball Manga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173301/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-21/viz-explains-censorship-in-dragonball-manga","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"深夜アニメの製作資金は約3億円…儲ける仕組みや製作委員会の構造とは 今こそ知っておきたいアニメビジネスの特徴を取材. Social Game Info (in Japanese). June 17, 2016. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamebiz.jp/?p=163467","url_text":"深夜アニメの製作資金は約3億円…儲ける仕組みや製作委員会の構造とは 今こそ知っておきたいアニメビジネスの特徴を取材"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173320/https://gamebiz.jp/?p=163467","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DBZ FAQ Update\". April 10, 2001. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-04-10/dbz-faq-update","url_text":"\"DBZ FAQ Update\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173334/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-04-10/dbz-faq-update","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"｢ドラゴンボールZ｣放送開始20周年記念! HDリマスター坂で テレビアニメが堂々復活!! 孫悟空伝説再び!! その名も... DRAGON BALL KAI. V Jump (in Japanese). Japan: Shueisha: 10. February 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Jump","url_text":"V Jump"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April\". Anime News Network. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-06/dragon-ball-z-to-rerun-on-japanese-tv-in-hd-in-april","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-06/dragon-ball-z-to-rerun-on-japanese-tv-in-hd-in-april","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai\". Anime News Network. February 19, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-19/japan-remastered-dbz-to-be-called-dragon-ball-kai","url_text":"\"Japan's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173331/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-19/japan-remastered-dbz-to-be-called-dragon-ball-kai","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paschal, Jacob T. (May 19, 2010). \"What is Dragon Ball Kai? Part I: The History Of Kai\". toonzone.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toonzone.net/what-is-dragon-ball-kai-part-i-the-history-of-kai/","url_text":"\"What is Dragon Ball Kai? Part I: The History Of Kai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173326/https://animesuperhero.com/what-is-dragon-ball-kai-part-i-the-history-of-kai/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Navarre Reveals Funimation's Dragon Ball Kai License\". Anime News Network. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-02-02/navarre-reveals-funimation-dragon-ball-kai-license","url_text":"\"Navarre Reveals Funimation's Dragon Ball Kai License\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173327/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-02-02/navarre-reveals-funimation-dragon-ball-kai-license","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heldenfelds, Rich (March 11, 2010). \"Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans\". Ohiomm.com. Akron Beach Journal. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517083933/http://www.ohiomm.com/blogs/","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiomm.com/blogs/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5\". Anime News Network. June 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2015-06-04/dragon-ball-super-tv-anime-debuts-on-july-5/.88900","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126121146/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2015-06-04/dragon-ball-super-tv-anime-debuts-on-july-5/.88900","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"作品情報 [Credits] (in Japanese). Toei Animation. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926185638/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_s/about/staffcast.html#sc20150701","url_text":"作品情報"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation","url_text":"Toei Animation"},{"url":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_s/about/staffcast.html#sc20150701","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Super Main Visual Reveals 2 New Characters\". Anime News Network. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-15/dragon-ball-super-main-visual-reveals-2-new-characters/.89281","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Super Main Visual Reveals 2 New Characters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-15/dragon-ball-super-main-visual-reveals-2-new-characters/.89281","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Gets 1st New TV Anime in 18 Years in July\". Anime News Network. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-28/dragon-ball-gets-1st-new-tv-anime-in-18-years-in-july/.87608","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Gets 1st New TV Anime in 18 Years in July\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-28/dragon-ball-gets-1st-new-tv-anime-in-18-years-in-july/.87608","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Osborn, Alex (May 19, 2015). \"Dragon Ball Super Getting Companion Manga\". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/19/dragon-ball-super-getting-companion-manga","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Super Getting Companion Manga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173329/https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/19/dragon-ball-super-getting-companion-manga","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Dragon Ball' Reveals New Anime Project\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/05/17/new-dragon-ball-anime-2018-dragon-ball-heroes/","url_text":"\"'Dragon Ball' Reveals New Anime Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173332/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/new-dragon-ball-anime-2018-dragon-ball-heroes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New DB, Tegami Bachi, Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered\". Anime News Network. December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-22/new-db-tegami-bachi-romance-dawn-anime-dvd-offered","url_text":"\"New DB, Tegami Bachi, Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173336/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-22/new-db-tegami-bachi-romance-dawn-anime-dvd-offered","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\". Anime News Network. November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173335/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of OVA produced by Toei in the 1990s\". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420082913/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/ov1990.html","url_text":"\"List of OVA produced by Toei in the 1990s\""},{"url":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/ov1990.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball: RB2 Game to Add New 1/2-Hour Anime\". Anime News Network. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-08-09/dragon-ball/rb2-game-to-add-new-hour-anime","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: RB2 Game to Add New 1/2-Hour Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173337/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-08-09/dragon-ball/rb2-game-to-add-new-hour-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Toriko, One Piece, Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special\". Anime News Network. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-05/toriko-one-piece-dragon-ball-z-get-crossover-anime-special","url_text":"\"Toriko, One Piece, Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173441/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-05/toriko-one-piece-dragon-ball-z-get-crossover-anime-special","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Box Z Set 2\". Anime News Network. March 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-dragon-box-z-set-2","url_text":"\"Dragon Box Z Set 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723161855/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-dragon-box-z-set-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"世界に通用していると思う日本のアニメ、1位『ドラゴンボール』｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング\". Oricon (in Japanese). August 2, 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://life.oricon.co.jp/news/68091/","url_text":"\"世界に通用していると思う日本のアニメ、1位『ドラゴンボール』｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829205926/https://life.oricon.co.jp/news/68091/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"世界に通用しているマンガ＆アニメランキング『日本が世界に誇る！傑作マンガ＆アニメの頂点は？』\". ORICON NEWS. August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/145/","url_text":"\"世界に通用しているマンガ＆アニメランキング『日本が世界に誇る！傑作マンガ＆アニメの頂点は？』\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607092137/https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/145/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gundam Tops Anime Poll\". Anime News Network. September 12, 2000. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-09-11/gundam-tops-anime-poll","url_text":"\"Gundam Tops Anime Poll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728123926/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-09-11/gundam-tops-anime-poll","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"決定！これが日本のベスト\". December 11, 2004. Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211224201/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/best/updating_dex/ranking/038.html","url_text":"\"決定！これが日本のベスト\""},{"url":"http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/best/updating_dex/ranking/038.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Part 2 – TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\". Anime News Network. September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime-part-2","url_text":"\"Part 2 – TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206035734/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/article.php?id=7458","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\". Anime News Network. September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime","url_text":"\"TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102234354/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Dragon Ball's' voice of Goku speaks for himself\". Los Angeles Times. June 30, 2017. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630183914/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-conversation-dragon-ball-goku-20170630-story.html","url_text":"\"'Dragon Ball's' voice of Goku speaks for himself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-conversation-dragon-ball-goku-20170630-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DB劇場版(ビデオ、1995年時点). Toei Company. 1996. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/gWooj7U.jpg","url_text":"DB劇場版(ビデオ、1995年時点)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Company","url_text":"Toei Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130628162653/http://i.imgur.com/gWooj7U.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"歴代ドラゴンボール映画作品一覧. 年代流行. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2018. 1995年7月公開『悟空がやらねば誰がやる』までの劇場版シリーズ16作の累計記録は、劇場版ビデオ50万本以上、興行収入400億円以上と、それぞれ1996年初頭時点におけるアニメ映画史上1位を記録した。","urls":[{"url":"https://nendai-ryuukou.com/article/088.html","url_text":"歴代ドラゴンボール映画作品一覧"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190513030416/https://nendai-ryuukou.com/article/088.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, September 10–16\". Anime News Network. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-20/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-september-10-16","url_text":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, September 10–16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081020195444/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-20/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-september-10-16","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, August 6–12\". Anime News Network. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-14/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-august-6-12","url_text":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, August 6–12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173340/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-14/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-august-6-12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\" (PDF). thecnl.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","url_text":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173313/http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Muncy, Julie (January 17, 2019). \"The Everlasting (and Still Growing) Appeal of 'Dragon Ball'\". Wired. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/dragon-ball-resurgence/","url_text":"\"The Everlasting (and Still Growing) Appeal of 'Dragon Ball'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173456/https://www.wired.com/story/dragon-ball-resurgence/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Screens\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 98. Ziff Davis. September 1997. p. 118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"\"Gundam Wing leaving Toonami?!\". Anime News Network. December 12, 2000. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-12-12/gundam-wing-leaving-toonami","url_text":"\"Gundam Wing leaving Toonami?!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206234124/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-12-12/gundam-wing-leaving-toonami","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball Z Tops Ratings\". Anime News Network. September 22, 2002. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-09-28/dragonball-z-tops-ratings","url_text":"\"Dragonball Z Tops Ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407231015/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-09-28/dragonball-z-tops-ratings","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball GT's Awesome Debut\". icv2.com. November 13, 2003. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613203218/https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/3871/dragon-ball-gts-awesome-debut","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball GT's Awesome Debut\""},{"url":"https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/3871/dragon-ball-gts-awesome-debut","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Azoulay, Julia F (June 1, 2001). \"Character study: CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet\". Children's Business. Conde Nast Publications, Inc. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184928/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-80503701.html","url_text":"\"Character study: CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-80503701.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DBZ Tops Lycos 50 for 2002\". icv2.com. December 9, 2002. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616194419/https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/2118/dbz-tops-lycos-50-2002","url_text":"\"DBZ Tops Lycos 50 for 2002\""},{"url":"https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/2118/dbz-tops-lycos-50-2002","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"検索ワード過去10年ランク ドラゴンボールが2位（9/21）\". アニメ！アニメ！ (in Japanese). September 21, 2005. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/09/21/415.html","url_text":"\"検索ワード過去10年ランク ドラゴンボールが2位（9/21）\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182904/https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/09/21/415.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Britney loses out to PlayStation\". December 30, 2002. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2614403.stm","url_text":"\"Britney loses out to PlayStation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2614403.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"米CNでドラゴンボールZの再放送開始（2/14）\". アニメ！アニメ！ (in Japanese). February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://animeanime.jp/article/2006/02/14/702.html","url_text":"\"米CNでドラゴンボールZの再放送開始（2/14）\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327003440/https://animeanime.jp/article/2006/02/14/702.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"「ドラゴンボール改」が米国で好発進、放送局で開局以来最高視聴率。 | Narinari.com\". www.narinari.com (in Japanese). June 6, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608132845/http://www.narinari.com/Nd/20100613670.html","url_text":"\"「ドラゴンボール改」が米国で好発進、放送局で開局以来最高視聴率。 | Narinari.com\""},{"url":"https://www.narinari.com/Nd/20100613670.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kimlinger, Carl (December 14, 2009). \"Dragon Ball DVD Season 2 Uncut Set\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-2","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball DVD Season 2 Uncut Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173445/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Theron (December 14, 2009). \"Dragon Ball DVD Season 3\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-3","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball DVD Season 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Jeffrey (November 12, 2007). \"Dragon Ball GT — The Lost Episodes DVD Box Set Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/12/dragon-ball-gt-the-lost-episodes-dvd-box-set-review","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball GT — The Lost Episodes DVD Box Set Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031330/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/12/dragon-ball-gt-the-lost-episodes-dvd-box-set-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Tim. \"Dragon Ball anime review\". themanime.org. Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=565","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball anime review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713023707/http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=565","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Carlos. \"Dragon Ball Z anime review\". themanime.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=245","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z anime review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173343/http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=245","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Theron (November 5, 2008). \"Dragon Ball Z DVD Season 6\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-season-6","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z DVD Season 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173431/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-season-6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jason (April 8, 2009). \"Isn't Dragon Ball just a bunch of speedlines and ripped dudes with bad hair screaming \"It's over 9,000!\"\". Io9. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)","url_text":"Thompson, Jason"},{"url":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/5201669/isnt-dragon-ball-just-a-bunch-of-speedlines-and-ripped-dudes-with-bad-hair-screaming-its-over-9000","url_text":"\"Isn't Dragon Ball just a bunch of speedlines and ripped dudes with bad hair screaming \"It's over 9,000!\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173329/https://io9.gizmodo.com/isnt-dragon-ball-just-a-bunch-of-speedlines-and-ripped-5201669","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"78. Dragon Ball Z\". IGN. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316183445/http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/78.html","url_text":"\"78. Dragon Ball Z\""},{"url":"http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/78.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wizard Magazine's Top 100 cartoons list\". Listal. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.listal.com/list/wizard-magazines-top-100-cartoons","url_text":"\"Wizard Magazine's Top 100 cartoons list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173437/https://www.listal.com/list/wizard-magazines-top-100-cartoons","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bertschy, Zac (June 6, 2004). \"Dragon Ball GT DVD 8: Salvation\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gt/dvd-8","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball GT DVD 8: Salvation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173446/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gt/dvd-8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Akira Toriyama, Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-10/toei-toriyama-work-on-march-2013-dragon-ball-z-film","url_text":"\"Akira Toriyama, Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173330/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-10/toei-toriyama-work-on-march-2013-dragon-ball-z-film","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza\". ANN. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-17/1st-key-visual-for-2015-dragon-ball-z-film-reveals-frieza/.81112","url_text":"\"1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141118002540/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-17/1st-key-visual-for-2015-dragon-ball-z-film-reveals-frieza/.81112","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Chris (March 12, 2002). \"Fox draws deal for DragonBall live-action pics\". The Hollywood Reporter. 372 (28).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Tatiana Siegel (November 13, 2007). \"Dragonball comes to bigscreen\". Variety. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/dragonball-comes-to-bigscreen-1117975946/","url_text":"\"Dragonball comes to bigscreen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173334/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/dragonball-comes-to-bigscreen-1117975946/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DragonBall Movie\". Fox Japan. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080623065852/http://www.foxjapan.com/movies/lineup/main.html#DB","url_text":"\"DragonBall Movie\""},{"url":"http://www.foxjapan.com/movies/lineup/main.html#DB","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parfitt, Orlando (March 30, 2009). \"Dragonball Sequels Exclusive\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/30/dragonball-sequels-exclusive","url_text":"\"Dragonball Sequels Exclusive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173340/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/30/dragonball-sequels-exclusive","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball Sequel Already Has A Script\". Screen Rant. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dragonball-sequel-already-has-a-script/","url_text":"\"Dragonball Sequel Already Has A Script\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173341/https://screenrant.com/dragonball-sequel-already-has-a-script/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"REVIEW – DRAGONBALL: EVOLUTION (2009)\". cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx/2014/12/review-dragonball-evolution-2009.html","url_text":"\"REVIEW – DRAGONBALL: EVOLUTION (2009)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031106/http://cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx/2014/12/review-dragonball-evolution-2009.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashcraft, Brian (April 2, 2013). \"Didn't Like Hollywood's Dragon Ball Movie? Well, Neither Did Dragon Ball's Creator\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/didnt-like-hollywoods-dragon-ball-movie-well-neithe-465066558","url_text":"\"Didn't Like Hollywood's Dragon Ball Movie? Well, Neither Did Dragon Ball's Creator\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173357/https://kotaku.com/didnt-like-hollywoods-dragon-ball-movie-well-neithe-465066558","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Padula, Derek (May 3, 2016). \"Dragon Ball Evolution Writer Apologizes to Fans\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://thedaoofdragonball.com/blog/news/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Evolution Writer Apologizes to Fans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103165732/http://thedaoofdragonball.com/blog/news/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barder, Ollie. \"'Dragonball Evolution' Writer Apologizes To Fans\". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/05/05/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/#70af23062e67","url_text":"\"'Dragonball Evolution' Writer Apologizes To Fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173347/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/05/05/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/#70af23062e67","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Could The Disney/Fox Acquisition Lead To New Live-Action 'Dragon Ball ' Movies and What Could That Look Like? – GWW\". August 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegww.com/could-the-disney-fox-acquisition-lead-to-new-live-action-dragon-ball-movies-and-what-that-could-look-like/","url_text":"\"Could The Disney/Fox Acquisition Lead To New Live-Action 'Dragon Ball ' Movies and What Could That Look Like? – GWW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173352/https://thegww.com/could-the-disney-fox-acquisition-lead-to-new-live-action-dragon-ball-movies-and-what-that-could-look-like/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Is Disney really making a Dragon Ball movie? Explained\". December 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/anime/is-disney-really-making-dragon-ball-movie-explained","url_text":"\"Is Disney really making a Dragon Ball movie? Explained\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230725180721/https://www.sportskeeda.com/anime/is-disney-really-making-dragon-ball-movie-explained","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball: Daimaou Fukkatsu\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/dragon-ball-daimaou-fukkatsu/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: Daimaou Fukkatsu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173345/https://www.gamespot.com/games/dragon-ball-daimaou-fukkatsu/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z Super Butouden\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220080410/http://www.gamespot.com/snes/action/dragonballz/index.html?tag=result%3Btitle%3B3","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z Super Butouden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/snes/action/dragonballz/index.html?tag=result;title;3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/ps/action/dragonballfinalbout/index.html?tag=result;title;0","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222421/http://www.gamespot.com/ps/action/dragonballfinalbout/index.html?tag=result;title;0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DBZ: Budokai to ship early\". Anime News Network. November 13, 2002. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-13/dbz-budokai-to-ship-early","url_text":"\"DBZ: Budokai to ship early\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173348/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-13/dbz-budokai-to-ship-early","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Greg (August 15, 2005). \"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi Hands-On\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-ball-z-budokai-tenkaichi-hands-on/1100-6130926/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi Hands-On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173348/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-ball-z-budokai-tenkaichi-hands-on/1100-6130926/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atari Announces the Next Generation Chapter for Dragon Ball Z(R) Video Game Series\" (Press release). Atari. January 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716043557/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=66845&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=1097059&","url_text":"\"Atari Announces the Next Generation Chapter for Dragon Ball Z(R) Video Game Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari","url_text":"Atari"},{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=66845&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=1097059&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Te, Zorine (June 11, 2014). \"E3 2014: Powering Up Dragon Ball Xenoverse to the Next Generation\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-powering-up-dragon-ball-xenoverse-to-the-next-generation/1100-6420430/","url_text":"\"E3 2014: Powering Up Dragon Ball Xenoverse to the Next Generation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173355/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-powering-up-dragon-ball-xenoverse-to-the-next-generation/1100-6420430/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reparaz, Mikel (June 30, 2014). \"DBZ Goes Next-Gen With Dragon Ball Xenoverse\". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/01/e3-2014-dbz-goes-next-gen-with-dragon-ball-xenoverse","url_text":"\"DBZ Goes Next-Gen With Dragon Ball Xenoverse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173405/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/01/e3-2014-dbz-goes-next-gen-with-dragon-ball-xenoverse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"드래곤볼 온라인 서비스 종료 안내 (End of Dragon Ball Online). Dragon Ball Online – Net Marble. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dbo.netmarble.net/News/Notice/index.asp?seq=47263","url_text":"드래곤볼 온라인 서비스 종료 안내 (End of Dragon Ball Online)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130911023525/http://dbo.netmarble.net/News/Notice/index.asp?seq=47263","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DragonBall Online Global – The Server Revival\". dboglobal.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dboglobal.com/","url_text":"\"DragonBall Online Global – The Server Revival\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003730/http://www.dboglobal.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「ドラゴンボールZ ドッカンバトル」で世界累計3億5000万DL突破を記念したキャンペーンが開催. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). August 28, 2021. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.4gamer.net/games/275/G027529/20210828006/","url_text":"「ドラゴンボールZ ドッカンバトル」で世界累計3億5000万DL突破を記念したキャンペーンが開催"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Gamer.net","url_text":"4Gamer.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828073417/https://www.4gamer.net/games/275/G027529/20210828006/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 | History | The Game Awards\". The Game Awards. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegameawards.com/history/2018-2","url_text":"\"2018 | History | The Game Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173415/https://thegameawards.com/history/2018-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DBFZ sells over 4 Million, 2019 March\". March 28, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nintendosoup.com/dragon-ball-xenoverse-2-and-dragon-ball-fighterz-have-sold-over-5-and-4-million-copies-respectively/","url_text":"\"DBFZ sells over 4 Million, 2019 March\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173427/https://nintendosoup.com/dragon-ball-xenoverse-2-and-dragon-ball-fighterz-have-sold-over-5-and-4-million-copies-respectively/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Review Weekly: BRW\". Business Review Weekly. 17 (1–7): 69. 1995. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2021. Last year alone Bandai sold $140 million of Dragon Ball licensed toys, video games and other character goods in Japan alone.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mK2ZAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Business Review Weekly: BRW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Review_Weekly","url_text":"Business Review Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183346/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK2ZAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history\". The Indianapolis Star. August 2, 1997. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/","url_text":"\"Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"The Indianapolis Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035505/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dragon Ball: The Path to Power booklet. 1996.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bandai's \"Carddas\" topped the total sales volume of 10 billion pieces\". GIGAZINE. March 29, 2012. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120329-bandai-carddass/","url_text":"\"Bandai's \"Carddas\" topped the total sales volume of 10 billion pieces\""},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIGAZINE","url_text":"GIGAZINE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173432/https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120329-bandai-carddass/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"30 Years of Dragon Ball Z\". License Global: T13. February 2019. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190320221927/http://dc.cn.ubm-us.com/i/1078926-license-global-february-2019","url_text":"\"30 Years of Dragon Ball Z\""},{"url":"http://dc.cn.ubm-us.com/i/1078926-license-global-february-2019","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Burger King Uses Kids' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series\". Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Knight Ridder. June 5, 2000. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184943/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62662281.html","url_text":"\"Burger King Uses Kids' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder_Tribune_Business_News","url_text":"Knight Ridder Tribune Business News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder","url_text":"Knight Ridder"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62662281.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\" (PDF). thecnl.com. Funimation. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","url_text":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation","url_text":"Funimation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173313/http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？\". Taojinjubao. Character Databank (CharaBiz). January 6, 2018. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185415/http://www.taojinjubao.com/zhihu/267465.html","url_text":"\"在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？\""},{"url":"http://www.taojinjubao.com/zhihu/267465.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball Music Collection\". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCC-72015","url_text":"\"Dragonball Music Collection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173437/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCC-72015","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu\". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33908","url_text":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33908","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu 18½\". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33927","url_text":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu 18½\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33927","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Z Best Song Collection \"Legend of Dragonworld\"\". CDJapan.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33567","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z Best Song Collection \"Legend of Dragonworld\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173434/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33567","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations\". Viz Media. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115314/http://www.viz.com/books/print/dragon-ball-the-complete-illustrations-volume-1/7952","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"http://www.viz.com/books/print/dragon-ball-the-complete-illustrations-volume-1/7952","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．1 [Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File vol.1]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874089-0","url_text":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072915/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874089-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．2 [Dragon Ball GT: Perfect File vol.2]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874090-4&mode=1","url_text":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080224024331/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874090-4&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball FOREVER\". Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873702-4&mode=1","url_text":"\"Dragonball FOREVER\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115143409/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873702-4&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball LANDMARK\". Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873478-5&mode=1","url_text":"\"Dragonball LANDMARK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116073419/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873478-5&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"テレビアニメ完全カイド「DRAGONBALL」～天下一伝説～ [Dragon Ball: Tenkaichi Densetsu]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873705-9","url_text":"テレビアニメ完全カイド「DRAGONBALL」～天下一伝説～"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116070910/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873705-9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"テレビアニメ完全ガイド Dragonball Z 孫悟空伝説 [Dragon Ball Z: Son Goku Densetsu]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873546-3","url_text":"テレビアニメ完全ガイド Dragonball Z 孫悟空伝説"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072424/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873546-3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Story). Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874803-0","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Story)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115224344/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874803-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド キャラクター編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Character). Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874804-7","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド キャラクター編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Character)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116071414/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874804-7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド01 [Dragon Ball: Extreme Battle Collection: Round 1]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874840-5&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド01"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116070520/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874840-5&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド02 [Dragon Ball: Extreme Battle Collection: Round 2]. Shueisha. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874841-2&mode=1","url_text":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド02"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115142824/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874841-2&mode=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game – Series #1: The Warriors Return\". Bandai. Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130907052940/http://www.bandai.com/cards/dragonball/cardlists_s1.html","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game – Series #1: The Warriors Return\""},{"url":"http://www.bandai.com/cards/dragonball/cardlists_s1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pool, Robert (1999). \"Review ofDragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game\". RPGnet. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_2503.phtml","url_text":"\"Review ofDragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPGnet","url_text":"RPGnet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173450/https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_2503.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonball Z\". July 3, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703005332/http://www.talsorian.com/dbzindex.shtml","url_text":"\"Dragonball Z\""},{"url":"http://www.talsorian.com/dbzindex.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebs, athletes give 'Dragon Ball' pop culture super status\". The Plain Dealer. January 15, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/01/celebs-athletes-give-dragon-ball-pop-culture-super-status.html","url_text":"\"Celebs, athletes give 'Dragon Ball' pop culture super status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/01/celebs-athletes-give-dragon-ball-pop-culture-super-status.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"May 9 'Officially' Recognized as Goku Day\". Anime News Network. May 9, 2015. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-05-09/may-9-officially-recognized-as-goku-day/.87998","url_text":"\"May 9 'Officially' Recognized as Goku Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113063311/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-05-09/may-9-officially-recognized-as-goku-day/.87998","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Values to learn and live by\". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. June 21, 1996. p. 31B. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gqEVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5226%2C3348708","url_text":"\"Values to learn and live by\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142025/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gqEVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5226,3348708","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How Dragon Ball caused a diplomatic spat\". March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68509773","url_text":"\"How Dragon Ball caused a diplomatic spat\""}]},{"reference":"Loveridge, Lynzee (May 31, 2019). \"Dragonball Creator Akira Toriyama Knighted by France\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-05-31/dragonball-creator-akira-toriyama-knighted-by-france/.147351","url_text":"\"Dragonball Creator Akira Toriyama Knighted by France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173513/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-05-31/dragonball-creator-akira-toriyama-knighted-by-france/.147351","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pinto, Ophelia (May 31, 2019). \"Akira Toriyama nommé Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\". HuffPost (in French). Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/akira-toriyama-nomme-chevalier-de-lordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres_fr_5cf137fee4b0a1997b693323?ncid=fcbklnkfrhpmg00000001","url_text":"\"Akira Toriyama nommé Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173522/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/akira-toriyama-nomme-chevalier-de-lordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres_fr_5cf137fee4b0a1997b693323?ncid=fcbklnkfrhpmg00000001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball: 20 Things About Vegeta That Make Absolutely No Sense\". Screen Rant. March 15, 2019. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dragon-ball-vegeta-no-sense-triva/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: 20 Things About Vegeta That Make Absolutely No Sense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408170425/https://screenrant.com/dragon-ball-vegeta-no-sense-triva/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Robert J. (2006). \"Superheroes in Therapy: Uncovering Children's Secret Identities\". In Rubin, Lawrence C. (ed.). Using Superheroes in Counseling and Play Therapy. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 23–48 (25). ISBN 978-0-8261-0132-7. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020. The toys include figures of both genders, a variety of skin colors, and some child superheroes (e.g., from the Dragon Ball Z collection based on the television series).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA25","url_text":"\"Superheroes in Therapy: Uncovering Children's Secret Identities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Springer Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-0132-7","url_text":"978-0-8261-0132-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173446/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA25","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Sam (February 18, 2020). \"Thor Has Officially Become Marvel's Answer to Dragon Ball Z's Goku\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Thor's past wounds were completely healed while the Asgardian Avenger received a significant power boost that bears more than a passing resemblance to another hard-hitting, frequently blonde-haired superhero: Dragon Ball's Goku.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/thor-officially-marvel-dragon-ball-goku/","url_text":"\"Thor Has Officially Become Marvel's Answer to Dragon Ball Z's Goku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173524/https://www.cbr.com/thor-officially-marvel-dragon-ball-goku/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ocasio, Joseph (February 7, 2020). \"Dragon Ball: 5 Reasons We Love Great Saiyaman (& 5 Why We Hate Him)\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Gohan's Superhero alter ego","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-5-great-saiyamanreasons-we-love-hate/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball: 5 Reasons We Love Great Saiyaman (& 5 Why We Hate Him)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173528/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-5-great-saiyamanreasons-we-love-hate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chiu, Karen (April 15, 2019). \"The story of DragonBall: How Motorola created our mobile future in Hong Kong\". Abacus. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abacusnews.com/big-guns/story-dragonball-how-motorola-created-our-mobile-future-hong-kong/article/2165693","url_text":"\"The story of DragonBall: How Motorola created our mobile future in Hong Kong\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173526/https://www.scmp.com/abacus/tech/article/3028841/story-dragonball-how-motorola-created-our-mobile-future-hong-kong","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ohanesian, Liz (November 17, 2014). \"Manga Series Dragon Ball Celebrates 30th Anniversary\". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142103/http://www.laweekly.com/arts/manga-series-dragon-ball-celebrates-30th-anniversary-5216554","url_text":"\"Manga Series Dragon Ball Celebrates 30th Anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly","url_text":"LA Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/arts/manga-series-dragon-ball-celebrates-30th-anniversary-5216554","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview – André Lima Araújo Talks Man: Plus\". Flickering Myth. January 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/","url_text":"\"Interview – André Lima Araújo Talks Man: Plus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173518/https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball Super Artist Accused of Tracing Over Captain America Comic\". WOWJAPAN. June 5, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wowjapan.asia/2018/06/dragon-ball-super-artist-accused-of-tracing-over-captain-america-comic/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Super Artist Accused of Tracing Over Captain America Comic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173533/https://wowjapan.asia/dragon-ball-super-artist-accused-of-tracing-over-captain-america-comic/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Megan (May 23, 2019). \"Dragon Ball Z Makes Clever Appearance in the Marvel Universe\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/dragon-ball-z-marvel-universe-spider-man-miles-morales-anime/","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball Z Makes Clever Appearance in the Marvel Universe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173503/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/dragon-ball-z-marvel-universe-spider-man-miles-morales-anime/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon Ball 1990\" (in Korean). Cine21. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174356/http://www.cine21.com/Movies/Mov_Movie/movie_detail.php?id=10703","url_text":"\"Dragon Ball 1990\""},{"url":"http://www.cine21.com/Movies/Mov_Movie/movie_detail.php?id=10703","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공 (豆瓣)\" (in Korean). 豆瓣电影. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://movie.douban.com/subject/26427223/","url_text":"\"드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공 (豆瓣)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230824/https://movie.douban.com/subject/26427223/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Toriyama, Akira (June 25, 1995). \"I Love Dragon Ball #1: Jackie Chan\". DRAGON BALL 大全集 1: COMPLETE ILLUSTRATIONS (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 7. ISBN 4-08-782754-2. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Toriyama","url_text":"Toriyama, Akira"},{"url":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-1-shenlong-times/","url_text":"\"I Love Dragon Ball #1: Jackie Chan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha","url_text":"Shueisha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-08-782754-2","url_text":"4-08-782754-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422102106/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-1-shenlong-times/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kobayashi, Kendō (March 24, 2013). \"『漫道コバヤシ』～映画「ドラゴンボールZ神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍！！鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ！！！！！SP～\" [A Public Movie Celebration For \"Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods\"! Come forth, Shenlong! Akira Toriyama-sensei, Answers Our Questionnaire!!!! Special]. Mandō Kobayashi. Episode 2 (in Japanese). Fuji TV One Two Next. If it were back when Jackie Chan was still young, I suppose I would have thought nobody could play Goku but him.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo_Kobayashi","url_text":"Kobayashi, Kendō"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E9%81%93%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7","url_text":"Mandō Kobayashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_TV","url_text":"Fuji TV One Two Next"}]},{"reference":"Saabedra, Humberto (August 21, 2019). \"Fourth Matrix Film Revealed With Key Cast Members and Lana Wachowski Returning To Direct\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/08/20/fourth-matrix-film-revealed-with-key-cast-members-and-lana-wachowski-returning-to-direct","url_text":"\"Fourth Matrix Film Revealed With Key Cast Members and Lana Wachowski Returning To Direct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214151506/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/08/20/fourth-matrix-film-revealed-with-key-cast-members-and-lana-wachowski-returning-to-direct","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Megan (June 4, 2018). \"DCEU Storyboard Artist Reveals 'Dragon Ball' Inspired 'Man of Steel'\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/06/04/dragon-ball-dceu-man-of-steel-batman-superman-anime/","url_text":"\"DCEU Storyboard Artist Reveals 'Dragon Ball' Inspired 'Man of Steel'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180607230304/http://comicbook.com/anime/2018/06/04/dragon-ball-dceu-man-of-steel-batman-superman-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Panther's Killmonger May Have Borrowed His Costume From Vegeta\". Comic Book Resources. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/black-panther-killmonger-vegeta-costume/","url_text":"\"Black Panther's Killmonger May Have Borrowed His Costume From Vegeta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173508/https://www.cbr.com/black-panther-killmonger-vegeta-costume/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael B. Jordan's Killmonger Costume Honors His Anime Love\". Screen Rant. February 21, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/michael-b-jordan-erik-killmonger-costume-anime-vegeta/","url_text":"\"Michael B. Jordan's Killmonger Costume Honors His Anime Love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173514/https://screenrant.com/michael-b-jordan-erik-killmonger-costume-anime-vegeta/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Black Panther's Michael B. Jordan Says Killmonger's Armor May Be Based on Vegeta From 'Dragon Ball Z'\". ComicBook.com. November 25, 2018. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/11/25/black-panther-michael-b-jordan-killmonger-armor-vegeta/","url_text":"\"'Black Panther's Michael B. Jordan Says Killmonger's Armor May Be Based on Vegeta From 'Dragon Ball Z'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173448/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/black-panther-michael-b-jordan-killmonger-armor-vegeta/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Megan (June 25, 2019). \"Captain Marvel Visual Artist Explains How Dragon Ball Influenced Carol's Fiery Look\". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2019/06/25/captain-marvel-super-saiyan-goku-inspiration-debunk-anime-mcu/","url_text":"\"Captain Marvel Visual Artist Explains How Dragon Ball Influenced Carol's Fiery Look\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173521/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/captain-marvel-super-saiyan-goku-inspiration-debunk-anime-mcu/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valdez, Nick (September 3, 2021). \"Shang-Chi Gives Dragon Ball a Sneaky Shout Out\". comicbook.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/shang-chi-marvel-dragon-ball-goku-kamehameha-easter-egg-shout-out-anime-movie/","url_text":"\"Shang-Chi Gives Dragon Ball a Sneaky Shout Out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907185818/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/shang-chi-marvel-dragon-ball-goku-kamehameha-easter-egg-shout-out-anime-movie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zaid, A'bidah (August 31, 2021). \"Geek Interview: Director Destin Daniel Cretton On How DBZ's 'Kamehameha' Influenced Shang-Chi's Epic Final Battle\". Geek Culture. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://geekculture.co/shang-chi-director-dragonballz-kamehameha-influenced-final-epic-battle/","url_text":"\"Geek Interview: Director Destin Daniel Cretton On How DBZ's 'Kamehameha' Influenced Shang-Chi's Epic Final Battle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910143741/https://geekculture.co/shang-chi-director-dragonballz-kamehameha-influenced-final-epic-battle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ziegler, John R.; Richards, Leah (January 9, 2020). Representation in Steven Universe. Springer Nature. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-030-31881-9. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","url_text":"Representation in Steven Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-31881-9","url_text":"978-3-030-31881-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928172717/https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly' unites fans and critics with huge opening\". The Daily Dot. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/dragon-ball-super-broly/","url_text":"\"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly' unites fans and critics with huge opening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Dot","url_text":"The Daily Dot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173528/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/dragon-ball-super-broly/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Drake & Chris Brown Act Out A Dance Battle In Their \"No Guidance\" Video\". Genius. July 26, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/a/drake-chris-brown-act-out-a-dance-battle-in-their-no-guidance-video","url_text":"\"Drake & Chris Brown Act Out A Dance Battle In Their \"No Guidance\" Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(website)","url_text":"Genius"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173442/https://genius.com/a/drake-chris-brown-act-out-a-dance-battle-in-their-no-guidance-video","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weekes, Jabbari (September 3, 2015). \"This Rapper Made an Entire Mixtape About 'Dragon Ball Z,' so We Quizzed Him About 'Dragon Ball Z'\". Vice. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rkqg89/sese-season-frieza-saga-dragon-ball-z-interview","url_text":"\"This Rapper Made an Entire Mixtape About 'Dragon Ball Z,' so We Quizzed Him About 'Dragon Ball Z'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173518/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rkqg89/sese-season-frieza-saga-dragon-ball-z-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sammut, Mark (January 17, 2019). \"25 Fortnite Emotes And Where They Were Stolen From\". TheGamer. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegamer.com/fortnit-dances-emotes-stolen/","url_text":"\"25 Fortnite Emotes And Where They Were Stolen From\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408165015/https://www.thegamer.com/fortnit-dances-emotes-stolen/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Meghan (April 7, 2016). \"Xavier Woods on How Anime and Wrestling Came Together at WrestleMania 32\". IGN. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/07/xavier-woods-on-how-anime-and-wrestling-came-together-at-wrestlemania-32","url_text":"\"Xavier Woods on How Anime and Wrestling Came Together at WrestleMania 32\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173535/https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/07/xavier-woods-on-how-anime-and-wrestling-came-together-at-wrestlemania-32","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Koch, Cameron (April 4, 2016). \"There Was 'Dragon Ball Z' Cosplay On Display At 'WrestleMania 32'\". Tech Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techtimes.com/articles/147087/20160404/there-was-dragonball-z-cosplay-on-display-at-wrestlemania-32.htm","url_text":"\"There Was 'Dragon Ball Z' Cosplay On Display At 'WrestleMania 32'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173530/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/147087/20160404/there-was-dragonball-z-cosplay-on-display-at-wrestlemania-32.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"【KNOCK OUT】初参戦目前のぱんちゃん璃奈「KNOCK OUTの女子エースにならないといけないと思ってます」\". Gong Kakutogi (in Japanese). August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gonkaku.jp/articles/1546","url_text":"\"【KNOCK OUT】初参戦目前のぱんちゃん璃奈「KNOCK OUTの女子エースにならないといけないと思ってます」\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183327/https://gonkaku.jp/articles/1546","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Itsuki Hirata discusses her transition to Dragon Ball's Android 18\". Asian MMA. September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianmma.com/itsuki-hirata-discusses-her-transition-to-dragon-balls-android-18/","url_text":"\"Itsuki Hirata discusses her transition to Dragon Ball's Android 18\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510175108/https://asianmma.com/itsuki-hirata-discusses-her-transition-to-dragon-balls-android-18/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Teal, Bob (October 23, 2009). \"Whatever happened to... Carlos Newton?\". MMA Torch. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmatorch.com/artman2/publish/specialists/article_3679.shtml#.WGnU-X2g1RQ","url_text":"\"Whatever happened to... Carlos Newton?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822000912/http://www.mmatorch.com/artman2/publish/specialists/article_3679.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kana Watanabe is addicted to DragonBall, wants more Japanese fighters in Bellator (web video). MMA Mania. May 10, 2022. Event occurs at 27:05. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAZqK_dXVWA&t","url_text":"Kana Watanabe is addicted to DragonBall, wants more Japanese fighters in Bellator"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522213312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAZqK_dXVWA&t","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Furness, Jay (March 26, 2020). \"How Anime Inspired ONE Stars To Achieve Martial Arts Success\". ONE Championship. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onefc.com/features/how-anime-inspired-one-stars-to-achieve-martial-arts-success/","url_text":"\"How Anime Inspired ONE Stars To Achieve Martial Arts Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship","url_text":"ONE Championship"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173535/https://www.onefc.com/features/how-anime-inspired-one-stars-to-achieve-martial-arts-success/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Angel, Julie (June 16, 2016). Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-78131-554-5. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iAxjDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurum_Press","url_text":"Aurum Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-554-5","url_text":"978-1-78131-554-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240211002443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAxjDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, Kyle (October 20, 2017). \"Developers (And Others) Share Their Appreciation And Dream Games For The Dragon Ball Franchise\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021011253/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/10/20/developers-and-others-share-their-appreciation-for-the-dragon-ball-franchise.aspx","url_text":"\"Developers (And Others) Share Their Appreciation And Dream Games For The Dragon Ball Franchise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/10/20/developers-and-others-share-their-appreciation-for-the-dragon-ball-franchise.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Simon; Davison, John (June 14, 2017). \"'Because Nintendo': 'Arms' Producer Explains Why Fighters Have Stretchy Arms\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/features/because-nintendo-arms-producer-explains-why-fighters-have-stretchy-arms-w487949","url_text":"\"'Because Nintendo': 'Arms' Producer Explains Why Fighters Have Stretchy Arms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173529/https://variety.com/v/gaming/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Saiyans","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://en.dragon-ball-official.com/","external_links_name":"en.dragon-ball-official.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z","external_links_name":"\"The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135600/https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/","external_links_name":"\"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/","external_links_name":"\"What Martial Arts Does Goku Use in Dragon Ball Z?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135559/https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135558/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/en/press/press-220615.html","external_links_name":"\"DRAGON BALL SUPER: SUPER HERO GLOBAL THEATRICAL RELEASE DATES\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212074137/https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/en/press/press-220615.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/dragon-ball-super-broly-20th-film-of-anime-empire-opens-in-bay-area","external_links_name":"\"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly,' 20th film of anime empire, opens in Bay Area\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116024917/http://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/dragon-ball-super-broly-20th-film-of-anime-empire-opens-in-bay-area","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR39","external_links_name":"Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190210092056/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR39","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/press/press1756269914992343745.html","external_links_name":"『ドラゴンボール超』劇場版最新作、2022年に公開決定"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211025185940/https://corp.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/press/press1756269914992343745.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mantan-web.jp/amp/article/20220307dog00m200052000c.html","external_links_name":"ドラゴンボール超Dragon スーパーヒーロー：\"930倍\"超巨大2.4メートルの超ムビチケ好調 3日間で受注200件 想定以上の売れ行き"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421181024/https://mantan-web.jp/amp/article/20220307dog00m200052000c.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","external_links_name":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 - Rankings and Circulation Data\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120629000255/http://comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/son-goku-densetsu-toriyama-x-nakatsuru/","external_links_name":"\"Akira Toriyama × Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173254/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/son-goku-densetsu-toriyama-x-nakatsuru/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked","external_links_name":"The Dragon Ball Z Legend: The Quest Continues"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dragonballzlegen00iked/page/n8","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-january-2003-interview-dragon-power-ask-akira-toriyama/","external_links_name":"\"Interview — Dragon Power / Ask Akira Toriyama!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173305/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-january-2003-interview-dragon-power-ask-akira-toriyama/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem","external_links_name":"The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem/page/101","external_links_name":"101"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47255331","external_links_name":"47255331"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-2-akira-toriyama-super-interview/","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 大全集 2: STORY GUIDE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210205235616/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-2-akira-toriyama-super-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uxcqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","external_links_name":"Dragon Ball Culture Volume 2: Adventure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173249/https://books.google.com/books?id=uxcqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/adventure-special-toriyama-qa/","external_links_name":"\"A Full-Coverage Q&A With Toriyama!!: Is That So?! The Dragon Balls\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910151803/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/adventure-special-toriyama-qa/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.furinkan.com/takahashi/takahashi4.html","external_links_name":"\"Toriyama/Takahashi interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142058/http://www.furinkan.com/takahashi/takahashi4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","external_links_name":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117184117/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-october-2007-dragon-ball-collector-interview-with-the-majin/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Collector — Interview with the Majin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173250/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/press-archive/shonen-jump-october-2007-dragon-ball-collector-interview-with-the-majin/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/goku-dragon-ball-blonde/","external_links_name":"\"Comic Legends: Why Did Goku's Hair Turn Blonde?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180719145451/https://www.cbr.com/goku-dragon-ball-blonde/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7818","external_links_name":"1545-7818"},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201303270032","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball artist: 'I just wanted to make boys happy'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401232100/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/culture/AJ201303270032","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009171854/http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/322516","external_links_name":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1984/12/03 表示号数51"},{"Link":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/322516","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322110201/http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/321985","external_links_name":"週刊少年ジャンプ 1995/06/05 表示号数25"},{"Link":"http://mediaarts-db.jp/mg/magazines/321985","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","external_links_name":"\"Comipress News article on \"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213050220/http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851831-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 1 ドラゴンボール"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170313005147/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851831-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 42 ドラゴンボール"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031254/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873444-0&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006082655/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873444-0&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873477-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 完全版 34"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006083125/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873477-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-20/dragon-ball-manga-reprinted-in-full-color-in-japan","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Manga Reprinted in Full Color in Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173253/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-20/dragon-ball-manga-reprinted-in-full-color-in-japan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870707-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー サイヤ人編 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927140936/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870707-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880112-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 魔人ブウ編 6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160526200020/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880112-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880571-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー 少年編 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016213546/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880571-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880645-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"ドラゴンボール フルカラー ピッコロ大魔王編 4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142103/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880645-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111165-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160731124344/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111165-7&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111182-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL総集編 超悟空伝 Legend18"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142058/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-111182-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173252/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-03/dragon-ball-bonus-story-to-run-in-viz-shonen-jump-on-monday","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Bonus Story to Run in Viz's Shonen Jump on Monday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173254/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-03/dragon-ball-bonus-story-to-run-in-viz-shonen-jump-on-monday","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/12/11-1/dragon-ball-spin-off-imagines-a-world-where-yamcha-totally-rules","external_links_name":"\"\"Dragon Ball\" Spin-Off Imagines a World Where Yamcha Totally Rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161213114717/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/12/11-1/dragon-ball-spin-off-imagines-a-world-where-yamcha-totally-rules","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"ネコマジン 完全版"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031254/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-851090-9&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4088740963","external_links_name":"4088740963"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2011/03/comics-spotlight-on-shonen-jump-100/","external_links_name":"\"Comics Spotlight on Shonen Jump #100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170520071025/https://www.wired.com/2011/03/comics-spotlight-on-shonen-jump-100/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://comipress.com/article/2008/03/31/3452","external_links_name":"\"The Reminiscence of My 25 Years with Shonen Jump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912001524/http://comipress.com/article/2008/03/31/3452","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","external_links_name":"\"The Rise and Fall of Weekly Shonen Jump: A Look at the Circulation of Weekly Jump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306083429/http://comipress.com/article/2007/05/06/1923","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081024163537/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,423567,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Look, Up in the Sky!\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,423567,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://exlight.net/doc/business/jump/index.html","external_links_name":"週刊少年ジャンプの発行部数（最高653万部）"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173256/http://exlight.net/doc/business/jump/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/littleboyartsofj0000unse/page/105","external_links_name":"\"Earth in My Window\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/littleboyartsofj0000unse/page/105","external_links_name":"105–106"},{"Link":"http://www.comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","external_links_name":"\"Top Manga Properties in 2008 – Rankings and Circulation Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030442/http://www.comipress.com/article/2008/12/31/3733","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-10-23/top-10-shonen-jump-manga-by-all-time-volume-sales","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Shonen Jump Manga by All-Time Volume Sales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008192850/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-10-23/top-10-shonen-jump-manga-by-all-time-volume-sales","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140430025858/http://adnavi.shueisha.co.jp/mediaguide/2014/pdf/boys.pdf","external_links_name":"Shueisha Media Guide 2014 少年コミック誌・青年コミック誌"},{"Link":"http://adnavi.shueisha.co.jp/mediaguide/2014/pdf/boys.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190210092056/https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2152281850010813901/2152337959465347003","external_links_name":"やっぱり国産漫画はすごかった！日本の漫画＆漫画家に与えられたギネス記録"},{"Link":"https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2152281850010813901/2152337959465347003","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170807233512/http://book.asahi.com/reviews/column/2011072800053.html","external_links_name":"（熱血！マンガ学）ＤＲＡＧＯＮ ＢＡＬＬ 悟空の「成長物語」一大産業に 【大阪】"},{"Link":"http://book.asahi.com/reviews/column/2011072800053.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://i.gzn.jp/img/2009/03/21/db_kai/db_kai_04_m.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Shueisha said in 2009 that Dragon Ball was at 350 million copies in circulation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031250/https://i.gzn.jp/img/2009/03/21/db_kai/db_kai_04_m.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/movie/2013_dragonballz/news/30.html","external_links_name":"\"～映画「ドラゴンボールZ 神と神」公開記念！出でよ神龍!! 鳥山明先生、アンケート答えておくれーーーっ!!!!!SP～\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212212807/https://www.toei-anim.co.jp/movie/2013_dragonballz/news/30.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4071398/","external_links_name":"\"よりスピーディーに、より迫力を増して復活する「ドラゴンボール改」in TAF2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816093643/http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4071398/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081212210945/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/081210/tnr0812100742001-n1.htm","external_links_name":"\"映画「ドラゴンボール」テーマソングは浜崎あゆみ\""},{"Link":"https://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/081210/tnr0812100742001-n1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61072/full/","external_links_name":"\"ピッコロは緑だけど触角なし......実写『ドラゴンボール』映像\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125800/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/61072/full/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-10-04/top-10-anime-and-manga-at-japan-media-arts-festival","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Anime and Manga at Japan Media Arts Festival\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721040658/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-10-04/top-10-anime-and-manga-at-japan-media-arts-festival","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/45750/","external_links_name":"1000人が選んだ!漫画史上\"最強\"キャラクターランキング!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173257/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/45750/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","external_links_name":"\"Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117184117/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/5201656/what-is-dragon-ball","external_links_name":"\"What is Dragon Ball?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173300/https://io9.gizmodo.com/what-is-dragon-ball-5201656","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&dq=%22Son+Goku%22+Dragonball&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"p. 116"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140712174948/http://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Son+Goku%22+Dragonball&source=bl&ots=uSTEogMKka&sig=0zZQjDBgjmTZmZ6n-IiwVPbExzs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WiJhUJPrDI6G9QTinYGgDg&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Son%20Goku%22%20Dragonball&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&dq=%22Son+Goku%22+Dragonball&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"p. 116"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140712174948/http://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Son+Goku%22+Dragonball&source=bl&ots=uSTEogMKka&sig=0zZQjDBgjmTZmZ6n-IiwVPbExzs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WiJhUJPrDI6G9QTinYGgDg&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Son%20Goku%22%20Dragonball&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0831","external_links_name":"1067-0831"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27130932","external_links_name":"27130932"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211064603/http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2003/07/reviews/08/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Vol.1 review\""},{"Link":"http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/2003/07/reviews/08/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gn-5","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball (manga) Graphic Novel vol 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173258/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gn-5","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rationalmagic.com/Comics/DragonBall1.html","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Volume 1 review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127052226/http://rationalmagic.com/Comics/DragonBall1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-07/maryland-school-library-to-remove-dragon-ball-manga","external_links_name":"\"Maryland School Library to Remove Dragon Ball Manga\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173305/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-10-07/maryland-school-library-to-remove-dragon-ball-manga","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-21/viz-explains-censorship-in-dragonball-manga","external_links_name":"\"Viz explains censorship in Dragonball Manga\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173301/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-21/viz-explains-censorship-in-dragonball-manga","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gamebiz.jp/?p=163467","external_links_name":"深夜アニメの製作資金は約3億円…儲ける仕組みや製作委員会の構造とは 今こそ知っておきたいアニメビジネスの特徴を取材"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173320/https://gamebiz.jp/?p=163467","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-04-10/dbz-faq-update","external_links_name":"\"DBZ FAQ Update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173334/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-04-10/dbz-faq-update","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-06/dragon-ball-z-to-rerun-on-japanese-tv-in-hd-in-april","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-06/dragon-ball-z-to-rerun-on-japanese-tv-in-hd-in-april","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-19/japan-remastered-dbz-to-be-called-dragon-ball-kai","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Kai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173331/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-02-19/japan-remastered-dbz-to-be-called-dragon-ball-kai","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.toonzone.net/what-is-dragon-ball-kai-part-i-the-history-of-kai/","external_links_name":"\"What is Dragon Ball Kai? Part I: The History Of Kai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173326/https://animesuperhero.com/what-is-dragon-ball-kai-part-i-the-history-of-kai/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-02-02/navarre-reveals-funimation-dragon-ball-kai-license","external_links_name":"\"Navarre Reveals Funimation's Dragon Ball Kai License\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173327/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-02-02/navarre-reveals-funimation-dragon-ball-kai-license","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517083933/http://www.ohiomm.com/blogs/","external_links_name":"\"Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohiomm.com/blogs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2015-06-04/dragon-ball-super-tv-anime-debuts-on-july-5/.88900","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126121146/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/daily-briefs/2015-06-04/dragon-ball-super-tv-anime-debuts-on-july-5/.88900","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926185638/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_s/about/staffcast.html#sc20150701","external_links_name":"作品情報"},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/dragon_s/about/staffcast.html#sc20150701","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-15/dragon-ball-super-main-visual-reveals-2-new-characters/.89281","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Super Main Visual Reveals 2 New Characters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-15/dragon-ball-super-main-visual-reveals-2-new-characters/.89281","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-28/dragon-ball-gets-1st-new-tv-anime-in-18-years-in-july/.87608","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Gets 1st New TV Anime in 18 Years in July\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-28/dragon-ball-gets-1st-new-tv-anime-in-18-years-in-july/.87608","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/19/dragon-ball-super-getting-companion-manga","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Super Getting Companion Manga\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173329/https://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/19/dragon-ball-super-getting-companion-manga","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/05/17/new-dragon-ball-anime-2018-dragon-ball-heroes/","external_links_name":"\"'Dragon Ball' Reveals New Anime Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173332/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/new-dragon-ball-anime-2018-dragon-ball-heroes/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-22/new-db-tegami-bachi-romance-dawn-anime-dvd-offered","external_links_name":"\"New DB, Tegami Bachi, Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173336/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-22/new-db-tegami-bachi-romance-dawn-anime-dvd-offered","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173335/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-11-21/dragon-ball-episode-of-bardock-spinoff-manga-gets-anime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420082913/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/ov1990.html","external_links_name":"\"List of OVA produced by Toei in the 1990s\""},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/ov1990.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-08-09/dragon-ball/rb2-game-to-add-new-hour-anime","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: RB2 Game to Add New 1/2-Hour Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173337/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-08-09/dragon-ball/rb2-game-to-add-new-hour-anime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-05/toriko-one-piece-dragon-ball-z-get-crossover-anime-special","external_links_name":"\"Toriko, One Piece, Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173441/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-02-05/toriko-one-piece-dragon-ball-z-get-crossover-anime-special","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-dragon-box-z-set-2","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Box Z Set 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723161855/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-dragon-box-z-set-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://life.oricon.co.jp/news/68091/","external_links_name":"\"世界に通用していると思う日本のアニメ、1位『ドラゴンボール』｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829205926/https://life.oricon.co.jp/news/68091/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/145/","external_links_name":"\"世界に通用しているマンガ＆アニメランキング『日本が世界に誇る！傑作マンガ＆アニメの頂点は？』\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607092137/https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/145/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-09-11/gundam-tops-anime-poll","external_links_name":"\"Gundam Tops Anime Poll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130728123926/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-09-11/gundam-tops-anime-poll","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211224201/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/best/updating_dex/ranking/038.html","external_links_name":"\"決定！これが日本のベスト\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/best/updating_dex/ranking/038.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime-part-2","external_links_name":"\"Part 2 – TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206035734/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/article.php?id=7458","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime","external_links_name":"\"TV Asahi Top 100 Anime\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102234354/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630183914/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-conversation-dragon-ball-goku-20170630-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Dragon Ball's' voice of Goku speaks for himself\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-conversation-dragon-ball-goku-20170630-story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/gWooj7U.jpg","external_links_name":"DB劇場版(ビデオ、1995年時点)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130628162653/http://i.imgur.com/gWooj7U.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nendai-ryuukou.com/article/088.html","external_links_name":"歴代ドラゴンボール映画作品一覧"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190513030416/https://nendai-ryuukou.com/article/088.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-20/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-september-10-16","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, September 10–16\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081020195444/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-20/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-september-10-16","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-14/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-august-6-12","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Animation DVD Ranking, August 6–12\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173340/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-14/japanese-animation-dvd-ranking-august-6-12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173313/http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/dragon-ball-resurgence/","external_links_name":"\"The Everlasting (and Still Growing) Appeal of 'Dragon Ball'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173456/https://www.wired.com/story/dragon-ball-resurgence/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-12-12/gundam-wing-leaving-toonami","external_links_name":"\"Gundam Wing leaving Toonami?!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206234124/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-12-12/gundam-wing-leaving-toonami","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-09-28/dragonball-z-tops-ratings","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Z Tops Ratings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407231015/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-09-28/dragonball-z-tops-ratings","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613203218/https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/3871/dragon-ball-gts-awesome-debut","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball GT's Awesome Debut\""},{"Link":"https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/3871/dragon-ball-gts-awesome-debut","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184928/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-80503701.html","external_links_name":"\"Character study: CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-80503701.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616194419/https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/2118/dbz-tops-lycos-50-2002","external_links_name":"\"DBZ Tops Lycos 50 for 2002\""},{"Link":"https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/2118/dbz-tops-lycos-50-2002","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/09/21/415.html","external_links_name":"\"検索ワード過去10年ランク ドラゴンボールが2位（9/21）\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182904/https://animeanime.jp/article/2005/09/21/415.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2614403.stm","external_links_name":"\"Britney loses out to PlayStation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2614403.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://animeanime.jp/article/2006/02/14/702.html","external_links_name":"\"米CNでドラゴンボールZの再放送開始（2/14）\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327003440/https://animeanime.jp/article/2006/02/14/702.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608132845/http://www.narinari.com/Nd/20100613670.html","external_links_name":"\"「ドラゴンボール改」が米国で好発進、放送局で開局以来最高視聴率。 | Narinari.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.narinari.com/Nd/20100613670.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-2","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball DVD Season 2 Uncut Set\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173445/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-3","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball DVD Season 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173328/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball/dvd-season-3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/12/dragon-ball-gt-the-lost-episodes-dvd-box-set-review","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball GT — The Lost Episodes DVD Box Set Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031330/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/12/dragon-ball-gt-the-lost-episodes-dvd-box-set-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=565","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball anime review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713023707/http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=565","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=245","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z anime review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173343/http://www.themanime.org/viewreview.php?id=245","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-season-6","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z DVD Season 6\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173431/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-z/dvd-season-6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://io9.gizmodo.com/5201669/isnt-dragon-ball-just-a-bunch-of-speedlines-and-ripped-dudes-with-bad-hair-screaming-its-over-9000","external_links_name":"\"Isn't Dragon Ball just a bunch of speedlines and ripped dudes with bad hair screaming \"It's over 9,000!\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173329/https://io9.gizmodo.com/isnt-dragon-ball-just-a-bunch-of-speedlines-and-ripped-5201669","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316183445/http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/78.html","external_links_name":"\"78. Dragon Ball Z\""},{"Link":"http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/78.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.listal.com/list/wizard-magazines-top-100-cartoons","external_links_name":"\"Wizard Magazine's Top 100 cartoons list\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173437/https://www.listal.com/list/wizard-magazines-top-100-cartoons","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gt/dvd-8","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball GT DVD 8: Salvation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173446/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dragon-ball-gt/dvd-8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-10/toei-toriyama-work-on-march-2013-dragon-ball-z-film","external_links_name":"\"Akira Toriyama, Toei Make Dragon Ball Z Film Next March\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173330/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-10/toei-toriyama-work-on-march-2013-dragon-ball-z-film","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-17/1st-key-visual-for-2015-dragon-ball-z-film-reveals-frieza/.81112","external_links_name":"\"1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141118002540/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-17/1st-key-visual-for-2015-dragon-ball-z-film-reveals-frieza/.81112","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/dragonball-comes-to-bigscreen-1117975946/","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball comes to bigscreen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173334/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/dragonball-comes-to-bigscreen-1117975946/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080623065852/http://www.foxjapan.com/movies/lineup/main.html#DB","external_links_name":"\"DragonBall Movie\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxjapan.com/movies/lineup/main.html#DB","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/30/dragonball-sequels-exclusive","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Sequels Exclusive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173340/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/03/30/dragonball-sequels-exclusive","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/dragonball-sequel-already-has-a-script/","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Sequel Already Has A Script\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173341/https://screenrant.com/dragonball-sequel-already-has-a-script/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx/2014/12/review-dragonball-evolution-2009.html","external_links_name":"\"REVIEW – DRAGONBALL: EVOLUTION (2009)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031106/http://cinemaestroreviews.blogspot.mx/2014/12/review-dragonball-evolution-2009.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/didnt-like-hollywoods-dragon-ball-movie-well-neithe-465066558","external_links_name":"\"Didn't Like Hollywood's Dragon Ball Movie? Well, Neither Did Dragon Ball's Creator\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173357/https://kotaku.com/didnt-like-hollywoods-dragon-ball-movie-well-neithe-465066558","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thedaoofdragonball.com/blog/news/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Evolution Writer Apologizes to Fans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103165732/http://thedaoofdragonball.com/blog/news/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/05/05/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/#70af23062e67","external_links_name":"\"'Dragonball Evolution' Writer Apologizes To Fans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173347/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/05/05/dragonball-evolution-writer-apologizes-to-fans/#70af23062e67","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thegww.com/could-the-disney-fox-acquisition-lead-to-new-live-action-dragon-ball-movies-and-what-that-could-look-like/","external_links_name":"\"Could The Disney/Fox Acquisition Lead To New Live-Action 'Dragon Ball ' Movies and What Could That Look Like? – GWW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173352/https://thegww.com/could-the-disney-fox-acquisition-lead-to-new-live-action-dragon-ball-movies-and-what-that-could-look-like/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sportskeeda.com/anime/is-disney-really-making-dragon-ball-movie-explained","external_links_name":"\"Is Disney really making a Dragon Ball movie? Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230725180721/https://www.sportskeeda.com/anime/is-disney-really-making-dragon-ball-movie-explained","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/dragon-ball-daimaou-fukkatsu/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: Daimaou Fukkatsu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173345/https://www.gamespot.com/games/dragon-ball-daimaou-fukkatsu/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220080410/http://www.gamespot.com/snes/action/dragonballz/index.html?tag=result%3Btitle%3B3","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z Super Butouden\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/snes/action/dragonballz/index.html?tag=result;title;3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/ps/action/dragonballfinalbout/index.html?tag=result;title;0","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222421/http://www.gamespot.com/ps/action/dragonballfinalbout/index.html?tag=result;title;0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-13/dbz-budokai-to-ship-early","external_links_name":"\"DBZ: Budokai to ship early\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173348/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-13/dbz-budokai-to-ship-early","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-ball-z-budokai-tenkaichi-hands-on/1100-6130926/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi Hands-On\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173348/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dragon-ball-z-budokai-tenkaichi-hands-on/1100-6130926/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120716043557/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=66845&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=1097059&","external_links_name":"\"Atari Announces the Next Generation Chapter for Dragon Ball Z(R) Video Game Series\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=66845&p=irol-newsArticle&t=Regular&id=1097059&","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-powering-up-dragon-ball-xenoverse-to-the-next-generation/1100-6420430/","external_links_name":"\"E3 2014: Powering Up Dragon Ball Xenoverse to the Next Generation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173355/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2014-powering-up-dragon-ball-xenoverse-to-the-next-generation/1100-6420430/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/01/e3-2014-dbz-goes-next-gen-with-dragon-ball-xenoverse","external_links_name":"\"DBZ Goes Next-Gen With Dragon Ball Xenoverse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173405/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/01/e3-2014-dbz-goes-next-gen-with-dragon-ball-xenoverse","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dbo.netmarble.net/News/Notice/index.asp?seq=47263","external_links_name":"드래곤볼 온라인 서비스 종료 안내 (End of Dragon Ball Online)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130911023525/http://dbo.netmarble.net/News/Notice/index.asp?seq=47263","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dboglobal.com/","external_links_name":"\"DragonBall Online Global – The Server Revival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003730/http://www.dboglobal.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.4gamer.net/games/275/G027529/20210828006/","external_links_name":"「ドラゴンボールZ ドッカンバトル」で世界累計3億5000万DL突破を記念したキャンペーンが開催"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828073417/https://www.4gamer.net/games/275/G027529/20210828006/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thegameawards.com/history/2018-2","external_links_name":"\"2018 | History | The Game Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173415/https://thegameawards.com/history/2018-2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nintendosoup.com/dragon-ball-xenoverse-2-and-dragon-ball-fighterz-have-sold-over-5-and-4-million-copies-respectively/","external_links_name":"\"DBFZ sells over 4 Million, 2019 March\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173427/https://nintendosoup.com/dragon-ball-xenoverse-2-and-dragon-ball-fighterz-have-sold-over-5-and-4-million-copies-respectively/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mK2ZAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Business Review Weekly: BRW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183346/https://books.google.com/books?id=mK2ZAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/","external_links_name":"\"Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035505/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120329-bandai-carddass/","external_links_name":"\"Bandai's \"Carddas\" topped the total sales volume of 10 billion pieces\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173432/https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20120329-bandai-carddass/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190320221927/http://dc.cn.ubm-us.com/i/1078926-license-global-february-2019","external_links_name":"\"30 Years of Dragon Ball Z\""},{"Link":"http://dc.cn.ubm-us.com/i/1078926-license-global-february-2019","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184943/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62662281.html","external_links_name":"\"Burger King Uses Kids' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62662281.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Funimation January 2012 Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173313/http://www.thecnl.com/FunimationJan2012Catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185415/http://www.taojinjubao.com/zhihu/267465.html","external_links_name":"\"在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？\""},{"Link":"http://www.taojinjubao.com/zhihu/267465.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCC-72015","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Music Collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173437/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCC-72015","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33908","external_links_name":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33908","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33927","external_links_name":"\"DRAGONBALL Z Hit Kyoku Shu 18½\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33927","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33567","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z Best Song Collection \"Legend of Dragonworld\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173434/https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/COCX-33567","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115314/http://www.viz.com/books/print/dragon-ball-the-complete-illustrations-volume-1/7952","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: The Complete Illustrations\""},{"Link":"http://www.viz.com/books/print/dragon-ball-the-complete-illustrations-volume-1/7952","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874089-0","external_links_name":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072915/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874089-0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874090-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"復刻版ドラゴンボールGTパーフェクトファイル vol．2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080224024331/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-874090-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873702-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball FOREVER\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115143409/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873702-4&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873478-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball LANDMARK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116073419/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873478-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873705-9","external_links_name":"テレビアニメ完全カイド「DRAGONBALL」～天下一伝説～"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116070910/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873705-9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873546-3","external_links_name":"テレビアニメ完全ガイド Dragonball Z 孫悟空伝説"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072424/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=4-08-873546-3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874803-0","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド ストーリー編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Story)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115224344/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874803-0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874804-7","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 超エキサイティングガイド キャラクター編 (Dragon Ball: Super Exciting Guide Character)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116071414/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874804-7","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874840-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド01"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116070520/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874840-5&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874841-2&mode=1","external_links_name":"DRAGON BALL 極限バトルコレクション ラウンド02"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115142824/http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-874841-2&mode=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130907052940/http://www.bandai.com/cards/dragonball/cardlists_s1.html","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Collectible Card Game – Series #1: The Warriors Return\""},{"Link":"http://www.bandai.com/cards/dragonball/cardlists_s1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_2503.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Review ofDragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173450/https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_2503.phtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703005332/http://www.talsorian.com/dbzindex.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Z\""},{"Link":"http://www.talsorian.com/dbzindex.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/01/celebs-athletes-give-dragon-ball-pop-culture-super-status.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebs, athletes give 'Dragon Ball' pop culture super status\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173435/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2019/01/celebs-athletes-give-dragon-ball-pop-culture-super-status.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-05-09/may-9-officially-recognized-as-goku-day/.87998","external_links_name":"\"May 9 'Officially' Recognized as Goku Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113063311/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-05-09/may-9-officially-recognized-as-goku-day/.87998","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gqEVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5226%2C3348708","external_links_name":"\"Values to learn and live by\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142025/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gqEVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5226,3348708","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68509773","external_links_name":"\"How Dragon Ball caused a diplomatic spat\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-05-31/dragonball-creator-akira-toriyama-knighted-by-france/.147351","external_links_name":"\"Dragonball Creator Akira Toriyama Knighted by France\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173513/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-05-31/dragonball-creator-akira-toriyama-knighted-by-france/.147351","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/akira-toriyama-nomme-chevalier-de-lordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres_fr_5cf137fee4b0a1997b693323?ncid=fcbklnkfrhpmg00000001","external_links_name":"\"Akira Toriyama nommé Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173522/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/akira-toriyama-nomme-chevalier-de-lordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres_fr_5cf137fee4b0a1997b693323?ncid=fcbklnkfrhpmg00000001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/dragon-ball-vegeta-no-sense-triva/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: 20 Things About Vegeta That Make Absolutely No Sense\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408170425/https://screenrant.com/dragon-ball-vegeta-no-sense-triva/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"\"Superheroes in Therapy: Uncovering Children's Secret Identities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173446/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/thor-officially-marvel-dragon-ball-goku/","external_links_name":"\"Thor Has Officially Become Marvel's Answer to Dragon Ball Z's Goku\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173524/https://www.cbr.com/thor-officially-marvel-dragon-ball-goku/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-5-great-saiyamanreasons-we-love-hate/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball: 5 Reasons We Love Great Saiyaman (& 5 Why We Hate Him)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173528/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-5-great-saiyamanreasons-we-love-hate/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.abacusnews.com/big-guns/story-dragonball-how-motorola-created-our-mobile-future-hong-kong/article/2165693","external_links_name":"\"The story of DragonBall: How Motorola created our mobile future in Hong Kong\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173526/https://www.scmp.com/abacus/tech/article/3028841/story-dragonball-how-motorola-created-our-mobile-future-hong-kong","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142103/http://www.laweekly.com/arts/manga-series-dragon-ball-celebrates-30th-anniversary-5216554","external_links_name":"\"Manga Series Dragon Ball Celebrates 30th Anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/arts/manga-series-dragon-ball-celebrates-30th-anniversary-5216554","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/","external_links_name":"\"Interview – André Lima Araújo Talks Man: Plus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173518/https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wowjapan.asia/2018/06/dragon-ball-super-artist-accused-of-tracing-over-captain-america-comic/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Super Artist Accused of Tracing Over Captain America Comic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173533/https://wowjapan.asia/dragon-ball-super-artist-accused-of-tracing-over-captain-america-comic/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/dragon-ball-z-marvel-universe-spider-man-miles-morales-anime/","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball Z Makes Clever Appearance in the Marvel Universe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173503/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/dragon-ball-z-marvel-universe-spider-man-miles-morales-anime/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174356/http://www.cine21.com/Movies/Mov_Movie/movie_detail.php?id=10703","external_links_name":"\"Dragon Ball 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.cine21.com/Movies/Mov_Movie/movie_detail.php?id=10703","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://movie.douban.com/subject/26427223/","external_links_name":"\"드래곤볼 싸워라 손오공 이겨라 손오공 (豆瓣)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430230824/https://movie.douban.com/subject/26427223/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-1-shenlong-times/","external_links_name":"\"I Love Dragon Ball #1: Jackie Chan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422102106/https://www.kanzenshuu.com/translations/daizenshuu-1-shenlong-times/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/08/20/fourth-matrix-film-revealed-with-key-cast-members-and-lana-wachowski-returning-to-direct","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Matrix Film Revealed With Key Cast Members and Lana Wachowski Returning To Direct\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214151506/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/08/20/fourth-matrix-film-revealed-with-key-cast-members-and-lana-wachowski-returning-to-direct","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/06/04/dragon-ball-dceu-man-of-steel-batman-superman-anime/","external_links_name":"\"DCEU Storyboard Artist Reveals 'Dragon Ball' Inspired 'Man of Steel'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180607230304/http://comicbook.com/anime/2018/06/04/dragon-ball-dceu-man-of-steel-batman-superman-anime","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/black-panther-killmonger-vegeta-costume/","external_links_name":"\"Black Panther's Killmonger May Have Borrowed His Costume From Vegeta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173508/https://www.cbr.com/black-panther-killmonger-vegeta-costume/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/michael-b-jordan-erik-killmonger-costume-anime-vegeta/","external_links_name":"\"Michael B. Jordan's Killmonger Costume Honors His Anime Love\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173514/https://screenrant.com/michael-b-jordan-erik-killmonger-costume-anime-vegeta/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/11/25/black-panther-michael-b-jordan-killmonger-armor-vegeta/","external_links_name":"\"'Black Panther's Michael B. Jordan Says Killmonger's Armor May Be Based on Vegeta From 'Dragon Ball Z'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173448/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/black-panther-michael-b-jordan-killmonger-armor-vegeta/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/2019/06/25/captain-marvel-super-saiyan-goku-inspiration-debunk-anime-mcu/","external_links_name":"\"Captain Marvel Visual Artist Explains How Dragon Ball Influenced Carol's Fiery Look\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173521/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/captain-marvel-super-saiyan-goku-inspiration-debunk-anime-mcu/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/anime/news/shang-chi-marvel-dragon-ball-goku-kamehameha-easter-egg-shout-out-anime-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Shang-Chi Gives Dragon Ball a Sneaky Shout Out\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907185818/https://comicbook.com/anime/news/shang-chi-marvel-dragon-ball-goku-kamehameha-easter-egg-shout-out-anime-movie/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geekculture.co/shang-chi-director-dragonballz-kamehameha-influenced-final-epic-battle/","external_links_name":"\"Geek Interview: Director Destin Daniel Cretton On How DBZ's 'Kamehameha' Influenced Shang-Chi's Epic Final Battle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210910143741/https://geekculture.co/shang-chi-director-dragonballz-kamehameha-influenced-final-epic-battle/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Representation in Steven Universe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928172717/https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/dragon-ball-super-broly/","external_links_name":"\"'Dragon Ball Super: Broly' unites fans and critics with huge opening\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173528/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/dragon-ball-super-broly/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://genius.com/a/drake-chris-brown-act-out-a-dance-battle-in-their-no-guidance-video","external_links_name":"\"Drake & Chris Brown Act Out A Dance Battle In Their \"No Guidance\" Video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173442/https://genius.com/a/drake-chris-brown-act-out-a-dance-battle-in-their-no-guidance-video","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rkqg89/sese-season-frieza-saga-dragon-ball-z-interview","external_links_name":"\"This Rapper Made an Entire Mixtape About 'Dragon Ball Z,' so We Quizzed Him About 'Dragon Ball Z'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173518/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/rkqg89/sese-season-frieza-saga-dragon-ball-z-interview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thegamer.com/fortnit-dances-emotes-stolen/","external_links_name":"\"25 Fortnite Emotes And Where They Were Stolen From\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408165015/https://www.thegamer.com/fortnit-dances-emotes-stolen/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/07/xavier-woods-on-how-anime-and-wrestling-came-together-at-wrestlemania-32","external_links_name":"\"Xavier Woods on How Anime and Wrestling Came Together at WrestleMania 32\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173535/https://www.ign.com/articles/2016/04/07/xavier-woods-on-how-anime-and-wrestling-came-together-at-wrestlemania-32","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.techtimes.com/articles/147087/20160404/there-was-dragonball-z-cosplay-on-display-at-wrestlemania-32.htm","external_links_name":"\"There Was 'Dragon Ball Z' Cosplay On Display At 'WrestleMania 32'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173530/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/147087/20160404/there-was-dragonball-z-cosplay-on-display-at-wrestlemania-32.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gonkaku.jp/articles/1546","external_links_name":"\"【KNOCK OUT】初参戦目前のぱんちゃん璃奈「KNOCK OUTの女子エースにならないといけないと思ってます」\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240309183327/https://gonkaku.jp/articles/1546","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/itsuki-hirata-discusses-her-transition-to-dragon-balls-android-18/","external_links_name":"\"Itsuki Hirata discusses her transition to Dragon Ball's Android 18\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510175108/https://asianmma.com/itsuki-hirata-discusses-her-transition-to-dragon-balls-android-18/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mmatorch.com/artman2/publish/specialists/article_3679.shtml#.WGnU-X2g1RQ","external_links_name":"\"Whatever happened to... Carlos Newton?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822000912/http://www.mmatorch.com/artman2/publish/specialists/article_3679.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAZqK_dXVWA&t","external_links_name":"Kana Watanabe is addicted to DragonBall, wants more Japanese fighters in Bellator"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220522213312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAZqK_dXVWA&t","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.onefc.com/features/how-anime-inspired-one-stars-to-achieve-martial-arts-success/","external_links_name":"\"How Anime Inspired ONE Stars To Achieve Martial Arts Success\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173535/https://www.onefc.com/features/how-anime-inspired-one-stars-to-achieve-martial-arts-success/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iAxjDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Breaking the Jump: The Secret Story of Parkour's High Flying Rebellion"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240211002443/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAxjDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021011253/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/10/20/developers-and-others-share-their-appreciation-for-the-dragon-ball-franchise.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Developers (And Others) Share Their Appreciation And Dream Games For The Dragon Ball Franchise\""},{"Link":"http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2017/10/20/developers-and-others-share-their-appreciation-for-the-dragon-ball-franchise.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/features/because-nintendo-arms-producer-explains-why-fighters-have-stretchy-arms-w487949","external_links_name":"\"'Because Nintendo': 'Arms' Producer Explains Why Fighters Have Stretchy Arms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173529/https://variety.com/v/gaming/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTb6zX7Hd5I","external_links_name":"Another World Rotoscoping & Interview Eric Chahi"},{"Link":"https://dragon-ball-official.com/news/","external_links_name":"Official Dragon Ball Site"},{"Link":"https://www.viz.com/dragon-ball","external_links_name":"Dragon Ball official website"},{"Link":"https://mangaplus.shueisha.co.jp/titles/100011","external_links_name":"Dragon Ball official manga website"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=297","external_links_name":"Dragon Ball"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14534411x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14534411x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01235593","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Zafira_Tourer
Opel Zafira
["1 Zafira A (1999)","1.1 Zafira OPC","1.2 Markets","1.3 Subaru Traviq","2 Zafira B (2005)","2.1 Names and markets","2.2 Engines","2.3 Known issues and recall","3 Zafira C/Zafira Tourer (2011)","3.1 Engines","4 Awards","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Multi-purpose vehicle "Zafira" redirects here. Not to be confused with Zarifa. "Chevrolet Nabira" redirects here. Not to be confused with Chevrolet Nubira. For the Opel Zafira Life, see Citroën Jumpy. Motor vehicle Opel ZafiraOverviewManufacturerOpel (General Motors)Also calledVauxhall ZafiraProductionJanuary 1999 – 2019 (Europe)Body and chassisClassCompact MPV (C)Body style5-door MPVLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveChronologyPredecessorOpel SintraSuccessorOpel Zafira-e LifeOpel Grandland The Opel Zafira is a car manufactured and marketed across three generations between 1999 and 2019 by Opel. Based on the Opel Astra platform, it is developed to occupy the multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) segment. The Zafira was also marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom until June 2018, the Holden marque in Australia until June 2005, and under a number of other market-specific brands and names. The name "Zafira" derives from the Arabic word meaning to succeed. Since 2011, it received an additional moniker as the Zafira Tourer. Zafira A (1999) Motor vehicle ZafiraOverviewModel codeT98Also calledOpel Zafira (EU)Vauxhall Zafira (UK)Chevrolet Zafira (BR/LATAM)Chevrolet Nabira (Malaysia)Holden Zafira (Australia and New Zealand)Subaru Traviq (Japan)ProductionJanuary 1999 – 2005 (Germany)2000–2005 (Thailand)2001–2012 (Brazil)AssemblyGermany: Bochum (Opel-Werk Bochum)Thailand: Rayong (GM Thailand)Brazil: São José dos Campos (GM Brazil)Body and chassisClassCompact MPVPlatformT-body platformRelatedOpel Astra GPowertrainEnginePetrol:1.6 L Family 1 I41.8 L Family 1 I42.0 L Family II I4 turbo2.2 L Ecotec I4Diesel:2.0 L X20DTL/Y20DTH I42.2 L Y22DTR I4DimensionsWheelbase2,694 mm (106.1 in)Length4,317 mm (170.0 in)Width1,742 mm (68.6 in)Height1,684 mm (66.3 in)Curb weight1,320–1,560 kg (2,910–3,439 lb)ChronologySuccessorChevrolet Spin (South America)Subaru Exiga (for Subaru Traviq, Japan) The first generation Zafira was internally designated as the Zafira A. Co-developed with Porsche, it debuted in concept form at the 1997 Frankfurt Auto Show and entered series production in January 1999, with sales beginning in April of that year. The Zafira shared the T platform with the 1998 Astra G, sharing much commonality with that car. The Zafira seated seven passengers in three rows. Using a system marketed as Flex 7, the split back seat could fold into the floor to increase cargo space, without requiring removal. Offered with a series of petrol engines and initially a single diesel offering, the "X" engines were replaced by the newer "Z" engine generation in 2000. These featured variable intake manifolds and were able to meet Euro 3 emissions standards. The 2.0-litre turbodiesels were complemented by a 125 PS (92 kW) 2.2-litre option in January 2002. The Zafira A body was used in GM/Opel's concept hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle the GM HydroGen3. A facelift was launched in February 2003 at the Geneva Motor Show. The Zafira ranked third in the European Car of the Year for 2000, behind only the Fiat Multipla and Toyota Yaris. In TüV's ranking of the quality of three year old cars, the Zafira was by far the best Opel; only slightly behind the winning Ford Focus. Zafira A production ended on 25 May 2005, in Bochum. It was replaced by Zafira B in Europe, but was still sold in most other markets until 2012 (albeit that its cousin the Chevrolet Astra was discontinued in 2011), except for Australia and New Zealand, where the model was cancelled altogether. Opel Zafira A Vauxhall Zafira (UK, pre-facelift) Vauxhall Zafira (UK, facelift) Holden Zafira (Australia, pre-facelift) Chevrolet Zafira (Brazil) Zafira OPC Introduced at Geneva in February 2001, the turbocharged Zafira OPC went on sale in October 2001. With 192 PS (141 kW), this was the fastest minivan on sale in Europe. Only available with a five speed manual transmission, 0–100 km/h (62 mph) can be reached in 8.2 seconds and the top speed is 220 km/h (137 mph). Opel Zafira A OPC Rear view Markets The Zafira was marketed in the Philippines from 2001 to 2005, as the last Europe-based Opel marketed in the Philippines after they stopped selling the Opel Astra in 2003. Although sold as the Chevrolet Zafira, it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Philippine-market by its distributor, GM Philippines. The Zafira was produced and sold in the Thailand from 2000 to 2005. it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Thai-market by its distributor, GM Thailand. Thailand’s domestic family wagon segment with 3,946 units sold. The Zafira A was sold in Malaysia as the Chevrolet Nabira. Subaru Traviq The Zafira was sold in Japan from August 2001 through to November 2004 as the Subaru Traviq alongside the standard Opel vehicle. In exchange, Subaru supplied the Subaru Forester as the Chevrolet Forester in India since 2003. According to Subaru, the Traviq name was a combination of the words "travel" and "quick". Imported from Thailand, the Traviq was originally only available with the bigger 2.2 litre engine, although a 1.8 L, lower priced alternative was added in July 2003. The engines used were not Subaru supplied boxer engines, but were conventional in line units that were uncharacteristic to market recognised Subaru products, and all-wheel drive was also not available. The sale of the Zafira as a Subaru created a conflict with previously established Yanase Co., Ltd. retail dealerships, in that Yanase was already selling Opel products, like the Zafira. When production of the Traviq ended, Yanase continued to import Opel products into Japan until 2006. It was replaced later in 2008 by the Subaru Exiga – developed from the Subaru Legacy platform. Subaru Traviq (Japan) Zafira B (2005) Motor vehicle Zafira BOpel Zafira B (2005–2009)OverviewModel codeA05Also calledVauxhall Zafira (UK)Chevrolet ZafiraOpel Zafira Family (2011–2014)Production2005–20142012–2014 (Russia)Model years2006–2014AssemblyGermany: BochumPoland: GliwiceRussia: KaliningradBody and chassisClassCompact MPVPlatformT platformRelatedOpel Astra HOpel Meriva BPowertrainEnginePetrol:1.6 L Family 1 I41.8 L Family 1 I42.0 L Ecotec I4 turbo2.2 L Ecotec I4Diesel:1.7 L CDTi I41.9 L CDTi I4Transmission5-speed manual6-speed manual4-speed automatic6-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,703 mm (106.4 in)Length4,468 mm (175.9 in)Width1,801 mm (70.9 in)Height1,801 mm (70.9 in) (2006–2008)1,636 mm (64.4 in) (2009–present)ChronologySuccessorChevrolet HHR (Mexico)Chevrolet Orlando (Chile) The second generation Zafira, internally designated Zafira B, debuted in Europe on 12 February 2005, with sales starting on 9 June 2005. It shared the platform and mechanical parts with the Opel Astra H. In February 2007, the Zafira B was launched in Singapore. By March 2007, the model had only been introduced in Europe and Singapore. It went on sale in Mexico in April 2006, and Chile in September 2007. In both countries, it was branded as the Chevrolet Zafira. Although this generation was replaced in the end of 2011 by the Zafira C, this model remained in production until May 2014 as the Zafira Family. This name change occurred in markets including Germany. Names and markets Vauxhall Zafira – United Kingdom Chevrolet Zafira – Chile and Mexico Opel Zafira – Europe (except for United Kingdom), Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan & South Africa In Mexico the Chevrolet Zafira was discontinued after the 2006 model year, and replaced by the five-passenger Chevrolet HHR. Opel Zafira B (2005–2009) Opel Zafira B (2009–2014) Rear view (2009–2014) Dashboard (Opel Zafira B 2006) Opel Zafira OPC(2009–2011) Vauxhall Zafira (United Kingdom) (2005–2009) Vauxhall Zafira VXR (United Kingdom) (2005–2009) Vauxhall Zafira (United Kingdom) (2009–2014) Vauxhall Zafira (With new badge design) (United Kingdom) Chevrolet Zafira B (2005-2009) Chevrolet Zafira B (2009-2014) Engines The Zafira B's engine line was partly carried over from the previous Astra/Zafira generation. Opel replaced the 2.0 and 2.2 turbodiesel I4 engines with 1.9 L common rail turbodiesels developed by Fiat (Multijet). Opel Performance Center developed a turbocharged 240 hp (180 kW) 2.0 L performance version of the Zafira B as well. A CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) version of the new Zafira with a 1.6 L engine is also available. Petrol engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque CO2 emission (g/km) Years Notes 1.6 TwinPort I4 1,598 cc 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) at 6,000 rpm 150 N⋅m (111 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm 172 (2005–08) EU4 1.6 TwinPort 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,000 rpm 155 N⋅m (114 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm 157 (2008–11) EU5 1.8 VVT 1,796 cc 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 6,300 rpm 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm 168 (2005–11) 2.2 VVT 2,198 cc 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 6,000 rpm 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm 197 (2005–10) EU4 2.0 Turbo 1,998 cc 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 4,900–6,000 rpm 262 N⋅m (193 lb⋅ft) at 1,850–4,900 rpm 228 (2005–09) 240 PS (177 kW; 237 hp) at 6,000 rpm 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) 230 (2005–10) Diesel engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque CO2 emission (g/km) Years Notes 1.7 CDTI Ecotec I4 1,686 cc 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 4,000 rpm 260 N⋅m (192 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm 134 2009–11 EU5 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 4,000 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–3,500 rpm 2010–11 1.9 CDTI Ecotec 1,910 cc 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 4,000 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–2,500 rpm 167 2005 EU3 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–2,550 rpm 159 2005–10 EU4 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 4,000 rpm 315 N⋅m (232 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–2,500 rpm 167 2005 EU3 315 N⋅m (232 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–2,500 rpm 159 2005–10 EU4 Known issues and recall In December 2015, safety officials in the United Kingdom asked Vauxhall to initiate a full safety recall of the model Zafira B, due to a worrying level of car fires apparently or alleged to have been caused by 'Improper Repairs'. The fires continued, even those recalled, and a second full safety recall was announced in May 2016, with all owners advised not to use the fan in speeds regulated by the "resistor pack" which contained a solder based unreliable safety critical thermal fuse, until the second recall, starting August 2016, had been carried out. On 3 May 2018, a criminal investigation into Vauxhall's handling of the fires of the Zafira B and recalls was launched in the United Kingdom. On 31 August 2019, major damage occurred in a parking garage in Cork, Ireland when an Opel Zafira caught fire. On 7 January 2020, there was a spontaneous fire in an Opel Zafira, which caused over 200 to 300 cars in a parking garage at Stavanger Airport, Sola to be destroyed. No people were harmed. Zafira C/Zafira Tourer (2011) Motor vehicle Zafira C/Zafira TourerOverviewModel codeA11Also calledOpel Zafira Tourer (Europe)Vauxhall Zafira Tourer (UK)Production2011–2019 (Opel) 2011–2018 (Vauxhall)AssemblyGermany: BochumGermany: RüsselsheimRussia: Kaliningrad (2012–2015)DesignerQuentin Huber (FL, exterior)Body and chassisClassCompact MPVPlatformDelta II platformRelatedOpel Astra JOpel CascadaChevrolet Orlando (first generation)PowertrainEnginePetrol:1.4 L A14NEL (LUH)/U14NFT I4 turbo1.6 L A16XHT (LVP) / A16SHT/B16SHT (LWC) I41.8 L VVT I4Petrol CNG:1.6 L GM Opel A16XNT I4Petrol LPG:1.4 L A14NET I4Diesel:1.6 L CDTI I42.0 L CDTI/CDTI ecoFLEX/CDTI Bi-Turbo I4Transmission5-speed manual6-speed manual6-speed automaticDimensionsWheelbase2,760 mm (108.7 in)Length4,660 mm (183.5 in)Width1,820 mm (71.7 in)Height1,690 mm (66.5 in) The third generation of the Zafira, called the Zafira Tourer, was previewed in concept form at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, as the 'Zafira Tourer Concept'. It was largely based on the Opel Astra J, and when the Zafira Tourer C went on sale, the Zafira B remained on sale from 2011 up to 2014, albeit in facelifted form as the "Zafira Family", to act as a smaller and cheaper version, as the Zafira Tourer C increased in size, to act as a proper rival to the Ford C-Max. A hybrid/electric version was expected to follow during 2012. This car indirectly replaced the Opel Sintra, the only previous full sized Vauxhall/Opel MPV in Europe, which was discontinued in May 1999 after just three years on sale, as a slow selling product built in the United States. The production version debuted at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and went on sale November 2011. A natural gas version of the Zafira Tourer was announced in December 2011. A dual fuel vehicle, its CNG tank driving the car 530 kilometres, and a 14-litre petrol tank provided additional range or operation when a CNG filling station was not available. In June 2016, a facelift was unveiled for 2017 (with sales starting at the end of 2016), dropping 'Tourer' from the name when sold as an Opel. As part of the upgrade, new front and rear bumpers and new interior brought styling in line with the Opel Astra K. OnStar navigation was also introduced as part of an updated IntelliLink infotainment system, complete with 4G LTE hotspot, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility. Other new options for MY2017 included adaptive LED headlights, "Opel Eye" front camera, high beam assist, traffic sign assist, forward collision warning, lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control. In June 2018, the Vauxhall Zafira Tourer was discontinued from the United Kingdom, citing the rise of SUV and crossover vehicles. In 2019, it was replaced by LCV-based Zafira Life. Opel Zafira Tourer Concept Opel Zafira Tourer 1.4 Turbo Opel Zafira Tourer C CNG Opel Zafira Tourer (facelift) Vauxhall Zafira Tourer Vauxhall Zafira Tourer (facelift) Dashboard Interior (facelift) - Panoramic Windscreen Engines All engines had a six speed manual gearbox as standard, bar the 1.8 petrol, which had a five speed manual gearbox as standard. An automatic gearbox was available as an option on the 1.4T and 2.0 CDTI (165 PS), both without S/S. An EcoFLEX version went on sale in 2012, equipped with the 2.0 CDTI (130PS) engine and it gained a Start/Stop system to make it more economical, emitting 119g/km of CO2, as for petrol variants they were 1.4T ecoFLEX with a Start/Stop system with same amount of power (120 and 140 PS) like standard versions but with lower CO2 emissions – 144g/km and better fuel efficiency. In 2013, two all new engines were introduced: 1.6 SIDI Turbo petrol engine with 170 PS and 200 PS, and newly developed 1.6 CDTI diesel engine with 136 PS. In September 2014, Opel introduced its all new generation of engines – Large Diesel engines, starting with 2.0 CDTI engine with 170 PS and 400 Nm, which is a part of new strategy in which Opel will introduce seventeen new engines, in a period from 2014–2018. Petrol engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO2 emission (g/km) Year 1.4 Turbo S/S I4 1364 cc 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 4,900–6000 rpm 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) at 1,850–4,900 rpm N/A in UK 154 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 4,900–6000 rpm 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) at 1,850–4,900 rpm 154 1.6 Turbo SIDI 1598 cc 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 6000 (4250) rpm 260 N⋅m (192 lb⋅ft) (overboost 280 (207)) at 1650–3200 (4250) rpm 144 2013– 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) at 5500 rpm 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) (overboost 300 (221)) at 1650–3500 rpm 154 2014– 1.8 VVT 1796 cc 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) at 5,600 rpm 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm 169 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 6,300 rpm 175 N⋅m (129 lb⋅ft) at 3,800 rpm 169 LPG/CNG engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO2 emission (g/km) Year 1.4 Turbo ecoFLEX I4 1364 cc 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 4,900–6000 rpm 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) at 1,850–4,900 rpm LPG 139 1.6 Turbo ecoFLEX I4 1598 cc 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 5,000 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 2,300–5,000 rpm CNG 129 Diesel engine Model Engine Displacement Power Torque Note CO2 emission (g/km) Year 1.6 CDTI I4 1598 cc 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 4,000 rpm 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm N/A in UK 119 2014–2019 136 PS (100 kW; 134 hp) at 3,500–4,000 rpm 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm 109 2013–2019 2.0 CDTI 1956 cc 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 4,000 rpm 260 N⋅m (192 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm N/A in UK 137 2011–2014 2.0 CDTI ecoFLEX S/S 130 PS (96 kW; 130 hp) at 4,000 rpm 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm from 2013 only with AT 119; 154 with AT 2012–2019 2.0 CDTI S/S 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 4,000 rpm 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm 137 2012–2014 2.0 CDTI ecoFLEX S/S 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 3,750 rpm 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm 129 2015–2019 2.0 CDTI Bi-Turbo S/S 195 PS (143 kW; 192 hp) at 4,000 rpm 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) at 1,750–2,500 rpm 144 2012–2019 Awards The Zafira Tourer was awarded "Best Estate" at the German Car of the Year awards of 2012. The Zafira Tourer scored a five star rating in Euro NCAP. The Opel Zafira Tourer won the prestigious "Golden Steering Wheel 2012" award from German publications Auto Bild, Bild am Sonntag and twenty six European partner magazines. Notes ^ OPC version only. ^ Until 2014. ^ From 2014. References ^ "Opel moves mobility forward from Ampera to Zafira Tourer Concept". Opel Ireland. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2013. The Zafira Tourer Concept brings Insignia ambition, quality and innovative technologies to the large MPV segment. ^ a b "Vauxhall Zafira Tourer and GTC axed due to rise of SUVs". ^ a b "Configurator". Opel. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ a b Nötzli, Max, ed. (7 March 2002). Automobil Revue 2002 (in German and French). Vol. 97. Berne, Switzerland: Büchler Grafino AG. p. 455. ISBN 3-905386-02-X. ^ Mora, Rodrigo (27 June 2012). "Chevrolet apresenta a Spin, substituta de Meriva e Zafira" . Auto Esporte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ a b c "Gebrauchtwagentest: Opels Bester" , AutoBild (in German), Hamburg, Germany: Axel Springer Auto Verlag, 25 February 2002 ^ a b Automobil Revue 2002, p. 454 ^ "Zafira: Facts and Figure". ramp-it.net. 24 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2012. ^ "Test Driving the Chevrolet Nabira". 5 January 2005. ^ Stopford, William (21 November 2018). "Obscure Rebadges From Around The World: Part 6". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ a b "検索結果: 2001年 スバル トラヴィック Sパッケージ" (in Japanese). Gazoo.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2012. ^ "JAPAN: Subaru plans 4WD next-generation Opel Zafira-based Traviq". Just Auto. 20 December 2001. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ "At home in Europe and the world". Opel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. ^ "Not global: Opel out of GM Delta". Automotive News. 11 February 2002. ^ Ciferri, Luca (20 June 2002). "Fiat, General Motors developing joint Stilo-Astra platform". autoweek.com. Retrieved 6 November 2015. ^ Wolkenstein, Peter (4 August 2012). "Opel Zafira Family gegen Opel Zafira Tourer: Welcher Van ist der bessere Kauf?". auto motor und sport (in German). Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ Chris Choi (14 December 2015). "Vauxhall Zafira upgraded to full safety recall status". itv.com. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ "Vauxhall Zafira recall: What you need to know". ITV. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016. ^ "Vauxhall Zafira fires face criminal investigation". BBC News. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ English, Eoin (26 October 2019). "Car which caused Cork shopping centre car-park fire removed for specialist examination". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ Holter, Mikael (8 January 2020). "Hundreds of cars destroyed by fire at Norway airport". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 11 January 2020. ^ a b "Opel Zafira Tourer Production To Remain In Germany". 15 May 2013. ^ "Opel Zafira". Wroom.ru (in English and Russian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ "Mondial de Paris 2016 : Rencontre avec l'Opel Karl Rocks et son designer Quentin Huber - Le Nouvel Automobiliste". lenouvelautomobiliste.fr/. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ McIlroy, John (1 March 2011). "Geneva motor show: Vauxhall Zafira". Auto.cz. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ Phillips, Tom (8 February 2011). "Vauxhall's next Zafira previewed as Tourer Concept". Auto Express. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ "New CNG Zafira Tourer with Best-in-Class 530 km Natural Gas Range" (Press release). Opel. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ Wong, James (June 2016). "2017 Opel Zafira facelift unveiled". CarAdvice. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ^ "Opel Zafira Life : Changement de cap". L'Automobile Magazine (in French). 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021. ^ "Opel Reveals New Zafira Tourer Before Frankfurt Show". GM Authority. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. ^ "All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris". Media Opel. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. ^ "Opel Zafira Tourer wins 'Golden Steering Wheel 2012' award". Opel Media Europe. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opel Zafira. Official Opel Zafira Tourer website (Ireland) vteOpelA marque of StellantisVehiclesQuadricycles Rocks Electric Cars Astra Corsa Crossovers/SUVs Crossland Frontera (2024) Grandland Mokka Vans Combo Movano Vivaro/Zafira Life Discontinuedmodels Adam (2012–2019) Admiral (1937–1939, 1964–1977) Agila (2000–2014) Antara (2006–2015) Ampera (2011–2015) Ampera-e (2017–2019) Arena (1997–2001) Ascona (1970–1988) Astravan (1981–2012) Blazer (1995–2002) Bedford Blitz (1973–1986) Blitz (1930–1975) Calibra (1989–1997) Campo (1992–2001) Cascada (2013–2019) Chevette (1980–1982) Commodore (1967–1982) Corsavan (1983–2018) Diplomat (1964–1977) 5/12 PS "Puppchen" (1911–1920) 4/8 PS "Doktorwagen" (1909–1910) Frontera (1991–2004) GT (1968–1973, 2006–2009) Insignia (2008–2022) Kadett (1937–1940, 1962–1991) Kapitän (1939–1970) Karl (2014–2019) 4 PS “Laubfrosch” (1924–1931) Manta (1970–1988) Meriva (2003–2017) Monterey (1992–1999) Movano A/B (1998–2021) Monza (1978–1986) Olympia (1935–1940, 1947–1953, 1967–1970) Olympia Rekord (1953–1957) Omega (1986–2004) Patent Motor Car, System Lutzmann (1899–1902) P4 (1935–1937) RAK (1928) RAK2 (1928) Regent (1928–1929) Rekord (1953–1986) Senator (1978–1993) Signum (2003–2008) Sintra (1996–1999) Speedster (2000–2005) Super 6 (1937–1938) Tigra (1994–2001, 2004–2009) 10/30 (10/35) PS (1922–1924) Vectra (1988–2008) Vivaro (2001–2018) Zafira/Zafira Tourer (1999–2019) Concept cars Flextreme Flextreme GT/E Frogster GTC Concept HydroGen3 HydroGen4 Insignia Concept Maxx Meriva Concept Monza Concept Omega V8 Omega V8.com Signum2 Concept Junior RAK e Slalom Tech 1 Trixx Twin Manta GSe ElektroMOD Divisions and subsidiaries Vauxhall VXR Opel Performance Center People Adam Opel (founder) Fritz von Opel Rikky von Opel Wilhelm von Opel Facilities Aspern Brandenburg Ellesmere Port Eisenach Gliwice Luton Szentgotthárd Tychy Zaragoza Other Vauxhall Motors GM platforms GM engines PSA engines GM transmissions Intellilink Irmscher RAK1 Steinmetz Opel Tuning Opel Rally Team Category Commons vte« previous — Opel car timeline, 1980s–present Ownership General Motors PSA Group Stellantis Class 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Quadricycle Rocks-e City car Agila A Agila B Karl Adam Supermini Corsa A Corsa B Corsa C Corsa D Corsa E Corsa F Chevette Ampera-e Small family car Ampera Kadett D Kadett E / Belmont Astra F Astra G Astra H Astra J Astra K Astra L Large family car Ascona B Ascona C Vectra A Vectra B Vectra C / Signum Insignia A Insignia B Executive car Rekord E / Commodore C Omega A Omega B Luxury car Senator A Senator B Coupé Tigra A Manta B Calibra Monza Convertible Tigra TwinTop B Cascada Roadster Speedster GT (Roadster) Mini MPV Meriva A Compact MPV Meriva B Zafira A Zafira B Large MPV Sintra Zafira Tourer C Mini SUV Mokka A Mokka B Crossland Compact SUV Frontera A Frontera B Antara Grandland Mid-size SUV Monterey Pickup Campo/Brava Panel van / LAV Kadett Combo A Combo B Combo C Combo D Combo E LCV Bedford Blitz Arena Vivaro A Vivaro B Vivaro C Movano A Movano B Movano C Legend/Notes      PSA/Stellantis platform      GM platform      Sourced from Lotus      Sourced from Fiat      Sourced from Renault      Sourced from Suzuki      Sourced from Isuzu vteVauxhall MotorsA marque of StellantisVehiclesCars Astra Corsa Insignia Crossovers/SUVs Crossland Grandland Mokka Vans Combo Movano Vivaro Historic and discontinued models 10–4 (1937–1947) 12 (1937–1946) 14–6 (1939–1948) 14 And 14/40 (1922–1927) 20/60 (1927–1930) 23/60 (1922–1926) 25 (1937–1940) 25/70 (1926–1928) 30-98 (1913–1922) A Type (1911–1914) B Type (1911–1914) C Type (1911–1913) D Type (1912–1922) Adam (2012–2019) Agila (2000–2014) Ampera (2012–2015) Antara (2006–2015) Arena (1997–2001) Astramax (1984–1992) Astravan (1992–2012) Belmont (1986–1991) Brava (1990–1998) Calibra (1989–1999) Carlton (1978–1994) Cascada (2013–2019) Cavalier (1975–1995) Chevette (1975–1984) Corsavan (1994–2018) Cresta (1954–1972) Firenza (1970–1975) Frontera (1991–2004) Magnum (1973–1978) Meriva (2003–2017) Midi (1990–1994) Monaro (2004–2006) Monterey (1994–1998) Movano (1980–1921) Nova (1983–1993) Omega (1994–2003) Rascal (1990–1993) Royale (1978–1983) Senator (1983–1994) Signum (2003–2008) Sintra (1996–1999) Tigra (1994–2001, 2004–2009) Vectra (1995–2008) Velox (1948–1965) Ventora (1968–1976) Viceroy (1978–1982) Victor (1957–1978) Viscount (1966–1972) Viva (1963–1979, 2015–2019) Vivaro (2001–2018) VXR8 (2009–2017) VX220 (2000–2005) VX4/90 (1961–1972) Wyvern (1948–1957) Zafira (1999–2018) Divisions andsubsidiaries Bedford VXR People Duncan Aldred Wayne Cherry Gerry Marshall Laurence Pomeroy Factories Dunstable Ellesmere Port Luton Other GM Platforms GM Engines PSA Engines GM Transmissions Proving Grounds Dealer Team Vauxhall Intellilink Irmscher Opel Slant Four Vauxhall Motors F.C. Category Commons vteChevrolet, a marque of the General Motors, car timeline, South American market, 1980–present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 City car Hatch Spark II (Lite) Spark III (GT) Sedan Beat (NB) Subcompact car Hatch Celta Chevette Hatch Corsa I Corsa II Onix I / Joy Agile Onix II Aveo I Aveo II / Sonic Bolt EV Sedan Corsa Sedan I / Classic I Classic IF Chevette Prisma I Sail II Sail III Corsa Sedan II Prisma II / Joy Plus Cobalt Onix Plus Wagon Marajó Corsa Wagon MPV Meriva Spin CrossoverSUV Tracker I / Grand Vitara Groove Tracker II Tracker III Compact car Hatch Astra F Astra G Kadett Vectra GT / Astra H Cruze Sport6 I Cruze Sport6 II Sedan Astra Sedan G Vectra / Astra Sedan H Cruze I Cruze II Wagon Ipanema Astra Wagon F MPV Zafira CrossoverSUV Captiva Sport Captiva II Captiva I Equinox Mid-size /Large family car Sedan Monza Vectra A Vectra B Malibu VII Malibu VIII Vectra CCH Vectra DCH CrossoverSUV Blazer Full-size /Executive car Sedan Opala Omega A Omega B Omega C Omega C Wagon Caravan Suprema CrossoverSUV Traverse Coupé Opala Coupé Calibra Tigra Camaro V Camaro VI SUV /Pickup trucks Mini SUV Vitara Coupé utility Chevy 500 Corsa Pick-up Montana I Montana II Compactpickup truck Montana III Mid-size Blazer Trailblazer S-10 I S-10 II S-10 Max Full-size Veraneio I Veraneio II Grand Blazer C-10/D-10 A-20/C-20/D-20 Silverado LCV Trafic / SpaceVan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zarifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarifa"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Nubira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Nubira"},{"link_name":"Citroën Jumpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Jumpy"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Opel Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocar_vauxhall-zafira-2"},{"link_name":"Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"}],"text":"\"Zafira\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Zarifa.\"Chevrolet Nabira\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Chevrolet Nubira.For the Opel Zafira Life, see Citroën Jumpy.Motor vehicleThe Opel Zafira is a car manufactured and marketed across three generations between 1999 and 2019 by Opel. Based on the Opel Astra platform, it is developed to occupy the multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) segment.[1]The Zafira was also marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom until June 2018,[2] the Holden marque in Australia until June 2005, and under a number of other market-specific brands and names.The name \"Zafira\" derives from the Arabic word meaning to succeed. Since 2011, it received an additional moniker as the Zafira Tourer.[3]","title":"Opel Zafira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoBild-6"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Auto_Show"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR02.2-7"},{"link_name":"T platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_T_platform_(FWD)"},{"link_name":"Astra G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR02.2-7"},{"link_name":"variable intake manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_length_intake_manifold"},{"link_name":"Euro 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoBild-6"},{"link_name":"concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"hydrogen-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle"},{"link_name":"fuel cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell"},{"link_name":"GM HydroGen3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroGen3"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"European Car of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Fiat Multipla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Multipla"},{"link_name":"Toyota Yaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Vitz_(XP10)"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AutoBild-6"},{"link_name":"Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_rear_20080811.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2000_Vauxhall_Zafira_Club_16V_1.6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Vauxhall_Zafira_Life_1.8_facelift.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2001-2003_Holden_Zafira_(TT)_van_(2008-12-14).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Zafira.jpg"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe first generation Zafira was internally designated as the Zafira A. Co-developed with Porsche,[6] it debuted in concept form at the 1997 Frankfurt Auto Show and entered series production in January 1999, with sales beginning in April of that year.[7]The Zafira shared the T platform with the 1998 Astra G, sharing much commonality with that car. The Zafira seated seven passengers in three rows. Using a system marketed as Flex 7, the split back seat could fold into the floor to increase cargo space, without requiring removal.Offered with a series of petrol engines and initially a single diesel offering, the \"X\" engines were replaced by the newer \"Z\" engine generation in 2000.[7] These featured variable intake manifolds and were able to meet Euro 3 emissions standards. The 2.0-litre turbodiesels were complemented by a 125 PS (92 kW) 2.2-litre option in January 2002.[6]The Zafira A body was used in GM/Opel's concept hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle the GM HydroGen3.A facelift was launched in February 2003 at the Geneva Motor Show.The Zafira ranked third in the European Car of the Year for 2000, behind only the Fiat Multipla and Toyota Yaris. In TüV's ranking of the quality of three year old cars, the Zafira was by far the best Opel; only slightly behind the winning Ford Focus.[6]Zafira A production ended on 25 May 2005, in Bochum. It was replaced by Zafira B in Europe, but was still sold in most other markets until 2012 (albeit that its cousin the Chevrolet Astra was discontinued in 2011), except for Australia and New Zealand, where the model was cancelled altogether.Opel Zafira A\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira (UK, pre-facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira (UK, facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHolden Zafira (Australia, pre-facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChevrolet Zafira (Brazil)","title":"Zafira A (1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italians-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR02-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_OPC_Line-Paket_(A,_Facelift)_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_12._Oktober_2013,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_OPC_Line-Paket_(A,_Facelift)_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht,_12._Oktober_2013,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Zafira OPC","text":"Introduced at Geneva in February 2001, the turbocharged Zafira OPC went on sale in October 2001. With 192 PS (141 kW), this was the fastest minivan on sale in Europe.[8] Only available with a five speed manual transmission, 0–100 km/h (62 mph) can be reached in 8.2 seconds and the top speed is 220 km/h (137 mph).[4]Opel Zafira A OPC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view","title":"Zafira A (1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Markets","text":"The Zafira was marketed in the Philippines from 2001 to 2005, as the last Europe-based Opel marketed in the Philippines after they stopped selling the Opel Astra in 2003. Although sold as the Chevrolet Zafira, it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Philippine-market by its distributor, GM Philippines.The Zafira was produced and sold in the Thailand from 2000 to 2005. it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Thai-market by its distributor, GM Thailand. Thailand’s domestic family wagon segment with 3,946 units sold.The Zafira A was sold in Malaysia as the Chevrolet Nabira.[9]","title":"Zafira A (1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subaru Forester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Forester"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazooTraviq-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GazooTraviq-11"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_engine"},{"link_name":"in line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_engine"},{"link_name":"Yanase Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanase_(car_dealership)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Subaru Exiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Exiga"},{"link_name":"Subaru Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subaru_TRAVIQ_S_Package_(XM220)_front.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Subaru Traviq","text":"The Zafira was sold in Japan from August 2001 through to November 2004 as the Subaru Traviq alongside the standard Opel vehicle. In exchange, Subaru supplied the Subaru Forester as the Chevrolet Forester in India since 2003.[10]According to Subaru, the Traviq name was a combination of the words \"travel\" and \"quick\".[11] Imported from Thailand,[12] the Traviq was originally only available with the bigger 2.2 litre engine, although a 1.8 L, lower priced alternative was added in July 2003.[11] The engines used were not Subaru supplied boxer engines, but were conventional in line units that were uncharacteristic to market recognised Subaru products, and all-wheel drive was also not available.The sale of the Zafira as a Subaru created a conflict with previously established Yanase Co., Ltd. retail dealerships, in that Yanase was already selling Opel products, like the Zafira. When production of the Traviq ended, Yanase continued to import Opel products into Japan until 2006.[citation needed] It was replaced later in 2008 by the Subaru Exiga – developed from the Subaru Legacy platform.Subaru Traviq (Japan)","title":"Zafira A (1999)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opel Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe second generation Zafira, internally designated Zafira B, debuted in Europe on 12 February 2005, with sales starting on 9 June 2005. It shared the platform and mechanical parts with the Opel Astra H. In February 2007, the Zafira B was launched in Singapore. By March 2007, the model had only been introduced in Europe and Singapore.It went on sale in Mexico in April 2006, and Chile in September 2007. In both countries, it was branded as the Chevrolet Zafira. Although this generation was replaced in the end of 2011 by the Zafira C, this model remained in production until May 2014 as the Zafira Family. This name change occurred in markets including Germany.[16]","title":"Zafira B (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet HHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_HHR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_08-7-2005_silver_hr.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_B_Facelift_front_20090923.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_B_Facelift_rear_20090923.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_2006_dashboard.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leopel_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005_Vauxhall_Zafira_Life_1.6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Vauxhall_Zafira_VXR_2.0.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Vauxhall_Zafira_Exclusive_Facelift_1.6_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Vauxhall_Zafira_Exclusiv_1.6_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Zafira_1.8_Essentia_2008_(15995933804).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Zafira_1.9_CDTi_Essentia_2009_(19203931458).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Names and markets","text":"Vauxhall Zafira – United Kingdom\nChevrolet Zafira – Chile and Mexico\nOpel Zafira – Europe (except for United Kingdom), Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan & South AfricaIn Mexico the Chevrolet Zafira was discontinued after the 2006 model year, and replaced by the five-passenger Chevrolet HHR.Opel Zafira B (2005–2009)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Zafira B (2009–2014)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRear view (2009–2014)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDashboard (Opel Zafira B 2006)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Zafira OPC(2009–2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira (United Kingdom) (2005–2009)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira VXR (United Kingdom) (2005–2009)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira (United Kingdom) (2009–2014)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira (With new badge design) (United Kingdom)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChevrolet Zafira B (2005-2009)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChevrolet Zafira B (2009-2014)","title":"Zafira B (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine"},{"link_name":"Opel Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"turbocharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"}],"sub_title":"Engines","text":"The Zafira B's engine line was partly carried over from the previous Astra/Zafira generation. Opel replaced the 2.0 and 2.2 turbodiesel I4 engines with 1.9 L common rail turbodiesels developed by Fiat (Multijet). Opel Performance Center developed a turbocharged 240 hp (180 kW) 2.0 L performance version of the Zafira B as well. A CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) version of the new Zafira with a 1.6 L engine is also available.","title":"Zafira B (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"car fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_fire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cork, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Airport, Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Sola"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Known issues and recall","text":"In December 2015, safety officials in the United Kingdom asked Vauxhall to initiate a full safety recall of the model Zafira B, due to a worrying level of car fires apparently or alleged to have been caused by 'Improper Repairs'.[17]The fires continued, even those recalled, and a second full safety recall was announced in May 2016, with all owners advised not to use the fan in speeds regulated by the \"resistor pack\" which contained a solder based unreliable safety critical thermal fuse, until the second recall, starting August 2016, had been carried out.[18]On 3 May 2018, a criminal investigation into Vauxhall's handling of the fires of the Zafira B and recalls was launched in the United Kingdom.[19]On 31 August 2019, major damage occurred in a parking garage in Cork, Ireland when an Opel Zafira caught fire.[20]On 7 January 2020, there was a spontaneous fire in an Opel Zafira, which caused over 200 to 300 cars in a parking garage at Stavanger Airport, Sola to be destroyed. No people were harmed.[21]","title":"Zafira B (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show#2011"},{"link_name":"Opel Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra"},{"link_name":"Ford C-Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_C-Max"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Opel Sintra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Sintra"},{"link_name":"2011 Frankfurt Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show#2011"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Opel Astra K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Astra"},{"link_name":"OnStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnStar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocar_vauxhall-zafira-2"},{"link_name":"LCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Zafira Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Jumpy#Third_generation_(2016)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-03-04_Autosalon_Genf_1422.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_Tourer_1.4_Turbo_ecoFLEX_Edition_(C)_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht,_15._September_2012,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_Tourer_(front).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_Zafira_C_2016_facelift_at_Schaffen_Diest_(2017).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Vauxhall_Zafira_Tourer_SRi_CDTi_Automatic_2.0_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_Vauxhall_Zafira_Tourer_SRi_CDTi_2.0_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Opel_Zafira_dashboard.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_Vauxhall_Zafira_Tourer_Elite_Nav_Turbo_-_1364cc_1.4_(140PS)_Petrol_-_Mineral_Black_-_05-2024,_Interior.jpg"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe third generation of the Zafira, called the Zafira Tourer, was previewed in concept form at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, as the 'Zafira Tourer Concept'.It was largely based on the Opel Astra J, and when the Zafira Tourer C went on sale, the Zafira B remained on sale from 2011 up to 2014, albeit in facelifted form as the \"Zafira Family\", to act as a smaller and cheaper version, as the Zafira Tourer C increased in size, to act as a proper rival to the Ford C-Max.[25]A hybrid/electric version was expected to follow during 2012. This car indirectly replaced the Opel Sintra, the only previous full sized Vauxhall/Opel MPV in Europe, which was discontinued in May 1999 after just three years on sale, as a slow selling product built in the United States. The production version debuted at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and went on sale November 2011.[26]A natural gas version of the Zafira Tourer was announced in December 2011. A dual fuel vehicle, its CNG tank driving the car 530 kilometres, and a 14-litre petrol tank provided additional range or operation when a CNG filling station was not available.[27]In June 2016, a facelift was unveiled for 2017 (with sales starting at the end of 2016), dropping 'Tourer' from the name when sold as an Opel. As part of the upgrade, new front and rear bumpers and new interior brought styling in line with the Opel Astra K. OnStar navigation was also introduced as part of an updated IntelliLink infotainment system, complete with 4G LTE hotspot, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility.Other new options for MY2017 included adaptive LED headlights, \"Opel Eye\" front camera, high beam assist, traffic sign assist, forward collision warning, lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control.[28]In June 2018, the Vauxhall Zafira Tourer was discontinued from the United Kingdom, citing the rise of SUV and crossover vehicles.[2]In 2019, it was replaced by LCV-based Zafira Life.[29]Opel Zafira Tourer Concept\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Zafira Tourer 1.4 Turbo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Zafira Tourer C CNG\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpel Zafira Tourer (facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira Tourer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVauxhall Zafira Tourer (facelift)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDashboard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior (facelift) - Panoramic Windscreen","title":"Zafira C/Zafira Tourer (2011)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EcoFLEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoFLEX"},{"link_name":"Start/Stop system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-stop_system"},{"link_name":"Start/Stop system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-stop_system"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"1.6 SIDI Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Medium_Gasoline_Engine"},{"link_name":"1.6 CDTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_Medium_diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Engines","text":"All engines had a six speed manual gearbox as standard, bar the 1.8 petrol, which had a five speed manual gearbox as standard. An automatic gearbox was available as an option on the 1.4T and 2.0 CDTI (165 PS), both without S/S.An EcoFLEX version went on sale in 2012, equipped with the 2.0 CDTI (130PS) engine and it gained a Start/Stop system to make it more economical, emitting 119g/km of CO2, as for petrol variants they were 1.4T ecoFLEX with a Start/Stop system with same amount of power (120 and 140 PS) like standard versions but with lower CO2 emissions – 144g/km and better fuel efficiency.[30]In 2013, two all new engines were introduced: 1.6 SIDI Turbo petrol engine with 170 PS and 200 PS, and newly developed 1.6 CDTI diesel engine with 136 PS. In September 2014, Opel introduced its all new generation of engines – Large Diesel engines, starting with 2.0 CDTI engine with 170 PS and 400 Nm, which is a part of new strategy in which Opel will introduce seventeen new engines, in a period from 2014–2018.[31]","title":"Zafira C/Zafira Tourer (2011)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_NCAP"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Zafira Tourer was awarded \"Best Estate\" at the German Car of the Year awards of 2012.\nThe Zafira Tourer scored a five star rating in Euro NCAP.\nThe Opel Zafira Tourer won the prestigious \"Golden Steering Wheel 2012\" award from German publications Auto Bild, Bild am Sonntag and twenty six European partner magazines.[32]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmauthority-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmauthority-23"}],"text":"^ OPC version only.\n\n^ Until 2014.[22]\n\n^ From 2014.[22]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Opel moves mobility forward from Ampera to Zafira Tourer Concept\". Opel Ireland. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2013. The Zafira Tourer Concept brings Insignia ambition, quality and innovative technologies to the large MPV segment.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.gm.com/media/ie/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/ie/en/2011/OPEL/03_01_opel_geneva_2011.html","url_text":"\"Opel moves mobility forward from Ampera to Zafira Tourer Concept\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vauxhall Zafira Tourer and GTC axed due to rise of SUVs\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/vauxhall-zafira-tourer-and-gtc-axed-due-rise-suvs","url_text":"\"Vauxhall Zafira Tourer and GTC axed due to rise of SUVs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Configurator\". Opel. Retrieved 22 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opel.ie/vehicles/opel_range/cars/new_zafira/configurator.html#/engine","url_text":"\"Configurator\""}]},{"reference":"Nötzli, Max, ed. (7 March 2002). Automobil Revue 2002 (in German and French). Vol. 97. Berne, Switzerland: Büchler Grafino AG. p. 455. ISBN 3-905386-02-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-905386-02-X","url_text":"3-905386-02-X"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Rodrigo (27 June 2012). \"Chevrolet apresenta a Spin, substituta de Meriva e Zafira\" [Chevrolet introduces Spin, replacement for Meriva and Zafira]. Auto Esporte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://g1.globo.com/carros/noticia/2012/06/chevrolet-apresenta-nova-spin-substituta-de-meriva-e-zafira.html","url_text":"\"Chevrolet apresenta a Spin, substituta de Meriva e Zafira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gebrauchtwagentest: Opels Bester\" [Used car assessment: Opel's best one], AutoBild (in German), Hamburg, Germany: Axel Springer Auto Verlag, 25 February 2002","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autobild.de/artikel/opel-zafira-i-1999-2005--35361.html","url_text":"\"Gebrauchtwagentest: Opels Bester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zafira: Facts and Figure\". ramp-it.net. 24 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ramp-it.net/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=61","url_text":"\"Zafira: Facts and Figure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Test Driving the Chevrolet Nabira\". 5 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://autoworld.com.my/news/2005/01/05/Test-Driving-the-Chevrolet-Nabira/","url_text":"\"Test Driving the Chevrolet Nabira\""}]},{"reference":"Stopford, William (21 November 2018). \"Obscure Rebadges From Around The World: Part 6\". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/obscure-rebadges-from-around-the-world-part-6/","url_text":"\"Obscure Rebadges From Around The World: Part 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"検索結果: 2001年 スバル トラヴィック Sパッケージ\" [Great Car Pavilion: 2001 Subaru Traviq S-package] (in Japanese). Gazoo.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215226/http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=8502","url_text":"\"検索結果: 2001年 スバル トラヴィック Sパッケージ\""},{"url":"http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=8502","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JAPAN: Subaru plans 4WD next-generation Opel Zafira-based Traviq\". Just Auto. 20 December 2001. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.just-auto.com/news/japan-subaru-plans-4wd-next-generation-opel-zafira-based-traviq/","url_text":"\"JAPAN: Subaru plans 4WD next-generation Opel Zafira-based Traviq\""}]},{"reference":"\"At home in Europe and the world\". Opel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213064432/http://www.opel.com/company/locations.html","url_text":"\"At home in Europe and the world\""},{"url":"http://www.opel.com/experience_opel/company-information/locations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Not global: Opel out of GM Delta\". Automotive News. 11 February 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autonews.com/article/20020211/ANA/202110769/not-global-opel-out-of-gm-delta","url_text":"\"Not global: Opel out of GM Delta\""}]},{"reference":"Ciferri, Luca (20 June 2002). \"Fiat, General Motors developing joint Stilo-Astra platform\". autoweek.com. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/fiat-general-motors-developing-joint-stilo-astra-platform","url_text":"\"Fiat, General Motors developing joint Stilo-Astra platform\""}]},{"reference":"Wolkenstein, Peter (4 August 2012). \"Opel Zafira Family gegen Opel Zafira Tourer: Welcher Van ist der bessere Kauf?\". auto motor und sport (in German). Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/kaufberatung/opel-zafira-family-gegen-opel-zafira-tourer-welcher-van-ist-der-bessere-kauf/","url_text":"\"Opel Zafira Family gegen Opel Zafira Tourer: Welcher Van ist der bessere Kauf?\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Choi (14 December 2015). \"Vauxhall Zafira upgraded to full safety recall status\". itv.com. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-14/vauxhall-reveals-details-of-zafira-fire-investigations/","url_text":"\"Vauxhall Zafira upgraded to full safety recall status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vauxhall Zafira recall: What you need to know\". ITV. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/2016-05-19/vauxhall-zafira-recall-what-you-need-to-know/","url_text":"\"Vauxhall Zafira recall: What you need to know\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)","url_text":"ITV"}]},{"reference":"\"Vauxhall Zafira fires face criminal investigation\". BBC News. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43987134","url_text":"\"Vauxhall Zafira fires face criminal investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"English, Eoin (26 October 2019). \"Car which caused Cork shopping centre car-park fire removed for specialist examination\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30959872.html","url_text":"\"Car which caused Cork shopping centre car-park fire removed for specialist examination\""}]},{"reference":"Holter, Mikael (8 January 2020). \"Hundreds of cars destroyed by fire at Norway airport\". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/hundreds-cars-destroyed-fire-norway-airport","url_text":"\"Hundreds of cars destroyed by fire at Norway airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer Production To Remain In Germany\". 15 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/05/opel-zafira-tourer-production-to-remain-in-germany/","url_text":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer Production To Remain In Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opel Zafira\". Wroom.ru (in English and Russian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180622/http://wroom.ru/en/cars/opel/zafira","url_text":"\"Opel Zafira\""},{"url":"http://wroom.ru/en/cars/opel/zafira","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mondial de Paris 2016 : Rencontre avec l'Opel Karl Rocks et son designer Quentin Huber - Le Nouvel Automobiliste\". lenouvelautomobiliste.fr/. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lenouvelautomobiliste.fr/actualites/mondial-de-paris-2016-rencontre-avec-lopel-karl-rocks-et-son-designer-quentin-huber-203681/","url_text":"\"Mondial de Paris 2016 : Rencontre avec l'Opel Karl Rocks et son designer Quentin Huber - Le Nouvel Automobiliste\""}]},{"reference":"McIlroy, John (1 March 2011). \"Geneva motor show: Vauxhall Zafira\". Auto.cz. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718060842/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/geneva-motor-show-2011/geneva-motor-show-vauxhall-zafira","url_text":"\"Geneva motor show: Vauxhall Zafira\""},{"url":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/255587/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Tom (8 February 2011). \"Vauxhall's next Zafira previewed as Tourer Concept\". Auto Express. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/263524/vauxhalls_next_zafira_previewed_as_tourer_concept.html","url_text":"\"Vauxhall's next Zafira previewed as Tourer Concept\""}]},{"reference":"\"New CNG Zafira Tourer with Best-in-Class 530 km Natural Gas Range\" (Press release). Opel. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2011/OPEL/12_08_opel_zafira_tourer_cng","url_text":"\"New CNG Zafira Tourer with Best-in-Class 530 km Natural Gas Range\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, James (June 2016). \"2017 Opel Zafira facelift unveiled\". CarAdvice. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/449249/2017-opel-zafira-facelift-unveiled/","url_text":"\"2017 Opel Zafira facelift unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opel Zafira Life : Changement de cap\". L'Automobile Magazine (in French). 9 January 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.automobile-magazine.fr/toute-l-actualite/article/24785-opel-zafira-life-changement-de-cap","url_text":"\"Opel Zafira Life : Changement de cap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opel Reveals New Zafira Tourer Before Frankfurt Show\". GM Authority. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2011/05/opel-vauxhall-reveals-new-zafira-tourer-frankfurt-2011/","url_text":"\"Opel Reveals New Zafira Tourer Before Frankfurt Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris\". Media Opel. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/09-10-new-opel-cdti.html","url_text":"\"All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer wins 'Golden Steering Wheel 2012' award\". Opel Media Europe. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2012/opel/11_07_golden_steering_wheel.html","url_text":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer wins 'Golden Steering Wheel 2012' award\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://media.gm.com/media/ie/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/ie/en/2011/OPEL/03_01_opel_geneva_2011.html","external_links_name":"\"Opel moves mobility forward from Ampera to Zafira Tourer Concept\""},{"Link":"https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/vauxhall-zafira-tourer-and-gtc-axed-due-rise-suvs","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall Zafira Tourer and GTC axed due to rise of SUVs\""},{"Link":"http://www.opel.ie/vehicles/opel_range/cars/new_zafira/configurator.html#/engine","external_links_name":"\"Configurator\""},{"Link":"http://g1.globo.com/carros/noticia/2012/06/chevrolet-apresenta-nova-spin-substituta-de-meriva-e-zafira.html","external_links_name":"\"Chevrolet apresenta a Spin, substituta de Meriva e Zafira\""},{"Link":"http://www.autobild.de/artikel/opel-zafira-i-1999-2005--35361.html","external_links_name":"\"Gebrauchtwagentest: Opels Bester\""},{"Link":"http://www.ramp-it.net/v3/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=61","external_links_name":"\"Zafira: Facts and Figure\""},{"Link":"http://autoworld.com.my/news/2005/01/05/Test-Driving-the-Chevrolet-Nabira/","external_links_name":"\"Test Driving the Chevrolet Nabira\""},{"Link":"https://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/obscure-rebadges-from-around-the-world-part-6/","external_links_name":"\"Obscure Rebadges From Around The World: Part 6\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215226/http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=8502","external_links_name":"\"検索結果: 2001年 スバル トラヴィック Sパッケージ\""},{"Link":"http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=8502","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.just-auto.com/news/japan-subaru-plans-4wd-next-generation-opel-zafira-based-traviq/","external_links_name":"\"JAPAN: Subaru plans 4WD next-generation Opel Zafira-based Traviq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213064432/http://www.opel.com/company/locations.html","external_links_name":"\"At home in Europe and the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.opel.com/experience_opel/company-information/locations.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.autonews.com/article/20020211/ANA/202110769/not-global-opel-out-of-gm-delta","external_links_name":"\"Not global: Opel out of GM Delta\""},{"Link":"http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/fiat-general-motors-developing-joint-stilo-astra-platform","external_links_name":"\"Fiat, General Motors developing joint Stilo-Astra platform\""},{"Link":"https://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/kaufberatung/opel-zafira-family-gegen-opel-zafira-tourer-welcher-van-ist-der-bessere-kauf/","external_links_name":"\"Opel Zafira Family gegen Opel Zafira Tourer: Welcher Van ist der bessere Kauf?\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-14/vauxhall-reveals-details-of-zafira-fire-investigations/","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall Zafira upgraded to full safety recall status\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/2016-05-19/vauxhall-zafira-recall-what-you-need-to-know/","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall Zafira recall: What you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43987134","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall Zafira fires face criminal investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30959872.html","external_links_name":"\"Car which caused Cork shopping centre car-park fire removed for specialist examination\""},{"Link":"https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/hundreds-cars-destroyed-fire-norway-airport","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds of cars destroyed by fire at Norway airport\""},{"Link":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2013/05/opel-zafira-tourer-production-to-remain-in-germany/","external_links_name":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer Production To Remain In Germany\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180622/http://wroom.ru/en/cars/opel/zafira","external_links_name":"\"Opel Zafira\""},{"Link":"http://wroom.ru/en/cars/opel/zafira","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lenouvelautomobiliste.fr/actualites/mondial-de-paris-2016-rencontre-avec-lopel-karl-rocks-et-son-designer-quentin-huber-203681/","external_links_name":"\"Mondial de Paris 2016 : Rencontre avec l'Opel Karl Rocks et son designer Quentin Huber - Le Nouvel Automobiliste\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718060842/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/geneva-motor-show-2011/geneva-motor-show-vauxhall-zafira","external_links_name":"\"Geneva motor show: Vauxhall Zafira\""},{"Link":"http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/255587/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/263524/vauxhalls_next_zafira_previewed_as_tourer_concept.html","external_links_name":"\"Vauxhall's next Zafira previewed as Tourer Concept\""},{"Link":"http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2011/OPEL/12_08_opel_zafira_tourer_cng","external_links_name":"\"New CNG Zafira Tourer with Best-in-Class 530 km Natural Gas Range\""},{"Link":"http://www.caradvice.com.au/449249/2017-opel-zafira-facelift-unveiled/","external_links_name":"\"2017 Opel Zafira facelift unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.automobile-magazine.fr/toute-l-actualite/article/24785-opel-zafira-life-changement-de-cap","external_links_name":"\"Opel Zafira Life : Changement de cap\""},{"Link":"http://gmauthority.com/blog/2011/05/opel-vauxhall-reveals-new-zafira-tourer-frankfurt-2011/","external_links_name":"\"Opel Reveals New Zafira Tourer Before Frankfurt Show\""},{"Link":"http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2014/opel/09-10-new-opel-cdti.html","external_links_name":"\"All-new Opel 2.0 CDTI: New Generation Large Diesel Debuts in Paris\""},{"Link":"http://media.opel.com/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2012/opel/11_07_golden_steering_wheel.html","external_links_name":"\"Opel Zafira Tourer wins 'Golden Steering Wheel 2012' award\""},{"Link":"http://www.opel.ie/vehicles/opel_range/cars/new_zafira/index.html","external_links_name":"Official Opel Zafira Tourer website (Ireland)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_Dangat
Aman Dangat
["1 Revolt against Spain","1.1 Founding of the province","1.2 Resistance to policies","1.3 Uprising and death","2 References"]
Filipino chieftain and revolt leader DatuAman DangatBornSabtang Island, BatanesDiedSeptember 1791Basco, BatanesCause of deathExecuted by hangingNationalityFilipinoOther namesKenan, BuenaventuraOccupationChieftain of MalakdangKnown forIvatan Uprising/Dangat Revolt (1785-1791) Aman Dangat, also known as "Kenan", was a powerful Mangpus of the town of Malakdang in the island of Sabtang in Batanes, Philippines who had led a revolt against the Spaniards from 1785 to 1791. Revolt against Spain Founding of the province In 1782, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas sent an expedition in Batanes island and formally subjects the Ivatan people under the Spanish King. Spanish rule was then established in Batanes island on June 26, 1783, and Joseph Huelva y Melgarejo as the first governor of the island and the new province was named Provincia de la Concepcion. Aman Dangat continues to govern his people as a chieftain as per indigenous custom laws. Resistance to policies For easier administration of the people, the villagers of Sabtang and Vuhus were then transferred in San Vicente and San Felix in the town of Ivana in 1785 and it was at this year Aman Dangat first got into trouble with the Spanish authorities as he asked why he should follow Spanish policies. He defied the Spanish policies and initially it was a show of force as he probed the weaknesses and strength of the Spanish authorities. In 1789, the third governor of Batanes Joaquin del Castillo decreed that the Ivatans should live in the newly laid towns, change their costumes and customs and adopt the Spanish government system and obey the law by means of obedience to the governor as king's representative. He felt that the decree has offended him as he was the chieftain of Malakdang. He and about 150 men surrounded the mission house of Dominican priest Fr. Bartolome Artiguez demanding to know if the governor has a plan to arrest him and the priest assured that there was no such plan. He also asked Governor del Castillo and the governor assured him that there was no such plan and told him that he should not hesitate to appeal to the governor if he felt unfairly treated in any way . Uprising and death In 1791, non-Ivatan Filipinos working under Spanish government took from Aman Dangat's people supplies and timber without just compensation, he protested to the governor but instead, his men were chained. Under his leadership, he organized an uprising. Over a hundred men from Sabtang joined him in a revolt and seven government agents were killed.The Spanish authorities have overpowered Aman Dangat's force and were outnumbered by the stronger Spanish forces. Most of his men were killed and convicted. Aman Dangat, a powerful chieftain and a leader fighting for the rights and freedom of the natives, was hanged in public in September 1791 in the town of Basco, Batanes. Before his execution, he was baptized and was named Buenaventura. The people of Sabtang was then immediately ordered to settle in San Vicente and San Felix in the town of Ivana in Batan Island. AMAN DANGAT References ^ Churchill, Bernardita Reyes; Quiason, Serafin D.; Tan, Samuel K. (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission, National Commission for Culture and the Arts. p. 586. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Hornedo, Florentino H. (1983). "Batanes, 1686-1898: History of an Attempt to Change a Culture". Philippine Studies. 31 (4): 491–496. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42632669. ^ a b "Batanes: 9 Interesting Facts About The "Paradise Of The North"". FilipiKnow. August 2, 2019. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Churchill, Bernardita Reyes; Quiason, Serafin D.; Tan, Samuel K. (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission, National Commission for Culture and the Arts. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ "Places to see – Provincial Government of Batanes". Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Reyes Churchill, Bernardita; D. Quiason, Serafin; K. Tan, Samuel (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond. Philippine Centennial Commission National Commission for Culture and the Arts. p. 586. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1983. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ González Alonzo, Fr. Julio, O.P. (1966). "The Batanes Islands", in Acta Manilana, Manila: University of Santo Tomas Research Center ^ a b Acta Manilana. University of Santo Tomás Research Center. 1965. p. 44. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ a b "Sabtang, Batanes". BATANES: MÁVID a LUGAR. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780810872462. Retrieved September 30, 2019. ^ Historical markers, 1992-2006 (in Tagalog). National Historical Institute. 2008. p. 101. ISBN 9789715382168. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mangpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"Malakdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabtang,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Sabtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabtang,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_colonists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Aman Dangat, also known as \"Kenan\", was a powerful Mangpus of the town of Malakdang in the island of Sabtang in Batanes, Philippines who had led a revolt against the Spaniards from 1785 to 1791.[1]","title":"Aman Dangat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Revolt against Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Basco y Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Basco_y_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Ivatan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatan_people"},{"link_name":"Spanish King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Founding of the province","text":"In 1782, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas sent an expedition in Batanes island and formally subjects the Ivatan people under the Spanish King. Spanish rule was then established in Batanes island on June 26, 1783, and Joseph Huelva y Melgarejo as the first governor of the island[citation needed] and the new province was named Provincia de la Concepcion. Aman Dangat continues to govern his people as a chieftain as per indigenous custom laws.[2]","title":"Revolt against Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabtang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabtang,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Vuhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivuhos"},{"link_name":"Ivana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ivatans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatan_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actamanilana-8"},{"link_name":"Malakdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabtang,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-10"}],"sub_title":"Resistance to policies","text":"For easier administration of the people, the villagers of Sabtang and Vuhus were then transferred in San Vicente and San Felix in the town of Ivana in 1785[3] and it was at this year Aman Dangat first got into trouble with the Spanish authorities as he asked why he should follow Spanish policies.[4][5] He defied the Spanish policies and initially it was a show of force as he probed the weaknesses and strength of the Spanish authorities.[6] In 1789, the third governor of Batanes Joaquin del Castillo decreed that the Ivatans should live in the newly laid towns, change their costumes and customs and adopt the Spanish government system[7] and obey the law by means of obedience to the governor as king's representative.[8] He felt that the decree has offended him as he was the chieftain of Malakdang. He and about 150 men surrounded the mission house of Dominican priest Fr. Bartolome Artiguez demanding to know if the governor has a plan to arrest him and the priest assured that there was no such plan. He also asked Governor del Castillo and the governor assured him that there was no such plan and told him that he should not hesitate to appeal to the governor if he felt unfairly treated in any way .[9][10]","title":"Revolt against Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Basco, Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basco,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-10"},{"link_name":"Ivana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Batan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batan_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LM_AMAN_DANGAT_TITLE.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Uprising and death","text":"In 1791, non-Ivatan Filipinos working under Spanish government took from Aman Dangat's people supplies and timber without just compensation, he protested to the governor but instead, his men were chained.[3] Under his leadership, he organized an uprising. Over a hundred men from Sabtang joined him in a revolt and seven government agents were killed.[9]The Spanish authorities have overpowered Aman Dangat's force and were outnumbered by the stronger Spanish forces. Most of his men were killed and convicted.[11]Aman Dangat, a powerful chieftain and a leader fighting for the rights and freedom of the natives, was hanged in public in September 1791 in the town of Basco, Batanes.[12] Before his execution, he was baptized and was named Buenaventura.[10]The people of Sabtang was then immediately ordered to settle in San Vicente and San Felix in the town of Ivana in Batan Island.AMAN DANGAT","title":"Revolt against Spain"}]
[{"image_text":"AMAN DANGAT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LM_AMAN_DANGAT_TITLE.jpg/220px-LM_AMAN_DANGAT_TITLE.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Churchill, Bernardita Reyes; Quiason, Serafin D.; Tan, Samuel K. (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission, National Commission for Culture and the Arts. p. 586. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ&q=Aman+Dangat","url_text":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719201823","url_text":"9789719201823"}]},{"reference":"Hornedo, Florentino H. (1983). \"Batanes, 1686-1898: History of an Attempt to Change a Culture\". Philippine Studies. 31 (4): 491–496. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42632669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837","url_text":"0031-7837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632669","url_text":"42632669"}]},{"reference":"\"Batanes: 9 Interesting Facts About The \"Paradise Of The North\"\". FilipiKnow. August 2, 2019. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://filipiknow.net/batanes-facts-and-trivia/#2_Aman_Dangat","url_text":"\"Batanes: 9 Interesting Facts About The \"Paradise Of The North\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128061513/http://www.filipiknow.net/batanes-facts-and-trivia/#2_Aman_Dangat","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Bernardita Reyes; Quiason, Serafin D.; Tan, Samuel K. (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Philippine Centennial Commission, National Commission for Culture and the Arts. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ&q=Aman+Dangat","url_text":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719201823","url_text":"9789719201823"}]},{"reference":"\"Places to see – Provincial Government of Batanes\". Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123124/https://www.voyagine.com/batanes/tourism/places-to-see/","url_text":"\"Places to see – Provincial Government of Batanes\""},{"url":"https://www.voyagine.com/batanes/tourism/places-to-see/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reyes Churchill, Bernardita; D. Quiason, Serafin; K. Tan, Samuel (1998). The Philippine Revolution and Beyond. Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts. p. 586. ISBN 9789719201823. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719201823","url_text":"9789719201823"}]},{"reference":"Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1983. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYduAAAAMAAJ&q=aman+dangat","url_text":"Philippine Studies"}]},{"reference":"Acta Manilana. University of Santo Tomás Research Center. 1965. p. 44. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EyskAQAAIAAJ&q=aman+dangat+","url_text":"Acta Manilana"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabtang, Batanes\". BATANES: MÁVID a LUGAR. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mavidalugar.com/sabtang-batanes/","url_text":"\"Sabtang, Batanes\""}]},{"reference":"Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780810872462. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=aman+dangat&pg=PA31","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810872462","url_text":"9780810872462"}]},{"reference":"Historical markers, 1992-2006 (in Tagalog). National Historical Institute. 2008. p. 101. ISBN 9789715382168. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5b6mq4ed0C&q=aman+dangat+buenaventura","url_text":"Historical markers, 1992-2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715382168","url_text":"9789715382168"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ&q=Aman+Dangat","external_links_name":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837","external_links_name":"0031-7837"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632669","external_links_name":"42632669"},{"Link":"https://filipiknow.net/batanes-facts-and-trivia/#2_Aman_Dangat","external_links_name":"\"Batanes: 9 Interesting Facts About The \"Paradise Of The North\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128061513/http://www.filipiknow.net/batanes-facts-and-trivia/#2_Aman_Dangat","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ&q=Aman+Dangat","external_links_name":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930123124/https://www.voyagine.com/batanes/tourism/places-to-see/","external_links_name":"\"Places to see – Provincial Government of Batanes\""},{"Link":"https://www.voyagine.com/batanes/tourism/places-to-see/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Philippine Revolution and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYduAAAAMAAJ&q=aman+dangat","external_links_name":"Philippine Studies"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EyskAQAAIAAJ&q=aman+dangat+","external_links_name":"Acta Manilana"},{"Link":"https://mavidalugar.com/sabtang-batanes/","external_links_name":"\"Sabtang, Batanes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=aman+dangat&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Philippines"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5b6mq4ed0C&q=aman+dangat+buenaventura","external_links_name":"Historical markers, 1992-2006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_H._Rumsfeld
Donald Rumsfeld
["1 Early life and education","1.1 Naval service","2 Career in government (1962–1975)","2.1 Member of Congress","2.2 Nixon administration","2.3 Ford administration","3 Secretary of Defense (1975–1977)","3.1 SALT II Treaty","4 Return to the private sector (1977–2000)","4.1 Business career","4.2 Part-time public service","4.3 Presidential and vice-presidential aspirations","5 Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)","5.1 September 11, 2001 attacks","5.2 Military decisions in the wake of 9/11","5.3 War in Afghanistan","5.4 Iraq War","5.5 Prisoner abuse and torture concerns","5.6 Resignation","6 Retirement and later life (2006–2021)","7 Death","8 Electoral history","9 Awards","10 Honours","11 Legacy and reputation","12 Affiliation history","12.1 Institutional affiliations","12.2 Government posts, panels, and commissions","12.3 Corporate connections and business interests","12.4 Education","13 Gallery","14 Works","15 See also","16 Citations","17 General and cited sources","18 External links"]
American politician and diplomat (1932–2021) "Rumsfeld" redirects here. For the professor, see John S. Rumsfeld. Donald RumsfeldOfficial portrait, 200113th and 21st United States Secretary of DefenseIn officeJanuary 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006PresidentGeorge W. BushDeputyPaul WolfowitzGordon EnglandPreceded byWilliam CohenSucceeded byRobert GatesIn officeNovember 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977PresidentGerald FordDeputyBill ClementsPreceded byJames SchlesingerSucceeded byHarold Brown6th White House Chief of StaffIn officeSeptember 21, 1974 – November 20, 1975PresidentGerald FordPreceded byAlexander HaigSucceeded byDick Cheney9th United States Ambassador to NATO In officeFebruary 2, 1973 – September 21, 1974PresidentRichard NixonGerald FordPreceded byDavid KennedySucceeded byDavid BruceDirector of the Cost of Living CouncilIn officeOctober 15, 1971 – February 2, 1973PresidentRichard NixonPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedCounselor to the PresidentIn officeDecember 11, 1970 – October 15, 1971Serving with Robert FinchPresidentRichard NixonPreceded byBryce HarlowDaniel Patrick MoynihanSucceeded byRobert Finch3rd Director of the Office of Economic OpportunityIn officeMay 27, 1969 – December 11, 1970PresidentRichard NixonPreceded byBertrand HardingSucceeded byFrank CarlucciMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 13th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1963 – May 25, 1969Preceded byMarguerite ChurchSucceeded byPhil Crane Personal detailsBornDonald Henry Rumsfeld(1932-07-09)July 9, 1932Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedJune 29, 2021(2021-06-29) (aged 88)Taos, New Mexico, U.S.Resting placeArlington National CemeteryPolitical partyRepublicanSpouse Joyce Pierson ​(m. 1954)​Children3EducationPrinceton University (AB)Case Western Reserve UniversityGeorgetown UniversitySignatureWebsiteLibrary websiteNickname"Rummy"Military serviceBranchUnited States NavyYears of service1954–1957 (active)1957–1975 (Reserve)1975–1989 (Ready Reserve)RankCaptain Donald Rumsfeld's voice Rumsfeld opens the first Pentagon press conference after the September 11 attacksRecorded September 11, 2001 This article is part of a series onConservatismin the United States Schools Compassionate Fiscal Fusion Libertarian Moderate Movement Neo- Paleo- Progressive Social Traditionalist Principles American exceptionalism Anti-communism Christian nationalism Classical liberalism Constitutionalism Familialism Family values Federalism States' rights Gender essentialism Complementarianism Judeo-Christian values Individualism Law and order Limited government Militarism Moral absolutism Natural law Ordered liberty Patriotism Republicanism Right to bear arms Rule of law Tradition History Conservative coalition Conservative Democrat Conservative Manifesto Loyalists McCarthyism Modern timeline New Right Old Right Reagan Doctrine Reaganomics Stalwart Republicans Southern Agrarians Intellectuals Anton Babbitt Bell Bellow Bloom Boorstin Buckley Burnham Chambers Conquest Deneen Derbyshire Dolan Durant Eastman Eliot George Gottfried Hanson Hazony Hoppe Jaffa de Jouvenel Kimball Kirk Kirkpatrick Kreeft Kristol Kuehnelt-Leddihn Laffer Lasch Lovecraft Lukacs Mansfield Mencken Meyer Molnar Murray Nisbet Nock O'Connor Ong Ransom Repplier Rieff Santayana Sowell Strauss Sumner Viereck Voegelin Washington Weaver Yarvin Politicians Abbott Adams Quincy Adams Agnew Buchanan Bush (George H. W.) Bush (George W.) Cantor Cheney (Dick) Cheney (Liz) Clay Cleveland Coolidge Cruz DeSantis Dole Fillmore Forbes Gingrich Goldwater Graham Haley Hamilton Harding Hawley Helms Hoover Huckabee Johnson Jordan Lodge Luce Massie Masters McCain McCarthy (Joseph) McCarthy (Kevin) McConnell McDonald Meadows Meese Nixon Palin Paul (Rand) Paul (Ron) Pence Quayle Ramaswamy Reagan Romney Rubio Rumsfeld Ryan Santorum Scalise Scott (Rick) Scott (Tim) Sessions Seymour Sherman Taft (Robert) Taft (William) Thurmond Tilden Trump Vance Wolfowitz Yoo Jurists Alito Barrett Bork Burger Butler Colson Goldsmith Gorsuch Harlan II Kavanaugh Kennedy O'Connor Parker Rehnquist Roberts Scalia Sessions Sanford Sutherland Taft Thomas Commentators Beck Bartiromo Bongino Breitbart Buchanan Buckley Caldwell Carlson Cooper Coulter Crowder Dillon D'Souza Douthat Dreher Drudge Elder Goldberg Grant Haider Hanania Hannity Hodgetwins Huckabee Ingraham Jones Khachiyan Kirk Klavan Knowles Krauthammer Lahren Last Levin Limbaugh McGinnis Nekrasova North Novak O'Reilly Owens Palin Park Peterson Podhoretz Prager Robertson Rubin Santorum Shapiro Tatum Walsh Watters Weyrich White Will Williams Woods Yarvin Activists Bannon Bozell III Dobson Falwell Feulner Gabriel Graham Horowitz Kirk Kristol LaHaye (Beverly) LaHaye (Tim) Leo Miller Owens Prager Reed Rufo Schlafly (Andrew) Schlafly (Phyllis) Shapiro Thiel Thomas Washington Weyrich Wurzelbacher Literature Democracy in America (1835–1840) Democracy and Leadership (1924) I'll Take My Stand (1930) Our Enemy, the State (1935) The Managerial Revolution (1941) Ideas Have Consequences (1948) God and Man at Yale (1951) The Conservative Mind (1953) The Conscience of a Conservative (1960) A Choice Not an Echo (1964) Roots of American Order (1974) Losing Ground (1984) A Conflict of Visions (1987) The Closing of the American Mind (1987) A Republic, Not an Empire (1999) The Right Nation (2004) Hillbilly Elegy (2017) The Benedict Option (2017) Why Liberalism Failed (2018) PartiesActive American Party American Independent Party Conservative Party of New York State Constitution Party Republican Party Defunct Anti-Masonic Party Constitutional Union Party Federalist Party Law and Order Party of Rhode Island National Republican Party Native American Party Whig Party Think tanks Acton Institute Alexis de Tocqueville Institution American Enterprise Institute American Compass Center for Security Policy Center for the National Interest Charles Koch Institute Claremont Institute Competitive Enterprise Institute David Horowitz Freedom Center Discovery Institute Ethics and Public Policy Center Family Research Institute Gatestone Institute Heartland Institute The Heritage Foundation Hoover Institution Hudson Institute Intercollegiate Studies Institute Leadership Institute Manhattan Institute Mises Institute Pacific Research Institute Project for the New American Century Ripon Society R Street Institute Rockford Institute State Policy Network Tax Foundation Witherspoon Institute Other organizations Economics American Liberty League Americans for Tax Reform Club for Growth Freedom Partners FreedomWorks John M. Olin Foundation National Federation of Independent Business National Taxpayers Union Tea Party Patriots United States Chamber of Commerce Gun rights Gun Owners of America National Rifle Association Second Amendment Caucus Identity politics ACT for America Concerned Women for America Council of Conservative Citizens Independent Women's Forum Log Cabin Republicans Nationalism Federation for American Immigration Reform Liberty Lobby NumbersUSA Oath Keepers Three Percenters Religion Alliance Defending Freedom American Center for Law & Justice American Family Association The American TFP Arlington Group Chalcedon Foundation Christian Coalition of America Christian Voice Eagle Forum Family Research Council The Fellowship Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Liberty Counsel Moral Majority National Organization for Marriage National Right to Life Committee Parents Television and Media Council Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America Thomas More Law Center Traditional Values Coalition Watchdog groups Judicial Watch Media Research Center Youth/student groups Turning Point USA Young America's Foundation Young Americans for Liberty Youth for Western Civilization Miscellaneous American Conservative Union The Conservative Caucus Council for National Policy Faith and Freedom Coalition Freedom Caucus John Birch Society National Association of Scholars National Conservative PAC Philadelphia Society Republican Study Committee Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal Other ConservAmerica Federalist Society Pacific Justice Institute Regnery Publishing Republican Main Street Partnership Media Newspapers Chicago Tribune Dallas Morning News The Epoch Times New Hampshire Union Leader New York Observer New York Post The Spotlight The Wall Street Journal (editorial board) The Washington Times Journals American Affairs The American Conservative The American Spectator American Thinker City Journal Claremont Review of Books Commentary Chronicles The Dispatch First Things The Imaginative Conservative Jewish World Review Modern Age National Affairs The National Interest National Review Public Discourse Tablet Taki's Magazine Telos The New American The New Atlantis The New Criterion Policy Review (Defunct) Spectator USA Washington Examiner The Weekly Standard (Defunct) TV channels CBN Fox Business Fox News Newsmax TV One America News Network Websites Babylon Bee Breitbart News The Bulwark Campus Reform Conservative Review Daily Caller Daily Signal Daily Wire Drudge Report The Federalist FrontPage Magazine Gateway Pundit Hot Air Human Events Independent Journal Review InfoWars Jihad Watch LifeZette NewsBusters PJ Media Rare RedState The Dispatch Townhall Twitchy Washington Examiner The Washington Free Beacon The Western Journal WorldNetDaily Other Blaze Media Encounter Books Imprimis Million Dollar Extreme PragerU Red Scare Regnery Publishing RSBN Sinclair Broadcast Group The Rubin Report The First Movements Asian and Pacific Islander Black Christian right Dark Enlightenment Female Green Hispanic and Latino LGBT Libertarian Republicans Militia movement Patriot movement Radical Right Reactionary feminism Tea Party movement Trumpism See also American nationalism Barstool conservatism Conservative talk radio CPAC Founding Fathers Libertarianism List Prominent people Monarchism in the United States Conservatism portal United States portalvte Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under president Gerald Ford, and again from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He was both the youngest and the oldest secretary of defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), counselor to the president (1969–1973), the U.S. Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and the White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975). Between his terms as secretary of defense, he served as the CEO and chairman of several companies. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be Secretary of Defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993 and chairman of Gilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001. Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq. Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; no stockpiles were ever found. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers". Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial for its use of torture and the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography, Known and Unknown: A Memoir, as well as Rumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. Early life and education Rumsfeld's 1954 yearbook portrait from Princeton Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born at St. Lukes Hospital on July 9, 1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley (née Husted) and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German family that had emigrated in the 1870s from Weyhe in Lower Saxony,: 15–16  but young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a "tough Swiss.": 16 and 31  Growing up in Winnetka, Illinois, Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and was the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America and its Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational church. From 1943 to 1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California, while his father was stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949. Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In the band, the young Rumsfeld played drums and also excelled at saxophone. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with an A.B. in politics after completing a senior thesis titled "The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers". During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team, and captain of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back. While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They had three children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. He attended Case Western Reserve University School of Law and the Georgetown University Law Center, but did not take a degree from either institution. Naval service Rumsfeld (right, standing) as a Navy lieutenant in 1955 Rumsfeld served in the United States Navy from 1954 to 1957, as a naval aviator and flight instructor. His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to the T-28 advanced trainer. In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as a drilling reservist. On July 1, 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker. He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989. Career in government (1962–1975) Member of Congress Rumsfeld during his time in Congress In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant to David S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan. Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, A. G. Becker & Co., from 1960 to 1962, Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming a member of Congress. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968. While in Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee, the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the Freedom of Information Act. In 1965, following the defeat of Barry Goldwater by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election, which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in the House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replace Charles A. Halleck as Republican leader. Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for the Republican leadership became known as the "Young Turks". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeed James Schlesinger as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975. During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how the war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that the South Vietnamese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland. The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from the Johnson administration, the Democrats, who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration. As a young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the University of Chicago, an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an all volunteer military, and to the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics. He later took part in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose. During his tenure in the House, Rumsfeld voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Nixon administration Rumsfeld in 1971 as Director of Cost of Living CouncilRumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 – his fourth term – to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a position with Cabinet rank. Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress, and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that the OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job.: 119–121  After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's "assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House," which "sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility". As director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize the Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as "a laboratory for experimental programs".: 125  Several beneficial anti-poverty programs were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci and Dick Cheney to serve under him.Rumsfeld with his son, Nick, in the Oval Office with President Nixon, 1973 He was the subject of one of writer Jack Anderson's columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid the poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake.: 125  When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status.: 75  He was given an office in the West Wing in 1969 and regularly interacted with the Nixon administration hierarchy. He was named director of the Economic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and later headed up the Cost of Living Council. In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that." In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels, Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee, and the Nuclear Planning Group. In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between Cyprus and Turkey.: 157  Ford administration Chief of Staff Rumsfeld (left) and Deputy-Chief of Staff Dick Cheney (right) meet with President Ford, April 1975. In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the "Young Turks" who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives. As the new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff, following Ford's appointment of General Alexander Haig to be the new Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975. Secretary of Defense (1975–1977) Rumsfeld is sworn in as Secretary of Defense in November 1975 In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the Halloween Massacre. Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events. Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense and George H. W. Bush to become Director of Central Intelligence. According to Bob Woodward's 2002 book Bush at War, a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career." Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During the hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a "clear and present danger," especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination. On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 97–2. At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became the youngest person to serve as United States Secretary of Defense as of 2023. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and President Ford share a laugh in a Cabinet meeting, 1975. Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on January 15, 1976 During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks. He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up), that trends in comparative U.S.-Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world". For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles, the B-1 bomber, and a major naval shipbuilding program. Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following the successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between the Department of Defense and NASA to develop Skylab. Another result of the cooperation was the Space Shuttle program. SALT II Treaty During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty. Rumsfeld, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown drafted the treaty. However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration. In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly". Rumsfeld's first tenure as Secretary of Defense ended on January 20, 1977. He was succeeded by former Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown. Return to the private sector (1977–2000) Business career In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management. His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois. During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Journalist Andrew Cockburn of Harper's Magazine claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product, aspartame, was shown to have potentially dangerous effects by leveraging old government contacts at the Food and Drug Administration. In 1985, Searle was sold to the Monsanto Company. Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993. A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television (HDTV) technology. After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993. From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir), which is used in the treatment of bird flu as well as influenza A and influenza B in humans. As a result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond. Part-time public service Rumsfeld with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz in the Oval Office, White House on November 3, 1983 During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan, at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the Iran–Iraq War. The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to the Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president. As President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East, Rumsfeld met with Saddam Hussein during a visit to Baghdad in December 1983, during the Iran–Iraq War. When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposing Syria's occupation of Lebanon; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve the U.S. might support a new oil pipeline across Jordan, which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of chemical weapons.": 159–60  Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir Known and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein "has been the subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American client state. The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic.": 6  The Washington Post reported that "Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration's tilt toward Iraq—he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts." In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992); a member of the FCC's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed. During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration, and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and the National Park Foundation. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group. Rumsfeld was a member of the Project for the New American Century, a think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri's board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea, as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" though Fortune magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project". The Bush administration repeatedly criticized the 1994 agreement and the former Clinton presidency for its softness towards North Korea, regarding the country as a state sponsor of terrorism, and later designated North Korea as part of the Axis-of-Evil. Presidential and vice-presidential aspirations During the 1976 Republican National Convention, Rumsfeld received one vote for Vice President of the United States, although he did not seek the office, and the nomination was easily won by Ford's choice, Senator Bob Dole. During the 1980 Republican National Convention he again received one vote for vice president. Rumsfeld briefly sought the presidential nomination in 1988, but withdrew from the race before primaries began. During the 1996 election season, he initially formed a presidential exploratory committee, but declined to formally enter the race. He was instead named national chairman for Republican nominee Bob Dole's campaign. Secretary of Defense (2001–2006) Rumsfeld is administered the oath of office as the 21st Secretary of Defense on January 20, 2001, by Director of Administration and Management David O. Cooke (left), as Joyce Rumsfeld holds the Bible in a ceremony at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001 despite Rumsfeld's past rivalry with the previous President Bush. Bush's first choice, FedEx founder Fred Smith, was unavailable and Vice President-elect Cheney recommended Rumsfeld for the job. Rumsfeld's second tenure as Secretary of Defense cemented him as the most powerful Pentagon chief since Robert McNamara and one of the most influential Cabinet members in the Bush administration. His tenure proved to be a pivotal and rocky one that led the United States military into the 21st century. Following the September 11 attacks, Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent 2003 invasion of Iraq. He pushed hard to send as small a force as soon as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as the Rumsfeld Doctrine. Throughout his time as defense secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press. U.S. News & World Report called him "a straight-talking Midwesterner" who "routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter". By the same token, his leadership was exposed to much criticism through books covering the Iraq conflict, like Bob Woodward's State of Denial, Thomas E. Ricks' Fiasco, and Seymour Hersh's Chain of Command. September 11, 2001 attacks "The Pentagon is functioning" was the message Rumsfeld stressed during a press conference in the Pentagon briefing room barely eight hours after terrorists crashed a hijacked commercial jetliner into the Pentagon. Rumsfeld is flanked, left to right, by Secretary of the Army Tom White, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Hugh Shelton, and Senators John Warner (R-VA), and Carl Levin (D-MI), the Ranking Member and Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them in coordinated strikes into both towers of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City, and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and its target was likely a prominent building in Washington, D.C., most probably either the U.S. Capitol Building or the White House. Within three hours of the start of the first hijacking and two hours after American Airlines Flight 11 struck the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld raised the defense condition signaling of the United States offensive readiness to DEFCON 3, the highest it had been since the Arab–Israeli war in 1973. Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon, just eight hours after the attacks and stated, "It's an indication that the United States government is functioning in the face of this terrible act against our country. I should add that the briefing here is taking place in the Pentagon. The Pentagon's functioning. It will be in business tomorrow." Military decisions in the wake of 9/11 Rumsfeld and New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani speak at the site of the World Trade Center attacks in Lower Manhattan on November 14, 2001. On the afternoon of September 11, Rumsfeld issued rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of possible Iraqi involvement in regard to what had just occurred, according to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone. "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H." – meaning Saddam Hussein – "at same time. Not only UBL" (Osama bin Laden), Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying. "Need to move swiftly – Near term target needs – go massive – sweep it all up. Things related and not." In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with his deputy Paul Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to John Kampfner, "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case." President George W. Bush reacted to Rumsfeld's suggestion, "Wait a minute, I didn't hear a word said about him (Saddam Hussein) being responsible for the attack" and the idea was initially rejected at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on "pre-emption" and the war on Iraq, which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters. Richard A. Clarke, the White House counter-terrorism coordinator at the time, has revealed details of another National Security Council meeting the day after the attacks, during which officials considered the U.S. response. Already, he said, they were certain al-Qa'ida was to blame and there was no hint of Iraqi involvement. "Rumsfeld was saying we needed to bomb Iraq," according to Clarke. Clarke then stated, "We all said, 'No, no, al-Qa'ida is in Afghanistan.'" Clarke also revealed that Rumsfeld complained in the meeting, "there aren't any good targets in Afghanistan and there are lots of good targets in Iraq." Rumsfeld even suggested to attack other countries like Libya and Sudan, arguing that if this was to be a truly "global war on terror" then all state sponsors of terrorism should be dealt with. Rumsfeld wrote in Known and Unknown, "Much has been written about the Bush administration's focus on Iraq after 9/11. Commentators have suggested that it was strange or obsessive for the President and his advisers to have raised questions about whether Saddam Hussein was somehow behind the attack. I have never understood the controversy. I had no idea if Iraq was or was not involved, but it would have been irresponsible for any administration not to have asked the question.": 347  A memo written by Rumsfeld dated November 27, 2001, considers an Iraq war. One section of the memo questions "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.-Iraq War. War in Afghanistan Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001 Rumsfeld directed the planning for the War in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks. On September 21, 2001, USCENTCOM Commander General Tommy Franks, briefed the President on a plan to destroy al Qaeda in Afghanistan and remove the Taliban government. General Franks, also initially proposed to Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops, preceded by six months of preparation. Rumsfeld, however feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War and the 1842 retreat from Kabul by the British. Rumsfeld rejected Franks's plan, saying "I want men on the ground now!" Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing U.S. Special Forces. Despite air and missile attacks against al Qaeda in Afghanistan, USCENTCOM had no pre-existing plans for conducting ground operations there. Rumsfeld (center) converses with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad (right) during a visit to Kandahar, Afghanistan, on February 26, 2004 The September 21, 2001 plan emerged after extensive dialogue, but Secretary Rumsfeld also asked for broader plans that looked beyond Afghanistan. On October 7, 2001, just hours after the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon stating "While our raids today focus on the Taliban and the foreign terrorists in Afghanistan, our aim remains much broader. Our objective is to defeat those who use terrorism and those who house or support them. The world stands united in this effort". Rumsfeld also stated "the only way to deal with these terrorist threats is to go at them where they exist. You cannot defend at every place at every time against every conceivable, imaginable, even unimaginable terrorist attack. And the only way to deal with it is to take the battle to where they are and to root them out and to starve them out by seeing that those countries and those organizations and those non-governmental organizations and those individuals that are supporting and harboring and facilitating these networks stop doing it and find that there's a penalty for doing it". Rumsfeld in another press conference at the Pentagon on October 29, 2001, stated "As the first weeks of this effort proceed, it bears repeating that our goal is not to reduce or simply contain terrorist acts, but our goal is to deal with it comprehensively. And we do not intend to stop until we've rooted out terrorist networks and put them out of business, not just in the case of the Taliban and the Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, but other networks as well. And as I've mentioned, the Al Qaeda network crosses some 40, 50-plus countries." Rumsfeld announced in November 2001, that he received "authoritative reports" that Al-Qaeda's number three Mohammed Atef, bin Laden's primary military chief and a planner of the September 11 attacks on America, was killed by a U.S. airstrike. "He was very, very senior," Rumsfeld said. "We obviously have been seeking out." In a press conference at the Pentagon on November 19, 2001, Rumsfeld described the role of U.S. ground forces in Afghanistan as firstly in the north, American troops are "embedded in Northern Alliance" elements, helping arrange food and medical supplies and pinpointing airstrikes and in the south, commandos and other troops are operating more independently, raiding compounds, monitoring roadblocks and searching vehicles in the hope of developing more information about al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders. On December 16, 2001, Rumsfeld visited U.S. troops in Afghanistan at Bagram Air Base. On March 15, 2002, in another press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the mission of Operation Anaconda by stating "Operation Anaconda continues in the area south of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. The fighting is winding down as you know. Coalition forces are for the most part in an exploitation phase, doing the difficult work of searching caves and clearing areas where the battles and fighting has taken place. Our forces are finding weapons, ammunition, some intelligence information. In the top 25 al Qaeda, we know some are dead and we know some may be dead; we know some are captured and there are a larger number that we don't know. And roughly the same proportions with respect to Taliban". On May 1, 2003, Rumsfeld during a visit to Afghanistan meeting with U.S. troops stationed in Kabul told the press "General Franks and I have been looking at the progress that's being made in this country and have concluded that we are at a point where we clearly have moved from major combat activity to a period of stability and stabilization and reconstruction and activities." "I should underline however, that there are still dangers, there are still pockets of resistance in certain parts of the country and General McNeal and General Franks and their, the cooperation they have with the President Karzai's government and leadership and Marshall Fayheems assistance. We will be continuing as a country to work with the Afghan government and the new Afghan National Army to see that the any areas where there is resistance to this government and to the coalition forces will be dealt with promptly and efficiently." There was also controversy between the Pentagon and the CIA over who had the authority to fire Hellfire missiles from Predator drones. Even though the drones were not ready for deployment until 2002, Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon have argued that "these quarrels kept the Predator from being used against al Qaeda ... One anonymous individual who was at the center of the action called this episode 'typical' and complained that 'Rumsfeld never missed an opportunity to fail to cooperate. The fact is, the Secretary of Defense is an obstacle. He has helped the terrorists.' In December 2005, Rumsfeld again visited Kabul and met with the Afghan defense minister, Rahim Wardak. During the meeting, Rumsfeld expressed doubts about the effectiveness of the Afghan army and attributed the worsening situation in Afghanistan to ineffective governance. He criticized the longstanding plan to expand the Afghan army to 70,000 troops and requested a reduction in the size of the Afghan army to 52,000 at most, claiming that this was necessary to "suit Afghanistan's limited revenues." Shortly after the trip, Rumsfeld also withdrew 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan and canceled the planned deployment of one army brigade headed there. In 2009, three years after Rumsfeld's tenure as Defense secretary ended, the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations led an investigation into the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001, during the early phase of the U.S-led coalition war in Afghanistan. They concluded that Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and General Franks had not committed enough troops during the battle to secure the area around Tora Bora. They believed that Al-Qaeda's number one leader Osama bin Laden had likely been at Tora Bora and his escape prolonged the war in Afghanistan. Rumsfeld and Franks were apparently motivated by fear that a substantial American presence near Tora Bora could incite a rebellion by local Pashtuns, despite the latter's lack of organizational capability at the time and the fierce dissent voiced by many CIA analysts including Charles E. Allen (who warned Franks that "the back door was open") and Gary Berntsen (who called for army rangers to "kill this baby in the crib"). Instead of rangers or marines, the U.S. assault on Tora Bora relied on the CIA-backed Afghan militias of Hazrat Ali and Zahir Qadeer, supplemented with B-52 bombardment. The resulting influx of hundreds of al-Qaeda fighters into Pakistan destabilized the country and damaged Pakistan–United States relations. The follow-up Operation Anaconda "witnessed failures of planning and execution, the product of the fractured lines of command," as recounted by Steve Coll. In mid-2002, Rumsfeld announced that "The war is over in Afghanistan," to the disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai. Iraq War Rumsfeld, accompanied by General Richard Myers and military representatives from the International Security Assistance Force, speaks to the press on March 11, 2002 Rumsfeld (left) and General Tommy Franks (right), commander of United States Central Command, listen to a question at a Pentagon press conference on March 5, 2003 Before and during the Iraq War, Rumsfeld claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; in particular during his famous phrase "there are known knowns" in a press conference at the Pentagon on February 12, 2002, no stockpiles were ever found. Bush administration officials also claimed that there was an operational relationship between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide, Douglas J. Feith, "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers". The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack fell to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result, "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States". On January 22, 2003, after the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of "Old Europe", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe. Romanian President Ion Iliescu (right) awards the "Star of Romania" decoration to Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld After the war in Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld participated in a meeting in regard to the review of the Department of Defense's Contingency Plan in the event of a war with Iraq. The plan, as it was then conceived, contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld felt was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote: As Newbold outlined the plan ... it was clear that Rumsfeld was growing increasingly irritated. For Rumsfeld, the plan required too many troops and supplies and took far too long to execute. It was, Rumsfeld declared, the "product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military". In a press conference at the Pentagon on February 27, 2003, Rumsfeld told reporters after being asked a question that Army Chief of Staff General Eric Shinseki suggested it would take several hundred thousand troops on the ground to secure Iraq and provide stability. Is he wrong?. Rumsfeld replied "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces I think is far from the mark. The reality is that we already have a number of countries that have offered to participate with their forces in stabilization activities, in the event force has to be used." Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon on March 20, 2003, just hours after the launch of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, where he announced the first strike of the war to liberate Iraq and that "The days of the Saddam Hussein regime are numbered," and "We continue to feel there is no need for a broader conflict if the Iraqi leaders act to save themselves and act to prevent such a conflict." Rumsfeld's role in directing the Iraq War included a plan that was the Shock and Awe campaign, which resulted in a lightning invasion with 145,000 soldiers on the ground that took Baghdad in well under a month with very few American casualties. Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of the Coalition Provisional Authority. A violent insurrection began shortly after the military operation started. On March 30, 2003, in an interview with George Stephanopoulos on ABC's This Week program, Rumsfeld answered a question by Stephanopoulos about finding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "We know where they are. They're in the area around Tikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south and north somewhat." On April 9, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld addressed reporters during the Fall of Baghdad, and stated "The scenes of free Iraqis celebrating in the streets, riding American tanks, tearing down the statues of Saddam Hussein in the center of Baghdad are breathtaking." After the Iraq invasion, U.S. troops were criticized for not protecting the historical artifacts and treasures located at the National Museum of Iraq. On April 11, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, when asked at the time why U.S. troops did not actively seek to stop the lawlessness, Rumsfeld replied, "Stuff happens ... and it's untidy and freedom's untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. They're also free to live their lives and do wonderful things. And that's what's going to happen here." He further commented that, "The images you are seeing on television you are seeing over, and over, and over, and it's the same picture of some person walking out of some building with a vase, and you see it 20 times, and you think, "My goodness, were there that many vases?" On July 24, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the release of photographs of the deceased sons of Saddam Hussein, Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein. "It is not a practice that the United States engages in on a normal basis," Rumsfeld said. "I honestly believe that these two are particularly bad characters and that it's important for the Iraqi people to see them, to know they're gone, to know they're dead, and to know they're not coming back." Rumsfeld also said, "I feel it was the right decision, and I'm glad I made it." In October 2003, Rumsfeld approved a secret Pentagon "roadmap" on public relations, calling for "boundaries" between information operations abroad and the news media at home. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the U.S. government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter that psychological operations reach the American public. On December 14, 2003, Rumsfeld in an interview with journalist Lesley Stahl on 60 Minutes after U.S. forces captured Saddam Hussein in Operation Red Dawn, stated, "Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasn't very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didn't use it, and certainly did not put up any fight at all. I think that ... he resulted in the death of an awful lot of Iraqi people, in the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave." As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the public message from the Department of Defense. People will "rally" to the word "sacrifice", Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. "They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory." In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against "worldwide insurgency". He advised aides "to test what the results could be" if the war on terrorism were renamed. Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks on and responses to U.S. newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war. During Rumsfeld's tenure, he regularly visited U.S. troops stationed in Iraq. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that though Rumsfeld didn't specify a withdrawal date for troops in Iraq, "He says it would be unrealistic to wait for Iraq to be peaceful before removing U.S. led forces from the country, adding that Iraq had never been peaceful and perfect." On August 2, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the sectarian violence in Iraq where he stated "there's sectarian violence; people are being killed. Sunnis are killing Shi'a and Shi'a are killing Sunnis. Kurds seem not to be involved. It's unfortunate, and they need a reconciliation process." On October 26, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon after the failure of Operation Together Forward in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated "Would defeat in Iraq be so bad?" Well, the answer is: Yes, it would be. Those who are fighting against the Iraqi government want to seize power so that they can establish a new sanctuary and a base of operations for terrorists and any idea that U.S. military leaders are rigidly refusing to make adjustments in their approaches is just flat wrong. The military is continuing to adapt and to adjust as required. Yes, there are difficulties and problems to be sure." As a result, Rumsfeld stirred controversy as to whether the forces that did invade Iraq were enough in size. In 2006, Rumsfeld responded to a question by Brit Hume of Fox News as to whether he pressed General Tommy Franks to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the war: Absolutely not. That's a mythology. This town is filled with this kind of nonsense. The people who decide the levels of forces on the ground are not the Secretary of Defense or the President. We hear recommendations, but the recommendations are made by the combatant commanders and by members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and there hasn't been a minute in the last six years when we have not had the number of troops that the combatant commanders have requested. Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level. Throughout his tenure, Rumsfeld sought to remind the American people of the 9/11 attacks and threats against Americans, noting at one time in a 2006 memo to "ake the American people realize they are surrounded in the world by violent extremists". According to a report by The Guardian, Rumsfeld was allegedly including biblical quotes in top secret briefing papers to appeal George W Bush, known for his devout religious beliefs, to invade Iraq as more like "holy war" or "a religious crusade" against Muslims. In a September 2007 interview with The Daily Telegraph, General Mike Jackson, the head of the British army during the invasion, criticized Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq as "intellectually bankrupt", adding that Rumsfeld is "one of those most responsible for the current situation in Iraq", and that he felt that "the US approach to combating global terrorism is 'inadequate' and too focused on military might rather than nation building and diplomacy." In December 2004, Rumsfeld was heavily criticized for using a signing machine instead of personally signing over 1000 letters of condolence to the families of soldiers killed in action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He promised to personally sign all letters in the future. Prisoner abuse and torture concerns Further information: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Comment from Rumsfeld: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing limited to 4 hours?" The Department of Defense's preliminary concerns for holding, housing, and interrogating captured prisoners on the battlefield were raised during the military build-up prior to the Iraq War. Because Saddam Hussein's military forces surrendered when faced with military action, many within the DOD, including Rumsfeld and United States Central Command General Tommy Franks, decided it was in the best interest of all to hand these prisoners over to their respective countries. Additionally, it was determined that maintaining a large holding facility was, at the time, unrealistic. Instead, the use of many facilities such as Abu Ghraib to house prisoners of interest prior to handing them over, and Rumsfeld defended the Bush administration's decision to detain enemy combatants. Because of this, critics, including members of the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, held Rumsfeld responsible for the ensuing Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld himself said: "These events occurred on my watch as Secretary of Defense. I am accountable for them." He offered his resignation to President Bush in the wake of the scandal, but it was not accepted. Rumsfeld poses with Marines during one of his trips to Camp Fallujah, Iraq, on Christmas Eve 2004 In a memo read by Rumsfeld detailing how Guantanamo Bay detention camp interrogators induced stress in prisoners by forcing them to remain standing in one position for a maximum of four hours, Rumsfeld scrawled a handwritten note on the memo reading: "I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing limited to 4 hours? D.R." Various organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, called for investigations of Rumsfeld regarding his involvement in managing the Iraq War and his support of the Bush administration's policies of "enhanced interrogation techniques", which are widely regarded as torture. Legal scholars have argued that Rumsfeld "might be held criminally responsible if would be prosecuted by the ICC". In 2005 the ACLU and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld and other top government officials, "on behalf of eight men who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U.S. forces under the command of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld". In 2005, a suit was filed against Rumsfeld by several human rights organizations for allegedly violating U.S. and international law that prohibits "torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment". Donald Vance and Nathan Ertel filed suit against the U.S. government and Rumsfeld on similar grounds, alleging that they were tortured and their rights of habeas corpus were violated. In 2007, U.S. District Judge Thomas F. Hogan ruled that Rumsfeld could not "be held personally responsible for actions taken in connection with his government job". The ACLU tried to revive the case in 2011 with no success. In 2004, German prosecutor Wolfgang Kaleck filed a criminal complaint charging Rumsfeld and 11 other U.S. officials as war criminals who either ordered the torture of prisoners or drafted laws that legitimated its use. The charges based on breaches of the UN Convention against Torture and the German Code of Crimes against International Law. Resignation Rumsfeld with former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher alongside the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace, 2006 Eight U.S. and other NATO-member retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the "Generals Revolt", accusing him of "abysmal" military planning and lack of strategic competence. Commentator Pat Buchanan reported at the time that Washington Post columnist David Ignatius, who traveled often to Iraq and supported the war, said the generals "mirror the views of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more". Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating, "out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round." Bush defended Rumsfeld throughout and responded by stating that Rumsfeld is "exactly what is needed". Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006. On November 1, 2006, Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president. Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, 2006, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it on Election Day, November 7, 2006. In the elections, the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. After the elections on November 8, 2006, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning. Bush nominated Robert Gates to succeed Rumsfeld. On December 15, 2006, a farewell ceremony, with an armed forces full honor review and a 19-gun salute, was held at the Pentagon Mall Terrace in honor of the departing Rumsfeld. Retirement and later life (2006–2021) Rumsfeld shares a laugh with his successor, Robert Gates, at a ceremony to unveil his official portrait as Secretary of Defense, June 25, 2010. Dedication ceremony of the Pentagon Memorial in 2008 Rumsfeld greeting former president George W. Bush in 2019 In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York City publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir. After receiving what one industry source labeled "big bids", he reached an agreement with the Penguin Group to publish the book under its Sentinel HC imprint. Rumsfeld declined to accept an advance for the publication of his memoir, and said he was donating all proceeds from the work to veterans groups. His book, entitled Known and Unknown: A Memoir, was released on February 8, 2011. In conjunction with the publication of Known and Unknown, Rumsfeld established "The Rumsfeld Papers", a website with documents "related to the endnotes" of the book and his service during the George W. Bush administration; during the months that followed the book's publication, the website was expanded to include over 4,000 documents from his archive. As of June 2011, the topics included his Congressional voting record, the Nixon administration, documents and memos of meetings while he was part of the Ford, Reagan, and George W. Bush administrations, private sector documents, and NATO documents, among other items. In 2007, Rumsfeld established The Rumsfeld Foundation, which focuses on encouraging public service in the United States and supporting the growth of free political and free economic systems abroad. The educational foundation provides fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government. Rumsfeld personally financed the foundation. As of January 2014, the foundation had sponsored over 90 fellows from Central Asia, provided over  million in tuition and stipend support for graduate students, awarded over  million in microfinance grants, and donated over  million to charities for veterans' affairs. Rumsfeld was awarded the "Defender of the Constitution Award" at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, D.C., on February 10, 2011. After his retirement from government, Rumsfeld criticized former fellow Cabinet member Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State, in his memoir, asserting that she was basically unfit for office. In 2011, she responded, saying that Rumsfeld "doesn't know what he's talking about. The reader may imagine what can be correct about the conflicted matter." In February 2011, Rumsfeld endorsed the repeal of the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, saying that allowing gays and lesbians to openly serve "is an idea whose time has come". In March 2011, Rumsfeld spoke out on the 2011 military intervention in Libya, telling ABC News Senior White House Correspondent Jake Tapper that the Obama administration should "recognize the mission has to determine the coalition. The coalition ought not determine the mission." Rumsfeld also used the word "confusion" six times to describe the United Nations-backed military effort in Libya. In October 2011, Rumsfeld conducted an interview with Al Jazeera's Washington, D.C., bureau chief Abderrahim Foukara. Foukara asked Rumsfeld whether, in hindsight, the Bush administration had sent enough troops into Iraq to secure the borders of the country, and whether that made the United States culpable in the death of innocent Iraqis. Foukara said people in the Pentagon told Rumsfeld the number of troops sent into Iraq was insufficient. Rumsfeld said, "You keep making assertions which are fundamentally false. No one in the Pentagon said they were not enough." Foukara pressed Rumsfeld repeatedly. Rumsfeld then asked, "Do you want to yell or do you want to have an interview?" Foukara then asked, "Do you think the numbers that you went to Iraq with did absolve you from the responsibility of tens, maybe hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis killed by the Coalition and those criminals that you talked about?" Rumsfeld called the question "pejorative" and said Foukara was "not being respectful" (Foukara disagreed) and was "just talking over, and over, and over again". Rumsfeld was the subject of the 2013 Errol Morris documentary The Unknown Known, the title a reference to his response to a question at a February 2002 press conference. In the film Rumsfeld "discusses his career in Washington D.C. from his days as a congressman in the early 1960s to planning the invasion of Iraq in 2003". In January 2016, in partnership with the literary and creative agency Javelin, which handled design and development, Rumsfeld released a mobile app game of solitaire called Churchill Solitaire, emulating a variant of the card game as played by Winston Churchill. Rumsfeld and the Churchill family said that profits from the game would be donated to charity. In June 2016, Rumsfeld announced that he would vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. On January 5, 2021, Rumsfeld was one of the ten living former Secretaries of Defense that sent a warning letter in order to warn President Trump not to involve the military in a 2020 presidential election dispute. Death On June 29, 2021, Rumsfeld died from multiple myeloma at his home in Taos, New Mexico. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on August 24, 2021. Electoral history Main article: Electoral history of Donald Rumsfeld Rumsfeld gives the command at the 2005 Pepsi 400, where he served as the grand marshal. During the four elections during which he ran to represent Illinois's 13th congressional district, Rumsfeld received shares of the popular vote that ranged from 58% (in 1964) to 76% (in 1966). In 1975 and 2001, Rumsfeld was overwhelmingly confirmed by the U.S. Senate after presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, respectively, appointed him as U.S. Secretary of Defense. Awards Rumsfeld in the Pentagon auditorium for his final meeting with Pentagon employees, December 8, 2006 Rumsfeld was awarded 11 honorary degrees. Following his years as CEO, president, and later chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, he was recognized as Outstanding CEO in the pharmaceutical industry by The Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Some of his other awards included: All Navy Wrestling Champion (1956) Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1983) George C. Marshall Medal by the Association of the U.S. Army (1984) Woodrow Wilson Medal by Princeton University (1985) Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal (1993) Lone Sailor Award by the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (2002) Statesmanship Award by the United States Association of Former Members of Congress (2003) Ronald Reagan Freedom Award (2003) James H. Doolittle Award by the Hudson Institute (2003) Gerald R. Ford Medal presented by President Ford and the Ford Foundation (2004) Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America (1976) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor (2004) for his appearance in Fahrenheit 9/11 Union League of Philadelphia Gold Medal for Citizenship (2006) Claremont Institute Statesmanship Award (2007) Victory of Freedom Award from the Richard Nixon Foundation (2010) Order of Anthony Wayne from Valley Forge Military Academy National Flag award from Albania's President Bujar Nishani (2013) Honours Ribbon Country Honour Year United States Presidential Medal of Freedom 1977 Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun 2015 KSA Grand Cordon of the Order of King Abdulaziz 2002 Poland Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland 2005 Romania Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania 2004 Rwanda Medal of the Royal Order of the Lion 2007 Taiwan Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star 2011 Legacy and reputation Secretary of State Henry Kissinger described Rumsfeld as "the most ruthless man" he knew. George Packer of The Atlantic named Rumsfeld "the worst secretary of defense in American history" who "lacked the wisdom to change his mind." Bradley Graham, a Washington Post reporter and author of the book titled By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld released on June 23, 2009, stated "Rumsfeld left office as one of the most controversial Defense Secretaries since Robert McNamara and widely criticized for his management of the Iraq war and for his difficult relationships with Congress, administration colleagues, and military officers."  Neoconservative commentator Bill Kristol was also critical of Rumsfeld, stating he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels. Affiliation history Institutional affiliations Rumsfeld's official portrait in 2001 Center for Security Policy: longtime associate; winner of the CSP's 1998 "Keeper of the Flame" award (5) Hoover Institution: former member, board of trustees Project for the New American Century: signed PNAC's founding statement of principles as well as two policy letters on Iraq Freedom House: former board member RAND Corporation: former chairman Committee for the Free World: former chairman National Park Foundation: former member Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships: former chairman Bohemian Club: member Alfalfa Club: member National Academy of Public Administration: member Government posts, panels, and commissions Secretary of Defense (2001–06) U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization: chairman (2000) U.S. Trade Deficit Reviews Commission: member (1999–2000) Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States: chairman (1998) National Commission on Public Service: member (1987–1990) National Economic Commission: member (1988–1989) President Reagan's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control: member (1982–1986) U.S. Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations: member (1983–1984) Presidential Envoy to the Middle East, Reagan administration (1983–1984) Presidential Envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty, Reagan administration (1982–1983) Secretary of Defense (1975–77) White House Chief of Staff in Ford administration (1974–75) U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1973–74) U.S. Congress: Representative from Illinois (1962–69) United States Navy: Various posts, including aviator (1954–57); reserves (1957–1975); retired as a navy captain (1989) Corporate connections and business interests Eastern Air Lines: former director – The annual reports of Eastern Air Lines disclose that Donald Rumsfeld was a member of Eastern Air Lines board of directors. Gilead Sciences: Joined Gilead as a director in 1988, chairman (1997–2001) General Instrument: chairman and CEO (1990–93) G. D. Searle & Company: CEO/chairman/president (1977–1985) Gulfstream Aerospace: director Tribune Company: director Metricom: director Sears: director ABB: director Kellogg's: director 1985–1999 while Carlos Gutierrez (ex Cuba 1960) was president, CEO and chairman of Kellogg until named Secretary of Commerce under Bush from 2005. RAND Corporation: chairman of the board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 Amylin Pharmaceuticals: director Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at The Pentagon, January 15, 1976. Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, President Ford and Rumsfeld in Vladivostok, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, November 1974. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz testifying before the 9/11 Commission in March 2004. Rumsfeld and Victoria Nuland at the NATO-Ukraine consultations in Vilnius, Lithuania, on October 24, 2005. Education Princeton University: A.B. (1954) Gallery Rumsfeld and Cheney with President Ford at The Oval Office White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld with President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office, White House Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in 1976 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown, National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft, and C.I.A. Director George H.W. Bush at The Oval Office, White House, March 11, 1976 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testifying at Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on the Defense Department budget on March 9, 1976 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld speaking during a press conference at The Pentagon on October 6, 1976 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during an Interview with WMAL-TV reporter Jim Clark at The Pentagon Studio on November 4, 1976 Donald Rumsfeld with President Ronald Reagan at The Oval Office in 1983 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld watches as General Richard B. Myers was sworn in as the 15th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, October 1, 2001. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with President George W. Bush, following President Bush's visit to The Pentagon to address military and Department of Defense personnel and sign the Defense Appropriations Bill, January 10, 2002 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, President George W. Bush, Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers, and Vice Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace watch troops pass in review at Fort Myer, Virginia, on October 15, 2001. U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with troops at Bagram Air Base, December 2001 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers during the annual Pentagon Town Hall meeting at The Pentagon auditorium Secretary Rumsfeld during a visit to Buenos Aires, Argentina U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during a visit to Bagram Air Force Base Rumsfeld with UK Secretary of State for Defence Geoffrey Hoon Works Rumsfeld, Donald (1998). "Strategic Imperatives in East Asia". Heritage lectures, no. 605. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. Speech given March 3, 1998, in Washington, D.C. Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6. Rumsfeld, Donald (2013). Rumsfeld's Rules. Broadside Books. ISBN 978-0062272867. Rumsfeld, Donald (2018). When the Center Held: Gerald Ford and the Rescue of the American Presidency. Free Press. ISBN 978-1501172939. See also United States portalBiography portalPolitics portal Agathidium rumsfeldi Early association with liberal activist Allard Lowenstein There are known knowns Rumsfeld Doctrine Known and Unknown: A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld (2011) Citations ^ a b "Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ Cronk, Terri Moon; Garamone, Jim (June 30, 2021). "Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ a b "Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ^ a b Jackson, Brooks (September 2, 2005). "Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice "Lied" About Iraq". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ^ a b Landay, Jonathan S. (February 8, 2007). "Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq". McClatchy. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019. ^ Shanker, Thom (February 4, 2005). "Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (January 11, 1946). "My autobiography" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2019. ^ "Donald Henry Rumsfeld". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. ^ a b c d Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7. ^ Jon C. Halter (September 2006). "Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values". Scouting. Vol. 94, no. 4. p. 35. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. ^ Nicholas G. Hahn III (August 5, 2013). "Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule". Real Clear Religion. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. ^ Larson, Mark. "Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson". KOGO. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2019 – via defense.gov. ^ "Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation". United States Department of Defense. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography". Litlovers.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ Habermehl, Kris (January 25, 2007). "Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School". Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2008. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald Henry. The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers (Senior thesis). Princeton University Department of Politics. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ "Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. ^ Shenon, Philip (December 30, 2018). "Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary". Politico. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ...Carlucci came to Washington and found himself in the company of old friends, including former Princeton roommate Donald Rumsfeld, Ford's White House chief of staff and later his defense secretary. ^ Mills, Curt (June 30, 2021). "Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ a b "Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years". Air Force Times. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. ^ a b "DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography". Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. ^ "RUMSFELD, Donald Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. April 22, 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2007. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld". White House. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2007. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld". White House. November 3, 1975. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007. ^ "Freedom of Information Act at 40". National Security Archive. July 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006. ^ a b c d Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and unknown : a memoir. New York: Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6. OCLC 650210649. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. ^ "Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on August 24, 2006. ^ "Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control". Free to Choose Media. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. ^ "House – February 10, 1964" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (2). U.S. Government Printing Office: 2804–2805. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "House – July 2, 1964" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 15897. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "House – August 16, 1967" (PDF). Congressional Record. 113 (17). U.S. Government Printing Office: 22778. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "House – April 10, 1968" (PDF). Congressional Record. 114 (8). U.S. Government Printing Office: 9621. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "House – July 9, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 16285–16286. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ "House – August 3, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (14). U.S. Government Printing Office: 19201. Retrieved February 27, 2022. ^ a b Mann, James (November 1, 2003). "Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Two Republican governors had turned down Nixon's invitations to head the Office of Economic Opportunity, an agency established during the Johnson Administration to run new programs aimed at eliminating poverty. Nixon offered the job to Rumsfeld, who had voted in Congress against many of those programs. ... Before taking the job Rumsfeld bargained hard. At a meeting with Nixon in Key Biscayne, he won assurances that he would be named not only head of the anti-poverty agency but also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House. ^ a b c d e f Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6. ^ "The Administration: The New OEO Fan". Time. May 2, 1969. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Rumsfeld had refused an administration post at first but changed his mind when Nixon sweetened the OEO job with status and responsibility. ^ "Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ "Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)". www.senate.gov. U.S. Senate. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...the inauguration of Richard Nixon as president in 1969 set in motion a chain of events that would propel Cheney from a congressional fellow to White House chief of staff in seven fast years. His rapid ascent began when Nixon appointed Rumsfeld to head the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Cheney sent Rumsfeld an unsolicited memo suggesting ways to handle his confirmation hearings, which prompted Rumsfeld to hire him. ... ^ O’Gara, Geoffrey (October 31, 2015). "Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics". WyoHistory.org. The Wyoming State Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...It was during Rumsfeld's first stint in the executive branch, under Nixon, that he signed up Cheney as his chief lieutenant. This incongruously put two conservative Republicans in charge first of an anti-poverty program originated during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society (the OEO), and ... ^ Sullivan, Patricia (December 18, 2005). "Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...Mr. Anderson was considered significantly more accurate than his predecessor, although he was not error-free. He admitted he wrongly charged Donald H. Rumsfeld with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity.... ^ Kurtz, Howard (February 3, 2011). "Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Nixon White House conversation 464-12". Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. ^ Andrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. p. 20. ^ Craig Unger (2007). The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50. ^ Craig Unger (2008). American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America – and Still Imperil Our Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50. ^ Naomi Klein (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. ^ Savage, Charlie (2007). Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316019613. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ "Donald H. Rumsfeld". Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2021. ^ "The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up". Time. Vol. 106, no. 20. New York: Time. November 17, 1975. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-7432-4461-9. rumsfeld ford bush cia director. ^ "Rumsfeld Was Nation". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ a b Sciolino, Elaine; Schmitt, Eric (January 8, 2001). "Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2008. ^ Sidney Blumenthal. "The Long March of Dick Cheney". HNN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2005. ^ Rearden, Steven L. (2012). Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991. Washington, D.C.: NDU Press for the Joint History Office, Office of the Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff. ISBN 978-1-78039-886-0. OCLC 867144095. ^ Mann, James (October 8, 2003). "Rumsfeld's Roots". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008. ^ Cockburn, Andrew (February 27, 2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4652-8. ^ Greenhouse, Steven (July 19, 1985). "MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ Lindenauer, Andrew (December 28, 2000). "The Rumsfeld Resume". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). "Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences" (Press release). Gilead Sciences. January 3, 1997. Archived from the original on June 19, 2007. ^ "Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017. ^ Schmit, Julie (November 17, 2005). "Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (October 31, 2005). "Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ "MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK". The New York Times. November 20, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021. President Reagan sent his new Middle East envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to confer with the Turks and prepared to receive President Spyros Kyprianou of Cyprus tomorrow. ^ Dobbs, Michael (December 30, 2002). "U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2022. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald; et al. (July 15, 1998). "Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System". www.defense-aerospace.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2020. ^ "Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?". Fortune. May 12, 2003. p. 75. ^ "Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board". archive.globalpolicy.org. Retrieved November 2, 2022. ^ "How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes". Rolling Stone. October 11, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2022. ^ "Tally on Vice President". The New York Times. September 20, 1976. p. 13. ProQuest 122616318. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ Milton, Raleigh E. (1980). Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention. Republican National Committee. pp. 492–494. ^ Oreskes, Michael (November 21, 1988). "Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started". The New York Times. pp. B17. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ AmericaLive (November 2, 2010). "Donald Rumsfeld Biography". iReport. CNN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ George W. Bush 2010, pp. 83–84. ^ Moniz, Dave (December 9, 2002). "Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2011. ^ a b c d e "Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins" (PDF). National Defense University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ a b Wright, Robert (January 20, 2002). "Rumsfeld's Moment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2011. ^ Martin, Susan Taylor (October 11, 2006). "Books lay blame with general". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). "9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2011. ^ The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (Report). July 22, 2004. p. 326. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack". United States Department of Defense. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020. ^ Roberts, Joel (September 4, 2002). "Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009. ^ Borger, Julian (February 24, 2006). "Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009. ^ Kampfner, John (2003). Blair's wars. Simon and Schuster. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7432-4829-7. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0. ^ a b Seymour M. Hersh, "Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence: Archived July 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are they reliable?" The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007. ^ "Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11". The Independent. March 21, 2004. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0. ^ a b "'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos". February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. ^ "Special forces and horses". November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2016. ^ Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 16, 2011). "21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom". Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2015. ^ a b "Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom". United States Department of Defense. October 7, 2001. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. October 29, 2001. Archived from the original on November 4, 2002. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ a b c "U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide". Orlando Sentinel. November 17, 2001. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ a b "DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld". November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops". United States Department of Defense. December 16, 2001. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020. ^ "Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002". March 15, 2002. Retrieved February 22, 2022. ^ "Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai". United States Department of Defense. May 1, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ a b "From Threat to Threat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2016. (pp. 189–90, 211–214) ^ Daniel Benjamin; Steven Simon (2005). The Next Attack. New York City: Times Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8050-7941-8. ^ Malkasian, Carter (2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-19-755077-9. ^ "TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY". Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 102–111. ISBN 9780143132509. ^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 125–127. ISBN 9780143132509. ^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780143132509. ^ "Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ "Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks". BBC News. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ a b Id.Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post ^ "Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai". United States Department of Defense. February 27, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says". United States Department of Defense. March 20, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense". June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2023. ^ "Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'". The New York Times. March 30, 2003. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers". United States Department of Defense. April 9, 2003. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2003. ^ a b "DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers". United States Department of Defense. April 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020. ^ "Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ "Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism". The New York Times. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ Kristin Adair, ed. (January 26, 2006). Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on February 4, 2006. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam". CBS News. December 14, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. ^ a b Wright, Robin (November 1, 2007). "From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ..." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2017. ^ "Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders". United States Department of Defense. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020. ^ "US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld". Australia Broadcasting Corporation. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace". United States Department of Defense. August 2, 2006. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon". United States Department of Defense. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020. ^ "Special Report with Brit Hume". Fox News Channel. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 13, 2007). "Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Johnson, Boris (March 11, 2007). "Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. ^ Iraq war briefings headlined with biblical quotes, reports US magazine Archived March 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine The Guardian ^ Robert Watts; Tim Shipman (September 1, 2007). "Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. ^ "Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters". Stars and Stripes. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. ^ "Rumsfeld 'the best'". CNN. May 9, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004. ^ Bush, George W. (2010), p. 88 ^ Diamond, John (June 23, 2004). "Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ "Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative". Deutsche Welle. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. ^ Goodman, Amy (April 25, 2005). "Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ Smeulers, Alette; van Niekirk, Sander (2009). "Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?" (PDF). Crime, Law and Social Change. 51 (3–4): 327–349. doi:10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2. S2CID 145710956. SSRN 2388266. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ a b Bowers, Faye (March 1, 2005). "Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2017. ^ Moss, Michael (December 18, 2006). "Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2006. ^ Patrick G. Lee (August 9, 2011). "Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017. ^ "Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees". Gulf News. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. ^ "Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says". The Boston Globe. Bloomberg News. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. ^ Apuzzo, Matt (March 28, 2007). "Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017. ^ Froomkin, Dan (January 13, 2011). "Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. ^ Landler, Mark (November 14, 206). "Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021. ^ Cloud, David S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 14, 2006). "More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Baldwin, Tom (April 18, 2006). "Revenge of the battered generals". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2008. ^ Baker, Peter; White, Josh. "Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Buchanan, Patrick J. "Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020. ^ Daniel Engber. "How many retired generals are there?". Slate. Archived from the original on April 17, 2006. ^ "Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'". CNN. April 14, 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Gonyea, Don (November 2, 2006). "Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney". NPR. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ a b Roberts, Kristin (August 15, 2007). "Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows". Reuters. Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ "Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss". BBC News. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Rosen, James (October 2, 2006). "Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014. ^ "Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary". CNN. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006. ^ "Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. December 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Shapiro, Gary (June 27, 2007). "Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010". Associated Press via Wall Street Journal. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2021. ^ Deahl, Rachel (September 20, 2010). "Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2021. ^ a b "About the Rumsfeld Foundation". Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence". The Economist. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011. ^ a b "About the Rumsfeld Archive". rumsfeld.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ Duffy, Michael (May 18, 2007). "Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move". Time. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ Hartman, Rachel Rose (April 28, 2011). "Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld". Yahoo! News. The Ticket. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Amy Bingham; Steven Portnoy (February 11, 2011). "Rumsfeld: "Time Has Come" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ "Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened". ABC News. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ "Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial". Politico. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera". The Atlantic. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ "The Unknown Known". IMDb. January 16, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014. ^ "Churchill Solitaire". Javelin. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017. ^ Hern, Alex (January 2, 2016). "Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ "At 83, I Decided to Develop an App". January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ "Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game". GameSpot. January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016. ^ "Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump". Politico. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ "Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days". ABC News. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Macias, Amanda (June 30, 2021). "Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). "Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Leibovich, Mark (August 25, 2021). "Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400". NASCAR. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t U.S. Department of Defense. "DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014. ^ "Donald H. Rumsfeld". Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2020. ^ "3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions". Association of the United States Army. March 1, 2001. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. ^ "Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense". Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ Wendell, Bryan (July 2, 2021). "Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88". Bryan on Scouting. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ "Berry gets worst actress Razzie". BBC News. February 2, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016. ^ Michael Mello. "Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. ^ "Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e "Flamurit Kombëtar"" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013. ^ Helene C. Stikkel (November 18, 2004). "People – Secretary of Defense". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013. ^ "2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld". November 16, 2015. ^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ "Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)". english.president.gov.tw. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ BBC News, November 8, 2006 "Profile Donald Rumsfeld Archived November 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine ^ Packer, George (July 1, 2021). "How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Graham, Bradley (June 27, 2017). By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586486501. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ The Defense Secretary We Have, William Kristol, December 15, 2004 ^ "Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld". trove.nla.gov.au. Trove. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. General and cited sources Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7. Rowan Scarborough (2004). Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-069-7. Midge Decter. Rumsfeld: A Personal Portrait. (Regan Books, 2003). ISBN 0-06-056091-6. Jeffrey A. Krames (2002). The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-140641-3. Hoehn, Andrew R.; Albert A. Robbert; Margaret C. Harrell (2011). Succession management for senior military positions: the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0-8330-5228-5. Andrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Scribners. ISBN 978-1-4165-3574-4. Dale R. Herspring (2008). Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1587-2. George W. Bush (2010). Decision Points. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-59061-9. External links Donald Rumsfeld at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Works Official website U.S. Department of Defense: Speeches (Archived June 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine) Rumsfeld's Rules advice on government, business and life, January 29, 2001 Donald Rumsfeld's Project Syndicate op/eds Churchill Solitaire, an iOS and Android adaptation of Churchill's variant of Solitaire Government service White House Biography Department of Defense Biography United States Congress. "Donald Rumsfeld (id: r000508)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Appearances on C-SPAN Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The Guardian Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post Donald H. Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The New York Times Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, 2008 Documentary videos The short film A View from the White House, Part I (1975) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. The short film A View from the White House, Part II (1975) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. The short film A Single Six Year Term for President (1987) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. The short film Money, television, and Politics (1988) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. The short film The Private Lives of Public Servants (1989) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. Rumsfeld's War PBS Frontline, October 2004 The Unknown Known – Interview with Rumsfeld by Academy Award-winning documentarian Errol Morris, December 2013 Video clip of Rumsfeld (as special U.S. envoy to Middle East) meeting Hussein Articles profiling Rumsfeld The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld, PBS Washington Post – Rumsfeld's War archives 2001–04 Rumsfeld revealed, Vivienne Heines. Air Force Times, March 3, 2003 Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld, James Mann, The Atlantic, November 2003 The Donald Rumsfeld Library of Quotations, BBC Radio 4 Biographer Andrew Cockburn on Rumsfeld at London Frontline Club May 2007. The Don: A Look at Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Carol Felsenthal, Chicago magazine. Lunch with the FT: Donald Rumsfeld by Gideon Rachman, Financial Times, February 11, 2011 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byMarguerite Church Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 13th congressional district 1963–1969 Succeeded byPhil Crane Political offices Preceded byBertrand Harding Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity 1969–1970 Succeeded byFrank Carlucci Preceded byBryce Harlow Counselor to the President 1970–1971 Served alongside: Robert Finch Succeeded byRobert Finch Preceded byPat Moynihan Preceded byAlexander Haig White House Chief of Staff 1974–1975 Succeeded byDick Cheney Preceded byJames Schlesinger United States Secretary of Defense 1975–1977 Succeeded byHarold Brown Preceded byBill Cohen United States Secretary of Defense 2001–2006 Succeeded byBob Gates Diplomatic posts Preceded byDavid Kennedy United States Ambassador to NATO 1973–1974 Succeeded byDavid Bruce Articles and topics related to Donald Rumsfeld vteDirectors of the Office of Economic Opportunity Sargent Shriver Bertrand Harding Donald Rumsfeld Frank Carlucci Phillip V. Sanchez Howard Phillips (acting) Arvin J. Arnett Nathan E. Chambers vteUnited States Permanent Representatives to NATO William H. Draper Jr. John C. Hughes George W. Perkins Warren R. Burgess Thomas K. Finletter Harlan Cleveland Robert Ellsworth David M. Kennedy Donald Rumsfeld David K. E. Bruce Robert Strausz-Hupé William T. Bennett David M. Abshire Alton G. Keel Jr. William Howard Taft IV Reginald Bartholomew Robert E. Hunter Alexander Vershbow R. Nicholas Burns Victoria Nuland Kurt Volker Ivo Daalder Douglas Lute Kay Bailey Hutchison Julianne Smith United States portal vteWhite House Chiefs of Staff Steelman Adams Persons O'Donnell Jenkins Moyers Valenti M. Watson Jones Haldeman Haig Rumsfeld Cheney Jordan J. Watson J. Baker Regan H. Baker Duberstein Sununu Skinner J. Baker McLarty Panetta Bowles Podesta Card Bolten Emanuel Rouse Daley Lew McDonough Priebus Kelly Mulvaney Meadows Klain Zients vteUnited States Secretaries of Defense Forrestal Johnson Marshall Lovett Wilson McElroy T. Gates McNamara Clifford Laird Richardson Schlesinger Rumsfeld Brown Weinberger Carlucci Cheney Aspin Perry Cohen Rumsfeld R. Gates Panetta Hagel Carter Mattis Esper Austin vteABBSubsidiaries ABB Motors & Mechanical ASEA Brown, Boveri & Cie International Combustion Mincom Thomas & Betts People Klaus Agthe Percy Barnevik Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown Donald Rumsfeld Peter Sutherland vteCabinet of President Richard Nixon (1969–1974)CabinetVice President Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) None (1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Secretary of State William P. Rogers (1969–1973) Henry Kissinger (1973–1974) Secretary of the Treasury David M. Kennedy (1969–1971) John Connally (1971–1972) George Shultz (1972–1974) William E. Simon (1974) Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird (1969–1973) Elliot Richardson (1973) James R. Schlesinger (1973–1974) Attorney General John N. Mitchell (1969–1972) Richard Kleindienst (1972–1973) Elliot Richardson (1973) William B. Saxbe (1974) Postmaster General Winton M. Blount (1969–1971) Secretary of the Interior Wally Hickel (1969–1970) Rogers Morton (1971–1974) Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin (1969–1971) Earl Butz (1971–1974) Secretary of Commerce Maurice Stans (1969–1972) Peter G. Peterson (1972–1973) Frederick B. Dent (1973–1974) Secretary of Labor George Shultz (1969–1970) James Day Hodgson (1970–1973) Peter J. Brennan (1973–1974) Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Robert Finch (1969–1970) Elliot Richardson (1970–1973) Caspar Weinberger (1973–1974) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney (1969–1973) James Thomas Lynn (1973–1974) Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe (1969–1973) Claude Brinegar (1973–1974) Cabinet-levelDirector of the Bureau of the Budget Robert P. Mayo (1969–1970) Director of the Office of Management and Budget George Shultz (1970–1972) Caspar Weinberger (1972–1973) Roy Ash (1973–1974) Ambassador to the United Nations Charles Yost (1969–1971) George H. W. Bush (1971–1973) John A. Scali (1973–1974) Counselor to the President Arthur F. Burns (1969) Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1969–1970) Bryce Harlow (1969–1970) Robert Finch (1970–1972) Donald Rumsfeld (1970–1971) Anne L. Armstrong (1973–1974) Dean Burch (1974) Kenneth Rush (1974) vteCabinet of President Gerald Ford (1974–1977)CabinetVice President None (1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (1974–1977) Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon (1974–1977) Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger (1974–1975) Donald Rumsfeld (1975–1977) Attorney General William B. Saxbe (1974–1975) Edward H. Levi (1975–1977) Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton (1974–1975) Stanley K. Hathaway (1975) Thomas S. Kleppe (1975–1977) Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz (1974–1976) John A. Knebel (1976–1977) Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent (1974–1975) Rogers Morton (1975–1976) Elliot Richardson (1976–1977) Secretary of Labor Peter J. Brennan (1974–1975) John Thomas Dunlop (1975–1976) William Usery Jr. (1976–1977) Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Caspar Weinberger (1974–1975) F. David Mathews (1975–1977) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development James Thomas Lynn (1974–1975) Carla Anderson Hills (1975–1977) Secretary of Transportation Claude Brinegar (1974–1975) William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. (1975–1977) Cabinet-levelDirector of the Office of Management and Budget Roy Ash (1974–1975) James Thomas Lynn (1975–1977) Trade Representative Frederick B. Dent (1975–1977) Ambassador to the United Nations John A. Scali (1974–1975) Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1975–1976) William Scranton (1976–1977) White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld (1974–1975) Dick Cheney (1975–1977) Counselor to the President Anne L. Armstrong (1974) Dean Burch (1974) Kenneth Rush (1974) Robert T. Hartmann (1974–1977) John Otho Marsh Jr. (1974–1977) Rogers Morton (1976) White House Counsel Philip W. Buchen (1974–1977) vteIllinois's delegation(s) to the 88th–91st United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 88th Senate: ▌P. Douglas (D) · ▌E. Dirksen (R) House: ▌L. Arends (R) ▌T. O'Brien (D) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌M. Price (D) ▌J. Kluczynski (D) ▌W. Springer (R) ▌B. O'Hara (D) ▌K. Gray (D) ▌H. Collier (R) ▌B. Michel (R) ▌R. Libonati (D) ▌E. Derwinski (R) ▌E. Hoffman (R) ▌W. Murphy (D) ▌R. Pucinski (D) ▌D. Rostenkowski (D) ▌G. Shipley (D) ▌J. Anderson (R) ▌P. Findley (R) ▌E. Finnegan (D) ▌R. McClory (R) ▌R. McLoskey (R) ▌D. Rumsfeld (R) ▌C. Reid (R) 89th Senate: ▌P. Douglas (D) · ▌E. Dirksen (R) House: ▌L. Arends (R) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌M. Price (D) ▌J. Kluczynski (D) ▌W. Springer (R) ▌B. O'Hara (D) ▌S. Yates (D) ▌K. Gray (D) ▌H. Collier (R) ▌B. Michel (R) ▌E. Derwinski (R) ▌W. Murphy (D) ▌R. Pucinski (D) ▌D. Rostenkowski (D) ▌G. Shipley (D) ▌J. Anderson (R) ▌P. Findley (R) ▌R. McClory (R) ▌D. Rumsfeld (R) ▌C. Reid (R) ▌F. Annunzio (D) ▌J. Erlenborn (R) ▌D. Ronan (D) ▌G. Schisler (D) 90th Senate: ▌E. Dirksen (R) · ▌C. Percy (R) House: ▌L. Arends (R) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌M. Price (D) ▌J. Kluczynski (D) ▌W. Springer (R) ▌B. O'Hara (D) ▌S. Yates (D) ▌K. Gray (D) ▌H. Collier (R) ▌B. Michel (R) ▌E. Derwinski (R) ▌W. Murphy (D) ▌R. Pucinski (D) ▌D. Rostenkowski (D) ▌G. Shipley (D) ▌J. Anderson (R) ▌P. Findley (R) ▌R. McClory (R) ▌D. Rumsfeld (R) ▌C. Reid (R) ▌F. Annunzio (D) ▌J. Erlenborn (R) ▌D. Ronan (D) ▌T. Railsback (R) 91st Senate: ▌E. Dirksen (R) ▌C. Percy (R) ▌R. Smith (R) ▌A. Stevenson III (D) House: ▌L. Arends (R) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌M. Price (D) ▌J. Kluczynski (D) ▌W. Springer (R) ▌S. Yates (D) ▌K. Gray (D) ▌H. Collier (R) ▌B. Michel (R) ▌E. Derwinski (R) ▌W. Murphy (D) ▌R. Pucinski (D) ▌D. Rostenkowski (D) ▌G. Shipley (D) ▌J. Anderson (R) ▌P. Findley (R) ▌R. McClory (R) ▌D. Rumsfeld (D) ▌C. Reid (R) ▌F. Annunzio (D) ▌J. Erlenborn (R) ▌D. Ronan (D) ▌T. Railsback (R) ▌A. Mikva (D) ▌P. Crane (R) ▌G. Collins (D) vte(← 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 →)Republican Party Convention Primaries results Candidates Nominee: George H. W. Bush campaign VP nominee: Dan Quayle Other candidates: Bob Dole Pete du Pont Ben Fernandez Alexander Haig Jack Kemp Paul Laxalt Isabell Masters Pat Robertson Donald Rumsfeld Harold Stassen Democratic Party Convention Primaries results Candidates Nominee: Michael Dukakis campaign VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen Other candidates: Douglas Applegate Bruce Babbitt Joe Biden campaign positions David Duke Dick Gephardt Al Gore campaign Gary Hart Jesse Jackson campaign Lyndon LaRouche campaign positions Andy Martin Patricia Schroeder Paul Simon James Traficant Third-party and independent candidatesLibertarian Party Convention Nominee: Ron Paul campaign positions VP nominee: Andre Marrou Other candidates: Jim Lewis Russell Means New Alliance Party Nominee: Lenora Fulani Populist Party Nominee: David Duke Prohibition Party Nominee: Earl Dodge VP nominee: George Ormsby Socialist Equality Party Nominee: Edward Winn Socialist Party Nominee: Willa Kenoyer VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich Socialist Workers Party Nominee: James Warren VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells Workers World Party Nominee: Larry Holmes VP nominee: Gloria La Riva Independents and others Jack Herer Lyndon LaRouche Herbert G. Lewin William A. Marra Eugene McCarthy Other 1988 elections: House Senate Gubernatorial vteCabinet of President George W. Bush (2001–2009)CabinetVice President Dick Cheney (2001–2009) Secretary of State Colin Powell (2001–2005) Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009) Secretary of the Treasury Paul H. O'Neill (2001–2002) John W. Snow (2003–2006) Henry Paulson (2006–2009) Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (2001–2006) Robert Gates (2006–2009) Attorney General John Ashcroft (2001–2005) Alberto Gonzales (2005–2007) Michael Mukasey (2007–2009) Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton (2001–2006) Dirk Kempthorne (2006–2009) Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman (2001–2005) Mike Johanns (2005–2007) Ed Schafer (2008–2009) Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans (2001–2005) Carlos Gutierrez (2005–2009) Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao (2001–2009) Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson (2001–2005) Mike Leavitt (2005–2009) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martínez (2001–2004) Alphonso Jackson (2004–2008) Steve Preston (2008–2009) Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta (2001–2006) Mary E. Peters (2006–2009) Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham (2001–2005) Samuel Bodman (2005–2009) Secretary of Education Rod Paige (2001–2005) Margaret Spellings (2005–2009) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Anthony Principi (2001–2005) Jim Nicholson (2005–2007) James Peake (2007–2009) Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge (2003–2005) Michael Chertoff (2005–2009) Cabinet-levelAdministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Christine Todd Whitman (2001–2003) Mike Leavitt (2003–2005) Stephen L. Johnson (2005–2009) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mitch Daniels (2001–2003) Joshua Bolten (2003–2006) Rob Portman (2006–2007) Jim Nussle (2007–2009) Trade Representative Robert Zoellick (2001–2005) Rob Portman (2005–2006) Susan Schwab (2006–2009) Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy John P. Walters (2001–2009) White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card (2001–2006) Joshua Bolten (2006–2009) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People US Congress Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John S. Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Bush_Administration-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Ford_Administration-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Office of Economic Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Economic_Opportunity"},{"link_name":"counselor to the president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative to NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Representative_to_NATO"},{"link_name":"White House Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Economic Stabilization Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_1970"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical"},{"link_name":"G. D. Searle & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Searle_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"General Instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Instrument"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontline_who_said-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FactCheck_2005-09-02-5"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy_2007-02-07-6"},{"link_name":"its use of torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir"}],"text":"\"Rumsfeld\" redirects here. For the professor, see John S. Rumsfeld.Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under president Gerald Ford, and again from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush.[1][2] He was both the youngest and the oldest secretary of defense.[3] Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), counselor to the president (1969–1973), the U.S. Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and the White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975). Between his terms as secretary of defense, he served as the CEO and chairman of several companies.Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be Secretary of Defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993 and chairman of Gilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001.Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq. Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; no stockpiles were ever found.[4][5] A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide \"developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers\".[6] Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial for its use of torture and the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.[7] Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography, Known and Unknown: A Memoir, as well as Rumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life.","title":"Donald Rumsfeld"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld1954_princeton_yearbook.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"St. Lukes Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke%27s_Hospital_(Chicago,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobio-8"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Weyhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyhe"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own_rules-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own_rules-11"},{"link_name":"Winnetka, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Eagle Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Eagle Scout Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Silver Buffalo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award"},{"link_name":"Congregational church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Coronado, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Philmont Scout Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont_Scout_Ranch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"NROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"The Steel Seizure Case of 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_steel_seizure_case"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lightweight Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Football"},{"link_name":"defensive back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_back"},{"link_name":"Frank Carlucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlucci"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Rumsfeld's 1954 yearbook portrait from PrincetonDonald Henry Rumsfeld was born at St. Lukes Hospital on July 9, 1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley (née Husted) and George Donald Rumsfeld.[8] His father came from a German family that had emigrated in the 1870s from Weyhe in Lower Saxony,[9][10][11]: 15–16  but young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a \"tough Swiss.\"[11]: 16 and 31  Growing up in Winnetka, Illinois, Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and was the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America[12] and its Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational church.[13] From 1943 to 1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California, while his father was stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific in World War II.[14] He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949.[15]Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School,[16] and later graduated[17] from New Trier High School where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In the band, the young Rumsfeld played drums and also excelled at saxophone. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with an A.B. in politics after completing a senior thesis titled \"The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers\".[18][19] During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team, and captain of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back. While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci.[20]Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They had three children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. He attended Case Western Reserve University School of Law and the Georgetown University Law Center, but did not take a degree from either institution.[21]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Lieutenant_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"naval aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator"},{"link_name":"flight instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instructor"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"SNJ Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Anacostia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcetimes.com-22"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Grosse Ile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Grosse_Ile"},{"link_name":"S2F Tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2F_Tracker"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airforcetimes.com-22"},{"link_name":"Individual Ready Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Ready_Reserve"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defenselink1-23"}],"sub_title":"Naval service","text":"Rumsfeld (right, standing) as a Navy lieutenant in 1955Rumsfeld served in the United States Navy from 1954 to 1957, as a naval aviator and flight instructor. His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to the T-28 advanced trainer. In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as a drilling reservist. On July 1, 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., as a selective reservist.[22] Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker.[22] He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989.[23]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career in government (1962–1975)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Rumsfeld_congress.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"David S. Dennison Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Dennison_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert P. Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioguide-24"},{"link_name":"A. G. Becker & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._Becker_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quest_for_Presidency-25"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Illinois's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_House-26"},{"link_name":"Joint Economic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Economic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U_Texas-27"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"1964 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"Young Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks_(U.S._politics)"},{"link_name":"James Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"South Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"William Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"Johnson administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"all volunteer military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_military"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Chicago School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Free to Choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_Choose"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Acts of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Member of Congress","text":"Rumsfeld during his time in CongressIn 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant to David S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan.[24] Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, A. G. Becker & Co., from 1960 to 1962,[25] Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming a member of Congress.He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968.[26] While in Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee, the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council[27] in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the Freedom of Information Act.[28]In 1965, following the defeat of Barry Goldwater by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election, which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in the House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replace Charles A. Halleck as Republican leader.[29] Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for the Republican leadership became known as the \"Young Turks\". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeed James Schlesinger as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975.[29]During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how the war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that the South Vietnamese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland.[29] The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from the Johnson administration, the Democrats, who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration.[29]As a young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the University of Chicago, an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an all volunteer military, and to the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics.[30] He later took part in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose.[31]During his tenure in the House, Rumsfeld voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968,[32][33][34][35] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[36][37]","title":"Career in government (1962–1975)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Rumsfeld,_Exec._Dir._Cost_of_Living_Council.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Office of Economic Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Economic_Opportunity"},{"link_name":"Cabinet rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mann20031101-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mann20031101-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"anti-poverty programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_and_Donald_Rumsfeld_with_son_Nick.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jack Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(columnist)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own_rules-11"},{"link_name":"West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wing"},{"link_name":"Nixon administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_administration"},{"link_name":"Economic Stabilization Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_1970"},{"link_name":"Cost of Living Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCRA_Cost_of_Living_Index"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rummy1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_from_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"Defense Planning Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Planning_Committee"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Planning Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Planning_Group"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Nixon administration","text":"Rumsfeld in 1971 as Director of Cost of Living CouncilRumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 – his fourth term – to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a position with Cabinet rank. Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress,[38] and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that the OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job.[39]: 119–121  After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's \"assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House,\"[38] which \"sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility\".[40]\nAs director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize the Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as \"a laboratory for experimental programs\".[39]: 125  Several beneficial anti-poverty programs were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci[41] and Dick Cheney[42][43] to serve under him.Rumsfeld with his son, Nick, in the Oval Office with President Nixon, 1973He was the subject of one of writer Jack Anderson's columns, alleging that \"anti-poverty czar\" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid the poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake.[39]: 125 [44][45]When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status.[11]: 75  He was given an office in the West Wing in 1969 and regularly interacted with the Nixon administration hierarchy. He was named director of the Economic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and later headed up the Cost of Living Council. In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld \"at least Rummy is tough enough\" and \"He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that.\"[46][47][48][49][50]In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels, Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee, and the Nuclear Planning Group. In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between Cyprus and Turkey.[39]: 157 [51]","title":"Career in government (1962–1975)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney,_April_28,_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"Young Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks_(U.S._politics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"White House Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Alexander Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig"},{"link_name":"Supreme Allied Commander Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"sub_title":"Ford administration","text":"Chief of Staff Rumsfeld (left) and Deputy-Chief of Staff Dick Cheney (right) meet with President Ford, April 1975.In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the \"Young Turks\" who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives.[16] As the new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff, following Ford's appointment of General Alexander Haig to be the new Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975.[52][16]","title":"Career in government (1962–1975)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_Swearing_Donald_Rumsfeld_in_as_Secretary_of_Defense_at_the_Pentagon_in_Arlington,_Virginia_-_NARA_-_23898551.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Halloween Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_Massacre_(Ford_administration)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time111775-53"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Director of Central Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Bob Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Bush at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_at_War"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford-rumsfeld.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_H._Rumsfeld_with_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"George S. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown"},{"link_name":"Senate Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"SALT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SALT"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTInfighter-56"},{"link_name":"Team B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_B"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defenselink1-23"},{"link_name":"cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"B-1 bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTInfighter-56"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Skylab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"text":"Rumsfeld is sworn in as Secretary of Defense in November 1975In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the Halloween Massacre. Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events.[53] Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense and George H. W. Bush to become Director of Central Intelligence. According to Bob Woodward's 2002 book Bush at War, a rivalry developed between the two men and \"Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career.\"[54]Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During the hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a \"clear and present danger,\" especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination.[16] On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 97–2.[16] At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became the youngest person to serve as United States Secretary of Defense as of 2023.[55]Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and President Ford share a laugh in a Cabinet meeting, 1975.Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on January 15, 1976During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks.[56] He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up),[57] that trends in comparative U.S.-Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they \"would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world\".[23] For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles, the B-1 bomber, and a major naval shipbuilding program.[56]Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following the successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between the Department of Defense and NASA to develop Skylab.[16] Another result of the cooperation was the Space Shuttle program.[16]","title":"Secretary of Defense (1975–1977)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"George S. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"Presidential Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Bush_Administration-1"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Harold Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"sub_title":"SALT II Treaty","text":"During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty.[16] Rumsfeld, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown drafted the treaty.[16] However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration.[58][16]In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[1] Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him \"a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly\".[59]Rumsfeld's first tenure as Secretary of Defense ended on January 20, 1977. He was succeeded by former Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown.[16]","title":"Secretary of Defense (1975–1977)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Return to the private sector (1977–2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School"},{"link_name":"Kellogg School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"G. D. Searle & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.D._Searle,_LLC"},{"link_name":"Skokie, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"aspartame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame"},{"link_name":"potentially dangerous effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame_controversy"},{"link_name":"the Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Monsanto Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto_Company"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Greenhouse-61"},{"link_name":"General Instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Instrument"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS_Lindenauer-62"},{"link_name":"high-definition television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Oseltamivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir"},{"link_name":"bird flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H5N1"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"influenza A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A"},{"link_name":"influenza B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_B"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2017-65"},{"link_name":"recused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusal"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Business career","text":"In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management. His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois. During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Journalist Andrew Cockburn of Harper's Magazine claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product, aspartame, was shown to have potentially dangerous effects by leveraging old government contacts at the Food and Drug Administration.[60] In 1985, Searle was sold to the Monsanto Company.[61]Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993.[62] A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television (HDTV) technology. After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993.[63]From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir), which is used in the treatment of bird flu[64] as well as influenza A and influenza B in humans.[65] As a result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond.[66][67]","title":"Return to the private sector (1977–2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_at_a_National_Security_Briefing_with_Donald_Rumsfeld_and_George_Shultz_in_Oval_Office.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"George Shultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"oil pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pipeline"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Tariq Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Aziz"},{"link_name":"chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-own_rules-11"},{"link_name":"client state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"tilt toward Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Law of the Sea Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea_Treaty"},{"link_name":"National Economic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Economic_Commission"},{"link_name":"National Defense University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_Assess_the_Ballistic_Missile_Threat_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Exchange_Fellowships"},{"link_name":"Hoover Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"National Park Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Project for the New American Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century"},{"link_name":"U.S. State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Asea Brown Boveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asea_Brown_Boveri"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula_Energy_Development_Organization"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"1994 agreed framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreed_Framework_between_the_United_States_of_America_and_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rummy2-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"state sponsor of terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)"},{"link_name":"Axis-of-Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Part-time public service","text":"Rumsfeld with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz in the Oval Office, White House on November 3, 1983During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan,[68] at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the Iran–Iraq War. The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to the Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president.As President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East, Rumsfeld met with Saddam Hussein during a visit to Baghdad in December 1983, during the Iran–Iraq War.When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposing Syria's occupation of Lebanon; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve the U.S. might support a new oil pipeline across Jordan, which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz that \"Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of chemical weapons.\"[11]: 159–60Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir Known and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein \"has been the subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American client state. The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic.\"[39]: 6  The Washington Post reported that \"Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration's tilt toward Iraq—he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts.\"[69]In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992); a member of the FCC's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed.[70]During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration, and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and the National Park Foundation. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group.[71] Rumsfeld was a member of the Project for the New American Century, a think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri's board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea, as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not \"recall it being brought before the board at any time\" though Fortune magazine reported that \"board members were informed about this project\".[72][73] The Bush administration repeatedly criticized the 1994 agreement and the former Clinton presidency for its softness towards North Korea, regarding the country as a state sponsor of terrorism, and later designated North Korea as part of the Axis-of-Evil.[74]","title":"Return to the private sector (1977–2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1976 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"1980 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"in 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"1996 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"presidential exploratory committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_exploratory_committee"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Presidential and vice-presidential aspirations","text":"During the 1976 Republican National Convention, Rumsfeld received one vote for Vice President of the United States, although he did not seek the office, and the nomination was easily won by Ford's choice, Senator Bob Dole.[75] During the 1980 Republican National Convention he again received one vote for vice president.[76]Rumsfeld briefly sought the presidential nomination in 1988, but withdrew from the race before primaries began.[77] During the 1996 election season, he initially formed a presidential exploratory committee, but declined to formally enter the race. He was instead named national chairman for Republican nominee Bob Dole's campaign.[78]","title":"Return to the private sector (1977–2000)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld_is_sworn-in_as_Secretary_of_Defense,_January_20,_2001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Director of Administration and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Administration_and_Management_(Department_of_Defense)"},{"link_name":"David O. Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Cooke"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Executive Office Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building"},{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"Fred Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Smith"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_W._Bush201083%E2%80%9384-79"},{"link_name":"Robert McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://ndupress.ndu.edu-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candor-82"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candor-82"},{"link_name":"Bob Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woodward"},{"link_name":"State of Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Denial"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Ricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Fiasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiasco:_The_American_Military_Adventure_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Seymour Hersh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Rumsfeld is administered the oath of office as the 21st Secretary of Defense on January 20, 2001, by Director of Administration and Management David O. Cooke (left), as Joyce Rumsfeld holds the Bible in a ceremony at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001 despite Rumsfeld's past rivalry with the previous President Bush. Bush's first choice, FedEx founder Fred Smith, was unavailable and Vice President-elect Cheney recommended Rumsfeld for the job.[79] Rumsfeld's second tenure as Secretary of Defense cemented him as the most powerful Pentagon chief since Robert McNamara and one of the most influential Cabinet members in the Bush administration.[80] His tenure proved to be a pivotal and rocky one that led the United States military into the 21st century. Following the September 11 attacks, Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent 2003 invasion of Iraq. He pushed hard to send as small a force as soon as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as the Rumsfeld Doctrine.[81]Throughout his time as defense secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press.[82] U.S. News & World Report called him \"a straight-talking Midwesterner\" who \"routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter\".[82] By the same token, his leadership was exposed to much criticism through books covering the Iraq conflict, like Bob Woodward's State of Denial, Thomas E. Ricks' Fiasco, and Seymour Hersh's Chain of Command.[83]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pentagon_is_functioning.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Tom White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._White"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Hugh Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Shelton"},{"link_name":"John Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warner"},{"link_name":"Carl Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Levin"},{"link_name":"Senate Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Shanksville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"U.S. Capitol Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Flight 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11"},{"link_name":"DEFCON 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFCON"},{"link_name":"Arab–Israeli war in 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"September 11, 2001 attacks","text":"\"The Pentagon is functioning\" was the message Rumsfeld stressed during a press conference in the Pentagon briefing room barely eight hours after terrorists crashed a hijacked commercial jetliner into the Pentagon. Rumsfeld is flanked, left to right, by Secretary of the Army Tom White, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Hugh Shelton, and Senators John Warner (R-VA), and Carl Levin (D-MI), the Ranking Member and Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee.On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them in coordinated strikes into both towers of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City, and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and its target was likely a prominent building in Washington, D.C., most probably either the U.S. Capitol Building or the White House.[84] Within three hours of the start of the first hijacking and two hours after American Airlines Flight 11 struck the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld raised the defense condition signaling of the United States offensive readiness to DEFCON 3, the highest it had been since the Arab–Israeli war in 1973.[85]Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon, just eight hours after the attacks and stated, \"It's an indication that the United States government is functioning in the face of this terrible act against our country. I should add that the briefing here is taking place in the Pentagon. The Pentagon's functioning. It will be in business tomorrow.\"[86]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld_and_Giuliani_at_Ground_Zero.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rudy Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Stephen Cambone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cambone"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IraqSuspect-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Paul Wolfowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz"},{"link_name":"John Kampfner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kampfner"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWARS-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Colin Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell"},{"link_name":"Bush Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"PNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hersh-91"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memoir-39"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv.msnbc.com-94"}],"sub_title":"Military decisions in the wake of 9/11","text":"Rumsfeld and New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani speak at the site of the World Trade Center attacks in Lower Manhattan on November 14, 2001.On the afternoon of September 11, Rumsfeld issued rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of possible Iraqi involvement in regard to what had just occurred, according to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone. \"Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H.\" – meaning Saddam Hussein – \"at same time. Not only UBL\" (Osama bin Laden), Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying. \"Need to move swiftly – Near term target needs – go massive – sweep it all up. Things related and not.\"[87][88]In the first emergency meeting of the National Security Council on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, \"Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?\" with his deputy Paul Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a \"brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable,\" and, according to John Kampfner, \"from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case.\"[89] President George W. Bush reacted to Rumsfeld's suggestion, \"Wait a minute, I didn't hear a word said about him (Saddam Hussein) being responsible for the attack\"[90] and the idea was initially rejected at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, \"Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded.\" In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on \"pre-emption\" and the war on Iraq, which the PNAC had advocated in their earlier letters.[91]Richard A. Clarke, the White House counter-terrorism coordinator at the time, has revealed details of another National Security Council meeting the day after the attacks, during which officials considered the U.S. response. Already, he said, they were certain al-Qa'ida was to blame and there was no hint of Iraqi involvement. \"Rumsfeld was saying we needed to bomb Iraq,\" according to Clarke. Clarke then stated, \"We all said, 'No, no, al-Qa'ida is in Afghanistan.'\" Clarke also revealed that Rumsfeld complained in the meeting, \"there aren't any good targets in Afghanistan and there are lots of good targets in Iraq.\"[92] Rumsfeld even suggested to attack other countries like Libya and Sudan, arguing that if this was to be a truly \"global war on terror\" then all state sponsors of terrorism should be dealt with.[93]Rumsfeld wrote in Known and Unknown, \"Much has been written about the Bush administration's focus on Iraq after 9/11. Commentators have suggested that it was strange or obsessive for the President and his advisers to have raised questions about whether Saddam Hussein was somehow behind the attack. I have never understood the controversy. I had no idea if Iraq was or was not involved, but it would have been irresponsible for any administration not to have asked the question.\"[39]: 347A memo written by Rumsfeld dated November 27, 2001, considers an Iraq war. One section of the memo questions \"How start?\", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.-Iraq War.[94]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv.msnbc.com-94"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://ndupress.ndu.edu-81"},{"link_name":"USCENTCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"Tommy Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Franks"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"1842 retreat from Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_retreat_from_Kabul"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"U.S. Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zimmerman-96"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://ndupress.ndu.edu-81"},{"link_name":"USCENTCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://ndupress.ndu.edu-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brigadier_General_Lloyd_Austin_converse_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Zalmay Khalilzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad"},{"link_name":"Kandahar, Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://ndupress.ndu.edu-81"},{"link_name":"2001 invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://archive.defense.gov-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https://archive.defense.gov-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Atef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Atef"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.orlandosentinel.com-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.defense.gov-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.orlandosentinel.com-99"},{"link_name":"Northern Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.defense.gov-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.orlandosentinel.com-99"},{"link_name":"Bagram Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Operation Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"President Karzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Hellfire missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_missiles"},{"link_name":"Predator drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-1_Predator"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gpo-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gpo-105"},{"link_name":"Daniel Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Steven Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Simon"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Rahim Wardak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Wardak"},{"link_name":"Afghan army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Army"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tora Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Allen"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Gary Berntsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Berntsen"},{"link_name":"army rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hazrat Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Ali_(Afghan_politician)"},{"link_name":"Zahir Qadeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_Qadeer"},{"link_name":"B-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"Pakistan–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Operation Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda"},{"link_name":"Steve Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"War in Afghanistan","text":"Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001[94]Rumsfeld directed the planning for the War in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks.[81] On September 21, 2001, USCENTCOM Commander General Tommy Franks, briefed the President on a plan to destroy al Qaeda in Afghanistan and remove the Taliban government. General Franks, also initially proposed to Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops, preceded by six months of preparation. Rumsfeld, however feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War and the 1842 retreat from Kabul by the British.[95] Rumsfeld rejected Franks's plan, saying \"I want men on the ground now!\" Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing U.S. Special Forces.[96][81] Despite air and missile attacks against al Qaeda in Afghanistan, USCENTCOM had no pre-existing plans for conducting ground operations there.[81]Rumsfeld (center) converses with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad (right) during a visit to Kandahar, Afghanistan, on February 26, 2004The September 21, 2001 plan emerged after extensive dialogue, but Secretary Rumsfeld also asked for broader plans that looked beyond Afghanistan.[81]On October 7, 2001, just hours after the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon stating \"While our raids today focus on the Taliban and the foreign terrorists in Afghanistan, our aim remains much broader. Our objective is to defeat those who use terrorism and those who house or support them. The world stands united in this effort\".[97]Rumsfeld also stated \"the only way to deal with these terrorist threats is to go at them where they exist. You cannot defend at every place at every time against every conceivable, imaginable, even unimaginable terrorist attack. And the only way to deal with it is to take the battle to where they are and to root them out and to starve them out by seeing that those countries and those organizations and those non-governmental organizations and those individuals that are supporting and harboring and facilitating these networks stop doing it and find that there's a penalty for doing it\".[97]Rumsfeld in another press conference at the Pentagon on October 29, 2001, stated \"As the first weeks of this effort proceed, it bears repeating that our goal is not to reduce or simply contain terrorist acts, but our goal is to deal with it comprehensively. And we do not intend to stop until we've rooted out terrorist networks and put them out of business, not just in the case of the Taliban and the Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, but other networks as well. And as I've mentioned, the Al Qaeda network crosses some 40, 50-plus countries.\"[98]Rumsfeld announced in November 2001, that he received \"authoritative reports\" that Al-Qaeda's number three Mohammed Atef, bin Laden's primary military chief and a planner of the September 11 attacks on America, was killed by a U.S. airstrike.[99][100][101] \"He was very, very senior,\" Rumsfeld said. \"We obviously have been seeking [him] out.\"[99]In a press conference at the Pentagon on November 19, 2001, Rumsfeld described the role of U.S. ground forces in Afghanistan as firstly in the north, American troops are \"embedded in Northern Alliance\" elements, helping arrange food and medical supplies and pinpointing airstrikes and in the south, commandos and other troops are operating more independently, raiding compounds, monitoring roadblocks and searching vehicles in the hope of developing more information about al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders.[101][99] On December 16, 2001, Rumsfeld visited U.S. troops in Afghanistan at Bagram Air Base.[102]On March 15, 2002, in another press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the mission of Operation Anaconda by stating \"Operation Anaconda continues in the area south of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. The fighting is winding down as you know. Coalition forces are for the most part in an exploitation phase, doing the difficult work of searching caves and clearing areas where the battles and fighting has taken place. Our forces are finding weapons, ammunition, some intelligence information. In the top 25 al Qaeda, we know some are dead and we know some may be dead; we know some are captured and there are a larger number that we don't know. And roughly the same proportions with respect to Taliban\".[103]On May 1, 2003, Rumsfeld during a visit to Afghanistan meeting with U.S. troops stationed in Kabul told the press \"General Franks and I have been looking at the progress that's being made in this country and have concluded that we are at a point where we clearly have moved from major combat activity to a period of stability and stabilization and reconstruction and activities.\" \"I should underline however, that there are still dangers, there are still pockets of resistance in certain parts of the country and General McNeal and General Franks and their, the cooperation they have with the President Karzai's government and leadership and Marshall Fayheems assistance. We will be continuing as a country to work with the Afghan government and the new Afghan National Army to see that the any areas where there is resistance to this government and to the coalition forces will be dealt with promptly and efficiently.\"[104]There was also controversy between the Pentagon and the CIA over who had the authority to fire Hellfire missiles from Predator drones.[105] Even though the drones were not ready for deployment until 2002,[105] Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon have argued that \"these quarrels kept the Predator from being used against al Qaeda ... One anonymous individual who was at the center of the action called this episode 'typical' and complained that 'Rumsfeld never missed an opportunity to fail to cooperate. The fact is, the Secretary of Defense is an obstacle. He has helped the terrorists.'[106]In December 2005, Rumsfeld again visited Kabul and met with the Afghan defense minister, Rahim Wardak. During the meeting, Rumsfeld expressed doubts about the effectiveness of the Afghan army and attributed the worsening situation in Afghanistan to ineffective governance. He criticized the longstanding plan to expand the Afghan army to 70,000 troops and requested a reduction in the size of the Afghan army to 52,000 at most, claiming that this was necessary to \"suit Afghanistan's limited revenues.\" Shortly after the trip, Rumsfeld also withdrew 3,000 U.S. troops from Afghanistan and canceled the planned deployment of one army brigade headed there.[107]In 2009, three years after Rumsfeld's tenure as Defense secretary ended, the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations led an investigation into the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001, during the early phase of the U.S-led coalition war in Afghanistan. They concluded that Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and General Franks had not committed enough troops during the battle to secure the area around Tora Bora. They believed that Al-Qaeda's number one leader Osama bin Laden had likely been at Tora Bora and his escape prolonged the war in Afghanistan.[108] Rumsfeld and Franks were apparently motivated by fear that a substantial American presence near Tora Bora could incite a rebellion by local Pashtuns, despite the latter's lack of organizational capability at the time and the fierce dissent voiced by many CIA analysts including Charles E. Allen (who warned Franks that \"the back door [to Pakistan] was open\") and Gary Berntsen (who called for army rangers to \"kill this baby in the crib\"). Instead of rangers or marines, the U.S. assault on Tora Bora relied on the CIA-backed Afghan militias of Hazrat Ali and Zahir Qadeer, supplemented with B-52 bombardment. The resulting influx of hundreds of al-Qaeda fighters into Pakistan destabilized the country and damaged Pakistan–United States relations.[109] The follow-up Operation Anaconda \"witnessed failures of planning and execution, the product of the fractured lines of command,\" as recounted by Steve Coll.[110] In mid-2002, Rumsfeld announced that \"The war is over in Afghanistan,\" to the disbelief of State Department, CIA, and military officials in the country. As a result, Rumsfeld downplayed the need for an Afghan army of even 70,000 troops, far fewer than the 250,000 envisaged by Karzai.[111]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020311-D-2987S-018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Myers"},{"link_name":"International Security Assistance Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Rumsfeld_Tommy_Franks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tommy Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Franks"},{"link_name":"United States Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"there are known knowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defense.gov-transcript-112"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontline_who_said-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FactCheck_2005-09-02-5"},{"link_name":"Douglas J. Feith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_J._Feith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClatchy_2007-02-07-6"},{"link_name":"Office of Special Plans (OSP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans"},{"link_name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hersh-91"},{"link_name":"Old Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_031027-D-9880W-030.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ion Iliescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Iliescu"},{"link_name":"\"Star of Romania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-114"},{"link_name":"Eric Shinseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Shinseki"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"2003 Invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Shock and Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_and_Awe"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Coalition Provisional Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority"},{"link_name":"insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)"},{"link_name":"George Stephanopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"This Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Week_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Fall of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StuffHappens-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StuffHappens-120"},{"link_name":"Uday Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Qusay Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusay_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"psychological operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_operations"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Lesley Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Stahl"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Operation Red Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromDesk-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"sectarian violence in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq_(2006%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnis"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Operation Together Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-114"},{"link_name":"Brit Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Hume"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Tommy Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Franks"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromDesk-126"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Mike Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"British army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_army"},{"link_name":"nation building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_building"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"signing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopen"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Iraq War","text":"Rumsfeld, accompanied by General Richard Myers and military representatives from the International Security Assistance Force, speaks to the press on March 11, 2002Rumsfeld (left) and General Tommy Franks (right), commander of United States Central Command, listen to a question at a Pentagon press conference on March 5, 2003Before and during the Iraq War, Rumsfeld claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; in particular during his famous phrase \"there are known knowns\" in a press conference at the Pentagon on February 12, 2002,[112]\nno stockpiles were ever found.[4][5] Bush administration officials also claimed that there was an operational relationship between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide, Douglas J. Feith, \"developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers\".[6]The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack fell to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, \"Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking.\" As a result, \"they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new Office of Special Plans (OSP) based in the U.S. Defense Department.\" According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP \"was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda, and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States\".[91]On January 22, 2003, after the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of \"Old Europe\", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe.[113]Romanian President Ion Iliescu (right) awards the \"Star of Romania\" decoration to Secretary of Defense Donald H. RumsfeldAfter the war in Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld participated in a meeting in regard to the review of the Department of Defense's Contingency Plan in the event of a war with Iraq. The plan, as it was then conceived, contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld felt was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote:As [General] Newbold outlined the plan ... it was clear that Rumsfeld was growing increasingly irritated. For Rumsfeld, the plan required too many troops and supplies and took far too long to execute. It was, Rumsfeld declared, the \"product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military\".[114]In a press conference at the Pentagon on February 27, 2003, Rumsfeld told reporters after being asked a question that Army Chief of Staff General Eric Shinseki suggested it would take several hundred thousand troops on the ground to secure Iraq and provide stability. Is he wrong?. Rumsfeld replied \"the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces I think is far from the mark. The reality is that we already have a number of countries that have offered to participate with their forces in stabilization activities, in the event force has to be used.\"[115]Rumsfeld addressed the nation in a press conference at the Pentagon on March 20, 2003, just hours after the launch of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, where he announced the first strike of the war to liberate Iraq and that \"The days of the Saddam Hussein regime are numbered,\" and \"We continue to feel there is no need for a broader conflict if the Iraqi leaders act to save themselves and act to prevent such a conflict.\"[116]Rumsfeld's role in directing the Iraq War included a plan that was the Shock and Awe campaign,[117] which resulted in a lightning invasion with 145,000 soldiers on the ground that took Baghdad in well under a month with very few American casualties.[citation needed] Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of the Coalition Provisional Authority. A violent insurrection began shortly after the military operation started.On March 30, 2003, in an interview with George Stephanopoulos on ABC's This Week program, Rumsfeld answered a question by Stephanopoulos about finding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated \"We know where they are. They're in the area around Tikrit and Baghdad and east, west, south and north somewhat.\"[118]On April 9, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld addressed reporters during the Fall of Baghdad, and stated \"The scenes of free Iraqis celebrating in the streets, riding American tanks, tearing down the statues of Saddam Hussein in the center of Baghdad are breathtaking.\"[119]After the Iraq invasion, U.S. troops were criticized for not protecting the historical artifacts and treasures located at the National Museum of Iraq. On April 11, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, when asked at the time why U.S. troops did not actively seek to stop the lawlessness, Rumsfeld replied, \"Stuff happens ... and it's untidy and freedom's untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. They're also free to live their lives and do wonderful things. And that's what's going to happen here.\"[120] He further commented that, \"The images you are seeing on television you are seeing over, and over, and over, and it's the same picture of some person walking out of some building with a vase, and you see it 20 times, and you think, \"My goodness, were there that many vases?\"[120]On July 24, 2003, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the release of photographs of the deceased sons of Saddam Hussein, Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein. \"It is not a practice that the United States engages in on a normal basis,\" Rumsfeld said. \"I honestly believe that these two are particularly bad characters and that it's important for the Iraqi people to see them, to know they're gone, to know they're dead, and to know they're not coming back.\" Rumsfeld also said, \"I feel it was the right decision, and I'm glad I made it.\"[121][122][123]In October 2003, Rumsfeld approved a secret Pentagon \"roadmap\" on public relations, calling for \"boundaries\" between information operations abroad and the news media at home. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the U.S. government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter that psychological operations reach the American public.[124]On December 14, 2003, Rumsfeld in an interview with journalist Lesley Stahl on 60 Minutes after U.S. forces captured Saddam Hussein in Operation Red Dawn, stated, \"Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasn't very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didn't use it, and certainly did not put up any fight at all. I think that ... he resulted in the death of an awful lot of Iraqi people, in the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave.\"[125]As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the public message from the Department of Defense. People will \"rally\" to the word \"sacrifice\", Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. \"They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory.\" In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against \"worldwide insurgency\". He advised aides \"to test what the results could be\" if the war on terrorism were renamed.[126] Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks on and responses to U.S. newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war.During Rumsfeld's tenure, he regularly visited U.S. troops stationed in Iraq.[127]The Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that though Rumsfeld didn't specify a withdrawal date for troops in Iraq, \"He says it would be unrealistic to wait for Iraq to be peaceful before removing U.S. led forces from the country, adding that Iraq had never been peaceful and perfect.\"[128]On August 2, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon, Rumsfeld commented on the sectarian violence in Iraq where he stated \"there's sectarian violence; people are being killed. Sunnis are killing Shi'a and Shi'a are killing Sunnis. Kurds seem not to be involved. It's unfortunate, and they need a reconciliation process.\"[129]On October 26, 2006, at a press conference at the Pentagon after the failure of Operation Together Forward in Iraq, Rumsfeld stated \"Would defeat in Iraq be so bad?\" Well, the answer is: Yes, it would be. Those who are fighting against the Iraqi government want to seize power so that they can establish a new sanctuary and a base of operations for terrorists and any idea that U.S. military leaders are rigidly refusing to make adjustments in their approaches is just flat wrong. The military is continuing to adapt and to adjust as required. Yes, there are difficulties and problems to be sure.\"[130]As a result, Rumsfeld stirred controversy as to whether the forces that did invade Iraq were enough in size.[114] In 2006, Rumsfeld responded to a question by Brit Hume of Fox News as to whether he pressed General Tommy Franks to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the war:Absolutely not. That's a mythology. This town [Washington, D.C.] is filled with this kind of nonsense. The people who decide the levels of forces on the ground are not the Secretary of Defense or the President. We hear recommendations, but the recommendations are made by the combatant commanders and by members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and there hasn't been a minute in the last six years when we have not had the number of troops that the combatant commanders have requested.[131]Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level.[132]Throughout his tenure, Rumsfeld sought to remind the American people of the 9/11 attacks and threats against Americans, noting at one time in a 2006 memo to \"[m]ake the American people realize they are surrounded in the world by violent extremists\".[133][126] According to a report by The Guardian, Rumsfeld was allegedly including biblical quotes in top secret briefing papers to appeal George W Bush, known for his devout religious beliefs, to invade Iraq as more like \"holy war\" or \"a religious crusade\" against Muslims.[134]In a September 2007 interview with The Daily Telegraph, General Mike Jackson, the head of the British army during the invasion, criticized Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq as \"intellectually bankrupt\", adding that Rumsfeld is \"one of those most responsible for the current situation in Iraq\", and that he felt that \"the US approach to combating global terrorism is 'inadequate' and too focused on military might rather than nation building and diplomacy.\"[135]In December 2004, Rumsfeld was heavily criticized for using a signing machine instead of personally signing over 1000 letters of condolence to the families of soldiers killed in action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He promised to personally sign all letters in the future.[136]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld-4_hours_a_day.png"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison"},{"link_name":"enemy combatants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_combatant"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Armed_Services_Committee"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_041224-M-8096K-064_Secretary_of_Defense_(SECDEF),_Donald_Rumsfeld_takes_a_photo_with_some_Marines_at_Camp_Fallujah,_Iraq.jpg"},{"link_name":"Camp Fallujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Fallujah"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"enhanced interrogation techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smeulers-142"},{"link_name":"ACLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-143"},{"link_name":"Donald Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Vance"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moss-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Hogan"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Kaleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Kaleck"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"}],"sub_title":"Prisoner abuse and torture concerns","text":"Further information: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuseComment from Rumsfeld: \"I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours?\"The Department of Defense's preliminary concerns for holding, housing, and interrogating captured prisoners on the battlefield were raised during the military build-up prior to the Iraq War. Because Saddam Hussein's military forces surrendered when faced with military action, many within the DOD, including Rumsfeld and United States Central Command General Tommy Franks, decided it was in the best interest of all to hand these prisoners over to their respective countries. Additionally, it was determined that maintaining a large holding facility was, at the time, unrealistic. Instead, the use of many facilities such as Abu Ghraib to house prisoners of interest prior to handing them over, and Rumsfeld defended the Bush administration's decision to detain enemy combatants. Because of this, critics, including members of the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, held Rumsfeld responsible for the ensuing Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld himself said: \"These events occurred on my watch as Secretary of Defense. I am accountable for them.\"[137] He offered his resignation to President Bush in the wake of the scandal, but it was not accepted.[138]Rumsfeld poses with Marines during one of his trips to Camp Fallujah, Iraq, on Christmas Eve 2004In a memo read by Rumsfeld detailing how Guantanamo Bay detention camp interrogators induced stress in prisoners by forcing them to remain standing in one position for a maximum of four hours, Rumsfeld scrawled a handwritten note on the memo reading: \"I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours? D.R.\"[139]Various organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, called for investigations of Rumsfeld regarding his involvement in managing the Iraq War and his support of the Bush administration's policies of \"enhanced interrogation techniques\", which are widely regarded as torture.[140][141]Legal scholars have argued that Rumsfeld \"might be held criminally responsible if [he] would be prosecuted by the ICC\".[142] In 2005 the ACLU and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld and other top government officials, \"on behalf of eight men who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U.S. forces under the command of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\".[143]In 2005, a suit was filed against Rumsfeld by several human rights organizations for allegedly violating U.S. and international law that prohibits \"torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment\".[143] Donald Vance and Nathan Ertel filed suit against the U.S. government and Rumsfeld on similar grounds, alleging that they were tortured and their rights of habeas corpus were violated.[144][145][146][147] In 2007, U.S. District Judge Thomas F. Hogan ruled that Rumsfeld could not \"be held personally responsible for actions taken in connection with his government job\".[148] The ACLU tried to revive the case in 2011 with no success.[149]In 2004, German prosecutor Wolfgang Kaleck filed a criminal complaint charging Rumsfeld and 11 other U.S. officials as war criminals who either ordered the torture of prisoners or drafted laws that legitimated its use. The charges based on breaches of the UN Convention against Torture and the German Code of Crimes against International Law.[150]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_060912-F-0193C-006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Peter Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pace"},{"link_name":"NATO-member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Pat Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"David Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ignatius"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_and_Rumsfeld_shakes_hands,_November_8,_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Election Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2007-08-15-158"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_general_elections"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2007-08-15-158"},{"link_name":"Robert Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"19-gun salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-gun_salute"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Resignation","text":"Rumsfeld with former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher alongside the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace, 2006Eight U.S. and other NATO-member retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the \"Generals Revolt\", accusing him of \"abysmal\" military planning and lack of strategic competence.[151][152][153]Commentator Pat Buchanan reported at the time that Washington Post columnist David Ignatius, who traveled often to Iraq and supported the war, said the generals \"mirror the views of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more\".[154] Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating, \"out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round.\"[155] Bush defended Rumsfeld throughout and responded by stating that Rumsfeld is \"exactly what is needed\".[156]Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006.On November 1, 2006, Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president.[157] Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, 2006, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it on Election Day, November 7, 2006.[158] In the elections, the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. After the elections on November 8, 2006, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning.[158]Bush nominated Robert Gates to succeed Rumsfeld.[159][160][161] On December 15, 2006, a farewell ceremony, with an armed forces full honor review and a 19-gun salute, was held at the Pentagon Mall Terrace in honor of the departing Rumsfeld.[162]","title":"Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Rumsfeld_shares_a_laugh_with_Robert_Gates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentagon_Memorial_dedication_2008_1st_bench.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pentagon Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:190911-A-AP390-2074_(48718782863).jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"Sentinel HC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_HC"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW_Deahl-165"},{"link_name":"advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_payment"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foundation-166"},{"link_name":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"endnotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endnotes"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-168"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-website-168"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foundation-166"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"microfinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfinance"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Conservative Political Action Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Don't ask, don't tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"2011 military intervention in Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Jake Tapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Tapper"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"Abderrahim Foukara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abderrahim_Foukara"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Errol Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Morris"},{"link_name":"The Unknown Known","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unknown_Known"},{"link_name":"response to a question at a February 2002 press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"solitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_(game)"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Secretaries of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"text":"Rumsfeld shares a laugh with his successor, Robert Gates, at a ceremony to unveil his official portrait as Secretary of Defense, June 25, 2010.Dedication ceremony of the Pentagon Memorial in 2008Rumsfeld greeting former president George W. Bush in 2019In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York City publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir.[163] After receiving what one industry source labeled \"big bids\",[164] he reached an agreement with the Penguin Group to publish the book under its Sentinel HC imprint.[165] Rumsfeld declined to accept an advance for the publication of his memoir, and said he was donating all proceeds from the work to veterans groups.[166] His book, entitled Known and Unknown: A Memoir, was released on February 8, 2011.[167]In conjunction with the publication of Known and Unknown, Rumsfeld established \"The Rumsfeld Papers\", a website with documents \"related to the endnotes\" of the book and his service during the George W. Bush administration;[168] during the months that followed the book's publication, the website was expanded to include over 4,000 documents from his archive. As of June 2011,[needs update] the topics included his Congressional voting record, the Nixon administration, documents and memos of meetings while he was part of the Ford, Reagan, and George W. Bush administrations, private sector documents, and NATO documents, among other items.[168]In 2007, Rumsfeld established The Rumsfeld Foundation, which focuses on encouraging public service in the United States and supporting the growth of free political and free economic systems abroad. The educational foundation provides fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government.[166] Rumsfeld personally financed the foundation.[169] As of January 2014, the foundation had sponsored over 90 fellows from Central Asia, provided over  million in tuition and stipend support for graduate students, awarded over  million in microfinance grants, and donated over  million to charities for veterans' affairs.[clarification needed][170]Rumsfeld was awarded the \"Defender of the Constitution Award\" at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, D.C., on February 10, 2011.After his retirement from government, Rumsfeld criticized former fellow Cabinet member Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State, in his memoir, asserting that she was basically unfit for office. In 2011, she responded, saying that Rumsfeld \"doesn't know what he's talking about. The reader may imagine what can be correct about the conflicted matter.\"[171]In February 2011, Rumsfeld endorsed the repeal of the military's \"Don't ask, don't tell\" policy, saying that allowing gays and lesbians to openly serve \"is an idea whose time has come\".[172]In March 2011, Rumsfeld spoke out on the 2011 military intervention in Libya, telling ABC News Senior White House Correspondent Jake Tapper that the Obama administration should \"recognize the mission has to determine the coalition. The coalition ought not determine the mission.\" Rumsfeld also used the word \"confusion\" six times to describe the United Nations-backed military effort in Libya.[173]In October 2011, Rumsfeld conducted an interview with Al Jazeera's Washington, D.C., bureau chief Abderrahim Foukara. Foukara asked Rumsfeld whether, in hindsight, the Bush administration had sent enough troops into Iraq to secure the borders of the country, and whether that made the United States culpable in the death of innocent Iraqis. Foukara said people in the Pentagon told Rumsfeld the number of troops sent into Iraq was insufficient. Rumsfeld said, \"You keep making assertions which are fundamentally false. No one in the Pentagon said they were not enough.\" Foukara pressed Rumsfeld repeatedly. Rumsfeld then asked, \"Do you want to yell or do you want to have an interview?\" Foukara then asked, \"Do you think the numbers that you went to Iraq with did absolve you from the responsibility of tens, maybe hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis killed by the Coalition and those criminals that you talked about?\" Rumsfeld called the question \"pejorative\" and said Foukara was \"not being respectful\" (Foukara disagreed) and was \"just talking over, and over, and over again\".[174][175]Rumsfeld was the subject of the 2013 Errol Morris documentary The Unknown Known, the title a reference to his response to a question at a February 2002 press conference. In the film Rumsfeld \"discusses his career in Washington D.C. from his days as a congressman in the early 1960s to planning the invasion of Iraq in 2003\".[176]In January 2016, in partnership with the literary and creative agency Javelin, which handled design and development,[177] Rumsfeld released a mobile app game of solitaire called Churchill Solitaire, emulating a variant of the card game as played by Winston Churchill.[178] Rumsfeld and the Churchill family said that profits from the game would be donated to charity.[179][180]In June 2016, Rumsfeld announced that he would vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.[181]On January 5, 2021, Rumsfeld was one of the ten living former Secretaries of Defense that sent a warning letter in order to warn President Trump not to involve the military in a 2020 presidential election dispute.[182]","title":"Retirement and later life (2006–2021)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple myeloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma"},{"link_name":"Taos, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"text":"On June 29, 2021, Rumsfeld died from multiple myeloma at his home in Taos, New Mexico.[183][184] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on August 24, 2021.[185][186]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050702-F-7203T-593.jpg"},{"link_name":"2005 Pepsi 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Pepsi_400"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Illinois's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"confirmed by the U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation"}],"text":"Rumsfeld gives the command at the 2005 Pepsi 400, where he served as the grand marshal.[187]During the four elections during which he ran to represent Illinois's 13th congressional district, Rumsfeld received shares of the popular vote that ranged from 58% (in 1964) to 76% (in 1966). In 1975 and 2001, Rumsfeld was overwhelmingly confirmed by the U.S. Senate after presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, respectively, appointed him as U.S. Secretary of Defense.","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_H._Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Transcript"},{"link_name":"Financial World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_World"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Association of the U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Medal"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"United States Association of Former Members of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Association_of_Former_Members_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Freedom Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"James H. Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Doolittle"},{"link_name":"Hudson Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Eagle Scout Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryan_on_Scouting-193"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit 9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Union League of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Claremont Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Institute"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Valley Forge Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bujar Nishani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujar_Nishani"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"text":"Rumsfeld in the Pentagon auditorium for his final meeting with Pentagon employees, December 8, 2006Rumsfeld was awarded 11 honorary degrees.[188] Following his years as CEO, president, and later chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, he was recognized as Outstanding CEO in the pharmaceutical industry by The Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981).[189]Some of his other awards included:All Navy Wrestling Champion (1956)[188]\nGolden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1983)[190]\nGeorge C. Marshall Medal by the Association of the U.S. Army (1984)[191]\nWoodrow Wilson Medal by Princeton University (1985)[188]\nDwight D. Eisenhower Medal (1993)[188]\nLone Sailor Award by the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (2002)[188]\nStatesmanship Award by the United States Association of Former Members of Congress (2003)[188]\nRonald Reagan Freedom Award (2003)[188]\nJames H. Doolittle Award by the Hudson Institute (2003)[188]\nGerald R. Ford Medal presented by President Ford and the Ford Foundation (2004)[192]\nDistinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America (1976)[193]\nGolden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor (2004) for his appearance in Fahrenheit 9/11[194]\nUnion League of Philadelphia Gold Medal for Citizenship (2006)\nClaremont Institute Statesmanship Award (2007)\nVictory of Freedom Award from the Richard Nixon Foundation (2010)[195]\nOrder of Anthony Wayne from Valley Forge Military Academy\nNational Flag award from Albania's President Bujar Nishani (2013)[196]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"George Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Packer"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Neoconservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism"},{"link_name":"Bill Kristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kristol"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"text":"Secretary of State Henry Kissinger described Rumsfeld as \"the most ruthless man\" he knew.[201] George Packer of The Atlantic named Rumsfeld \"the worst secretary of defense in American history\" who \"lacked the wisdom to change his mind.\"[202] Bradley Graham, a Washington Post reporter and author of the book titled By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld released on June 23, 2009, stated \"Rumsfeld left office as one of the most controversial Defense Secretaries since Robert McNamara and widely criticized for his management of the Iraq war and for his difficult relationships with Congress, administration colleagues, and military officers.\"[203] \nNeoconservative commentator Bill Kristol was also critical of Rumsfeld, stating he \"breezily dodged responsibility\" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels.[204]","title":"Legacy and reputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Affiliation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Center for Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy"},{"link_name":"Hoover Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution"},{"link_name":"Project for the New American Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Committee for the Free World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Free_World"},{"link_name":"National Park Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Exchange_Fellowships"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Club"},{"link_name":"Alfalfa Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa_Club"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"}],"sub_title":"Institutional affiliations","text":"Rumsfeld's official portrait in 2001Center for Security Policy: longtime associate; winner of the CSP's 1998 \"Keeper of the Flame\" award (5)\nHoover Institution: former member, board of trustees\nProject for the New American Century: signed PNAC's founding statement of principles as well as two policy letters on Iraq\nFreedom House: former board member\nRAND Corporation: former chairman\nCommittee for the Free World: former chairman\nNational Park Foundation: former member[188]\nEisenhower Exchange Fellowships: former chairman[188]\nBohemian Club: member\nAlfalfa Club: member\nNational Academy of Public Administration: member[188]","title":"Affiliation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_Assess_the_Ballistic_Missile_Threat_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"National Economic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Economic_Commission"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"Law of the Sea Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Defense-188"},{"link_name":"White House Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Ford administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_administration"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ambassador to NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_NATO"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Government posts, panels, and commissions","text":"Secretary of Defense (2001–06)\nU.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization: chairman (2000)[188]\nU.S. Trade Deficit Reviews Commission: member (1999–2000)[188]\nCommission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States: chairman (1998)[188]\nNational Commission on Public Service: member (1987–1990)[188]\nNational Economic Commission: member (1988–1989)[188]\nPresident Reagan's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control: member (1982–1986)[188]\nU.S. Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations: member (1983–1984)[188]\nPresidential Envoy to the Middle East, Reagan administration (1983–1984)[188]\nPresidential Envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty, Reagan administration (1982–1983)[188]\nSecretary of Defense (1975–77)\nWhite House Chief of Staff in Ford administration (1974–75)\nU.S. Ambassador to NATO (1973–74)\nU.S. Congress: Representative from Illinois (1962–69)\nUnited States Navy: Various posts, including aviator (1954–57); reserves (1957–1975); retired as a navy captain (1989)","title":"Affiliation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"General Instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Instrument"},{"link_name":"G. D. Searle & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Searle_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Gulfstream Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Tribune Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Company"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"ABB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"Carlos Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylin_Pharmaceuticals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld_and_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_at_a_press_conference_in_the_Pentagon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"George S. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ford_and_Soviet_General_Secretary_Leonid_I._Brezhnev_-_NARA_-_7162534_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_040323-F-6655M-225.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Myers"},{"link_name":"Deputy Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Paul Wolfowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz"},{"link_name":"9/11 Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_051024-F-5586B-016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Nuland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Nuland"},{"link_name":"NATO-Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations"}],"sub_title":"Corporate connections and business interests","text":"Eastern Air Lines: former director – The annual reports of Eastern Air Lines disclose that Donald Rumsfeld was a member of Eastern Air Lines board of directors.\nGilead Sciences: Joined Gilead as a director in 1988, chairman (1997–2001)\nGeneral Instrument: chairman and CEO (1990–93)\nG. D. Searle & Company: CEO/chairman/president (1977–1985)\nGulfstream Aerospace: director\nTribune Company: director\nMetricom: director\nSears: director\nABB: director\nKellogg's: director 1985–1999 while Carlos Gutierrez (ex Cuba 1960) was president, CEO and chairman of Kellogg until named Secretary of Commerce under Bush from 2005.\nRAND Corporation: chairman of the board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996\nAmylin Pharmaceuticals: directorSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at The Pentagon, January 15, 1976.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, President Ford and Rumsfeld in Vladivostok, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, November 1974.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz testifying before the 9/11 Commission in March 2004.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRumsfeld and Victoria Nuland at the NATO-Ukraine consultations in Vilnius, Lithuania, on October 24, 2005.","title":"Affiliation history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Princeton University: A.B. (1954)","title":"Affiliation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Chief_of_Staff_Donald_Rumsfeld_in_the_Oval_Office_-_NARA_-_7140610.jpg"},{"link_name":"White House Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld_with_Vice_President_Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Nelson Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld,_Brown,_Bush_and_Scowcroft_at_The_Oval_Office,_White_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"George S. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown"},{"link_name":"National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Brent Scowcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft"},{"link_name":"C.I.A. Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"George H.W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld_testifying_at_a_Senate_hearing_on_the_Defense_Department_budget.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld_Donald_1976_DD-SN-07-12483.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld_during_an_Interview_at_The_Pentagon_Studio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C19174_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_011001-D-2987S-004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Myers"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020110-D-2987S-170.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_011015-D-9880W-174.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Myers"},{"link_name":"Vice Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Peter Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pace"},{"link_name":"Fort Myer, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_011216-D-2987S-241.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bagram Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050629-D-9880W-076.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Richard B. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Myers"},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_050321-F-7203T-067.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020427-D-9880W-126.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bagram Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Airfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_040107-D-9880W-003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon"}],"text":"Rumsfeld and Cheney with President Ford at The Oval Office\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld with President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office, White House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown, National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft, and C.I.A. Director George H.W. Bush at The Oval Office, White House, March 11, 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testifying at Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on the Defense Department budget on March 9, 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld speaking during a press conference at The Pentagon on October 6, 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during an Interview with WMAL-TV reporter Jim Clark at The Pentagon Studio on November 4, 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDonald Rumsfeld with President Ronald Reagan at The Oval Office in 1983\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld watches as General Richard B. Myers was sworn in as the 15th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, October 1, 2001.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with President George W. Bush, following President Bush's visit to The Pentagon to address military and Department of Defense personnel and sign the Defense Appropriations Bill, January 10, 2002\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, President George W. Bush, Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers, and Vice Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace watch troops pass in review at Fort Myer, Virginia, on October 15, 2001.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with troops at Bagram Air Base, December 2001\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers during the annual Pentagon Town Hall meeting at The Pentagon auditorium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSecretary Rumsfeld during a visit to Buenos Aires, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during a visit to Bagram Air Force Base\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRumsfeld with UK Secretary of State for Defence Geoffrey Hoon","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Strategic Imperatives in East Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.heritage.org/asia/report/strategic-imperatives-east-asia"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59523-067-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6"},{"link_name":"Broadside Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0062272867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062272867"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1501172939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501172939"}],"text":"Rumsfeld, Donald (1998). \"Strategic Imperatives in East Asia\". Heritage lectures, no. 605. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. Speech given March 3, 1998, in Washington, D.C.[205]\nRumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.\nRumsfeld, Donald (2013). Rumsfeld's Rules. Broadside Books. ISBN 978-0062272867.\nRumsfeld, Donald (2018). When the Center Held: Gerald Ford and the Rescue of the American Presidency. Free Press. ISBN 978-1501172939.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Bush_Administration_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Bush_Administration_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historical_Office_Rumsfeld_Ford_Administration_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529112534/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210702043712/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frontline_who_said_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frontline_who_said_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html"},{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_program)"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190528111319/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FactCheck_2005-09-02_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FactCheck_2005-09-02_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice \"Lied\" About Iraq\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"FactCheck.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200729230849/https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McClatchy_2007-02-07_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McClatchy_2007-02-07_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html"},{"link_name":"McClatchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClatchy"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190521220947/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180613211110/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autobio_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"My autobiography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170116131344/http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201018104841/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Henry Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140316195127/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-own_rules_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-own_rules_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-own_rules_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-own_rules_11-3"},{"link_name":"PublicAffairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58648-421-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-421-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070629125741/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130806172610/http://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3771"},{"link_name":"KOGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOGO_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100302023659/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3771"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3119"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061002093420/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3119"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-10"},{"link_name":"\"Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170624202025/http://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090420212959/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210127113856/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071013201712/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201031120759/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/"},{"link_name":"The American Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210702130010/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-airforcetimes.com_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-airforcetimes.com_22-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120722191209/http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php"},{"link_name":"Air Force Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Times"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-defenselink1_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-defenselink1_23-1"},{"link_name":"\"DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060707060729/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bioguide_24-0"},{"link_name":"\"RUMSFELD, Donald Henry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070425194855/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Quest_for_Presidency_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070516103109/http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-White_House_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U_Texas_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070715153231/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Freedom of Information Act at 40\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm"},{"link_name":"National Security Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060704180357/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_29-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_29-3"},{"link_name":"Known and unknown : a memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59523-067-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"650210649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/https://www.worldcat.org/title/known-and-unknown-a-memoir/oclc/650210649"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060824220033/http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/free_to_choose/index_80.php?id=the_tyranny_of_control"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130506043939/http://www.freetochoose.tv/program.php?id=ftc1980_2&series=ftc80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"House – February 10, 1964\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"House – July 2, 1964\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"House – August 16, 1967\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"House – April 10, 1968\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"House – July 9, 1965\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"House – August 3, 1965\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government Printing Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mann20031101_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mann20031101_38-1"},{"link_name":"\"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210702072016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-memoir_39-5"},{"link_name":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59523-067-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"The Administration: The New OEO Fan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,900793,00.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0040-781X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210705091755/https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/230919112.js"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180604194726/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210319090820/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210411202805/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201112043027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Kurtz, Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210706143556/https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rummy1_46-0"},{"link_name":"\"Nixon White House conversation 464-12\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090124003134/http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Craig Unger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Unger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Naomi Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein"},{"link_name":"The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shock_Doctrine:_The_Rise_of_Disaster_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Books"},{"link_name":"Henry Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Savage, Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)"},{"link_name":"Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780316019613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316019613"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210706143547/https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Time111775_53-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917908,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Bush at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood/page/21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7432-4461-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4461-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYTInfighter_56-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYTInfighter_56-1"},{"link_name":"\"Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110714182443/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"The Long March of Dick Cheney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hnn.us/articles/18668.html"},{"link_name":"HNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051217110948/http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78039-886-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78039-886-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"867144095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld's Roots\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2003/11/rumsfelds-roots/378570/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080709025136/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310u/int2003-10-08"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lN9uIMjTyi4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4165-4652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4652-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT_Greenhouse_61-0"},{"link_name":"\"MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171126033525/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CBS_Lindenauer_62-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Rumsfeld Resume\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210122040506/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"McFadden, Robert D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070619044137/http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/"},{"link_name":"Gilead Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AHFS2017_65-0"},{"link_name":"\"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160513062957/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"\"Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121104005327/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"CNNMoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100314083340/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"\"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150524142235/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/12/30/us-had-key-role-in-iraq-buildup/133cec74-3816-4652-9bd8-7d118699d6f8/"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"\"Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"Federation of American Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200522090854/https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"\"Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210125222835/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rummy2_72-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/nkorea/2003/0224nuclear.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"\"How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/how-rumsfeld-built-pyongyang-its-nukes-247410/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"\"Tally on Vice President\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/122616318"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"122616318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/122616318"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sim_republican-national-convention-proceedings_july-14-17-1980/page/492/mode/2up?view=theater&q=rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"\"Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1988/11/21/us/campaign-s-over-no-it-just-started.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150528031323/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030"},{"link_name":"iReport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IReport"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_W._Bush201083%E2%80%9384_79-0"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorge_W._Bush2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120127204516/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://ndupress.ndu.edu_81-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://ndupress.ndu.edu_81-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://ndupress.ndu.edu_81-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://ndupress.ndu.edu_81-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://ndupress.ndu.edu_81-4"},{"link_name":"\"Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023."},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200704104223/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023."},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-candor_82-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-candor_82-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld's Moment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130514141146/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"\"Books lay blame with general\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210706143549/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"\"9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130302105940/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"The 9/11 Commission Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190623164504/https://911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200729230343/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IraqSuspect_87-0"},{"link_name":"\"Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090927043007/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"\"Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090211113142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BWARS_89-0"},{"link_name":"Kampfner, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kampfner"},{"link_name":"Blair's wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7432-4829-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4829-7"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200801021731/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UCSvzgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9821-7053-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hersh_91-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hersh_91-1"},{"link_name":"Seymour M. Hersh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh"},{"link_name":"\"Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200711125049/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9821-7053-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tv.msnbc.com_94-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tv.msnbc.com_94-1"},{"link_name":"\"'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140313095516/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"\"Special forces and horses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210224191818/http://armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-zimmerman_96-0"},{"link_name":"\"21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210216194220/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://archive.defense.gov_97-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-https://archive.defense.gov_97-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200704213028/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"\"Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20021104072846/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-www.orlandosentinel.com_99-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-www.orlandosentinel.com_99-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-www.orlandosentinel.com_99-2"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201022190425/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"\"Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131222045045/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.defense.gov_101-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archive.defense.gov_101-1"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200705040502/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170930023822/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"\"Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//usinfo.org/wf-archive/2002/020315/epf503.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200722114646/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gpo_105-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gpo_105-1"},{"link_name":"\"From Threat to Threat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120112165907/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"The Next Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161"},{"link_name":"Times Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Books"},{"link_name":"161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-7941-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7941-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"The American War in Afghanistan: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VPQuEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-755077-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"\"TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"Coll, Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780143132509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"Coll, Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780143132509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"Coll, Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Penguin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780143132509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-defense.gov-transcript_112-0"},{"link_name":"\"Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160905184152/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"\"Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100421002430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inside_114-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inside_114-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-115"},{"link_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200722060147/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"\"Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200730012601/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-rumsfeld-was-last-good-secretary-defense-188957"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"\"Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200706211247/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200723040329/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StuffHappens_120-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StuffHappens_120-1"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200211175226/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200730013957/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"\"Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170930015136/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-123"},{"link_name":"\"Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200705051755/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/"},{"link_name":"National Security Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060204214137/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"\"Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200705045637/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FromDesk_126-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FromDesk_126-1"},{"link_name":"\"From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130205210652/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-127"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170930025222/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"\"US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161027203642/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-129"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200722174527/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-130"},{"link_name":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200724142440/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131"},{"link_name":"\"Special Report with Brit Hume\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121102093658/http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406%2F121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406/121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"\"Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/glogin://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26pagewantedQ3D1Q26hp&OP=1b367f6cQ2FAs5tAFLQ7EgQ20LLQ3EQ27AQ2744Q51A(4A(2A6gA(2Q7EHFQ5DJQ20dQ25chQ3Edo"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630202720/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/enter-email?response_type=cookie&client_id=lgcl&redirect_uri=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2007%252F10%252F13%252Fus%252F13cnd-army.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-133"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071116052736/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DMCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F11%2F02%2Fwgulf402.xml"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=MCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2007/11/02/wgulf402.xml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-134"},{"link_name":"Iraq war briefings headlined with biblical quotes, reports US magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200321064920/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-135"},{"link_name":"\"Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071017092732/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F01%2Fwirq601.xml"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/01/wirq601.xml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-136"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171021005411/https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-137"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'the best'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040511033734/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-139"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100401132056/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-140"},{"link_name":"\"Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3966038,00.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C3966038%2C00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-141"},{"link_name":"Goodman, Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Goodman"},{"link_name":"\"Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights"},{"link_name":"Democracy Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529145739/https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smeulers_142-0"},{"link_name":"\"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-008-9160-2"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145710956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145710956"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2388266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2388266"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630202658/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USA_Today_143-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USA_Today_143-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120316231714/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-moss_144-0"},{"link_name":"\"Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141213025358/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-145"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170709204920/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-146"},{"link_name":"\"Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853"},{"link_name":"Gulf News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110811062230/http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-147"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120510072825/http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"\"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170703051216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-149"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110117092206/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-150"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505163249/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-151"},{"link_name":"\"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121109133044/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html?pagewanted=all"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"\"Revenge of the battered generals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110510022329/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-153"},{"link_name":"\"Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110629021426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-154"},{"link_name":"Buchanan, Patrick J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"\"Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827"},{"link_name":"The Free Lance–Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210624155019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"\"How many retired generals are there?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060417173552/http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-156"},{"link_name":"\"Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100826093036/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-157"},{"link_name":"\"Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529145751/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reuters2007-08-15_158-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reuters2007-08-15_158-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation/rumsfeld-resigned-before-election-letter-shows-idUSN1524505720070815"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120726104051/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/15/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation-idUSN1524505720070815"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-159"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110512060317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-160"},{"link_name":"Rosen, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosen_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"\"Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140316014334/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/02/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bush-2004-re-election/"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foxnews.com/story/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bushs-2004-re-election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-161"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061108231100/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-162"},{"link_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1/secretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201031113023/https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1%2Fsecretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-163"},{"link_name":"\"Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/"},{"link_name":"The New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sun"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529145752/https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-164"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180527002233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PW_Deahl_165-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101201020946/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-foundation_166-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-foundation_166-1"},{"link_name":"\"About the Rumsfeld Foundation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111203085046/http://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-167"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.economist.com/node/18175359"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110221190316/http://www.economist.com/node/18175359"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-website_168-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-website_168-1"},{"link_name":"\"About the Rumsfeld Archive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rumsfeld.com/archives/page/about-the-rumsfeld-archive-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111023203730/http://www.rumsfeld.com/library/page/about-the-library"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-169"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529145738/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"\"2013 Annual Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/library/doclib/2017/01/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140327221418/https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/doclib/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"\"Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News"},{"link_name":"The Ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120307152139/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld: \"Time Has Come\" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529145740/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-173"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200706103245/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-174"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200706104420/https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-175"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200706060418/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-176"},{"link_name":"\"The Unknown Known\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140413123030/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-177"},{"link_name":"\"Churchill Solitaire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170812075921/http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-178"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160125115132/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-179"},{"link_name":"\"At 83, I Decided to Develop an App\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160125151251/https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-180"},{"link_name":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160129144053/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-181"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201217130917/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-182"},{"link_name":"\"Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretaries-letter-warning-trump-signed-days/story?id=75036788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-183"},{"link_name":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630194403/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-184"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-185"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-186"},{"link_name":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2742828/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-and-major-general-hank-taylor-deputy-dire/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-187"},{"link_name":"\"Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061214042637/http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_Defense_188-19"},{"link_name":"\"DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602800/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140412203621/http://www.defense.gov/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=90"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-189"},{"link_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140419191743/http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-190"},{"link_name":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-191"},{"link_name":"\"3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140316011517/http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC"},{"link_name":"Association of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-192"},{"link_name":"\"Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060515004352/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bryan_on_Scouting_193-0"},{"link_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210706143705/https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-194"},{"link_name":"\"Berry gets worst actress Razzie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160308223451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-195"},{"link_name":"\"Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html"},{"link_name":"The Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101210075035/http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-196"},{"link_name":"\"Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e \"Flamurit Kombëtar\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130624013711/http://www.president.al/?p=9714"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.president.al/?p=9714"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-197"},{"link_name":"\"People – Secretary of Defense\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131110050237/http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-198"},{"link_name":"\"2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2015/order-of-the-rising-sun-rumsfeld.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-199"},{"link_name":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-200"},{"link_name":"\"Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201012124719/https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-201"},{"link_name":"Profile Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3690341.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181118210035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3690341.stm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-202"},{"link_name":"\"How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/how-donald-rumsfeld-deserves-be-remembered/619334/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-203"},{"link_name":"By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bradley-graham/by-his-own-rules/9781586486501/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781586486501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586486501"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-204"},{"link_name":"The Defense Secretary We Have","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A132-2004Dec14.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-205"},{"link_name":"\"Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210706143530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528"}],"text":"^ a b \"Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration\". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration\". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ Cronk, Terri Moon; Garamone, Jim (June 30, 2021). \"Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When\". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.\n\n^ a b Jackson, Brooks (September 2, 2005). \"Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice \"Lied\" About Iraq\". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2019.\n\n^ a b Landay, Jonathan S. (February 8, 2007). \"Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq\". McClatchy. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.\n\n^ Shanker, Thom (February 4, 2005). \"Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2017.\n\n^ Rumsfeld, Donald (January 11, 1946). \"My autobiography\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2019.\n\n^ \"Donald Henry Rumsfeld\". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.\n\n^ a b c d Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7.\n\n^ Jon C. Halter (September 2006). \"Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values\". Scouting. Vol. 94, no. 4. p. 35. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.\n\n^ Nicholas G. Hahn III (August 5, 2013). \"Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule\". Real Clear Religion. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013.\n\n^ Larson, Mark. \"Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson\". KOGO. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2019 – via defense.gov.\n\n^ \"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation\". United States Department of Defense. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k \"Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography\". Litlovers.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.\n\n^ Habermehl, Kris (January 25, 2007). \"Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School\". Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2008.\n\n^ Rumsfeld, Donald Henry. The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers (Senior thesis). Princeton University Department of Politics. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ \"Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld\". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.\n\n^ Shenon, Philip (December 30, 2018). \"Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary\". Politico. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ...Carlucci came to Washington and found himself in the company of old friends, including former Princeton roommate Donald Rumsfeld, Ford's White House chief of staff and later his defense secretary.\n\n^ Mills, Curt (June 30, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88\". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years\". Air Force Times. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012.\n\n^ a b \"DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography\". Archived from the original on July 7, 2006.\n\n^ \"RUMSFELD, Donald Henry\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. April 22, 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2007.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld\". White House. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2007.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld\". White House. November 3, 1975. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.\n\n^ \"Freedom of Information Act at 40\". National Security Archive. July 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006.\n\n^ a b c d Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and unknown : a memoir. New York: Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6. OCLC 650210649. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\n\n^ \"Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on August 24, 2006.\n\n^ \"Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control\". Free to Choose Media. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.\n\n^ \"House – February 10, 1964\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (2). U.S. Government Printing Office: 2804–2805. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"House – July 2, 1964\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 15897. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"House – August 16, 1967\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 113 (17). U.S. Government Printing Office: 22778. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"House – April 10, 1968\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 114 (8). U.S. Government Printing Office: 9621. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"House – July 9, 1965\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 16285–16286. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ \"House – August 3, 1965\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (14). U.S. Government Printing Office: 19201. Retrieved February 27, 2022.\n\n^ a b Mann, James (November 1, 2003). \"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Two Republican governors had turned down Nixon's invitations to head the Office of Economic Opportunity, an agency established during the Johnson Administration to run new programs aimed at eliminating poverty. Nixon offered the job to Rumsfeld, who had voted in Congress against many of those programs. ... Before taking the job Rumsfeld bargained hard. At a meeting with Nixon in Key Biscayne, he won assurances that he would be named not only head of the anti-poverty agency but also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House.\n\n^ a b c d e f Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.\n\n^ \"The Administration: The New OEO Fan\". Time. May 2, 1969. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Rumsfeld had refused an administration post at first but changed his mind when Nixon sweetened the OEO job with status and responsibility.\n\n^ \"Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.\n\n^ \"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)\". www.senate.gov. U.S. Senate. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...the inauguration of Richard Nixon as president in 1969 set in motion a chain of events that would propel Cheney from a congressional fellow to White House chief of staff in seven fast years. His rapid ascent began when Nixon appointed Rumsfeld to head the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Cheney sent Rumsfeld an unsolicited memo suggesting ways to handle his confirmation hearings, which prompted Rumsfeld to hire him. ...\n\n^ O’Gara, Geoffrey (October 31, 2015). \"Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics\". WyoHistory.org. The Wyoming State Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...It was during Rumsfeld's first stint in the executive branch, under Nixon, that he signed up Cheney as his chief lieutenant. This incongruously put two conservative Republicans in charge first of an anti-poverty program originated during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society (the OEO), and ...\n\n^ Sullivan, Patricia (December 18, 2005). \"Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...Mr. Anderson was considered significantly more accurate than his predecessor, although he was not error-free. He admitted he wrongly charged Donald H. Rumsfeld with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity....\n\n^ Kurtz, Howard (February 3, 2011). \"Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.\n\n^ \"Nixon White House conversation 464-12\". Archived from the original on January 24, 2009.\n\n^ Andrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. p. 20.\n\n^ Craig Unger (2007). The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.\n\n^ Craig Unger (2008). American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America – and Still Imperil Our Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.\n\n^ Naomi Klein (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt.\n\n^ Savage, Charlie (2007). Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316019613. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.\n\n^ \"Donald H. Rumsfeld\". Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2021.\n\n^ \"The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up\". Time. Vol. 106, no. 20. New York: Time. November 17, 1975. Retrieved July 5, 2017.\n\n^ Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-7432-4461-9. rumsfeld ford bush cia director.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld Was Nation\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved March 25, 2022.\n\n^ a b Sciolino, Elaine; Schmitt, Eric (January 8, 2001). \"Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2008.\n\n^ Sidney Blumenthal. \"The Long March of Dick Cheney\". HNN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2005.\n\n^ Rearden, Steven L. (2012). Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991. Washington, D.C.: NDU Press for the Joint History Office, Office of the Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff. ISBN 978-1-78039-886-0. OCLC 867144095.\n\n^ Mann, James (October 8, 2003). \"Rumsfeld's Roots\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008.\n\n^ Cockburn, Andrew (February 27, 2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4652-8.\n\n^ Greenhouse, Steven (July 19, 1985). \"MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2021.\n\n^ Lindenauer, Andrew (December 28, 2000). \"The Rumsfeld Resume\". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.\n\n^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). \"Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.\n\n^ \"Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences\" (Press release). Gilead Sciences. January 3, 1997. Archived from the original on June 19, 2007.\n\n^ \"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals\". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.\n\n^ Schmit, Julie (November 17, 2005). \"Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict\". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (October 31, 2005). \"Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu\". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ \"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK\". The New York Times. November 20, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021. President Reagan sent his new Middle East envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to confer with the Turks and prepared to receive President Spyros Kyprianou of Cyprus tomorrow.\n\n^ Dobbs, Michael (December 30, 2002). \"U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2022.\n\n^ Rumsfeld, Donald; et al. (July 15, 1998). \"Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States\". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System\". www.defense-aerospace.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2020.\n\n^ \"Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?\". Fortune. May 12, 2003. p. 75.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board\". archive.globalpolicy.org. Retrieved November 2, 2022.\n\n^ \"How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes\". Rolling Stone. October 11, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2022.\n\n^ \"Tally on Vice President\". The New York Times. September 20, 1976. p. 13. ProQuest 122616318. Retrieved September 11, 2022.\n\n^ Milton, Raleigh E. (1980). Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention. Republican National Committee. pp. 492–494.\n\n^ Oreskes, Michael (November 21, 1988). \"Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started\". The New York Times. pp. B17. Retrieved September 11, 2022.\n\n^ AmericaLive (November 2, 2010). \"Donald Rumsfeld Biography\". iReport. CNN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.\n\n^ George W. Bush 2010, pp. 83–84.\n\n^ Moniz, Dave (December 9, 2002). \"Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict\". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins\" (PDF). National Defense University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ a b Wright, Robert (January 20, 2002). \"Rumsfeld's Moment\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2011.\n\n^ Martin, Susan Taylor (October 11, 2006). \"Books lay blame with general\". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.\n\n^ Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). \"9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?\". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2011.\n\n^ The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (Report). July 22, 2004. p. 326. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack\". United States Department of Defense. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.\n\n^ Roberts, Joel (September 4, 2002). \"Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11\". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009.\n\n^ Borger, Julian (February 24, 2006). \"Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.\n\n^ Kampfner, John (2003). Blair's wars. Simon and Schuster. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7432-4829-7. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.\n\n^ a b Seymour M. Hersh, \"Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence: Archived July 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are they reliable?\" The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11\". The Independent. March 21, 2004. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.\n\n^ Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.\n\n^ a b \"'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos\". February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014.\n\n^ \"Special forces and horses\". November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2016.\n\n^ Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 16, 2011). \"21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom\". Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom\". United States Department of Defense. October 7, 2001. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. October 29, 2001. Archived from the original on November 4, 2002. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ a b c \"U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide\". Orlando Sentinel. November 17, 2001. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ a b \"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld\". November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops\". United States Department of Defense. December 16, 2001. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020.\n\n^ \"Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002\". March 15, 2002. Retrieved February 22, 2022.\n\n^ \"Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai\". United States Department of Defense. May 1, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n\n^ a b \"From Threat to Threat\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2016. (pp. 189–90, 211–214)\n\n^ Daniel Benjamin; Steven Simon (2005). The Next Attack. New York City: Times Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8050-7941-8.\n\n^ Malkasian, Carter (2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-19-755077-9.\n\n^ \"TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY\". Retrieved February 20, 2022.\n\n^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 102–111. ISBN 9780143132509.\n\n^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 125–127. ISBN 9780143132509.\n\n^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780143132509.\n\n^ \"Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ \"Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks\". BBC News. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ a b Id.Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post\n\n^ \"Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai\". United States Department of Defense. February 27, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n\n^ \"Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says\". United States Department of Defense. March 20, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense\". June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2023.\n\n^ \"Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'\". The New York Times. March 30, 2003. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. April 9, 2003. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2003.\n\n^ a b \"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. April 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer\". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.\n\n^ \"Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis\". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ \"Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism\". The New York Times. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ Kristin Adair, ed. (January 26, 2006). Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on February 4, 2006. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam\". CBS News. December 14, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.\n\n^ a b Wright, Robin (November 1, 2007). \"From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...\" The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2017.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders\". United States Department of Defense. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020.\n\n^ \"US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld\". Australia Broadcasting Corporation. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2018.\n\n^ \"DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace\". United States Department of Defense. August 2, 2006. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n\n^ \"DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon\". United States Department of Defense. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.\n\n^ \"Special Report with Brit Hume\". Fox News Channel. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.\n\n^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 13, 2007). \"Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Johnson, Boris (March 11, 2007). \"Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007.\n\n^ Iraq war briefings headlined with biblical quotes, reports US magazine Archived March 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine The Guardian\n\n^ Robert Watts; Tim Shipman (September 1, 2007). \"Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire\". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters\". Stars and Stripes. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld 'the best'\". CNN. May 9, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004.\n\n^ Bush, George W. (2010), p. 88\n\n^ Diamond, John (June 23, 2004). \"Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment\". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ \"Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative\". Deutsche Welle. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008.\n\n^ Goodman, Amy (April 25, 2005). \"Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees\". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ Smeulers, Alette; van Niekirk, Sander (2009). \"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?\" (PDF). Crime, Law and Social Change. 51 (3–4): 327–349. doi:10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2. S2CID 145710956. SSRN 2388266. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ a b Bowers, Faye (March 1, 2005). \"Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture\". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2017.\n\n^ Moss, Michael (December 18, 2006). \"Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2006.\n\n^ Patrick G. Lee (August 9, 2011). \"Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.\n\n^ \"Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees\". Gulf News. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says\". The Boston Globe. Bloomberg News. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.\n\n^ Apuzzo, Matt (March 28, 2007). \"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.\n\n^ Froomkin, Dan (January 13, 2011). \"Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011.\n\n^ Landler, Mark (November 14, 206). \"Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.\n\n^ Cloud, David S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 14, 2006). \"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Baldwin, Tom (April 18, 2006). \"Revenge of the battered generals\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2008.\n\n^ Baker, Peter; White, Josh. \"Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Buchanan, Patrick J. \"Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize\". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.\n\n^ Daniel Engber. \"How many retired generals are there?\". Slate. Archived from the original on April 17, 2006.\n\n^ \"Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'\". CNN. April 14, 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Gonyea, Don (November 2, 2006). \"Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney\". NPR. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ a b Roberts, Kristin (August 15, 2007). \"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows\". Reuters. Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2011.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss\". BBC News. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010.\n\n^ Rosen, James (October 2, 2006). \"Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election\". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary\". CNN. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.\n\n^ \"Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony\". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. December 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2021.\n\n^ Shapiro, Gary (June 27, 2007). \"Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book\". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010\". Associated Press via Wall Street Journal. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2021.\n\n^ Deahl, Rachel (September 20, 2010). \"Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2021.\n\n^ a b \"About the Rumsfeld Foundation\". Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence\". The Economist. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.\n\n^ a b \"About the Rumsfeld Archive\". rumsfeld.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.\n\n^ Duffy, Michael (May 18, 2007). \"Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move\". Time. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"2013 Annual Report\" (PDF). Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.\n\n^ Hartman, Rachel Rose (April 28, 2011). \"Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld\". Yahoo! News. The Ticket. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2011.\n\n^ Amy Bingham; Steven Portnoy (February 11, 2011). \"Rumsfeld: \"Time Has Come\" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly\". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened\". ABC News. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.\n\n^ \"Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial\". Politico. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera\". The Atlantic. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.\n\n^ \"The Unknown Known\". IMDb. January 16, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.\n\n^ \"Churchill Solitaire\". Javelin. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.\n\n^ Hern, Alex (January 2, 2016). \"Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.\n\n^ \"At 83, I Decided to Develop an App\". January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.\n\n^ \"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game\". GameSpot. January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.\n\n^ \"Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump\". Politico. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.\n\n^ \"Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days\". ABC News. Retrieved March 25, 2022.\n\n^ Macias, Amanda (June 30, 2021). \"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88\". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ Leibovich, Mark (August 25, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.\n\n^ \"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 28, 2021.\n\n^ \"Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400\". NASCAR. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2013.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t U.S. Department of Defense. \"DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.\n\n^ \"Donald H. Rumsfeld\". Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.\n\n^ \"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2020.\n\n^ \"3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions\". Association of the United States Army. March 1, 2001. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.\n\n^ \"Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense\". Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\n^ Wendell, Bryan (July 2, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88\". Bryan on Scouting. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.\n\n^ \"Berry gets worst actress Razzie\". BBC News. February 2, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.\n\n^ Michael Mello. \"Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library\". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010.\n\n^ \"Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e \"Flamurit Kombëtar\"\" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.\n\n^ Helene C. Stikkel (November 18, 2004). \"People – Secretary of Defense\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.\n\n^ \"2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld\". November 16, 2015.\n\n^ \"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu\". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ \"Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)\". english.president.gov.tw. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.\n\n^ BBC News, November 8, 2006 \"Profile Donald Rumsfeld Archived November 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Packer, George (July 1, 2021). \"How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered\". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 6, 2021.\n\n^ Graham, Bradley (June 27, 2017). By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586486501. Retrieved February 20, 2022.\n\n^ The Defense Secretary We Have, William Kristol, December 15, 2004\n\n^ \"Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld\". trove.nla.gov.au. Trove. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PublicAffairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58648-421-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-421-7"},{"link_name":"Rowan Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarunto00scar"},{"link_name":"Regnery Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnery_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89526-069-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-069-7"},{"link_name":"Midge Decter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge_Decter"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-056091-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-056091-6"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey A. Krames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Krames"},{"link_name":"The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rumsfeldwayleade00kram"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-140641-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140641-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8330-5228-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-5228-5"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rumsfeldhisrisef00cock"},{"link_name":"Scribners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4165-3574-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3574-4"},{"link_name":"Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarsarr00hers"},{"link_name":"University Press of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-1587-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1587-2"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Decision Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Points"},{"link_name":"Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-59061-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9"}],"text":"Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7.\nRowan Scarborough (2004). Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-069-7.\nMidge Decter. Rumsfeld: A Personal Portrait. (Regan Books, 2003). ISBN 0-06-056091-6.\nJeffrey A. Krames (2002). The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-140641-3.\nHoehn, Andrew R.; Albert A. Robbert; Margaret C. Harrell (2011). Succession management for senior military positions: the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0-8330-5228-5.\nAndrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Scribners. ISBN 978-1-4165-3574-4.\nDale R. Herspring (2008). Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1587-2.\nGeorge W. Bush (2010). Decision Points. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-59061-9.","title":"General and cited sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Rumsfeld's 1954 yearbook portrait from Princeton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rumsfeld1954_princeton_yearbook.jpg/120px-Rumsfeld1954_princeton_yearbook.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld (right, standing) as a Navy lieutenant in 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/U.S._Navy_Lieutenant_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/220px-U.S._Navy_Lieutenant_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld during his time in Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Donald_Rumsfeld_congress.jpg/220px-Donald_Rumsfeld_congress.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld in 1971 as Director of Cost of Living Council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Donald_Rumsfeld%2C_Exec._Dir._Cost_of_Living_Council.jpg/175px-Donald_Rumsfeld%2C_Exec._Dir._Cost_of_Living_Council.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld with his son, Nick, in the Oval Office with President Nixon, 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Richard_Nixon_and_Donald_Rumsfeld_with_son_Nick.jpg/222px-Richard_Nixon_and_Donald_Rumsfeld_with_son_Nick.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chief of Staff Rumsfeld (left) and Deputy-Chief of Staff Dick Cheney (right) meet with President Ford, April 1975.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney%2C_April_28%2C_1975.jpg/222px-Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney%2C_April_28%2C_1975.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld is sworn in as Secretary of Defense in November 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_Swearing_Donald_Rumsfeld_in_as_Secretary_of_Defense_at_the_Pentagon_in_Arlington%2C_Virginia_-_NARA_-_23898551.jpg/220px-Associate_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_Swearing_Donald_Rumsfeld_in_as_Secretary_of_Defense_at_the_Pentagon_in_Arlington%2C_Virginia_-_NARA_-_23898551.jpg"},{"image_text":"Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and President Ford share a laugh in a Cabinet meeting, 1975.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ford-rumsfeld.jpg/220px-Ford-rumsfeld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on January 15, 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_H._Rumsfeld_with_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_H._Rumsfeld_with_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz in the Oval Office, White House on November 3, 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ronald_Reagan_at_a_National_Security_Briefing_with_Donald_Rumsfeld_and_George_Shultz_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_at_a_National_Security_Briefing_with_Donald_Rumsfeld_and_George_Shultz_in_Oval_Office.jpg"},{"image_text":"As President Reagan's Special Envoy to the Middle East, Rumsfeld met with Saddam Hussein during a visit to Baghdad in December 1983, during the Iran–Iraq War."},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld is administered the oath of office as the 21st Secretary of Defense on January 20, 2001, by Director of Administration and Management David O. Cooke (left), as Joyce Rumsfeld holds the Bible in a ceremony at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rumsfeld_is_sworn-in_as_Secretary_of_Defense%2C_January_20%2C_2001.jpg/220px-Rumsfeld_is_sworn-in_as_Secretary_of_Defense%2C_January_20%2C_2001.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Pentagon is functioning\" was the message Rumsfeld stressed during a press conference in the Pentagon briefing room barely eight hours after terrorists crashed a hijacked commercial jetliner into the Pentagon. Rumsfeld is flanked, left to right, by Secretary of the Army Tom White, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Hugh Shelton, and Senators John Warner (R-VA), and Carl Levin (D-MI), the Ranking Member and Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Pentagon_is_functioning.jpg/220px-The_Pentagon_is_functioning.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld and New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani speak at the site of the World Trade Center attacks in Lower Manhattan on November 14, 2001.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumsfeld_and_Giuliani_at_Ground_Zero.jpg/220px-Rumsfeld_and_Giuliani_at_Ground_Zero.jpg"},{"image_text":"Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated November 27, 2001[94]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg/300px-Rumsfeld-Memo-HowStart.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld (center) converses with U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad (right) during a visit to Kandahar, Afghanistan, on February 26, 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Brigadier_General_Lloyd_Austin_converse_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/220px-Brigadier_General_Lloyd_Austin_converse_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld, accompanied by General Richard Myers and military representatives from the International Security Assistance Force, speaks to the press on March 11, 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020311-D-2987S-018.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020311-D-2987S-018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld (left) and General Tommy Franks (right), commander of United States Central Command, listen to a question at a Pentagon press conference on March 5, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Donald_Rumsfeld_Tommy_Franks.jpg/220px-Donald_Rumsfeld_Tommy_Franks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romanian President Ion Iliescu (right) awards the \"Star of Romania\" decoration to Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Defense.gov_News_Photo_031027-D-9880W-030.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_031027-D-9880W-030.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comment from Rumsfeld: \"I stand for 8–10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to 4 hours?\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rumsfeld-4_hours_a_day.png/220px-Rumsfeld-4_hours_a_day.png"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld poses with Marines during one of his trips to Camp Fallujah, Iraq, on Christmas Eve 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/US_Navy_041224-M-8096K-064_Secretary_of_Defense_%28SECDEF%29%2C_Donald_Rumsfeld_takes_a_photo_with_some_Marines_at_Camp_Fallujah%2C_Iraq.jpg/220px-US_Navy_041224-M-8096K-064_Secretary_of_Defense_%28SECDEF%29%2C_Donald_Rumsfeld_takes_a_photo_with_some_Marines_at_Camp_Fallujah%2C_Iraq.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld with former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher alongside the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Margaret_Thatcher_060912-F-0193C-006.jpg/220px-Margaret_Thatcher_060912-F-0193C-006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld shakes President Bush's hand as he announces his resignation, November 8, 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bush_and_Rumsfeld_shakes_hands%2C_November_8%2C_2006.jpg/220px-Bush_and_Rumsfeld_shakes_hands%2C_November_8%2C_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld shares a laugh with his successor, Robert Gates, at a ceremony to unveil his official portrait as Secretary of Defense, June 25, 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Donald_Rumsfeld_shares_a_laugh_with_Robert_Gates.jpg/220px-Donald_Rumsfeld_shares_a_laugh_with_Robert_Gates.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dedication ceremony of the Pentagon Memorial in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pentagon_Memorial_dedication_2008_1st_bench.jpg/220px-Pentagon_Memorial_dedication_2008_1st_bench.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld greeting former president George W. Bush in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/190911-A-AP390-2074_%2848718782863%29.jpg/220px-190911-A-AP390-2074_%2848718782863%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld gives the command at the 2005 Pepsi 400, where he served as the grand marshal.[187]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Defense.gov_News_Photo_050702-F-7203T-593.jpg/200px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_050702-F-7203T-593.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld in the Pentagon auditorium for his final meeting with Pentagon employees, December 8, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Donald_H._Rumsfeld.jpg/220px-Donald_H._Rumsfeld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rumsfeld's official portrait in 2001","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/247px-Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg"}]
[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Agathidium rumsfeldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathidium#Selected_species"},{"title":"Early association with liberal activist Allard Lowenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allard_K._Lowenstein#Associations_with_conservatives"},{"title":"There are known knowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_are_known_knowns"},{"title":"Rumsfeld Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine"},{"title":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir"}]
[{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (1998). \"Strategic Imperatives in East Asia\". Heritage lectures, no. 605. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/strategic-imperatives-east-asia","url_text":"\"Strategic Imperatives in East Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation","url_text":"The Heritage Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir","url_text":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)","url_text":"Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6","url_text":"978-1-59523-067-6"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (2013). Rumsfeld's Rules. Broadside Books. ISBN 978-0062272867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_Books","url_text":"Broadside Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062272867","url_text":"978-0062272867"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (2018). When the Center Held: Gerald Ford and the Rescue of the American Presidency. Free Press. ISBN 978-1501172939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501172939","url_text":"978-1501172939"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration\". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration\". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112534/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cronk, Terri Moon; Garamone, Jim (June 30, 2021). \"Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702043712/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When\". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html","url_text":"\"Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_program)","url_text":"Frontline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190528111319/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Brooks (September 2, 2005). \"Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice \"Lied\" About Iraq\". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice \"Lied\" About Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactCheck.org","url_text":"FactCheck.org"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230849/https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Landay, Jonathan S. (February 8, 2007). \"Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq\". McClatchy. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html","url_text":"\"Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClatchy","url_text":"McClatchy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521220947/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shanker, Thom (February 4, 2005). \"Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613211110/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (January 11, 1946). \"My autobiography\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf","url_text":"\"My autobiography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131344/http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018104841/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Henry Rumsfeld\". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195127/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html","url_text":"\"Donald Henry Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs","url_text":"PublicAffairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-421-7","url_text":"978-1-58648-421-7"}]},{"reference":"Jon C. Halter (September 2006). \"Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values\". Scouting. Vol. 94, no. 4. p. 35. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html","url_text":"\"Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_(magazine)","url_text":"Scouting"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629125741/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas G. Hahn III (August 5, 2013). \"Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule\". Real Clear Religion. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806172610/http://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Mark. \"Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson\". KOGO. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2019 – via defense.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3771","url_text":"\"Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOGO_(AM)","url_text":"KOGO"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023659/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3771","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation\". United States Department of Defense. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3119","url_text":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002093420/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3119","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography\". Litlovers.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1","url_text":"\"Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170624202025/http://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Habermehl, Kris (January 25, 2007). \"Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School\". Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420212959/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html","url_text":"\"Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School\""},{"url":"http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald Henry. The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers (Senior thesis). Princeton University Department of Politics. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f","url_text":"The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113856/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld\". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201712/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175","url_text":"\"Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shenon, Philip (December 30, 2018). \"Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary\". Politico. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ...Carlucci came to Washington and found himself in the company of old friends, including former Princeton roommate Donald Rumsfeld, Ford's White House chief of staff and later his defense secretary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162/","url_text":"\"Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120759/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Curt (June 30, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88\". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative","url_text":"The American Conservative"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702130010/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years\". Air Force Times. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120722191209/http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Times","url_text":"Air Force Times"},{"url":"http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography\". Archived from the original on July 7, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060707060729/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm","url_text":"\"DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RUMSFELD, Donald Henry\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. April 22, 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508","url_text":"\"RUMSFELD, Donald Henry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070425194855/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070516103109/http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\". White House. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House","url_text":"White House"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\". White House. November 3, 1975. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715153231/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom of Information Act at 40\". National Security Archive. July 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom of Information Act at 40\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive","url_text":"National Security Archive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060704180357/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and unknown : a memoir. New York: Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6. OCLC 650210649. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649","url_text":"Known and unknown : a memoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6","url_text":"978-1-59523-067-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649","url_text":"650210649"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/https://www.worldcat.org/title/known-and-unknown-a-memoir/oclc/650210649","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on August 24, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060824220033/http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216","url_text":"\"Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"},{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control\". Free to Choose Media. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/free_to_choose/index_80.php?id=the_tyranny_of_control","url_text":"\"Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130506043939/http://www.freetochoose.tv/program.php?id=ftc1980_2&series=ftc80","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"House – February 10, 1964\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (2). U.S. Government Printing Office: 2804–2805. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf","url_text":"\"House – February 10, 1964\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"House – July 2, 1964\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 15897. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf","url_text":"\"House – July 2, 1964\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"House – August 16, 1967\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 113 (17). U.S. Government Printing Office: 22778. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf","url_text":"\"House – August 16, 1967\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"House – April 10, 1968\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 114 (8). U.S. Government Printing Office: 9621. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf","url_text":"\"House – April 10, 1968\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"House – July 9, 1965\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 16285–16286. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf","url_text":"\"House – July 9, 1965\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"House – August 3, 1965\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (14). U.S. Government Printing Office: 19201. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf","url_text":"\"House – August 3, 1965\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"Mann, James (November 1, 2003). \"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Two Republican governors had turned down Nixon's invitations to head the Office of Economic Opportunity, an agency established during the Johnson Administration to run new programs aimed at eliminating poverty. Nixon offered the job to Rumsfeld, who had voted in Congress against many of those programs. ... Before taking the job Rumsfeld bargained hard. At a meeting with Nixon in Key Biscayne, he won assurances that he would be named not only head of the anti-poverty agency but also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/","url_text":"\"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702072016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_and_Unknown:_A_Memoir","url_text":"Known and Unknown: A Memoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)","url_text":"Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6","url_text":"978-1-59523-067-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Administration: The New OEO Fan\". Time. May 2, 1969. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Rumsfeld had refused an administration post at first but changed his mind when Nixon sweetened the OEO job with status and responsibility.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,900793,00.html","url_text":"\"The Administration: The New OEO Fan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210705091755/https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/230919112.js","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87\". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87","url_text":"\"Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180604194726/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)\". www.senate.gov. U.S. Senate. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...the inauguration of Richard Nixon as president in 1969 set in motion a chain of events that would propel Cheney from a congressional fellow to White House chief of staff in seven fast years. His rapid ascent began when Nixon appointed Rumsfeld to head the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Cheney sent Rumsfeld an unsolicited memo suggesting ways to handle his confirmation hearings, which prompted Rumsfeld to hire him. ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm","url_text":"\"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210319090820/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O’Gara, Geoffrey (October 31, 2015). \"Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics\". WyoHistory.org. The Wyoming State Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...It was during Rumsfeld's first stint in the executive branch, under Nixon, that he signed up Cheney as his chief lieutenant. This incongruously put two conservative Republicans in charge first of an anti-poverty program originated during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society (the OEO), and ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics","url_text":"\"Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411202805/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Patricia (December 18, 2005). \"Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021. ...Mr. Anderson was considered significantly more accurate than his predecessor, although he was not error-free. He admitted he wrongly charged Donald H. Rumsfeld with lavishly decorating his office while cutting expenses on programs of the Office of Economic Opportunity....","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/","url_text":"\"Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kurtz, Howard (February 3, 2011). \"Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kurtz","url_text":"Kurtz, Howard"},{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast","url_text":"The Daily Beast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143556/https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nixon White House conversation 464-12\". Archived from the original on January 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124003134/http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html","url_text":"\"Nixon White House conversation 464-12\""},{"url":"http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cockburn","url_text":"Andrew Cockburn"}]},{"reference":"Craig Unger (2007). The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Unger","url_text":"Craig Unger"}]},{"reference":"Craig Unger (2008). American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America – and Still Imperil Our Future. Simon and Schuster. p. 50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Naomi Klein (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein","url_text":"Naomi Klein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shock_Doctrine:_The_Rise_of_Disaster_Capitalism","url_text":"The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Books","url_text":"Metropolitan Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_(publisher)","url_text":"Henry Holt"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Charlie (2007). Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316019613. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)","url_text":"Savage, Charlie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC","url_text":"Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316019613","url_text":"9780316019613"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143547/https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\". Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up\". Time. Vol. 106, no. 20. New York: Time. November 17, 1975. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917908,00.html","url_text":"\"The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-7432-4461-9. rumsfeld ford bush cia director.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood","url_text":"Bush at War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood/page/21","url_text":"21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4461-9","url_text":"978-0-7432-4461-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation\""}]},{"reference":"Sciolino, Elaine; Schmitt, Eric (January 8, 2001). \"Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html","url_text":"\"Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182443/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sidney Blumenthal. \"The Long March of Dick Cheney\". HNN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html","url_text":"\"The Long March of Dick Cheney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_News_Network","url_text":"HNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217110948/http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rearden, Steven L. (2012). Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991. Washington, D.C.: NDU Press for the Joint History Office, Office of the Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff. ISBN 978-1-78039-886-0. OCLC 867144095.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095","url_text":"Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78039-886-0","url_text":"978-1-78039-886-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095","url_text":"867144095"}]},{"reference":"Mann, James (October 8, 2003). \"Rumsfeld's Roots\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2003/11/rumsfelds-roots/378570/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld's Roots\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709025136/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310u/int2003-10-08","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cockburn, Andrew (February 27, 2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lN9uIMjTyi4C","url_text":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4652-8","url_text":"978-1-4165-4652-8"}]},{"reference":"Greenhouse, Steven (July 19, 1985). \"MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html","url_text":"\"MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171126033525/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindenauer, Andrew (December 28, 2000). \"The Rumsfeld Resume\". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/","url_text":"\"The Rumsfeld Resume\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040506/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). \"Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden","url_text":"McFadden, Robert D."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences\" (Press release). Gilead Sciences. January 3, 1997. Archived from the original on June 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070619044137/http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences","url_text":"Gilead Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals\". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html","url_text":"\"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062957/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmit, Julie (November 17, 2005). \"Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict\". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm","url_text":"\"Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104005327/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Nelson D. (October 31, 2005). \"Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu\". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney","url_text":"CNNMoney"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100314083340/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK\". The New York Times. November 20, 1983. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021. President Reagan sent his new Middle East envoy, Donald Rumsfeld, to confer with the Turks and prepared to receive President Spyros Kyprianou of Cyprus tomorrow.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html","url_text":"\"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524142235/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dobbs, Michael (December 30, 2002). \"U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/12/30/us-had-key-role-in-iraq-buildup/133cec74-3816-4652-9bd8-7d118699d6f8/","url_text":"\"U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Rumsfeld, Donald; et al. (July 15, 1998). \"Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States\". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/","url_text":"\"Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists","url_text":"Federation of American Scientists"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522090854/https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System\". www.defense-aerospace.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html","url_text":"\"Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222835/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?\". Fortune. May 12, 2003. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board\". archive.globalpolicy.org. Retrieved November 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/nkorea/2003/0224nuclear.htm","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes\". Rolling Stone. October 11, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/how-rumsfeld-built-pyongyang-its-nukes-247410/","url_text":"\"How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tally on Vice President\". The New York Times. September 20, 1976. p. 13. ProQuest 122616318. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/122616318","url_text":"\"Tally on Vice President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/122616318","url_text":"122616318"}]},{"reference":"Milton, Raleigh E. (1980). Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention. Republican National Committee. pp. 492–494.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_republican-national-convention-proceedings_july-14-17-1980/page/492/mode/2up?view=theater&q=rumsfeld","url_text":"Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention"}]},{"reference":"Oreskes, Michael (November 21, 1988). \"Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started\". The New York Times. pp. B17. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/21/us/campaign-s-over-no-it-just-started.html","url_text":"\"Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started\""}]},{"reference":"AmericaLive (November 2, 2010). \"Donald Rumsfeld Biography\". iReport. CNN. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528031323/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IReport","url_text":"iReport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moniz, Dave (December 9, 2002). \"Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict\". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127204516/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins\" (PDF). National Defense University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.","url_text":"\"Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200704104223/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Robert (January 20, 2002). \"Rumsfeld's Moment\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld's Moment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141146/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Susan Taylor (October 11, 2006). \"Books lay blame with general\". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/","url_text":"\"Books lay blame with general\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times","url_text":"Tampa Bay Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143549/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). \"9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?\". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963","url_text":"\"9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302105940/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (Report). July 22, 2004. p. 326. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf","url_text":"The 9/11 Commission Report"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190623164504/https://911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack\". United States Department of Defense. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230343/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Joel (September 4, 2002). \"Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11\". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml","url_text":"\"Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090927043007/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Borger, Julian (February 24, 2006). \"Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11","url_text":"\"Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kampfner, John (2003). Blair's wars. Simon and Schuster. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7432-4829-7. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kampfner","url_text":"Kampfner, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156","url_text":"Blair's wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4829-7","url_text":"978-0-7432-4829-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021731/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UCSvzgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0","url_text":"978-1-9821-7053-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11\". The Independent. March 21, 2004. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711125049/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergen, Peter L. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0","url_text":"978-1-9821-7053-0"}]},{"reference":"\"'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos\". February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe","url_text":"\"'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313095516/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Special forces and horses\". November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/","url_text":"\"Special forces and horses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191818/http://armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Dwight Jon (September 16, 2011). \"21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom\". Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/","url_text":"\"21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210216194220/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom\". United States Department of Defense. October 7, 2001. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200704213028/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. October 29, 2001. Archived from the original on November 4, 2002. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html","url_text":"\"Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021104072846/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide\". Orlando Sentinel. November 17, 2001. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022190425/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html","url_text":"\"Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131222045045/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld\". November 19, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705040502/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops\". United States Department of Defense. December 16, 2001. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930023822/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002\". March 15, 2002. Retrieved February 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://usinfo.org/wf-archive/2002/020315/epf503.htm","url_text":"\"Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai\". United States Department of Defense. May 1, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562","url_text":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114646/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"From Threat to Threat\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165907/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf","url_text":"\"From Threat to Threat\""},{"url":"http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Benjamin; Steven Simon (2005). The Next Attack. New York City: Times Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8050-7941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161","url_text":"The Next Attack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Books","url_text":"Times Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161","url_text":"161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7941-8","url_text":"978-0-8050-7941-8"}]},{"reference":"Malkasian, Carter (2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-19-755077-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VPQuEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The American War in Afghanistan: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9","url_text":"978-0-19-755077-9"}]},{"reference":"\"TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY\". Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm","url_text":"\"TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY\""}]},{"reference":"Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 102–111. ISBN 9780143132509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll","url_text":"Coll, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group","url_text":"Penguin Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509","url_text":"9780143132509"}]},{"reference":"Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 125–127. ISBN 9780143132509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll","url_text":"Coll, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group","url_text":"Penguin Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509","url_text":"9780143132509"}]},{"reference":"Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780143132509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll","url_text":"Coll, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group","url_text":"Penguin Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509","url_text":"9780143132509"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636","url_text":"\"Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905184152/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks\". BBC News. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm","url_text":"\"Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100421002430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai\". United States Department of Defense. February 27, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957","url_text":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060147/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says\". United States Department of Defense. March 20, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267","url_text":"\"Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730012601/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense\". June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-rumsfeld-was-last-good-secretary-defense-188957","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'\". The New York Times. March 30, 2003. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html","url_text":"\"Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706211247/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. April 9, 2003. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723040329/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\". United States Department of Defense. April 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175226/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer\". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730013957/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis\". United States Department of Defense. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678","url_text":"\"Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930015136/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism\". The New York Times. July 24, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html","url_text":"\"Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705051755/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kristin Adair, ed. (January 26, 2006). Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on February 4, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/","url_text":"Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive","url_text":"National Security Archive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060204214137/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam\". CBS News. December 14, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045637/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Robin (November 1, 2007). \"From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...\" The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews","url_text":"\"From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130205210652/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders\". United States Department of Defense. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930025222/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld\". Australia Broadcasting Corporation. September 24, 2004. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522","url_text":"\"US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161027203642/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace\". United States Department of Defense. August 2, 2006. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722174527/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon\". United States Department of Defense. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772","url_text":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200724142440/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Report with Brit Hume\". Fox News Channel. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102093658/http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406%2F121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new","url_text":"\"Special Report with Brit Hume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel","url_text":"Fox News Channel"},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406/121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 13, 2007). \"Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/glogin://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26pagewantedQ3D1Q26hp&OP=1b367f6cQ2FAs5tAFLQ7EgQ20LLQ3EQ27AQ2744Q51A(4A(2A6gA(2Q7EHFQ5DJQ20dQ25chQ3Edo","url_text":"\"Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202720/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/enter-email?response_type=cookie&client_id=lgcl&redirect_uri=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2007%252F10%252F13%252Fus%252F13cnd-army.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Boris (March 11, 2007). \"Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052736/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DMCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F11%2F02%2Fwgulf402.xml","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=MCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2007/11/02/wgulf402.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Watts; Tim Shipman (September 1, 2007). \"Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire\". The Sunday Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017092732/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F01%2Fwirq601.xml","url_text":"\"Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph","url_text":"The Sunday Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/01/wirq601.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters\". Stars and Stripes. December 17, 2004. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021005411/https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld 'the best'\". CNN. May 9, 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040511033734/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld 'the best'\""},{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diamond, John (June 23, 2004). \"Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment\". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401132056/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative\". Deutsche Welle. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3966038,00.html","url_text":"\"Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C3966038%2C00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Amy (April 25, 2005). \"Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees\". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Goodman","url_text":"Goodman, Amy"},{"url":"https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights","url_text":"\"Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!","url_text":"Democracy Now!"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145739/https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smeulers, Alette; van Niekirk, Sander (2009). \"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?\" (PDF). Crime, Law and Social Change. 51 (3–4): 327–349. doi:10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2. S2CID 145710956. SSRN 2388266. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf","url_text":"\"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-008-9160-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145710956","url_text":"145710956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2388266","url_text":"2388266"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202658/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Faye (March 1, 2005). \"Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture\". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm","url_text":"\"Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231714/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moss, Michael (December 18, 2006). \"Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html","url_text":"\"Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025358/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patrick G. Lee (August 9, 2011). \"Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709204920/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees\". Gulf News. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853","url_text":"\"Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News","url_text":"Gulf News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062230/http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says\". The Boston Globe. Bloomberg News. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510072825/http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Apuzzo, Matt (March 28, 2007). \"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html","url_text":"\"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703051216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Froomkin, Dan (January 13, 2011). \"Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117092206/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Landler, Mark (November 14, 206). \"Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163249/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cloud, David S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 14, 2006). \"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html","url_text":"\"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109133044/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Tom (April 18, 2006). \"Revenge of the battered generals\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece","url_text":"\"Revenge of the battered generals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022329/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Peter; White, Josh. \"Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html","url_text":"\"Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Patrick J. \"Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize\". The Free Lance–Star. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Buchanan","url_text":"Buchanan, Patrick J."},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827","url_text":"\"Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star","url_text":"The Free Lance–Star"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624155019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daniel Engber. \"How many retired generals are there?\". Slate. Archived from the original on April 17, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026","url_text":"\"How many retired generals are there?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060417173552/http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'\". CNN. April 14, 2006. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html","url_text":"\"Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093036/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gonyea, Don (November 2, 2006). \"Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney\". NPR. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567","url_text":"\"Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145751/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Kristin (August 15, 2007). \"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows\". Reuters. Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation/rumsfeld-resigned-before-election-letter-shows-idUSN1524505720070815","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726104051/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/15/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation-idUSN1524505720070815","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss\". BBC News. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512060317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, James (October 2, 2006). \"Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election\". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosen_(journalist)","url_text":"Rosen, James"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316014334/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/02/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bush-2004-re-election/","url_text":"\"Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel","url_text":"Fox News Channel"},{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/story/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bushs-2004-re-election","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary\". CNN. November 9, 2006. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108231100/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony\". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. December 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1/secretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony","url_text":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113023/https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1%2Fsecretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Gary (June 27, 2007). \"Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book\". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/","url_text":"\"Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sun","url_text":"The New York Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145752/https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010\". Associated Press via Wall Street Journal. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527002233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deahl, Rachel (September 20, 2010). \"Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html","url_text":"\"Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201020946/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Rumsfeld Foundation\". Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about","url_text":"\"About the Rumsfeld Foundation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203085046/http://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence\". The Economist. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/18175359","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221190316/http://www.economist.com/node/18175359","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Rumsfeld Archive\". rumsfeld.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rumsfeld.com/archives/page/about-the-rumsfeld-archive-2","url_text":"\"About the Rumsfeld Archive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023203730/http://www.rumsfeld.com/library/page/about-the-library","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Michael (May 18, 2007). \"Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move\". Time. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145738/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Annual Report\" (PDF). Rumsfeld Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/library/doclib/2017/01/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221418/https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/doclib/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hartman, Rachel Rose (April 28, 2011). \"Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld\". Yahoo! News. The Ticket. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html","url_text":"\"Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Ticket"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307152139/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amy Bingham; Steven Portnoy (February 11, 2011). \"Rumsfeld: \"Time Has Come\" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly\". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld: \"Time Has Come\" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145740/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened\". ABC News. March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706103245/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial\". Politico. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706104420/https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera\". The Atlantic. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060418/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Unknown Known\". IMDb. January 16, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962","url_text":"\"The Unknown Known\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123030/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Churchill Solitaire\". Javelin. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/","url_text":"\"Churchill Solitaire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812075921/http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hern, Alex (January 2, 2016). \"Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125115132/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"At 83, I Decided to Develop an App\". January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342","url_text":"\"At 83, I Decided to Develop an App\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125151251/https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game\". GameSpot. January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/","url_text":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129144053/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump\". Politico. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201217130917/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days\". ABC News. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretaries-letter-warning-trump-signed-days/story?id=75036788","url_text":"\"Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days\""}]},{"reference":"Macias, Amanda (June 30, 2021). \"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88\". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html","url_text":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194403/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (June 30, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leibovich, Mark (August 25, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2742828/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-and-major-general-hank-taylor-deputy-dire/","url_text":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400\". NASCAR. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061214042637/http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html","url_text":"\"Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR","url_text":"NASCAR"},{"url":"http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Department of Defense. \"DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602800/","url_text":"\"DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140412203621/http://www.defense.gov/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=90","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\". Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419191743/http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml","url_text":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","url_text":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement","url_text":"American Academy of Achievement"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions\". Association of the United States Army. March 1, 2001. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316011517/http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC","url_text":"\"3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army","url_text":"Association of the United States Army"},{"url":"http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense\". Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515004352/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html","url_text":"\"Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense\""},{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wendell, Bryan (July 2, 2021). \"Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88\". Bryan on Scouting. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143705/https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Berry gets worst actress Razzie\". BBC News. February 2, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm","url_text":"\"Berry gets worst actress Razzie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Mello. \"Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library\". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html","url_text":"\"Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register","url_text":"The Orange County Register"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101210075035/http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e \"Flamurit Kombëtar\"\" (in Albanian). Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013711/http://www.president.al/?p=9714","url_text":"\"Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e \"Flamurit Kombëtar\"\""},{"url":"http://www.president.al/?p=9714","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helene C. Stikkel (November 18, 2004). \"People – Secretary of Defense\". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110050237/http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html","url_text":"\"People – Secretary of Defense\""},{"url":"http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld\". November 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2015/order-of-the-rising-sun-rumsfeld.html","url_text":"\"2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu\". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995","url_text":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)\". english.president.gov.tw. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448","url_text":"\"Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012124719/https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Packer, George (July 1, 2021). \"How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered\". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/how-donald-rumsfeld-deserves-be-remembered/619334/","url_text":"\"How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Bradley (June 27, 2017). By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586486501. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bradley-graham/by-his-own-rules/9781586486501/","url_text":"By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586486501","url_text":"9781586486501"}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld\". trove.nla.gov.au. Trove. Archived from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528","url_text":"\"Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove","url_text":"Trove"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bradley Graham (2009). By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs","url_text":"PublicAffairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-421-7","url_text":"978-1-58648-421-7"}]},{"reference":"Rowan Scarborough (2004). Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-069-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Scarborough","url_text":"Rowan Scarborough"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarunto00scar","url_text":"Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnery_Publishing","url_text":"Regnery Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-069-7","url_text":"978-0-89526-069-7"}]},{"reference":"Jeffrey A. Krames (2002). The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-140641-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Krames","url_text":"Jeffrey A. Krames"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldwayleade00kram","url_text":"The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140641-3","url_text":"978-0-07-140641-3"}]},{"reference":"Hoehn, Andrew R.; Albert A. Robbert; Margaret C. Harrell (2011). Succession management for senior military positions: the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0-8330-5228-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-5228-5","url_text":"978-0-8330-5228-5"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Cockburn (2007). Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy. Scribners. ISBN 978-1-4165-3574-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldhisrisef00cock","url_text":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons","url_text":"Scribners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3574-4","url_text":"978-1-4165-3574-4"}]},{"reference":"Dale R. Herspring (2008). Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1587-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarsarr00hers","url_text":"Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1587-2","url_text":"978-0-7006-1587-2"}]},{"reference":"George W. Bush (2010). Decision Points. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-59061-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush","url_text":"George W. Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_Points","url_text":"Decision Points"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Crown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9","url_text":"978-0-307-59061-9"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Donald Rumsfeld (id: r000508)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=r000508","url_text":"\"Donald Rumsfeld (id: r000508)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://rumsfeld.com/","external_links_name":"Library website"},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/strategic-imperatives-east-asia","external_links_name":"\"Strategic Imperatives in East Asia\""},{"Link":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112534/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation's Youngest, Oldest Defense Secretary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702043712/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html","external_links_name":"\"Truth, War And Consequences: Why War? – In Their Own Words – Who Said What When\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190528111319/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/truth/why/said.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Anti-war Ad Says Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld & Rice \"Lied\" About Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230849/https://www.factcheck.org/2005/09/anti-war-ad-says-bush-cheney-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon office produced 'alternative' intelligence on Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190521220947/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/special-reports/iraq-intelligence/article24461020.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Says He Offered to Quit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613211110/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/politics/rumsfeld-says-he-offered-to-quit.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"My autobiography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131344/http://library.rumsfeld.com/doclib/sp/83/1946-01-11%20Autobiography%20%28II-304%29.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld | Biography & Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018104841/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Rumsfeld","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195127/http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Henry Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://www.germany.travel/en/ms/german-originality/heritage/famous-people/politics/donald-henry-rumsfeld-politician.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html","external_links_name":"\"Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629125741/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Golden Rule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806172610/http://www.realclearreligion.org/articles/2013/08/05/donald_rumsfelds_golden_rule.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3771","external_links_name":"\"Radio Interview with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld on KOGO Radio San Diego with Mark Larson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100302023659/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3771","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3119","external_links_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002093420/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3119","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1","external_links_name":"\"Known and Unknown – Donald Rumsfeld – Author Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170624202025/http://www.litlovers.com/reading-guides/13-fiction/8453-know-and-unknown-rumsfeld?start=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420212959/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html","external_links_name":"\"Fire Breaks Out at Prestigious High School\""},{"Link":"http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f","external_links_name":"The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113856/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01n870zs64f","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013201712/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175","external_links_name":"\"Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://libweb5.princeton.edu/theses/thesesid.asp?ID=31175","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Carlucci: The Shrewdly Low-Key Defense Secretary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120759/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/30/frank-carlucci-obituary-defense-secretary-223162","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Nixon Republican Turned Iraq War Salesman, Dead At 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702130010/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/state-of-the-union/donald-rumsfeld-nixon-republican-turned-iraq-war-salesman-dead-at-88/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120722191209/http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld revealed: Secretary's Navy career spanned 35 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060707060729/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm","external_links_name":"\"DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/rumsfeld.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508","external_links_name":"\"RUMSFELD, Donald Henry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070425194855/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070516103109/http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://quest.cjonline.com/stories/122900/gen_1229007572.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715153231/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/exhibits/cabinet/rumsfeld.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Freedom of Information Act at 40\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060704180357/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB194/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649","external_links_name":"Known and unknown : a memoir"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649","external_links_name":"650210649"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/https://www.worldcat.org/title/known-and-unknown-a-memoir/oclc/650210649","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060824220033/http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216","external_links_name":"\"Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)\""},{"Link":"http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/free_to_choose/index_80.php?id=the_tyranny_of_control","external_links_name":"\"Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130506043939/http://www.freetochoose.tv/program.php?id=ftc1980_2&series=ftc80","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – February 10, 1964\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – July 2, 1964\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – August 16, 1967\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – April 10, 1968\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – July 9, 1965\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House – August 3, 1965\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/","external_links_name":"\"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210702072016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/close-up-young-rumsfeld/302824/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,900793,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Administration: The New OEO Fan\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210705091755/https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/230919112.js","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87","external_links_name":"\"Frank Carlucci, Carlyle Chairman Who Led Pentagon, Dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180604194726/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-04/frank-carlucci-carlyle-chairman-who-led-pentagon-dies-at-87","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm","external_links_name":"\"Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210319090820/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/VP_Richard_Cheney.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics","external_links_name":"\"Wyoming to the White House: Dick Cheney's Life in Politics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411202805/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/wyoming-white-house-dick-cheneys-life-politics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/","external_links_name":"\"Investigative Columnist Jack Anderson Dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/18/investigative-columnist-jack-anderson-dies/9892c24e-0210-4079-a2dc-9c6fe686ede1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Book Known and Unknown: Excerpts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143556/https://www.thedailybeast.com/rumsfeld-book-known-and-unknown-excerpts","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124003134/http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html","external_links_name":"\"Nixon White House conversation 464-12\""},{"Link":"http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/rmn_rumsfeld.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC","external_links_name":"Takeover: The Return of the Imperial Presidency and the Subversion of American Democracy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143547/https://books.google.com/books?id=oU-3IBqRH2kC&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112533/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917908,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Nation: Scenario of the Shake-Up\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood","external_links_name":"Bush at War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood/page/21","external_links_name":"21"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2678350/rumsfeld-was-nations-youngest-oldest-defense-secretary/","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was Nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html","external_links_name":"\"Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182443/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/us/defense-choice-made-a-name-as-an-infighter.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html","external_links_name":"\"The Long March of Dick Cheney\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051217110948/http://hnn.us/articles/18668.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095","external_links_name":"Council of war : a history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1991"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867144095","external_links_name":"867144095"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2003/11/rumsfelds-roots/378570/","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld's Roots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709025136/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310u/int2003-10-08","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lN9uIMjTyi4C","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html","external_links_name":"\"MONSANTO TO ACQUIRE G. D. SEARLE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171126033525/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/19/business/monsanto-to-acquire-g-d-searle.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/","external_links_name":"\"The Rumsfeld Resume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040506/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-rumsfeld-resume/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary During Iraq War, Is Dead at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070619044137/http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld Named Chairman of Gilead Sciences\""},{"Link":"http://www.gilead.com/wt/sec/pr_933190157/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html","external_links_name":"\"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062957/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104005327/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100314083340/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html","external_links_name":"\"MAJOR NEWS IN SUMMARY; TURKISH CYPRIOTS MAKE THE BREAK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524142235/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/20/weekinreview/major-news-in-summary-turkish-cypriots-make-the-break.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/12/30/us-had-key-role-in-iraq-buildup/133cec74-3816-4652-9bd8-7d118699d6f8/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup\""},{"Link":"https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522090854/https://fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html","external_links_name":"\"Bush Selects Rumsfeld for Another Term as Secretary of Defense – Both Men Stress Importance of Missile Defense System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222835/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/4000/rumsfeld-picked-as-us-defense-secretary-(dec.-29).html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/nkorea/2003/0224nuclear.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Was on ABB Board\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/how-rumsfeld-built-pyongyang-its-nukes-247410/","external_links_name":"\"How Rumsfeld Built Pyongyang Its Nukes\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/122616318","external_links_name":"\"Tally on Vice President\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/122616318","external_links_name":"122616318"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sim_republican-national-convention-proceedings_july-14-17-1980/page/492/mode/2up?view=theater&q=rumsfeld","external_links_name":"Official Report of the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Republican National Convention"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/21/us/campaign-s-over-no-it-just-started.html","external_links_name":"\"Campaign's Over? No, It Just Started\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528031323/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Biography\""},{"Link":"http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-521030","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127204516/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.","external_links_name":"\"Initial Planning and Execution in Afghanistan and Iraq By Joseph J. Collins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200704104223/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/lessons-encountered/lessons-encountered_Ch1.pdf?ver=2015-09-29-125128-023.","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld's Moment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141146/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/","external_links_name":"\"Books lay blame with general\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143549/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2006/10/11/books-lay-blame-with-general/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963","external_links_name":"\"9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302105940/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14778963","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf","external_links_name":"The 9/11 Commission Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190623164504/https://911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing on Pentagon Attack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230343/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1613","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090927043007/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11","external_links_name":"\"Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"Blair's wars"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021731/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UCSvzgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","external_links_name":"\"Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence:"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'wanted to bomb Iraq' after 9/11\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711125049/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/rumsfeld-wanted-to-bomb-iraq-after-911-65340.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe","external_links_name":"\"'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313095516/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/building-momentum-regime-change-rumsfe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/","external_links_name":"\"Special forces and horses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191818/http://armedforcesjournal.com/special-forces-and-horses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/","external_links_name":"\"21st Century Horse Soldiers – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210216194220/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-enduring-freedom-the-first-49-days-4/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld and Myers Briefing on Enduring Freedom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200704213028/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2011","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html","external_links_name":"\"Text: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021104072846/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_102901.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Thinks Bomb Killed Bin Laden's Top Aide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022190425/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2001-11-17-0111170104-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html","external_links_name":"\"Text:Pentagon Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131222045045/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/rumsfeldtext_111901.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705040502/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2444","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Visits Afghanistan, Meets With U.S. Troops\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930023822/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44350","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://usinfo.org/wf-archive/2002/020315/epf503.htm","external_links_name":"\"Transcript: Defense Department Briefing, March 15, 2002\""},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562","external_links_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with President Karzai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722114646/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2562","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165907/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"From Threat to Threat\""},{"Link":"http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec6.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161","external_links_name":"The Next Attack"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nextattackfailur00benj/page/161","external_links_name":"161"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VPQuEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The American War in Afghanistan: A History"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm","external_links_name":"\"TORA BORA REVISITED: HOW WE FAILED TO GET BIN LADEN AND WHY IT MATTERS TODAY\""},{"Link":"http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636","external_links_name":"\"Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160905184152/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm","external_links_name":"\"Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100421002430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957","external_links_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Afghan President Karzai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060147/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1957","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267","external_links_name":"\"Saddam's Days Numbered, Rumsfeld Says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730012601/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29267","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-rumsfeld-was-last-good-secretary-defense-188957","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Was the Last Good Secretary of Defense\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html","external_links_name":"\"Comments by Donald Rumsfeld on 'This Week'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706211247/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/comments-by-donald-rumsfeld-on-this-week.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723040329/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2339","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175226/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2367","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Bremer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730013957/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2894","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678","external_links_name":"\"Photos of Hussein Brothers' Bodies Provide Proof to Iraqis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930015136/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28678","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html","external_links_name":"\"Images of Hussein's Sons Met With Joy and Skepticism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705051755/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/worldspecial/images-of-husseins-sons-met-with-joy-and.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060204214137/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Rumsfeld On Saddam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045637/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exclusive-rumsfeld-on-saddam/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews","external_links_name":"\"From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130205210652/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103095.html?hpid=topnews","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Arrives in Baghdad to Visit Troops, Meet with Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930025222/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26486","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522","external_links_name":"\"US troops can leave before Iraq peaceful: Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161027203642/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-25/us-troops-can-leave-before-iraq-peaceful-rumsfeld/557522","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722174527/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3692","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772","external_links_name":"\"DoD News Briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld from the Pentagon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200724142440/https://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=3772","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102093658/http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406%2F121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new","external_links_name":"\"Special Report with Brit Hume\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/video2/player06.html?121406/121406_sr_rumsfeld&Special_Report&Final%20Interview&acc&Politics&-1&News&486&&&new","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/glogin://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26pagewantedQ3D1Q26hp&OP=1b367f6cQ2FAs5tAFLQ7EgQ20LLQ3EQ27AQ2744Q51A(4A(2A6gA(2Q7EHFQ5DJQ20dQ25chQ3Edo","external_links_name":"\"Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202720/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/enter-email?response_type=cookie&client_id=lgcl&redirect_uri=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nytimes.com%252F2007%252F10%252F13%252Fus%252F13cnd-army.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116052736/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DMCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F11%2F02%2Fwgulf402.xml","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks'\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=MCJYFVHYHCMGNQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2007/11/02/wgulf402.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush","external_links_name":"Iraq war briefings headlined with biblical quotes, reports US magazine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200321064920/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/rumsfeld-gq-iraq-bible-quotes-bush","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017092732/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F01%2Fwirq601.xml","external_links_name":"\"Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/01/wirq601.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld to personally sign all condolence letters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021005411/https://www.stripes.com/news/rumsfeld-to-personally-sign-all-condolence-letters-1.27255","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040511033734/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld 'the best'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/09/iraq.abuse.main.int/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401132056/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3966038,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080601094302/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C%2C3966038%2C00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights","external_links_name":"\"Getting Away with Torture? Human Rights Watch Calls for Accountability into U.S. Abuse of Detainees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145739/https://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror-A case against Donald Rumsfeld?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-008-9160-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10611-008-9160-2"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145710956","external_links_name":"145710956"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2388266","external_links_name":"2388266"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202658/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2403096/215948.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231714/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html","external_links_name":"\"Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025358/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709204920/https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853","external_links_name":"\"Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062230/http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510072825/http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says\""},{"Link":"http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html","external_links_name":"\"Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703051216/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117092206/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld faces war crimes suit in Germany – Americas – International Herald Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163249/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/world/americas/14iht-rumsfeld.3532840.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html","external_links_name":"\"More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109133044/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece","external_links_name":"\"Revenge of the battered generals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022329/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html","external_links_name":"\"Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827","external_links_name":"\"Smackdown 2006: The Generals Vs. Rumsfeld for the Top Prize\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624155019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OYw1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2539,7675827","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026","external_links_name":"\"How many retired generals are there?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060417173552/http://www.slate.com/id/2139847/#sb2140026","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100826093036/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567","external_links_name":"\"Bush Voices Support for Rumsfeld, Cheney\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145751/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6421567","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation/rumsfeld-resigned-before-election-letter-shows-idUSN1524505720070815","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726104051/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/15/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation-idUSN1524505720070815","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512060317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316014334/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/02/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bush-2004-re-election/","external_links_name":"\"Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/story/rice-offered-to-resign-following-bushs-2004-re-election","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108231100/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1/secretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony","external_links_name":"\"Secretary Rumsfeld Farewell Ceremony\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113023/https://www.c-span.org/video/?195815-1%2Fsecretary-rumsfeld-farewell-ceremony","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/","external_links_name":"\"Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145752/https://www.nysun.com/national/publishers-abuzz-over-possible-rumsfeld-book/57376/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld Memoir Is Slated for 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180527002233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120819442235013215","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html","external_links_name":"\"Sentinel to Publish Rumsfeld Memoir\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201020946/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-deals/article/44527-sentinel-to-publish-rumsfeld-memoir.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about","external_links_name":"\"About the Rumsfeld Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203085046/http://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/18175359","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving – His study in self-defence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221190316/http://www.economist.com/node/18175359","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rumsfeld.com/archives/page/about-the-rumsfeld-archive-2","external_links_name":"\"About the Rumsfeld Archive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023203730/http://www.rumsfeld.com/library/page/about-the-library","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145738/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1623260,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/library/doclib/2017/01/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221418/https://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/doclib/20140120_2013AnnualReport.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html","external_links_name":"\"Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307152139/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld-132950462.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld: \"Time Has Come\" To Allow Gays To Serve Openly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190529145740/http://abcnewsradioonline.com/national-news/rumsfeld-time-has-come-to-allow-gays-to-serve-openly.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld: If Gadhafi Stays, U.S. Reputation Damaged, American Enemies Emboldened\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706103245/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rumsfeld-gadhafi-stays-us-reputation-damaged-american-enemies/story?id=13232616","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld's second Al Jazeera interview less cordial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706104420/https://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/1011/Rumsfelds_second_Al_Jazeera_interview_less_cordial.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld's Hate-Love-Hate-Relationship with Al Jazeera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060418/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/donald-rumsfelds-hate-love-hate-relationship-al-jazeera/337117/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962","external_links_name":"\"The Unknown Known\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123030/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2390962/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/","external_links_name":"\"Churchill Solitaire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170812075921/http://javelindc.com/projects/churchill-solitaire/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld releases solitaire app\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125115132/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/25/donald-rumsfeld-releases-solitaire-app","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342","external_links_name":"\"At 83, I Decided to Develop an App\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125151251/https://medium.com/@DonRumsfeld/at-83-i-decided-to-develop-an-app-dadd4e53d342","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/","external_links_name":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Just Released a Video Game\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129144053/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-just-rele/1100-6434112/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld says he's 'clearly' voting for Trump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201217130917/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-rumsfeld-donald-trump-224698","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretaries-letter-warning-trump-signed-days/story?id=75036788","external_links_name":"\"Defense secretaries' letter warning Trump was signed by all in only 2 days\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who oversaw Iraq war, dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194403/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/former-defense-secretary-donald-rumsfeld-dead-at-88.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630194022/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Architect of War in Afghanistan, Is Laid to Rest\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/us/politics/rumsfeld-afghanistan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2742828/pentagon-press-secretary-john-f-kirby-and-major-general-hank-taylor-deputy-dire/","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby and Major General Hank Taylor, Deputy Director of t\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061214042637/http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lap-by-Lap: Pepsi 400\""},{"Link":"http://www.nascar.com/2005/races/lapbylap/07/02/daytona_july/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602800/","external_links_name":"\"DONALD H. RUMSFELD Former Secretary of Defense\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140412203621/http://www.defense.gov/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=90","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419191743/http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Donald H. Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://history.defense.gov/rumsfeld2.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","external_links_name":"\"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316011517/http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC","external_links_name":"\"3 Marshall Medal Recipients Hold Key Positions\""},{"Link":"http://www3.ausa.org/WEBINT/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGLFC","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515004352/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense\""},{"Link":"http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld, Distinguished Eagle Scout and former secretary of defense, dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143705/https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2021/07/02/donald-rumsfeld-distinguished-eagle-scout-and-former-secretary-of-defense-dies-at-88/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm","external_links_name":"\"Berry gets worst actress Razzie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4301783.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html","external_links_name":"\"Rumsfeld accepts award at Nixon library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101210075035/http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013711/http://www.president.al/?p=9714","external_links_name":"\"Presidenti Nishani dekoron zotin Donald Rumsfeld me Dekoratën e \"Flamurit Kombëtar\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.president.al/?p=9714","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110050237/http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html","external_links_name":"\"People – Secretary of Defense\""},{"Link":"http://osd.dtic.mil/photos/Jul2004/040701-D-2987S-024.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/english/html/pressreleases/2015/order-of-the-rising-sun-rumsfeld.html","external_links_name":"\"2015 Fall Conferment of Decoration : The Honorable Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995","external_links_name":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 lipca 2005 r. o nadaniu orderu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210630202659/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20050730995","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448","external_links_name":"\"Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012124719/https://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=448","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3690341.stm","external_links_name":"Profile Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181118210035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3690341.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/how-donald-rumsfeld-deserves-be-remembered/619334/","external_links_name":"\"How Rumsfeld Deserves to Be Remembered\""},{"Link":"https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/bradley-graham/by-his-own-rules/9781586486501/","external_links_name":"By His Own Rules The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A132-2004Dec14.html","external_links_name":"The Defense Secretary We Have"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528","external_links_name":"\"Strategic imperatives in East Asia / Donald Rumsfeld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210706143530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29267528","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarunto00scar","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldwayleade00kram","external_links_name":"The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldhisrisef00cock","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rumsfeldswarsarr00hers","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld's Wars: The Arrogance of Power"},{"Link":"http://www.rumsfeld.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://archive.defense.gov/speeches/","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Defense: Speeches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171540/http://archive.defense.gov/speeches/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180524031137/http://www.rumsfeldsrules.com/","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld's Rules"},{"Link":"http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributor/722","external_links_name":"Donald Rumsfeld's Project Syndicate op/eds"},{"Link":"http://churchillsolitaire.com/","external_links_name":"Churchill Solitaire"},{"Link":"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rumsfeld-bio.html","external_links_name":"White House Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061115085641/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/secdef_bio.html","external_links_name":"Department of Defense Biography"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=r000508","external_links_name":"\"Donald Rumsfeld (id: r000508)\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?donaldrumsfeld","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/people/donald-rumsfeld.html","external_links_name":"Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/donald-rumsfeld","external_links_name":"Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/topic/Donald_Rumsfeld","external_links_name":"Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/donald-h-rumsfeld","external_links_name":"Donald H. Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220094138/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/pdf/12112008_detaineeabuse.pdf","external_links_name":"Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1204","external_links_name":"A View from the White House, Part I (1975)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1205","external_links_name":"A View from the White House, Part II (1975)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1209","external_links_name":"A Single Six Year Term for President (1987)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1210","external_links_name":"Money, television, and Politics (1988)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1207","external_links_name":"The Private Lives of Public Servants (1989)"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld's War"},{"Link":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/","external_links_name":"Video clip of Rumsfeld (as special U.S. envoy to Middle East) meeting Hussein"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/etc/cronfeld.html","external_links_name":"The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/partners/frontline.htm","external_links_name":"Washington Post – Rumsfeld's War"},{"Link":"http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php","external_links_name":"Rumsfeld revealed"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2003/11/mann.htm","external_links_name":"Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/bh/rumsfeld.shtml","external_links_name":"The Donald Rumsfeld Library of Quotations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090427201621/http://frontlineclub.com/events/2007/05/insight-with-andrew-cockburn-rumsfeld---the-man-behind-the-us-military-disaster.html","external_links_name":"Biographer Andrew Cockburn on Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2001/The-Don-A-Look-at-Former-Defense-Secretary-Donald-Rumsfeld/","external_links_name":"The Don: A Look at Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76c3f776-3563-11e0-aa6c-00144feabdc0.html","external_links_name":"Lunch with the FT: Donald Rumsfeld"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/327331/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078361114","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41974687","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4CPh9qf7RvTJpmXpHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3012411","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5413774","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13021608n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13021608n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529952206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124801757","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V082750","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303981105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14339705","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93082884","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01148047","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2003163173&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201300591","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p261987690","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810589158405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17489040?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1a460ab5-088a-4f1f-b9e6-6dd0318a3931","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000508","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10573956","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67q9px1","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz6dq7","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/057244588","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg_Government
Flensburg Government
["1 Formation","2 Cabinet","2.1 Armed Forces High Command","3 Actions","3.1 Partial capitulations in the West","3.2 General capitulation on all fronts","4 Dissolution","4.1 Withdrawal of diplomatic recognition","4.2 Nazi war crimes","4.3 Allied perspectives","4.4 Final dissolution of the Flensburg Government","4.5 Berlin Declaration: 5 June 1945","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
Short-lived government of Nazi Germany Cabinet of Lutz Graf Schwerin von KrosigkThe Flensburg Government3rd Cabinet of Nazi Germany2 May 1945 – 23 May 1945(de jure until 5 June 1945)Date formed2 May 1945 (1945-05-02)Date dissolved23 May 1945 (1945-05-23) (de facto)5 June 1945 (1945-06-05) (de jure)People and organisationsHead of stateKarl DönitzHead of governmentLutz Graf Schwerin von KrosigkNo. of ministers10Member partyNazi PartyHistoryPredecessorGoebbels cabinetSuccessorAllied Control CouncilFirst Adenauer cabinet(from 20 September 1949)Council of Ministers of East Germany(from November 1950) The Flensburg Government (German: Flensburger Regierung), also known as the Flensburg Cabinet (Flensburger Kabinett), the Dönitz Government (Regierung Dönitz), or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet (Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk), was the rump government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe. The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin. It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister. The administration was referred to as the "Flensburg Government" because Dönitz's command relocated to Flensburg in northern Germany near the Danish border on 3 May 1945. The sports school at the Mürwik naval academy was used as the government headquarters. At the time of its formation, forces loyal to the Nazi regime still held control of most of Austria and the Sudetenland, which was annexed by Germany in 1938. They also still controlled most of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia which was partially annexed in 1939 when the remainder of Czechoslovakia was occupied, although after Hitler's death those Czech lands still occupied were effectively controlled by the SS with little meaningful oversight from Flensburg. Furthermore, the German military continued to occupy other non-German-speaking territories in disparate and isolated locations across Europe, such as Denmark, Norway, the Atlantic pockets in France and the British Channel Islands. However, in addition to losing most of its wartime conquests by this point, German forces had already been driven out of the vast majority of Germany's post-Anschluss territory, in addition to Luxembourg as well as the Polish and French territories Germany had either annexed or placed under direct German administration in the early stages of the war. Image of the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik from which the Flensburg government operated during its 23-day tenure (taken in 2014). Due to the rapid Allied advance, the Flensburg government's nominal civil jurisdiction at its formation was essentially limited to those parts of Austria and the Sudetenland its forces still controlled as well as a narrow wedge of German territory running from the pre-1938 Austrian and Czechoslovak borders through Berlin to the Danish border. From 25 April 1945, these lands were cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe. Upon the capitulation of all German forces on 8 May, the administration headed by Dönitz and Krosigk ceased to meaningfully function as a national government. For about two weeks after the surrender, it was for most practical purposes ignored by the Western Allies as well as neutral states and Japan. In the absence of direct military intervention within Flensburg itself, the ministry there continued to regularly meet and conduct what business it could. Finally, due to factors including pressure from the Soviet Union, on 23 May British troops arrested the entire cabinet as prisoners of war and thus effectively dissolved the last surviving legal remnants of the Nazi regime. This dissolution was formalised by the four Allied Powers on 5 June 1945, who at that time formed the Allied Control Council to co-ordinate the civil administration of Allied-occupied Germany. Formation Karl Dönitz Once it became apparent that Hitler intended to stay and die in the besieged city of Berlin, effective overall command of German armed forces was exercised through the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Military High Command, which had relocated to Rheinsberg. Anticipating that German-held territory would be split, separate military and civilian commands had provisionally been established on 15 April; under Field Marshal Albert Kesselring at Pullach for forces in the south and west, and under Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz at Plön for forces in the north and east; but then Hitler had stalled on transferring executive military authority to them. On 27 April Wilhelm Keitel and Alfred Jodl, of the Army High Command, met at Rheinsberg with Dönitz and Heinrich Himmler to discuss the war situation now that the fall of Berlin could not be averted. Himmler took the chair as the acknowledged deputy Führer and, since the disgrace and dismissal of Hermann Göring, Hitler's expected successor. As they were leaving Rheinsberg on 28 April, Himmler asked Dönitz to confirm that he would be willing to serve in a successor government that Himmler might form. That day however, the British and Americans published Himmler's secret proposals for a separate peace in the West (which they had rejected), to which Hitler reacted by dismissing Himmler from all posts and ordering his arrest for treason. Telegrams sent by Martin Bormann on 29 and 30 April informed Dönitz of these developments and of Dönitz's own appointment as Hitler's successor. Situation of World War II in Europe at the time of Adolf Hitler's death. The white areas are controlled by German forces, the pink areas are controlled by the Allies, and the red areas indicate recent Allied advances. With both Göring and Himmler removed from the succession, Hitler in his political testament had named Dönitz his successor as President and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and designated Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels head of government as Chancellor. Appointing Dönitz as president had no legal basis, even under Nazi law. The chancellor was an appointed official, but the president was elected. Although the Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler the right to pass laws that were contrary to the Weimar Constitution, its Article 2 stated explicitly that the president's powers were to remain "undisturbed", which has long been interpreted to forbid any attempt to tamper with the presidency. After the death of president Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler appropriated the president’s powers for himself in accordance with a Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich passed the previous day. However, in 1932 the constitution was amended to make the president of the Reichsgericht (High Court of Justice), not the chancellor, acting president pending new elections. Nonetheless, the Enabling Act did not specify any recourse that could be taken if the chancellor violated the Article 2, and no legal challenge was ever mounted. Goebbels committed suicide in the Führerbunker on 1 May. The same day Dönitz accepted the offices of Supreme Commander and Head of State in separate broadcast addresses to the German armed forces and to the German people. Residual ministers of the Hitler cabinet, who had fled from the fall of Berlin to join Dönitz at the Wehrmacht barracks near Plön in Holstein, resigned the next day. Suspecting that Bormann might also have escaped from Berlin and be intending to seize power, Dönitz met with Hitler's former Finance Minister Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk and asked him to constitute a new Reich government. Schwerin von Krosigk's cabinet first met in Eutin, to which he and his ministerial staff were evacuated, on 2 May. Later on 2 May, and in view of the rapidly advancing British Second Army forces which were approaching Lübeck, Dönitz met Schwerin von Krosigk, Paul Wegener, Himmler, and Keitel to discuss the urgent necessity of a further relocation. Himmler argued for a move to Prague, then the last major central European capital city in German hands, and closer to advancing American forces with whom he hoped to negotiate personally, but Dönitz refused to sanction any move outside the borders of Germany. Moreover, the political situation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was highly unstable. Dönitz decided instead to proceed to the Mürwik naval academy in Flensburg near the Danish border. The cabinet met in the sports school of the naval academy; while administrative offices and accommodation for the various ministries were established on the liner Patria , moored in Flensburg harbour. The German High Command, which moved from Rheinsberg to Neustadt in Holstein two days before, then also relocated to Flensburg, while the SS leadership had been gathering at Flensburg since 28 April. Cabinet Three ministries were abolished outright (Air Ministry, Occupied Eastern Territories, and Public Enlightenment and Propaganda). While retaining some members from the previous Hitler cabinet and Goebbels cabinet, Dönitz dismissed three ministers (Bernhard Rust, Alfred Rosenberg, and Otto Georg Thierack). Other former ministers, such as Walther Funk (Economics) and Wilhelm Ohnesorge (Postal Affairs) also found themselves without new positions. The new government consisted of the following people: Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party ReichspräsidentKarl Dönitz30 April 194523 May 1945 NSDAP "Leading Minister" andMinister for Foreign AffairsLutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk2 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of FinanceLutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk1 June 193223 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of TransportJulius Heinrich Dorpmüller2 February 193723 May 1945 NSDAP Minister for Food, Agriculture and ForestsHerbert Backe23 May 194223 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of Industry and ProductionAlbert Speer5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister for Labor and Social AffairsFranz Seldte5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of the InteriorWilhelm Stuckart5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of CultureWilhelm Stuckart5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister of JusticeHerbert Klemm5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Minister for Communications and PostsJulius Heinrich Dorpmüller5 May 194523 May 1945 NSDAP Dönitz avoided including prominent Nazi leaders in his cabinet other than Speer, but included several serving officers in the SS and others who were closely involved in formulating and prosecuting the genocidal policies of the former regime. Herbert Backe was the author of the Hunger Plan of 1941, a deliberate strategy for mass elimination by starvation of Soviet prisoners of war and 'surplus' Soviet urban populations. Speer's deputy in the Economics and Production Ministry was Otto Ohlendorf, who had personally directed the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews and Communists in occupied Soviet territory. Wilhelm Stuckart was a participant at the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, when the administrative responsibilities for the "Final Solution to the Jewish Problem" were agreed upon. Otto Ohlendorf had transferred across directly from directing Himmler's office as Reichsführer-SS; and overall, of 350 staff working in the offices of the Flensburg government, 230 had been members of the SS or other security services. Dönitz's cabinet picks were clearly circumscribed by who was available. Otherwise, and in spite of his subsequent claim that his government was 'unpolitical', the most consistent characteristic of those chosen was a virulent opposition to Bolshevism, and a determination to ensure that the revolutionary events in Germany attending the Armistice of 1918 would not be repeated in 1945. As Dönitz did not then intend any surrender to the Soviets or Poles and continued to identify "Jews and profiteers" as enemies of the German people, he had little compunction over including in his cabinet men who had participated in the killing of Slavs and Jews. For the first few days the post of Minister of the Interior, previously held by Himmler, was kept vacant. Himmler had been condemned as a traitor, dismissed from all functions and ordered to be arrested in Hitler's political testament. Dönitz did not want Himmler's name associated with his new government. However, Dönitz feared that any move against Himmler would alienate the SS, a force that was personally loyal to its commanding officer. Following Hitler's suicide, the SS remained armed, powerful, and skeptical of the Führer's allegations against Himmler. A further complication to Dönitz's authority to replace Himmler was that Hitler's aforementioned testament had explicitly named a successor to Himmler, Paul Giesler, whom Dönitz detested at least as much as Himmler. Dönitz tacitly set Hitler's instructions aside and continued to see Himmler on a daily basis without according him any formal appointment. It was only on 6 May 1945, while final negotiations were in prospect for a capitulation to US General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the west, that Dönitz dismissed Himmler from all his posts, and appointed Stuckart in his place. Armed Forces High Command Wilhelm Keitel Dönitz had hoped to be able to appoint Field Marshal Erich von Manstein as Commander in Chief of the Army and Chief of the OKW, to which the Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres) had been subject since 28 April 1945, but he could not be contacted on 2 May, and so Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel was kept in the post; and in this capacity Keitel signed the act of surrender for the German High Command in Berlin on 8 May. A further factor favouring the continuation of Keitel as Commander in Chief was the support for him of General Alfred Jodl, the Chief of Operations Staff of the Wehrmacht, whose retention Dönitz recognised as essential. Jodl was to represent Dönitz in negotiations with the Allies in Reims, France. Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg was appointed to succeed Dönitz as Commander of the Kriegsmarine and was promoted by Dönitz to the rank of Generaladmiral on 1 May. The Air Force had largely been destroyed or grounded due to lack of fuel, so no new appointment was made. Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim remained as Commander of the Luftwaffe. In spite of its repeated relocations, the Armed Forces High Command continued to function, its organisation and structures having been maintained. But the same was not true of any other arm of government. Starting in March 1945, the staff of the various ministries were evacuated to resort hotels in the Bavarian and Austrian Alps – chiefly in the region of Berchtesgaden, leaving only the ministers themselves in Berlin. On 13 April, the remaining foreign embassies and the diplomatic corps were evacuated to Bad Gastein. Finally on 20 April all the ministers and their personal staff were ordered to make their way southwards; but as by then the roads had been cut and there were insufficient transport aircraft available, several ministers (like Schwerin von Krosigk) had perforce headed north instead. Thus the government of Germany was, at the death of Hitler, split over six centres. The Propaganda Ministry, the personal fiefdom of Joseph Goebbels, had remained with him in Berlin, as had the Nazi Party Chancellery under Martin Bormann; while the Luftwaffe High Command had relocated to Berchtesgaden, having been until his abrupt dismissal on 23 April the counterpart fiefdom of Göring. Himmler had retained his personal powerbase in the offices of the SS and security apparatus, which was established in Lübeck in the north and then relocated to Flensburg. Other government ministries and ministers were then variously located at Berchtesgaden and Dönitz's headquarters in Plön. With the Armed Forces High Command also located in the north – although many OKW personnel had gone south – there was, in consequence, no semblance any longer of a German central government, and most of the members of the cabinet lacked any support staff from their nominal ministries. Actions Heinrich Himmler Dönitz's initial priority was to open communication with the commanders of German armies, and to establish with them their acknowledgement of his new authority as the sole Supreme Commander of all German forces. He also sought their agreement with his overall policy of negotiating successive partial surrenders with the Western Allies, while maintaining the war against Soviet forces in the east. Key to this was sidelining Himmler, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, and other former Nazi grandees who had fled to Flensburg, but whose continued participation in government would preclude any negotiation with the western Allies. Dönitz's intentions in this were, if possible, to split the Allies, and to offer German military units as components of a common anti-Bolshevik front. Failing that, he sought to save as many German soldiers as possible from Soviet captivity by ordering units in the east to retreat westwards and surrender to the British, Canadians, or Americans and by redoubling Operation Hannibal, the maritime evacuation of units trapped on the Baltic coast. At Dönitz's urging, Keitel and Jodl attempted to direct what was left of the Wehrmacht towards these goals. On 2 May, Dönitz obtained pledges of allegiance from the commanders of German armies in Norway, Courland, East Prussia, and Bohemia; these pledges were made to him personally as Supreme Commander, and not as Head of State in a forthcoming government. Otherwise, however, Dönitz's policies chiefly demonstrated continuity with the previous regime: the Nazi party was neither banned nor dissolved; Dönitz kept a bust of Hitler in his office; and the uniforms, insignia, and protocol of Nazi Germany were maintained, initially including even the 'Heil Hitler' greeting. Following a plea from Speer, on 2 May Dönitz rescinded the infamous 'Nero Decree' ordering scorched earth destruction of German infrastructure and industrial plants; but it was not until 6 May that counterpart destruction orders were rescinded for those territories remaining under German occupation, such as Norway. Moreover, neither summary courts for civil punishment, nor military discipline by summary courts martial were abolished, with military executions for insulting the memory of Hitler being confirmed even after the final capitulation on 8 May. While the presence of SS leaders and their staffs in Flensburg had provided Dönitz with a source of personnel to support his government, otherwise they presented problems. In particular, the SS leadership had access to armed forces that were not under Dönitz's control, and remained firmly loyal to Himmler, whom Dönitz had surmised was personally unacceptable now to both the Western Allies and to the Wehrmacht. Dönitz handled the issue by stringing Himmler along for as long as he could with vague prospects of a possible function in the government. Once serious negotiations were underway for surrender to Eisenhower, Himmler and the SS apparatus had to be got out of the way. On 5 May 1945 Dönitz informed Himmler of his forthcoming dismissal, promising false papers and identities for him and his leading lieutenants if they removed themselves promptly. Himmler called his fellow SS leaders together for a last time that day, and advised them to 'dive down within the Wehrmacht'. By the next day they had fled. This came too late for the concentration camp prisoners within the area who were now within Dönitz's nominal authority, while under the actual control of the SS. These had numbered around 10,000 when Dönitz assumed the presidency; mainly former inmates of the Neuengamme camp outside Hamburg, which had been shut down in preparation for the surrender of the city to the British. Between 16 and 28 April, the prisoners were moved eastwards and concealed by the SS in a flotilla of unseaworthy ships anchored in the Bay of Lübeck, where they then remained without food or medical attention. At the time, this action was opposed by Rear Admiral Conrad Engelhardt   on Dönitz's staff, but when the Flensburg government came into being, Dönitz made no attempt to free the prisoners, and his government avoided any subsequent acknowledgement that they had known they were there. On 3 May 1945, the prison flotilla was sunk by the Royal Air Force in the mistaken belief that the ships were being prepared to evacuate leading SS personnel. Over 7,000 prisoners drowned, mainly on the former liner Cap Arcona. Partial capitulations in the West On 2 May, while still at Plön, Dönitz was surprised to learn that German forces in Italy had surrendered unconditionally to the Western Allies. The capitulation was negotiated without Hitler's knowledge or consent, and signed at Caserta on 29 April, but it did not come into effect for three days. While Hitler was still alive, Dönitz followed absolutely his commands to fight on to the last on all fronts. However, he now realized that the Wehrmacht's position in the West was untenable. He believed that surrendering German forces only to the Western Allies could present opportunities to split the British and Americans from the Soviets. Thereon he assumed direction of further German surrender initiatives, exploring opportunities for partial surrender in the West. In the East, however, he continued to order German armies to fight on. On 2 May, he tried unsuccessfully to countermand the decisions of the German commander in Berlin to surrender their forces to the Soviets; and on 3 May, issued orders to the besieged defenders of Courland and Breslau to maintain their resistance. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery On 3 May Dönitz sent Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, his successor as naval commander in chief, to the headquarters of British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery at Lüneburg, with an offer to surrender the German forces in northwest Germany, together with the remaining elements of Army Group Vistula. Montgomery informed Friedeburg that he could not accept the surrender of forces fighting on the Eastern Front and that consequently Army Group Vistula would have to surrender to the Soviets, although British forces would accept the surrender of any German soldiers fleeing westwards. He proposed instead, following discussions between Eisenhower and the British government, that he would accept the surrender of all German military forces in Northwestern Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, the Netherlands, and Denmark, including naval forces and warships in those areas. Friedeburg asked for 48 hours to consider this; Montgomery allowed him 24. The proposed inclusion of Denmark, and the German warships operating there, initially alarmed Dönitz, who wished at all costs to maintain Operation Hannibal, evacuating German troops across the Baltic to Danish ports; but on consideration, he reckoned he might secretly evade the obligation to surrender these ships if they were at sea on the date the surrender came into effect. Furthermore, as it was unlikely that Montgomery would promptly be able to deploy British forces to the Danish islands under German occupation, especially Bornholm in the central Baltic, there was every possibility that the evacuation proceeding there could continue in total disregard of the agreed surrender terms. Consequently, authorised by Dönitz, Friedeburg returned on 4 May and signed an instrument of surrender for all German troops and ships in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Northwestern Germany. This was accepted by Montgomery on behalf of Eisenhower. This 4 May surrender would become effective at 8:00 am on 5 May; so Dönitz ordered all ships involved in Operation Hannibal to undertake a covert final evacuation voyage, while also unilaterally ordering all U-boat actions to cease. One crew in the evacuation fleet refused to set sail; so Dönitz ordered the ringleaders to be arrested for mutiny, tried by summary court martial, and shot. Also, on 5 May 1945, all German forces in Bavaria and South West Germany signed an act of surrender to the Americans at Haar, outside Munich, coming into effect on 6 May. Montgomery, always seeking to boost his own public standing at the expense of other Allied commanders, had arranged extensive media coverage of the 4 May signing. Montgomery had supplied Friedeburg with a prepared German text of the surrender documents, however, because both this and the English text had explicitly stated that only the English version was to be considered authentic, Montgomery apparently deemed it unnecessary to issue the German text to the press. Dönitz and Krosigk quickly realised this oversight and promptly broadcast their own, doctored, German version which differed significantly from that signed - specifically, the warships in the Baltic were not included nor was the territory in Schleswig around Flensburg itself; and especially, the surrender was described as a 'truce', not a capitulation. As was Dönitz's intention, this broadcast exacerbated Joseph Stalin's suspicions of the partial capitulations, especially as the greater parts of the 3rd Panzer Army and 21st Army had indeed been able to surrender to the British and Americans, rather than the Soviets. Realising this, Eisenhower determined that no further partial capitulations would be negotiated. The capitulations at Luneberg and Haar could do nothing, however, for the bulk of the German forces in Army Group Centre, fighting the Soviets in Bohemia and Saxony. On 4 May Dönitz, together with Karl Frank the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, conceived of a device whereby Army Group Centre might be able to surrender to General George S. Patton's American forces, who had been entering the Sudetenland areas of former Czechoslovakia from the west, and approaching Pilsen. Dönitz proposed that Frank should dissolve the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and resign in favour of a puppet Czech government, who would then declare Prague an open city and invite the Americans in. Patton's virulent anti-communist views were well known to the German leadership, who reckoned that with Patton in Prague it would become much easier for Army Group Centre to negotiate surrender terms with him while maintaining their resistance to the Soviets, if possible dragging the US and Soviet armies into direct confrontation. Frank had hopes that "we can engineer a disagreement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union even more serious than that of Poland". The ploy was proposed as being put into effect on 5 May, but was overtaken by the outbreak of the Prague uprising on that date; and over the succeeding three days, far from surrendering Prague as an open city, SS forces launched a savage response to the insurgents, with brutal reprisals against Czech civilians and widespread destruction in central Prague. Orders to fire-bomb the whole of the Old Town were only averted due to lack of fuel for Luftwaffe bombing units. Alerted to the German machinations through intercepted Ultra signals, Eisenhower ordered Patton to stand still in Pilsen in spite of ever more desperate calls for help from the insurgents. Prague was finally relieved by Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev's forces on 9 May 1945. General capitulation on all fronts SHAEF commanders at a conference in London Following the success of the two partial surrenders of 4 and 5 May, Dönitz instructed Friedeburg to go to the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) to negotiate with Eisenhower terms for a general surrender of all remaining German armies to the Western Allies. Since Friedeburg's meeting with Montgomery, Eisenhower's opposition to accepting a German surrender that excluded the Soviet Union was made clear to the German High Command, but Dönitz hoped to change his mind. On the next day, 5 May, Friedeburg arrived at General Eisenhower's headquarters at Reims, France, but learned that Eisenhower was resolute that only a total surrender on all fronts to all the Allies could be discussed. Jodl arrived a day later, ostensibly to sign such a general surrender. Dönitz had instructed him to draw out the negotiations for as long as possible so that German troops and refugees could move west to surrender to the Western Powers. Eisenhower made it clear that the Allies demanded immediate unconditional surrender on all fronts. When it became obvious that the Germans were stalling, Eisenhower threatened to close the western front to all surrendering Germans from the east. Had this happened, German soldiers attempting to cross the line to surrender would be fired on and all subsequent surrenders would have to be to the Soviets. When Dönitz learned this, he radioed Jodl full powers to sign the unconditional German Instrument of Surrender at 1:30 am on the morning of 7 May. Just over an hour later, Jodl signed the documents. The surrender documents included the phrase, "The German High Command will at once issue orders to all German military, naval and air authorities and to all forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May and to remain in the positions occupied at that time." The Western Allies had a unified command structure, and formed a single expeditionary force, the "Allied Expeditionary Force". US Army General Walter Bedell Smith (Eisenhower's chief of staff at SHAEF) signed on behalf of the Western Allies, and General Ivan Susloparov (the Soviet liaison officer at SHAEF) signed on behalf of the Soviets. French Major General François Sevez signed as the official witness. Although Eisenhower had sought to keep General Aleksei Antonov of the Soviet High Command fully informed of the progress of the surrender negotiations, no confirmation was received from the Soviets that the text of the Act of Military Surrender was acceptable to them, or that Susloparov was empowered to sign it. Accordingly, Eisenhower extracted from Jodl an additional signed undertaking that the Chief of the OKW and the Commanders in Chief of all three German armed services would attend in person and sign a "formal ratification" of the Act of Military Surrender, at a place and date to be specified. Some six hours after the signing, a response came from Antonov that the terms of surrender were unacceptable and that Susloparov could not sign it. Eisenhower promptly agreed and undertook to attend together with the rest of the SHAEF for the definitive signing in Berlin two days later. Antonov's response also noted that Friedeburg was referring matters back to Dönitz over the radio; and that Dönitz, in direct breach of the signed surrender terms, had still not issued orders for German forces in the east to remain in their positions, but was instead instructing them to continue their resistance and flee westwards. Antonov stated that, while the internal discussions of the German military in no way obligated the Allied Powers, Jodl's signature could not be accepted as valid if he was signing as Dönitz's representative, since Dönitz himself was clearly acting in bad faith. He proposed that the definitive act of surrender should make it clear that the Commanders in Chief of each of the German armed services were, in signing it, surrendering their forces on the authority of the German High Command - and not as delegated by Dönitz or the purported Flensburg government. A second, amended, instrument of surrender was accordingly signed at Karlshorst, Berlin, on 8 May shortly before midnight. Marshal Georgy Zhukov signed for the Soviet High Command, and British Marshal of the Royal Air Force A. W. Tedder signed on behalf of the Western Allies (Tedder acted as Eisenhower's representative at the Berlin ceremony, and signed "on behalf of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force", in his capacity as Deputy Supreme Commander). French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny and US Army Air Forces General Carl Spaatz signed as the official witnesses. The Allies had demanded that representatives of the German Army, Navy, and Air Force, and the High Command of the Armed Forces, sign the ratification of unconditional surrender, and that they should present full powers authorising them to do so on behalf of the German High Command. Complying with that demand, Dönitz issued a telegraphed communication from his "Supreme Commander Headquarters" (Der Oberste Befehlshaber Hauptquartier) granting the necessary full powers, and accordingly the second Act of Military Surrender was signed by Keitel as Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces and as acting Commander in Chief of the Army; by Friedeburg as the Commander in Chief of the Kriegsmarine, by General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe, as Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim, the Luftwaffe commander, had been injured. At the time specified, World War II in Europe ended. On 9 May, Dönitz issued orders to the German Armed Forces regarding the military surrender. The text of the definitive surrender document signed in Berlin differed from that previously signed at Reims, chiefly in that, to the second article was added the words "..and to disarm completely, handing over their weapons and equipment to the local allied commanders or officers designated by the Representatives of the Allied Supreme Command"; which had the effect of requiring German troops facing Soviet forces to hand over their weapons, disband and give themselves up as prisoners. Otherwise neither the Reims nor Berlin surrender instruments provided explicitly for the surrender of the German State, because the draft surrender document prepared by the European Advisory Commission (EAC) was not used. Instead, a simplified, military-only version was produced by the SHAEF, based largely on the wording of the partial surrender instrument of German forces in Italy that was signed at Caserta. This definition of the surrender as an act of military capitulation side-stepped any Allied recognition of the German Government, or of Dönitz as Head of State. The question of the civil effects of the unconditional surrender was only settled later, when on 23 May the Allies decided to dissolve the Flensburg Government and on 5 June issued the Berlin declaration, proclaiming the direct assumption of the supreme governmental authority in Germany by the Allied Powers. The text of the Berlin Declaration was widely based on the EAC's draft instrument of surrender of Germany. The draft was reworked into a unilateral declaration with an extended explanatory preamble, that spelled out the Allied position that as a result of its complete defeat Germany was left without a government, a vacuum that the direct assumption of supreme authority by the Allies would replace. Dissolution Withdrawal of diplomatic recognition Walter Schellenberg During 1944 and 1945 countries that had been neutral or allies of Germany had been joining the Allied Powers and declaring war on Germany. The German embassies to these countries had been closed down, and their property and archives held in trust by a nominated protecting power (usually Switzerland or Sweden) under the terms of the Geneva Conventions. There were counterpart arrangements for the former embassies of Allied countries in Berlin. The United States Department of State had prepared for the diplomatic consequences of the war ending on the assumption that there would have been an explicit statement of unconditional surrender of the German state in accordance with the terms of a draft surrender text jointly agreed by the Allied powers in 1944. In the final days of April 1945, the State Department had notified the protecting powers, and all other remaining neutral governments (such as Ireland), that following the forthcoming German surrender the continued identity of the German state would rest solely in the four Allied Powers. The Allied Powers would immediately recall all German diplomatic staff, take ownership of all German state property, extinguish all protecting power functions, and require the transfer of all archives and records to one or another of the embassies of the Western Allies. On 8 May 1945, these arrangements were put into effect in full, notwithstanding that the only German parties to the signed surrender document had been the German High Command. The western Allies maintained that a functioning German state had already ceased to exist, and that consequently the surrender of the German military had effected the complete termination of Nazi Germany. The protecting powers complied fully with the Allied demands: Sweden, Switzerland, and Ireland announced the breaking off of relations; consequently the German state ceased as a diplomatic entity on 8 May 1945. The diplomatic staffs of neutral countries still in Germany were thus recalled, while those of countries at war with the Allies were taken prisoner by the Allies. Notably, Japanese ambassador Hiroshi Ōshima and his legation were among those taken into custody. Despite Ōshima's objections, he and his staff had been ordered by Hitler to leave Berlin for Bad Gastein in Austria, which resulted in them being captured by the US Army. Had they been permitted to remain in Berlin, any surviving Japanese diplomats would presumably have been quickly repatriated to Japan since they were not yet at war with the Soviet Union. The Empire of Japan, which after the German surrender was effectively the only remaining Axis belligerent, promptly denounced the German surrender and the Flensburg government and seized the German embassy in Tokyo and seven U-boats. Henceforward, although the Flensburg government had a nominated Minister for Foreign Affairs, it had no access to the diplomatic assets of the former German state and was not accorded diplomatic recognition by any of the former protecting powers, the other remaining neutral countries or any of its erstwhile allies in the Far East (i.e. the Japanese Empire and the puppet regimes still functioning under its control). On 5 May Schwerin von Krosigk had dispatched Walter Schellenberg to Sweden as a personal emissary via Folke Bernadotte, hoping to establish diplomatic relations and to expedite a partial surrender of German forces in Norway. This mission was overtaken by the general capitulation of all German forces, and following 8 May all further approaches from the Flensburg Government to Sweden were ignored. Former armaments minister Albert Speer suggested that after the surrender the Flensburg government should dissolve itself. Instead Dönitz and his ministers chose to continue in hope of presiding over post-war Germany as a provisional government. Even though they could exercise no direct territorial authority, the cabinet still met daily at 10:00 a.m. Various papers on post-war reconstruction issues were proposed to be prepared, but the Western Allies showed no sign that they might receive them. Otherwise much time was devoted to discussion of how far the symbols, medals, and insignia of the Hitler regime should be retained within the Flensburg headquarters. Nazi war crimes Some acknowledgement of Nazi war crimes became unavoidable. The departure of the SS leadership from Flensburg opened the way for the Dönitz government to offer its own version of how the murder squads, concentration camps, and killing facilities had come into being. Their response was that all these atrocities had been undertaken in secret, and entirely by Himmler and the SS. Dönitz and Jodl issued a joint public statement "that neither the German Wehrmacht nor the German people had knowledge of these things." Allied perspectives While it had been agreed amongst the Allies that the Flensburg government should be accorded no official recognition, Winston Churchill proved reluctant to toe the line. In his speech announcing victory to the British people on 8 May, Churchill specified that the surrender had been authorised by "Grand Admiral Dönitz, the designated Head of the German State". Equally, following the unconditional surrender, Churchill was instrumental in urging that the Flensburg Government should not immediately be closed down, saying that he could see "great advantages in letting things slide for a while". Churchill's attitude in this was conditioned by his concern that Soviet forces might seek to establish themselves in Denmark; and he saw the temporary continuation of the Flensburg government in territory under British control as establishing a bargaining counter for the British in any negotiations regarding Soviet intentions in the western Baltic, while also facilitating the disbanding of German forces. Conversely, Soviet statements consistently characterised the Flensburg government as an anti-Soviet clique, pursuing a truce in the west only to maintain resistance against Soviet forces in the east. On 20 May, the government of the USSR made it clear what it thought about the Flensburg Government. It attacked the Dönitz Administration, calling it the "Dönitz Gang" and harshly criticised any idea of allowing it to retain any power. Pravda said: Discussions of the status of the Fascist gang around Dönitz continue. Several prominent Allied circles will deem it necessary to make use of the "services" of Dönitz and his collaborators. In the British Parliament, this gang has been described as the 'Dönitz Administration'…. A reporter of the reactionary Hearst press has called the enlistment of Dönitz "an act of political sagacity." Thus a Fascist scribbler has seen fit to make common cause with Hitler's marauding disciple. At the same time, the Fascist press on both sides of the Atlantic has put it abroad that conditions in Germany in 1918, when German Rightists produced similar fairy-tales of impending chaos. Then, the intact German Army units were used for new adventures in the East, immediately after capitulation. The present campaign has similar objectives. Many reactionary circles around the Allies are opposed to the creation of a new Europe on the basis of the Crimea Conference. These circles consider the preservation of Fascist states and breeding grounds as a means of thwarting the democratic aspirations of all freedom-loving nations.... Eisenhower tended rather to agree with the Soviet position (if not the reasoning behind it), suspecting that Dönitz and his cabinet could be a front, while the real German leadership, perhaps including Himmler, Bormann, and Hitler himself (whose remains were not then known to have been identified), remained operating behind the scenes, or otherwise plotting for their concealment and escape. With ill-disguised reluctance Eisenhower agreed to defer to the British view for a short period, but issued a clarifying statement that the continuation of the Dönitz government did not constitute his being recognised as a head of state "but only and temporarily under the instructions of the Allied Commanders to carry out duties concerning the feeding, disarming and medical care of the German Armed Forces." Final dissolution of the Flensburg Government Three members of the Flensburg Government, General Alfred Jodl, Dr Albert Speer, and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, after their arrest by the British On 12 May, US Major General Lowell W. Rooks and his British deputy, Brigadier E. J. Foord, arrived in Flensburg and established their quarters in the passenger ship Patria, docked in Flensburg harbour, displacing the administrative offices of the Flensburg government that had been housed there. Their mission was to liaise with the Dönitz "acting government" (as it was then referred to by the SHAEF) and to impose the will of the victorious Allied Powers on the OKW. On 13 May, the British authorities arrested Keitel for war crimes. Dönitz appointed Jodl as his replacement. Although the liaison mission arranged meetings with members of the Flensburg government, these only confirmed that neither Dönitz nor his ministers had been able to establish any degree of civil authority. Churchill withdrew his protection once it became clear that the Soviet High Command would otherwise have to be represented in the liaison mission. On 21 May the SHAEF acceded to Soviet proposals that the Flensburg Government be dissolved and its members arrested as POWs. This was carried out on 23 May. On that day, a British officer went to Dönitz's headquarters and asked to speak to the members of the government. Dönitz, Friedeburg, and Jodl were then taken aboard the Patria, where Rooks informed them of the dissolution of the government; placing them under arrest, and ordered that they be stripped and searched for concealed phials of poison. The communication regarding the dissolution of the acting government and the arrest of its members was made in a formal manner, around a table on Patria's deck: Dönitz, Jodl, and Friedeburg sat on one side, with Rooks, British Navy Captain Mund and Soviet General Trusov on the other. Foord remained standing, next to Rooks and an official interpreter was also present at the proceedings, that were photographed. By the time Dönitz emerged from the ship, the town's main street was filled with British tanks and troops rounding up the Germans. Faced with the prospect of being strip-searched, Friedeburg committed suicide, while Dönitz, Schwerin von Krosigk, Speer, Jodl, and other members of the dissolved Flensburg Government were taken prisoner, under the responsibility of the RAF Regiment task force commanded by Squadron Leader Mark Hobden. The prisoners were later handed over to the King's Shropshire Light Infantry. Some Flensburg Government POWs such as Speer were subsequently moved to the British POW camp Dustbin in Castle Kransberg, while others, including Dönitz, were transferred to the US-led Camp Ashcan. Later, all Camp Ashcan prisoners were moved to Nuremberg to stand trial. Berlin Declaration: 5 June 1945 Albert Speer (left), Karl Dönitz (centre) and Alfred Jodl (right) after their arrest With the arrest of the Flensburg Government on 23 May 1945, the German High Command also ceased to exist, with no central authority having been kept in place to govern Germany even in a nominal capacity, or to assume responsibility for complying with the demands and instructions of the victorious nations. This power vacuum continued for almost two weeks until 5 June 1945, when the representatives of the four Allied Powers signed the Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers, also known as the Berlin Declaration. British soldiers enter the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik and arrest members of the Flensburg Government, 23 May 1945. A 2014 image of the Naval Academy Mürwik's sports building and former seat of the Flensburg Government. While the Nazi-era Reichsadler is still present to this day, the swastika was removed as part of the denazification process. The declaration, issued in Berlin at 18:00 on 5 June 1945, and signed by Eisenhower on behalf of the United States, Montgomery on behalf of the United Kingdom, Zhukov on behalf of the Soviet Union, and by de Tassigny on behalf of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, contained the following statement: The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany. In effect, the declaration on 5 June 1945 gave legal recognition to the state of affairs that had existed for all practical purposes from 23 May at the latest, which was that Germany did not possess a native government. Consequentially, complete authority and sovereignty was thereafter assumed by the Allied Military Occupation Government. The contention of the Allied Powers that the German state ceased to exist as of 5 June 1945 was then generally accepted, but came subsequently to be challenged in legal and political debate. In any event, the Berlin Declaration recognized the continued existence of Germany as a national territory and thus implied the continued existence of a German nation inhabiting that territory. During the initial stage of the occupation of Germany, supreme authority was discharged by the Four Powers jointly for all occupation zones via the Allied Control Council. Therefore, this council was the immediate successor of the Dönitz Administration in governing the German national territories. Pursuant to the Potsdam Agreement, after 2 August 1945 the Allied Control Council limited its jurisdiction to the pre-war German territory west of the Oder-Neisse Line (i.e. the lands corresponding to Germany's present-day borders) thus implementing the Four Powers' decision to place Germany's pre-war territory east of the Oder-Neisse Line under direct Polish and Soviet administration. See also Germany portal End of World War II in Europe German Instrument of Surrender Victory Day (9 May) Victory in Europe Day Notes ^ Although the cabinet of the Government continued to regularly meet in Flensburg until its members were arrested on 23 May 1945, it ceased to effectively function as a government from the time German military forces surrendered to the Allies on 8 May. ^ Dönitz and all members of the government were arrested on 23 May and, therefore, de facto "left office". They were replaced de jure by the Allied Control Council established by the Berlin Declaration of 5 June. ^ Paul Giesler committed suicide on 8 May 1945. References Notes ^ a b Jones 2015, p. 88. ^ Jones 2015, p. 323. ^ Jones 2015, p. 20. ^ "Karl Dönitz (1891–1980). Tabellarischer Lebenslauf zusammengestellt von Nikolas Dikigoros" (in German). Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ Kellerhoff, Sven Félix (21 October 2016). "Doch, das Deutsche Reich ist wirklich untergegangen" (in German). Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ "Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich (Enabling Act)" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar Constitution)" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Jones 2015, p. 89. ^ Jones 2015, p. 96. ^ "After the Battle: The Flensburg Government" (PDF). Battle of Britain International Ltd. 2005. p. 8. Retrieved 30 April 2021. ^ a b c Kershaw 2012, p. 359. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 360. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 362. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 361. ^ a b c d e f The German Surrender Documents – WWII, iBiblio ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 352. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 367. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 369. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 371. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 372. ^ The text of the full powers, in German, was as follows: A b s c h r i f t. Der Oberste Befehlshaber Hauptquartier, den 7.5.45. der Wehrmacht /Bitte in der Antwort vorstehendesGeschaftszeichen, das Datum und kurzen Inhalt anzugegen./ICH BEVOLLMACHTIGE GENERALFELDMARSCHALL K E I T E L ALS CHEF DES OBERKOMMANDOS DER WEHRMACHT UND ZUGLEICH ALS OBERBEFEHLSHABER DES HEERES, GENERALADMIRAL VON FRIEDBERG ALS OBERBEFEHLSHABER DER KRIEGSMARINE, GENERALOBERST S T U M P F ALS VERTRETER DES OBERBEFEHLSHABERS DER LUFTWAFFE ZUR RATIFIZIERUNG DER BEDINGUNGSLKSEN KAPITULATION DER DEUTSCHEN STREITKRAFTE GEGENUBER DEM OBERBEFEHLSHABER DER ALLIIERTEN EXPEDITIONSSTREITKRAFTE UND DEM SOWYET-OBER-KOMMANDO. DONITZ GROßADMIRAL. Siegel. ^ Kershaw 2012, p. 376. ^ Eckert, Astrid. M. (2012). The Struggle for the Files. Translated by Dona Geyer. CUP. p. 222. ^ Kershaw, Ian (25 August 2011). The End: Germany, 1944-45. Penguin Books Limited. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-14-195707-4. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ Churchill, Winston, End of the War in Europe, archived from the original on 2 October 2009, retrieved 3 December 2009 ^ Churchill, Winston S. (11 May 2014). Triumph and Tragedy. RosettaBooks. p. 756. ISBN 978-0-7953-1147-5. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ Dollinger, Hans (1995) . The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II, p. 239 ^ Madsen, Chris (5 May 2020). The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-135-22365-6. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "After the Battle: The Flensburg Government" (PDF). Battle of Britain International Ltd. 2005. p. 11. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ a b Chapter XV: The Victory Sealed. Globalsecurity.org. ^ a b 26 May 1945 – High Command Arrested. Trove.nla.gov.au (26 May 1945). ^ Oliver, Kingsley M. The RAF Regiment at War 1942-1946. Great Britain 2002: Pen & Sword. p. 118.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ "Group Captain Mark Hobden". Daily Telegraph. 28 May 2013. ^ a b "Defeat of Germany: assumption of supreme authority by Allied Powers" (PDF). Library of Congress. ^ Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-958889-3. ^ Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-958889-3. Bibliography Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7139-9716-3. Jones, Michael (2015). After Hitler: The Last Days of the Second World War in Europe. John Murray Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1848544963. vteGerman cabinets German Empire (1871–1918) Bismarck Caprivi Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bülow Bethmann-Hollweg Michaelis Hertling Baden Weimar Republic (1918–1933) Council of the People's Deputies Scheidemann Bauer Müller I Fehrenbach Wirth I Wirth II Cuno Stresemann I Stresemann II Marx I Marx II Luther I Luther II Marx III Marx IV Müller II Presidential cabinets Brüning I Brüning II Papen Schleicher Hitler Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Hitler Goebbels Schwerin von Krosigk German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) Grotewohl I Grotewohl II Grotewohl III Grotewohl IV Grotewohl V Modrow de Maizière  Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Adenauer I Adenauer II Adenauer III Adenauer IV Erhard I Erhard II Kiesinger Brandt I Brandt II Schmidt I Schmidt II Schmidt III Kohl I Kohl II Kohl III Kohl IV Kohl V Schröder I Schröder II Merkel I Merkel II Merkel III Merkel IV Scholz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"rump government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"suicide of Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"Reichspräsident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201588-2"},{"link_name":"Mürwik naval academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik_Naval_School"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Atlantic pockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_pockets"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"British Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_(Mai_2014),_Bild_002.JPG"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Torgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgau"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Allied Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"Allied-occupied Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2015323-3"}],"text":"The Flensburg Government (German: Flensburger Regierung), also known as the Flensburg Cabinet (Flensburger Kabinett), the Dönitz Government (Regierung Dönitz), or the Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet (Kabinett Schwerin von Krosigk), was the rump government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe. The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin. It was headed by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reichspräsident and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the Leading Minister. The administration was referred to as the \"Flensburg Government\" because Dönitz's command relocated to Flensburg in northern Germany near the Danish border on 3 May 1945.[1] The sports school at the Mürwik naval academy was used as the government headquarters.At the time of its formation, forces loyal to the Nazi regime still held control of most of Austria and the Sudetenland, which was annexed by Germany in 1938. They also still controlled most of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia which was partially annexed in 1939 when the remainder of Czechoslovakia was occupied, although after Hitler's death those Czech lands still occupied were effectively controlled by the SS with little meaningful oversight from Flensburg. Furthermore, the German military continued to occupy other non-German-speaking territories in disparate and isolated locations across Europe, such as Denmark, Norway, the Atlantic pockets in France and the British Channel Islands. However, in addition to losing most of its wartime conquests by this point, German forces had already been driven out of the vast majority of Germany's post-Anschluss territory, in addition to Luxembourg as well as the Polish and French territories Germany had either annexed or placed under direct German administration in the early stages of the war.Image of the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik from which the Flensburg government operated during its 23-day tenure (taken in 2014).Due to the rapid Allied advance, the Flensburg government's nominal civil jurisdiction at its formation was essentially limited to those parts of Austria and the Sudetenland its forces still controlled as well as a narrow wedge of German territory running from the pre-1938 Austrian and Czechoslovak borders through Berlin to the Danish border. From 25 April 1945, these lands were cut in two by the American advance to join with Soviet forces at Torgau on the Elbe.Upon the capitulation of all German forces on 8 May, the administration headed by Dönitz and Krosigk ceased to meaningfully function as a national government. For about two weeks after the surrender, it was for most practical purposes ignored by the Western Allies as well as neutral states and Japan. In the absence of direct military intervention within Flensburg itself, the ministry there continued to regularly meet and conduct what business it could. Finally, due to factors including pressure from the Soviet Union, on 23 May British troops arrested the entire cabinet as prisoners of war and thus effectively dissolved the last surviving legal remnants of the Nazi regime. This dissolution was formalised by the four Allied Powers on 5 June 1945, who at that time formed the Allied Control Council to co-ordinate the civil administration of Allied-occupied Germany.[2]","title":"Flensburg Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-127-06A,_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz_(cropped)(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Rheinsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinsberg"},{"link_name":"Albert Kesselring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kesselring"},{"link_name":"Pullach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullach"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"Plön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Alfred Jodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"fall of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Martin Bormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201588-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg"},{"link_name":"political testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201520-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Enabling Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Weimar Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Paul von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Concerning_the_Head_of_State_of_the_German_Reich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Reichsgericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgericht"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Führerbunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201589-10"},{"link_name":"Hitler cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201596-11"},{"link_name":"Eutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutin"},{"link_name":"Second Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Paul Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wegener_(Gauleiter)"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Mürwik naval academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik_Naval_School"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Patria_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_(Schiff,_1938)"},{"link_name":"Neustadt in Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_in_Holstein"}],"text":"Karl DönitzOnce it became apparent that Hitler intended to stay and die in the besieged city of Berlin, effective overall command of German armed forces was exercised through the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Military High Command, which had relocated to Rheinsberg. Anticipating that German-held territory would be split, separate military and civilian commands had provisionally been established on 15 April; under Field Marshal Albert Kesselring at Pullach for forces in the south and west, and under Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz at Plön for forces in the north and east; but then Hitler had stalled on transferring executive military authority to them.On 27 April Wilhelm Keitel and Alfred Jodl, of the Army High Command, met at Rheinsberg with Dönitz and Heinrich Himmler to discuss the war situation now that the fall of Berlin could not be averted. Himmler took the chair as the acknowledged deputy Führer and, since the disgrace and dismissal of Hermann Göring, Hitler's expected successor. As they were leaving Rheinsberg on 28 April, Himmler asked Dönitz to confirm that he would be willing to serve in a successor government that Himmler might form. That day however, the British and Americans published Himmler's secret proposals for a separate peace in the West (which they had rejected), to which Hitler reacted by dismissing Himmler from all posts and ordering his arrest for treason. Telegrams sent by Martin Bormann on 29 and 30 April informed Dönitz of these developments and of Dönitz's own appointment as Hitler's successor.[1]Situation of World War II in Europe at the time of Adolf Hitler's death. The white areas are controlled by German forces, the pink areas are controlled by the Allies, and the red areas indicate recent Allied advances.With both Göring and Himmler removed from the succession, Hitler in his political testament had named Dönitz his successor as President and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and designated Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels head of government as Chancellor.[3] Appointing Dönitz as president had no legal basis, even under Nazi law.[4][5] The chancellor was an appointed official, but the president was elected. Although the Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler the right to pass laws that were contrary to the Weimar Constitution, its Article 2 stated explicitly that the president's powers were to remain \"undisturbed\", which has long been interpreted to forbid any attempt to tamper with the presidency.[6][non-primary source needed] After the death of president Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler appropriated the president’s powers for himself in accordance with a Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich passed the previous day.[7][non-primary source needed] However, in 1932 the constitution was amended to make the president of the Reichsgericht (High Court of Justice), not the chancellor, acting president pending new elections.[8][non-primary source needed] Nonetheless, the Enabling Act did not specify any recourse that could be taken if the chancellor violated the Article 2, and no legal challenge was ever mounted. Goebbels committed suicide in the Führerbunker on 1 May. The same day Dönitz accepted the offices of Supreme Commander and Head of State in separate broadcast addresses to the German armed forces and to the German people.[9] Residual ministers of the Hitler cabinet, who had fled from the fall of Berlin to join Dönitz at the Wehrmacht barracks near Plön in Holstein, resigned the next day. Suspecting that Bormann might also have escaped from Berlin and be intending to seize power, Dönitz met with Hitler's former Finance Minister Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk and asked him to constitute a new Reich government.[10]Schwerin von Krosigk's cabinet first met in Eutin, to which he and his ministerial staff were evacuated, on 2 May. Later on 2 May, and in view of the rapidly advancing British Second Army forces which were approaching Lübeck, Dönitz met Schwerin von Krosigk, Paul Wegener, Himmler, and Keitel to discuss the urgent necessity of a further relocation. Himmler argued for a move to Prague, then the last major central European capital city in German hands, and closer to advancing American forces with whom he hoped to negotiate personally, but Dönitz refused to sanction any move outside the borders of Germany. Moreover, the political situation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was highly unstable. Dönitz decided instead to proceed to the Mürwik naval academy in Flensburg near the Danish border. The cabinet met in the sports school of the naval academy; while administrative offices and accommodation for the various ministries were established on the liner Patria [de], moored in Flensburg harbour. The German High Command, which moved from Rheinsberg to Neustadt in Holstein two days before, then also relocated to Flensburg, while the SS leadership had been gathering at Flensburg since 28 April.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Occupied Eastern Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories"},{"link_name":"Public Enlightenment and Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Goebbels cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Rust"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Otto Georg Thierack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack"},{"link_name":"Walther Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Funk"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Ohnesorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hunger Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Plan"},{"link_name":"Otto Ohlendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf"},{"link_name":"Wannsee Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_Conference"},{"link_name":"Final Solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution"},{"link_name":"Reichsführer-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012359-14"},{"link_name":"revolutionary events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Armistice of 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012359-14"},{"link_name":"Paul Giesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Giesler"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"}],"text":"Three ministries were abolished outright (Air Ministry, Occupied Eastern Territories, and Public Enlightenment and Propaganda). While retaining some members from the previous Hitler cabinet and Goebbels cabinet, Dönitz dismissed three ministers (Bernhard Rust, Alfred Rosenberg, and Otto Georg Thierack). Other former ministers, such as Walther Funk (Economics) and Wilhelm Ohnesorge (Postal Affairs) also found themselves without new positions. The new government consisted of the following people:[11]Dönitz avoided including prominent Nazi leaders in his cabinet other than Speer, but included several serving officers in the SS and others who were closely involved in formulating and prosecuting the genocidal policies of the former regime. Herbert Backe was the author of the Hunger Plan of 1941, a deliberate strategy for mass elimination by starvation of Soviet prisoners of war and 'surplus' Soviet urban populations. Speer's deputy in the Economics and Production Ministry was Otto Ohlendorf, who had personally directed the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews and Communists in occupied Soviet territory. Wilhelm Stuckart was a participant at the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, when the administrative responsibilities for the \"Final Solution to the Jewish Problem\" were agreed upon. Otto Ohlendorf had transferred across directly from directing Himmler's office as Reichsführer-SS; and overall, of 350 staff working in the offices of the Flensburg government, 230 had been members of the SS or other security services.[12] Dönitz's cabinet picks were clearly circumscribed by who was available. Otherwise, and in spite of his subsequent claim that his government was 'unpolitical', the most consistent characteristic of those chosen was a virulent opposition to Bolshevism, and a determination to ensure that the revolutionary events in Germany attending the Armistice of 1918 would not be repeated in 1945. As Dönitz did not then intend any surrender to the Soviets or Poles and continued to identify \"Jews and profiteers\" as enemies of the German people, he had little compunction over including in his cabinet men who had participated in the killing of Slavs and Jews.[12]For the first few days the post of Minister of the Interior, previously held by Himmler, was kept vacant. Himmler had been condemned as a traitor, dismissed from all functions and ordered to be arrested in Hitler's political testament. Dönitz did not want Himmler's name associated with his new government. However, Dönitz feared that any move against Himmler would alienate the SS, a force that was personally loyal to its commanding officer. Following Hitler's suicide, the SS remained armed, powerful, and skeptical of the Führer's allegations against Himmler. A further complication to Dönitz's authority to replace Himmler was that Hitler's aforementioned testament had explicitly named a successor to Himmler, Paul Giesler,[c] whom Dönitz detested at least as much as Himmler. Dönitz tacitly set Hitler's instructions aside and continued to see Himmler on a daily basis without according him any formal appointment. It was only on 6 May 1945, while final negotiations were in prospect for a capitulation to US General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the west, that Dönitz dismissed Himmler from all his posts, and appointed Stuckart in his place.","title":"Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H30220,_Wilhelm_Keitel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erich von Manstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando des Heeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Hans-Georg von Friedeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_von_Friedeburg"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Generaladmiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_admiral"},{"link_name":"Robert Ritter von Greim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012360-16"},{"link_name":"Berchtesgaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden"},{"link_name":"Bad Gastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Gastein"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe"}],"sub_title":"Armed Forces High Command","text":"Wilhelm KeitelDönitz had hoped to be able to appoint Field Marshal Erich von Manstein as Commander in Chief of the Army and Chief of the OKW, to which the Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres) had been subject since 28 April 1945, but he could not be contacted on 2 May, and so Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel was kept in the post; and in this capacity Keitel signed the act of surrender for the German High Command in Berlin on 8 May. A further factor favouring the continuation of Keitel as Commander in Chief was the support for him of General Alfred Jodl, the Chief of Operations Staff of the Wehrmacht, whose retention Dönitz recognised as essential. Jodl was to represent Dönitz in negotiations with the Allies in Reims, France. Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg was appointed to succeed Dönitz as Commander of the Kriegsmarine and was promoted by Dönitz to the rank of Generaladmiral on 1 May. The Air Force had largely been destroyed or grounded due to lack of fuel, so no new appointment was made. Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim remained as Commander of the Luftwaffe.[13]In spite of its repeated relocations, the Armed Forces High Command continued to function, its organisation and structures having been maintained. But the same was not true of any other arm of government. Starting in March 1945, the staff of the various ministries were evacuated to resort hotels in the Bavarian and Austrian Alps – chiefly in the region of Berchtesgaden, leaving only the ministers themselves in Berlin. On 13 April, the remaining foreign embassies and the diplomatic corps were evacuated to Bad Gastein. Finally on 20 April all the ministers and their personal staff were ordered to make their way southwards; but as by then the roads had been cut and there were insufficient transport aircraft available, several ministers (like Schwerin von Krosigk) had perforce headed north instead. Thus the government of Germany was, at the death of Hitler, split over six centres. The Propaganda Ministry, the personal fiefdom of Joseph Goebbels, had remained with him in Berlin, as had the Nazi Party Chancellery under Martin Bormann; while the Luftwaffe High Command had relocated to Berchtesgaden, having been until his abrupt dismissal on 23 April the counterpart fiefdom of Göring. Himmler had retained his personal powerbase in the offices of the SS and security apparatus, which was established in Lübeck in the north and then relocated to Flensburg. Other government ministries and ministers were then variously located at Berchtesgaden and Dönitz's headquarters in Plön. With the Armed Forces High Command also located in the north – although many OKW personnel had gone south – there was, in consequence, no semblance any longer of a German central government, and most of the members of the cabinet lacked any support staff from their nominal ministries.","title":"Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012362-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012359-14"},{"link_name":"Joachim von Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012361-18"},{"link_name":"Operation Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hannibal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012352-20"},{"link_name":"Heil Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_salute"},{"link_name":"Nero Decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Decree"},{"link_name":"scorched earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Bay of Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Conrad Engelhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Engelhardt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Engelhardt"},{"link_name":"Cap Arcona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona"}],"text":"Heinrich HimmlerDönitz's initial priority was to open communication with the commanders of German armies, and to establish with them their acknowledgement of his new authority as the sole Supreme Commander of all German forces. He also sought their agreement with his overall policy of negotiating successive partial surrenders with the Western Allies, while maintaining the war against Soviet forces in the east.[14] Key to this was sidelining Himmler,[12] Joachim von Ribbentrop,[15] Alfred Rosenberg, and other former Nazi grandees who had fled to Flensburg, but whose continued participation in government would preclude any negotiation with the western Allies. Dönitz's intentions in this were, if possible, to split the Allies, and to offer German military units as components of a common anti-Bolshevik front. Failing that, he sought to save as many German soldiers as possible from Soviet captivity by ordering units in the east to retreat westwards and surrender to the British, Canadians, or Americans and by redoubling Operation Hannibal, the maritime evacuation of units trapped on the Baltic coast. At Dönitz's urging, Keitel and Jodl attempted to direct what was left of the Wehrmacht towards these goals.[16] On 2 May, Dönitz obtained pledges of allegiance from the commanders of German armies in Norway, Courland, East Prussia, and Bohemia; these pledges were made to him personally as Supreme Commander, and not as Head of State in a forthcoming government.[17]Otherwise, however, Dönitz's policies chiefly demonstrated continuity with the previous regime: the Nazi party was neither banned nor dissolved; Dönitz kept a bust of Hitler in his office; and the uniforms, insignia, and protocol of Nazi Germany were maintained, initially including even the 'Heil Hitler' greeting. Following a plea from Speer, on 2 May Dönitz rescinded the infamous 'Nero Decree' ordering scorched earth destruction of German infrastructure and industrial plants; but it was not until 6 May that counterpart destruction orders were rescinded for those territories remaining under German occupation, such as Norway. Moreover, neither summary courts for civil punishment, nor military discipline by summary courts martial were abolished, with military executions for insulting the memory of Hitler being confirmed even after the final capitulation on 8 May.While the presence of SS leaders and their staffs in Flensburg had provided Dönitz with a source of personnel to support his government, otherwise they presented problems. In particular, the SS leadership had access to armed forces that were not under Dönitz's control, and remained firmly loyal to Himmler, whom Dönitz had surmised was personally unacceptable now to both the Western Allies and to the Wehrmacht. Dönitz handled the issue by stringing Himmler along for as long as he could with vague prospects of a possible function in the government. Once serious negotiations were underway for surrender to Eisenhower, Himmler and the SS apparatus had to be got out of the way. On 5 May 1945 Dönitz informed Himmler of his forthcoming dismissal, promising false papers and identities for him and his leading lieutenants if they removed themselves promptly. Himmler called his fellow SS leaders together for a last time that day, and advised them to 'dive down within the Wehrmacht'. By the next day they had fled.This came too late for the concentration camp prisoners within the area who were now within Dönitz's nominal authority, while under the actual control of the SS. These had numbered around 10,000 when Dönitz assumed the presidency; mainly former inmates of the Neuengamme camp outside Hamburg, which had been shut down in preparation for the surrender of the city to the British. Between 16 and 28 April, the prisoners were moved eastwards and concealed by the SS in a flotilla of unseaworthy ships anchored in the Bay of Lübeck, where they then remained without food or medical attention. At the time, this action was opposed by Rear Admiral Conrad Engelhardt  [de] on Dönitz's staff, but when the Flensburg government came into being, Dönitz made no attempt to free the prisoners, and his government avoided any subsequent acknowledgement that they had known they were there. On 3 May 1945, the prison flotilla was sunk by the Royal Air Force in the mistaken belief that the ships were being prepared to evacuate leading SS personnel. Over 7,000 prisoners drowned, mainly on the former liner Cap Arcona.","title":"Actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Courland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England,_1943_TR1037_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Army Group Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Bornholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012367-21"},{"link_name":"Haar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_G"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"3rd Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"21st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Army Group Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Karl Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Pilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"open city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_city"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Prague uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_uprising"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Konev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Konev"}],"sub_title":"Partial capitulations in the West","text":"On 2 May, while still at Plön, Dönitz was surprised to learn that German forces in Italy had surrendered unconditionally to the Western Allies. The capitulation was negotiated without Hitler's knowledge or consent, and signed at Caserta on 29 April, but it did not come into effect for three days. While Hitler was still alive, Dönitz followed absolutely his commands to fight on to the last on all fronts. However, he now realized that the Wehrmacht's position in the West was untenable. He believed that surrendering German forces only to the Western Allies could present opportunities to split the British and Americans from the Soviets. Thereon he assumed direction of further German surrender initiatives, exploring opportunities for partial surrender in the West. In the East, however, he continued to order German armies to fight on. On 2 May, he tried unsuccessfully to countermand the decisions of the German commander in Berlin to surrender their forces to the Soviets; and on 3 May, issued orders to the besieged defenders of Courland and Breslau to maintain their resistance.Field Marshal Bernard MontgomeryOn 3 May Dönitz sent Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, his successor as naval commander in chief, to the headquarters of British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery at Lüneburg, with an offer to surrender the German forces in northwest Germany, together with the remaining elements of Army Group Vistula. Montgomery informed Friedeburg that he could not accept the surrender of forces fighting on the Eastern Front and that consequently Army Group Vistula would have to surrender to the Soviets, although British forces would accept the surrender of any German soldiers fleeing westwards. He proposed instead, following discussions between Eisenhower and the British government, that he would accept the surrender of all German military forces in Northwestern Germany, Schleswig-Holstein, the Netherlands, and Denmark, including naval forces and warships in those areas. Friedeburg asked for 48 hours to consider this; Montgomery allowed him 24. The proposed inclusion of Denmark, and the German warships operating there, initially alarmed Dönitz, who wished at all costs to maintain Operation Hannibal, evacuating German troops across the Baltic to Danish ports; but on consideration, he reckoned he might secretly evade the obligation to surrender these ships if they were at sea on the date the surrender came into effect. Furthermore, as it was unlikely that Montgomery would promptly be able to deploy British forces to the Danish islands under German occupation, especially Bornholm in the central Baltic, there was every possibility that the evacuation proceeding there could continue in total disregard of the agreed surrender terms. Consequently, authorised by Dönitz, Friedeburg returned on 4 May and signed an instrument of surrender for all German troops and ships in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Northwestern Germany. This was accepted by Montgomery on behalf of Eisenhower.[18] This 4 May surrender would become effective at 8:00 am on 5 May; so Dönitz ordered all ships involved in Operation Hannibal to undertake a covert final evacuation voyage, while also unilaterally ordering all U-boat actions to cease. One crew in the evacuation fleet refused to set sail; so Dönitz ordered the ringleaders to be arrested for mutiny, tried by summary court martial, and shot.Also, on 5 May 1945, all German forces in Bavaria and South West Germany signed an act of surrender to the Americans at Haar, outside Munich, coming into effect on 6 May. Montgomery, always seeking to boost his own public standing at the expense of other Allied commanders, had arranged extensive media coverage of the 4 May signing. Montgomery had supplied Friedeburg with a prepared German text of the surrender documents, however, because both this and the English text had explicitly stated that only the English version was to be considered authentic, Montgomery apparently deemed it unnecessary to issue the German text to the press. Dönitz and Krosigk quickly realised this oversight and promptly broadcast their own, doctored, German version which differed significantly from that signed - specifically, the warships in the Baltic were not included nor was the territory in Schleswig around Flensburg itself; and especially, the surrender was described as a 'truce', not a capitulation. As was Dönitz's intention, this broadcast exacerbated Joseph Stalin's suspicions of the partial capitulations, especially as the greater parts of the 3rd Panzer Army and 21st Army had indeed been able to surrender to the British and Americans, rather than the Soviets. Realising this, Eisenhower determined that no further partial capitulations would be negotiated.The capitulations at Luneberg and Haar could do nothing, however, for the bulk of the German forces in Army Group Centre, fighting the Soviets in Bohemia and Saxony. On 4 May Dönitz, together with Karl Frank the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, conceived of a device whereby Army Group Centre might be able to surrender to General George S. Patton's American forces, who had been entering the Sudetenland areas of former Czechoslovakia from the west, and approaching Pilsen. Dönitz proposed that Frank should dissolve the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and resign in favour of a puppet Czech government, who would then declare Prague an open city and invite the Americans in. Patton's virulent anti-communist views were well known to the German leadership, who reckoned that with Patton in Prague it would become much easier for Army Group Centre to negotiate surrender terms with him while maintaining their resistance to the Soviets, if possible dragging the US and Soviet armies into direct confrontation. Frank had hopes that \"we can engineer a disagreement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union even more serious than that of Poland\".[This quote needs a citation] The ploy was proposed as being put into effect on 5 May, but was overtaken by the outbreak of the Prague uprising on that date; and over the succeeding three days, far from surrendering Prague as an open city, SS forces launched a savage response to the insurgents, with brutal reprisals against Czech civilians and widespread destruction in central Prague. Orders to fire-bomb the whole of the Old Town were only averted due to lack of fuel for Luftwaffe bombing units. Alerted to the German machinations through intercepted Ultra signals, Eisenhower ordered Patton to stand still in Pilsen in spite of ever more desperate calls for help from the insurgents. Prague was finally relieved by Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev's forces on 9 May 1945.","title":"Actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command.jpg"},{"link_name":"SHAEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012369-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012371-23"},{"link_name":"full powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary"},{"link_name":"German Instrument of Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"Walter Bedell Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ivan Susloparov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Susloparov"},{"link_name":"François Sevez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sevez"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Antonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Antonov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"Karlshorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshorst"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012372-24"},{"link_name":"Georgy Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"A. W. Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Jean de Lattre de Tassigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Carl Spaatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spaatz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Stumpff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stumpff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2012376-26"},{"link_name":"European Advisory Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission"}],"sub_title":"General capitulation on all fronts","text":"SHAEF commanders at a conference in LondonFollowing the success of the two partial surrenders of 4 and 5 May, Dönitz instructed Friedeburg to go to the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) to negotiate with Eisenhower terms for a general surrender of all remaining German armies to the Western Allies.[19] Since Friedeburg's meeting with Montgomery, Eisenhower's opposition to accepting a German surrender that excluded the Soviet Union was made clear to the German High Command, but Dönitz hoped to change his mind.On the next day, 5 May, Friedeburg arrived at General Eisenhower's headquarters at Reims, France, but learned that Eisenhower was resolute that only a total surrender on all fronts to all the Allies could be discussed. Jodl arrived a day later, ostensibly to sign such a general surrender. Dönitz had instructed him to draw out the negotiations for as long as possible so that German troops and refugees could move west to surrender to the Western Powers. Eisenhower made it clear that the Allies demanded immediate unconditional surrender on all fronts. When it became obvious that the Germans were stalling, Eisenhower threatened to close the western front to all surrendering Germans from the east.[20] Had this happened, German soldiers attempting to cross the line to surrender would be fired on and all subsequent surrenders would have to be to the Soviets. When Dönitz learned this, he radioed Jodl full powers to sign the unconditional German Instrument of Surrender at 1:30 am on the morning of 7 May. Just over an hour later, Jodl signed the documents. The surrender documents included the phrase, \"The German High Command will at once issue orders to all German military, naval and air authorities and to all forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May and to remain in the positions occupied at that time.\" The Western Allies had a unified command structure, and formed a single expeditionary force, the \"Allied Expeditionary Force\". US Army General Walter Bedell Smith (Eisenhower's chief of staff at SHAEF) signed on behalf of the Western Allies, and General Ivan Susloparov (the Soviet liaison officer at SHAEF) signed on behalf of the Soviets. French Major General François Sevez signed as the official witness.[16]Although Eisenhower had sought to keep General Aleksei Antonov of the Soviet High Command fully informed of the progress of the surrender negotiations, no confirmation was received from the Soviets that the text of the Act of Military Surrender was acceptable to them, or that Susloparov was empowered to sign it. Accordingly, Eisenhower extracted from Jodl an additional signed undertaking that the Chief of the OKW and the Commanders in Chief of all three German armed services would attend in person and sign a \"formal ratification\" of the Act of Military Surrender, at a place and date to be specified.[16] Some six hours after the signing, a response came from Antonov that the terms of surrender were unacceptable and that Susloparov could not sign it. Eisenhower promptly agreed and undertook to attend together with the rest of the SHAEF for the definitive signing in Berlin two days later. Antonov's response also noted that Friedeburg was referring matters back to Dönitz over the radio; and that Dönitz, in direct breach of the signed surrender terms, had still not issued orders for German forces in the east to remain in their positions, but was instead instructing them to continue their resistance and flee westwards. Antonov stated that, while the internal discussions of the German military in no way obligated the Allied Powers, Jodl's signature could not be accepted as valid if he was signing as Dönitz's representative, since Dönitz himself was clearly acting in bad faith. He proposed that the definitive act of surrender should make it clear that the Commanders in Chief of each of the German armed services were, in signing it, surrendering their forces on the authority of the German High Command - and not as delegated by Dönitz or the purported Flensburg government.A second, amended, instrument of surrender was accordingly signed at Karlshorst, Berlin, on 8 May shortly before midnight.[21] Marshal Georgy Zhukov signed for the Soviet High Command, and British Marshal of the Royal Air Force A. W. Tedder signed on behalf of the Western Allies (Tedder acted as Eisenhower's representative at the Berlin ceremony, and signed \"on behalf of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force\", in his capacity as Deputy Supreme Commander). French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny and US Army Air Forces General Carl Spaatz signed as the official witnesses.[16] The Allies had demanded that representatives of the German Army, Navy, and Air Force, and the High Command of the Armed Forces, sign the ratification of unconditional surrender, and that they should present full powers authorising them to do so on behalf of the German High Command.[16] Complying with that demand, Dönitz issued a telegraphed communication from his \"Supreme Commander Headquarters\" (Der Oberste Befehlshaber Hauptquartier) granting the necessary full powers,[16][22] and accordingly the second Act of Military Surrender was signed by Keitel as Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces and as acting Commander in Chief of the Army; by Friedeburg as the Commander in Chief of the Kriegsmarine, by General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe, as Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim, the Luftwaffe commander, had been injured. At the time specified, World War II in Europe ended. On 9 May, Dönitz issued orders to the German Armed Forces regarding the military surrender.[23]The text of the definitive surrender document signed in Berlin differed from that previously signed at Reims, chiefly in that, to the second article was added the words \"..and to disarm completely, handing over their weapons and equipment to the local allied commanders or officers designated by the Representatives of the Allied Supreme Command\"; which had the effect of requiring German troops facing Soviet forces to hand over their weapons, disband and give themselves up as prisoners. Otherwise neither the Reims nor Berlin surrender instruments provided explicitly for the surrender of the German State, because the draft surrender document prepared by the European Advisory Commission (EAC) was not used. Instead, a simplified, military-only version was produced by the SHAEF, based largely on the wording of the partial surrender instrument of German forces in Italy that was signed at Caserta. This definition of the surrender as an act of military capitulation side-stepped any Allied recognition of the German Government, or of Dönitz as Head of State. The question of the civil effects of the unconditional surrender was only settled later, when on 23 May the Allies decided to dissolve the Flensburg Government and on 5 June issued the Berlin declaration, proclaiming the direct assumption of the supreme governmental authority in Germany by the Allied Powers. The text of the Berlin Declaration was widely based on the EAC's draft instrument of surrender of Germany. The draft was reworked into a unilateral declaration with an extended explanatory preamble, that spelled out the Allied position that as a result of its complete defeat Germany was left without a government, a vacuum that the direct assumption of supreme authority by the Allies would replace.","title":"Actions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-178-04A,_Walter_Schellenberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"protecting power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_power"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eckert_2012-27"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Ōshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima"},{"link_name":"Bad Gastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Gastein"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Walter Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"Folke Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"provisional government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_government"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawal of diplomatic recognition","text":"Walter SchellenbergDuring 1944 and 1945 countries that had been neutral or allies of Germany had been joining the Allied Powers and declaring war on Germany. The German embassies to these countries had been closed down, and their property and archives held in trust by a nominated protecting power (usually Switzerland or Sweden) under the terms of the Geneva Conventions. There were counterpart arrangements for the former embassies of Allied countries in Berlin. The United States Department of State had prepared for the diplomatic consequences of the war ending on the assumption that there would have been an explicit statement of unconditional surrender of the German state in accordance with the terms of a draft surrender text jointly agreed by the Allied powers in 1944. In the final days of April 1945, the State Department had notified the protecting powers, and all other remaining neutral governments (such as Ireland), that following the forthcoming German surrender the continued identity of the German state would rest solely in the four Allied Powers. The Allied Powers would immediately recall all German diplomatic staff, take ownership of all German state property, extinguish all protecting power functions, and require the transfer of all archives and records to one or another of the embassies of the Western Allies.[24]On 8 May 1945, these arrangements were put into effect in full, notwithstanding that the only German parties to the signed surrender document had been the German High Command. The western Allies maintained that a functioning German state had already ceased to exist, and that consequently the surrender of the German military had effected the complete termination of Nazi Germany. The protecting powers complied fully with the Allied demands: Sweden, Switzerland, and Ireland announced the breaking off of relations; consequently the German state ceased as a diplomatic entity on 8 May 1945. The diplomatic staffs of neutral countries still in Germany were thus recalled, while those of countries at war with the Allies were taken prisoner by the Allies.Notably, Japanese ambassador Hiroshi Ōshima and his legation were among those taken into custody. Despite Ōshima's objections, he and his staff had been ordered by Hitler to leave Berlin for Bad Gastein in Austria, which resulted in them being captured by the US Army. Had they been permitted to remain in Berlin, any surviving Japanese diplomats would presumably have been quickly repatriated to Japan since they were not yet at war with the Soviet Union. The Empire of Japan, which after the German surrender was effectively the only remaining Axis belligerent, promptly denounced the German surrender and the Flensburg government and seized the German embassy in Tokyo and seven U-boats.Henceforward, although the Flensburg government had a nominated Minister for Foreign Affairs, it had no access to the diplomatic assets of the former German state and was not accorded diplomatic recognition by any of the former protecting powers, the other remaining neutral countries or any of its erstwhile allies in the Far East (i.e. the Japanese Empire and the puppet regimes still functioning under its control). On 5 May Schwerin von Krosigk had dispatched Walter Schellenberg to Sweden as a personal emissary via Folke Bernadotte, hoping to establish diplomatic relations and to expedite a partial surrender of German forces in Norway. This mission was overtaken by the general capitulation of all German forces, and following 8 May all further approaches from the Flensburg Government to Sweden were ignored.Former armaments minister Albert Speer suggested that after the surrender the Flensburg government should dissolve itself. Instead Dönitz and his ministers chose to continue in hope of presiding over post-war Germany as a provisional government. Even though they could exercise no direct territorial authority, the cabinet still met daily at 10:00 a.m. Various papers on post-war reconstruction issues were proposed to be prepared, but the Western Allies showed no sign that they might receive them. Otherwise much time was devoted to discussion of how far the symbols, medals, and insignia of the Hitler regime should be retained within the Flensburg headquarters.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Nazi war crimes","text":"Some acknowledgement of Nazi war crimes became unavoidable. The departure of the SS leadership from Flensburg opened the way for the Dönitz government to offer its own version of how the murder squads, concentration camps, and killing facilities had come into being. Their response was that all these atrocities had been undertaken in secret, and entirely by Himmler and the SS. Dönitz and Jodl issued a joint public statement \"that neither the German Wehrmacht nor the German people had knowledge of these things.\"[25]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Allied perspectives","text":"While it had been agreed amongst the Allies that the Flensburg government should be accorded no official recognition, Winston Churchill proved reluctant to toe the line. In his speech announcing victory to the British people on 8 May, Churchill specified that the surrender had been authorised by \"Grand Admiral Dönitz, the designated Head of the German State\".[26] Equally, following the unconditional surrender, Churchill was instrumental in urging that the Flensburg Government should not immediately be closed down, saying that he could see \"great advantages in letting things slide for a while\".[27] Churchill's attitude in this was conditioned by his concern that Soviet forces might seek to establish themselves in Denmark; and he saw the temporary continuation of the Flensburg government in territory under British control as establishing a bargaining counter for the British in any negotiations regarding Soviet intentions in the western Baltic, while also facilitating the disbanding of German forces.Conversely, Soviet statements consistently characterised the Flensburg government as an anti-Soviet clique, pursuing a truce in the west only to maintain resistance against Soviet forces in the east. On 20 May, the government of the USSR made it clear what it thought about the Flensburg Government. It attacked the Dönitz Administration, calling it the \"Dönitz Gang\" and harshly criticised any idea of allowing it to retain any power. Pravda said:Discussions of the status of the Fascist gang around Dönitz continue. Several prominent Allied circles will deem it necessary to make use of the \"services\" of Dönitz and his collaborators. In the British Parliament, this gang has been described as the 'Dönitz Administration'…. A reporter of the reactionary Hearst press has called the enlistment of Dönitz \"an act of political sagacity.\" Thus a Fascist scribbler has seen fit to make common cause with Hitler's marauding disciple. At the same time, the Fascist press on both sides of the Atlantic has put it abroad that conditions in Germany in 1918, when German Rightists produced similar fairy-tales of impending chaos. Then, the intact German Army units were used for new adventures in the East, immediately after capitulation. The present campaign has similar objectives. Many reactionary circles around the Allies are opposed to the creation of a new Europe on the basis of the Crimea Conference. These circles consider the preservation of Fascist states and breeding grounds as a means of thwarting the democratic aspirations of all freedom-loving nations....[28]Eisenhower tended rather to agree with the Soviet position (if not the reasoning behind it), suspecting that Dönitz and his cabinet could be a front, while the real German leadership, perhaps including Himmler, Bormann, and Hitler himself (whose remains were not then known to have been identified), remained operating behind the scenes, or otherwise plotting for their concealment and escape. With ill-disguised reluctance Eisenhower agreed to defer to the British view for a short period, but issued a clarifying statement that the continuation of the Dönitz government did not constitute his being recognised as a head of state \"but only and temporarily under the instructions of the Allied Commanders to carry out duties concerning the feeding, disarming and medical care of the German Armed Forces.\"[29]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Second_World_War_1939_-_1945-_Germany-_Personalities_BU6711.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Jodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl"},{"link_name":"Albert Speer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"phials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phial"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalsecurity.org-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove.nla.gov.au-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trove.nla.gov.au-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalsecurity.org-34"},{"link_name":"RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"King's Shropshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Shropshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Castle Kransberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kransberg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Camp Ashcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ashcan"}],"sub_title":"Final dissolution of the Flensburg Government","text":"Three members of the Flensburg Government, General Alfred Jodl, Dr Albert Speer, and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, after their arrest by the BritishOn 12 May, US Major General Lowell W. Rooks and his British deputy, Brigadier E. J. Foord, arrived in Flensburg and established their quarters in the passenger ship Patria, docked in Flensburg harbour, displacing the administrative offices of the Flensburg government that had been housed there. Their mission was to liaise with the Dönitz \"acting government\" (as it was then referred to by the SHAEF) and to impose the will of the victorious Allied Powers on the OKW. On 13 May, the British authorities arrested Keitel for war crimes. Dönitz appointed Jodl as his replacement.[30] Although the liaison mission arranged meetings with members of the Flensburg government, these only confirmed that neither Dönitz nor his ministers had been able to establish any degree of civil authority. Churchill withdrew his protection once it became clear that the Soviet High Command would otherwise have to be represented in the liaison mission. On 21 May the SHAEF acceded to Soviet proposals that the Flensburg Government be dissolved and its members arrested as POWs. This was carried out on 23 May. On that day, a British officer went to Dönitz's headquarters and asked to speak to the members of the government. Dönitz, Friedeburg, and Jodl were then taken aboard the Patria, where Rooks informed them of the dissolution of the government; placing them under arrest, and ordered that they be stripped and searched for concealed phials of poison.[31][32]The communication regarding the dissolution of the acting government and the arrest of its members was made in a formal manner, around a table on Patria's deck: Dönitz, Jodl, and Friedeburg sat on one side, with Rooks, British Navy Captain Mund and Soviet General Trusov on the other. Foord remained standing, next to Rooks and an official interpreter was also present at the proceedings, that were photographed.[32] By the time Dönitz emerged from the ship, the town's main street was filled with British tanks and troops rounding up the Germans. Faced with the prospect of being strip-searched, Friedeburg committed suicide, while Dönitz, Schwerin von Krosigk, Speer, Jodl, and other members of the dissolved Flensburg Government were taken prisoner,[31] under the responsibility of the RAF Regiment task force commanded by Squadron Leader Mark Hobden.[33][34]The prisoners were later handed over to the King's Shropshire Light Infantry. Some Flensburg Government POWs such as Speer were subsequently moved to the British POW camp Dustbin in Castle Kransberg, while others, including Dönitz, were transferred to the US-led Camp Ashcan. Later, all Camp Ashcan prisoners were moved to Nuremberg to stand trial.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg"},{"link_name":"Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Declaration-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_BU6688.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_(Mai_2014),_Bild_002.JPG"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy Mürwik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik_Naval_School"},{"link_name":"Reichsadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler"},{"link_name":"denazification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Declaration-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"occupation of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"Allied Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Oder-Neisse Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line"},{"link_name":"Germany's pre-war territory east of the Oder-Neisse Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Berlin Declaration: 5 June 1945","text":"Albert Speer (left), Karl Dönitz (centre) and Alfred Jodl (right) after their arrestWith the arrest of the Flensburg Government on 23 May 1945, the German High Command also ceased to exist, with no central authority having been kept in place to govern Germany even in a nominal capacity, or to assume responsibility for complying with the demands and instructions of the victorious nations. This power vacuum continued for almost two weeks until 5 June 1945, when the representatives of the four Allied Powers signed the Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers, also known as the Berlin Declaration.[35]British soldiers enter the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik and arrest members of the Flensburg Government, 23 May 1945.A 2014 image of the Naval Academy Mürwik's sports building and former seat of the Flensburg Government. While the Nazi-era Reichsadler is still present to this day, the swastika was removed as part of the denazification process.The declaration, issued in Berlin at 18:00 on 5 June 1945, and signed by Eisenhower on behalf of the United States, Montgomery on behalf of the United Kingdom, Zhukov on behalf of the Soviet Union, and by de Tassigny on behalf of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, contained the following statement:[35]The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany.In effect, the declaration on 5 June 1945 gave legal recognition to the state of affairs that had existed for all practical purposes from 23 May at the latest, which was that Germany did not possess a native government. Consequentially, complete authority and sovereignty was thereafter assumed by the Allied Military Occupation Government. The contention of the Allied Powers that the German state ceased to exist as of 5 June 1945 was then generally accepted, but came subsequently to be challenged in legal and political debate. In any event, the Berlin Declaration recognized the continued existence of Germany as a national territory and thus implied the continued existence of a German nation inhabiting that territory.[36]During the initial stage of the occupation of Germany, supreme authority was discharged by the Four Powers jointly for all occupation zones via the Allied Control Council. Therefore, this council was the immediate successor of the Dönitz Administration in governing the German national territories. Pursuant to the Potsdam Agreement, after 2 August 1945 the Allied Control Council limited its jurisdiction to the pre-war German territory west of the Oder-Neisse Line (i.e. the lands corresponding to Germany's present-day borders) thus implementing the Four Powers' decision to place Germany's pre-war territory east of the Oder-Neisse Line under direct Polish and Soviet administration.[37]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"German military forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Allied Control Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council"},{"link_name":"Berlin Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ Although the cabinet of the Government continued to regularly meet in Flensburg until its members were arrested on 23 May 1945, it ceased to effectively function as a government from the time German military forces surrendered to the Allies on 8 May.\n\n^ Dönitz and all members of the government were arrested on 23 May and, therefore, de facto \"left office\". They were replaced de jure by the Allied Control Council established by the Berlin Declaration of 5 June.\n\n^ Paul Giesler committed suicide on 8 May 1945.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Image of the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik from which the Flensburg government operated during its 23-day tenure (taken in 2014).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_%28Mai_2014%29%2C_Bild_002.JPG/220px-Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_%28Mai_2014%29%2C_Bild_002.JPG"},{"image_text":"Karl Dönitz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-127-06A%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/190px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-127-06A%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Situation of World War II in Europe at the time of Adolf Hitler's death. The white areas are controlled by German forces, the pink areas are controlled by the Allies, and the red areas indicate recent Allied advances.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/240px-1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wilhelm Keitel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H30220%2C_Wilhelm_Keitel.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H30220%2C_Wilhelm_Keitel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heinrich Himmler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg/181px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943_TR1037_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-General_Sir_Bernard_Montgomery_in_England%2C_1943_TR1037_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"SHAEF commanders at a conference in London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command.jpg/220px-Meeting_of_the_Supreme_Command.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walter Schellenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-178-04A%2C_Walter_Schellenberg.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Alber-178-04A%2C_Walter_Schellenberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three members of the Flensburg Government, General Alfred Jodl, Dr Albert Speer, and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, after their arrest by the British","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Second_World_War_1939_-_1945-_Germany-_Personalities_BU6711.jpg/220px-The_Second_World_War_1939_-_1945-_Germany-_Personalities_BU6711.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert Speer (left), Karl Dönitz (centre) and Alfred Jodl (right) after their arrest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg/220px-Nazi_Personalities_BU6713.jpg"},{"image_text":"British soldiers enter the sports school in Flensburg-Mürwik and arrest members of the Flensburg Government, 23 May 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_BU6688.jpg/220px-Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_BU6688.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 2014 image of the Naval Academy Mürwik's sports building and former seat of the Flensburg Government. While the Nazi-era Reichsadler is still present to this day, the swastika was removed as part of the denazification process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_%28Mai_2014%29%2C_Bild_002.JPG/220px-Die_Sportschule_Flensburg-M%C3%BCrwik_%28Mai_2014%29%2C_Bild_002.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"End of World War II in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"title":"German Instrument of Surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"title":"Victory Day (9 May)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"title":"Victory in Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"}]
[{"reference":"\"Karl Dönitz (1891–1980). Tabellarischer Lebenslauf zusammengestellt von Nikolas Dikigoros\" (in German). Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://biogra.100ws.com/doenitz.htm","url_text":"\"Karl Dönitz (1891–1980). Tabellarischer Lebenslauf zusammengestellt von Nikolas Dikigoros\""}]},{"reference":"Kellerhoff, Sven Félix (21 October 2016). \"Doch, das Deutsche Reich ist wirklich untergegangen\" (in German). Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/politik/article158933917/Doch-das-Deutsche-Reich-ist-wirklich-untergegangen.html","url_text":"\"Doch, das Deutsche Reich ist wirklich untergegangen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich (Enabling Act)\" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/ermaecht.html","url_text":"\"Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich (Enabling Act)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich\" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html","url_text":"\"Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar Constitution)\" (in German). Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html","url_text":"\"Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar Constitution)\""}]},{"reference":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\" (PDF). Battle of Britain International Ltd. 2005. p. 8. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.39-45.org/files3945c/8843_Flensburg2.pdf","url_text":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\""}]},{"reference":"The German Surrender Documents – WWII, iBiblio","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450506a.html#1","url_text":"The German Surrender Documents – WWII"}]},{"reference":"Eckert, Astrid. M. (2012). The Struggle for the Files. Translated by Dona Geyer. CUP. p. 222.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (25 August 2011). The End: Germany, 1944-45. Penguin Books Limited. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-14-195707-4. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_Jw5l-zs98EC","url_text":"The End: Germany, 1944-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-195707-4","url_text":"978-0-14-195707-4"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston, End of the War in Europe, archived from the original on 2 October 2009, retrieved 3 December 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091002005159/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/95-end-of-the-war-in-europe","url_text":"End of the War in Europe"},{"url":"http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/95-end-of-the-war-in-europe","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston S. (11 May 2014). Triumph and Tragedy. RosettaBooks. p. 756. ISBN 978-0-7953-1147-5. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VArC_rYqimoC","url_text":"Triumph and Tragedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-1147-5","url_text":"978-0-7953-1147-5"}]},{"reference":"Madsen, Chris (5 May 2020). The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-135-22365-6. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7sfhDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-22365-6","url_text":"978-1-135-22365-6"}]},{"reference":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\" (PDF). Battle of Britain International Ltd. 2005. p. 11. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.39-45.org/files3945c/8843_Flensburg2.pdf","url_text":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Kingsley M. The RAF Regiment at War 1942-1946. Great Britain 2002: Pen & Sword. p. 118.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Group Captain Mark Hobden\". Daily Telegraph. 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/air-force-obituaries/10085223/Group-Captain-Mark-Hobden.html","url_text":"\"Group Captain Mark Hobden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Defeat of Germany: assumption of supreme authority by Allied Powers\" (PDF). Library of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000003-1140.pdf","url_text":"\"Defeat of Germany: assumption of supreme authority by Allied Powers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-958889-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA161","url_text":"The International Law of Occupation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958889-3","url_text":"978-0-19-958889-3"}]},{"reference":"Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-19-958889-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA161","url_text":"The International Law of Occupation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958889-3","url_text":"978-0-19-958889-3"}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7139-9716-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw","url_text":"Kershaw, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End:_Hitler%27s_Germany_1944%E2%80%9345","url_text":"The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9716-3","url_text":"978-0-7139-9716-3"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael (2015). After Hitler: The Last Days of the Second World War in Europe. John Murray Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1848544963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)","url_text":"Jones, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848544963","url_text":"978-1848544963"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://biogra.100ws.com/doenitz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Karl Dönitz (1891–1980). Tabellarischer Lebenslauf zusammengestellt von Nikolas Dikigoros\""},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/politik/article158933917/Doch-das-Deutsche-Reich-ist-wirklich-untergegangen.html","external_links_name":"\"Doch, das Deutsche Reich ist wirklich untergegangen\""},{"Link":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/ermaecht.html","external_links_name":"\"Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich (Enabling Act)\""},{"Link":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html","external_links_name":"\"Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich\""},{"Link":"http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html","external_links_name":"\"Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar Constitution)\""},{"Link":"https://www.39-45.org/files3945c/8843_Flensburg2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450506a.html#1","external_links_name":"The German Surrender Documents – WWII"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_Jw5l-zs98EC","external_links_name":"The End: Germany, 1944-45"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091002005159/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/95-end-of-the-war-in-europe","external_links_name":"End of the War in Europe"},{"Link":"http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/95-end-of-the-war-in-europe","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VArC_rYqimoC","external_links_name":"Triumph and Tragedy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7sfhDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947"},{"Link":"https://www.39-45.org/files3945c/8843_Flensburg2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"After the Battle: The Flensburg Government\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/other/us-army_germany_1944-46_ch15.htm","external_links_name":"Chapter XV: The Victory Sealed"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55858898","external_links_name":"26 May 1945 – High Command Arrested"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/air-force-obituaries/10085223/Group-Captain-Mark-Hobden.html","external_links_name":"\"Group Captain Mark Hobden\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000003-1140.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Defeat of Germany: assumption of supreme authority by Allied Powers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"The International Law of Occupation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"The International Law of Occupation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Parcs_Europe
Center Parcs Europe
["1 History","2 Operations and facilities","3 All resorts","4 See also","5 References"]
European network of holiday villages that was founded in the Netherlands in 1968 This article is about the holiday company based in continental Europe. For the holiday company based in the UK and Ireland, see Center Parcs UK and Ireland. Center Parcs Europe N.V.Company typePublic limited company (Naamloze vennootschap)IndustryLeisureFounded1968FounderPiet DerksenHeadquartersRivium Boulevard 213, Capelle aan den IJssel, NetherlandsNumber of locationsCenter Parcs - 26 Sunparks - 2BrandsCenter Parcs, SunparksParentPierre & VacancesWebsitecenterparcs.eu Center Parcs Europe N.V. (formerly Center Parcs) is a European network of holiday villages that was founded in the Netherlands in 1968, and is currently operated by Pierre & Vacances. History An original Center Parcs Cottage (named 'Villas' in UK resorts), designed by the Dutch architect Jaap Bakema. Center Parcs Hochsauerland in Germany The former church at CP Het Vennenbos. Because Derksen was a Catholic, he decided to build small churches at his parks. There was a similar church at Sherwood Forest which has since been converted into a Starbucks. Dutch entrepreneur Piet Derksen started a sporting goods shop in 1953 at Lijnbaan, Rotterdam. Its name was 'Sporthuis Centrum', 'Sport House Centre'. It succeeded and Derksen expanded into 17 outlets across the Netherlands, and then added camping articles to the range. In 1968, Derksen purchased woodland near Reuver so staff and customers could relax in small tents. The park, De Lommerbergen , was successful, and the tents were quickly replaced by bungalows. In 1987, Center Parcs opened its first UK resort at Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. This brought the company into the sights of expanding brewer Scottish and Newcastle, which later bought the group. In 2001, the UK locations separated from the continental Europe locations and formed a separate company, Center Parcs UK. In 2003, Scottish & Newcastle sold the Continental European sites to a joint venture of Pierre & Vacances (P&V) and DBCP, a German investment group. This was given the name Center Parcs Europe (CPE). P&V owned Europe's largest (in terms of bed-count) bungalow-vacation-supplier, Gran Dorado Resorts, a Dutch former joint venture of Vendex, Algemeen Burgerlijk Pensioenfonds, GAK and Philips Rentefonds. P&V brought Gran Dorado in the joint venture. As CPE was based in Rotterdam, Netherlands, the Dutch and European Commercial Competition Authority did not approve of combining Gran Dorado and Center Parcs, as it would effectively control the European market. After agreeing to a reduction in beds owned, CPE sold all but six Gran Dorado Resorts to Dutch Landal GreenParks. The remaining six parks were added to CenterParcs: Loohorst (NL), Port Zelande (NL), Zandvoort (NL), Weerterbergen (NL), Hochsauerland (D) and Heilbachsee (D). After the sale, five of the six remaining Gran Dorado Resorts parks were rebranded Sea Spirit from Center Parcs or Free Life from Center Parcs. The Weerterbergen-Resort was sold to Roompot because of the cost of bringing it to standard. All original Center Parcs resorts in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Germany were sub-branded CP Original. Having completed the integration and rebranding exercise, Pierre & Vacances bought DBCP out of the partnership. In January 2009, Sunparks launched alongside Center Parcs in Europe, as a low-cost brand. Many of the former Gran Dorado resorts were rebranded in this exercise, but the sub brand was dropped in 2011 and the parks were rebranded to Center Parcs. Operations and facilities There are now 26 resorts in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Germany. Most villages are different, but some villages such as Bispinger Heide in Germany and Domaine Les Bois Francs in France (and many more) share the same Village Plaza design. They have the same styled Aqua Mundo and Sports Plaza. Accommodation is in villas or bungalows, clustered in a park and surrounded by trees and bushes. An exception is Park Zandvoort, set among sand dunes. Certain resorts also provide hotel rooms. The first village had features that have stayed popular like the swimming pool, shops and restaurants. The first dome arrived in 1980, named Subtropical Swimming Paradise in UK resorts and Aqua Mundo in European resorts. A range of sporting activities is available, with restaurants, spas, saunas, and massage. In 2009, Center Parcs Europe divided its parks into two brands: "Center Parcs", which includes the 5-star parks, and "Sunparks", which includes the 3- or 4-star parks. At the beginning of 2011 the company decided to rename most Sunparks as Center Parcs. All resorts Center Parcs Europe owns and/or operates 26 Center Parcs resorts and 2 Sunparks resorts. Aroundtown owns the freehold of seven of these resorts. Overview of all Center Parcs resorts Country Resort City Region Opened Added Details  Netherlands De Huttenheugte Dalen Drenthe 1972 Parc Sandur* Emmen 1999 2011 De Eemhof Zeewolde Flevoland 1980 De Kempervennen Westerhoven North Brabant 1983 Het Meerdal America Limburg 1971 Het Heijderbos Heijen 1986 Limburgse Peel* America 1980 2002 Port Zélande Ouddorp South Holland 1990 2002 Park Zandvoort* Zandvoort North Holland 1989 2002  Germany Park Eifel* Gunderath Rhineland-Palatinate 1979 2002 Park Nordseeküste* Tossens Lower Saxony 1992 2002 Park Hochsauerland Medebach North Rhine-Westphalia 1994 2002 Bispinger Heide Bispingen Lower Saxony 1995 Park Bostalsee Nohfelden Saarland 2013 Park Allgäu Leutkirch Baden Württemberg 2018  France Les Bois-Francs Verneuil-sur-Avre Upper Normandy 1988 Les Hauts de Bruyères Chaumont-sur-Tharonne Centre-Val de Loire 1993 Le Lac d'Ailette Chamouille Picardy 2007 Les Trois Forêts Hattigny Lorraine 2010 Le Bois aux daims Les Trois-Moutiers, Morton Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2015 Villages Nature Paris (Disneyland Paris) Marne-La-Vallée Île-De-France 2017 Originally a joint-venture with Euro Disney S.C.A.  Belgium Erperheide Peer Limburg 1981 De Vossemeren Lommel 1987 Terhills Resort Dilsen-Stokkem 2021 Park De Haan* De Haan West Flanders 1989 2007 Les Ardennes* Vielsalm Luxembourg 1992 2007 Sunparks Kempense Meren Mol Antwerp 1994 2007 Oostduinkerke Oostduinkerke West Flanders 1981 2007 Resorts in development  France Les Landes de Gascogne Beauziac Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2022  Denmark Nordborg Nordborg Southern Denmark 2024  Germany Pütnitz Ribnitz-Damgarten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2026  France Forêt de Poligny Poligny Bourgogne-Franche-Comté T.B.D. Forêt du Rousset Le Rousset T.B.D.  China Hanshui Hometown Shiyan Hubei T.B.D. Joint-venture with CCTID Former resorts  Netherlands De Lommerbergen Reuver Limburg 1968 - 1996 Sold to Creatief Vakantieparken Het Vennenbos Hapert Noord-Brabant 1970 - 1994 De Berkenhorst Kootwijk Gelderland 1975 - 1990  United Kingdom Sherwood Forest Rufford Nottinghamshire 1987 - 2001 Spun off into Center Parcs UK and Ireland Elveden Forest Brandon Suffolk 1989 - 2001 Longleat Forest Warminster Wiltshire 1994 - 2001 *Former Sunparks See also Tropical Islands Resort - another large European indoor sub-tropical leisure village References ^ "Center Parcs Longford Forest officially launches". Center Parcs UK and Ireland. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019. ^ "Site Disabled". www.maxeda.com. ^ "Language selection | European Union". european-union.europa.eu. ^ GreenParks, Landal. "Landal GreenParks - Ontdek wat groen kan doen". www.landal.nl. ^ "Vakantieparken & Bungalowparken aan zee en in het bos | Roompot". Roompot Vakantieparken. ^ "Center Parcs stopt met merk Sunparks". www.parkvakanties.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ "Aroundtown raises fresh €600m, buys Blackstone Center Parcs for €1bn". REFIRE Ltd. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ a b c "Center Parcs Projects in France". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ a b "Center Parcs Projects in Europe". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ "Projects in China". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ "History". corporate.centerparcs.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-25. vteHotel chainsAccor Luxury Banyan Tree Fairmont Orient Express Raffles Sofitel Premium Grand Mercure MGallery Mövenpick Pullman Swissôtel Midscale Adagio Mantra Mercure Novotel Suite Novotel Economy HotelF1 Ibis Budget Styles Ennismore DELANO Gleneagles The Hoxton HYDE JO&JOE Mama Shelter MONDRIAN Morgans Originals Rixos SLS Best Western Aiden Best Western Best Western Plus Best Western Premier BW Premier Collection BW Signature Collection Executive Residency GLō Sadie Vīb SureStay SureStay Studio SureStay Plus SureStay Collection BTG Homeinns Homeinn Motel 168 Choice Hotels Ascend Collection Cambria Clarion / Clarion Pointe Comfort Country Inn & Suites Econo Lodge Everhome Suites MainStay Suites Park Plaza / Park Inn Quality Inn Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Collection Radisson Individuals Radisson Red Rodeway Inn Sleep Inn Suburban Studios WoodSpring Suites Global Hotel Alliance Anantara Avani Corinthia The Doyle Collection Elewana Collection Fauchon Hospitality GLO Kempinski The Leela Marco Polo Niccolo Nikki Beach Oaks Outrigger Pan Pacific Sukhothai Sun International Tivoli hihotels Downtowner Inns Master Host Inns Passport Inns Red Carpet Inn Scottish Inns Hilton canopy Conrad Curio Collection DoubleTree Embassy Suites Graduate Hampton Hilton Garden Inn Hilton Grand Vacations Hilton Home2 Suites Homewood Suites tru Waldorf Astoria HuazhuDeutsche Hospitality Zleep Hyatt Alila ALG Andaz Destination Grand Hyatt Hyatt Hyatt Centric Hyatt House Hyatt Place Hyatt Regency Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva JdV by Hyatt Park Hyatt Unbound Collection Graduate IHG ANA Avid Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo InterContinental Kimpton Regent Staybridge Suites Indian Hotels Company (IHCL) Ginger Taj Vivanta ITC Hotels Fortune ITC WelcomHotels Jinjiang 7 Days Inn Jin Jiang Hotels Jinjiang Inn Louvre Hotels Metropolo Vienna Radisson (outside North America) PPHE Hotel Group Rezidor Hotel Group Marriott (list) Luxury Bulgari EDITION JW Marriott The Luxury Collection Ritz-Carlton St. Regis W Premium Autograph Collection Delta Design Gaylord Le Méridien Marriott Conference Centers Executive Apartments Golf Marriott Vacation Club Grand Residences Renaissance Sheraton Tribute Westin Select AC Aloft Courtyard Element Fairfield Four Points Moxy Protea Residence Inn SpringHill TownePlace Okura Nikko Hotel JAL Nikko Okura Shangri-La Kerry Shangri-La Traders SonestaRed Lion Hotels Americas Best Value Inns Canadas Best Value Inns GuestHouse Hotel RL Knights Inn Red Lion Hotels Red Lion Inn & Suites Settle Inn 3 Palms Hotels & Resorts America's Best Inns Country Hearth Inns & Suites Jameson Inn Lexington Hotels & Inns Wyndham AmericInn Baymont Days Inn Dolce Hawthorn Howard Johnson's La Quinta Microtel Ramada Super 8 Travelodge TRYP Wingate Wyndham Wyndham Garden Wyndham Grand Others A&O Ace Aerowisata Aitken Spence Aman Amaya APA Coast Apex Aqua-Aston Archipelago The Ascott Limited Azerai Azimut Bahia Principe B&B Beaches Belmond Budget Host Budget Suites of America Cachet Canad Inns Canalta Carlton Center Parcs Europe Center Parcs UK and Ireland Ceylon Cheval Blanc Cinnamon citizenM Citrus Club Med Club Quarters Cobblestone COMO Continental Cordis / Langham Corinthia Couples Dalata Dan Dedica Anthology Disney Experiences Dorsett Drury Dusit easyHotel ExecuStay Extended Stay America Fiesta Inn Four Seasons Go Grecotel Hard Rock / Reverb Hoshino Hotel Sogo Iberostar InTown Suites / Uptown Suites Isrotel Jetwing Symphony Jumeirah Kuriftu The Leading Hotels of the World lemon tree Loews Lotte Magnuson Mamaison Mandarin Oriental Margaritaville / Camp Margaritaville / Compass Hotels / St. Somewhere Masters Inn Meliá MGM Resorts Millennium & Copthorne Minor Hotels Miyako Montage Motel 6 / Studio 6 Motel One NH Oberoi Trident Oetker Collection Omni OYO Rooms Pan Pacific Paradores The Peninsula Penta Hotels Pestana Pousadas de Portugal Preferred Premier Inn Prime Plaza Prince QT Red Planet Red Roof Inn / Red Roof Plus / The Red Collection / HomeTowne Studios Relais & Châteaux RIU Rocco Forte Rosewood Rotana Royal Orchid Rydges Sahid Sandals Beaches Sandman Santika Indonesia Scandic Seda Serena Sonder Soneva Standard Starhotels Summit Sutton Place Swiss-Belhotel Thistle Thon Toyoko Inn Travelodge UK Trump Tune Virgin Warwick Yotel Defunct Adam's Mark Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts Allegro Resorts AmeriHost Inn AmeriSuites Capital Bars Crest Cross Country Inn Denizen Esso Motor Hotel Exel Inn Forte Four Pillars Fred Harvey Friendship Inn Gran Dorado Great Southern Hiway House The Hotel Collection Imperial 400 Jack Tar Jurys Inn Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott Parliament House Motor Inn Patio Promus Real Royal Inns of America Shoney's Inn Starwood Statler Summerfield Suites Susse Chalet Swallow Tage Inn United Hotels Company of America Vantage Hospitality Wilson World Category vteBlackstoneFounders Peter G. Peterson Stephen A. Schwarzman Notable executivesCurrent Joseph Baratta David Blitzer Jonathan D. Gray Former Roger Altman Larry Fink Hamilton E. James David Stockman John J. Studzinski Laurence Tosi SubsidiariesCurrent Blackstone Credit Former Blackrock PJT Partners Investment holdingsBusiness services CMS Computers RGIS SunGard (minority shareholder) Consumer/retail The Michaels Companies (Joint control) Pinnacle Foods United Biscuits IT services Mphasis (56.12%) Financial services BankUnited (minority stake) Corebridge Financial (minority stake) HealthMarkets (minority stake) FGIC (minority stake) Refinitiv (minority stake) Healthcare Biomet Emcure Pharmaceuticals (investment) Vanguard Health Systems Industrial Freescale (Joint Control) Klöckner Pentaplast TRW Automotive (Control) Essel Propack Media/telecom MNRK Music Group Dualtone Records Last Gang Records Light Records SESAC eAccess (investment) Nielsen Holdings (minority stake) Axtel (minority stake) Deutsche Telekom (minority stake) TDC A/S (minority stake) The Weather Channel (minority stake) International Data Group Travel & leisure Hilton Worldwide (former) Casual Dining Group Center Parcs Europe (freehold) Center Parcs UK and Ireland Caesars Entertainment Corporation (former) Crown Resorts Great Wolf Resorts Merlin Entertainments (minority stake) SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment (former) Travelport Real estate Extended Stay America (minority stake) EQ Office La Quinta Inns & Suites Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Other MusicBrainz label IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center Parcs UK and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Parcs_UK_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"holiday villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_village"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Pierre & Vacances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%26_Vacances"}],"text":"This article is about the holiday company based in continental Europe. For the holiday company based in the UK and Ireland, see Center Parcs UK and Ireland.Center Parcs Europe N.V. (formerly Center Parcs) is a European network of holiday villages that was founded in the Netherlands in 1968, and is currently operated by Pierre & Vacances.","title":"Center Parcs Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centerparcs_cottage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaap Bakema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Bakema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medebach_Aqua_Mundo_Sauerland-Ost_128.jpg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voormalige_kerk_CenterParcs_Vennenbos_-_Hapert.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"Starbucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"Piet Derksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Derksen"},{"link_name":"Lijnbaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijnbaan"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"Reuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuver"},{"link_name":"De Lommerbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Lommerbergen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Lommerbergen"},{"link_name":"bungalows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalows"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Scottish and Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_and_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Center Parcs UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Parcs_UK_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPUK-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Continental European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Pierre & Vacances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%26_Vacances"},{"link_name":"Gran Dorado Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Dorado"},{"link_name":"Vendex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Landal GreenParks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landal_GreenParks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"An original Center Parcs Cottage (named 'Villas' in UK resorts), designed by the Dutch architect Jaap Bakema.Center Parcs Hochsauerland in GermanyThe former church at CP Het Vennenbos. Because Derksen was a Catholic, he decided to build small churches at his parks. There was a similar church at Sherwood Forest which has since been converted into a Starbucks.Dutch entrepreneur Piet Derksen started a sporting goods shop in 1953 at Lijnbaan, Rotterdam. Its name was 'Sporthuis Centrum', 'Sport House Centre'. It succeeded and Derksen expanded into 17 outlets across the Netherlands, and then added camping articles to the range.In 1968, Derksen purchased woodland near Reuver so staff and customers could relax in small tents. The park, De Lommerbergen [nl], was successful, and the tents were quickly replaced by bungalows. In 1987, Center Parcs opened its first UK resort at Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. This brought the company into the sights of expanding brewer Scottish and Newcastle, which later bought the group.In 2001, the UK locations separated from the continental Europe locations and formed a separate company, Center Parcs UK.[1]In 2003, Scottish & Newcastle sold the Continental European sites to a joint venture of Pierre & Vacances (P&V) and DBCP, a German investment group. This was given the name Center Parcs Europe (CPE). P&V owned Europe's largest (in terms of bed-count) bungalow-vacation-supplier, Gran Dorado Resorts, a Dutch former joint venture of Vendex,[2] Algemeen Burgerlijk Pensioenfonds, GAK and Philips Rentefonds. P&V brought Gran Dorado in the joint venture.As CPE was based in Rotterdam, Netherlands, the Dutch and European Commercial Competition Authority[3] did not approve of combining Gran Dorado and Center Parcs, as it would effectively control the European market. After agreeing to a reduction in beds owned, CPE sold all but six Gran Dorado Resorts to Dutch Landal GreenParks.[4] The remaining six parks were added to CenterParcs: Loohorst (NL), Port Zelande (NL), Zandvoort (NL), Weerterbergen (NL), Hochsauerland (D) and Heilbachsee (D).After the sale, five of the six remaining Gran Dorado Resorts parks were rebranded Sea Spirit from Center Parcs or Free Life from Center Parcs. The Weerterbergen-Resort was sold to Roompot because of the cost of bringing it to standard.[5] All original Center Parcs resorts in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Germany were sub-branded CP Original. Having completed the integration and rebranding exercise, Pierre & Vacances bought DBCP out of the partnership.In January 2009, Sunparks launched alongside Center Parcs in Europe, as a low-cost brand. Many of the former Gran Dorado resorts were rebranded in this exercise, but the sub brand was dropped in 2011 and the parks were rebranded to Center Parcs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"villas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"spas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_spa"},{"link_name":"saunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_rating"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are now 26 resorts in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Germany. Most villages are different, but some villages such as Bispinger Heide in Germany and Domaine Les Bois Francs in France (and many more) share the same Village Plaza design. They have the same styled Aqua Mundo and Sports Plaza. Accommodation is in villas or bungalows, clustered in a park and surrounded by trees and bushes. An exception is Park Zandvoort, set among sand dunes. Certain resorts also provide hotel rooms. The first village had features that have stayed popular like the swimming pool, shops and restaurants. The first dome arrived in 1980,[citation needed] named Subtropical Swimming Paradise in UK resorts and Aqua Mundo in European resorts. A range of sporting activities is available, with restaurants, spas, saunas, and massage.In 2009, Center Parcs Europe divided its parks into two brands: \"Center Parcs\", which includes the 5-star parks, and \"Sunparks\", which includes the 3- or 4-star parks. At the beginning of 2011 the company decided to rename most Sunparks as Center Parcs.[6]","title":"Operations and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aroundtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroundtown_SA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aroundtown-7"}],"text":"Center Parcs Europe owns and/or operates 26 Center Parcs resorts and 2 Sunparks resorts. Aroundtown owns the freehold of seven of these resorts.[7]","title":"All resorts"}]
[{"image_text":"An original Center Parcs Cottage (named 'Villas' in UK resorts), designed by the Dutch architect Jaap Bakema.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centerparcs_cottage.jpg/220px-Centerparcs_cottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Center Parcs Hochsauerland in Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Medebach_Aqua_Mundo_Sauerland-Ost_128.jpg/220px-Medebach_Aqua_Mundo_Sauerland-Ost_128.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former church at CP Het Vennenbos. Because Derksen was a Catholic, he decided to build small churches at his parks. There was a similar church at Sherwood Forest which has since been converted into a Starbucks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Voormalige_kerk_CenterParcs_Vennenbos_-_Hapert.JPG/220px-Voormalige_kerk_CenterParcs_Vennenbos_-_Hapert.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Tropical Islands Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Islands_Resort"}]
[{"reference":"\"Center Parcs Longford Forest officially launches\". Center Parcs UK and Ireland. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://press.centerparcs.co.uk/pressreleases/center-parcs-longford-forest-officially-launches-2902031","url_text":"\"Center Parcs Longford Forest officially launches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Site Disabled\". www.maxeda.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxeda.com/","url_text":"\"Site Disabled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Language selection | European Union\". european-union.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/select-language?destination=/node/1","url_text":"\"Language selection | European Union\""}]},{"reference":"GreenParks, Landal. \"Landal GreenParks - Ontdek wat groen kan doen\". www.landal.nl.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.landal.nl/","url_text":"\"Landal GreenParks - Ontdek wat groen kan doen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vakantieparken & Bungalowparken aan zee en in het bos | Roompot\". Roompot Vakantieparken.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roompot.nl/","url_text":"\"Vakantieparken & Bungalowparken aan zee en in het bos | Roompot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center Parcs stopt met merk Sunparks\". www.parkvakanties.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parkvakanties.nl/blog/sunparks/center-parcs-stopt-met-merk-sunparks/","url_text":"\"Center Parcs stopt met merk Sunparks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aroundtown raises fresh €600m, buys Blackstone Center Parcs for €1bn\". REFIRE Ltd. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refire-online.com/companies/aroundtown-raises-fresh-e600m-buys-blackstone-center-parcs/","url_text":"\"Aroundtown raises fresh €600m, buys Blackstone Center Parcs for €1bn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center Parcs Projects in France\". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/246/group/newsroom/projects_in_france","url_text":"\"Center Parcs Projects in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center Parcs Projects in Europe\". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/345/group/newsroom/projects_in_europe","url_text":"\"Center Parcs Projects in Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Projects in China\". www.groupepvcp.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/248/group/newsroom/projects_in_china","url_text":"\"Projects in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". corporate.centerparcs.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.centerparcs.co.uk/about-us/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://centerparcs.eu/","external_links_name":"centerparcs.eu"},{"Link":"http://press.centerparcs.co.uk/pressreleases/center-parcs-longford-forest-officially-launches-2902031","external_links_name":"\"Center Parcs Longford Forest officially launches\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxeda.com/","external_links_name":"\"Site Disabled\""},{"Link":"https://european-union.europa.eu/select-language?destination=/node/1","external_links_name":"\"Language selection | European Union\""},{"Link":"https://www.landal.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Landal GreenParks - Ontdek wat groen kan doen\""},{"Link":"https://www.roompot.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Vakantieparken & Bungalowparken aan zee en in het bos | Roompot\""},{"Link":"https://www.parkvakanties.nl/blog/sunparks/center-parcs-stopt-met-merk-sunparks/","external_links_name":"\"Center Parcs stopt met merk Sunparks\""},{"Link":"https://www.refire-online.com/companies/aroundtown-raises-fresh-e600m-buys-blackstone-center-parcs/","external_links_name":"\"Aroundtown raises fresh €600m, buys Blackstone Center Parcs for €1bn\""},{"Link":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/246/group/newsroom/projects_in_france","external_links_name":"\"Center Parcs Projects in France\""},{"Link":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/345/group/newsroom/projects_in_europe","external_links_name":"\"Center Parcs Projects in Europe\""},{"Link":"http://www.groupepvcp.com/en/248/group/newsroom/projects_in_china","external_links_name":"\"Projects in China\""},{"Link":"https://corporate.centerparcs.co.uk/about-us/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010674552X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157366715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13336924n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13336924n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2009005647","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/40df9098-136e-42f4-bbb4-4ff2f16ba893","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/086265628","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_Super_Cup
2005 UEFA Super Cup
["1 Match","1.1 Background","1.2 Summary","1.3 Details","1.4 Statistics","2 Post-match","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Football match2005 UEFA Super CupMatch programme coverEventUEFA Super Cup Liverpool CSKA Moscow 3 1 After extra timeDate26 August 2005VenueStade Louis II, MonacoMan of the MatchDjibril Cissé (Liverpool)RefereeRené Temmink (Netherlands)Attendance17,042WeatherClear night25 °C (77 °F)55% humidity← 2004 2006 → The 2005 UEFA Super Cup was an association football match between Liverpool of England and CSKA Moscow of Russia on 26 August 2005 at Stade Louis II, Monaco, the annual UEFA Super Cup contested between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup. Liverpool were appearing in the Super Cup for the fifth time, having won the competition in 1977 and 2001. CSKA Moscow were appearing in the Super Cup for the first time, the first Russian team to appear in the competition. The teams had qualified for the competition by winning the two seasonal European competitions. Liverpool won the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, defeating Italian team A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match had finished 3–3. CSKA Moscow won the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, beating Portuguese team Sporting CP 3–1. Watched by a crowd of 17,042, CSKA took the lead in the first half when Daniel Carvalho scored. Liverpool did not respond until the 82nd minute when substitute Djibril Cissé scored. The score remained 1–1 until the end of the 90 minutes to send the match into extra-time. Cissé scored again in the 103rd minute to give Liverpool the lead, which was later extended by Luis García. Liverpool held out until the end of extra-time to win the match 3–1, their third Super Cup win. Match Background The Stade Louis II, which was the venue for the UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012 Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Super Cup as the reigning UEFA Champions League winners. They had won the Champions League beating A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match had finished 3–3. It would be Liverpool's fifth appearance in the Super Cup. They had previously won the competition in 1977 and 2001, beating Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich respectively. The two other appearances in 1978 and 1984 had resulted in losses to Anderlecht and Juventus respectively. CSKA Moscow had qualified for the Super Cup as a result of winning the 2004–05 UEFA Cup. They had beaten Sporting CP 3–1 to become the first Russian team to win a European trophy. Therefore, they were making their first appearance in the competition and were the first Russian team to compete in the Super Cup. Both sides had played several matches already, which was unusual as the Super Cup would normally have been the first significant match the two teams had played. Liverpool had been forced to enter the first qualifying round of the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League, despite being champions. They had failed to finish in the top four during the 2004–05 FA Premier League, which would ensure Champions League qualification. UEFA granted them special dispensation to enter the competition as holders. Meanwhile, CSKA Moscow were in the middle of their domestic season. At the time of this match they were second in the 2005 Russian Premier League, seven points behind leaders Lokomotiv Moscow. Both teams valued the competition, despite some commentators being dismissive of the match's importance. CSKA captain Sergei Ignashevich underlined his team's determined mood: "We know their players are very strong because they won the Champions League. But we are not thinking about individuals. We will only worry about ourselves and not them." Likewise Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was equally determined to be successful: "This is the opportunity to win another trophy. When you play against good teams you have to do your best. I am not thinking about the past and that we won the Champions League." CSKA and Liverpool had injury concerns ahead of the match. CSKA striker Ivica Olić, the top scorer in Russia at the time, was sidelined with a serious knee injury. However, fellow CSKA striker Vágner Love was said by manager Valery Gazzaev to have "no problems" over his leg injury. Liverpool were without injured duo Djimi Traoré and Peter Crouch. There was also doubt over whether their captain Steven Gerrard would play. The decision over whether his calf injury had healed sufficiently for the match was left to the last moment. However, Gerrard was not deemed fit enough to play and was left out of the squad. The lead up to the match had been changed from the previous year. The UEFA Club Football Awards were incorporated into the draw for the group stage of the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League on the day before the match. Summary CSKA kicked off, but Liverpool had the first chance of the match. Dietmar Hamann shot from 20 yards (18 m) but his shot was saved by CSKA goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev. 11 minutes after the start of the match Luis García was put through on goal from a pass by Hamann, but before he could shoot, Akinfeev had smothered the ball. García was put through on goal again moments later from a Boudewijn Zenden pass but his shot went over the crossbar. Midway through the first-half, García found Fernando Morientes 25 yards (23 m) from goal with a pass, but Morientes' subsequent shot was saved by Akinfeev. At this point in the match, Liverpool were dominating possession but were unable to convert this into goals. With Liverpool dominating for the majority of the half, CSKA scored against the run of play. Midfielder Daniel Carvalho took the ball past Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina and put the ball into an open goal to give CSKA a 1–0 lead. It was not until the 36th minute that Liverpool created another goalscoring opportunity, however García and Steve Finnan both failed to score. Towards the end of the half, Zenden was shown a yellow card for a late tackle on Chidi Odiah. Luis García scored Liverpool's third goal Liverpool kicked off the second half and five minutes into the half Liverpool defender Josemi was shown a yellow card for fouling Miloš Krasić. Liverpool's poor play in front of goal continued after the restart; Josemi had a chance to score, but his shot from the edge of the penalty area went over the crossbar. After the attack, Liverpool made the first substitution of the match; Florent Sinama Pongolle replaced Finnan. After just over an hour's play, a mix-up between Reina and Sami Hyypiä nearly contrived to present a goal to CSKA, before Hyypiä intervened to clear the ball. CSKA made their first substitution in the 66th minute with Deividas Šemberas replacing Yuri Zhirkov. Liverpool followed this by replacing Xabi Alonso with Mohamed Sissoko. Vágner Love had a chance to extend CSKA's lead in the 77th minute, but he was unable to control the ball after a high pass and lost possession. Despite their lead CSKA were negative in their play; they were punished when Liverpool replaced John Arne Riise with striker Djibril Cissé. Cissé made an immediate impact; he ran on to a pass from García. The pass was cleared by CSKA defender Sergei Ignashevich but it ricocheted off Cissé and left him with an open goal after Akinfeev had come off his line in an attempt to clear the ball. Cissé's goal meant the match was now drawn at 1–1 and with no further goals the match went into extra-time. CSKA kicked off the first half of extra-time. Five minutes into the half, Liverpool substitute Sinama Pongolle was booked. With two minutes of the half remaining, the ball was played into the centre of the CSKA half; Ignashevich misjudged the flight of the ball, which went over his head and fell to Cissé. His subsequent shot was saved by Akinfeev, but the ball rebounded to Cissé who scored to give Liverpool a 2–1 lead. The half was brought to an end with Liverpool leading for the first time in the match. Liverpool kicked off the second half of extra-time. CSKA had the first chance of the half, but Vágner Love's effort was easily saved by Reina. Liverpool responded midway through the half; Cissé's cross from the right side of the pitch was met by García, who scored. No further goals were scored and the referee blew for full-time with the final score 3–1 to Liverpool. Details 26 August 200520:45 CEST Liverpool 3–1 (a.e.t.) CSKA Moscow Cissé 82', 103'García 109' Report Carvalho 28' Stade Louis II, MonacoAttendance: 17,042Referee: René Temmink (Netherlands) Liverpool CSKA Moscow GK 25 Pepe Reina RB 17 Josemi  50' CB 23 Jamie Carragher (c) CB 4 Sami Hyypiä  73' LB 6 John Arne Riise  79' DM 16 Dietmar Hamann RM 3 Steve Finnan  55' CM 14 Xabi Alonso  70' LM 30 Boudewijn Zenden  38' SS 10 Luis García CF 19 Fernando Morientes Substitutes: GK 20 Scott Carson DF 28 Stephen Warnock MF 22 Mohamed Sissoko  70' FW 9 Djibril Cissé  79' FW 24 Sinama Pongolle  95'  55' Manager: Rafael Benítez GK 35 Igor Akinfeev RB 24 Vasili Berezutski CB 4 Sergei Ignashevich (c) CB 6 Aleksei Berezutski LB 15 Chidi Odiah  90' DM 22 Evgeni Aldonin RM 17 Miloš Krasić  85' CM 25 Elvir Rahimić LM 18 Yuri Zhirkov  66' AM 7 Daniel Carvalho CF 11 Vágner Love Substitutes: GK 1 Veniamin Mandrykin MF 2 Deividas Šemberas  66' MF 8 Rolan Gusev  90' MF 10 Dudu Cearense  101'  85' FW 13 Sergey Samodin Manager: Valery Gazzaev Man of the Match: Djibril Cissé (Liverpool) Assistant referees: Adriaan Inia (Netherlands) Rob Meenhuis (Netherlands) Fourth official: Eric Braamhaar (Netherlands) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Penalty shoot-out if scores still level Five named substitutes Maximum of three substitutions Statistics First half Statistic Liverpool CSKA Moscow Goals scored 0 1 Total shots 9 2 Shots on target 2 1 Saves 0 2 Ball possession 67% 33% Corner kicks 2 0 Fouls committed 9 6 Offsides 0 1 Yellow cards 1 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half and extra time Statistic Liverpool CSKA Moscow Goals scored 3 0 Total shots 11 7 Shots on target 6 2 Saves 3 3 Ball possession 56% 64% Corner kicks 2 3 Fouls committed 15 9 Offsides 1 4 Yellow cards 3 1 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic Liverpool CSKA Moscow Goals scored 3 1 Total shots 20 9 Shots on target 8 3 Saves 3 5 Ball possession 60% 40% Corner kicks 4 3 Fouls committed 24 15 Offsides 1 5 Yellow cards 4 1 Red cards 0 0 Post-match Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez was happy with his players after they had come from behind to win the match: "It was a difficult game. We were controlling the game, passing the ball around and then we made a mistake and had to work really hard to get back. They played well, but I think we controlled the game. To score three goals is not easy. I can say that we are very happy now with this trophy. Now is the time to enjoy our victory." With five days of the transfer window left, Benítez refused to speculate on whether Liverpool would sign Michael Owen, stating, "I like good players, we have a lot of them here." CSKA manager Valery Gazzaev praised his players despite their loss and hinted that injuries may have been a factor in the loss: "The game was satisfactory – we had followed the plan we set out, but still we made two mistakes. On the whole I think our team played very well but of course it is a shame we didn't win. We had a lot of good opportunities but we couldn't do it. Liverpool played as we expected – they played quite aggressively. We didn't feel uncomfortable but we made a couple of mistakes." Gazzaev rued the injuries his team suffered indicating there might have been a different outcome had certain players been fit. Despite Cissé's two goals, there had been speculation linking Liverpool with re-signing Michael Owen, who had left the club for Real Madrid a year earlier. Liverpool fans had even chanted Owen's name during the match, singing, "There's only one Michael Owen." Cissé underlined the importance of scoring twice with speculation rife: "It is clear scoring two goals in the Super Cup is important for me, because there has been a lot of speculation about me of late and about my position within the club." Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher stated the importance of the two goals for Cissé: "Cissé wanted to prove a point – he wanted to show everyone what he can do and great credit to him. We're the players – it's up to us to play and the management decides which players we have." Carragher confirmed that Liverpool missed their captain Gerrard, but was delighted to win the match despite this. See also Liverpool F.C. in European football PFC CSKA Moscow in European football References ^ a b c d "UEFA Super Cup – 2013 season: Match press kits" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. August 2013. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2024. ^ a b c d "Lineups". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ^ a b c d "Full-time report" (PDF). UEFA. 26 August 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ Glendenning, Barry (25 May 2005). "Liverpool 3–3 AC Milan". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Stokkermans, Karel (24 September 2010). "European Super Cup". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics. Foundation. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "Sporting 1–3 CSKA Moscow". BBC Sport. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Minute-by-minute". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "Liverpool allowed to defend title". UEFA. 10 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008. ^ a b c d e Demetriou, Greg (26 August 2005). "Monaco matters to champion clubs". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Demetriou, Greg (26 August 2005). "Cissé inspires Liverpool comeback". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ "Match press kit" (PDF). UEFA. Retrieved 25 August 2012. ^ a b c d e "Liverpool 3–1 CSKA Moscow (aet)". BBC Sport. 26 August 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ a b c James, Stuart (26 August 2005). "Cissé rushes to the rescue". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f "Events". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ a b "Team Line-ups – Friday 26 Aug 2005" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024. ^ a b c d "Liverpool celebrate in Monaco". Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011. External links Official Site (Archived) 2005 UEFA Super Cup: Monaco, UEFA.com vteUEFA Super CupUCL (EC) vs. UCWC 1972 (unofficial) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 UCL vs. UEL (UC) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of matches Winning managers Goalscorers vte2005–06 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia '05 '06 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '05 '06 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '05 '06 Faroe Islands '05 '06 Finland '05 '06 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '05 '06 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '05 '06 Latvia '05 '06 Lithuania '05 '06 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '05 '06 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Romania Russia '05 '06 San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '05 '06 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '05 '06 Finland '05 '06 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '05 '06 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '05 '06 Latvia '05 '06 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '05 '06 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '05 '06 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland '05 '06 France Germany Iceland '05 '06 Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland '05 '06 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League (Qualifying rounds, Group stage, Knockout stage, Final) UEFA Cup (Qualifying, First round, Group stage, Final phase, Final) Intertoto Cup Super Cup vteLiverpool F.C. matchesNationalFA Cup finals 1914 1950 1965 1971 1974 1977 1986 1988 1989 1992 1996 2001 2006 2012 2022 League Cup/EFL Cup finals 1978 1981 1982 1983 1984 1987 1995 2001 2003 2005 2012 2016 2022 2024 FA Charity Shield/FACommunity Shield 1922 1964 1965 1966 1971 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 2001 2002 2006 2019 2020 2022 Notable league matches Liverpool 0–2 Arsenal (1989) Liverpool 9–0 Crystal Palace (1989) Liverpool 4–3 Newcastle (1996) Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (2022) Notable cup matches 1986 Football League Super Cup final Football League 100th Championship Challenge (1999) ContinentalEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions League finals 1977 1978 1981 1984 1985 2005 2007 2018 2019 2022 European Cup Winners' Cup Final 1966 UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League finals 1973 1976 2001 2016 European Super Cup/UEFA Super Cup 1977 1978 1981 1984 2001 2005 2019 Notable matches Ajax 5–1 Liverpool (1966) Dubai Champions Cup 1986 1989 InternationalIntercontinental Cup 1977 1978 1981 1984 FIFA Club World Championship/FIFA Club World Cup finals 2005 2019 vtePFC CSKA Moscow matchesSoviet Cup Finals 1967 1991 1992 Russian Cup Finals 1993 1994 2000 2002 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2013 2023 Russian Super Cups 2003 2004 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2016 2018 2023 UEFA Cup Final 2005 UEFA Super Cup 2005
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Stade Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Louis_II"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_European_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004–05 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"A.C. Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"3–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2004–05 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Daniel Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carvalho_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Djibril Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"extra-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Luis García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Sanz"}],"text":"Football matchThe 2005 UEFA Super Cup was an association football match between Liverpool of England and CSKA Moscow of Russia on 26 August 2005 at Stade Louis II, Monaco, the annual UEFA Super Cup contested between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup. Liverpool were appearing in the Super Cup for the fifth time, having won the competition in 1977 and 2001. CSKA Moscow were appearing in the Super Cup for the first time, the first Russian team to appear in the competition.The teams had qualified for the competition by winning the two seasonal European competitions. Liverpool won the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, defeating Italian team A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match had finished 3–3. CSKA Moscow won the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, beating Portuguese team Sporting CP 3–1.Watched by a crowd of 17,042, CSKA took the lead in the first half when Daniel Carvalho scored. Liverpool did not respond until the 82nd minute when substitute Djibril Cissé scored. The score remained 1–1 until the end of the 90 minutes to send the match into extra-time. Cissé scored again in the 103rd minute to give Liverpool the lead, which was later extended by Luis García. Liverpool held out until the end of extra-time to win the match 3–1, their third Super Cup win.","title":"2005 UEFA Super Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_Louis_II.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stade Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Louis_II"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"A.C. Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"3–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_European_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_European_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2004–05 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"3–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"2005–06 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05 FA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2005 Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preview-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preview-9"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ignashevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ignashevich"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preview-9"},{"link_name":"Steven Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gerrard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preview-9"},{"link_name":"Ivica Olić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Oli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vágner Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1gner_Love"},{"link_name":"Valery Gazzaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gazzaev"},{"link_name":"Djimi Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djimi_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Peter Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Crouch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preview-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"UEFA Club Football Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Club_Football_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The Stade Louis II, which was the venue for the UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Super Cup as the reigning UEFA Champions League winners. They had won the Champions League beating A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match had finished 3–3.[4] It would be Liverpool's fifth appearance in the Super Cup. They had previously won the competition in 1977 and 2001, beating Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich respectively. The two other appearances in 1978 and 1984 had resulted in losses to Anderlecht and Juventus respectively.[5]CSKA Moscow had qualified for the Super Cup as a result of winning the 2004–05 UEFA Cup. They had beaten Sporting CP 3–1 to become the first Russian team to win a European trophy.[6] Therefore, they were making their first appearance in the competition and were the first Russian team to compete in the Super Cup.[7]Both sides had played several matches already, which was unusual as the Super Cup would normally have been the first significant match the two teams had played. Liverpool had been forced to enter the first qualifying round of the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League, despite being champions. They had failed to finish in the top four during the 2004–05 FA Premier League, which would ensure Champions League qualification. UEFA granted them special dispensation to enter the competition as holders.[8] Meanwhile, CSKA Moscow were in the middle of their domestic season. At the time of this match they were second in the 2005 Russian Premier League, seven points behind leaders Lokomotiv Moscow.[9]Both teams valued the competition, despite some commentators being dismissive of the match's importance.[9] CSKA captain Sergei Ignashevich underlined his team's determined mood: \"We know their players are very strong because they won the Champions League. But we are not thinking about individuals. We will only worry about ourselves and not them.\"[9] Likewise Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was equally determined to be successful: \"This is the opportunity to win another trophy. When you play against good teams you have to do your best. I am not thinking about the past and that we won the Champions League.\"[9]CSKA and Liverpool had injury concerns ahead of the match. CSKA striker Ivica Olić, the top scorer in Russia at the time, was sidelined with a serious knee injury. However, fellow CSKA striker Vágner Love was said by manager Valery Gazzaev to have \"no problems\" over his leg injury. Liverpool were without injured duo Djimi Traoré and Peter Crouch. There was also doubt over whether their captain Steven Gerrard would play. The decision over whether his calf injury had healed sufficiently for the match was left to the last moment.[9] However, Gerrard was not deemed fit enough to play and was left out of the squad.[10] The lead up to the match had been changed from the previous year. The UEFA Club Football Awards were incorporated into the draw for the group stage of the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League on the day before the match.[11]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dietmar Hamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Hamann"},{"link_name":"Igor Akinfeev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Akinfeev"},{"link_name":"Luis García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Boudewijn Zenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudewijn_Zenden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"Fernando Morientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Morientes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"Daniel Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Pepe Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_Reina"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-13"},{"link_name":"Steve Finnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Finnan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"Chidi Odiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidi_Odiah"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_Garcia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luis García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Josemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josemi"},{"link_name":"Miloš Krasić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Krasi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"Florent Sinama Pongolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Sinama_Pongolle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"link_name":"Sami Hyypiä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Hyypi%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"Deividas Šemberas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deividas_%C5%A0emberas"},{"link_name":"Yuri Zhirkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Zhirkov"},{"link_name":"Xabi Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabi_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Sissoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Sissoko"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"John Arne Riise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arne_Riise"},{"link_name":"Djibril Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ignashevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ignashevich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"extra-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-events-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"CSKA kicked off, but Liverpool had the first chance of the match. Dietmar Hamann shot from 20 yards (18 m) but his shot was saved by CSKA goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev. 11 minutes after the start of the match Luis García was put through on goal from a pass by Hamann, but before he could shoot, Akinfeev had smothered the ball. García was put through on goal again moments later from a Boudewijn Zenden pass but his shot went over the crossbar.[7] Midway through the first-half, García found Fernando Morientes 25 yards (23 m) from goal with a pass, but Morientes' subsequent shot was saved by Akinfeev. At this point in the match, Liverpool were dominating possession but were unable to convert this into goals.[12] With Liverpool dominating for the majority of the half, CSKA scored against the run of play. Midfielder Daniel Carvalho took the ball past Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina and put the ball into an open goal to give CSKA a 1–0 lead.[13] It was not until the 36th minute that Liverpool created another goalscoring opportunity, however García and Steve Finnan both failed to score.[7] Towards the end of the half, Zenden was shown a yellow card for a late tackle on Chidi Odiah.[14]Luis García scored Liverpool's third goalLiverpool kicked off the second half and five minutes into the half Liverpool defender Josemi was shown a yellow card for fouling Miloš Krasić.[14] Liverpool's poor play in front of goal continued after the restart;[12] Josemi had a chance to score, but his shot from the edge of the penalty area went over the crossbar.[7] After the attack, Liverpool made the first substitution of the match; Florent Sinama Pongolle replaced Finnan.[14] After just over an hour's play, a mix-up between Reina and Sami Hyypiä nearly contrived to present a goal to CSKA, before Hyypiä intervened to clear the ball.[7] CSKA made their first substitution in the 66th minute with Deividas Šemberas replacing Yuri Zhirkov. Liverpool followed this by replacing Xabi Alonso with Mohamed Sissoko.[14] Vágner Love had a chance to extend CSKA's lead in the 77th minute, but he was unable to control the ball after a high pass and lost possession.[7] Despite their lead CSKA were negative in their play;[12] they were punished when Liverpool replaced John Arne Riise with striker Djibril Cissé.[14] Cissé made an immediate impact; he ran on to a pass from García. The pass was cleared by CSKA defender Sergei Ignashevich but it ricocheted off Cissé and left him with an open goal after Akinfeev had come off his line in an attempt to clear the ball.[7] Cissé's goal meant the match was now drawn at 1–1 and with no further goals the match went into extra-time.[13]CSKA kicked off the first half of extra-time. Five minutes into the half, Liverpool substitute Sinama Pongolle was booked.[14] With two minutes of the half remaining, the ball was played into the centre of the CSKA half; Ignashevich misjudged the flight of the ball, which went over his head and fell to Cissé. His subsequent shot was saved by Akinfeev, but the ball rebounded to Cissé who scored to give Liverpool a 2–1 lead.[7][12] The half was brought to an end with Liverpool leading for the first time in the match. Liverpool kicked off the second half of extra-time. CSKA had the first chance of the half, but Vágner Love's effort was easily saved by Reina.[7] Liverpool responded midway through the half; Cissé's cross from the right side of the pitch was met by García, who scored.[7] No further goals were scored and the referee blew for full-time with the final score 3–1 to Liverpool.[12]","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/match/81041/"},{"link_name":"Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Stade Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Louis_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pk-13-1"},{"link_name":"René Temmink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Temmink"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"26 August 200520:45 CEST\nLiverpool 3–1 (a.e.t.) CSKA Moscow\nCissé 82', 103'García 109'\nReport\nCarvalho 28'\nStade Louis II, MonacoAttendance: 17,042[1]Referee: René Temmink (Netherlands)","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-3"}],"sub_title":"Statistics","text":"First half[3]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nLiverpool\n\nCSKA Moscow\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n9\n\n2\n\n\nShots on target\n\n2\n\n1\n\n\nSaves\n\n0\n\n2\n\n\nBall possession\n\n67%\n\n33%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n2\n\n0\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n9\n\n6\n\n\nOffsides\n\n0\n\n1\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n1\n\n0\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nSecond half and extra time[3]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nLiverpool\n\nCSKA Moscow\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n3\n\n0\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n11\n\n7\n\n\nShots on target\n\n6\n\n2\n\n\nSaves\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\nBall possession\n\n56%\n\n64%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n2\n\n3\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n15\n\n9\n\n\nOffsides\n\n1\n\n4\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n3\n\n1\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nOverall[3]\n\n\nStatistic\n\nLiverpool\n\nCSKA Moscow\n\n\nGoals scored\n\n3\n\n1\n\n\nTotal shots\n\n20\n\n9\n\n\nShots on target\n\n8\n\n3\n\n\nSaves\n\n3\n\n5\n\n\nBall possession\n\n60%\n\n40%\n\n\nCorner kicks\n\n4\n\n3\n\n\nFouls committed\n\n24\n\n15\n\n\nOffsides\n\n1\n\n5\n\n\nYellow cards\n\n4\n\n1\n\n\nRed cards\n\n0\n\n0","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rafael Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"Michael Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-16"},{"link_name":"Valery Gazzaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gazzaev"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-16"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-16"},{"link_name":"Jamie Carragher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Carragher"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-16"}],"text":"Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez was happy with his players after they had come from behind to win the match: \"It was a difficult game. We were controlling the game, passing the ball around and then we made a mistake and had to work really hard to get back. They played well, but I think we controlled the game. To score three goals is not easy. I can say that we are very happy now with this trophy. Now is the time to enjoy our victory.\" With five days of the transfer window left, Benítez refused to speculate on whether Liverpool would sign Michael Owen, stating, \"I like good players, we have a lot of them here.\"[16]CSKA manager Valery Gazzaev praised his players despite their loss and hinted that injuries may have been a factor in the loss: \"The game was satisfactory – we had followed the plan we set out, but still we made two mistakes. On the whole I think our team played very well but of course it is a shame we didn't win. We had a lot of good opportunities but we couldn't do it. Liverpool played as we expected – they played quite aggressively. We didn't feel uncomfortable but we made a couple of mistakes.\" Gazzaev rued the injuries his team suffered indicating there might have been a different outcome had certain players been fit.[16]Despite Cissé's two goals, there had been speculation linking Liverpool with re-signing Michael Owen, who had left the club for Real Madrid a year earlier. Liverpool fans had even chanted Owen's name during the match, singing, \"There's only one Michael Owen.\"[13] Cissé underlined the importance of scoring twice with speculation rife: \"It is clear scoring two goals in the Super Cup is important for me, because there has been a lot of speculation about me of late and about my position within the club.\"[16] Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher stated the importance of the two goals for Cissé: \"Cissé wanted to prove a point – he wanted to show everyone what he can do and great credit to him. We're the players – it's up to us to play and the management decides which players we have.\" Carragher confirmed that Liverpool missed their captain Gerrard, but was delighted to win the match despite this.[16]","title":"Post-match"}]
[{"image_text":"The Stade Louis II, which was the venue for the UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Stade_Louis_II.JPG/250px-Stade_Louis_II.JPG"},{"image_text":"Luis García scored Liverpool's third goal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Luis_Garcia.jpg/200px-Luis_Garcia.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Liverpool F.C. in European football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._in_European_football"},{"title":"PFC CSKA Moscow in European football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow_in_European_football"}]
[{"reference":"\"UEFA Super Cup – 2013 season: Match press kits\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. August 2013. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513184123/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/uefasupercup/2013/E/E_2012139_PK.pdf","url_text":"\"UEFA Super Cup – 2013 season: Match press kits\""},{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/uefasupercup/2013/E/E_2012139_PK.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lineups\". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713031446/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=lu.html","url_text":"\"Lineups\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=lu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full-time report\" (PDF). UEFA. 26 August 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_FR.pdf","url_text":"\"Full-time report\""}]},{"reference":"Glendenning, Barry (25 May 2005). \"Liverpool 3–3 AC Milan\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/25/minutebyminute.championsleague","url_text":"\"Liverpool 3–3 AC Milan\""}]},{"reference":"Stokkermans, Karel (24 September 2010). \"European Super Cup\". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics. Foundation. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/sup.html","url_text":"\"European Super Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting 1–3 CSKA Moscow\". BBC Sport. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4555475.stm","url_text":"\"Sporting 1–3 CSKA Moscow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute-by-minute\". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105051735/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=mbm.html","url_text":"\"Minute-by-minute\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=mbm.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool allowed to defend title\". UEFA. 10 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621190250/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind%3D128/newsId%3D308644.html","url_text":"\"Liverpool allowed to defend title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA"},{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind=128/newsId=308644.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Demetriou, Greg (26 August 2005). \"Monaco matters to champion clubs\". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105014759/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=pr.html","url_text":"\"Monaco matters to champion clubs\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=pr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Demetriou, Greg (26 August 2005). \"Cissé inspires Liverpool comeback\". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120711151749/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rp.html","url_text":"\"Cissé inspires Liverpool comeback\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rp.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Match press kit\" (PDF). UEFA. Retrieved 25 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_PK.pdf","url_text":"\"Match press kit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool 3–1 CSKA Moscow (aet)\". BBC Sport. 26 August 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4180288.stm","url_text":"\"Liverpool 3–1 CSKA Moscow (aet)\""}]},{"reference":"James, Stuart (26 August 2005). \"Cissé rushes to the rescue\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/aug/27/newsstory.sport?INTCMP=SRCH","url_text":"\"Cissé rushes to the rescue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events\". Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105012940/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=ev.html","url_text":"\"Events\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=ev.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Line-ups – Friday 26 Aug 2005\" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_LU.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Line-ups – Friday 26 Aug 2005\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222325/https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_LU.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool celebrate in Monaco\". Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105152839/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rw.html","url_text":"\"Liverpool celebrate in Monaco\""},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rw.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/match/81041/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513184123/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/uefasupercup/2013/E/E_2012139_PK.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UEFA Super Cup – 2013 season: Match press kits\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/uefasupercup/2013/E/E_2012139_PK.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713031446/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=lu.html","external_links_name":"\"Lineups\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=lu.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_FR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Full-time report\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/25/minutebyminute.championsleague","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool 3–3 AC Milan\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/sup.html","external_links_name":"\"European Super Cup\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4555475.stm","external_links_name":"\"Sporting 1–3 CSKA Moscow\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105051735/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=mbm.html","external_links_name":"\"Minute-by-minute\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=mbm.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621190250/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind%3D128/newsId%3D308644.html","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool allowed to defend title\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind=128/newsId=308644.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105014759/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=pr.html","external_links_name":"\"Monaco matters to champion clubs\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=pr.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120711151749/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rp.html","external_links_name":"\"Cissé inspires Liverpool comeback\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rp.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_PK.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Match press kit\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4180288.stm","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool 3–1 CSKA Moscow (aet)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/aug/27/newsstory.sport?INTCMP=SRCH","external_links_name":"\"Cissé rushes to the rescue\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105012940/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=ev.html","external_links_name":"\"Events\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=ev.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_LU.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Team Line-ups – Friday 26 Aug 2005\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222325/https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/SuperCup/2005/81041_LU.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105152839/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rw.html","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool celebrate in Monaco\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/history/season=2005/round=2194/match=81041/report=rw.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050830105005/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/supercup/index.html","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/history/2005/","external_links_name":"2005 UEFA Super Cup: Monaco"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne_Mine_Museum
Saint-Étienne Mine Museum
["1 Presentation","2 Above-ground facilities","3 Site history","4 The 1840s Beaubrun plot","5 1854–92: The Beaubrun Company","6 The new head office of the S.A. des Mines de la Loire","7 1946–1973: From Nationalisation to Closure","8 Conversion of the pit after its closure","9 Notes and references","10 See also","10.1 Bibliography","10.2 Related articles","10.3 The few headframes preserved in the area","10.4 Other pits","10.5 External links"]
Saint-Étienne Mine MuseumCouriot pit Headframe.Established1991 (1991)Location3, boulevard Franchet d'Espèrey, Saint-Étienne, Rhône-Alpes, FranceCoordinates45°26′19″N 4°22′36″E / 45.438514°N 4.376636°E / 45.438514; 4.376636TypeShow MineCollectionsMining15 hectares (37 acres)Visitors50,000–60,000 visitors/yearWebsitewww.saint-etienne.fr/culture/puits-couriot-parc-musee-mine The Saint-Étienne Mine Museum is a French museum founded in 1991 in the city of Saint-Étienne in the French department of the Loire situated in the Rhône-Alpes region. It presents the facilities of a former coalmine. The site is registered as a historical monument since 2011. Presentation Officially named Puits Couriot (; English: Couriot Coalmine) / Parc Musée de la Mine (; English: Mine Museum Park), it is set up in the buildings of the last coal pit of the city (closed in 1973). The museum is also a show mine and thus offers the possibility to visit a reconstructed gallery and the historical buildings of the former mine site: the Grand lavabo (the main washroom); the hoist room and the power room (superchargers and electric converters); the lamp room (lamp maintenance workshop); the compressor room; the electric locomotives maintenance shop; former access to underground structures (tunnel of the Loire pit, slotted bridges). The museum also offers three permanent exhibition tours (launched in December 2014). Those exhibitions display a selection of objects from the museum's collections: The Figure of the Miner (reproduction of "Mineurs" by Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Mineur by Armand Bloch, sculptures, posters, extracts from archive films); The Great History of Couriot (tactile model, animated theater, cut view of the Couriot pit, relief maps and cut views of Mines de la Loire plc)'s mines. Six Centuries of Coal Adventures (large relief plan of the Loire area created for the Universal Exhibition of 1889, video wall, models, posters, photographs, tools and everyday objects among others ...). The site is also part of a cultural program (performing arts, film screenings, festivals). It was awarded the Musée de France label. Above-ground facilities The Grand Lavabo, construit en 1948. The miners' gears were hung back up for the filming of Le Brasier. The Couriot pit site covers an area of 115 hectares (37 acres) if the slag heaps are included). It is the best preserved remnant and the most comprehensive showing of the coal activity of the area. The facilities situated above ground responded to the need to circulate men, coal and equipment in the same limited space. In order to manage traffic flow near the pit, the site was organized under a system of platforms where former quarries used to be. Washing rooms and sorting plants were installed on the lower platform called the "plâtre"(the plaster) and were demolished in 1969. For the most part, the buildings of the intermediary platform, which have been preserved, date back to the First World War (administrative buildings, boiler room, former lamp room, engine room and the "petit lavabo" (the small washroom)) and to the post-war era ("grand lavabo" and lamp room of 1948). In its most recent configuration, the pit could accommodate nearly 2,000 miners and several hundred workers every day. The site was the head office of the Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire. It was the largest pit of the area until the 1930s and remained the western sector headquarters after the 1946 nationalisation . Site history Located west of Saint-Étienne, the site is located within the perimeter of the old town of Montaud, then split with the ephemeral town of Beaubrun (1842–1855) which is finally integrated in Saint-Étienne in 1855. Certified since the 18th century, coal mining in this area is due to the presence of an anticline bringing three shallow exploitable layers to the surface (the first, second and third layers of the Beaubrun part of the pit). The rugged terrain of the area of the old locality known as the Clapier reflects the previous exploitation of the outcrops of these coal layers. These old quarries have also provided the sandstone needed to create underground work (called overturned bleachers) until the 1930s. Around 1810, the activity seemed restricted when compared to Villars', east of Saint-Étienne (beyond the Furan) in Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and especially the Gier Valley which then produces nearly half of the domestic coal production. At that time, the area of Beaubrun is known in the official documents to be partly exploited and its former works, which sometimes resulted in deadly floods, made it difficult to exploit. The 1840s Beaubrun plot It was around 1840, with the development of the first railway junction from Saint-Étienne to Montrambert, that mining activity has sustainably grown in this sector. The Beaubrun plot was run by three small companies: In the south, the Compagnie des Mines Ranchon: Mining company bordering the Tardy neighbourhood (now rue Vaillant Couturier). It owned a pit and a split. To the west, the Compagnie Parisienne is a smaller company (two new pits which were then in the process of being dug). In the southwest, near the present location of the Couriot pit, the Mines Grangette; grouping the pits Basses-villes 1 and 2, Hautes-villes 1 and 2, Culatte 1 and 2 and Clapier 1 and 2 (scene of a disaster in 1839 which provoked a flood and its subsequent desertion for several decades) . The current location of the Couriot pit was then occupied by the Clapier castle. This small company subsequently joined other companies to found the Compagnie des Houillères de Saint-Étienne in 1845 in order to counteract the irresistible rise of the Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire after a merger between various companies from Rive-de-Gier. The CHSE was eventually absorbed in September 1845 by the great Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire. 1854–92: The Beaubrun Company In 1854 Napoleon III dissolved the monopoly. A small company, the Compagnie des Mines Beaubrun ran the plot consisting of half a dozen old pits, among which the Châtelus pit (founded in 1850 by the Compagnie des Mines de la Loire). It is the result of the two great neighboring companies running two coal veins situated on each sides of the Malacussy underground rift which cuts the plot in two. Its capital is partly owned by these powerful neighbors: The S.A. des Mines de la Loire which runs more concessions to the North and the Société Anonyme des Mines de Montrambert and la Béraudière in the South. Both societies were the result of the division of the monopoly and each owned a portion of the capital of the Beaubrun Company. In 1857, Clapier Station was inaugurated and the rail workaround of the western part of Saint-Étienne provided new uses for the coal extracted in Beaubrun. A key element that would later make the site the main place of extraction. Around 1860, the old Clapier castle was demolished along with the hamlet of Clapier. The Châtelus pit was connected to the old Clapier pit and 5th layer was explored but the digging of a new pit was required. The digging of a new pit named Châtelus 2 started in 1870. In 1887, a huge explosion of coal dust in the area between Châtelus 1 and Culatte caused the death of 79 miners. The event made the headlines, the emotion was great and the damage was substantial: the pit was therefore closed. On 3 June 1893, the small company was eventually absorbed by the Mines de la Loire, under the influence of Henry Couriot who probably saw development opportunities in the plot strategic position and stocks. The Châtelus pit in Saint-Étienne in 1880. The new head office of the S.A. des Mines de la Loire After the dissolution of the Compagnie des Mines de la Loire by Napoleon III in 1854, the S.A. des Mines de la Loire inherited the CML name, its debts and its Northwest plots. 1892–1893: it assimilated the Beaubrun Company and started working again (restarting Châtelus and modernising the sorting plants). The company began in 1907 to design a new generation pit named Châtelus 3, which later became known as the Couriot pit. The pit was created to mine a vein of coal destined for coke named the "8th Grüner", the company hoped to reach a record depth of 1 km. The Mines de la Loire associated themselves in 1911 with other partners to launch a housing project called La Ruche Immobilière(the property beehive) in order to house the workforce that would be working in their new pit. The drilling ended at 727.25 m in 1914 and the headframe was skidded over the pit, but the beginning of World War I stopped the building work. In 1917, the Châtelus 3 pit is renamed after the president of the Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire, Henry Couriot and officially becomes the Couriot pit 1919: Couriot pit starts running. Within the pit, the wagon loading area is situated at −116 m below sea level (i.e. 643 m deep). Meanwhile, the Mines de la Loire bought the surrounding land to prevent the urban sprawl of Saint Etienne, that is to say 5 km² of land that from then on limited the development of the western sector of the city. 1928: installation of a new concrete headframe for Châtelus 1 which became a service pit, the Chatelus 2 pit is deserted and backfilled. March 1941: visit and speech of Marshal Philippe Pétain. 1946–1973: From Nationalisation to Closure 1945–1947: The project to make an extraction pit equipped with "skips" of Châtelus 1 is considered but there was no follow-up. October 1948: Miners go on strike, the mobile guard occupies the site. The same year, the installation of a new line of skips on the surface will allow the elevation of a second slag heap. 1969: Controlled caving of the concrete headframe of the Châtelus 1 pit. 1971: Couriot pit is progressively being shut down. 5 April 1973 : Couriot pit closure. The cables are cut. The last team to go down the pit to shut down the pumps got back above ground through the Rochefort pit. At that time, Couriot is the last pit to cease its activities in the city of Saint-Étienne. Conversion of the pit after its closure 1991: Opening of the mining museum. The entire site was listed as historical monument in January 2011 2013: Finalisation of the first phase of the conversion of the former "plâtre" (plaster) into a city park named after Joseph Sanguedolce. December 2014: Inauguration of three new exhibition spaces presenting a part of the museum's collections. Site entrance. The "Grand Lavabo" (the big sink) aka. The Hangmen Room. Administrative building. Emergency winding engine building. Main winding engine building. The winding engine. The power room. Notes and references ^ "Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum". RouteYou. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ a b Base Mérimée: PA42000039, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) See also Bibliography Couriot, album, coll. Heritage Loire basin 1, Mining Museum of Saint-Étienne (publishing city of Saint-Étienne), 2002. 100 sites in issues, Industrial heritage of Saint-Étienne and its territory, coll. Heritage of the Loire basin No. 2 Mining Museum of Saint-Étienne (publishing city of Saint-Étienne), 2006. Mr. Bedoin, The Etienne Mining Heritage Drive Guide Roche-La-Molière, 1985. Sagnard Jerome Joseph Berthet, minor Memories in Etienne basin, Alan Sutton Publishing, 2004, 128 p. Sagnard Jerome Joseph Berthet, Patrick Etievant, Wells coal from the Loire basin, Editions Alan Sutton, minors Memoirs, 2008, 128 p. Related articles Loire coal mining basin Saint-Étienne Loire Coal Mines The few headframes preserved in the area Combes Pit Marais pit Other pits Pigeot pit Verpilleux pit External links Saint-Étienne Mine Museum "Travers banc", website listing Saint-Étienne Mine Museum's partners Authority control databases International ISNI National France BnF data Geographic Mérimée
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"coalmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalmine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e-2"}],"text":"The Saint-Étienne Mine Museum is a French museum founded in 1991 in the city of Saint-Étienne in the French department of the Loire situated in the Rhône-Alpes region.[1] It presents the facilities of a former coalmine. The site is registered as a historical monument since 2011.[2]","title":"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[pɥi kuʁjo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[paʁk myze də la min]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"show mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_mine"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Laurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens"},{"link_name":"Armand Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Universal Exhibition of 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Exhibition_of_1889&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Officially named Puits Couriot ([pɥi kuʁjo]; English: Couriot Coalmine) / Parc Musée de la Mine ([paʁk myze də la min]; English: Mine Museum Park), it is set up in the buildings of the last coal pit of the city (closed in 1973).The museum is also a show mine and thus offers the possibility to visit a reconstructed gallery and the historical buildings of the former mine site:the Grand lavabo (the main washroom);\nthe hoist room and the power room (superchargers and electric converters);\nthe lamp room (lamp maintenance workshop);\nthe compressor room;\nthe electric locomotives maintenance shop;\nformer access to underground structures (tunnel of the Loire pit, slotted bridges).The museum also offers three permanent exhibition tours (launched in December 2014). Those exhibitions display a selection of objects from the museum's collections:The Figure of the Miner (reproduction of \"Mineurs\" by Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Mineur by Armand Bloch, sculptures, posters, extracts from archive films);\nThe Great History of Couriot (tactile model, animated theater, cut view of the Couriot pit, relief maps and cut views of Mines de la Loire plc)'s mines.\nSix Centuries of Coal Adventures (large relief plan of the Loire area created for the Universal Exhibition of 1889, video wall, models, posters, photographs, tools and everyday objects among others ...).The site is also part of a cultural program (performing arts, film screenings, festivals).\nIt was awarded the Musée de France label.","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Le Brasier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Brasier"},{"link_name":"slag heaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_heaps"},{"link_name":"coal activity of the area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire_coal_mining_basin"},{"link_name":"platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/platform"},{"link_name":"quarries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarries"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"boiler room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_room"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"post-war era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_era"},{"link_name":"miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner"},{"link_name":"Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._des_Mines_de_la_Loire"},{"link_name":"nationalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation"}],"text":"The Grand Lavabo, construit en 1948. The miners' gears were hung back up for the filming of Le Brasier.The Couriot pit site covers an area of 115 hectares (37 acres) if the slag heaps are included). It is the best preserved remnant and the most comprehensive showing of the coal activity of the area.The facilities situated above ground responded to the need to circulate men, coal and equipment in the same limited space. In order to manage traffic flow near the pit, the site was organized under a system of platforms where former quarries used to be.Washing rooms and sorting plants were installed on the lower platform called the \"plâtre\"(the plaster) and were demolished in 1969.For the most part, the buildings of the intermediary platform, which have been preserved, date back to the First World War (administrative buildings, boiler room, former lamp room, engine room and the \"petit lavabo\" (the small washroom)) and to the post-war era (\"grand lavabo\" and lamp room of 1948).In its most recent configuration, the pit could accommodate nearly 2,000 miners and several hundred workers every day.The site was the head office of the Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire. It was the largest pit of the area until the 1930s and remained the western sector headquarters after the 1946 nationalisation .","title":"Above-ground facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"Beaubrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartiers_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne#Quartier_de_Tarentaize_Beaubrun_Severine"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"anticline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline"},{"link_name":"Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villars,_Loire"},{"link_name":"Furan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furan_(river)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds"}],"text":"Located west of Saint-Étienne, the site is located within the perimeter of the old town of Montaud, then split with the ephemeral town of Beaubrun (1842–1855) which is finally integrated in Saint-Étienne in 1855.\nCertified since the 18th century, coal mining in this area is due to the presence of an anticline bringing three shallow exploitable layers to the surface (the first, second and third layers of the Beaubrun part of the pit). The rugged terrain of the area of the old locality known as the Clapier reflects the previous exploitation of the outcrops of these coal layers. These old quarries have also provided the sandstone needed to create underground work (called overturned bleachers) until the 1930s.Around 1810, the activity seemed restricted when compared to Villars', east of Saint-Étienne (beyond the Furan) in Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and especially the Gier Valley which then produces nearly half of the domestic coal production. At that time, the area of Beaubrun is known in the official documents to be partly exploited and its former works, which sometimes resulted in deadly floods, made it difficult to exploit.","title":"Site history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_junction"}],"text":"It was around 1840, with the development of the first railway junction from Saint-Étienne to Montrambert, that mining activity has sustainably grown in this sector. The Beaubrun plot was run by three small companies:In the south, the Compagnie des Mines Ranchon: Mining company bordering the Tardy neighbourhood (now rue Vaillant Couturier). It owned a pit and a split.\nTo the west, the Compagnie Parisienne is a smaller company (two new pits which were then in the process of being dug).\nIn the southwest, near the present location of the Couriot pit, the Mines Grangette; grouping the pits Basses-villes 1 and 2, Hautes-villes 1 and 2, Culatte 1 and 2 and Clapier 1 and 2 (scene of a disaster in 1839 which provoked a flood and its subsequent desertion for several decades) . The current location of the Couriot pit was then occupied by the Clapier castle.This small company subsequently joined other companies to found the Compagnie des Houillères de Saint-Étienne in 1845 in order to counteract the irresistible rise of the Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire after a merger between various companies from Rive-de-Gier.The CHSE was eventually absorbed in September 1845 by the great Compagnie Générale des Mines de la Loire.","title":"The 1840s Beaubrun plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift"},{"link_name":"S.A. des Mines de la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._des_Mines_de_la_Loire"},{"link_name":"Clapier Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne-Le_Clapier"},{"link_name":"coal dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatelus.png"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"}],"text":"In 1854 Napoleon III dissolved the monopoly. A small company, the Compagnie des Mines Beaubrun ran the plot consisting of half a dozen old pits, among which the Châtelus pit (founded in 1850 by the Compagnie des Mines de la Loire). It is the result of the two great neighboring companies running two coal veins situated on each sides of the Malacussy underground rift which cuts the plot in two.Its capital is partly owned by these powerful neighbors: The S.A. des Mines de la Loire which runs more concessions to the North and the Société Anonyme des Mines de Montrambert and la Béraudière in the South. Both societies were the result of the division of the monopoly and each owned a portion of the capital of the Beaubrun Company.In 1857, Clapier Station was inaugurated and the rail workaround of the western part of Saint-Étienne provided new uses for the coal extracted in Beaubrun. A key element that would later make the site the main place of extraction.Around 1860, the old Clapier castle was demolished along with the hamlet of Clapier. The Châtelus pit was connected to the old Clapier pit and 5th layer was explored but the digging of a new pit was required. The digging of a new pit named Châtelus 2 started in 1870.In 1887, a huge explosion of coal dust in the area between Châtelus 1 and Culatte caused the death of 79 miners. The event made the headlines, the emotion was great and the damage was substantial: the pit was therefore closed.On 3 June 1893, the small company was eventually absorbed by the Mines de la Loire, under the influence of Henry Couriot who probably saw development opportunities in the plot strategic position and stocks.The Châtelus pit in Saint-Étienne in 1880.","title":"1854–92: The Beaubrun Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein_(geology)"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"housing project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_projects"},{"link_name":"workforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"headframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headframe"},{"link_name":"backfilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backfill"},{"link_name":"Philippe Pétain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"}],"text":"After the dissolution of the Compagnie des Mines de la Loire by Napoleon III in 1854, the S.A. des Mines de la Loire inherited the CML name, its debts and its Northwest plots.1892–1893: it assimilated the Beaubrun Company and started working again (restarting Châtelus and modernising the sorting plants).The company began in 1907 to design a new generation pit named Châtelus 3, which later became known as the Couriot pit. The pit was created to mine a vein of coal destined for coke named the \"8th Grüner\", the company hoped to reach a record depth of 1 km.The Mines de la Loire associated themselves in 1911 with other partners to launch a housing project called La Ruche Immobilière(the property beehive) in order to house the workforce that would be working in their new pit.The drilling ended at 727.25 m in 1914 and the headframe was skidded over the pit, but the beginning of World War I stopped the building work.In 1917, the Châtelus 3 pit is renamed after the president of the Société Anonyme des Mines de la Loire, Henry Couriot and officially becomes the Couriot pit1919: Couriot pit starts running. Within the pit, the wagon loading area is situated at −116 m below sea level (i.e. 643 m deep).Meanwhile, the Mines de la Loire bought the surrounding land to prevent the urban sprawl of Saint Etienne, that is to say 5 km² of land that from then on limited the development of the western sector of the city.1928: installation of a new concrete headframe for Châtelus 1 which became a service pit, the Chatelus 2 pit is deserted and backfilled.March 1941: visit and speech of Marshal Philippe Pétain.","title":"The new head office of the S.A. des Mines de la Loire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecart"},{"link_name":"slag heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_heap"},{"link_name":"headframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headframe"}],"text":"1945–1947: The project to make an extraction pit equipped with \"skips\" of Châtelus 1 is considered but there was no follow-up.\nOctober 1948: Miners go on strike, the mobile guard occupies the site. The same year, the installation of a new line of skips on the surface will allow the elevation of a second slag heap.\n1969: Controlled caving of the concrete headframe of the Châtelus 1 pit.\n1971: Couriot pit is progressively being shut down.\n5 April 1973 : Couriot pit closure. The cables are cut. The last team to go down the pit to shut down the pumps got back above ground through the Rochefort pit. At that time, Couriot is the last pit to cease its activities in the city of Saint-Étienne.","title":"1946–1973: From Nationalisation to Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mining museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_museum"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_monument"},{"link_name":"historical monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_monument"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sanguedolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Sanguedolce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_11.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_14.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_08.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_12.JPG"},{"link_name":"winding engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_engine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_-_Puits_Couriot_13.JPG"}],"text":"1991: Opening of the mining museum.\nThe entire site was listed as historical monument in January 2011[2]\n2013: Finalisation of the first phase of the conversion of the former \"plâtre\" (plaster) into a city park named after Joseph Sanguedolce.\nDecember 2014: Inauguration of three new exhibition spaces presenting a part of the museum's collections.Site entrance.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe \"Grand Lavabo\" (the big sink) aka. The Hangmen Room.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdministrative building.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmergency winding engine building.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain winding engine building.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe winding engine.The power room.","title":"Conversion of the pit after its closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.routeyou.com/en-fr/location/view/47848255/saint-etienne-mine-museum"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e_2-1"},{"link_name":"Base Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"PA42000039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA42000039"}],"text":"^ \"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum\". RouteYou. Retrieved 4 May 2023.\n\n^ a b Base Mérimée: PA42000039, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"The Grand Lavabo, construit en 1948. The miners' gears were hung back up for the filming of Le Brasier.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/2014_-_Puits_Couriot_04.JPG/170px-2014_-_Puits_Couriot_04.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Châtelus pit in Saint-Étienne in 1880.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chatelus.png/220px-Chatelus.png"}]
[]
[{"reference":"\"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum\". RouteYou. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routeyou.com/en-fr/location/view/47848255/saint-etienne-mine-museum","url_text":"\"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-%C3%89tienne_Mine_Museum&params=45.438514_N_4.376636_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°26′19″N 4°22′36″E / 45.438514°N 4.376636°E / 45.438514; 4.376636"},{"Link":"http://www.saint-etienne.fr/culture/puits-couriot-parc-musee-mine","external_links_name":"www.saint-etienne.fr/culture/puits-couriot-parc-musee-mine"},{"Link":"https://www.routeyou.com/en-fr/location/view/47848255/saint-etienne-mine-museum","external_links_name":"\"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum - Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA42000039","external_links_name":"PA42000039"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223184924/http://saint-etienne.fr/culture/puits-couriot-parc-musee-mine","external_links_name":"Saint-Étienne Mine Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.travers-bancs.org/","external_links_name":"\"Travers banc\", website listing Saint-Étienne Mine Museum's partners"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405522764","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125622655","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125622655","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA42000039","external_links_name":"Mérimée"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_built_by_Cammell_Laird
List of ships built by Cammell Laird
["1 1800s","2 1900―1924","3 1925―1949","4 1950―1974","5 1975―1999","6 2000s","7 References","7.1 Sources"]
The following is a non-exhaustive list of ships that were built by Cammell Laird, a shipbuilding and repair company founded in 1828 in Birkenhead, England. The ships are listed in order of their launch, grouped into time periods. 1800s Ship Built Type Flag Ref USS Chatham 1836 Steamer  Confederate States Navy HMS Birkenhead 1845 Troop ship  Royal Navy PS Cambria 1848 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom SS Ellan Vannin 1854 Paddle steamer  Isle of Man Denbigh 1860 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom Ulster 1860 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom CSS Alabama 1862 Sloop  Confederate States Navy HMS Orontes 1862 Troop ship  Royal Navy PS Alexandra 1863 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom HMS Scorpion 1863 Turret ship  Royal Navy HMS Wivern 1863 Turret ship  Royal Navy CSS Lark 1864 Paddle steamer  Confederate States Navy HMS Agincourt 1865 Ironclad  Royal Navy Huáscar 1865 Turret ship  Peru HMS Euphrates 1866 Troop ship  Royal Navy HNLMS Prins Hendrik der Nederlanden 1866 Turret ship  Royal Netherlands Navy HNLMS Stier 1868 Monitor  Royal Netherlands Navy HMS Captain 1869 Turret ship  Royal Navy PS Earl Spencer 1874 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom ARA Paraná 1874 Gunboat  Argentine Navy ARA Uruguay 1874 Schooner  Argentine Navy PS Rose 1876 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom PS Shamrock 1876 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom PS Isabella 1877 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom SS Mona 1878 Packet steamer  Isle of Man PS Lily 1880 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom SS Pembroke 1880 Ferry  United Kingdom PS Violet 1880 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom PS Eleanor 1881 Paddle steamer  United Kingdom HMS Rattlesnake 1886 Torpedo gunboat  Royal Navy TSS Olga 1887 Cargo steamer  United Kingdom Colombia 1889 Passenger steamer  Germany SS Antelope 1889 Ferry  United Kingdom SS Gazelle 1889 Ferry  United Kingdom SS Lynx 1889 Ferry  United Kingdom Almirante Condell 1890 Torpedo gunboat  Chilean Navy Almirante Lynch 1890 Torpedo gunboat  Chilean Navy USS Mohican 1890 Patrol vessel  United States Navy TSS Ibex 1891 Passenger steamer  United Kingdom 1891 Battleship  Argentine Navy SS Sir Richard Grenville 1891 Passenger tender  United Kingdom TSS Duke of Clarence 1892 Passenger tender  United Kingdom ARA Libertad 1892 Battleship  Argentine Navy HMS Royal Oak 1892 Battleship  Royal Navy TSS City of Belfast 1893 Passenger liner  United Kingdom HMS Banshee 1894 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Contest 1894 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Dragon 1894 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Lynx 1894 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS Titan 1894 Tug boat  United Kingdom HMS Quail 1895 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Sparrowhawk 1895 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Thrasher 1895 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Virago 1895 Destroyer  Royal Navy Almirante Simpson 1896 Torpedo gunboat  Chilean Navy HMS Earnest 1896 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Express 1896 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Griffon 1896 Destroyer  Royal Navy RMS Leinster 1896 Mail ship  United Kingdom HMS Locust 1896 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Mars 1896 Battleship  Royal Navy RMS Connaught 1897 Mail ship  United Kingdom HMS Panther 1897 Destroyer  Royal Navy ARA Presidente Sarmiento 1897 Training ship  Argentine Navy HMS Seal 1897 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Wolf 1897 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Glory 1899 Battleship  Royal Navy 1900―1924 Ship Built Type Flag Ref HMS Mutine 1900 Sloop  Royal Navy TSS South Stack 1900 Passenger ship  United Kingdom HMS Exmouth 1901 Battleship  Royal Navy HMS Lively 1901 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Orwell 1901 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Sprightly 1901 Destroyer  Royal Navy TSS Great Southern 1902 Passenger ship  United Kingdom TSS Great Western 1902 Passenger ship  United Kingdom HMS Arun 1903 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Blackwater 1903 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Foyle 1903 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Itchen 1903 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Topaze 1903 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Liffey 1904 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Moy 1904 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Pathfinder 1904 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Patrol 1904 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Ouse 1905 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Stour 1905 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Test 1905 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS Marylebone 1906 Passenger ship  United Kingdom SS St George 1906 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Cossack 1907 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Swift 1907 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS Sir Francis Drake 1908 Tug  United Kingdom SS Sir Walter Raleigh 1908 Tug  United Kingdom HMS Renard 1910 Destroyer  Royal Navy TSS Manx Maid 1910 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Raccoon 1910 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS Sarnia 1910 Passenger vessel  United Kingdom SS Snaefell 1910 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Wolverine 1910 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Adamant 1910 Submarine depot ship  Royal Navy Aetos 1911 Destroyer  Greece SS Chenab 1911 Steam ship  United Kingdom Ierax 1911 Destroyer  Greece Leon 1911 Destroyer  Greece HMS Lapwing 1911 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Lizard 1911 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Audacious 1912 Battleship  Royal Navy TrSS 1912 1912 Passenger ship  United Kingdom SS Kristianiafjord 1912 Passenger liner  Norway HMAS Melbourne 1912 Cruiser  Royal Australian Navy Panthir 1912 Destroyer  Greece SS Bergensfjord 1913 Passenger liner  Norway SS Britanica 1913 Reefer  United Kingdom SS King Orry 1913 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Garland 1913 Destroyer  Royal Navy Vasilefs Constantinos 1914 Ocean liner  Greece HMS Caroline 1914 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Abdiel 1915 Minelayer  Royal Navy HMS Birkenhead 1915 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Castor 1915 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Chester 1915 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Constance 1915 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS E41 1915 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Gabriel 1915 Flotila leader  Royal Navy SS Kalyan 1915 Passenger ship  United Kingdom HMS Kempenfelt 1915 Flotilla leader  Royal Navy HMS Caledon 1916 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS E42 1916 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS E45 1916 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS E46 1916 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Grenville 1916 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Hoste 1916 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Ithuriel 1916 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS L7 1916 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Parker 1916 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Saumarez 1916 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Seymour 1916 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS L8 1917 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Valentine 1917 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Valhalla 1917 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Bruce 1918 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Cairo 1918 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Campbell 1918 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS Capetown 1918 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Douglas 1918 Flotila leader  Royal Navy HMS H33 1918 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS H34 1918 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS R11 1918 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS R12 1918 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Mackay 1918 Flotila leader  Royal Navy SS Stavangerfjord 1918 Passenger liner  Norway HMS Malcolm 1919 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Scott 1918 Flotila leader  Royal Navy SS Manistee 1920 Dry cargo ship  United Kingdom RMS Samaria 1920 Ocean liner  United Kingdom SS Zent 1920 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Patia 1922 Reefer  United Kingdom Nisbet Grammer 1923 Canaller  United States SS Casanare 1922 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Sarpedon 1923 Passenger steamer  United Kingdom SS Darien 1924 Reefer  Panama SS De Grasse 1924 Liner  France 1925―1949 Ship Built Type Flag Ref SS Aracataca 1925 Reefer  United Kingdom USS Cygnus 1925 Cargo ship  United States Navy HMS Rodney 1925 Battleship  Royal Navy SS Almeda Star 1926 Passenger and cargo liner  United Kingdom SS Cristales 1926 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Sulaco 1926 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Tetala 1926 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Andalucia Star 1927 Passenger liner  United Kingdom SS Arandora Star 1927 Passenger liner  United Kingdom SS Ben-my-Chree 1927 Packet steamer  Isle of Man RMS Lady Drake 1928 Passenger liner  Canada RMS Lady Hawkins 1928 Passenger liner  Canada RMS Lady Nelson 1928 Passenger liner  Canada RMS Lady Rodney 1929 Passenger liner  Canada RMS Lady Somers 1929 Passenger liner  Canada SS Matina 1929 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Mopan 1929 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Peveril 1929 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Phoenix 1929 Submarine  Royal Navy SS Sultan Star 1929 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Benedict 1930 Passenger liner  United Kingdom SS Deemore 1930 Tug  United Kingdom SS Platano 1930 Banana boat  Panama SS Prince David 1930 Passenger liner  Canada SS Prince Henry 1930 Passenger liner  Canada SS Prince Robert 1930 Passenger liner  Canada HMS Hilary 1931 Passenger liner  United Kingdom HMNZS Achilles 1932 Cruiser  Royal New Zealand Navy TSS St Andrew 1932 Ferry  United Kingdom TSS St David 1932 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Foresight 1933 Destroyer  Royal Navy TSS Great Western 1933 Ferry  United Kingdom HMAS Southern Cross 1933 Troop ship  Royal Australian Navy RMS Clement 1934 Passenger liner  United Kingdom HMS Fearless 1934 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS Mona's Queen 1934 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Salmon 1934 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sealion 1934 Submarine  Royal Navy MV Abosso 1935 Passenger liner  United Kingdom HMS Crispin 1935 Cargo ship  Royal Navy MV Dunedin Star 1935 Cargo liner  United Kingdom SS British Confidence 1936 Oil tanker  United Kingdom HMS Hardy 1936 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Inglefield 1936 Destroyer  Royal Navy MV Melbourne Star 1936 Cargo liner  United Kingdom HMS Spearfish 1936 Submarine  Royal Navy RFA Aldersdale 1937 RFA  Royal Navy HMS Ark Royal 1937 Aircraft carrier  Royal Navy MV Brisbane Star 1937 Cargo liner  United Kingdom SS British Fortitude 1937 Oil tanker  United Kingdom SS City of Pretoria 1937 Passenger and cargo liner  United Kingdom Misiones 1937 Destroyer  Argentine Navy Santa Cruz 1937 Destroyer  Argentine Navy HMS Lothian 1938 Troop ship  Royal Navy RMS Mauretania 1938 Mail ship  United Kingdom HMS Thetis 1938 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Trident 1938 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Atherstone 1939 Destroyer  Royal Navy SS British Sincerity 1939 Oil tanker  United Kingdom HMS Dido 1939 Cruiser  Royal Navy Diloma 1939 Tanker  United Kingdom HMS Prince of Wales 1939 Battleship  Royal Navy HMS Taku 1939 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Temeraire 1939 Battleship  Royal Navy HMS Berkeley 1940 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Blencathra 1940 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Brocklesby 1940 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Charybdis 1940 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Eskdale 1940 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Gurkha 1940 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Talisman 1940 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Thrasher 1940 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Aldenham 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Argonaut 1941 Cruiser  Royal Navy HMS Badsworth 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Beaufort 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Belvoir 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy RFA Dewdale 1941 RFA  Royal Navy SS Empire Clive 1941 CAM ship  United Kingdom SS Empire Flame 1941 CAM Ship  United Kingdom HMS Glaisdale 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Lively 1941 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Safari 1941 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Tempest 1941 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Thorn 1941 Submarine  Royal Navy SS British Promise 1942 Oil tanker  United Kingdom SS British Tradition 1942 Oil tanker  United Kingdom HMS Cygnet 1942 Sloop  Royal Navy HMS Kite 1942 Sloop  Royal Navy HMS Raider 1942 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Rapid 1942 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Sahib 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Saracen 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Scorpion 1942 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Scourge 1942 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Seadog 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sea Nymph 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sibyl 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sickle 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Simoom 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Stubborn 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Surf 1942 Submarine  Royal Navy SS British Restraint 1943 Oil tanker  United Kingdom MV Empire MacColl 1943 Merchant aircraft carrier  United Kingdom HMS Spirit 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Statesman 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Stoic 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Stonehenge 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Storm 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Stratagem 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sturdy 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Stygian 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Syrtis 1943 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Teazer 1943 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Tenacious 1943 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Undaunted 1943 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Ulysses 1943 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Venerable 1943 Aircraft carrier  Royal Navy HMS Zambesi 1943 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Affray 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Gravelines 1944 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Hogue 1944 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Lagos 1944 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Scorcher 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sea Scout 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Selene 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sidon 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sleuth 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Solent 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Spearhead 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Spur 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Subtle 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Supreme 1944 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Zealous 1944 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Aeneas 1945 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Saga 1945 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sanguine 1945 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Sluys 1945 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Springer 1945 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Alaric 1946 Submarine  Royal Navy SS Argentina Star 1946 Passenger Liner  United Kingdom SS King Orry 1946 Packet steamer  Isle of Man SS Mona's Queen 1946 Packet steamer  Isle of Man SS Brasil Star 1947 Reefer  United Kingdom TSS St David 1947 Ferry  United Kingdom TSS St Patrick 1947 Ferry  United Kingdom TSS Tynwald 1947 Packet steamer  Isle of Man SS Uruguay Star 1947 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Paraguay Star 1948 Reefer  United Kingdom TSS Snaefell 1948 Packet steamer  Isle of Man 1950―1974 Ship Built Type Flag Ref HMS Ark Royal 1950 Aircraft carrier  Royal Navy SS Mona's Isle 1950 Packet steamer  Isle of Man SS Tasmania Star 1950 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Hildebrand 1951 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Romney 1952 Cargo liner  United Kingdom SS Hubert 1954 Liner  United Kingdom HMS Whitby 1954 Frigate  Royal Navy TSS Manxman 1955 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Tenby 1955 Frigate  Royal Navy SS San Flaviano 1956 Oil tanker  United Kingdom SS San Fortunato 1956 Oil tanker  United Kingdom HMS Grampus 1957 Submarine  Royal Navy SS Rockhampton Star 1957 Reefer  United Kingdom SS Auckland Star 1958 Reefer  United Kingdom INS Talwar 1958 Frigate  Indian Navy HMS Finwhale 1959 Submarine  Royal Navy SS Fremantle Star 1959 Reefer  United Kingdom HMS Sealion 1959 Submarine  Royal Navy RMS Windsor Castle 1959 Mail ship  United Kingdom HMS Devonshire 1960 Destroyer  Royal Navy HMS Odin 1960 Submarine  Royal Navy MV Royal Daffodil 1961 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Oracle 1961 Submarine  Royal Navy CS Retriever 1961 Cable ship  United Kingdom HMS Ajax 1962 Frigate  Royal Navy TSS Manx Maid 1962 Packet steamer  Isle of Man CS Mercury 1962 Cable ship  United Kingdom HMS Opossum 1963 Submarine  Royal Navy CS Cable Enterprise 1964 Cable ship  United Kingdom RMAS Mandarin 1964 Mooring and salvage  Royal Navy RMAS Pintail 1964 Mooring and salvage  Royal Navy SS Ben-my-Chree 1965 Packet steamer  Isle of Man HMS Onyx 1966 Submarine  Royal Navy Koningin Juliana 1967 Car / passenger ferry  Netherlands MV Lion 1967 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Renown 1967 Nuclear submarine  Royal Navy MV Ulster Queen 1967 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Revenge 1968 Nuclear submarine  Royal Navy HMS Conqueror 1969 Nuclear submarine  Royal Navy MV Gazana 1971 LPG carrier  United Kingdom Esso Clyde 1972 Oil tanker  United Kingdom Esso Mersey 1972 Oil tanker  United Kingdom Oakworth 1972 Bulk carrier  United Kingdom Orbita 1972 Bulk carrier  United Kingdom Orduna 1972 Bulk carrier  United Kingdom Ortega 1972 Bulk carrier  United Kingdom HMS Birmingham 1973 Destroyer  Royal Navy MV Gambada 1973 LPG carrier  United Kingdom SS St Edmund 1973 Ferry  United Kingdom RFA Orangeleaf 1973 RFA  Royal Navy HMS Coventry 1974 Destroyer  Royal Navy 1975―1999 Ship Built Type Flag Ref RFA Appleleaf 1975 RFA  Royal Navy RFA Brambleleaf 1976 RFA  Royal Navy HMS Liverpool 1980 Destroyer  Royal Navy RFA Bayleaf 1981 RFA  Royal Navy HMS Edinburgh 1983 Destroyer  Royal Navy Sovereign Explorer 1984 Oil rig AV-1 (British Gas) 1985 Oil rig HMS Campbeltown 1987 Frigate  Royal Navy HMS Unseen 1989 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Ursula 1991 Submarine  Royal Navy HMS Unicorn 1992 Submarine  Royal Navy 2000s Ship Built Type Flag Ref MV Sound of Seil 2013 Ferry  United Kingdom MV Sound of Soay 2013 Ferry  United Kingdom HMS Queen Elizabeth 2014 Aircraft carrier  Royal Navy HMS Prince of Wales 2016 Aircraft carrier  Royal Navy RRS Sir David Attenborough 2018 Research vessel  United Kingdom MV Red Kestrel 2019 Freight ferry  United Kingdom References ^ a b c d e f g "Cammell Laird shipbuilders - Wirral History". www.wirralhistory.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ Mortimer, William Williams (1847). The History of the Hundred of Wirral: With a Sketch of the City and County. Whittaker & Co. ^ "Chronological list of Ships sailing from Holyhead to Ireland". 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ The Manx Sun. 1 July 1854 ^ "The Denbigh Project: A New Runner". nautarch.tamu.edu. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ "New Mail-Packets between Holy-Head and Dublin". Illustrated London News. 10 March 1860. p. 245. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ Wilson, Walter E. (2012). James D. Bulloch: secret agent and mastermind of the Confederate navy. Jefferson, North Carolina. pp. 76, 80. ISBN 978-0-7864-6659-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Duckworth & Langmuir 1968 ^ a b Gardiner, Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 20. ^ The Galveston Weekly News, 26 April 1865, retrieved 11 July 2021 ^ Ballard 1980, p. 28. ^ Coles, Cowper P. (1868). "The Turret versus Broadside System". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XI. Whitehall Yard: 436. ^ Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555. ^ "Dutch Ironclads Prins Hendrik and Konig der Nederlanden". Warship International. IX (2). Toledo, OH: Naval Records Club: 199–200. 1972. ^ "Dutch Ironclad Rams". Warship International. IX (3): 302–304. 1972. ^ Preston, Antony (2002). The world's worst warships. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-754-6. page 23 ^ "Earl Spencer". UK Shipbuilders. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ a b "La Escuadra de Sarmiento (1872)". Histarmar - Historia y Arqueología Marítima (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ "SS Mona". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 24 October 2021. ^ a b c d Lucking, J.H. (1971). The Great Western at Weymouth. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5135-4. ^ Colledge, J. J. (2010). Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. and updated ed.). Havertown, Pa.: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-07-1. page 288 ^ Lyon, David (2004). The sail & steam Navy list: all the ships of the Royal Navy, 1815-1889. London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. pages 82-83 ^ "Columbia, Hamburg America Line". www.norwayheritage.com. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ a b Chilean Navy site Almirante Lynch Archived 2013-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 5 November 2012 ^ "USS Mohican (SP-117)". Lloyds Yacht Register. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013. ^ "New steamer for the Channel Islands Service". Liverpool Mercury. Liverpool. 8 June 1891. Retrieved 14 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Acorazado de Río Independencia (1893)". Historia y Arqueologia Marítima. Retrieved 24 October 2021. ^ "New Steamer for the Great Western Railway". Liverpool Mercury. Liverpool. 1 May 1891. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Lloyds Register - 1930-31" (PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ "Battleships of Argentina". battleshiplist.com. Retrieved 24 October 2021. ^ Parkes, Oscar (1990). British battleships, "Warrior" 1860 to "Vanguard" 1950: a history of design, construction, and armament (New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4. page 355 ^ "Birkenhead". Cheshire Observer. Cheshire. 14 January 1893. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b c The Times (London), Monday, 17 December 1894, p.10 ^ Lyon 2005, pp. 55, 59 ^ Lyon 2005, p. 61,62 ^ a b c The Times (London), Wednesday, 9 October 1895, p.7 ^ Vargas Molina 2014, p. 166. ^ a b c d e f g Lyon 2005, p. 62 ^ "The Irish Mail Service". The Engineer. LXXXIII. London: 280. 18 September 1896. Retrieved 29 November 2017.(registration required) ^ Gardiner, Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 34. ^ Lecane, Philip. "RMS 'Leinster': The sinking of a ship off Dublin by a German torpedo". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ Brouwer, Norman J. (1999). The international register of historic ships. London: Chatham Pub. ISBN 0-930248-11-2. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 35067. London. 7 December 1896. p. 12. ^ "Condor class at battleships-cruisers.co.uk". Retrieved 30 August 2008. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence - HMS Exmouth". The Times. No. 36549. London. 2 September 1901. p. 5. ^ a b Lyon 2005, p. 63 ^ Lyon 2005, pp. 61–63 ^ "G.W.R Half-Yearly Report". Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette. Bath. 14 August 1902. Retrieved 10 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b c d e f g h i j ""Arrowsmith" List: Royal Navy WWI Destroyer Pendant Numbers". Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 84. ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 84–85. ^ Morris 1987, p. 113 ^ "Irish Channel Steamers". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. Manchester. 15 January 1906. Retrieved 13 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Royal Navy ships of World War 1". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Dearden, Steven (1999). Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company. Ochiltree, Ayrshire: Stenlake Pub. ISBN 1-84033-078-3. ^ "Launches and Trial Trips". International Marine Engineering. 33 (September). Marine Engineering, Inc., New York—London: 67–68. 1910. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "SS Snaefell". Wrecksite.EU. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 118, 305–306 ^ Dittmar, Frederick James (1972). British warships, 1914-1919. London: Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7. ^ a b c d "Destroyer type "Wild Beasts"". Hellenic Navy. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 438 ^ a b S. Swiggum and M. Kohli (21 July 2007). "The Fleets: Norwegian-America Line". TheShipsList. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2007. ^ Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0941-6. OCLC 48761594. ^ "SS Britanica". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Industrial and Trade Notes: Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal". The Marine Engineer and Naval Architect. Vol. 35. April 1913. p. 356. ^ "Vasilefs Constantinos". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 56. ^ a b c Friedman 2009, pp. 136–137, 309 ^ The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1 1977, p. 54 ^ The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 3 1977, p. 50 ^ a b Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 59. ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 58. ^ a b c d McCartney 2013, pp. 11–12 ^ "KALYAN". Passengers in History. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 307 ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 60. ^ a b Akermann 2002, p. 165 ^ "HMS Cairo, British light cruiser, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "HMS Capetown - RN Cairo class cruiser". www.world-war.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Stavangerfjord, NAL - The Norwegian-America Line". www.norwayheritage.com. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "Manistee". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ "RMS Samaria II". Norwegian Heritage Emigrant SHips Database. Retrieved 6 August 2014. ^ "Screw Steamer ZENT built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1920 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer PATIA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1922 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Gillham, Skip (April 2015). "Shipwreck: Nisbet Grammer" (PDF). NOAA. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 16 August 2015. ^ "Screw Steamer CASANARE built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1924 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Steamers & Motorships". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Vol. II. London: Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via Plimsoll Ship Data. ^ a b Lloyd's Register, Steam Ships & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 5 May 2013. ^ "De Grasse". Passengers in History. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer ARACATACA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1925 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Stores Ship Photo Index". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ Burt 2012, pp. 382 ^ "Almeda Star 1". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer CRISTALES built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer SULACO built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer TETELA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Andalucia Star 1". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "Arandora Star". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ a b Henry, Fred (1977). Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Co. Ltd (4th ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85174-282-3. ^ a b Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1931. Retrieved 4 January 2014. ^ a b c Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1931. Retrieved 11 March 2015. ^ "Screw Steamer MATINA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer MOPAN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "Launch of the SS PEVERIL by Mrs. W.H. Kitto on 25 April 1929 at Cammel Laird & Co. Ltd, Birkenhead". collections.anmm.gov.au. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9. ^ "Sultan Star". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Benedict 2". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ a b c MacLeod, M. K. The Prince Ships, 1940–1945, Canadian Forces Headquarters (CFHQ) Reports 31 Oct 1965, National Defence Directorate of History and Heritage, page 7. ^ "Hilary 3". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMNZS Achilles, New Zealand light cruiser, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ a b c Friedman 2009 ^ "Southern Cross (1163385)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ "Clement 3". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ a b c Akermann 2002, p. 334 ^ "Lloyds Register - 1937-38" (PDF). 1 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "Screw Steamer CRISPIN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1935 for Booth Steamship Co. Ltd., Liverpool, Cargo". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ "Lloyds Register - 1941-42" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "BRITISH CONFIDENCE 1936". Ships Nostalgia. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ English 1993, pp. 102–103 ^ "Lloyds Register - 1941-42" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "RFA Aldersdale". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "HMS Ark Royal". Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "SS Brisbane Star". Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "BRITISH FORTITUDE". Passengers in History. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "City of Pretoria (British Steam merchant) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ a b Montehengo, Guillermo J. "An Argentinian Naval Buildup in the Disarmament Era". Warship 2002-2003. Conway's Maritime Press. ^ "COASTERS & OTHER SHIPS REVIVED". 7seasvessels.com. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ "RMS Maurentania". Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ Williams, Kelly (17 April 2013). "Moments that shocked North Wales: The sinking of HMS Thetis in 1939". North Wales Live. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "HMS Trident (N 52) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ a b English 1987, pp. 17 ^ "BRITISH SINCERITY - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker". www.shipspotting.com. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "HMS Dido, British AA cruiser, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Diloma". uboat.net. Retrieved 26 December 2021. ^ Middlebrook, Martin (1979). The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse. Penguin History. ISBN 0-7139-1042-9. ^ "HMS Taku (N 38) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Garzke & Dulin 1980, pp. 263 ^ "HMS Berkeley, escort destroyer, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Blencathra, escort destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Charybdis (88) of the Royal Navy - British Light cruiser of the Dido class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HNorMS Eskdale, Norwegian escort destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Gurkha (ii) (G 63) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the L class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Talisman (N 78) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Thrasher (N 37) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. ^ "HMS Aldenham (L 22) of the Royal Navy - British Escort destroyer of the Hunt (Type III) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Dido Class Cruiser – HMS Argonaut Association". Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Badsworth, escort destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Beaufort, escort destroyer, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Belvoir, escort destroyer, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "RFA Dewdale". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ a b ""Lloyds Register - 1941-42"" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HNorMS Glaisdale, Norwegian escort destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "HMS Lively, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Safari (P 211) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Tempest (N 86) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Thorn (N 11) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "British Promise (British Motor tanker) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Requisitioned Auxiliary - British Tradition". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Cygnet (U 38) of the Royal Navy - British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Kite, sloop". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Raider, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Rapid, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Sahib (P 212) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Saracen (P 247) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Scorpion, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Scourge, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ a b Akermann 2002, p. 339 ^ "HMS Sibyl (P 217) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ a b c Akermann 2002, p. 340 ^ "HMS Stubborn (P 238) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Surf (P 239) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "SS British Restraint". Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Lenton 1973, pp. 296 ^ "HMS Spirit (P 245) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Statesman (P 246) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Stoic (P 231) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Storm (P 233) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ a b Akermann 2002, p. 341 ^ "HMS Sturdy (ii) (P 248) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Stygian (P 249) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. ^ "HMS Teazer, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Tenacious, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 328 ^ "HMS Ulysses, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. ^ Beaver, Paul (1987). Encyclopaedia of the Fleet Air Arm since 1945. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: P. Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-760-9. ^ a b Friedman 2009, pp. 238 ^ "HMS Affray (P421)". Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy destroyers since 1945. Ian Allan. p. 82. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0. ^ "HMS Hogue, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Lagos (R 44) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the Battle class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Scorcher (P 258) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Sea Scout (P 253) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. ^ "HMS Selene (P 254) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Sidon (P 259) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. ^ "HMS Sleuth (P 261) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. ^ "HMS Solent (P 262) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Spearhead (P 263) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Spur (P 265) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Subtle (P 251) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Supreme (P 252) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Aeneas (P 427) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Saga (P 257) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "H.M. S/M SANGUINE". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Sluys, destroyer". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Springer (P 264) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Alaric (P 441) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "SS Argentina Star". Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Manx Life Line". Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Brasil Star". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Duckworth & Langmuir 1968, pp. 202 ^ "Uruguay Star". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Paraguay Star". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Hobbs, David (2013). British aircraft carriers: design, development and service histories. Barnsley, S Yorkshire. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-84832-138-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Tasmania Star". www.bluestarline.org. ^ "Hildebrand 3". www.bluestarline.org. ^ "Romney 2". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Hubert 4". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 337 ^ "HMS TENBY (F65)". Ships Nostalgia. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "SS San Flaviano". Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "SAN FORTUNATO - Helderline.com". www.helderline.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Grampus SO4 - Loch Fyne - Fyne Pioneer Dive Charters". www.fynepioneer.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Rockhampton Star". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Auckland Star 2". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Singh, Satyindra (1992). Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65. Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 89. ISBN 978-81-7062-148-5. Retrieved 23 August 2014. ^ The United Kingdom's nuclear submarine industrial base. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. 2005. ISBN 0-8330-3797-8. ^ "Fremantle Star 2". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon 1995, p. 529 ^ "Photograph Album: Launch of RMS Windsor Castle, Union Castle Line". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "HMS Devonshire". Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ a b c d Moore 1977, p. 490 ^ Maund, TB (1991). Mersey Ferries - Volume 1. Transport Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-86317-166-4. ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Retriever (5)". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Osborne, Richard (1990). Leander class frigates: a history of their design and development 1958-90. Kendal: World Ship Society. pp. 32, 109, 112. ISBN 0-905617-56-8. ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Mercury". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy -". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "Ship Photos - RMAS Mandarin (P192)". www.shipphotos.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "Ships built by Cammell Laird - Wirral Council Archives" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ Zeeland ferry joins BR on Harwich-Hook Railway Gazette 1 November 1968 page 784 ^ "MV Lion – Past and Present". Dover Ferry Photos. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ a b Blackman 1971, p. 335 ^ "Ship Fact Sheet ULSTER QUEEN (1967)" (PDF). P&O Heritage. Retrieved 18 August 2018. ^ Jane's Fighting Ships, 1985–86. London, Eng.: Jane's Publications. 1985. p. 617. ISBN 0-7106-0814-4. ^ "Gazana". Ships Nostalgia. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "ESSO CLYDE - IMO 7216866 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker". www.shipspotting.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "BalticShipping.com - Esso Mersey". www.balticshipping.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "HMS Birmingham D 86 Sheffield class Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer Royal Navy". seaforces.org. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "The Bulletin - Volume 17 - 1973" (PDF). Liverpool Nautical Research Society. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "Keren - Falklands Island Troopship". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ "RFA Orangeleaf". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "History – HMS Coventry D118". Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "RFA Appleleaf 3". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "RFA Brambleleaf". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "HMS Liverpool returns to Portsmouth base for final time". BBC News. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "RFA Bayleaf". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "HMS Edinburgh| Royal Navy". 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ a b "Sea Rigs". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ Barnes, Geoff. "Laird-built HMS Campbeltown arrives for final farewell". Wirral Globe. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ a b c Wertheim 2007, pp. 77–78 ^ a b "Fleet - Western Ferries". www.western-ferries.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2021. ^ a b Echo, Liverpool (25 January 2010). "Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 10 July 2021. ^ "Merseyside beats global competition to build £200 million polar research ship". GOV.UK. Retrieved 10 July 2021. ^ Toogood, Darren (14 February 2018). "RED FUNNEL PLACES ORDER FOR NEW £10MILLION FREIGHT FERRY". Retrieved 10 July 2021. Sources Akermann, Paul (2002). Encyclopaedia of British Submarines 1901–1955 (reprint of the 1989 ed.). Penzance, Cornwall: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-05-7. Ballard, G. A. (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3. Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. (1971). Jane's Fighting Ships 1971/72. London: Low, Marston. ISBN 0-354-00096-9. Burt, R. A. (2012). British battleships, 1919–1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8. Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-83170-302-8. Duckworth, Christian Leslie Dyce; Langmuir, Graham Easton (1968). Railway and other Steamers. Prescot, Lancashire: T. Stephenson and Sons. "Dutch Ironclads Prins Hendrik and Konig der Nederlanden". Warship International. IX (2). Toledo, OH: Naval Records Club: 199–200. 1972. "Dutch Ironclad Rams". Warship International. IX (3): 302–304. 1972. Encyclopaedia of British Submarines 1901-1955 (Genudgivelse ed.). Penzance, Cornwall: Periscope Publ. Ltd. 2002. ISBN 1-904381-05-7. English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9. English, John (1987). The Hunts: a history of the design, development and careers of the 86 destroyers of this class built for the Royal and Allied Navies during World War II. World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-905617-44-2. Friedman, Norman (2009). British destroyers: from earliest days to the Second World War. Barnsley. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 (1st American ed.). New York: Mayflower Books. p. 20. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. Garzke, William H. Jr.; Dulin, Robert O. Jr. (1980). British, Soviet, French, and Dutch Battleships of World War II. London: Jane's. ISBN 978-0-7106-0078-3. Lenton, H. T. (1973). Warships of World War II (2nd ed.). Shepperton: Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0403-X. Lyon, David (2005). The First Destroyers. London : Mercury Books. ISBN 978-1-84560-010-5. Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1". Warship. 1 (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 48–58. ISBN 0-85177-132-7. Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 2". Warship. 1 (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 54–61. ISBN 0-85177-132-7. Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 3". Warship. 1 (3). London: Conway Maritime Press: 46–51. ISBN 0-85177-132-7. McCartney, Innes (2013). British Submarines of World War I. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-0035-0. Moore, John, ed. (1977). Jane's Fighting Ships 1977–78. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 0-531-03277-9. Morris, Douglas (1987). Cruisers of the Royal and Commonwealth navies since 1879. Liskeard, Cornwall: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-35-1. Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4. Preston, Antony (2002). The World's Worst Warships. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-754-6. Vargas Molina, José Gabriel (2014). Historia resumida de la Armada del Ecuador (in Spanish). Vol. I. Guayaquil, Ecuador: Instituto de Historia Marítima "Calm. Carlos Monteverde Granados", Armada de Ecuador. Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (15th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2. OCLC 140283156.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ships built by Cammell Laird"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1900―1924"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1925―1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1950―1974"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1975―1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000s"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cammell Laird shipbuilders - Wirral History\". www.wirralhistory.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wirralhistory.uk/lairds.html","url_text":"\"Cammell Laird shipbuilders - Wirral History\""}]},{"reference":"Mortimer, William Williams (1847). The History of the Hundred of Wirral: With a Sketch of the City and County. Whittaker & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyhundredw01mortgoog","url_text":"The History of the Hundred of Wirral: With a Sketch of the City and County"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronological list of Ships sailing from Holyhead to Ireland\". 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727201557/http://www.anglesey.info/Holyhead_Ships_History.htm","url_text":"\"Chronological list of Ships sailing from Holyhead to Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.anglesey.info/Holyhead_Ships_History.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Denbigh Project: A New Runner\". nautarch.tamu.edu. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nautarch.tamu.edu/PROJECTS/denbigh/HISTORY1.HTM","url_text":"\"The Denbigh Project: A New Runner\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Mail-Packets between Holy-Head and Dublin\". Illustrated London News. 10 March 1860. p. 245. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/HN3100053469/ILN?u=wes_ttda&sid=bookmark-ILN&xid=a42ef073","url_text":"\"New Mail-Packets between Holy-Head and Dublin\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Walter E. (2012). James D. Bulloch: secret agent and mastermind of the Confederate navy. Jefferson, North Carolina. pp. 76, 80. ISBN 978-0-7864-6659-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6659-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-6659-7"}]},{"reference":"The Galveston Weekly News, 26 April 1865, retrieved 11 July 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://nautarch.tamu.edu/PROJECTS/denbigh/news06.htm","url_text":"The Galveston Weekly News"}]},{"reference":"Coles, Cowper P. (1868). \"The Turret versus Broadside System\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XI. Whitehall Yard: 436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_United_Service_Institution","url_text":"Journal of the Royal United Service Institution"}]},{"reference":"Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-032-6","url_text":"978-1-86176-032-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52620555","url_text":"52620555"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Ironclads Prins Hendrik and Konig der Nederlanden\". Warship International. IX (2). Toledo, OH: Naval Records Club: 199–200. 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Ironclad Rams\". Warship International. IX (3): 302–304. 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (2002). The world's worst warships. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-754-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-754-6","url_text":"0-85177-754-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Earl Spencer\". UK Shipbuilders. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=200510&vessel=EARL+SPENCER","url_text":"\"Earl Spencer\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Escuadra de Sarmiento (1872)\". Histarmar - Historia y Arqueología Marítima (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/IndiceARA-%20EscSarmiento.htm","url_text":"\"La Escuadra de Sarmiento (1872)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS Mona\". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?67401","url_text":"\"SS Mona\""}]},{"reference":"Lucking, J.H. (1971). The Great Western at Weymouth. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5135-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5135-4","url_text":"0-7153-5135-4"}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J. (2010). Ships of the Royal Navy: the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. and updated ed.). Havertown, Pa.: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-07-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-07-1","url_text":"978-1-935149-07-1"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (2004). The sail & steam Navy list: all the ships of the Royal Navy, 1815-1889. London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-032-6","url_text":"978-1-86176-032-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia, Hamburg America Line\". www.norwayheritage.com. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=colu1","url_text":"\"Columbia, Hamburg America Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Mohican (SP-117)\". Lloyds Yacht Register. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sidpickle/sets/72157634236642086/","url_text":"\"USS Mohican (SP-117)\""}]},{"reference":"\"New steamer for the Channel Islands Service\". Liverpool Mercury. Liverpool. 8 June 1891. Retrieved 14 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18910608/016/0006","url_text":"\"New steamer for the Channel Islands Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Acorazado de Río Independencia (1893)\". Historia y Arqueologia Marítima. Retrieved 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/Buques1852-1899/AcRioIndependencia.htm","url_text":"\"Acorazado de Río Independencia (1893)\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Steamer for the Great Western Railway\". Liverpool Mercury. Liverpool. 1 May 1891. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18910501/020/0006","url_text":"\"New Steamer for the Great Western Railway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyds Register - 1930-31\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0344.pdf","url_text":"\"Lloyds Register - 1930-31\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battleships of Argentina\". battleshiplist.com. Retrieved 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://battleshiplist.com/battleships/argentina/","url_text":"\"Battleships of Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Oscar (1990). British battleships, \"Warrior\" 1860 to \"Vanguard\" 1950: a history of design, construction, and armament (New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-075-4","url_text":"1-55750-075-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Birkenhead\". Cheshire Observer. Cheshire. 14 January 1893. Retrieved 17 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/18930114/012/0003","url_text":"\"Birkenhead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Mail Service\". The Engineer. LXXXIII. London: 280. 18 September 1896. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_1896/09/18","url_text":"\"The Irish Mail Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer_(UK_magazine)","url_text":"The Engineer"}]},{"reference":"Lecane, Philip. \"RMS 'Leinster': The sinking of a ship off Dublin by a German torpedo\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/rms-leinster-the-sinking-of-a-ship-off-dublin-by-a-german-torpedo-1.3656076","url_text":"\"RMS 'Leinster': The sinking of a ship off Dublin by a German torpedo\""}]},{"reference":"Brouwer, Norman J. (1999). The international register of historic ships. London: Chatham Pub. ISBN 0-930248-11-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930248-11-2","url_text":"0-930248-11-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence\". The Times. No. 35067. London. 7 December 1896. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Condor class at battleships-cruisers.co.uk\". Retrieved 30 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/condor_class1.htm","url_text":"\"Condor class at battleships-cruisers.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval & Military intelligence - HMS Exmouth\". The Times. No. 36549. London. 2 September 1901. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"G.W.R Half-Yearly Report\". Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette. Bath. 14 August 1902. Retrieved 10 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000221/19020814/045/0006","url_text":"\"G.W.R Half-Yearly Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List: Royal Navy WWI Destroyer Pendant Numbers\". Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0440000.htm","url_text":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List: Royal Navy WWI Destroyer Pendant Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Channel Steamers\". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. Manchester. 15 January 1906. Retrieved 13 October 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19060115/113/0010","url_text":"\"Irish Channel Steamers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Navy ships of World War 1\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishShips-Dittmar3WarshipsA.htm#10","url_text":"\"Royal Navy ships of World War 1\""}]},{"reference":"Dearden, Steven (1999). Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company. Ochiltree, Ayrshire: Stenlake Pub. ISBN 1-84033-078-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84033-078-3","url_text":"1-84033-078-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Launches and Trial Trips\". International Marine Engineering. 33 (September). Marine Engineering, Inc., New York—London: 67–68. 1910. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/marineengineer33londuoft#page/67/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Launches and Trial Trips\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS Snaefell\". Wrecksite.EU. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?164959","url_text":"\"SS Snaefell\""}]},{"reference":"Dittmar, Frederick James (1972). British warships, 1914-1919. London: Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0380-7","url_text":"0-7110-0380-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Destroyer type \"Wild Beasts\"\". Hellenic Navy. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516155357/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/aetos12_46_en.asp","url_text":"\"Destroyer type \"Wild Beasts\"\""},{"url":"http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/aetos12_46_en.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"S. Swiggum and M. Kohli (21 July 2007). \"The Fleets: Norwegian-America Line\". TheShipsList. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303040645/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/noramerica.html","url_text":"\"The Fleets: Norwegian-America Line\""},{"url":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/noramerica.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0941-6. OCLC 48761594.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7318-0941-6","url_text":"0-7318-0941-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48761594","url_text":"48761594"}]},{"reference":"\"SS Britanica\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/britanica.html","url_text":"\"SS Britanica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial and Trade Notes: Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal\". The Marine Engineer and Naval Architect. Vol. 35. April 1913. p. 356.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vasilefs Constantinos\". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 12 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202903","url_text":"\"Vasilefs Constantinos\""}]},{"reference":"\"KALYAN\". Passengers in History. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/929211","url_text":"\"KALYAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Cairo, British light cruiser, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Cairo.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Cairo, British light cruiser, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Capetown - RN Cairo class cruiser\". www.world-war.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.world-war.co.uk/Cairo/capetown.php","url_text":"\"HMS Capetown - RN Cairo class cruiser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stavangerfjord, NAL - The Norwegian-America Line\". www.norwayheritage.com. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=stafj","url_text":"\"Stavangerfjord, NAL - The Norwegian-America Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manistee\". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203773&vessel=MANISTEE","url_text":"\"Manistee\""}]},{"reference":"\"RMS Samaria II\". Norwegian Heritage Emigrant SHips Database. Retrieved 6 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=samas","url_text":"\"RMS Samaria II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer ZENT built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1920 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203845&vessel=ZENT","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer ZENT built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1920 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer PATIA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1922 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204044&vessel=PATIA","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer PATIA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1922 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"Gillham, Skip (April 2015). \"Shipwreck: Nisbet Grammer\" (PDF). NOAA. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 16 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/201504/MWL_APRIL_2015.pdf#page=11","url_text":"\"Shipwreck: Nisbet Grammer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer CASANARE built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1924 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204148&vessel=CASANARE","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer CASANARE built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1924 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steamers & Motorships\". Lloyd's Register (PDF). Vol. II. London: Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via Plimsoll Ship Data.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1055.pdf","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register, Steam Ships & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930. Retrieved 5 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1359.pdf","url_text":"Lloyd's Register, Steam Ships & Motorships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"De Grasse\". Passengers in History. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/1006366","url_text":"\"De Grasse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer ARACATACA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1925 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204139&vessel=ARACATACA","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer ARACATACA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1925 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stores Ship Photo Index\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/06/0623.htm","url_text":"\"Stores Ship Photo Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almeda Star 1\". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221030/http://bluestarline.org/almeda1.html","url_text":"\"Almeda Star 1\""},{"url":"http://bluestarline.org/almeda1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer CRISTALES built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204322&vessel=CRISTALES","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer CRISTALES built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer SULACO built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204357&vessel=SULACO","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer SULACO built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer TETELA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204358&vessel=TETELA","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer TETELA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andalucia Star 1\". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221105/http://www.bluestarline.org/andalucia1.html","url_text":"\"Andalucia Star 1\""},{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/andalucia1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arandora Star\". 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221156/http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html","url_text":"\"Arandora Star\""},{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Fred (1977). Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Co. Ltd (4th ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85174-282-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85174-282-3","url_text":"978-0-85174-282-3"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1931. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/31/31b0693.pdf","url_text":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1931. Retrieved 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/31/31b0694.pdf","url_text":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer MATINA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204668&vessel=MATINA","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer MATINA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer MOPAN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204672&vessel=MOPAN","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer MOPAN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Launch of the SS PEVERIL by Mrs. W.H. Kitto on 25 April 1929 at Cammel Laird & Co. Ltd, Birkenhead\". collections.anmm.gov.au. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.anmm.gov.au/en/objects/41636/launch-of-the-ss-peveril-by-mrs-wh-kitto-on-25-april-1929;jsessionid=6A69D4D9E3DE05057F19F9277EEBC7CA?ctx=1bfc06ed-75d7-4f92-9f08-820667f9d74e&idx=2598","url_text":"\"Launch of the SS PEVERIL by Mrs. W.H. Kitto on 25 April 1929 at Cammel Laird & Co. Ltd, Birkenhead\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-913-9","url_text":"978-0-87021-913-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Sultan Star\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/sultan.html","url_text":"\"Sultan Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedict 2\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/benedict2.html","url_text":"\"Benedict 2\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships (PDF). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934. Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0669.pdf","url_text":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Hilary 3\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hilary3.html","url_text":"\"Hilary 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMNZS Achilles, New Zealand light cruiser, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Achilles.htm","url_text":"\"HMNZS Achilles, New Zealand light cruiser, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Cross (1163385)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1163385","url_text":"\"Southern Cross (1163385)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Clement 3\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/clement3.html","url_text":"\"Clement 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyds Register - 1937-38\" (PDF). 1 February 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201092400/http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=37b0016.pdf","url_text":"\"Lloyds Register - 1937-38\""},{"url":"http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=37b0016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Screw Steamer CRISPIN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1935 for Booth Steamship Co. Ltd., Liverpool, Cargo\". shippingandshipbuilding.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=205124&vessel=CRISPIN","url_text":"\"Screw Steamer CRISPIN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1935 for Booth Steamship Co. Ltd., Liverpool, Cargo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0247.pdf","url_text":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH CONFIDENCE 1936\". Ships Nostalgia. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/british-confidence-1936.106228/","url_text":"\"BRITISH CONFIDENCE 1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0572.pdf","url_text":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Aldersdale\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-aldersdale","url_text":"\"RFA Aldersdale\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Ark Royal\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929090826/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Ark Royal\""},{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SS Brisbane Star\". Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/brisbane1.html","url_text":"\"SS Brisbane Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH FORTITUDE\". Passengers in History. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/921716","url_text":"\"BRITISH FORTITUDE\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Pretoria (British Steam merchant) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/2714.html","url_text":"\"City of Pretoria (British Steam merchant) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"Montehengo, Guillermo J. \"An Argentinian Naval Buildup in the Disarmament Era\". Warship 2002-2003. Conway's Maritime Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"COASTERS & OTHER SHIPS REVIVED\". 7seasvessels.com. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://7seasvessels.com/?p=55163","url_text":"\"COASTERS & OTHER SHIPS REVIVED\""}]},{"reference":"\"RMS Maurentania\". Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatships.net/mauretania2","url_text":"\"RMS Maurentania\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Kelly (17 April 2013). \"Moments that shocked North Wales: The sinking of HMS Thetis in 1939\". North Wales Live. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/nostalgia/how-hms-thetis-sank-coast-2729422","url_text":"\"Moments that shocked North Wales: The sinking of HMS Thetis in 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Trident (N 52) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3487.html","url_text":"\"HMS Trident (N 52) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH SINCERITY - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\". www.shipspotting.com. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=1608408","url_text":"\"BRITISH SINCERITY - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Dido, British AA cruiser, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Dido.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Dido, British AA cruiser, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diloma\". uboat.net. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1379.html","url_text":"\"Diloma\""}]},{"reference":"Middlebrook, Martin (1979). The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse. Penguin History. ISBN 0-7139-1042-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cw1nAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1042-9","url_text":"0-7139-1042-9"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Taku (N 38) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3489.html","url_text":"\"HMS Taku (N 38) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Berkeley, escort destroyer, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Berkeley.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Berkeley, escort destroyer, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Blencathra, escort destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Blencathra.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Blencathra, escort destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Charybdis (88) of the Royal Navy - British Light cruiser of the Dido class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4017.html","url_text":"\"HMS Charybdis (88) of the Royal Navy - British Light cruiser of the Dido class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HNorMS Eskdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Eskdale.htm","url_text":"\"HNorMS Eskdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Gurkha (ii) (G 63) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the L class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4464.html","url_text":"\"HMS Gurkha (ii) (G 63) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the L class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Talisman (N 78) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3496.html","url_text":"\"HMS Talisman (N 78) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Thrasher (N 37) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3501.html","url_text":"\"HMS Thrasher (N 37) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Aldenham (L 22) of the Royal Navy - British Escort destroyer of the Hunt (Type III) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4669.html","url_text":"\"HMS Aldenham (L 22) of the Royal Navy - British Escort destroyer of the Hunt (Type III) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dido Class Cruiser – HMS Argonaut Association\". Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmsargonaut.co.uk/dido-class-cruiser/","url_text":"\"Dido Class Cruiser – HMS Argonaut Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Badsworth, escort destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Badsworth.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Badsworth, escort destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Beaufort, escort destroyer, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Beaufort.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Beaufort, escort destroyer, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Belvoir, escort destroyer, WW2\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Belvoir.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Belvoir, escort destroyer, WW2\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Dewdale\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-dewdale","url_text":"\"RFA Dewdale\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\"\" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0988.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"HNorMS Glaisdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Glaisdale.htm","url_text":"\"HNorMS Glaisdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Lively, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-41L-Lively.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Lively, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Safari (P 211) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3430.html","url_text":"\"HMS Safari (P 211) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Tempest (N 86) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3499.html","url_text":"\"HMS Tempest (N 86) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Thorn (N 11) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3500.html","url_text":"\"HMS Thorn (N 11) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Promise (British Motor tanker) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2457.html","url_text":"\"British Promise (British Motor tanker) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Requisitioned Auxiliary - British Tradition\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/requisitioned-auxiliaries/161-requisitioned-auxiliaries-b/1546-requisitioned-auxiliaries-british-tradition","url_text":"\"Requisitioned Auxiliary - British Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Cygnet (U 38) of the Royal Navy - British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3929.html","url_text":"\"HMS Cygnet (U 38) of the Royal Navy - British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Kite, sloop\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-18SL-HMS_Kite.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Kite, sloop\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Raider, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Raider.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Raider, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Rapid, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-HMS_Rapid.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Rapid, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sahib (P 212) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3431.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sahib (P 212) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Saracen (P 247) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3432.html","url_text":"\"HMS Saracen (P 247) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Scorpion, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-55S-HMS_Scorpion.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Scorpion, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Scourge, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-55S-HMS_Scourge.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Scourge, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sibyl (P 217) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3436.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sibyl (P 217) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Stubborn (P 238) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3455.html","url_text":"\"HMS Stubborn (P 238) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Surf (P 239) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3456.html","url_text":"\"HMS Surf (P 239) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS British Restraint\". Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/threads/british-restraint-1943.9324/","url_text":"\"SS British Restraint\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Spirit (P 245) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3461.html","url_text":"\"HMS Spirit (P 245) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Statesman (P 246) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3462.html","url_text":"\"HMS Statesman (P 246) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Stoic (P 231) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3448.html","url_text":"\"HMS Stoic (P 231) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Storm (P 233) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3450.html","url_text":"\"HMS Storm (P 233) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sturdy (ii) (P 248) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3463.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sturdy (ii) (P 248) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Stygian (P 249) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3464.html","url_text":"\"HMS Stygian (P 249) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Teazer, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-57T-Teazer.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Teazer, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Tenacious, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-57T-HMS_Tenacious.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Tenacious, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Ulysses, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-59U-Ulysses.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Ulysses, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"Beaver, Paul (1987). Encyclopaedia of the Fleet Air Arm since 1945. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: P. Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-760-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-760-9","url_text":"0-85059-760-9"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Affray (P421)\". Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?363","url_text":"\"HMS Affray (P421)\""}]},{"reference":"Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy destroyers since 1945. Ian Allan. p. 82. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1817-0","url_text":"0-7110-1817-0"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Hogue, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-75Battle-Hogue.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Hogue, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Lagos (R 44) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the Battle class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4579.html","url_text":"\"HMS Lagos (R 44) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the Battle class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Scorcher (P 258) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3472.html","url_text":"\"HMS Scorcher (P 258) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sea Scout (P 253) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3467.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sea Scout (P 253) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Selene (P 254) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3468.html","url_text":"\"HMS Selene (P 254) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sidon (P 259) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3473.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sidon (P 259) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sleuth (P 261) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3474.html","url_text":"\"HMS Sleuth (P 261) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Solent (P 262) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3475.html","url_text":"\"HMS Solent (P 262) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Spearhead (P 263) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3476.html","url_text":"\"HMS Spearhead (P 263) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Spur (P 265) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3478.html","url_text":"\"HMS Spur (P 265) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Subtle (P 251) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3465.html","url_text":"\"HMS Subtle (P 251) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Supreme (P 252) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3466.html","url_text":"\"HMS Supreme (P 252) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Aeneas (P 427) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3609.html","url_text":"\"HMS Aeneas (P 427) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Saga (P 257) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3471.html","url_text":"\"HMS Saga (P 257) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.M. S/M SANGUINE\". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk/BPF-EIF/Ships/SANGUINE.htm","url_text":"\"H.M. S/M SANGUINE\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Sluys, destroyer\". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-75Battle-HMS_Sluys.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Sluys, destroyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Springer (P 264) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". uboat.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3477.html","url_text":"\"HMS Springer (P 264) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Alaric (P 441) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\". www.uboat.net. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3615.html","url_text":"\"HMS Alaric (P 441) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS Argentina Star\". Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/argentina1.html","url_text":"\"SS Argentina Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manx Life Line\". Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kneen.com/Manx%20life%20line.htm","url_text":"\"Manx Life Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brasil Star\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/brasil.html","url_text":"\"Brasil Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uruguay Star\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/uruguay.html","url_text":"\"Uruguay Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paraguay Star\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/paraguay.html","url_text":"\"Paraguay Star\""}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, David (2013). British aircraft carriers: design, development and service histories. Barnsley, S Yorkshire. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-84832-138-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-138-0","url_text":"978-1-84832-138-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tasmania Star\". www.bluestarline.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/tasmania.html","url_text":"\"Tasmania Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hildebrand 3\". www.bluestarline.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hildebrand3.html","url_text":"\"Hildebrand 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romney 2\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/lamports/romney2.html","url_text":"\"Romney 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hubert 4\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hubert4.html","url_text":"\"Hubert 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS TENBY (F65)\". Ships Nostalgia. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/hms-tenby-f65.473280/","url_text":"\"HMS TENBY (F65)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS San Flaviano\". Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?108400","url_text":"\"SS San Flaviano\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAN FORTUNATO - Helderline.com\". www.helderline.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helderline.com/tanker/san-fortunato-0","url_text":"\"SAN FORTUNATO - Helderline.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Grampus SO4 - Loch Fyne - Fyne Pioneer Dive Charters\". www.fynepioneer.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fynepioneer.co.uk/sites/wreck/HMS-Grampus-SO4-s-46.html","url_text":"\"HMS Grampus SO4 - Loch Fyne - Fyne Pioneer Dive Charters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockhampton Star\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/rockhampton.html","url_text":"\"Rockhampton Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auckland Star 2\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/auckland2.html","url_text":"\"Auckland Star 2\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Satyindra (1992). Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65. Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 89. ISBN 978-81-7062-148-5. Retrieved 23 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8PLeQ8sM06kC&q=INS+Mysore+cruiser+pennant+number&pg=PA72","url_text":"Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-148-5","url_text":"978-81-7062-148-5"}]},{"reference":"The United Kingdom's nuclear submarine industrial base. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. 2005. ISBN 0-8330-3797-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3797-8","url_text":"0-8330-3797-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Fremantle Star 2\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/fremantle2.html","url_text":"\"Fremantle Star 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photograph Album: Launch of RMS Windsor Castle, Union Castle Line\". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/artifact/photograph-album-launch-of-rms-windsor-castle-union-castle-line","url_text":"\"Photograph Album: Launch of RMS Windsor Castle, Union Castle Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Devonshire\". Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?59180","url_text":"\"HMS Devonshire\""}]},{"reference":"Maund, TB (1991). Mersey Ferries - Volume 1. Transport Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-86317-166-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86317-166-4","url_text":"0-86317-166-4"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Retriever (5)\". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Retriever(5)/index.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Retriever (5)\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Richard (1990). Leander class frigates: a history of their design and development 1958-90. Kendal: World Ship Society. pp. 32, 109, 112. ISBN 0-905617-56-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-56-8","url_text":"0-905617-56-8"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Mercury\". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Mercury/index.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Mercury\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy -\". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/CableEnterprise(2)/index.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship Photos - RMAS Mandarin (P192)\". www.shipphotos.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipphotos.co.uk/ship/?ship=mandarin","url_text":"\"Ship Photos - RMAS Mandarin (P192)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ships built by Cammell Laird - Wirral Council Archives\" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wirral.gov.uk/sites/default/files/all/Libraries%20and%20archives/List%20of%20Cammell%20Laird%20Ships.pdf","url_text":"\"Ships built by Cammell Laird - Wirral Council Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"MV Lion – Past and Present\". Dover Ferry Photos. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/mv-lion-past-and-present/","url_text":"\"MV Lion – Past and Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship Fact Sheet ULSTER QUEEN (1967)\" (PDF). P&O Heritage. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94851ULSTER-QUEEN-1967pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"Ship Fact Sheet ULSTER QUEEN (1967)\""}]},{"reference":"Jane's Fighting Ships, 1985–86. London, Eng.: Jane's Publications. 1985. p. 617. ISBN 0-7106-0814-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0814-4","url_text":"0-7106-0814-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Gazana\". Ships Nostalgia. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/gazana.41132/","url_text":"\"Gazana\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESSO CLYDE - IMO 7216866 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\". www.shipspotting.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2954530","url_text":"\"ESSO CLYDE - IMO 7216866 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\""}]},{"reference":"\"BalticShipping.com - Esso Mersey\". www.balticshipping.com. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.balticshipping.com/vessel/imo/7207188","url_text":"\"BalticShipping.com - Esso Mersey\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Birmingham D 86 Sheffield class Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer Royal Navy\". seaforces.org. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaforces.org/marint/Royal-Navy/Destroyer/D-86-HMS-Birmingham.htm","url_text":"\"HMS Birmingham D 86 Sheffield class Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer Royal Navy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bulletin - Volume 17 - 1973\" (PDF). Liverpool Nautical Research Society. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://liverpoolnauticalresearchsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-Vol-17-1973.pdf","url_text":"\"The Bulletin - Volume 17 - 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keren - Falklands Island Troopship\". www.bluestarline.org. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluestarline.org/keren.html","url_text":"\"Keren - Falklands Island Troopship\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Orangeleaf\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-orangeleaf-ships-details","url_text":"\"RFA Orangeleaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"History – HMS Coventry D118\". Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmscoventry.co.uk/d118/history/","url_text":"\"History – HMS Coventry D118\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Appleleaf 3\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-appleleaf-3","url_text":"\"RFA Appleleaf 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Brambleleaf\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-brambleleaf","url_text":"\"RFA Brambleleaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Liverpool returns to Portsmouth base for final time\". BBC News. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-17504232","url_text":"\"HMS Liverpool returns to Portsmouth base for final time\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFA Bayleaf\". www.historicalrfa.org. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-bayleaf","url_text":"\"RFA Bayleaf\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Edinburgh| Royal Navy\". 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111163102/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Destroyers/Type-42-Destroyers/HMS-Edinburgh","url_text":"\"HMS Edinburgh| Royal Navy\""},{"url":"http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Destroyers/Type-42-Destroyers/HMS-Edinburgh","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sea Rigs\". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/sea-rigs","url_text":"\"Sea Rigs\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Geoff. \"Laird-built HMS Campbeltown arrives for final farewell\". Wirral Globe. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/8880193.laird-built-hms-campbeltown-arrives-for-final-farewell/","url_text":"\"Laird-built HMS Campbeltown arrives for final farewell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleet - Western Ferries\". www.western-ferries.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.western-ferries.co.uk/fleet","url_text":"\"Fleet - Western Ferries\""}]},{"reference":"Echo, Liverpool (25 January 2010). \"Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/cammell-laird-wins-50m-royal-3434566","url_text":"\"Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merseyside beats global competition to build £200 million polar research ship\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/merseyside-beats-global-competition-to-build-200-million-polar-research-ship","url_text":"\"Merseyside beats global competition to build £200 million polar research ship\""}]},{"reference":"Toogood, Darren (14 February 2018). \"RED FUNNEL PLACES ORDER FOR NEW £10MILLION FREIGHT FERRY\". Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.islandecho.co.uk/red-funnel-places-order-new-10million-freight-ferry/","url_text":"\"RED FUNNEL PLACES ORDER FOR NEW £10MILLION FREIGHT FERRY\""}]},{"reference":"Akermann, Paul (2002). Encyclopaedia of British Submarines 1901–1955 (reprint of the 1989 ed.). Penzance, Cornwall: Periscope Publishing. ISBN 1-904381-05-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904381-05-7","url_text":"1-904381-05-7"}]},{"reference":"Ballard, G. A. (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard","url_text":"Ballard, G. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-924-3","url_text":"0-87021-924-3"}]},{"reference":"Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. (1971). Jane's Fighting Ships 1971/72. London: Low, Marston. ISBN 0-354-00096-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-00096-9","url_text":"0-354-00096-9"}]},{"reference":"Burt, R. A. (2012). British battleships, 1919–1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-052-8","url_text":"978-1-59114-052-8"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-83170-302-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83170-302-8","url_text":"978-0-83170-302-8"}]},{"reference":"Duckworth, Christian Leslie Dyce; Langmuir, Graham Easton (1968). Railway and other Steamers. Prescot, Lancashire: T. Stephenson and Sons.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Ironclads Prins Hendrik and Konig der Nederlanden\". Warship International. IX (2). Toledo, OH: Naval Records Club: 199–200. 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Ironclad Rams\". Warship International. IX (3): 302–304. 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Encyclopaedia of British Submarines 1901-1955 (Genudgivelse ed.). Penzance, Cornwall: Periscope Publ. Ltd. 2002. ISBN 1-904381-05-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904381-05-7","url_text":"1-904381-05-7"}]},{"reference":"English, John (1993). Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-64-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905617-64-9","url_text":"0-905617-64-9"}]},{"reference":"English, John (1987). The Hunts: a history of the design, development and careers of the 86 destroyers of this class built for the Royal and Allied Navies during World War II. World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-905617-44-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905617-44-2","url_text":"978-0-905617-44-2"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2009). British destroyers: from earliest days to the Second World War. Barnsley. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-049-9","url_text":"978-1-84832-049-9"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 (1st American ed.). New York: Mayflower Books. p. 20. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7","url_text":"1-55750-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Garzke, William H. Jr.; Dulin, Robert O. Jr. (1980). British, Soviet, French, and Dutch Battleships of World War II. London: Jane's. ISBN 978-0-7106-0078-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0078-3","url_text":"978-0-7106-0078-3"}]},{"reference":"Lenton, H. T. (1973). Warships of World War II (2nd ed.). Shepperton: Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0403-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0403-X","url_text":"0-7110-0403-X"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (2005). The First Destroyers. London [England]: Mercury Books. ISBN 978-1-84560-010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84560-010-5","url_text":"978-1-84560-010-5"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1\". Warship. 1 (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 48–58. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship_(journal)","url_text":"Warship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 2\". Warship. 1 (2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 54–61. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, David (1977). \"The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 3\". Warship. 1 (3). London: Conway Maritime Press: 46–51. ISBN 0-85177-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-132-7","url_text":"0-85177-132-7"}]},{"reference":"McCartney, Innes (2013). British Submarines of World War I. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-0035-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0035-0","url_text":"978-1-4728-0035-0"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John, ed. (1977). Jane's Fighting Ships 1977–78. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 0-531-03277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03277-9","url_text":"0-531-03277-9"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Douglas (1987). Cruisers of the Royal and Commonwealth navies since 1879. Liskeard, Cornwall: Maritime Books. ISBN 0-907771-35-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907771-35-1","url_text":"0-907771-35-1"}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-075-4","url_text":"1-55750-075-4"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (2002). The World's Worst Warships. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-754-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-754-6","url_text":"0-85177-754-6"}]},{"reference":"Vargas Molina, José Gabriel (2014). Historia resumida de la Armada del Ecuador (in Spanish). Vol. I. Guayaquil, Ecuador: Instituto de Historia Marítima \"Calm. Carlos Monteverde Granados\", Armada de Ecuador.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/anahimi/docs/historia_resumida_de_la_armada_part","url_text":"Historia resumida de la Armada del Ecuador"}]},{"reference":"Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (15th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2. OCLC 140283156.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C","url_text":"The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis","url_text":"Annapolis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-955-2","url_text":"978-1-59114-955-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/140283156","url_text":"140283156"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.wirralhistory.uk/lairds.html","external_links_name":"\"Cammell Laird shipbuilders - Wirral History\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyhundredw01mortgoog","external_links_name":"The History of the Hundred of Wirral: With a Sketch of the City and County"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727201557/http://www.anglesey.info/Holyhead_Ships_History.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chronological list of Ships sailing from Holyhead to Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://www.anglesey.info/Holyhead_Ships_History.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nautarch.tamu.edu/PROJECTS/denbigh/HISTORY1.HTM","external_links_name":"\"The Denbigh Project: A New Runner\""},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/HN3100053469/ILN?u=wes_ttda&sid=bookmark-ILN&xid=a42ef073","external_links_name":"\"New Mail-Packets between Holy-Head and Dublin\""},{"Link":"https://nautarch.tamu.edu/PROJECTS/denbigh/news06.htm","external_links_name":"The Galveston Weekly News"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52620555","external_links_name":"52620555"},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=200510&vessel=EARL+SPENCER","external_links_name":"\"Earl Spencer\""},{"Link":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/IndiceARA-%20EscSarmiento.htm","external_links_name":"\"La Escuadra de Sarmiento (1872)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?67401","external_links_name":"\"SS Mona\""},{"Link":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=colu1","external_links_name":"\"Columbia, Hamburg America Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090720/pags/20090720025350.html","external_links_name":"Almirante Lynch"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092906/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090720/pags/20090720025350.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sidpickle/sets/72157634236642086/","external_links_name":"\"USS Mohican (SP-117)\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18910608/016/0006","external_links_name":"\"New steamer for the Channel Islands Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/Buques1852-1899/AcRioIndependencia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Acorazado de Río Independencia (1893)\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18910501/020/0006","external_links_name":"\"New Steamer for the Great Western Railway\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0344.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lloyds Register - 1930-31\""},{"Link":"http://battleshiplist.com/battleships/argentina/","external_links_name":"\"Battleships of Argentina\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000157/18930114/012/0003","external_links_name":"\"Birkenhead\""},{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_1896/09/18","external_links_name":"\"The Irish Mail Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/rms-leinster-the-sinking-of-a-ship-off-dublin-by-a-german-torpedo-1.3656076","external_links_name":"\"RMS 'Leinster': The sinking of a ship off Dublin by a German torpedo\""},{"Link":"http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/condor_class1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Condor class at battleships-cruisers.co.uk\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000221/19020814/045/0006","external_links_name":"\"G.W.R Half-Yearly Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/s0440000.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Arrowsmith\" List: Royal Navy WWI Destroyer Pendant Numbers\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000206/19060115/113/0010","external_links_name":"\"Irish Channel Steamers\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishShips-Dittmar3WarshipsA.htm#10","external_links_name":"\"Royal Navy ships of World War 1\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/marineengineer33londuoft#page/67/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Launches and Trial Trips\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?164959","external_links_name":"\"SS Snaefell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516155357/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/aetos12_46_en.asp","external_links_name":"\"Destroyer type \"Wild Beasts\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/aetos12_46_en.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303040645/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/noramerica.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fleets: Norwegian-America Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/noramerica.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48761594","external_links_name":"48761594"},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/britanica.html","external_links_name":"\"SS Britanica\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202903","external_links_name":"\"Vasilefs Constantinos\""},{"Link":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/929211","external_links_name":"\"KALYAN\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Cairo.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Cairo, British light cruiser, WW2\""},{"Link":"https://www.world-war.co.uk/Cairo/capetown.php","external_links_name":"\"HMS Capetown - RN Cairo class cruiser\""},{"Link":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=stafj","external_links_name":"\"Stavangerfjord, NAL - The Norwegian-America Line\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203773&vessel=MANISTEE","external_links_name":"\"Manistee\""},{"Link":"http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=samas","external_links_name":"\"RMS Samaria II\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203845&vessel=ZENT","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer ZENT built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1920 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204044&vessel=PATIA","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer PATIA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1922 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/201504/MWL_APRIL_2015.pdf#page=11","external_links_name":"\"Shipwreck: Nisbet Grammer\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204148&vessel=CASANARE","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer CASANARE built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1924 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1055.pdf","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register"},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1359.pdf","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register, Steam Ships & Motorships"},{"Link":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/1006366","external_links_name":"\"De Grasse\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204139&vessel=ARACATACA","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer ARACATACA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1925 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/06/0623.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stores Ship Photo Index\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221030/http://bluestarline.org/almeda1.html","external_links_name":"\"Almeda Star 1\""},{"Link":"http://bluestarline.org/almeda1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204322&vessel=CRISTALES","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer CRISTALES built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204357&vessel=SULACO","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer SULACO built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204358&vessel=TETELA","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer TETELA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1926 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221105/http://www.bluestarline.org/andalucia1.html","external_links_name":"\"Andalucia Star 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/andalucia1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181023221156/http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html","external_links_name":"\"Arandora Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/arandora.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/31/31b0693.pdf","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/31/31b0694.pdf","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204668&vessel=MATINA","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer MATINA built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=204672&vessel=MOPAN","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer MOPAN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1929 for Elder & Fyffes Ltd., Liverpool, Refrigerated Cargo Vessel\""},{"Link":"http://collections.anmm.gov.au/en/objects/41636/launch-of-the-ss-peveril-by-mrs-wh-kitto-on-25-april-1929;jsessionid=6A69D4D9E3DE05057F19F9277EEBC7CA?ctx=1bfc06ed-75d7-4f92-9f08-820667f9d74e&idx=2598","external_links_name":"\"Launch of the SS PEVERIL by Mrs. W.H. Kitto on 25 April 1929 at Cammel Laird & Co. Ltd, Birkenhead\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946"},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/sultan.html","external_links_name":"\"Sultan Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/benedict2.html","external_links_name":"\"Benedict 2\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0669.pdf","external_links_name":"Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships"},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hilary3.html","external_links_name":"\"Hilary 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Achilles.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMNZS Achilles, New Zealand light cruiser, WW2\""},{"Link":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/1163385","external_links_name":"\"Southern Cross (1163385)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/clement3.html","external_links_name":"\"Clement 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201092400/http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=37b0016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lloyds Register - 1937-38\""},{"Link":"http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=37b0016.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=205124&vessel=CRISPIN","external_links_name":"\"Screw Steamer CRISPIN built by Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. in 1935 for Booth Steamship Co. Ltd., Liverpool, Cargo\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0247.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/british-confidence-1936.106228/","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH CONFIDENCE 1936\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0572.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-aldersdale","external_links_name":"\"RFA Aldersdale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160929090826/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Ark Royal\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-04CV-Ark%20Royal.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/brisbane1.html","external_links_name":"\"SS Brisbane Star\""},{"Link":"https://passengers.history.sa.gov.au/node/921716","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH FORTITUDE\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/2714.html","external_links_name":"\"City of Pretoria (British Steam merchant) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://7seasvessels.com/?p=55163","external_links_name":"\"COASTERS & OTHER SHIPS REVIVED\""},{"Link":"https://greatships.net/mauretania2","external_links_name":"\"RMS Maurentania\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/nostalgia/how-hms-thetis-sank-coast-2729422","external_links_name":"\"Moments that shocked North Wales: The sinking of HMS Thetis in 1939\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3487.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Trident (N 52) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=1608408","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH SINCERITY - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Dido.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Dido, British AA cruiser, WW2\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1379.html","external_links_name":"\"Diloma\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cw1nAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse"},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3489.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Taku (N 38) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Berkeley.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Berkeley, escort destroyer, WW2\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Blencathra.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Blencathra, escort destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4017.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Charybdis (88) of the Royal Navy - British Light cruiser of the Dido class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Eskdale.htm","external_links_name":"\"HNorMS Eskdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4464.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Gurkha (ii) (G 63) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the L class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3496.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Talisman (N 78) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3501.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Thrasher (N 37) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4669.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Aldenham (L 22) of the Royal Navy - British Escort destroyer of the Hunt (Type III) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmsargonaut.co.uk/dido-class-cruiser/","external_links_name":"\"Dido Class Cruiser – HMS Argonaut Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Badsworth.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Badsworth, escort destroyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Beaufort.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Beaufort, escort destroyer, WW2\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Belvoir.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Belvoir, escort destroyer, WW2\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-dewdale","external_links_name":"\"RFA Dewdale\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0988.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Lloyds Register - 1941-42\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Glaisdale.htm","external_links_name":"\"HNorMS Glaisdale, Norwegian escort destroyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-41L-Lively.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Lively, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3430.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Safari (P 211) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3499.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Tempest (N 86) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3500.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Thorn (N 11) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the T class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2457.html","external_links_name":"\"British Promise (British Motor tanker) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/requisitioned-auxiliaries/161-requisitioned-auxiliaries-b/1546-requisitioned-auxiliaries-british-tradition","external_links_name":"\"Requisitioned Auxiliary - British Tradition\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3929.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Cygnet (U 38) of the Royal Navy - British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-18SL-HMS_Kite.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Kite, sloop\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Raider.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Raider, destroyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-HMS_Rapid.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Rapid, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3431.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sahib (P 212) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3432.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Saracen (P 247) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-55S-HMS_Scorpion.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Scorpion, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-55S-HMS_Scourge.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Scourge, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3436.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sibyl (P 217) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3455.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Stubborn (P 238) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3456.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Surf (P 239) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/threads/british-restraint-1943.9324/","external_links_name":"\"SS British Restraint\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3461.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Spirit (P 245) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3462.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Statesman (P 246) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3448.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Stoic (P 231) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3450.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Storm (P 233) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3463.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sturdy (ii) (P 248) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3464.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Stygian (P 249) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-57T-Teazer.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Teazer, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-57T-HMS_Tenacious.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Tenacious, destroyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-59U-Ulysses.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Ulysses, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?363","external_links_name":"\"HMS Affray (P421)\""},{"Link":"http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-75Battle-Hogue.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Hogue, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4579.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Lagos (R 44) of the Royal Navy - British Destroyer of the Battle class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3472.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Scorcher (P 258) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3467.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sea Scout (P 253) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3468.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Selene (P 254) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3473.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sidon (P 259) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3474.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sleuth (P 261) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3475.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Solent (P 262) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3476.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Spearhead (P 263) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3478.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Spur (P 265) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3465.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Subtle (P 251) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3466.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Supreme (P 252) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3609.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Aeneas (P 427) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3471.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Saga (P 257) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk/BPF-EIF/Ships/SANGUINE.htm","external_links_name":"\"H.M. S/M SANGUINE\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-75Battle-HMS_Sluys.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Sluys, destroyer\""},{"Link":"https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3477.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Springer (P 264) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the S class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3615.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Alaric (P 441) of the Royal Navy - British Submarine of the A class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/argentina1.html","external_links_name":"\"SS Argentina Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.kneen.com/Manx%20life%20line.htm","external_links_name":"\"Manx Life Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/brasil.html","external_links_name":"\"Brasil Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/uruguay.html","external_links_name":"\"Uruguay Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/paraguay.html","external_links_name":"\"Paraguay Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/tasmania.html","external_links_name":"\"Tasmania Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hildebrand3.html","external_links_name":"\"Hildebrand 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/lamports/romney2.html","external_links_name":"\"Romney 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/booth/hubert4.html","external_links_name":"\"Hubert 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/hms-tenby-f65.473280/","external_links_name":"\"HMS TENBY (F65)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?108400","external_links_name":"\"SS San Flaviano\""},{"Link":"https://www.helderline.com/tanker/san-fortunato-0","external_links_name":"\"SAN FORTUNATO - Helderline.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.fynepioneer.co.uk/sites/wreck/HMS-Grampus-SO4-s-46.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Grampus SO4 - Loch Fyne - Fyne Pioneer Dive Charters\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/rockhampton.html","external_links_name":"\"Rockhampton Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/auckland2.html","external_links_name":"\"Auckland Star 2\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8PLeQ8sM06kC&q=INS+Mysore+cruiser+pennant+number&pg=PA72","external_links_name":"Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65"},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/fremantle2.html","external_links_name":"\"Fremantle Star 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/artifact/photograph-album-launch-of-rms-windsor-castle-union-castle-line","external_links_name":"\"Photograph Album: Launch of RMS Windsor Castle, Union Castle Line\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?59180","external_links_name":"\"HMS Devonshire\""},{"Link":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Retriever(5)/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Retriever (5)\""},{"Link":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/Mercury/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - CS Mercury\""},{"Link":"https://atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/CableEnterprise(2)/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy -\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipphotos.co.uk/ship/?ship=mandarin","external_links_name":"\"Ship Photos - RMAS Mandarin (P192)\""},{"Link":"https://www.wirral.gov.uk/sites/default/files/all/Libraries%20and%20archives/List%20of%20Cammell%20Laird%20Ships.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ships built by Cammell Laird - Wirral Council Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.doverferryphotosforums.co.uk/mv-lion-past-and-present/","external_links_name":"\"MV Lion – Past and Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/94851ULSTER-QUEEN-1967pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ship Fact Sheet ULSTER QUEEN (1967)\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipsnostalgia.com/media/gazana.41132/","external_links_name":"\"Gazana\""},{"Link":"http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2954530","external_links_name":"\"ESSO CLYDE - IMO 7216866 - ShipSpotting.com - Ship Photos and Ship Tracker\""},{"Link":"https://www.balticshipping.com/vessel/imo/7207188","external_links_name":"\"BalticShipping.com - Esso Mersey\""},{"Link":"https://www.seaforces.org/marint/Royal-Navy/Destroyer/D-86-HMS-Birmingham.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMS Birmingham D 86 Sheffield class Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer Royal Navy\""},{"Link":"https://liverpoolnauticalresearchsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-Vol-17-1973.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Bulletin - Volume 17 - 1973\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluestarline.org/keren.html","external_links_name":"\"Keren - Falklands Island Troopship\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-orangeleaf-ships-details","external_links_name":"\"RFA Orangeleaf\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmscoventry.co.uk/d118/history/","external_links_name":"\"History – HMS Coventry D118\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-appleleaf-3","external_links_name":"\"RFA Appleleaf 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-brambleleaf","external_links_name":"\"RFA Brambleleaf\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-17504232","external_links_name":"\"HMS Liverpool returns to Portsmouth base for final time\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicalrfa.org/rfa-bayleaf","external_links_name":"\"RFA Bayleaf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111163102/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Destroyers/Type-42-Destroyers/HMS-Edinburgh","external_links_name":"\"HMS Edinburgh| Royal Navy\""},{"Link":"http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Destroyers/Type-42-Destroyers/HMS-Edinburgh","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/sea-rigs","external_links_name":"\"Sea Rigs\""},{"Link":"https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/8880193.laird-built-hms-campbeltown-arrives-for-final-farewell/","external_links_name":"\"Laird-built HMS Campbeltown arrives for final farewell\""},{"Link":"https://www.western-ferries.co.uk/fleet","external_links_name":"\"Fleet - Western Ferries\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/cammell-laird-wins-50m-royal-3434566","external_links_name":"\"Cammell Laird wins £50m Royal Navy warship contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/merseyside-beats-global-competition-to-build-200-million-polar-research-ship","external_links_name":"\"Merseyside beats global competition to build £200 million polar research ship\""},{"Link":"https://www.islandecho.co.uk/red-funnel-places-order-new-10million-freight-ferry/","external_links_name":"\"RED FUNNEL PLACES ORDER FOR NEW £10MILLION FREIGHT FERRY\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/anahimi/docs/historia_resumida_de_la_armada_part","external_links_name":"Historia resumida de la Armada del Ecuador"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C","external_links_name":"The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/140283156","external_links_name":"140283156"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
["1 History","1.1 Partisan politics","1.2 Decline in membership","2 Today","3 Rituals and ceremonies","4 Organization","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Agricultural advocacy group in the United States "Grange Hall" redirects here. For individual Grange Hall buildings, see List of Grange Hall buildings. For other uses, see Grange Hall (disambiguation). The National GrangeNational Grange of the Order of Patrons of HusbandryPromotional poster, ca. 1873, that offers a "gift for the grangers"FormationDecember 4, 1867; 156 years ago (1867-12-04)FounderOliver Hudson KelleyWilliam SaundersFrancis M. McDowellJohn TrimbleAaron B. GroshJohn R. ThompsonWilliam M. IrelandCaroline HallFounded atWashington, D.C.TypeAdvocacy groupFraternal organizationPurposeAgrarian interest groupAgricultural educationGrassroots organizingHeadquartersNational Grange Headquarters Building1616 H Street NW, Suite 200Washington, DCOriginsFarmers' movementRegion served United StatesMembership (2023) ~140,000National PresidentChristine HampNational Vice PresidentJohn BenedikExecutive Committee ChairLynette SchaefferWebsitewww.nationalgrange.org Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910 The National Grange, a.k.a. The Grange, officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office. In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities. History The commissioner of the Department of Agriculture commissioned Oliver Kelley, after a personal interview with President Andrew Johnson, to go to the Southern states and to collect data to improve Southern agricultural conditions. In the South, poor farmers bore the brunt of the Civil War and were suspicious of Northerners like Kelley. Kelley found he was able to overcome these sectional differences as a Mason. With Southern Masons as guides, he toured the war-torn countryside in the South and was appalled by the outdated farming practices. In the western states, Kelley deplored the lack of "progressive agriculture", with illiterate "ignorant" farmers who were "using a system of farming was the same as that handed down by generations gone by". He saw the need for an organization that would bring people together from across the country in a spirit of mutual cooperation. After many letters and consultations with the other founders, the Grange was born. The first Grange, Grange #1, was founded in 1868 in Fredonia, New York. Seven men and one woman co-founded the Grange: Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, John R. Thompson, William M. Ireland, and Caroline Hall. In 1873 the organization was united under a National Grange in Washington, D.C. Paid agents organized local Granges and membership in the Grange increased dramatically from 1873 (200,000) to 1875 (858,050). Many of the state and local granges adopted non-partisan political resolutions, especially regarding the regulation of railroad transportation costs. The organization was unusual at this time, because women and any teen old enough to draw a plow (aged 14 to 16) were encouraged to participate. The importance of women was reinforced by requiring that four of the elected positions could be held only by women. 1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National Grange Rapid growth infused the national organization with money from dues, and many local granges established consumers' co-operatives, initially supplied by the wholesaler Aaron Montgomery Ward. Poor fiscal management, combined with organizational difficulties resulting from rapid growth, led to a massive decline in membership. By the turn of the 20th century, the Grange rebounded and membership stabilized. The Granger movement supported efforts by politicians to regulate rates charged by the railroads and grain warehouses. It claimed credit for the ideas of the Cooperative Extension Service, Rural Free Delivery, and the Farm Credit System. The peak of their political reputation was marked by the Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877), which held that grain warehouses were a "private utility in the public interest," and so could be regulated by public law. However this achievement was overturned later by the Supreme Court in Wabash v. Illinois (1886). The Grange also endorsed the temperance cause to avoid alcohol, the direct election of Senators and women's suffrage. Partisan politics While the Grange was not a political party, Grangers were involved in several political movements in the Midwestern United States in the late 19th century, such as the Reform Party of Wisconsin. Decline in membership Grange membership has declined considerably as the percentage of American farmers has fallen from a third of the population in the early 20th century to less than two percent today. Between 1992 and 2007, the number of Grange members fell by 40%, largely due to the National Grange no longer offering insurance for its members. Washington has the largest membership of any state, at approximately 13,000. Today Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association. As of 2024, the Grange continues to press for the causes of farmers, including issues of free trade and farm policy. In its 2006 Journal of Proceedings, the organization's report on its annual convention, the organization lays out its mission and how it works towards achieving it through fellowship, service, and legislation: The Grange provides opportunities for individuals and families to develop to their highest potential in order to build stronger communities and states, as well as a stronger nation. In February 2024, the National Grange revised their Mission Statement: Strengthening individuals, families, and communities through service, education, nonpartisan grassroots advocacy, and agricultural awareness. As a non-partisan organization, the Grange supports only policies, never political parties or candidates. Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers, because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues, and anyone is welcome to join the Grange. The Junior Grange is open to children 5–14. Regular Grange membership is open to anyone age 14 or older. The Grange Youth, a group within the Grange, consists of members 13 1/2 to 30. In 2013, the Grange signed on to a letter to Congress calling for the doubling of legal immigration and legalization for undocumented immigrants currently in the United States. However, this position has been somewhat revised, and the Grange now emphasizes an expansion in the H-2A visa program to increase legal immigration and address the crisis-level labor shortage in agriculture. They support the enforcement of immigration law but urge discretion with regard to the impact on labor availability. Rituals and ceremonies Grange in session, 1873 When the Grange first began in 1867, it borrowed some of its rituals and symbols from Freemasonry, including oaths, secret meetings, and special passwords necessary to keep railroad spies out of their meetings. It also copied ideas from Greek, Roman and Biblical mythology. Small, ceremonial farm tools are often displayed at Grange meetings. Elected officers are in charge of opening and closing each meeting. There are seven degrees of Grange membership; the ceremony of each degree relates to the seasons and various symbols and principles. During the last few decades, the Grange has moved toward public meetings and no longer meets in secret. Though the secret meetings do not occur, the Grange still acknowledges its rich history and practices some traditions. Organization This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization. At the local level are community Granges, otherwise known as subordinate Granges. All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate. In most states, multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges. Typically, Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county. Next in the order come State Granges, which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in the political process. State Masters (Presidents) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges. Together, thirty-five State Granges, as well as Potomac Grange #1 in Washington, D.C., form the National Grange. The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state, but on a much larger scale. In addition, the National Grange oversees the Grange ritual. The Grange is a grassroots organization; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level. The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas ("In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity"). Indeed, the word "grange" comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a "granary" or, generically, a farm. Notable people Grange membership badge from Plainville, New York D. Wyatt Aiken (1828–1887), South Carolina. Member of the United States House of Representatives Harold J. Arthur (1904–1971), Vermont. 68th Governor of Vermont Nahum J. Bachelder (1854–1934), New Hampshire. 49th Governor of New Hampshire Charles J. Bell (1845–1909), Vermont. 50th Governor of Vermont Robert Bergland (1928–2018), Minnesota. 20th United States Secretary of Agriculture Charles F. Brannan (1903–1992), Colorado. 14th United States Secretary of Agriculture Frank Carlson (1893 - 1987), Kansas. 30th Governor of Kansas, United States Senator Ezra S. Carr (1819–1894), California. 7th California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Professor of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley Norman Jay Coleman (1827–1911), New York. 1st United States Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Groseclose (born 1892), Virginia. Founder of the Future Farmers of Virginia and Future Farmers of America Aaron B. Grosh (1803–1884), Founder of the National Grange. First Chaplain of the National Grange Caroline A. Hall (1838–1918), Founder of the National Grange Mark Hatfield (1922 - 2011), Oregon. 29th Governor of Oregon, United States Senator William M. Ireland (???–1891), Founder of the National Grange. First Treasurer of the National Grange Oliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913). Agriculturalist, organizer. Primary founder of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. First Secretary of the National Grange Evander M. Law (1836–1920). Confederate general and organizer of the Alabama Grange David Lubin (1849–1919), California. Founder of the California Fruit Growers Union and U.S. delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture Cyrus G. Luce (1824–1905), Michigan. 21st Governor of Michigan James W. Marshall (1810–1885). Discoverer of California Gold. Charter member of Pilot Hill Grange #1 California Francis Marion McDowell (1831–1894). Founder of the National Grange. Second Treasurer of the National Grange James Nesmith (1820–1885), Oregon. United States Senator from Oregon Herschel D. Newsom (1905–1970), Indiana. 16th Master of the National Grange Krist Novoselic (born 1965), Washington. Bass guitarist for the rock band Nirvana Walter M. Pierce (1861 – 1954), Oregon. 17th Governor of Oregon Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946), Pennsylvania. 28th Governor of Pennsylvania Frederick Robie (1822–1912), Maine. 39th Governor of Maine Robert P. Robinson (1869–1939), Delaware. 57th Governor of Delaware Norman Rockwell (1894–1978), Vermont. American painter Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), New York. First Lady of the United States of America Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), New York. 32nd President of the United States of America Ellen Alida Rose (1843–?), agriculturist, suffragist William Saunders (1822–1900). Botanist, landscaper, designer of Soldiers Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA. Founder of the National Grange. First Master/President of the National Grange John Strentzel (1813–1890), California. California pioneer, father-in-law of John Muir John R. Thompson (1834–1894). Founder of the National Grange. First Lecturer/Program Director of the National Grange John Trimble (1831–1902). Founder of the National Grange. Third Secretary of the National Grange Harry S. Truman (1884–1972), Missouri. 33rd President of the United States of America See also List of Grange Hall buildings Order of the Sovereigns of Industry References ^ Goss, Albert S. (February 1947). "Legislative Program of the National Grange". Journal of Farm Economics. 29 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1232934. JSTOR 1232934. ^ "The Grange". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 15, 2023. ^ Kelley, Oliver Hudson (1875). Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. A. Weggenseller. p. 12. ^ a b c d Commons, John R.; Phillips, Ulrich B.; Gilmore, Eugene A.; Sumner, Helen L.; Andrews, John B., eds. (1911). A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 71–138. ^ Barns, William D. (July 1967). "Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal". Agricultural History. 41 (3). Agricultural History Society: 229–242. JSTOR 3740337. ^ Nordin, D. Sven (1974). Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900. University Press of Mississippi. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 9781617034763. ^ Carr, Ezra Slocum (1875). The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking. A. L. Bancroft. p. 105. ^ Kelley (1875), Publisher's Preface. ^ Kelley (1875), p. 39. ^ Sheingate, Adam D. (2003). The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0691116288. ^ Danbom, David B. (2006). Born in the Country: A History of Rural America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–156. ISBN 9780801884597. ^ Krishnan, Sonia (July 29, 2007). "Beyond Potlucks". The Seattle Times. In the past 15 years, Grange membership has fallen nearly 40 percent to 240,000 people. These days, fewer than 2 percent of Americans farm. ^ "Immigration & Visas". National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The National Grange. June 7, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2019. ^ Kinney, Jay (2009). The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry. HarperCollins. p. 70. ISBN 9780061985980. ^ Nordin (1974), p. 10. Further reading Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company. Bourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press. Buck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277. Ferguson, James S. (November 1942). "The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091. Gardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. – historical account of the organization's first 80 years Hirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). "Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882. Howard, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509. Lownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644. Marti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230. Saloutos, Theodore (November 1953). "The Grange in the South, 1870–1877". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088. Schneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). "Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363. Schell, Herbert S. (April 1936). "The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476. Tontz, Robert L. (July 1964). "Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434. – statistical tables showing membership in the Grange and other farm organizations by date and state and region Woods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398. Other primary sources available on Google Books External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. Official website Maryland State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry records at the University of Maryland Libraries "A Short History of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the National Grange" by Charles P. Gilliam Background, History, Ritual and Emblems of the Grange National Grange of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, Encyclopedia of Arkansas New York State Grange Texts on Wikisource: "Husbandry, Patrons of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Grangers". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Grange". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Husbandry, Patrons of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Grange Hall buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grange_Hall_buildings"},{"link_name":"Grange Hall (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hall_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solon, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon,_Maine"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goss-1"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"advocacy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Granger Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granger_Laws"},{"link_name":"rural free mail delivery by the Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery"}],"text":"\"Grange Hall\" redirects here. For individual Grange Hall buildings, see List of Grange Hall buildings. For other uses, see Grange Hall (disambiguation).Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910The National Grange, a.k.a. The Grange, officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture.[1] The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope.[2] The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office.In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities.","title":"National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fredonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredonia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hudson Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"William Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Francis M. McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_McDowell"},{"link_name":"John Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trimble_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Aaron B. Grosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_B._Grosh"},{"link_name":"John R. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Thompson"},{"link_name":"William M. Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ireland"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_A._Hall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp-national_grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"consumers' co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative"},{"link_name":"Aaron Montgomery Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Montgomery_Ward"},{"link_name":"Cooperative Extension Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Extension_Service"},{"link_name":"Rural Free Delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery"},{"link_name":"Farm Credit System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Credit_System"},{"link_name":"Munn v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munn_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"Wabash v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"temperance cause to avoid alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"direct election of Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"}],"text":"The commissioner of the Department of Agriculture commissioned Oliver Kelley, after a personal interview with President Andrew Johnson,[3] to go to the Southern states and to collect data to improve Southern agricultural conditions. In the South, poor farmers bore the brunt of the Civil War and were suspicious of Northerners like Kelley. Kelley found he was able to overcome these sectional differences as a Mason. With Southern Masons as guides, he toured the war-torn countryside in the South and was appalled by the outdated farming practices. In the western states, Kelley deplored the lack of \"progressive agriculture\", with illiterate \"ignorant\" farmers who were \"using a system of farming [that] was the same as that handed down by generations gone by\".[4] He saw the need for an organization that would bring people together from across the country in a spirit of mutual cooperation. After many letters and consultations with the other founders, the Grange was born.[5] The first Grange, Grange #1, was founded in 1868 in Fredonia, New York.[6] Seven men and one woman co-founded the Grange: Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, John R. Thompson, William M. Ireland, and Caroline Hall.[7] In 1873 the organization was united under a National Grange in Washington, D.C.[8]Paid agents organized local Granges and membership in the Grange increased dramatically from 1873 (200,000) to 1875 (858,050). Many of the state and local granges adopted non-partisan political resolutions, especially regarding the regulation of railroad transportation costs. The organization was unusual at this time, because women[4] and any teen old enough to draw a plow (aged 14 to 16[9]) were encouraged to participate. The importance of women was reinforced by requiring that four of the elected positions could be held only by women.[10]1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National GrangeRapid growth infused the national organization with money from dues, and many local granges established consumers' co-operatives, initially supplied by the wholesaler Aaron Montgomery Ward. Poor fiscal management, combined with organizational difficulties resulting from rapid growth, led to a massive decline in membership. By the turn of the 20th century, the Grange rebounded and membership stabilized.The Granger movement supported efforts by politicians to regulate rates charged by the railroads and grain warehouses. It claimed credit for the ideas of the Cooperative Extension Service, Rural Free Delivery, and the Farm Credit System. The peak of their political reputation was marked by the Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877), which held that grain warehouses were a \"private utility in the public interest,\" and so could be regulated by public law. However this achievement was overturned later by the Supreme Court in Wabash v. Illinois (1886).[11] The Grange also endorsed the temperance cause to avoid alcohol, the direct election of Senators and women's suffrage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_(19th-century_Wisconsin)"}],"sub_title":"Partisan politics","text":"While the Grange was not a political party, Grangers were involved in several political movements in the Midwestern United States in the late 19th century, such as the Reform Party of Wisconsin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Decline in membership","text":"Grange membership has declined considerably as the percentage of American farmers has fallen from a third of the population in the early 20th century to less than two percent today. Between 1992 and 2007, the number of Grange members fell by 40%, largely due to the National Grange no longer offering insurance for its members.[12] Washington has the largest membership of any state, at approximately 13,000.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slatersville_Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union Grange Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Grange_Hall"},{"link_name":"Slatersville, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatersville,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry&action=edit"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"undocumented immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"H-2A visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2A_visa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immigration_&_Visas-13"}],"text":"Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association.As of 2024[update], the Grange continues to press for the causes of farmers, including issues of free trade and farm policy. In its 2006 Journal of Proceedings, the organization's report on its annual convention, the organization lays out its mission and how it works towards achieving it through fellowship, service, and legislation:The Grange provides opportunities for individuals and families to develop to their highest potential in order to build stronger communities and states, as well as a stronger nation.In February 2024, the National Grange revised their Mission Statement:Strengthening individuals, families, and communities through service, education, nonpartisan grassroots advocacy, and agricultural awareness.As a non-partisan organization, the Grange supports only policies, never political parties or candidates. Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers, because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues, and anyone is welcome to join the Grange.The Junior Grange is open to children 5–14. Regular Grange membership is open to anyone age 14 or older. The Grange Youth, a group within the Grange, consists of members 13 1/2 to 30.In 2013, the Grange signed on to a letter to Congress calling for the doubling of legal immigration and legalization for undocumented immigrants currently in the United States. However, this position has been somewhat revised, and the Grange now emphasizes an expansion in the H-2A visa program to increase legal immigration and address the crisis-level labor shortage in agriculture. They support the enforcement of immigration law but urge discretion with regard to the impact on labor availability.[13]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grange1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"secret meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry#Principles_and_activities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Grange in session, 1873When the Grange first began in 1867, it borrowed some of its rituals and symbols from Freemasonry,[4] including oaths, secret meetings, and special passwords necessary to keep railroad spies out of their meetings.[14] It also copied ideas from Greek, Roman and Biblical mythology. Small, ceremonial farm tools are often displayed at Grange meetings. Elected officers are in charge of opening and closing each meeting. There are seven degrees of Grange membership; the ceremony of each degree relates to the seasons and various symbols and principles.[15]During the last few decades, the Grange has moved toward public meetings and no longer meets in secret. Though the secret meetings do not occur, the Grange still acknowledges its rich history and practices some traditions.[citation needed]","title":"Rituals and ceremonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_necessariis_unitas,_in_dubiis_libertas,_in_omnibus_caritas"}],"text":"The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization. At the local level are community Granges, otherwise known as subordinate Granges.[4] All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate. In most states, multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges. Typically, Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county. Next in the order come State Granges, which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in the political process. State Masters (Presidents) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges. Together, thirty-five State Granges, as well as Potomac Grange #1 in Washington, D.C., form the National Grange. The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state, but on a much larger scale. In addition, the National Grange oversees the Grange ritual. The Grange is a grassroots organization; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level.The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas (\"In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity\"). Indeed, the word \"grange\" comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a \"granary\" or, generically, a farm.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg"},{"link_name":"D. Wyatt Aiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Wyatt_Aiken"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Harold J. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Nahum J. Bachelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_J._Bachelder"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Bell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Robert Bergland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bergland"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Brannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Frank Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ezra S. Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_S._Carr"},{"link_name":"California State Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Norman Jay Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Groseclose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Groseclose"},{"link_name":"Future Farmers of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Farmers_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Future Farmers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Farmers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Aaron B. Grosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_B._Grosh"},{"link_name":"Caroline A. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_A._Hall"},{"link_name":"Mark Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hatfield"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"William M. Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ireland"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hudson Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Evander M. Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_M._Law"},{"link_name":"David Lubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lubin"},{"link_name":"Cyrus G. Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_G._Luce"},{"link_name":"Governor of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"James W. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_McDowell"},{"link_name":"James Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Herschel D. Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_D._Newsom"},{"link_name":"Krist Novoselic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist_Novoselic"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Walter M. Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Pierce"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Gifford Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"Governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Frederick Robie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Robie"},{"link_name":"Governor of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Robert P. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Robinson_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Norman Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"President of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ellen Alida Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Alida_Rose"},{"link_name":"William Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"John Strentzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strentzel"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"},{"link_name":"John R. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Thompson"},{"link_name":"John Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trimble_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"President of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America"}],"text":"Grange membership badge from Plainville, New YorkD. Wyatt Aiken (1828–1887), South Carolina. Member of the United States House of Representatives\nHarold J. Arthur (1904–1971), Vermont. 68th Governor of Vermont\nNahum J. Bachelder (1854–1934), New Hampshire. 49th Governor of New Hampshire\nCharles J. Bell (1845–1909), Vermont. 50th Governor of Vermont\nRobert Bergland (1928–2018), Minnesota. 20th United States Secretary of Agriculture\nCharles F. Brannan (1903–1992), Colorado. 14th United States Secretary of Agriculture\nFrank Carlson (1893 - 1987), Kansas. 30th Governor of Kansas, United States Senator\nEzra S. Carr (1819–1894), California. 7th California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Professor of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley\nNorman Jay Coleman (1827–1911), New York. 1st United States Secretary of Agriculture\nHenry C. Groseclose (born 1892), Virginia. Founder of the Future Farmers of Virginia and Future Farmers of America\nAaron B. Grosh (1803–1884), Founder of the National Grange. First Chaplain of the National Grange\nCaroline A. Hall (1838–1918), Founder of the National Grange\nMark Hatfield (1922 - 2011), Oregon. 29th Governor of Oregon, United States Senator\nWilliam M. Ireland (???–1891), Founder of the National Grange. First Treasurer of the National Grange\nOliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913). Agriculturalist, organizer. Primary founder of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. First Secretary of the National Grange\nEvander M. Law (1836–1920). Confederate general and organizer of the Alabama Grange\nDavid Lubin (1849–1919), California. Founder of the California Fruit Growers Union and U.S. delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture\nCyrus G. Luce (1824–1905), Michigan. 21st Governor of Michigan\nJames W. Marshall (1810–1885). Discoverer of California Gold. Charter member of Pilot Hill Grange #1 California\nFrancis Marion McDowell (1831–1894). Founder of the National Grange. Second Treasurer of the National Grange\nJames Nesmith (1820–1885), Oregon. United States Senator from Oregon\nHerschel D. Newsom (1905–1970), Indiana. 16th Master of the National Grange\nKrist Novoselic (born 1965), Washington. Bass guitarist for the rock band Nirvana\nWalter M. Pierce (1861 – 1954), Oregon. 17th Governor of Oregon\nGifford Pinchot (1865–1946), Pennsylvania. 28th Governor of Pennsylvania\nFrederick Robie (1822–1912), Maine. 39th Governor of Maine\nRobert P. Robinson (1869–1939), Delaware. 57th Governor of Delaware\nNorman Rockwell (1894–1978), Vermont. American painter\nEleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), New York. First Lady of the United States of America\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), New York. 32nd President of the United States of America\nEllen Alida Rose (1843–?), agriculturist, suffragist\nWilliam Saunders (1822–1900). Botanist, landscaper, designer of Soldiers Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA. Founder of the National Grange. First Master/President of the National Grange\nJohn Strentzel (1813–1890), California. California pioneer, father-in-law of John Muir\nJohn R. Thompson (1834–1894). Founder of the National Grange. First Lecturer/Program Director of the National Grange\nJohn Trimble (1831–1902). Founder of the National Grange. Third Secretary of the National Grange\nHarry S. Truman (1884–1972), Missouri. 33rd President of the United States of America","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/semicentennialh00atkegoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HRJgAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:granger+inauthor:buck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0803250277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803250277"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2192091"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2192091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2192091"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2192091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2192091"},{"link_name":"\"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1897882"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1897882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1897882"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1897882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1897882"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9993947509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9993947509"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0919876644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0919876644"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313257230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313257230"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2955088"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2955088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2955088"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2955088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2955088"},{"link_name":"\"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25472548"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/000312240807300406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300406"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25472548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25472548"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145084363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145084363"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3739476"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3739476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3739476"},{"link_name":"\"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3740434"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3740434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3740434"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0813802398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813802398"},{"link_name":"Other primary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/search?q=intitle%3APatrons+intitle%3AHusbandry&tbs=bkv%3Ap&tbm=bks"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"}],"text":"Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company.\nBourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press. [ISBN missing]\nBuck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277.\nFerguson, James S. (November 1942). \"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091.\nGardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. – historical account of the organization's first 80 years\nHirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). \"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882.\nHoward, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509.\nLownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644.\nMarti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230.\nSaloutos, Theodore (November 1953). \"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088.\nSchneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). \"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363.\nSchell, Herbert S. (April 1936). \"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476.\nTontz, Robert L. (July 1964). \"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434. – statistical tables showing membership in the Grange and other farm organizations by date and state and region\nWoods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398.\nOther primary sources available on Google Books","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grange.jpg/300px-Grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National Grange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stamp-national_grange.jpg/150px-Stamp-national_grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Slatersville_Grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grange in session, 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grange1873.jpg/260px-Grange1873.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grange membership badge from Plainville, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg/170px-GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Grange Hall buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grange_Hall_buildings"},{"title":"Order of the Sovereigns of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Sovereigns_of_Industry"}]
[{"reference":"Goss, Albert S. (February 1947). \"Legislative Program of the National Grange\". Journal of Farm Economics. 29 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1232934. JSTOR 1232934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1232934","url_text":"10.2307/1232934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1232934","url_text":"1232934"}]},{"reference":"\"The Grange\". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mnhs.org/kelleyfarm/learn/grange","url_text":"\"The Grange\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Oliver Hudson (1875). Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. A. Weggenseller. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originandprogre01kellgoog","url_text":"Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873"}]},{"reference":"Commons, John R.; Phillips, Ulrich B.; Gilmore, Eugene A.; Sumner, Helen L.; Andrews, John B., eds. (1911). A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 71–138.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog.pdf","url_text":"A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement"}]},{"reference":"Barns, William D. (July 1967). \"Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal\". Agricultural History. 41 (3). Agricultural History Society: 229–242. JSTOR 3740337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337","url_text":"3740337"}]},{"reference":"Nordin, D. Sven (1974). Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900. University Press of Mississippi. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 9781617034763.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6H20-tfdeRwC&pg=PA10","url_text":"Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617034763","url_text":"9781617034763"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Ezra Slocum (1875). The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking. A. L. Bancroft. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_S._Carr","url_text":"Carr, Ezra Slocum"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog","url_text":"The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog/page/n117","url_text":"105"}]},{"reference":"Sheingate, Adam D. (2003). The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0691116288.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T2cC26CXsJUC&pg=PA60","url_text":"The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691116288","url_text":"0691116288"}]},{"reference":"Danbom, David B. (2006). Born in the Country: A History of Rural America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–156. ISBN 9780801884597.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQZr8PicfLkC&pg=PA154","url_text":"Born in the Country: A History of Rural America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801884597","url_text":"9780801884597"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Sonia (July 29, 2007). \"Beyond Potlucks\". The Seattle Times. In the past 15 years, Grange membership has fallen nearly 40 percent to 240,000 people. These days, fewer than 2 percent of Americans farm.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/beyond-potlucks/","url_text":"\"Beyond Potlucks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration & Visas\". National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The National Grange. June 7, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgrange.org/immigration-visas/","url_text":"\"Immigration & Visas\""}]},{"reference":"Kinney, Jay (2009). The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry. HarperCollins. p. 70. ISBN 9780061985980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WiCB-XkUANoC&pg=PA70","url_text":"The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061985980","url_text":"9780061985980"}]},{"reference":"Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/semicentennialh00atkegoog","url_text":"Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRJgAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:granger+inauthor:buck","url_text":"The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803250277","url_text":"978-0803250277"}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, James S. (November 1942). \"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","url_text":"\"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192091","url_text":"10.2307/2192091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","url_text":"2192091"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). \"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","url_text":"\"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897882","url_text":"10.2307/1897882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","url_text":"1897882"}]},{"reference":"Howard, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9993947509","url_text":"978-9993947509"}]},{"reference":"Lownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0919876644","url_text":"978-0919876644"}]},{"reference":"Marti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313257230","url_text":"978-0313257230"}]},{"reference":"Saloutos, Theodore (November 1953). \"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","url_text":"\"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2955088","url_text":"10.2307/2955088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","url_text":"2955088"}]},{"reference":"Schneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). \"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","url_text":"\"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300406","url_text":"10.1177/000312240807300406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","url_text":"25472548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145084363","url_text":"145084363"}]},{"reference":"Schell, Herbert S. (April 1936). \"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","url_text":"\"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","url_text":"3739476"}]},{"reference":"Tontz, Robert L. (July 1964). \"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","url_text":"\"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","url_text":"3740434"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813802398","url_text":"978-0813802398"}]},{"reference":"\"Husbandry, Patrons of\". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Husbandry,_Patrons_of","url_text":"Husbandry, Patrons of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Collier's New Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Grangers\". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Grangers","url_text":"Grangers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"Grange\". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Grange","url_text":"Grange"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Husbandry, Patrons of\". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Husbandry,_Patrons_of","url_text":"Husbandry, Patrons of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nationalgrange.org/","external_links_name":"www.nationalgrange.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1232934","external_links_name":"10.2307/1232934"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1232934","external_links_name":"1232934"},{"Link":"https://www.mnhs.org/kelleyfarm/learn/grange","external_links_name":"\"The Grange\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/originandprogre01kellgoog","external_links_name":"Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog.pdf","external_links_name":"A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337","external_links_name":"3740337"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6H20-tfdeRwC&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog","external_links_name":"The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog/page/n117","external_links_name":"105"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T2cC26CXsJUC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQZr8PicfLkC&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"Born in the Country: A History of Rural America"},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/beyond-potlucks/","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Potlucks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgrange.org/immigration-visas/","external_links_name":"\"Immigration & Visas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WiCB-XkUANoC&pg=PA70","external_links_name":"The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/semicentennialh00atkegoog","external_links_name":"Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRJgAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:granger+inauthor:buck","external_links_name":"The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","external_links_name":"\"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192091","external_links_name":"10.2307/2192091"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","external_links_name":"2192091"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","external_links_name":"\"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897882","external_links_name":"10.2307/1897882"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","external_links_name":"1897882"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","external_links_name":"\"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2955088","external_links_name":"10.2307/2955088"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","external_links_name":"2955088"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","external_links_name":"\"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300406","external_links_name":"10.1177/000312240807300406"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","external_links_name":"25472548"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145084363","external_links_name":"145084363"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","external_links_name":"\"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","external_links_name":"3739476"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","external_links_name":"\"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","external_links_name":"3740434"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=intitle%3APatrons+intitle%3AHusbandry&tbs=bkv%3Ap&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"Other primary sources"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgrange.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1047","external_links_name":"Maryland State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry records"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000419150645/http://www.geocities.com/cannongrange/cannon_nationalhistory.html","external_links_name":"\"A Short History of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the National Grange\" by Charles P. Gilliam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001508/http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/marin-fraternities-02.htm#Patrons%20of%20Husbandry","external_links_name":"Background, History, Ritual and Emblems of the Grange"},{"Link":"https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/national-grange-of-the-order-of-the-patrons-of-husbandry-4716/","external_links_name":"National Grange of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry"},{"Link":"https://nysgrange.org/","external_links_name":"New York State Grange"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/522179/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127816067","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007522616705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082367","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biding
Biding
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°03′34″N 6°47′15″E / 49.0594°N 6.7875°E / 49.0594; 6.7875 Commune in Grand Est, FranceBidingCommuneThe town hall and school in Biding Coat of armsLocation of Biding BidingShow map of FranceBidingShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°03′34″N 6°47′15″E / 49.0594°N 6.7875°E / 49.0594; 6.7875CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentMoselleArrondissementForbach-Boulay-MoselleCantonSarralbeIntercommunalityCA Saint-Avold SynergieGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christophe BadoArea16.72 km2 (2.59 sq mi)Population (2021)341 • Density51/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code57082 /57660Elevation251–296 m (823–971 ft) (avg. 270 m or 890 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Biding (French pronunciation: ; German: Biedingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 186—    1975 168−1.44%1982 225+4.26%1990 284+2.95%1999 315+1.16%2009 313−0.06%2014 320+0.44%2020 334+0.72%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Moselle department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Media related to Biding at Wikimedia Commons vte Communes of the Moselle department Aboncourt Aboncourt-sur-Seille Abreschviller Achain Achen Adaincourt Adelange Ajoncourt Alaincourt-la-Côte Albestroff Algrange Alsting Altrippe Altviller Alzing Amanvillers Amelécourt Amnéville Ancerville Ancy-Dornot Angevillers Antilly Anzeling Apach Argancy Arraincourt Arriance Arry Ars-Laquenexy Ars-sur-Moselle Arzviller Aspach Assenoncourt Attilloncourt Aube Audun-le-Tiche Augny Aulnois-sur-Seille Aumetz Avricourt Ay-sur-Moselle Azoudange Bacourt Baerenthal Bambiderstroff Bannay Le Ban-Saint-Martin Barchain Baronville Barst Basse-Ham Basse-Rentgen Bassing Baudrecourt Bazoncourt Bébing Béchy Behren-lès-Forbach Bellange Belles-Forêts Bénestroff Béning-lès-Saint-Avold Berg-sur-Moselle Bérig-Vintrange Berling Bermering Berthelming Bertrange Berviller-en-Moselle Bettange Bettborn Bettelainville Betting Bettviller Beux Beyren-lès-Sierck Bezange-la-Petite Bibiche Bickenholtz Bidestroff Biding Bining Bioncourt Bionville-sur-Nied Bisten-en-Lorraine Bistroff Bitche Blanche-Église Bliesbruck Blies-Ébersing Blies-Guersviller Boucheporn Boulange Boulay-Moselle Bourdonnay Bourgaltroff Bourscheid Bousbach Bousse Bousseviller Boust Boustroff Bouzonville Bréhain Breidenbach Breistroff-la-Grande Brettnach Bronvaux Brouck Brouderdorff Brouviller Brulange Buchy Buding Budling Buhl-Lorraine Burlioncourt Burtoncourt Cappel Carling Cattenom Chailly-lès-Ennery Chambrey Chanville Charleville-sous-Bois Charly-Oradour Château-Bréhain Château-Rouge Château-Salins Château-Voué Châtel-Saint-Germain Chémery-les-Deux Cheminot Chenois Chérisey Chesny Chicourt Chieulles Clouange Cocheren Coincy Coin-lès-Cuvry Coin-sur-Seille Colligny-Maizery Colmen Condé-Northen Conthil Contz-les-Bains Corny-sur-Moselle Coume Courcelles-Chaussy Courcelles-sur-Nied Craincourt Créhange Creutzwald Cutting Cuvry Dabo Dalem Dalhain Dalstein Danne-et-Quatre-Vents Dannelbourg Delme Denting Desseling Destry Diane-Capelle Diebling Diesen Dieuze Diffembach-lès-Hellimer Distroff Dolving Domnom-lès-Dieuze Donjeux Donnelay Ébersviller Éblange Éguelshardt Eincheville Elvange Elzange Enchenberg Ennery Entrange Epping Erching Ernestviller Erstroff Escherange Les Étangs Etting Etzling Évrange Failly Falck Fameck Farébersviller Farschviller Faulquemont Fénétrange Fèves Féy Filstroff Fixem Flastroff Fleisheim Flétrange Fleury Flévy Flocourt Florange Folkling Folschviller Fonteny Fontoy Forbachsubpr Fossieux Foulcrey Fouligny Foville Francaltroff Fraquelfing Frauenberg Freistroff Frémery Frémestroff Fresnes-en-Saulnois Freybouse Freyming-Merlebach Fribourg Gandrange Garrebourg Gavisse Gelucourt Gerbécourt Givrycourt Glatigny Goetzenbruck Goin Gomelange Gondrexange Gorze Gosselming Gravelotte Grémecey Gréning Grindorff-Bizing Gros-Réderching Grosbliederstroff Grostenquin Grundviller Guebenhouse Guébestroff Guéblange-lès-Dieuze Guébling Guénange Guenviller Guermange Guerstling Guerting Guessling-Hémering Guinglange Guinkirchen Guinzeling Guntzviller Haboudange Hagen Hagondange Hallering Halstroff Ham-sous-Varsberg Hambach Hampont Hangviller Hannocourt Han-sur-Nied Hanviller Haraucourt-sur-Seille Hargarten-aux-Mines Harprich Harreberg Hartzviller Haselbourg Haspelschiedt Hattigny Hauconcourt Haut-Clocher Haute-Kontz Haute-Vigneulles Havange Hayange Hayes Hazembourg Heining-lès-Bouzonville Hellering-lès-Fénétrange Hellimer Helstroff Hémilly Héming Henridorff Henriville Hérange Hermelange Herny Hertzing Hesse Hestroff Hettange-Grande Hilbesheim Hilsprich Hinckange Holacourt Holling Holving Hombourg-Budange Hombourg-Haut Hommarting Hommert Honskirch L'Hôpital Hoste Hottviller Hultehouse Hundling Hunting Ibigny Illange Imling Inglange Insming Insviller Ippling Jallaucourt Jouy-aux-Arches Jury Jussy Juvelize Juville Kalhausen Kanfen Kappelkinger Kédange-sur-Canner Kemplich Kerbach Kerling-lès-Sierck Kerprich-aux-Bois Kirsch-lès-Sierck Kirschnaumen Kirviller Klang Knutange Kœnigsmacker Kuntzig Lachambre Lafrimbolle Lagarde Lambach Landange Landroff Laneuveville-en-Saulnois Laneuveville-lès-Lorquin Langatte Languimberg Laning Laquenexy Laudrefang Laumesfeld Launstroff Lelling Lemberg Lemoncourt Lemud Lengelsheim Léning Lesse Lessy Ley Leyviller Lezey Lhor Lidrezing Liederschiedt Liéhon Lindre-Basse Lindre-Haute Liocourt Lixheim Lixing-lès-Rouhling Lixing-lès-Saint-Avold Lommerange Longeville-lès-Metz Longeville-lès-Saint-Avold Lorquin Lorry-lès-Metz Lorry-Mardigny Lostroff Loudrefing Loupershouse Loutzviller Louvigny Lubécourt Lucy Luppy Luttange Lutzelbourg Macheren Mainvillers Maizeroy Maizières-lès-Metz Maizières-lès-Vic Malaucourt-sur-Seille Malling Malroy Manderen-Ritzing Manhoué Manom Many Marange-Silvange Marange-Zondrange Marieulles Marimont-lès-Bénestroff Marly Marsal Marsilly Marthille La Maxe Maxstadt Mécleuves Mégange Meisenthal Menskirch Merschweiller Merten Métairies-Saint-Quirin Metting Metzpref Metzeresche Metzervisse Metzing Mey Mittelbronn Mittersheim Molring Momerstroff Moncheux Moncourt Mondelange Mondorff Monneren Montbronn Montdidier Montenach Montigny-lès-Metz Montois-la-Montagne Morhange Morsbach Morville-lès-Vic Morville-sur-Nied Moulins-lès-Metz Moussey Mouterhouse Moyenvic Moyeuvre-Grande Moyeuvre-Petite Mulcey Munster Narbéfontaine Nébing Nelling Neufchef Neufgrange Neufmoulins Neufvillage Neunkirchen-lès-Bouzonville Niderhoff Niderviller Niederstinzel Niedervisse Nilvange Nitting Noisseville Norroy-le-Veneur Nouilly Nousseviller-lès-Bitche Nousseviller-Saint-Nabor Novéant-sur-Moselle Oberdorff Obergailbach Oberstinzel Obervisse Obreck Œting Ogy-Montoy-Flanville Ommeray Oriocourt Ormersviller Orny Oron Ottange Ottonville Oudrenne Pagny-lès-Goin Pange Peltre Petite-Rosselle Petit-Réderching Petit-Tenquin Pettoncourt Pévange Phalsbourg Philippsbourg Piblange Pierrevillers Plaine-de-Walsch Plappeville Plesnois Pommérieux Pontoy Pontpierre Porcelette Postroff Pouilly Pournoy-la-Chétive Pournoy-la-Grasse Prévocourt Puttelange-aux-Lacs Puttelange-lès-Thionville Puttigny Puzieux Racrange Rahling Ranguevaux Raville Réchicourt-le-Château Rédange Réding Rémelfang Rémelfing Rémeling Rémering-lès-Puttelange Rémilly Réning Retonfey Rettel Reyersviller Rezonville-Vionville Rhodes Riche Richeling Richemont Richeval Rimling Rochonvillers Rodalbe Rodemack Rohrbach-lès-Bitche Rolbing Rombas Romelfing Roncourt Roppeviller Rorbach-lès-Dieuze Rosbruck Rosselange Rouhling Roupeldange Roussy-le-Village Rozérieulles Rurange-lès-Thionville Russange Rustroff Sailly-Achâtel Saint-Avold Sainte-Barbe Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes Saint-Epvre Sainte-Ruffine Saint-François-Lacroix Saint-Georges Saint-Hubert Saint-Jean-de-Bassel Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode Saint-Jean-Rohrbach Saint-Julien-lès-Metz Saint-Jure Saint-Louis Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche Saint-Médard Saint-Privat-la-Montagne Saint-Quirin Salonnes Sanry-lès-Vigy Sanry-sur-Nied Sarralbe Sarraltroff Sarrebourgsubpr Sarregueminessubpr Sarreinsming Saulny Schalbach Schmittviller Schneckenbusch Schœneck Schorbach Schwerdorff Schweyen Scy-Chazelles Secourt Seingbouse Semécourt Serémange-Erzange Servigny-lès-Raville Servigny-lès-Sainte-Barbe Sierck-les-Bains Siersthal Sillegny Silly-en-Saulnois Silly-sur-Nied Solgne Sorbey Sotzeling Soucht Spicheren Stiring-Wendel Stuckange Sturzelbronn Suisse Talange Tarquimpol Tenteling Terville Téterchen Teting-sur-Nied Théding Thicourt Thimonville Thionvillesubpr Thonville Tincry Torcheville Tragny Trémery Tressange Tritteling-Redlach Troisfontaines Tromborn Turquestein-Blancrupt Uckange Vahl-Ebersing Vahl-lès-Bénestroff Vahl-lès-Faulquemont Val-de-Bride Le Val-de-Guéblange Vallerange Valmestroff Valmont Valmunster Vannecourt Vantoux Vany Varize-Vaudoncourt Varsberg Vasperviller Vatimont Vaudreching Vaux Vaxy Veckersviller Veckring Velving Vergaville Vernéville Verny Vescheim Vibersviller Vic-sur-Seille Vieux-Lixheim Vigny Vigy Viller Villers-Stoncourt Villers-sur-Nied Villing Vilsberg Virming Vitry-sur-Orne Vittersbourg Vittoncourt Viviers Vœlfling-lès-Bouzonville Voimhaut Volmerange-lès-Boulay Volmerange-les-Mines Volmunster Volstroff Voyer Vry Vulmont Waldhouse Waldweistroff Waldwisse Walschbronn Walscheid Waltembourg Wiesviller Willerwald Wintersbourg Wittring Wœlfling-lès-Sarreguemines Woippy Woustviller Wuisse Xanrey Xocourt Xouaxange Yutz Zarbeling Zetting Zilling Zimming Zommange Zoufftgen pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bidɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceBiding (French pronunciation: [bidɛ̃]; German: Biedingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.","title":"Biding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Moselle department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Moselle_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-57082","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biding&params=49.0594_N_6.7875_E_type:city(341)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"49°03′34″N 6°47′15″E / 49.0594°N 6.7875°E / 49.0594; 6.7875"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biding&params=49.0594_N_6.7875_E_type:city(341)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"49°03′34″N 6°47′15″E / 49.0594°N 6.7875°E / 49.0594; 6.7875"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-57082","external_links_name":"57082"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-57082","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-57082#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7157340708009922168","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15265592h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15265592h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biding&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basco_Cathedral
Basco Cathedral
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 20°27′03″N 121°58′09″E / 20.450894°N 121.969267°E / 20.450894; 121.969267Roman Catholic church in Batanes, Philippines Church in Batanes, PhilippinesBasco CathedralCathedral of the Immaculate ConceptionSanto Domingo de Guzman Parish ChurchKatedral ng Mahal na Birhen ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi (Filipino)Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Inmaculada Concepción (Spanish)Cathedral facade in 2014Basco CathedralShow map of BatanesBasco CathedralShow map of LuzonBasco CathedralShow map of Philippines20°27′03″N 121°58′09″E / 20.450894°N 121.969267°E / 20.450894; 121.969267LocationBasco, BatanesCountryPhilippinesDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryStatusCathedralDedicationOur Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Saint Dominic de GuzmanArchitectureFunctional statusActiveArchitectural typeChurch buildingStyleSpanish missionCompleted1812, 1950, 2011Demolished2000AdministrationArchdioceseTuguegaraoDiocesePrelature of BatanesClergyArchbishopRicardo L. BaccayBishop(s)Danilo B. Ulep The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, commonly known as Santo Domingo de Guzman Parish Church and Basco Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral church located in Basco, Northern Batan Island, Batanes, Philippines. Because Batanes was named Provincia de la Concepcion in religious records at the time of its establishment, the first church was dedicated to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of Batanes Prelature. It is speculated that the image of the Immaculate Conception was brought to Batanes during the 1783 expedition. As a parish church, it bears the name Santo Domingo Church, in honor of the patron saint of the capital of Batanes, which is Basco, while it was dedicated to the Immaculate Conception as a cathedral. History With the establishment of Basco town on June 26, 1783, came the evangelical mission headed by Dominican Fathers Bartholome Artiguez and Baltazar Calderon. The first church was built in Basco town and was made of cogon and wood. Around 1795, due to frequent fires and typhoons that destroyed buildings, stone churches were started to be built, made possible by imported masons, stone cutters, and carpenters from Cagayan. People began to use lime not as just condiment for betel nut chew, but for constructing walls in combination with sand and stone. During this time, construction of the stone church of Basco took place, with Fr. Nicolas Castaño designing the façade in 1812, and the convent in 1814. The church has undergone renovations in response to disasters. It was burned and reconstructed at around 1860 to 1863, and was refurbished in 1950. The church was badly damaged in the earthquake of July 2000. Under Bishop Jose Salazar, O.P, the cathedral was rebuilt in its original form, which was completed in 2011. NHI historical marker The cathedral's interior in 2014 References ^ a b c d e Casas, Brigido, Fr.. Prelature of Batanes. Unpublished manuscript. ^ "Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception". Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (see page name). Retrieved March 1, 2021. ^ a b Navasero, Mandy (17 Feb 2013). "Five pillars of Faith in Batanes". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ a b Solemn Blessing of Sto. Domingo Cathedral, Basco, Batanes. Invitation Brochure. March 29, 2012. External links Media related to Basco Cathedral (Batanes) at Wikimedia Commons Basco Cathedral on Facebook vteRoman Catholic Territorial Prelature of BatanesPraelatura Territorialis BatanensisTerritories Batanes Ordinaries Peregrin de la Fuente Nesta Mario de Leon Baltazar Paala Jose Salazar Camilo Diaz Gregorio Cathedral Basco Cathedral Parishes Calayan Camiguin Itbayat Ivana Mahatao Sabtang Uyugan-Itbud
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Basco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basco,_Batanes"},{"link_name":"Batan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batan_Island"},{"link_name":"Batanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Batanes Prelature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelature_of_Batanes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manuscript-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manuscript-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pbs-2"}],"text":"Roman Catholic church in Batanes, PhilippinesChurch in Batanes, PhilippinesThe Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, commonly known as Santo Domingo de Guzman Parish Church and Basco Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral church located in Basco, Northern Batan Island, Batanes, Philippines.Because Batanes was named Provincia de la Concepcion in religious records at the time of its establishment, the first church was dedicated to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of Batanes Prelature.[1] It is speculated that the image of the Immaculate Conception was brought to Batanes during the 1783 expedition.[1] As a parish church, it bears the name Santo Domingo Church, in honor of the patron saint of the capital of Batanes, which is Basco, while it was dedicated to the Immaculate Conception as a cathedral.[2]","title":"Basco Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manuscript-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnavasero-3"},{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan_Valley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manuscript-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnavasero-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manuscript-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brochure-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brochure-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simbahan_ng_Basco_historical_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"NHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHCP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basco_Cathedral_04.JPG"}],"text":"With the establishment of Basco town on June 26, 1783, came the evangelical mission headed by Dominican Fathers Bartholome Artiguez and Baltazar Calderon.[1] The first church was built in Basco town and was made of cogon and wood.[3]Around 1795, due to frequent fires and typhoons that destroyed buildings, stone churches were started to be built, made possible by imported masons, stone cutters, and carpenters from Cagayan.[1] People began to use lime not as just condiment for betel nut chew, but for constructing walls in combination with sand and stone. During this time, construction of the stone church of Basco took place,[3] with Fr. Nicolas Castaño designing the façade in 1812, and the convent in 1814.[1]The church has undergone renovations in response to disasters. It was burned and reconstructed at around 1860 to 1863, and was refurbished in 1950.[4] The church was badly damaged in the earthquake of July 2000. Under Bishop Jose Salazar, O.P, the cathedral was rebuilt in its original form, which was completed in 2011.[4]NHI historical marker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe cathedral's interior in 2014","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception\". Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (see page name). Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/BascoCathedral/","url_text":"\"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception\""}]},{"reference":"Navasero, Mandy (17 Feb 2013). \"Five pillars of Faith in Batanes\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/90165/five-pillars-of-faith-in-batanes","url_text":"\"Five pillars of Faith in Batanes\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basco_Cathedral&params=20.450894_N_121.969267_E_region:PH_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"20°27′03″N 121°58′09″E / 20.450894°N 121.969267°E / 20.450894; 121.969267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basco_Cathedral&params=20.450894_N_121.969267_E_region:PH_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"20°27′03″N 121°58′09″E / 20.450894°N 121.969267°E / 20.450894; 121.969267"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/BascoCathedral/","external_links_name":"\"Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception\""},{"Link":"http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/90165/five-pillars-of-faith-in-batanes","external_links_name":"\"Five pillars of Faith in Batanes\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/BascoCathedral","external_links_name":"Basco Cathedral"}]