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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang-e_Sefid,_Chenaran
Sang-e Sefid, Chenaran
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°31′28″N 59°12′05″E / 36.52444°N 59.20139°E / 36.52444; 59.20139Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSang-e Sefid سنگ سفيدvillageSang-e SefidCoordinates: 36°31′28″N 59°12′05″E / 36.52444°N 59.20139°E / 36.52444; 59.20139Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyChenaranBakhshGolbajarRural DistrictGolmakanPopulation (2006) • Total97Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Sang-e Sefid (Persian: سنگ سفيد, also Romanized as Sang-e Sefīd) is a village in Golmakan Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 97, in 24 families. References ^ Sang-e Sefid can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3082282" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Chenaran CountyCapital Chenaran DistrictsCentralCities Chenaran Rural Districts and villagesBaq Mej Anjeshesh Baqmach Gah Gash Kalateh-ye Gah Chenaran Abbasabad Ahangar Akhlamad-e Olya Akhlamad-e Sofla Amirabad Bagijan Bijerk Chahar Mahan Cheshmeh Mahi Dahaneh-ye Akhlamad Deh Bagh Feyzabad Gaveh-ye Kalateh Gaveh-ye Khalseh Gol Khandan Gol Khatun Golshanabad Gonbad Zia Helal Hoseynabad Jukal Kabir Kalateh-ye Mian Kambalan Kheyrabad Khorramabad Khvajeh Jarrah Khvajeh Vali Masi Maskanlu Mazang Melli Mohammadabad Nahrabad Nowruzabad Nur ol Din Qaleh Now Qazlar Qezel Kan Qol Quchan Qom Rezaabad-e Sarhang Rezaabad-e Taheri Safiabad Samandar Sark Sarujeh Seyyedabad Shakrabad Sheykh Khanlu Sherkat-e Kharam Shotor Pa Tolki Yurd Chupan Radkan Abgahi Aliabad Aliabad-e Bahman Jan Bahman Jan-e Olya Bahman Jan-e Sofla Baru Beyram Shah Cham Gard Dalameh-ye Olya Emamzadeh Ebrahim Gavareshkan Goruh Hajjiabad Hakimabad Kalateh-ye Jafar Kalateh-ye Sadu Kharij Marichgan Moghan Muchenan Qadirabad Qezel Hesar Qiasabad Qoroq Radkan Rezaabad-e Gijan Samedi Sowhan Zingar GolbaharCities Golmakan Shahr Jadid-e Golbahar Rural Districts and villagesBizaki Aliabad Bakhtabad Bazeh Chamleh Charmi Cheshmeh Gilas Darangun Dastgerd Derakht-e Senjed Dulkhan Ebrahimabad Fallahabad Fang Fathabad Galk Ganju Golom Guri Hajj Esmaeil Hajjiabad Hakimabad Hasanabad-e Amelzadeh Hasanabad-e Manqashali Hiteh Tala Hoseyn Naju Il Hesar Jow-e Pain Juqan Kalateh Shirin Kalateh-ye Ali Khan Kalateh-ye Hasan Kalateh-ye Qanbar Ali Kalateh-ye Sheykhha Kalateh-ye Tolaki Kamalabad Karangan Karim Khan Khanabad Kortu Kusan Manqeshli Mazraeh-ye Banyad Mastazafan Mehdi Soltan Mehrabad Mirza Hasan Mohammad Hasan Beyg Mohammadabad-e Baluch Mohsenabad Momenabad Musaabad Najmabad Nasrabad Navakh Neyestan Now Bahar Now Mehan Owtan Pas Poshteh Pishavak Pushan Qarah Jangal Qarah Kuseh Qashqabad Sanqasi Sar Asiab Seyyedabad Shah Galdi Shelangerd Shirin Shurak Solugerd Taherabad Tavil Tomandar Yusefabad Zanaqol Zohab Golmakan Abqad Ahmadabad Argi Behabad Chenar Deh Now Dowlatabad Esjil Eslamabad Eyshabad Farizi Gavterna Hasan Aqeh Hashemabad Hoseynabad Jam Ab Kahu Kalateh-ye Payeh Kheyrabad Khij Kushkan Mava Nowzad Ravang Salmanabad Sang-e Sefid Iran portal This Chenaran County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_House_(Cohecton,_New_York)
Page House (Cohecton, New York)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°41′1″N 75°2′53″W / 41.68361°N 75.04806°W / 41.68361; -75.04806Historic house in New York, United States United States historic placePage HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation59 C. Meyer Rd., Cochecton, New YorkCoordinates41°41′1″N 75°2′53″W / 41.68361°N 75.04806°W / 41.68361; -75.04806Area2 acres (0.81 ha)Built1903Architectural styleQueen AnneMPSUpper Delaware Valley, New York and Pennsylvania MPSNRHP reference No.92001601Added to NRHPNovember 27, 1992 Page House is a historic home located at Cochecton in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1892 is a large two story, cross gabled, frame Queen Anne style dwelling. It features asymmetrical massing, picturesque roofline, domed corner tower, decorative shingled surfaces, and an elaborately detailed verandah. An extension was added in 1905. Also on the property are a springhouse and small barn. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Mary Curtis (August 1992). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Page House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-06-26. See also: "Accompanying three photos". vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Sullivan County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Mary Curtis (August 1992). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Page House\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=9160","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Page House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying three photos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=9178","url_text":"\"Accompanying three photos\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Honduras
Las Vegas, Honduras
["1 Demographics","2 References"]
Coordinates: 14°052′N 88°04′W / 14.867°N 88.067°W / 14.867; -88.067This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Las Vegas, Honduras" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Municipality in Santa Bárbara, HondurasLas VegasMunicipalityLas VegasLocation in HondurasCoordinates: 14°52′N 88°04′W / 14.867°N 88.067°W / 14.867; -88.067CountryHondurasDepartmentSanta BárbaraVillages7Area • Municipality123 km2 (47 sq mi)Population (2023 projection) • Municipality27,831 • Density230/km2 (590/sq mi) • Urban13,931ClimateAm Las Vegas (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a town, with a population of 11,270 (2023 calculation), and a municipality in the Honduran department of Santa Bárbara. Demographics At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Las Vegas municipality had a population of 23,980. Of these, 95.98% were Mestizo, 3.19% White, 0.55% Indigenous, 0.25% Black or Afro-Honduran and 0.03% others. References ^ Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Honduras ^ citypopulation.de Population of cities in Honduras ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), bases de datos en línea vteSanta Bárbara DepartmentCapital: Santa Bárbara, HondurasMunicipalities Arada Atima Azacualpa Ceguaca Chinda Concepción del Norte Concepción del Sur El Níspero Gualala Ilama Las Vegas Macuelizo Naranjito Nueva Frontera Nuevo Celilac Petoa Protección Quimistán San Francisco de Ojuera San José de Colinas San Luis San Marcos San Nicolás San Pedro Zacapa Santa Bárbara Santa Rita San Vicente Centenario Trinidad 14°052′N 88°04′W / 14.867°N 88.067°W / 14.867; -88.067 This Honduras location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[las ˈβeɣas]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Honduran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Santa Bárbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_Department,_Honduras"}],"text":"Municipality in Santa Bárbara, HondurasLas Vegas (Spanish pronunciation: [las ˈβeɣas]) is a town, with a population of 11,270 (2023 calculation),[2] and a municipality in the Honduran department of Santa Bárbara.","title":"Las Vegas, Honduras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Latin_Americans"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Black or Afro-Honduran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Hondurans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Las Vegas municipality had a population of 23,980. Of these, 95.98% were Mestizo, 3.19% White, 0.55% Indigenous, 0.25% Black or Afro-Honduran and 0.03% others.[3]","title":"Demographics"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Littleton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton
Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton
["1 Education and career","2 The Great Seal","3 Death","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
This article is about the 17th century jurist. For the many politicians and others of the same name, see Edward Littleton. A 1640 portrait of Edward Littleton, possibly after Anthony van Dyck Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton (also Littelton; 1589 – 27 August 1645), from Munslow in Shropshire, was a Chief Justice of North Wales. He was descended from the judge and legal scholar, Thomas de Littleton. His father, also Edward, had been Chief Justice of North Wales before him. Education and career He was educated at Oxford before becoming a lawyer. In 1614 he became an MP for Bishop's Castle, Shropshire in the Addled Parliament. In 1625 he was again returned to Parliament for Leominster and Caernarfon borough. In 1628 he was chairman of the Committee of Grievances upon whose report the Petition of Right was based. As a member of the party opposed to the arbitrary measures of Charles I, Littleton had shown more moderation than some of his colleagues, and in 1634, three years after he had been chosen Recorder of London, the king attached him to his own side by appointing him Solicitor General. In the famous case about ship money, Sir Edward argued against John Hampden. In 1640, he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. The Great Seal An 18th century mezzotint of Littleton, after Van Dyck In 1641, when the previous keeper, John Finch, fled into exile, Littleton was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. He was raised to the Peerage as Baron Lyttelton of Munslow. As the Lord Keeper Littleton had begun to display a certain amount of indifference to the royal cause. In January 1642, he refused to put the Great Seal to the proclamation for the arrest of five members and he also incurred the displeasure of Charles by voting for the Militia ordinance. However, he assured his friend Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, that he had only taken this step to allay the suspicions of the parliamentary party who contemplated depriving him of the seal, and he undertook to send this to the King. He fulfilled his promise, and in May 1642, he himself joined Charles at York, but it was some time before he regained the favour of the king and the custody of the seal. Death Littleton died at Oxford on 27 August 1645; he left no sons and his barony became extinct. His only daughter, Anne, married her cousin, Sir Thomas Littleton, 2nd Baronet. Their son, Sir Thomas Littleton (c. 1647–1710), was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1698 to 1700, and Treasurer of the Navy from 1700 to 1710. Notes ^ a b c Brooks (2004), ODNB ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911. References Christopher W. Brooks, 'Littleton, Edward, Baron Littleton (1589–1645)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Littleton, Edward, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 793. Further reading "Littleton, Edward (1589-1645)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. 1893. p. 36. John Campbell Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England: From the Earliest Times Till the Reign of King George IV, John Murray, 1857 pp. 273–300 External links Media related to Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton of Mounslow at Wikimedia Commons Legal offices Preceded bySir John Finch Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1640–1641 Succeeded bySir John Bankes Political offices Preceded byWilliam Juxon First Lord of the Treasury 1641–1643 Succeeded byThe Lord Cottington Preceded byJohn Finch Lord Keeper 1641–1645 Succeeded bySir Richard Lane Peerage of England New creation Baron Lyttelton 1641–1645 Extinct vteBritish Lord High Treasurers under the House of Stuart (1603–1649; 1660–1714)James I(1603–1625) Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset (1603–1608) Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1608–1612) Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton (1612–1613) Thomas Egerton, 1st Baron Ellesmere (1613–1614) Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (1614–1618) George Abbot (1618–1620) Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester (1620–1621) Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex (1621–1624) James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1624–1625) Charles I(1625–1649) James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1625–1628) Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (1628–1633) William Laud (1635–1636) William Juxon (1636–1641) Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1641–1643) Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington (1643–1646) Charles II(1660–1685) Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (June–September 1660) Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton (1660–1667) George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1667–1670) Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh (1672–1673) Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds (1673–March 1679) Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (March–November 1679) Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (November 1679–1684) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1684–1685) James II(1685–1688) Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (1685–1686) John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse (1687–December 1688) William & Mary(1689–1694) John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse (December 1688–April 1689) Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough (April 1689–March 1690) John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale (March 1690–November 1690) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (November 1690–1694) William III(1694–1702) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1694–1697) Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax (1697–1699) Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville (1699–1700) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1700–1701) Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle (1701–1702) Anne(1702–1714) Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1702–1710) John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett (1710–1711) Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (1711–July 1714) Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury (July–October 1714) Italics indicate service as First Lord of the Treasury when HM Treasury was ruled by Commission vteEnglish Lord Chancellors under the House of Stuart and the Interregnum (1603–1714)James I(1603–1625) 1st Viscount Brackley (1603–1617) Francis Bacon (1617–1621) Julius Caesar 1st Earl of Marlborough 1st Earl of Manchester 2nd Duke of Lennox 21st Earl of Arundel (1621) John Williams (1621–1625) Charles I(1625–1649) 1st Baron Coventry (1625–1640) 1st Baron Finch (1640–1641) 1st Baron Lyttelton (1641–1645) Richard Lane (1645–1649) Council of State(1649–1653) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Richard Keble (1649–1653) Oliver Cromwell(1653–1658) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Richard Keble (1653–1654) Bulstrode Whitelocke John Lisle Thomas Widdrington (1654–1656) Nathaniel Fiennes John Lisle (1656–1658) Richard Cromwell(1658–1659) Nathaniel Fiennes John Lisle (1658–1659) Council of State(1659–1660) Nathaniel Fiennes/John Lisle/Bulstrode Whitelocke (January–June 1659) John Bradshaw/Thomas Tyrrell/John Fountaine (June 1659–1660) William Lenthall/Thomas Widdrington/Thomas Tyrrell/John Fountaine/2nd Earl of Manchester (1660) Charles II(1660–1685) 1st Earl of Clarendon (1660–1667) Sir Orlando Bridgeman (1667–1672) 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1672–1673) 1st Earl of Nottingham (1673–1682) 1st Baron Guilford (1682–1685) James II(1685–1688) 1st Baron Jeffreys (1685–1688) William & Mary(1689–1694) John Maynard/Anthony Keck/William Rawlinson (1689–1690) John Trevor/William Rawlinson/George Hutchins (1690–1693) 1st Baron Somers (1693–1694) William III(1694–1702) 1st Baron Somers (1693–1700) John Holt/George Treby/Edward Ward (1700) Nathan Wright (1700–1702) Anne(1702–1714) Nathan Wright (1702–1705) 1st Earl Cowper (1705–1710) 1st Baron Trevor/Robert Tracy/John Scrope (1710) 1st Viscount Harcourt (1710–1714) Italics indicate service when the Greal Seal was held in Commission Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Littleton_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Littleton,_Baron_Littleton_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Munslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munslow"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Littleton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"This article is about the 17th century jurist. For the many politicians and others of the same name, see Edward Littleton.A 1640 portrait of Edward Littleton, possibly after Anthony van DyckEdward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttleton (also Littelton; 1589 – 27 August 1645), from Munslow in Shropshire, was a Chief Justice of North Wales. He was descended from the judge and legal scholar, Thomas de Littleton. His father, also Edward, had been Chief Justice of North Wales before him.[1]","title":"Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Addled Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addled_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Charles_I"},{"link_name":"Leominster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leominster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Petition of Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Right"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Recorder of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_of_London"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"ship money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_money"},{"link_name":"John Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hampden"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"}],"text":"He was educated at Oxford before becoming a lawyer. In 1614 he became an MP for Bishop's Castle, Shropshire in the Addled Parliament. In 1625 he was again returned to Parliament for Leominster and Caernarfon borough.[1] In 1628 he was chairman of the Committee of Grievances upon whose report the Petition of Right was based.[2]As a member of the party opposed to the arbitrary measures of Charles I, Littleton had shown more moderation than some of his colleagues, and in 1634, three years after he had been chosen Recorder of London, the king attached him to his own side by appointing him Solicitor General. In the famous case about ship money, Sir Edward argued against John Hampden. In 1640, he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Littleton.jpg"},{"link_name":"mezzotint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint"},{"link_name":"John Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finch,_1st_Baron_Finch"},{"link_name":"Lord Keeper of the Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal"},{"link_name":"the Peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Baron Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lyttelton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"Militia ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_ordinance"},{"link_name":"Edward Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"Earl of Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"}],"text":"An 18th century mezzotint of Littleton, after Van DyckIn 1641, when the previous keeper, John Finch, fled into exile, Littleton was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. He was raised to the Peerage as Baron Lyttelton of Munslow.[1]As the Lord Keeper Littleton had begun to display a certain amount of indifference to the royal cause. In January 1642, he refused to put the Great Seal to the proclamation for the arrest of five members and he also incurred the displeasure of Charles by voting for the Militia ordinance. However, he assured his friend Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, that he had only taken this step to allay the suspicions of the parliamentary party who contemplated depriving him of the seal, and he undertook to send this to the King. He fulfilled his promise, and in May 1642, he himself joined Charles at York, but it was some time before he regained the favour of the king and the custody of the seal.[2]","title":"The Great Seal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"married her cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_marriage"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Littleton, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Littleton,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Thomas Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Littleton,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"}],"text":"Littleton died at Oxford on 27 August 1645; he left no sons and his barony became extinct. His only daughter, Anne, married her cousin, Sir Thomas Littleton, 2nd Baronet. Their son, Sir Thomas Littleton (c. 1647–1710), was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1698 to 1700, and Treasurer of the Navy from 1700 to 1710.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"}],"text":"^ a b c Brooks (2004), ODNB\n\n^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Littleton, Edward (1589-1645)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Littleton,_Edward_(1589-1645)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"pp. 273–300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KekKAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Edward%20Littleton%22%20Lord%20Lyttelton&pg=PA273"}],"text":"\"Littleton, Edward (1589-1645)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. 1893. p. 36.\nJohn Campbell Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England: From the Earliest Times Till the Reign of King George IV, John Murray, 1857 pp. 273–300","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A 1640 portrait of Edward Littleton, possibly after Anthony van Dyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edward_Littleton%2C_Baron_Littleton_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/200px-Edward_Littleton%2C_Baron_Littleton_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 18th century mezzotint of Littleton, after Van Dyck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edward_Littleton.jpg/150px-Edward_Littleton.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Littleton, Edward, Baron\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Littleton,_Edward,_Baron","url_text":"Littleton, Edward, Baron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Littleton, Edward (1589-1645)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 33. 1893. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Littleton,_Edward_(1589-1645)","url_text":"\"Littleton, Edward (1589-1645)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Memorial,_Capel-le-Ferne
Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne
["1 History","2 The Wing","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°05′55″N 1°12′21″E / 51.0985°N 1.2059°E / 51.0985; 1.2059WWII memorial in Kent, England Not to be confused with the Battle of Britain Monument in London. The Battle of Britain MemorialUnited KingdomStatue of a seated pilot at the Battle of Britain MemorialFor the RAF casualties of the Battle of BritainUnveiled9 July 1993Locationnear Capel-le-FerneDesigned byHarry Gray The Battle of Britain Memorial is a monument to aircrew who flew in the Battle of Britain. It is sited on the White Cliffs at Capel-le-Ferne, near Folkestone, on the coast of Kent. History It was initiated by the Battle of Britain Memorial Trust, and opened by the Queen Mother on 9 July 1993. It is formed of a large propeller-shaped base, with the figure of a seated pilot carved by Harry Gray sitting at the centre. The propeller shape has led the monument to be considered a hill figure. Also on the site are replicas of a Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire and the Christopher Foxley-Norris Memorial Wall, on which appears the names of the almost 3,000 fighter aircrew who flew in the Battle. In October 2010 The Duchess of Cornwall unveiled a bust of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park by sculptor Will Davies at the site. The Wing The new visitor centre, 'The Wing' is an eye-catching design in the shape of a Spitfire wing, complete with dihedral angle. Architects Godden Allen Lawn along with consulting engineers Crofton Consulting were appointed to undertake the building design with contractors Epps Construction undertaking the construction work. The building was opened by Her Majesty the Queen on 26 March 2015 and won 'Project of the Year' at the 2016 Kent Design and Development awards. Conceived as an experience rather than a museum the building contains The Scramble Experience; a central ‘cockpit’ area with an open balcony offering superb views across the Channel to France, from where the Luftwaffe would have appeared in 1940. A high-tech screen is used to superimpose historical film of incoming German aircraft over the real view of the same scene. Battle of Britain Memorial Memorial Wall Spitfire Replica References ^ "The Wing at Capel-le-Ferne". Godden Allen Lawn. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "The Wing | Crofton". crofton.consulting. Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ "Announcing the winners of the Kent Design and Development awards". kentdesigndevelopmentawards.co.uk. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2017. External links Battle of Britain Memorial - homepage Harry Gray, Sculptor. The Carving Workshop - Cambridge, UK On the 70th Anniversary of the Battle, a veteran at the Memorial recalls his memories http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00cbgt6 or if viewing outside the UK: http://vimeo.com/35312839 51°05′55″N 1°12′21″E / 51.0985°N 1.2059°E / 51.0985; 1.2059 vteHill figuresHumanoid Cerne Abbas Giant Long Man of Wilmington Firle Corn Atacama Giant Marree Man Horses Alton Barnes White Horse Broad Town White Horse Cherhill White Horse Devizes White Horse Folkestone White Horse Hackpen White Horse Kilburn White Horse Litlington White Horse Marlborough White Horse Osmington White Horse Pewsey White Horse Red Horse of Tysoe Uffington White Horse Westbury White Horse Other Battalion Park Battle of Britain Memorial Bulford Kiwi Effigy Mounds National Monument Fovant Badges Lenham Cross Paracas Candelabra Shoreham Memorial Cross South San Francisco hillside sign Whiteleaf Cross Related art Geoglyph Rock art Land art White Horse Flag Hillside letters List The "A" The Big "C" Block U The "P" Platte Mound M Y Mountain Hill figures in Wiltshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Britain Monument in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Monument_in_London"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"White Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Capel-le-Ferne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel-le-Ferne"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"}],"text":"WWII memorial in Kent, EnglandNot to be confused with the Battle of Britain Monument in London.The Battle of Britain Memorial is a monument to aircrew who flew in the Battle of Britain. It is sited on the White Cliffs at Capel-le-Ferne, near Folkestone, on the coast of Kent.","title":"Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"Harry Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gray_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hill figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_figure"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Christopher Foxley-Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Foxley-Norris"},{"link_name":"The Duchess of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Keith Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Park"}],"text":"It was initiated by the Battle of Britain Memorial Trust, and opened by the Queen Mother on 9 July 1993. It is formed of a large propeller-shaped base, with the figure of a seated pilot carved by Harry Gray sitting at the centre. The propeller shape has led the monument to be considered a hill figure.Also on the site are replicas of a Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire and the Christopher Foxley-Norris Memorial Wall, on which appears the names of the almost 3,000 fighter aircrew who flew in the Battle.In October 2010 The Duchess of Cornwall unveiled a bust of Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park by sculptor Will Davies at the site.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dihedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Godden Allen Lawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gal-ltd.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Crofton Consulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//crofton.consulting/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Kent Design and Development awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Design_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capel-le-Ferne_-_Battle_of_britain_memorial_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capel-le-Ferne_-_Battle_of_britain_memorial_02.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capel-le-Ferne_-_Battle_of_britain_memorial_03.JPG"}],"text":"The new visitor centre, 'The Wing' is an eye-catching design in the shape of a Spitfire wing, complete with dihedral angle. Architects Godden Allen Lawn along with consulting engineers Crofton Consulting were appointed to undertake the building design with contractors Epps Construction undertaking the construction work.[1][2] The building was opened by Her Majesty the Queen on 26 March 2015 and won 'Project of the Year' at the 2016 Kent Design and Development awards.[3]Conceived as an experience rather than a museum the building contains The Scramble Experience; a central ‘cockpit’ area with an open balcony offering superb views across the Channel to France, from where the Luftwaffe would have appeared in 1940. A high-tech screen is used to superimpose historical film of incoming German aircraft over the real view of the same scene.Battle of Britain Memorial\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial Wall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpitfire Replica","title":"The Wing"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Wing at Capel-le-Ferne\". Godden Allen Lawn. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://gal-ltd.co.uk/case-studies/capel-le-ferne","url_text":"\"The Wing at Capel-le-Ferne\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Wing | Crofton\". crofton.consulting. Retrieved 2 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://crofton.consulting/case-study/the-wing/","url_text":"\"The Wing | Crofton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the winners of the Kent Design and Development awards\". kentdesigndevelopmentawards.co.uk. 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kentdesigndevelopmentawards.co.uk/2016/12/announcing-winners-of-kent-design-and.html#more","url_text":"\"Announcing the winners of the Kent Design and Development awards\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ri_%C3%81rnason_(footballer,_born_1982)
Kári Árnason
["1 Club career","1.1 Early years","1.2 Plymouth Argyle","1.3 Aberdeen","1.4 Rotherham United","1.5 Malmö FF","1.6 AC Omonia","1.7 Return to Aberdeen","1.8 Gençlerbirliği","1.9 Return to Víkingur","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
Icelandic footballer Not to be confused with Kári Árnason (footballer, born 1944). This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Kári. Kári Árnason Kári playing for Iceland against Hungary in UEFA Euro 2016Personal informationFull name Kári ÁrnasonDate of birth (1982-10-13) 13 October 1982 (age 41)Place of birth Gothenburg, SwedenHeight 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) Centre-backYouth career1999–2001 VíkingurCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2002–2003 Gonzaga Bulldogs 25 (8)2004 Adelphi Panthers 5 (0)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2001–2004 Víkingur 41 (3)2004–2006 Djurgården 35 (0)2006–2009 AGF Aarhus 51 (3)2009 → Esbjerg fB (loan) 8 (0)2009–2011 Plymouth Argyle 72 (3)2011–2012 Aberdeen 33 (3)2012–2015 Rotherham United 116 (5)2015–2017 Malmö FF 37 (2)2017 Omonia 8 (2)2017–2018 Aberdeen 21 (3)2018–2019 Gençlerbirliği 13 (0)2019–2021 Víkingur 41 (2)Total 476 (26)International career2005–2021 Iceland 90 (6) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Kári Árnason (born 13 October 1982) is an Icelandic former professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. He has played for Djurgården, AGF Aarhus, Esbjerg fB, Plymouth Argyle, Aberdeen (two spells), Rotherham United, Malmö FF, Omonia and Gençlerbirliği. Capable of playing in midfield or defence, Kári has represented Iceland at senior level since 2005, making 90 appearances and scoring 6 goals in the process. He represented Iceland at UEFA Euro 2016 and at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Club career Early years Born in Gothenburg, Kári began his career as a youngster in 1999 with Víkingur at his home town of Reykjavik, where he spent the first five years in his career. Arnason also played for the Gonzaga University Bulldogs in Spokane, Washington from 2002 to 2003. He brought a different style of football to Spokane, the likes of which Bulldog legends Steve Owens and Trevor Conrad had never seen. During a candid interview with Gonzaga Bulletin reporter Ryan McAteer he did admit "Americans though, are in much better shape and can run forever." He also played one season for Adelphi University in 2004. After putting together a string of impressive performances in midfield with Víkingur at an early age in the 2004 season, Kári was signed by Swedish Allsvenskan club Djurgårdens IF in 2004, where he won the Swedish league and cup double in 2005. He was signed by Danish club AGF Aarhus in 2007 and spent two years with the club, along with a spell on loan at fellow Superliga club Esbjerg fB. Plymouth Argyle Kári had a trial at English Football League Championship side Plymouth Argyle in the summer of 2009, and after impressing in a couple of friendly matches he signed a one-year contract with the club. He made his debut in August 2009 against Derby County and established himself as a first-team regular at the heart of the club's defence. He scored his first goal for the club against Reading on 28 December 2009 at Home Park, to become the 500th player to score a league goal since the club became professional in 1903. Kári signed a two-year contract extension in January 2010, after a string of consistent performances, to keep him at the club until the summer of 2012. Aberdeen Kári joined Heart of Midlothian on trial during their pre-season trip to Italy in June 2011, having been released by Plymouth's administrator after refusing to defer his wages for June. He was not offered a contract by Hearts and then began a trial with fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen. He signed for Aberdeen on 18 July and received international clearance four days later. He made his debut in a 0–0 draw against St Johnstone on 23 July and scored his first goal for Aberdeen on 15 October, the opener in a 3–1 win against Dundee United. In the return New Firm fixture on 2 January 2012, Árnason scored the winning goal from 35-yards at Tannadice. He was offered a new contract in December to extend his stay with the club beyond the 2011–12 season. His goal against Rangers in a 1–1 draw at Ibrox Stadium took his tally for the campaign to three. Kári rejected Aberdeen's offer of a new contract towards the end of January and manager Craig Brown said that he expected him to leave in the summer. "We made Kári an exceptionally good offer. However, the player believes he can earn a better deal elsewhere," said an Aberdeen spokesperson. Rotherham United Kári Árnason joined Rotherham United in June 2012. He played over 100 games for the club, where he earned back-to-back promotions from League Two to the Championship. He played the majority of the games in defense, the others in midfield. Kári playing for Malmö FF. Malmö FF On 29 June 2015, Kári returned to his country of birth, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract with Malmö FF. Malmö FF sold their two starting centre-backs in the same transfer window, and he formed a new centre-back pairing with Rasmus Bengtsson. The team continued to struggle in their league campaign, but qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage. In a team with many newly signed players, Kári had quickly become a leader and was appointed vice-captain by Åge Hareide. The team was able to get back to its winning ways during the 2016 season. With captain Markus Rosenberg injured, Kári wore the armband during the final title run and led the team to secure the Allsvenskan title with two games to play. AC Omonia On 30 January 2017, Kári joined AC Omonia. He had 8 appearances with the club. He was given a transfer to Aberdeen after expressing his wish for the transfer and an agreement based on the demands of Omonia Nicosia. Return to Aberdeen On 14 July 2017, Kári rejoined Aberdeen, for whom he had played in the 2011–12 season. He was released by Aberdeen in May 2018, at the end of his contract. Gençlerbirliği On 24 July 2018, Kári agreed terms with Turkish First League side Gençlerbirliği, signing a one-year deal. Return to Víkingur At the end of his contract at Gençlerbirliği, Kári rejoined the club he played for as a youth, Víkingur, signing a two-year deal until the end of the 2020 season. International career Kári playing for Iceland Kári Árnason was called up to the senior Iceland squad in March 2005 for the game against Croatia and he made his debut four days later against Italy. He scored his first goal for his country seven months later in October 2005 against Sweden at Råsunda. He was selected by Lars Lagerbäck for UEFA Euro 2016 where Iceland made their first ever appearance in a major tournament. In the first game he marked Cristiano Ronaldo out of the game in their draw with Portugal, the team that eventually won the entire tournament. In their last group stage game Iceland were able to beat Austria to advance to the knock-out stages, and he notched an assist and was selected as man of the match. He once again assisted a goal in Iceland's upset victory over England in the round of 16. In May 2018 he was named in Iceland's 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Career statistics As of 5 September 2021 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Iceland 2005 8 1 2006 4 0 2007 4 0 2010 1 0 2012 7 1 2013 8 0 2014 6 0 2015 7 0 2016 11 1 2017 8 1 2018 9 2 2019 8 0 2020 6 0 2021 3 0 Total 90 6 As of match played 8 June 2019 Scores and results list Iceland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kári goal. List of international goals scored by Kári Árnason No. Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition 1 12 October 2005 Råsunda Stadium, Solna, Sweden 8  Sweden 1–0 1–3 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 2 7 September 2012 Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland 22  Norway 1–0 2–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 3 6 October 2016 Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland 54  Finland 1–1 3–2 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 4 6 October 2017 New Eskişehir Stadium, Eskişehir, Turkey 62  Turkey 3–0 3–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 5 7 June 2018 Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland 67  Ghana 1–0 2–2 Friendly 6 11 October 2018 Stade de Roudourou, Guingamp, France 70  France 2–0 2–2 Friendly Honours Víkingur FC Icelandic Cup: 2019, 2021 Icelandic Premier Division: 2021 Malmö FF Allsvenskan: 2016 Rotherham United Football League Two runner-up: 2012–13 Football League One play-offs: 2013–14 Djurgården Allsvenskan: 2005 Svenska Cupen: 2005 References ^ "Professional retain list & free transfers 2012/13" (PDF). The Football League. 18 May 2013. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2013. ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: List of players: Iceland" (PDF). FIFA. 10 June 2018. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018. ^ "Kári Árnason". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ Adelphi Panthers (July 2005). "Adelphi University 2005 Men's Soccer Media Guide". Adelphi University Men's Soccer Media Guide (2005). ^ "Kári Árnason". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ Atla Sævarsson (12 August 2004). "Ætlaði aldrei að æfa fótbolta" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 19 July 2011. Ég fæddist í Gautaborg í Svíþjóð og átti heima þar þangað til ég var fimm ára en þá fluttist ég ásamt fjölskyldu minni til Íslands. (I was born in Gothenburg in Sweden and lived there until I was five years old, and then I moved with my family to Iceland.) ^ a b McAteer, Ryan. "Almost 3,500 miles from home, Icelanders spark Zags". The Gonzaga Bulletin. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ "Adelphi Men's Soccer Roster". AU Panthers. Adelphi University. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Player Profile". Adelphi Men's Soccer. Adelphi University. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ Plymouth 4–1 Reading BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2010. ^ New Deal For Arnie Archived 26 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Plymouth Argyle FC. Retrieved 31 January 2010. ^ "Kari on for JJ". Hearts FC. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011. ^ "Arnason starts trial with Hearts after being 'dismissed' by Argyle". Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011. ^ "Deveronvale 0 v 2 Aberdeen". Aberdeen F.C. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011. ^ "Kari Arnason completes move to Aberdeen". BBC Sport. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ "Aberdeen 3–1 Dundee Utd". BBC Sport. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ "Dundee Utd 1–2 Aberdeen". BBC Sport. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "Aberdeen await contract response from Kari Arnason". BBC Sport. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ Briggs, Nial (21 January 2012). "SPL round-up: Kari Arnason scores as Aberdeen hold Rangers at Ibrox". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ Orr, Ian (26 January 2012). "Kari Arnason set to quit Aberdeen after Dons reject his £5k-a-week demands". Daily Record. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ "Arnason set to leave". Aberdeen F.C. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ "Kari Arnason rejects Aberdeen's offer of new contract". BBC Sport. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. ^ "Rotherham sign Iceland international Kari Arnason". BBC Sport. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Välkommen till MFF, Kári Árnason (Swedish)". Malmö FF. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Στην Αμπερντίν συνεχίζει ο Κάρι Άρνασον". AC Omonia Nicosia. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017. ^ "Aberdeen confirm Kari Arnason return as Iceland international signs one-year deal at Pittodrie". Daily Record. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ "PLAYER UPDATE". Aberdeen FC. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018. ^ "Kári Árna til Gençlerbirliği (Staðfest)" (in Icelandic). Fotbolti.net. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Kári Árnason kominn aftur í Víking" (in Icelandic). Visir.is. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019. ^ Appearances KSI. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ Match Report Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine FIFA. Retrieved 21 February 2010. ^ "A karla – Lokahópur fyrir EM 2016" (in Icelandic). Knattspyrnusamband Íslands. 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ Wirth, Jim (22 June 2016). "Austria win extends Iceland's mission impossible". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ "Euro 2016: Iceland beat England and 'shock the world'". bbc.com. British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. ^ Crawford, Stephen (4 June 2018). "Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists". Goal. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ a b "Kári Árnason". Football Association of Iceland (in Icelandic). Retrieved 15 October 2016. ^ Archived copy Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kári Árnason. Kári Árnason at Soccerbase Kári Árnason at Soccerway Danish Superliga player statistics at danskfodbold.com (in Danish) Malmö FF profile (in Swedish) Kari Arnason at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish) Iceland squads vteIceland squad – UEFA Euro 2016 1 Halldórsson 2 Sævarsson 3 Hauksson 4 Hermannsson 5 Ingason 6 R. Sigurðsson 7 Guðmundsson 8 B. Bjarnason 9 Sigþórsson 10 G. Sigurðsson 11 Finnbogason 12 Kristinsson 13 Jónsson 14 Árnason 15 Böðvarsson 16 Sigurjónsson 17 Gunnarsson (c) 18 T. Bjarnason 19 Magnússon 20 Hallfreðsson 21 Traustason 22 Guðjohnsen 23 Skúlason Coach: Hallgrímsson & Lagerbäck vteIceland squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Halldórsson 2 Sævarsson 3 Friðjónsson 4 A. Guðmundsson 5 Ingason 6 R. Sigurðsson 7 J. Guðmundsson 8 Bjarnason 9 Sigurðarson 10 G. Sigurðsson 11 Finnbogason 12 Schram 13 Rúnarsson 14 Árnason 15 Eyjólfsson 16 O. Skúlason 17 Gunnarsson (c) 18 Magnusson 19 Gíslason 20 Hallfreðsson 21 Traustason 22 Böðvarsson 23 A. Skúlason Coach: Hallgrímsson vteIcelandic Footballer of the YearMen & Women 1973: Kjartansson 1974: Eðvaldsson 1975: Stefánsson 1976: Pétursson 1977: Gí. Torfason 1978: K. Þórðarson 1979: Geirsson 1980: Hallgrímsson 1981: Baldursson 1982: Bjarnason 1983: Si. Jónsson 1984: B. Sigurðsson 1985: Þorbjörnsson 1986: Gu. Torfason 1987: Ormslev 1988: Sæ. Jónsson 1989: O. Þórðarson 1990: B. Sigurðsson 1991: Sverrisson 1992: Gunnlaugsson 1993: Si. Jónsson 1994: Gunnlaugsdóttir 1995: B. Kristinsson 1996: Adolfsson Men 1997: Hreiðarsson 1998: Sverrisson 1999: Sverrisson 2000: Hreiðarsson 2001: Guðjohnsen 2002: R. Kristinsson 2003: Guðjohnsen 2004: Guðjohnsen 2005: Guðjohnsen 2006: Guðjohnsen 2007: Hreiðarsson 2008: Guðjohnsen 2009: Guðjohnsen 2010: G. Sigurðsson 2011: Helguson 2012: G. Sigurðsson 2013: G. Sigurðsson 2014: G. Sigurðsson 2015: G. Sigurðsson 2016: G. Sigurðsson 2017: G. Sigurðsson 2018: G. Sigurðsson 2019: G. Sigurðsson 2020: G. Sigurðsson 2021: Árnason 2022: Haraldsson Women 1997: Kristjánsdóttir 1998: K. Jónsdóttir 1999: G. Jónsdóttir 2000: Ögmundsdóttir 2001: Færseth 2002: Á. Helgadóttir 2003: Á. Helgadóttir 2004: Viðarsdóttir 2005: Á. Helgadóttir 2006: Viðarsdóttir 2007: Viðarsdóttir 2008: Viðarsdóttir 2009: Þ. Helgadóttir 2010: Magnúsdóttir 2011: Viðarsdóttir 2012: Þ. Helgadóttir 2013: Gunnarsdóttir 2014: Þorsteinsdóttir 2015: Gunnarsdóttir 2016: Gunnarsdóttir 2017: Gunnarsdóttir 2018: Gunnarsdóttir 2019: Gunnarsdóttir 2020: Gunnarsdóttir 2021: S. Jónsdóttir 2022: Viggósdóttir
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The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Kári.Kári Árnason (born 13 October 1982) is an Icelandic former professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. He has played for Djurgården, AGF Aarhus, Esbjerg fB, Plymouth Argyle, Aberdeen (two spells), Rotherham United, Malmö FF, Omonia and Gençlerbirliği.[5] Capable of playing in midfield or defence, Kári has represented Iceland at senior level since 2005, making 90 appearances and scoring 6 goals in the process. He represented Iceland at UEFA Euro 2016 and at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.","title":"Kári Árnason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Víkingur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattspyrnuf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_V%C3%ADkingur"},{"link_name":"Reykjavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavik"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga University Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_men%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"Spokane, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Víkingur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattspyrnuf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_V%C3%ADkingur"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Djurgårdens IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"AGF Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Gymnastikforening"},{"link_name":"Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Esbjerg fB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbjerg_fB"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Born in Gothenburg,[6] Kári began his career as a youngster in 1999 with Víkingur at his home town of Reykjavik, where he spent the first five years in his career. Arnason also played for the Gonzaga University Bulldogs in Spokane, Washington from 2002 to 2003. He brought a different style of football to Spokane, the likes of which Bulldog legends Steve Owens and Trevor Conrad had never seen.[7] During a candid interview with Gonzaga Bulletin reporter Ryan McAteer he did admit \"Americans though, are in much better shape and can run forever.\"[7] He also played one season for Adelphi University in 2004.[8][9] After putting together a string of impressive performances in midfield with Víkingur at an early age in the 2004 season, Kári was signed by Swedish Allsvenskan club Djurgårdens IF in 2004, where he won the Swedish league and cup double in 2005. He was signed by Danish club AGF Aarhus in 2007 and spent two years with the club, along with a spell on loan at fellow Superliga club Esbjerg fB.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"Home Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Plymouth Argyle","text":"Kári had a trial at English Football League Championship side Plymouth Argyle in the summer of 2009, and after impressing in a couple of friendly matches he signed a one-year contract with the club. He made his debut in August 2009 against Derby County and established himself as a first-team regular at the heart of the club's defence. He scored his first goal for the club against Reading on 28 December 2009 at Home Park,[10] to become the 500th player to score a league goal since the club became professional in 1903. Kári signed a two-year contract extension in January 2010, after a string of consistent performances, to keep him at the club until the summer of 2012.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundee United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Firm_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Tannadice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannadice"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ibrox Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Craig Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Brown_(footballer_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Aberdeen","text":"Kári joined Heart of Midlothian on trial during their pre-season trip to Italy in June 2011,[12] having been released by Plymouth's administrator after refusing to defer his wages for June.[13] He was not offered a contract by Hearts and then began a trial with fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen.[14] He signed for Aberdeen on 18 July and received international clearance four days later.[15] He made his debut in a 0–0 draw against St Johnstone on 23 July and scored his first goal for Aberdeen on 15 October, the opener in a 3–1 win against Dundee United.[16] In the return New Firm fixture on 2 January 2012, Árnason scored the winning goal from 35-yards at Tannadice.[17] He was offered a new contract in December to extend his stay with the club beyond the 2011–12 season.[18]His goal against Rangers in a 1–1 draw at Ibrox Stadium took his tally for the campaign to three.[19] Kári rejected Aberdeen's offer of a new contract towards the end of January and manager Craig Brown said that he expected him to leave in the summer.[20] \"We made Kári an exceptionally good offer. However, the player believes he can earn a better deal elsewhere,\" said an Aberdeen spokesperson.[21][22]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SHAKHTAR_DONETSK_VS._MALM%C3%96_FF_4_-_0_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"}],"sub_title":"Rotherham United","text":"Kári Árnason joined Rotherham United in June 2012.[23] He played over 100 games for the club, where he earned back-to-back promotions from League Two to the Championship. He played the majority of the games in defense, the others in midfield.Kári playing for Malmö FF.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rasmus Bengtsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Bengtsson"},{"link_name":"2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"vice-captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)#Club"},{"link_name":"Åge Hareide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ge_Hareide"},{"link_name":"2016 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Markus Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"}],"sub_title":"Malmö FF","text":"On 29 June 2015, Kári returned to his country of birth, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract with Malmö FF.[24] Malmö FF sold their two starting centre-backs in the same transfer window, and he formed a new centre-back pairing with Rasmus Bengtsson. The team continued to struggle in their league campaign, but qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage. In a team with many newly signed players, Kári had quickly become a leader and was appointed vice-captain by Åge Hareide. The team was able to get back to its winning ways during the 2016 season. With captain Markus Rosenberg injured, Kári wore the armband during the final title run and led the team to secure the Allsvenskan title with two games to play.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC Omonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Omonia"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"AC Omonia","text":"On 30 January 2017, Kári joined AC Omonia. He had 8 appearances with the club. He was given a transfer to Aberdeen after expressing his wish for the transfer and an agreement based on the demands of Omonia Nicosia.[25]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Return to Aberdeen","text":"On 14 July 2017, Kári rejoined Aberdeen, for whom he had played in the 2011–12 season.[26] He was released by Aberdeen in May 2018, at the end of his contract.[27]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"Gençlerbirliği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Gençlerbirliği","text":"On 24 July 2018, Kári agreed terms with Turkish First League side Gençlerbirliği, signing a one-year deal.[28]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gençlerbirliği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K."},{"link_name":"Víkingur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattspyrnuf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_V%C3%ADkingur"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Return to Víkingur","text":"At the end of his contract at Gençlerbirliği, Kári rejoined the club he played for as a youth, Víkingur, signing a two-year deal until the end of the 2020 season.[29]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-05-30_Austria_-_Iceland_football_match,_K%C3%A1ri_%C3%81rnason_0612.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Råsunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5sunda_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lars Lagerbäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Lagerb%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"2018 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Kári playing for IcelandKári Árnason was called up to the senior Iceland squad in March 2005 for the game against Croatia and he made his debut four days later against Italy.[30] He scored his first goal for his country seven months later in October 2005 against Sweden at Råsunda.[31]He was selected by Lars Lagerbäck for UEFA Euro 2016 where Iceland made their first ever appearance in a major tournament. In the first game he marked Cristiano Ronaldo out of the game in their draw with Portugal, the team that eventually won the entire tournament.[32] In their last group stage game Iceland were able to beat Austria to advance to the knock-out stages, and he notched an assist and was selected as man of the match.[33] He once again assisted a goal in Iceland's upset victory over England in the round of 16.[34]In May 2018 he was named in Iceland's 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.[35]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iceland_profile-36"}],"text":"As of 5 September 2021[36]As of match played 8 June 2019\nScores and results list Iceland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kári goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Men%27s_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Icelandic_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Icelandic_Cup"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Football League One play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_play-offs#League_One"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Svenska_Cupen"}],"text":"Víkingur FCIcelandic Cup: 2019, 2021\nIcelandic Premier Division: 2021Malmö FFAllsvenskan: 2016Rotherham UnitedFootball League Two runner-up: 2012–13\nFootball League One play-offs: 2013–14DjurgårdenAllsvenskan:[37] 2005\nSvenska Cupen: 2005","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Kári playing for Malmö FF.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SHAKHTAR_DONETSK_VS._MALM%C3%96_FF_4_-_0_%284%29.jpg/100px-SHAKHTAR_DONETSK_VS._MALM%C3%96_FF_4_-_0_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kári playing for Iceland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/2014-05-30_Austria_-_Iceland_football_match%2C_K%C3%A1ri_%C3%81rnason_0612.jpg/150px-2014-05-30_Austria_-_Iceland_football_match%2C_K%C3%A1ri_%C3%81rnason_0612.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Professional retain list & free transfers 2012/13\" (PDF). The Football League. 18 May 2013. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140802074454/http://www.football-league.co.uk/staticFiles/4e/bd/0%2C%2C10794~179534%2C00.pdf","url_text":"\"Professional retain list & free transfers 2012/13\""},{"url":"http://www.football-league.co.uk/staticFiles/4e/bd/0,,10794~179534,00.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: List of players: Iceland\" (PDF). FIFA. 10 June 2018. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619164139/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"\"2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: List of players: Iceland\""},{"url":"https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kári Árnason\". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513084817/http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=4195","url_text":"\"Kári Árnason\""},{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=4195","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adelphi Panthers (July 2005). \"Adelphi University 2005 Men's Soccer Media Guide\". Adelphi University Men's Soccer Media Guide (2005).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kári Árnason\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 21 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/10978.html","url_text":"\"Kári Árnason\""}]},{"reference":"Atla Sævarsson (12 August 2004). \"Ætlaði aldrei að æfa fótbolta\" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 19 July 2011. Ég fæddist í Gautaborg í Svíþjóð og átti heima þar þangað til ég var fimm ára en þá fluttist ég ásamt fjölskyldu minni til Íslands. (I was born in Gothenburg in Sweden and lived there until I was five years old, and then I moved with my family to Iceland.)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=812946","url_text":"\"Ætlaði aldrei að æfa fótbolta\""}]},{"reference":"McAteer, Ryan. \"Almost 3,500 miles from home, Icelanders spark Zags\". The Gonzaga Bulletin. Retrieved 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gonzagabulletin.com/article_91f85e21-1618-5df1-8280-44acc3c232c6.html","url_text":"\"Almost 3,500 miles from home, Icelanders spark Zags\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adelphi Men's Soccer Roster\". AU Panthers. Adelphi University. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aupanthers.com/roster.aspx?roster=121&path=msoc","url_text":"\"Adelphi Men's Soccer Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Profile\". Adelphi Men's Soccer. Adelphi University. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aupanthers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3400&path=msoc","url_text":"\"Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kari on for JJ\". Hearts FC. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235245/http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20110626/kari-on-for-jj_2241384_2380832","url_text":"\"Kari on for JJ\""},{"url":"http://www.heartsfc.co.uk/articles/20110626/kari-on-for-jj_2241384_2380832","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arnason starts trial with Hearts after being 'dismissed' by Argyle\". Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110627223429/http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Arnason-starts-trial-Hearts-dismissed-Argyle/story-12832066-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Arnason starts trial with Hearts after being 'dismissed' by Argyle\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Arnason-starts-trial-Hearts-dismissed-Argyle/story-12832066-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deveronvale 0 v 2 Aberdeen\". Aberdeen F.C. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093534/http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20110712/deveronvale-v-aberdeen_2212158_2391422","url_text":"\"Deveronvale 0 v 2 Aberdeen\""},{"url":"http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20110712/deveronvale-v-aberdeen_2212158_2391422","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kari Arnason completes move to Aberdeen\". BBC Sport. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14154372.stm","url_text":"\"Kari Arnason completes move to Aberdeen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdeen 3–1 Dundee Utd\". BBC Sport. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/15226273.stm","url_text":"\"Aberdeen 3–1 Dundee Utd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dundee Utd 1–2 Aberdeen\". BBC Sport. 2 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/16331054.stm","url_text":"\"Dundee Utd 1–2 Aberdeen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdeen await contract response from Kari Arnason\". BBC Sport. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16373853.stm","url_text":"\"Aberdeen await contract response from Kari Arnason\""}]},{"reference":"Briggs, Nial (21 January 2012). \"SPL round-up: Kari Arnason scores as Aberdeen hold Rangers at Ibrox\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/jan/21/aberdeen-rangers-inverness-hearts-spl","url_text":"\"SPL round-up: Kari Arnason scores as Aberdeen hold Rangers at Ibrox\""}]},{"reference":"Orr, Ian (26 January 2012). \"Kari Arnason set to quit Aberdeen after Dons reject his £5k-a-week demands\". Daily Record. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/2012/01/26/kari-arnason-set-to-quit-aberdeen-after-dons-reject-his-5k-a-week-demands-86908-23720536/","url_text":"\"Kari Arnason set to quit Aberdeen after Dons reject his £5k-a-week demands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arnason set to leave\". Aberdeen F.C. 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120129002857/http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20120125/arnason-set-to-leave-_2212158_2588552","url_text":"\"Arnason set to leave\""},{"url":"http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20120125/arnason-set-to-leave-_2212158_2588552","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kari Arnason rejects Aberdeen's offer of new contract\". BBC Sport. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/16726803.stm","url_text":"\"Kari Arnason rejects Aberdeen's offer of new contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rotherham sign Iceland international Kari Arnason\". BBC Sport. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18355257","url_text":"\"Rotherham sign Iceland international Kari Arnason\""}]},{"reference":"\"Välkommen till MFF, Kári Árnason (Swedish)\". Malmö FF. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mff.se/sv-SE/aktuellt/nyheter/Nyheter/2015-06-29_spelare","url_text":"\"Välkommen till MFF, Kári Árnason (Swedish)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Στην Αμπερντίν συνεχίζει ο Κάρι Άρνασον\". AC Omonia Nicosia. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acomonia.com/news/%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9-%CE%BF-%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9-%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83/","url_text":"\"Στην Αμπερντίν συνεχίζει ο Κάρι Άρνασον\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdeen confirm Kari Arnason return as Iceland international signs one-year deal at Pittodrie\". Daily Record. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aberdeen-confirm-kari-arnason-return-10801091","url_text":"\"Aberdeen confirm Kari Arnason return as Iceland international signs one-year deal at Pittodrie\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLAYER UPDATE\". Aberdeen FC. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afc.co.uk/2018/05/14/player-update/","url_text":"\"PLAYER UPDATE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kári Árna til Gençlerbirliği (Staðfest)\" (in Icelandic). Fotbolti.net. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fotbolti.net/news/24-07-2018/kari-arna-tyrkland-stadfest","url_text":"\"Kári Árna til Gençlerbirliği (Staðfest)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kári Árnason kominn aftur í Víking\" (in Icelandic). Visir.is. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visir.is/g/2019190629717/kari-kominn-aftur-i-viking","url_text":"\"Kári Árnason kominn aftur í Víking\""}]},{"reference":"\"A karla – Lokahópur fyrir EM 2016\" (in Icelandic). Knattspyrnusamband Íslands. 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512081400/http://www.ksi.is/landslid/nr/13334","url_text":"\"A karla – Lokahópur fyrir EM 2016\""},{"url":"http://www.ksi.is/landslid/nr/13334","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wirth, Jim (22 June 2016). \"Austria win extends Iceland's mission impossible\". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2016/matches/round=2000448/match=2017963/postmatch/report/index.html","url_text":"\"Austria win extends Iceland's mission impossible\""}]},{"reference":"\"Euro 2016: Iceland beat England and 'shock the world'\". bbc.com. British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36647753","url_text":"\"Euro 2016: Iceland beat England and 'shock the world'\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Stephen (4 June 2018). \"Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists\". Goal. Retrieved 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb","url_text":"\"Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kári Árnason\". Football Association of Iceland (in Icelandic). Retrieved 15 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=15430&pListi=4","url_text":"\"Kári Árnason\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto,_Baja_California_Sur
Loreto, Baja California Sur
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Culture","5 Tourism","5.1 Events","5.2 Recreation","6 Government","7 Education","8 Transport","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°00′46″N 111°20′36″W / 26.01278°N 111.34333°W / 26.01278; -111.34333For other uses, see Loreto (disambiguation). Town in Baja California Sur, MexicoLoreto, Baja California SurTown Top: view of Loreto from the Gulf of California; middle: Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó (left) and Posada de las Flores (right); bottom: City Hall (left) and downtown (right). Coat of armsLoreto, Baja California SurLocation of Loreto in MexicoShow map of Baja California SurLoreto, Baja California SurLoreto, Baja California Sur (Mexico)Show map of MexicoCoordinates: 26°00′46″N 111°20′36″W / 26.01278°N 111.34333°W / 26.01278; -111.34333Country MexicoStateBaja California SurMunicipalityLoreto MunicipalityFoundedOctober 25, 1697Founded asReal de LoretoFounded byJuan María de SalvatierraGovernment • MayorArely Arce PeraltaElevation3 m (10 ft)Population (2020) • Total16,311 • DemonymLoretanoTime zoneUTC−7 (Pacific (US Mountain)) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (Pacific)Postal code23880Area code613Websitewww.loreto.gob.mx Loreto is a city and municipal seat of Loreto Municipality, Baja California Sur, on the West Coast of Mexico. Located on the Gulf of California, the city had a population of 16,311 inhabitants in 2020. Loreto is a regional economic and cultural center, as well as a major tourist destination on the Baja California Peninsula. Loreto was founded in 1697, when Juan María de Salvatierra founded Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. The city served as the capital of Province of the Californias until 1777, when the capital moved to Monterey, California. Loreto continued to serve as the capital of Baja California until 1829. The city grew rapidly in the 20th century and is today a major tourist destination and regional hub. History Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was founded in 1697 by Juan María de Salvatierra. Historic center of Loreto. Loreto was the first Spanish colonial settlement of the Viceroyalty of New Spain on the Baja California Peninsula. The town was founded in 1697 by Jesuit missionaries, who found a steady spring of fresh water on this site, as the Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto. The Jesuits were expelled in 1767, and control of the Baja California missions was given to the Franciscans. In 1769, the Franciscans were ordered to turn over the Baja missions to the Dominican Order and accompany the expedition of Gaspar de Portolá to establish new missions in the unexplored northern frontier that became Alta California. The expedition departed from Loreto on March 24, 1769. The town served as the capital of the province of Las Californias from its founding until the capital was moved to Monterey on February 3, 1777. In 1768, the province had been split into Alta California (today's U.S. state of California) and Baja California. At first, the two provinces continued with a single governor. Later, the town became the headquarters for the Lieutenant Governor of California Viejo (the province of Baja California). The Municipality was created in 1992 and Loreto citizens elected their first Mayor (Municipal President) in 1993. The Federal Electoral Institute, as of February 3, 2008, recorded 9,073 registered voters for the Municipality of Loreto. Geography View of the lighthouse and the Sierra de la Giganta from the Gulf of California. Loreto is located on the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula, at 26º00'46" N 111º20'36" W. It is bordered on the east by the Gulf of California, on the west by the Transpeninsular Highway, and on the south by the Arroyo Loreto, a dry creek bed that only fills with water after a heavy rainfall. The city is built on relatively flat land with an average elevation is 10 meters (33 ft) above sea level. "La Giganta" Mountain Range ("Sierra de la Giganta") lies to the west, extending along the center of the state of Baja California Sur, parallel to the gulf coast. The geology and topography of the Loreto region, extending from Bahía Concepción to Agua Verde, is a coastal belt consisting "mainly of a narrow belt of ridges, valleys, and pediments adjacent to the escarpment, low- to moderate-elevation ranges transverse to the coast, and narrow coastal plains". The city is a tourist resort, catering mostly to American travelers, with daily flights from California to Loreto International Airport. Many American tourists enjoy fishing in "pangas" for "dorado" (Mahi-mahi or Dolphin Fish). Local restaurants willingly prepare the daily catch of the tourists. Loreto has a museum that coexists alongside the historic, but still active, parish. Loreto has active sister city relationships with the California cities of Hermosa Beach, Cerritos, and Ventura. Climate View of the Gulf of California from the Malecón de Loreto. Loreto has a tropical desert climate which is hot and humid, with abundant sunshine (desert with some rainfall in summer). The median temperature is 24.4 °C (76 °F). The temperatures are hot from June through October. Summer days have highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and high humidity. According to the National Meteorological Service, Loreto's highest official temperature reading of 44.2 °C (112 °F) was recorded on July 2, 2006; the lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.0 °C (32 °F) on December 15, 1987. In spring season, the temperatures are moderate and temperate. Autumn and winter months are usually windy. From January to March, winds blow from the NW (night hours) and the North (day hours), the rest of the year, the winds blow usually from the West. Loreto's yearly precipitation is low; averaging about 160 mm (6.3 in). The wettest months are August and September, when there are occasional short-lived rainfalls. One concern for Loreto is the Pacific hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to November 30, and some times causes heavy rainfall and floods in the area. The last time the town area was hit by a hurricane was on September 2 and 3, 2006, when the hurricane John hit the Baja California Peninsula. Climate data for Loreto, Baja California Sur (1951–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31.0(87.8) 34.6(94.3) 37.0(98.6) 39.5(103.1) 45.0(113.0) 44.2(111.6) 44.0(111.2) 44.0(111.2) 46.0(114.8) 41.0(105.8) 39.0(102.2) 36.5(97.7) 45.0(113.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.5(74.3) 24.6(76.3) 26.3(79.3) 28.9(84.0) 31.8(89.2) 34.6(94.3) 35.8(96.4) 36.1(97.0) 35.5(95.9) 33.1(91.6) 28.3(82.9) 24.4(75.9) 30.2(86.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 17.2(63.0) 17.9(64.2) 19.3(66.7) 21.8(71.2) 24.7(76.5) 28.2(82.8) 30.7(87.3) 31.1(88.0) 30.2(86.4) 26.9(80.4) 22.0(71.6) 18.3(64.9) 24.0(75.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.0(51.8) 11.2(52.2) 12.4(54.3) 14.6(58.3) 17.6(63.7) 21.8(71.2) 25.6(78.1) 26.0(78.8) 24.8(76.6) 20.7(69.3) 15.8(60.4) 12.2(54.0) 17.8(64.0) Record low °C (°F) 2.0(35.6) 3.0(37.4) 4.5(40.1) 6.5(43.7) 10.0(50.0) 11.0(51.8) 14.5(58.1) 16.0(60.8) 16.0(60.8) 11.5(52.7) 7.0(44.6) 0.0(32.0) 0.0(32.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 12.3(0.48) 5.0(0.20) 1.4(0.06) 0.0(0.0) 0.2(0.01) 0.4(0.02) 7.1(0.28) 36.6(1.44) 56.6(2.23) 18.7(0.74) 7.4(0.29) 14.3(0.56) 160.0(6.30) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 2.3 2.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 10.9 Average relative humidity (%) 68 67 66 65 66 65 64 64 69 66 66 68 66 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248 293 297 309 360 352 326 305 289 289 255 240 3,563 Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (humidity, 1981–2000) Source 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010) Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%2005 10,283—    2010 14,724+43.2%2015 18,535+25.9%2019 20,385+10.0%sources: Hotel Posada de las Flores. According to INEGI, the 2015 city population was 18,535 people with 2565 households, with 77.67% male and 22.32% female householders. The population is young: 29.75% are from 0 to 14 years of age, 19.19% from 15 to 24, and only 6.42% are 60 years of age or older. For every 100 females there are 102.5 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. The Municipality of Loreto (which includes Nopoló, Puerto Escondido, San Javier and the rest of the little villages from the coast and mountains) has a population of 21,071 people. Due to Loreto's small population and low immigration, large families are characteristic, and residents often have the same last name, a phenomenon also found in other state localities. The two largest families are the "Davis", predominating in the east of the city, along the beach ("Calle Davis" is a street with this last name), and the "Murillo", predominating in the south along the Arroyo Loreto, in the neighborhood known as "barrio del Muro", named after the retaining wall built to hold flood waters from the creek. Other large families are the Amador, the Arce, the Cota, the Higuera, the Romero and the Villalejo. Culture Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto. There are seven buildings in Loreto from the 18th to 20th century that are considered historical monuments by the federal government; the most important is the Mission of our Lady of Loreto at the start of El Camino Real ("The Royal Road"), an historic corridor that follows north along the ancient route of the Spanish missions, to its ending in Sonoma, California, USA. In the neighboring town of San Javier are five historical buildings, most importantly the Mission of Saint Francis Xavier (Misión de San Francisco Javier), the best preserved mission in the peninsula. The ruins of Mission of San Bruno, the first mission of Baja California, founded in 1683 by Jesuit missionary explorer Padre Eusebio Kino. It was ordered abandoned by the Spanish Crown two years later. It is located 20 kilometers north of Loreto. The Jesuit Missions Museum (Museo de las Misiones Jesuíticas) is located beside the Mission of our Lady of Loreto. It has a collection of religious art, weapons and tools from the 17th and 18th centuries that were used in the Spanish missions in Baja California. In the "La Giganta" mountains ("Sierra de la Giganta"), there are cave paintings in canyons and rock shelters. The nearest sites to Loreto are "Cuevas Pintas" (15 km to the west) and "La Pingüica" (60 km to the north). Some of the cave paintings from the indigenous groups of Baja California have been added to UNESCO's list of world heritage sites. Tourism Events Malecón de Loreto. Hotel by the Loreto marina. Fiestas de la Virgen de Loreto. The Our Lady of Loreto Festivities are celebrated on September 8. It's a series of religious, civic and cultural events. Fiestas de la Fundación de Loreto. The foundation of the city is celebrated from October 19 to 25. It's one of the most important cultural events in the state. Fiestas de San Javier. The festivities from December 1 to 3 are in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, patron saint from the neighbor town of San Javier. These festivities attract a lot of pilgrims from the peninsula. Loreto 400. An off-road racing event that takes place in September. The course is a classic desert offroad race which route includes Comondú, San Javier and the old towns of La Giganta mountain range. Loreto 300 milles. Off-road racing event. December. Torneo de las Mision Fishing Charity Tournament that started in 1993. The 2007 edition will be July 12–14. Loreto Dorado International Fishing Tournament. Takes place in July. Copa Dorado Tournament. State tournament in September. Governor's Cup Fishing Tournament. May. Recreation Public art on the Malecón de Loreto. Fishing Loreto has a reputation as an excellent sport fishing location. This is its main tourist attraction, as well as the main source of employment in the area, thus linking Loreto's economy closely to fishing. There are two well-defined fishing seasons: summer features "dorado" and species like marlin (black marlin, Atlantic blue marlin, striped marlin) and sailfish, which are ideal for fly fishing; winter fishing features "yellow tail" (jurel) and other species that usually are deep in the sea rocks. In addition to these seasonal species, Loreto's waters are home to other species like snapper and seabass, which are found all year long. Thanks to this abundance, Loreto has been home of several IGFA records. The two "foundations" of Loreto's sport fishing are the "dorado" and the "yellow tail" (Seriola lalandi dorsalis). The dorado is the emblematic species of Loreto's warm waters, its season beginning in late May, peaking from July to September, and ending in November, with two important tournaments, in July and September. The yellow tail is one of the strongest species; its season begins in November, peaks from March to April, and comes to an end in late May. Government Seat of Loreto Municipality. The Plaza Cívica de Loreto. The city of Loreto is the seat of the Municipality of Loreto, which is governed by a City Council (Ayuntamiento), consisting of a Mayor or Municipal President (Presidente Municipal), a Syndic (Síndico), and six City Councilors (Regidores), all eight elected by direct popular vote for a mandatory single term limit of three years. The Mayor is a voting member of the council, and as head of the public municipal administration is directly responsible for actual implementation of the City Council's decisions, somewhat analogous to a City Manager. The Mayor of Loreto is Darryn Murphy, whose term runs until April 2021. The Syndic (or Trustee), also a voting member, is responsible for the legal representation of both the council itself and of the municipal government more generally, and monitors municipal assets and supervises public servants conduct, similar to a US Inspector General. The other six City Councilors are voting members whose principal function is analysis and overall direction, rather than direct implementation of the council's decisions. The Mayor is represented at the community action level by seven subdelegates (Subdelegados Municipales), who are appointed by the City Council to perform certain functions: presently serving are Agua Verde, San Javier, Ligüi, Colonia Zaragoza, San Nicolás, Tembabiche, and San Juan. Mayors of Loreto Years Name Political Party 2014–2018 Prof. Arely Arce Peralta PAN 2011–2014 Jorge Alberto Avilés Pérez PRI 2008–2011 Prof. Yuan Yee Cunningham PRD 2005–2008 Rosalía Romero de Aguiar (2007–2008)Rodolfo Davis Osuna (2005–2007) PAN 2002–2005 Lic. Homero Davis Castro PAN 1999–2002 Lic. Antonio Verdugo Davis PRI 1996–1999 Ramón Davis Drew PRI 1993–1996 Alfredo García Green PAN Education Tree-covered walkways in downtown The city has two public schools of superior studies: The Regional Center of Normal Education "Marcelo Rubio Ruiz" (CREN) is an undergraduate school of education that offers two bachelor's degree programs in education and in special education. The Autonomous University of Baja California Sur (UABCS) Loreto campus offers two bachelor's degree programs in alternative tourism and in political science and public administration. View of Sierra de la Giganta from Loreto. The Catholic private school Colegio Calafia offers one associate degree in commerce High school students (10th to 12th grade) are served by two public schools: Centro de Estudios de Bachillerato Colegio de Bachilleres (former Preparatoria Federal por Cooperación "Manuel Davis Ramírez") Middle school students (7th to 9th grade) are served by two public schools: Escuela Secundaria Estatal "Benito Juárez" Escuela Secundaria Estatal "Modesto Sánchez Mayón" Elementary school students (1st to 6th grade) are served by six public schools and one catholic private school. There are five kindergarten schools. Boarding School Number 8 (Albergue Escolar Número 8 "General Venustiano Carranza") serves children from the mountain villages who attend school, away from their homes and families. It serves approximately sixty five students. Transport The city is served by Loreto International Airport, offering domestic flights on carriers Volaris and Calafia. It is also one of the few places to get aviation fuel in the Baja area. International service is currently provided by Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air to Los Angeles. Beginning in 2015, WestJet has also offered seasonal weekly direct flights to Calgary. American Airlines has announced seasonal service to both Phoenix PHX and Dallas Ft. Worth DFW starting in 2021 References ^ "CENSO Loreto 2020" (PDF). ^ Bolton, Herbert E. (1927). Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774. University of California Press. pp. 62–63. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016 – via HathiTrust Digital Library. ^ Paul J. Umhoefer (July 2002). "Evolution of the margin of the Gulf of California near Loreto, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (7): 849–868. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114..849U. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0849:eotmot>2.0.co;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007. ^ Aspectos geográficos de BCS. Temperatura media anual Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, INEGI ^ a b "Estacion Loreto (DGE)". Normales climatológicas 1951-2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2013. ^ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México". Secretaría de Gobernación. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Pam Bolles. "What's the weather going to be like tomorrow?". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Alberto Hernández Unzón. (September 2006). "Resumen del huracán "John" del Océano Pacífico" (PDF). Comisión Nacional del Agua. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Hurricane John hits Loreto". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. 2006. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Loreto (DGE) 1940-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016. ^ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016. ^ "CLIMAT summary for 76305: Loreto, B.C.S (Mexico) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved February 4, 2018. ^ "Tabulados básicos - descarga". Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014. ^ a b "Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)". Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ Vid. Francisco Davis Murillo Genealogía Familia Loretana Archived 2007-05-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ Harry Crosby (1977). "El Camino Real in Baja California: Loreto to San Diego". The Journal of San Diego History. 23. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. ^ "Inauguration of the Binational Historic Corridor "El Camino Real Misionero de las Californias"" (Press release). California State Parks. April 27, 1996. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. ^ "Camino Real Misionero de las Californias. Proyecto de Recuperación Patrimonial" (Press release). Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. July 27, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. ^ David Rojas. "Loreto, Baja California Sur, Museo de las Misiones". Instituto Cultural "Raices Mexicanas". Archived from the original on June 6, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Zonas arqueológicas". Dirección de Turismo Municipal de Loreto. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Última llamada para pilotos". Esto. December 10, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007. ^ Pato Rojo (December 10, 2006). "Resultados oficiales Loreto 300 millas". Desert Baja. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007. ^ Pallesen, Kristian (July 18, 2005). "Mexico 14th Annual Fishin for the Mission Tournament Report". Mexico Fishing News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007. ^ Gene Kira. "Loreto Fishing Vacation & Travel Information". Mexico Fishing News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Pam Bolles (July 1998). "Loreto: Alive and Well". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto, reedited from Pacific Fisherman Magazine. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Mark Malkin. "Head to Baja's Loreto for Hot Summer Fishing Action". BoatersWorld.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Pam Bolles. "IGFA World Record Game Fish taken off Loreto". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Reglamento Interior de Cabildo Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Ayuntamiento de Loreto ^ Reglamento Interior de la Administración Pública Municipal Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Ayuntamiento de Loreto ^ Hoddenbach, Jim (9 April 2015) "Baja Bound, a Video" Reference contained in video. Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 21 August 2015) ^ "WestJet launches service to Loreto". Calgary International Airport. February 14, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2017. 2010 census tables: INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática Morales Polo, Sergio, THE MISSION OF SAN JAVIER. A beautiful link of Jesuit Missions chain in the Royal Road of the Californias. Edit. Londó, México 2007 Further reading Ann O'Neil and Don O'Neil (2001), Loreto, Baja California: First Mission and Capital of Spanish California, Tio Press, ISBN 0-9708541-0-2. Alan Axelrod, David Axelrod and Aaron Bodansky (2007), Best Guide: Loreto, Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico; ISBN 978-0-9700455-8-4. Brett Alan Wyatt (2005), You Decide Travel Guide:Loreto, Riley Books, ISBN 0-9708898-5-2. Conservación del Territorio Insular Mexicano, A.C., Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades costeras El Juncalito, Ligui, Ensenada Blanca y Agua Verde, Municipio de Loreto, B.C.S. Hiking Loreto,Hikes, Walks and Explorations in Loreto and the Sierra Giganta (2019) Fourth Edition; DeeDee Kelly, Dave Kelly and Ed Nugent. Miguel León-Portilla (1997), Loreto's key role in the early history of the Californias (1697–1773), California Mission Studies Association, OCLC 37842990. Paul Gangster, Oscar Arizpe and Antonina Ivanova (2007), Loreto - The future of the first capital of the Californias, ISBN 978-0-925613-52-3 Sergio Morales Polo (1993), Loreto : some relevant facts about the history of the keystone of California culture, Editorial Londó, OCLC 39034134. Nicole Dyan Peterson (2005), Casting a wide net decision-making in a Mexican marine park, Ph.D. dissertation, UCSD, OCLC: 64507505. Loreto: Baja California, Mexico fishing chart and guide (1999), Baja "Directions", Inc., ISBN 1-929394-05-5, ISBN 978-1-929394-05-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loreto, Baja California Sur. Loreto, Baja California Sur travel guide from Wikivoyage vte State of Baja California SurLa Paz (capital)Topics Anthem Seal Etymology Governors The Californias Territory South Territory Volcanoes Municipalities andmunicipal seats Comondú (Ciudad Constitución) Mulegé (Santa Rosalía) La Paz (La Paz) Los Cabos (San José del Cabo) Loreto (Loreto) Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loreto (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Loreto Municipality, Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Municipality,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"West Coast of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CENSOLORETO2020-1"},{"link_name":"tourist destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Baja California Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Juan María de Salvatierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Salvatierra"},{"link_name":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Province of the Californias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_the_Californias"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"}],"text":"For other uses, see Loreto (disambiguation).Town in Baja California Sur, MexicoLoreto is a city and municipal seat of Loreto Municipality, Baja California Sur, on the West Coast of Mexico. Located on the Gulf of California, the city had a population of 16,311 inhabitants in 2020.[1] Loreto is a regional economic and cultural center, as well as a major tourist destination on the Baja California Peninsula.Loreto was founded in 1697, when Juan María de Salvatierra founded Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. The city served as the capital of Province of the Californias until 1777, when the capital moved to Monterey, California. Loreto continued to serve as the capital of Baja California until 1829. The city grew rapidly in the 20th century and is today a major tourist destination and regional hub.","title":"Loreto, Baja California Sur"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg"},{"link_name":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Juan María de Salvatierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Salvatierra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loreto_by_Night_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_03_(23818029481).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Baja California Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus#Spanish_Empire_and_Naples"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de Portolá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Federal Electoral Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Electoral_Institute"}],"text":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was founded in 1697 by Juan María de Salvatierra.Historic center of Loreto.Loreto was the first Spanish colonial settlement of the Viceroyalty of New Spain on the Baja California Peninsula.The town was founded in 1697 by Jesuit missionaries, who found a steady spring of fresh water on this site, as the Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto. The Jesuits were expelled in 1767, and control of the Baja California missions was given to the Franciscans.In 1769, the Franciscans were ordered to turn over the Baja missions to the Dominican Order and accompany the expedition of Gaspar de Portolá to establish new missions in the unexplored northern frontier that became Alta California. The expedition departed from Loreto on March 24, 1769.[2]The town served as the capital of the province of Las Californias from its founding until the capital was moved to Monterey on February 3, 1777. In 1768, the province had been split into Alta California (today's U.S. state of California) and Baja California. At first, the two provinces continued with a single governor. Later, the town became the headquarters for the Lieutenant Governor of California Viejo (the province of Baja California).The Municipality was created in 1992 and Loreto citizens elected their first Mayor (Municipal President) in 1993. The Federal Electoral Institute, as of February 3, 2008, recorded 9,073 registered voters for the Municipality of Loreto.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faro_Y_Pil%C3%B3n,_Puerto_de_Loreto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sierra de la Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_la_Giganta"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"Baja California Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"Transpeninsular Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Sierra de la Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_la_Giganta"},{"link_name":"Bahía Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Concepci%C3%B3n,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tourist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Loreto International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mahi-mahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi"},{"link_name":"Hermosa Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Cerritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerritos,_California"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"}],"text":"View of the lighthouse and the Sierra de la Giganta from the Gulf of California.Loreto is located on the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula, at 26º00'46\" N 111º20'36\" W. It is bordered on the east by the Gulf of California, on the west by the Transpeninsular Highway, and on the south by the Arroyo Loreto, a dry creek bed that only fills with water after a heavy rainfall. The city is built on relatively flat land with an average elevation is 10 meters (33 ft) above sea level. \"La Giganta\" Mountain Range (\"Sierra de la Giganta\") lies to the west, extending along the center of the state of Baja California Sur, parallel to the gulf coast.The geology and topography of the Loreto region, extending from Bahía Concepción to Agua Verde, is a coastal belt consisting \"mainly of a narrow belt of ridges, valleys, and pediments adjacent to the escarpment, low- to moderate-elevation ranges transverse to the coast, and narrow coastal plains\".[3]The city is a tourist resort, catering mostly to American travelers, with daily flights from California to Loreto International Airport. Many American tourists enjoy fishing in \"pangas\" for \"dorado\" (Mahi-mahi or Dolphin Fish). Local restaurants willingly prepare the daily catch of the tourists. Loreto has a museum that coexists alongside the historic, but still active, parish. Loreto has active sister city relationships with the California cities of Hermosa Beach, Cerritos, and Ventura.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Along_the_Malecon_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_01_(23527246699).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"tropical desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_desert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pacific hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"hurricane John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_John_(2006)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMN-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extremas-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obs-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogimet-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"View of the Gulf of California from the Malecón de Loreto.Loreto has a tropical desert climate which is hot and humid, with abundant sunshine (desert with some rainfall in summer). The median temperature is 24.4 °C (76 °F).[4] The temperatures are hot from June through October. Summer days have highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and high humidity. According to the National Meteorological Service, Loreto's highest official temperature reading of 44.2 °C (112 °F) was recorded on July 2, 2006; the lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.0 °C (32 °F) on December 15, 1987.[5] In spring season, the temperatures are moderate and temperate. Autumn and winter months are usually windy.From January to March, winds blow from the NW (night hours) and the North (day hours), the rest of the year, the winds blow usually from the West.[6][7] Loreto's yearly precipitation is low; averaging about 160 mm (6.3 in). The wettest months are August and September, when there are occasional short-lived rainfalls. One concern for Loreto is the Pacific hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to November 30, and some times causes heavy rainfall and floods in the area. The last time the town area was hit by a hurricane was on September 2 and 3, 2006, when the hurricane John hit the Baja California Peninsula.[8][9]Climate data for Loreto, Baja California Sur (1951–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n45.0(113.0)\n\n44.2(111.6)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n46.0(114.8)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n39.0(102.2)\n\n36.5(97.7)\n\n45.0(113.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n33.1(91.6)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n12.3(0.48)\n\n5.0(0.20)\n\n1.4(0.06)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.2(0.01)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n7.1(0.28)\n\n36.6(1.44)\n\n56.6(2.23)\n\n18.7(0.74)\n\n7.4(0.29)\n\n14.3(0.56)\n\n160.0(6.30)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1.3\n\n0.7\n\n0.2\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n1.1\n\n2.3\n\n2.1\n\n1.0\n\n0.7\n\n1.2\n\n10.9\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n68\n\n67\n\n66\n\n65\n\n66\n\n65\n\n64\n\n64\n\n69\n\n66\n\n66\n\n68\n\n66\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n248\n\n293\n\n297\n\n309\n\n360\n\n352\n\n326\n\n305\n\n289\n\n289\n\n255\n\n240\n\n3,563\n\n\nSource 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (humidity, 1981–2000)[5][10][11]\n\n\nSource 2: Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)[12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Posada_de_Las_Flores_(8776454456)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"INEGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INEGI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INEGI-14"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Municipality,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Nopoló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nopol%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Escondido,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"San Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Javier,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INEGI-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Hotel Posada de las Flores.According to INEGI, the 2015 city population was 18,535 people[14] with 2565 households, with 77.67% male and 22.32% female householders. The population is young: 29.75% are from 0 to 14 years of age, 19.19% from 15 to 24, and only 6.42% are 60 years of age or older. For every 100 females there are 102.5 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. The Municipality of Loreto (which includes Nopoló, Puerto Escondido, San Javier and the rest of the little villages from the coast and mountains) has a population of 21,071 people.[14]Due to Loreto's small population and low immigration, large families are characteristic, and residents often have the same last name, a phenomenon also found in other state localities. The two largest families are the \"Davis\", predominating in the east of the city, along the beach (\"Calle Davis\" is a street with this last name), and the \"Murillo\", predominating in the south along the Arroyo Loreto, in the neighborhood known as \"barrio del Muro\", named after the retaining wall built to hold flood waters from the creek. Other large families are the Amador, the Arce, the Cota, the Higuera, the Romero and the Villalejo.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3_(8776614998).jpg"},{"link_name":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Mission of our Lady of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"El Camino Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sonoma, California, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"San Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Javier,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Misión de San Francisco Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_San_Francisco_Javier_de_Vigg%C3%A9-Biaund%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Mission of San Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_San_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Eusebio Kino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebio_Kino"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sierra de la Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_la_Giganta"},{"link_name":"cave paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_paintings"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto.There are seven buildings in Loreto from the 18th to 20th century that are considered historical monuments by the federal government; the most important is the Mission of our Lady of Loreto at the start of El Camino Real (\"The Royal Road\"), an historic corridor that follows north along the ancient route of the Spanish missions, to its ending in Sonoma, California, USA.[16][17][18]\nIn the neighboring town of San Javier are five historical buildings, most importantly the Mission of Saint Francis Xavier (Misión de San Francisco Javier), the best preserved mission in the peninsula. The ruins of Mission of San Bruno, the first mission of Baja California, founded in 1683 by Jesuit missionary explorer Padre Eusebio Kino. It was ordered abandoned by the Spanish Crown two years later. It is located 20 kilometers north of Loreto.The Jesuit Missions Museum (Museo de las Misiones Jesuíticas) is located beside the Mission of our Lady of Loreto. It has a collection of religious art, weapons and tools from the 17th and 18th centuries that were used in the Spanish missions in Baja California.[19]In the \"La Giganta\" mountains (\"Sierra de la Giganta\"), there are cave paintings in canyons and rock shelters. The nearest sites to Loreto are \"Cuevas Pintas\" (15 km to the west) and \"La Pingüica\" (60 km to the north).[20] Some of the cave paintings from the indigenous groups of Baja California have been added to UNESCO's list of world heritage sites.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malecon_Statue_with_Skyline_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_(23853764801).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_Boat_and_Building_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_(23895409845)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Torneo de las Mision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fishingforthemission.com"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Malecón de Loreto.Hotel by the Loreto marina.Fiestas de la Virgen de Loreto. The Our Lady of Loreto Festivities are celebrated on September 8. It's a series of religious, civic and cultural events.\nFiestas de la Fundación de Loreto. The foundation of the city is celebrated from October 19 to 25. It's one of the most important cultural events in the state.\nFiestas de San Javier. The festivities from December 1 to 3 are in honor of Saint Francis Xavier, patron saint from the neighbor town of San Javier. These festivities attract a lot of pilgrims from the peninsula.\nLoreto 400. An off-road racing event that takes place in September. The course is a classic desert offroad race which route includes Comondú, San Javier and the old towns of La Giganta mountain range.\nLoreto 300 milles. Off-road racing event. December.[21][22]\nTorneo de las Mision Fishing Charity Tournament that started in 1993. The 2007 edition will be July 12–14.[23]\nLoreto Dorado International Fishing Tournament. Takes place in July.\nCopa Dorado Tournament. State tournament in September.\nGovernor's Cup Fishing Tournament. May.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loreto_B.C.S_Mexico_(9336878712).jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi"},{"link_name":"marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin"},{"link_name":"black marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_marlin"},{"link_name":"Atlantic blue marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin"},{"link_name":"striped marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_marlin"},{"link_name":"sailfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish"},{"link_name":"yellow tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowtail_amberjack"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"IGFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Game_Fish_Association"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Recreation","text":"Public art on the Malecón de Loreto.FishingLoreto has a reputation as an excellent sport fishing location.[citation needed] This is its main tourist attraction, as well as the main source of employment in the area, thus linking Loreto's economy closely to fishing. There are two well-defined fishing seasons: summer features \"dorado\" and species like marlin (black marlin, Atlantic blue marlin, striped marlin) and sailfish, which are ideal for fly fishing; winter fishing features \"yellow tail\" (jurel) and other species that usually are deep in the sea rocks. In addition to these seasonal species, Loreto's waters are home to other species like snapper and seabass, which are found all year long.[24][25][26] Thanks to this abundance, Loreto has been home of several IGFA records.[27] The two \"foundations\" of Loreto's sport fishing are the \"dorado\" and the \"yellow tail\" (Seriola lalandi dorsalis). The dorado is the emblematic species of Loreto's warm waters, its season beginning in late May, peaking from July to September, and ending in November, with two important tournaments, in July and September. The yellow tail is one of the strongest species; its season begins in November, peaks from March to April, and comes to an end in late May.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loreto,_BCS,_City_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loreto Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Municipality,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loreto_BCS_-_panoramio_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ayuntamiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento"},{"link_name":"Municipal President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_president"},{"link_name":"Syndic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndic"},{"link_name":"City Councilors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"direct popular vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"term limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"City Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager"},{"link_name":"Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"San Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Javier,_Baja_California_Sur"}],"text":"Seat of Loreto Municipality.The Plaza Cívica de Loreto.The city of Loreto is the seat of the Municipality of Loreto, which is governed by a City Council (Ayuntamiento), consisting of a Mayor or Municipal President (Presidente Municipal), a Syndic (Síndico), and six City Councilors (Regidores), all eight elected by direct popular vote for a mandatory single term limit of three years. The Mayor is a voting member of the council, and as head of the public municipal administration is directly responsible for actual implementation of the City Council's decisions, somewhat analogous to a City Manager. The Mayor of Loreto is Darryn Murphy, whose term runs until April 2021.The Syndic (or Trustee), also a voting member, is responsible for the legal representation of both the council itself and of the municipal government more generally, and monitors municipal assets and supervises public servants conduct, similar to a US Inspector General.The other six City Councilors are voting members whose principal function is analysis and overall direction, rather than direct implementation of the council's decisions.[28][29] The Mayor is represented at the community action level by seven subdelegates (Subdelegados Municipales), who are appointed by the City Council to perform certain functions: presently serving are Agua Verde, San Javier, Ligüi, Colonia Zaragoza, San Nicolás, Tembabiche, and San Juan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaded_Walkway_to_Sea_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_(23869114156).jpg"},{"link_name":"Regional Center of Normal Education \"Marcelo Rubio Ruiz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060702102607/http://www.prodigyweb.net.mx/cren/"},{"link_name":"Autonomous University of Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"alternative tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070522222246/http://www.uabcs.mx/oferta/aicsh.lta.html"},{"link_name":"political science and public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uabcs.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Scene_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_02_(23894782265)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sierra de la Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_la_Giganta"},{"link_name":"Albergue Escolar Número 8 \"General Venustiano Carranza\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070928164542/http://www.sepbcs.gob.mx/Albergues/Albergues_numero_8.htm"}],"text":"Tree-covered walkways in downtownThe city has two public schools of superior studies:The Regional Center of Normal Education \"Marcelo Rubio Ruiz\" (CREN) is an undergraduate school of education that offers two bachelor's degree programs in education and in special education.\nThe Autonomous University of Baja California Sur (UABCS) Loreto campus offers two bachelor's degree programs in alternative tourism and in political science and public administration.View of Sierra de la Giganta from Loreto.The Catholic private school Colegio Calafia offers one associate degree in commerceHigh school students (10th to 12th grade) are served by two public schools:Centro de Estudios de Bachillerato\nColegio de Bachilleres (former Preparatoria Federal por Cooperación \"Manuel Davis Ramírez\")Middle school students (7th to 9th grade) are served by two public schools:Escuela Secundaria Estatal \"Benito Juárez\"\nEscuela Secundaria Estatal \"Modesto Sánchez Mayón\"Elementary school students (1st to 6th grade) are served by six public schools and one catholic private school. There are five kindergarten schools. Boarding School Number 8 (Albergue Escolar Número 8 \"General Venustiano Carranza\") serves children from the mountain villages who attend school, away from their homes and families. It serves approximately sixty five students.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loreto International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Horizon Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Air"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"WestJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestJet"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"PHX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHX"},{"link_name":"DFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The city is served by Loreto International Airport, offering domestic flights on carriers Volaris and Calafia. It is also one of the few places to get aviation fuel in the Baja area.[30] International service is currently provided by Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air to Los Angeles. Beginning in 2015, WestJet has also offered seasonal weekly direct flights to Calgary. American Airlines has announced seasonal service to both Phoenix PHX and Dallas Ft. Worth DFW starting in 2021[31]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loreto, Baja California: First Mission and Capital of Spanish California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.ca/dp/0970854102"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9708541-0-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9708541-0-2"},{"link_name":"Best Guide: Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3GjVJgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9700455-8-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700455-8-4"},{"link_name":"You Decide Travel Guide:Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060507134335/http://www.rileybooks.com/html/loreto_travel_guide.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9708898-5-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9708898-5-2"},{"link_name":"Conservación del Territorio Insular Mexicano, A.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.isla.org.mx/"},{"link_name":"Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades costeras El Juncalito, Ligui, Ensenada Blanca y Agua Verde, Municipio de Loreto, B.C.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070621023048/http://www.isla.org.mx/documentos/estudio%20de%20agua%20verde.doc"},{"link_name":"Miguel León-Portilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Le%C3%B3n-Portilla"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-925613-52-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-925613-52-3"},{"link_name":"Nicole Dyan Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070609102845/http://anthro.ucsd.edu/~npeterso/"},{"link_name":"Casting a wide net decision-making in a Mexican marine park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070617162910/http://anthro.ucsd.edu/~npeterso/PhDAbstract.htm"},{"link_name":"Baja \"Directions\", Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bajadirections.com/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929394-05-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929394-05-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-929394-05-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929394-05-0"}],"text":"Ann O'Neil and Don O'Neil (2001), Loreto, Baja California: First Mission and Capital of Spanish California, Tio Press, ISBN 0-9708541-0-2.\nAlan Axelrod, David Axelrod and Aaron Bodansky (2007), Best Guide: Loreto, Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico; ISBN 978-0-9700455-8-4.\nBrett Alan Wyatt (2005), You Decide Travel Guide:Loreto, Riley Books, ISBN 0-9708898-5-2.\nConservación del Territorio Insular Mexicano, A.C., Estudio socioeconómico de las comunidades costeras El Juncalito, Ligui, Ensenada Blanca y Agua Verde, Municipio de Loreto, B.C.S.\nHiking Loreto,Hikes, Walks and Explorations in Loreto and the Sierra Giganta (2019) Fourth Edition; DeeDee Kelly, Dave Kelly and Ed Nugent.\nMiguel León-Portilla (1997), Loreto's key role in the early history of the Californias (1697–1773), California Mission Studies Association, OCLC 37842990.\nPaul Gangster, Oscar Arizpe and Antonina Ivanova (2007), Loreto - The future of the first capital of the Californias, ISBN 978-0-925613-52-3\nSergio Morales Polo (1993), Loreto : some relevant facts about the history of the keystone of California culture, Editorial Londó, OCLC 39034134.\nNicole Dyan Peterson (2005), Casting a wide net decision-making in a Mexican marine park, Ph.D. dissertation, UCSD, OCLC: 64507505.\nLoreto: Baja California, Mexico fishing chart and guide (1999), Baja \"Directions\", Inc., ISBN 1-929394-05-5, ISBN 978-1-929394-05-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was founded in 1697 by Juan María de Salvatierra.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/220px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic center of Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Loreto_by_Night_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_03_%2823818029481%29.jpg/220px-Loreto_by_Night_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_03_%2823818029481%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the lighthouse and the Sierra de la Giganta from the Gulf of California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Faro_Y_Pil%C3%B3n%2C_Puerto_de_Loreto.jpg/220px-Faro_Y_Pil%C3%B3n%2C_Puerto_de_Loreto.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Gulf of California from the Malecón de Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Along_the_Malecon_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_01_%2823527246699%29.jpg/220px-Along_the_Malecon_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_01_%2823527246699%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hotel Posada de las Flores.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hotel_Posada_de_Las_Flores_%288776454456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hotel_Posada_de_Las_Flores_%288776454456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3_%288776614998%29.jpg/220px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Conch%C3%B3_%288776614998%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malecón de Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malecon_Statue_with_Skyline_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823853764801%29.jpg/220px-Malecon_Statue_with_Skyline_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823853764801%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hotel by the Loreto marina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Detail_of_Boat_and_Building_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823895409845%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Detail_of_Boat_and_Building_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823895409845%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Public art on the Malecón de Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Loreto_B.C.S_Mexico_%289336878712%29.jpg/220px-Loreto_B.C.S_Mexico_%289336878712%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seat of Loreto Municipality.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Loreto%2C_BCS%2C_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Loreto%2C_BCS%2C_City_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Plaza Cívica de Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Loreto_BCS_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Loreto_BCS_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tree-covered walkways in downtown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shaded_Walkway_to_Sea_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823869114156%29.jpg/220px-Shaded_Walkway_to_Sea_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_%2823869114156%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Sierra de la Giganta from Loreto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Street_Scene_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_02_%2823894782265%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Street_Scene_-_Loreto_-_Baja_California_Sur_-_Mexico_-_02_%2823894782265%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baja_California_Sur_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/100px-Baja_California_Sur_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"CENSO Loreto 2020\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://biblioteca.setuesbcs.gob.mx/administrador/biblioteca/publicaciones/pdf/Estrategico_2023_Loreto.pdf","url_text":"\"CENSO Loreto 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Bolton, Herbert E. (1927). Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774. University of California Press. pp. 62–63. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Bolton","url_text":"Bolton, Herbert E."},{"url":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788","url_text":"Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103835/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust_Digital_Library","url_text":"HathiTrust Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"Paul J. Umhoefer (July 2002). \"Evolution of the margin of the Gulf of California near Loreto, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico\" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (7): 849–868. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114..849U. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0849:eotmot>2.0.co;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621023048/http://www.uoregon.edu/~rdorsey/Downloads/UmhoeferEtal2002.pdf","url_text":"\"Evolution of the margin of the Gulf of California near Loreto, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GSAB..114..849U","url_text":"2002GSAB..114..849U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%282002%29114%3C0849%3Aeotmot%3E2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0849:eotmot>2.0.co;2"},{"url":"http://www.uoregon.edu/~rdorsey/Downloads/UmhoeferEtal2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Estacion Loreto (DGE)\". Normales climatológicas 1951-2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL03035.TXT","url_text":"\"Estacion Loreto (DGE)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202358/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL03035.TXT","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México\". Secretaría de Gobernación. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070110134429/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajasur/municipios/03009a.htm","url_text":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/bajasur/municipios/03009a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pam Bolles. \"What's the weather going to be like tomorrow?\". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bajabigfish.com/nortes.html","url_text":"\"What's the weather going to be like tomorrow?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070202101229/http://www.bajabigfish.com/nortes.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alberto Hernández Unzón. (September 2006). \"Resumen del huracán \"John\" del Océano Pacífico\" (PDF). Comisión Nacional del Agua. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004090840/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2006/pacifico/john/john.pdf","url_text":"\"Resumen del huracán \"John\" del Océano Pacífico\""},{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2006/pacifico/john/john.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hurricane John hits Loreto\". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. 2006. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bajabigfish.com/johnlto.html","url_text":"\"Hurricane John hits Loreto\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070216155145/http://www.bajabigfish.com/johnlto.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Loreto (DGE) 1940-2010\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00003/00003035.TXT","url_text":"\"Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Loreto (DGE) 1940-2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216061830/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00003/00003035.TXT","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/loreto.pdf","url_text":"\"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130060140/http://www.smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/loreto.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CLIMAT summary for 76305: Loreto, B.C.S (Mexico) – Section 2: Monthly Normals\". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved February 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?months=12&lang=en&mode=0&ind=76305&ord=DIR&year=2016&mes=12","url_text":"\"CLIMAT summary for 76305: Loreto, B.C.S (Mexico) – Section 2: Monthly Normals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tabulados básicos - descarga\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140915231021/http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=993&c=16762&s=est&f=1","url_text":"\"Tabulados básicos - descarga\""},{"url":"http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct%3D993%26c%3D16762%26s%3Dest%26f%3D1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)\". Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120528181141/http://www.inegi.org.mx/","url_text":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)\""},{"url":"http://www.inegi.org.mx/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harry Crosby (1977). \"El Camino Real in Baja California: Loreto to San Diego\". The Journal of San Diego History. 23. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. 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Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. July 27, 2001. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061012212303/http://www.cnca.gob.mx/cnca/nuevo/2001/diarias/jul/300701/camirea.html","url_text":"\"Camino Real Misionero de las Californias. Proyecto de Recuperación Patrimonial\""},{"url":"http://www.cnca.gob.mx/cnca/nuevo/2001/diarias/jul/300701/camirea.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Rojas. \"Loreto, Baja California Sur, Museo de las Misiones\". Instituto Cultural \"Raices Mexicanas\". Archived from the original on June 6, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070606210855/http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/museo-misiones.html","url_text":"\"Loreto, Baja California Sur, Museo de las Misiones\""},{"url":"http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/museo-misiones.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zonas arqueológicas\". Dirección de Turismo Municipal de Loreto. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123627/http://www.turismoloreto.com/zonas%20arqueologicas.htm","url_text":"\"Zonas arqueológicas\""},{"url":"http://www.turismoloreto.com/zonas%20arqueologicas.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Última llamada para pilotos\". Esto. December 10, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230713/http://www.oem.com.mx/esto/notas/n95946.htm","url_text":"\"Última llamada para pilotos\""},{"url":"http://www.oem.com.mx/esto/notas/n95946.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pato Rojo (December 10, 2006). \"Resultados oficiales Loreto 300 millas\". Desert Baja. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070907025745/http://www.desertbaja.com/LORETO.htm","url_text":"\"Resultados oficiales Loreto 300 millas\""},{"url":"http://www.desertbaja.com/LORETO.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pallesen, Kristian (July 18, 2005). \"Mexico 14th Annual Fishin for the Mission Tournament Report\". Mexico Fishing News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexfish.com/lort/lort2005/lort050725d/lort050725d.htm","url_text":"\"Mexico 14th Annual Fishin for the Mission Tournament Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061017220013/http://www.mexfish.com/lort/lort2005/lort050725d/lort050725d.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gene Kira. \"Loreto Fishing Vacation & Travel Information\". Mexico Fishing News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexfish.com/lort/lort.htm","url_text":"\"Loreto Fishing Vacation & Travel Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061017212959/http://www.mexfish.com/lort/lort.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pam Bolles (July 1998). \"Loreto: Alive and Well\". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto, reedited from Pacific Fisherman Magazine. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206045953/http://www.bajabigfish.com/pf-anw.html","url_text":"\"Loreto: Alive and Well\""},{"url":"http://www.bajabigfish.com/pf-anw.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Malkin. \"Head to Baja's Loreto for Hot Summer Fishing Action\". BoatersWorld.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203075945/http://www.boatersworld.com/static/bwarticles/general/baja-loreto.html","url_text":"\"Head to Baja's Loreto for Hot Summer Fishing Action\""},{"url":"http://www.boatersworld.com/static/bwarticles/general/baja-loreto.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pam Bolles. \"IGFA World Record Game Fish taken off Loreto\". The Baja Big Fish Company Loreto. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206022805/http://www.bajabigfish.com/igfarecords.html","url_text":"\"IGFA World Record Game Fish taken off Loreto\""},{"url":"http://www.bajabigfish.com/igfarecords.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WestJet launches service to Loreto\". Calgary International Airport. February 14, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yyc.com/News/tabid/91/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/204/WestJet-launches-service-to-Loreto.aspx","url_text":"\"WestJet launches service to Loreto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport","url_text":"Calgary International Airport"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooks_Run,_Pennsylvania
Cooks Run, Pennsylvania
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°16′51″N 77°52′34″W / 41.28083°N 77.87611°W / 41.28083; -77.87611Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, US Not to be confused with Cooks Run (Neshaminy Creek tributary). Cooks Run is an unincorporated community within Noyes Township in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United States. Cooks Run was first settled around the time of the American Revolution or shortly after and was known for many years as McGinley's Bottom. At that time, Cooks Run was Pine Creek township, Northumberland county. On November 3, 1888, a disaster occurred at the Kettle Creek Mine at Cooks Run, killing 17 people. The explosion was caused by a drill post falling on a supply of dynamite and caps that had just been brought into the mine. The explosion was propagated by coal dust throughout most of the mine and up the airshaft. There is also a stream in Clinton County, Pennsylvania known as Cooks Run near Renovo. The stream used to be a popular place to fish, but has been polluted for decades. In 2017, Pennsylvania's Department of Environmental Protection announced a $7 million project that could potentially fix this problem. The Cooks Run Restoration project has been a long-term effort to turn a surface mine back into a forest setting for humans and wildlife. References ^ "Cooks Run Populated Place Profile / Clinton County, Pennsylvania Data". pennsylvania.hometownlocator.com. ^ "Cooks Run (Clinton County, Pennsylvania): Community Profile". RoadsideThoughts. ^ a b c "TOWNSHIPS OF CLINTON COUNTY". www.clintoncogensociety.org. ^ "Indian Villages and Place Names of North Central Pennsylvania". www.ncpenn.com. ^ "Lock Haven, PA., Thursday, November 8, 1888". www.clintoncogensociety.org. ^ "Cooks Run Fishing near Renovo, Pennsylvania - HookandBullet.com". www.hookandbullet.com. ^ "Forty Years of AMD in Cooks Run – Camp Run and Rock Ru". July 12, 2017. ^ a b "Cleaning Polluted Streams in Clinton County". August 1, 2017. ^ "Coal mine reclamation project will clean up Cook's Run - News, Sports, Jobs - The Express". www.lockhaven.com. vteMunicipalities and communities of Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: Lock HavenCity Lock Haven Boroughs Avis Beech Creek Flemington Loganton Mill Hall Renovo South Renovo Townships Allison Bald Eagle Beech Creek Castanea Chapman Colebrook Crawford Dunnstable East Keating Gallagher Greene Grugan Lamar Leidy Logan Noyes Pine Creek Porter Wayne West Keating Woodward CDPs Castanea Clintondale Dunnstown Farwell Lamar McElhattan North Bend Rauchtown‡ Rote Salona Tylersville Woolrich Othercommunities Cooks Run Farrandsville Hyner Keating Mackeyville Westport Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county Pennsylvania portal United States portal 41°16′51″N 77°52′34″W / 41.28083°N 77.87611°W / 41.28083; -77.87611
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerganj,_Jaunpur
Meerganj, Jaunpur
["1 Population","2 Educational institutes","2.1 Schools","2.2 College","3 Hospitals","4 Transportation","4.1 Rail","4.2 Road","4.3 Airport","5 References"]
Coordinates: 25°20′28″N 82°14′00″E / 25.3410°N 82.2332°E / 25.3410; 82.2332 Village in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaMeerganjVillageMeerganjShow map of Uttar PradeshMeerganjShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 25°20′28″N 82°14′00″E / 25.3410°N 82.2332°E / 25.3410; 82.2332CountryIndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictJaunpurElevation93.00 m (305.12 ft)Population • Total1,047Languages शुद्ध हिंदी एवं अवधी • OfficialHindi, UrduTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN222165Vehicle registrationUP62 Meerganj is a village in Jaunpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Meerganj is located 6 km kilometres north-east of Janghai Junction railway station and 1 km west of Jarauna railway station. Population The population in Meerganj was 1,074 as of the 2011 census. Number of houses, 136 Population, 1,074 of which 541 were male and 533 are female Children (0-6), 155 of which were 83 male and 72 were female Schedule Caste, 197 of which 107 were male and 90 were female Schedule Tribe, 0 Literacy, 78% for all; 88% for males and 69% for females Total workers, 318, of which 219 were male and 99 were female Main workers, 218 Marginal workers, 100 of which 51 were male and 49 were female Educational institutes This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Schools Primary School Meerganj Aasharam Shishu Shikaha Niketan Sterling School Meerganj ARJHS Meerganj Primary School Sarai dewa Primary School Bhatahar Primary School Medpur Bankat Primary School Meerpur National islamia meerganj College Sarvodya Vidhyapeeth Inter College Sarvodya Vidhyapeeth Degree College Ramdev Degree College Sampurnanad Sanskrit mahavidyalay Darapur coaching center •NCP coaching center •Pragati coaching center •Taj coaching center Hospitals JR K Hospital Transportation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rail Meerganj is connected to Indian Railways. It has three nearby railway stations: Jarauna railway station, Sarai Kansrai railway station and Janghai Junction. Road Meerganj is connected to Jaunpur, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Varanasi, Allahabad and other cities like Azamgarh, Mirzapur, Janghai, Sultanpur, Ghazipur etc. Airport Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport (formerly Varanasi Airport) (IATA: VNS, ICAO: VIBN) is a public airport located at Babatpur 18 km (11 mi) northwest of Varanasi, and about 70 km from Meerganj. It located at Jaunpur-Varanasi highway. References ^ "Meerganj Pin Code (Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh) | Meerganj Postal Index Number Code (Pincode)". ^ "Meerganj Village Population - Jaunpur - Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh". ^ "Official Website". vtePopulated places in Jaunpur districtCities and towns Badlapur Dhanauha Guraini Jafarabad Jaunpur (district headquarters) Kerakat Kheta Sarai Machhlishahr Machhlishahr Mariahu Mungra Badshahpur Mungra Badshahpur Shahganj Ranno Villages Achakari Adhanpur Agraura Ahmedpur Anapur Argupurkala Badalpur Bahara Banagawn Bansafa Baragaon (in Shahganj) Barauli Barauna Barhauna Behra Bhadehari Bhagmalpur Bharthari Bhasot Bhedia Bihardar Birahadpur Biri Bisauri Bishunpur Chakganj Chhatripur Chhitauna Dadra Dataon Devrampur Dhamur Khas Dhannopur Dhannupur Dugauli Khurd Gahlai Gairwah Gajadharpur Gariaon Gauryadih Hardasipur Hurhuri Izari Jamalia Jamalpur Jangipur Kabiruddinpur Kaithora Kalichabad Kapurpur Kashidaspur Katghara Kathaitkhas Kewtali Khairapara Khanapatti Khetasaray Khunsapur Khuthan Kishunpur Krishnapur Kulhanamau Ladanpur Madho Patti Manikala Meerganj Meghpur Merha Mirsadpur Miyanbag Murara Nadar Nigoh Pali Panchrukhava Pasiyahi Kala Pasiyahikhurd Pataura Pattinarendrapur Pilkichha Pura Gambhirshah Puralal Raidaspur Rajabazar Rajapur Ramsapur Ranno Rithi Sadaruddinpur Sahijadpur Samodhpur Saraibiru Saraiharkhu Sarasara Sarava Village Sarawan Shikarpur Siura Sodhi Village Sonahita Sonawan Sukkhipur Teji Bazar Tekardih Tiwaripur Trikauli Usraon Zafarabad
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaunpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunpur_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Janghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janghai"},{"link_name":"Jarauna railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarauna_railway_station"}],"text":"Village in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaMeerganj is a village in Jaunpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[1] Meerganj is located 6 km kilometres north-east of Janghai Junction railway station and 1 km west of Jarauna railway station.","title":"Meerganj, Jaunpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The population in Meerganj was 1,074 as of the 2011 census.[2]\nNumber of houses, 136\nPopulation, 1,074 of which 541 were male and 533 are female\nChildren (0-6), 155 of which were 83 male and 72 were female\nSchedule Caste, 197 of which 107 were male and 90 were female\nSchedule Tribe, 0\nLiteracy, 78% for all; 88% for males and 69% for females\nTotal workers, 318, of which 219 were male and 99 were female\nMain workers, 218\nMarginal workers, 100 of which 51 were male and 49 were female","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Educational institutes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Primary School Meerganj\nAasharam Shishu Shikaha Niketan\nSterling School Meerganj\nARJHS Meerganj\nPrimary School Sarai dewa\nPrimary School Bhatahar\nPrimary School Medpur Bankat\nPrimary School MeerpurNational islamia meerganj","title":"Educational institutes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","text":"Sarvodya Vidhyapeeth Inter College\nSarvodya Vidhyapeeth Degree College\nRamdev Degree College\nSampurnanad Sanskrit mahavidyalay Darapurcoaching center\n•NCP coaching center\n•Pragati coaching center\n•Taj coaching center","title":"Educational institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"JR K Hospital[3]","title":"Hospitals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"Jarauna railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarauna_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Meerganj is connected to Indian Railways. It has three nearby railway stations: Jarauna railway station, Sarai Kansrai railway station and Janghai Junction.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaunpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Sant Ravidas Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Ravidas_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Azamgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azamgarh"},{"link_name":"Mirzapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzapur"},{"link_name":"Sultanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanpur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Ghazipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazipur"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Meerganj is connected to Jaunpur, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Varanasi, Allahabad and other cities like Azamgarh, Mirzapur, Janghai, Sultanpur, Ghazipur etc.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Airport","text":"Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport (formerly Varanasi Airport) (IATA: VNS, ICAO: VIBN) is a public airport located at Babatpur 18 km (11 mi) northwest of Varanasi, and about 70 km from Meerganj. It located at Jaunpur-Varanasi highway.","title":"Transportation"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_Lake,_New_York
Darien, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","5 Communities and locations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°54′07″N 78°21′01″W / 42.90194°N 78.35028°W / 42.90194; -78.35028Town in Genesee County, New York Town in New York, United StatesDarien, New York South PembrokeTownNickname: Pronounced DARE-E-ANNLocation in Genesee County and the state of New York.Coordinates: 42°54′33″N 78°22′54″W / 42.90917°N 78.38167°W / 42.90917; -78.38167CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyGeneseeGovernment • TypeTown council • Town supervisorDavid Hagelberger • Town council Members' list • Linda P. Graber• David Riker• Christopher Nicastro• Stephen J. Ferry, Jr. Area • Total47.59 sq mi (123.26 km2) • Land47.37 sq mi (122.69 km2) • Water0.22 sq mi (0.57 km2)Elevation951 ft (290 m)Population (2010) • Total3,158 • Estimate (2016)3,072 • Density64.85/sq mi (25.04/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)FIPS code36-037-19719GNIS feature ID0978886 Darien is a town in Genesee County, New York, United States. The population was 3,158 at the 2010 census. Darien lies in the southwestern part of Genesee County, southwest of Batavia. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) During the early historic period, the area was occupied by the Seneca people, and was referred to by them as O-so-on-to-geh, or "Place where turkeys are found". The area was first settled circa 1803 and was known at first as South Pembroke. The town of Darien was founded in 1832 from the south part of the town of Pembroke. The early town was agricultural, supplying food products to nearby urban areas, such as Buffalo. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 47.6 square miles (123 km2), of which 47.5 square miles (123 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), or 0.13%, is water. The western town line is the town of Alden in Erie County, and the southern town boundary is the town of Bennington in Wyoming County. US Route 20 (Broadway) passes across the town and intersects NY-77 at Darien Center. The northern terminus of NY-238 (Attica Road) is in Darien. NY-33 crosses the northwest corner of Darien. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18402,406—18502,084−13.4%18602,1432.8%18702,054−4.2%18802,046−0.4%18901,964−4.0%19001,887−3.9%19101,779−5.7%19201,617−9.1%19301,7407.6%19401,667−4.2%19501,89913.9%19602,35724.1%19702,74516.5%19802,9507.5%19902,9791.0%20003,0612.8%20103,1583.2%2016 (est.)3,072−2.7%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,061 people, 1,064 households, and 854 families residing in the town. The population density was 64.4 inhabitants per square mile (24.9/km2). There were 1,125 housing units at an average density of 23.7 per square mile (9.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.12% White, 0.10% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.03% Asian, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of the population. There were 1,064 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.20. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $48,844, and the median income for a family was $50,844. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $23,278 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,372. About 1.8% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 100 and older Notable people Robert Laben, University of California, Davis professor and namesake of Laben Hall Marshal H. Pengra, Wisconsin State Assemblyman Al Tharnish, a nineteenth-century foot-racing champion Communities and locations Corfu – A small part of the village of Corfu is in the north part of the town on NY-77. Corfu Station – A location south of Corfu village on NY-77. Darien, also known as Darien City – A hamlet east of Darien Center at the intersection of Routes NY-20 and NY-238. Darien Center – A hamlet east of the state park and south of the theme park, located at Route 20 and Route 77. It was once known as "Kings Corners". Darien Lakes State Park – The state park is west of Darien Center on US-20. Six Flags Darien Lake – North of Darien Center on NY-77. Fargo – A hamlet near the town lines and the state park, located in the northwest corner of the town. Griswold – A hamlet south of Darien. Lehigh – A hamlet in the northeast corner of the town. Longwood – A hamlet on the north town border southeast of Corfu. Murder Creek – A tributary of Tonawanda Creek. Sawyens – A hamlet east of the theme park. See also New York (state) portal Darien Lake Theme Park Resort References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Town of Darien official website Early history of Darien vteMunicipalities and communities of Genesee County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: BataviaCity Batavia Towns Alabama Alexander Batavia Bergen Bethany Byron Darien Elba Le Roy Oakfield Pavilion Pembroke Stafford Villages Alexander Attica‡ Bergen Corfu Elba Le Roy Oakfield CDP Pavilion Hamlets Basom Darien Center East Bethany Indian Falls North Bergen Indianreservation Tonawanda Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal 42°54′07″N 78°21′01″W / 42.90194°N 78.35028°W / 42.90194; -78.35028
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Genesee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_New_York"}],"text":"Town in Genesee County, New YorkTown in New York, United StatesDarien is a town in Genesee County, New York, United States. The population was 3,158 at the 2010 census. Darien lies in the southwestern part of Genesee County, southwest of Batavia.","title":"Darien, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seneca people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_people"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"}],"text":"During the early historic period, the area was occupied by the Seneca people, and was referred to by them as O-so-on-to-geh, or \"Place where turkeys are found\".The area was first settled circa 1803 and was known at first as South Pembroke. The town of Darien was founded in 1832 from the south part of the town of Pembroke. The early town was agricultural, supplying food products to nearby urban areas, such as Buffalo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Alden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Erie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wyoming County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"US Route 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"NY-238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_238"},{"link_name":"NY-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_33"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 47.6 square miles (123 km2), of which 47.5 square miles (123 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), or 0.13%, is water.The western town line is the town of Alden in Erie County, and the southern town boundary is the town of Bennington in Wyoming County.US Route 20 (Broadway) passes across the town and intersects NY-77 at Darien Center. The northern terminus of NY-238 (Attica Road) is in Darien. NY-33 crosses the northwest corner of Darien.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 3,061 people, 1,064 households, and 854 families residing in the town. The population density was 64.4 inhabitants per square mile (24.9/km2). There were 1,125 housing units at an average density of 23.7 per square mile (9.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.12% White, 0.10% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.03% Asian, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of the population.There were 1,064 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.20.In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.The median income for a household in the town was $48,844, and the median income for a family was $50,844. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $23,278 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,372. About 1.8% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 100 and older","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Laben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Laben"},{"link_name":"Marshal H. Pengra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_H._Pengra"},{"link_name":"Al Tharnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Tharnish"}],"text":"Robert Laben, University of California, Davis professor and namesake of Laben Hall\nMarshal H. Pengra, Wisconsin State Assemblyman\nAl Tharnish, a nineteenth-century foot-racing champion","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Darien Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_Center,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Darien Lakes State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_Lakes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Darien Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Darien_Lake"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tonawanda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonawanda_Creek"}],"text":"Corfu – A small part of the village of Corfu is in the north part of the town on NY-77.\nCorfu Station – A location south of Corfu village on NY-77.\nDarien, also known as Darien City – A hamlet east of Darien Center at the intersection of Routes NY-20 and NY-238.\nDarien Center – A hamlet east of the state park and south of the theme park, located at Route 20 and Route 77. It was once known as \"Kings Corners\".\nDarien Lakes State Park – The state park is west of Darien Center on US-20.\nSix Flags Darien Lake – North of Darien Center on NY-77.\nFargo – A hamlet near the town lines and the state park, located in the northwest corner of the town.\nGriswold – A hamlet south of Darien.\nLehigh – A hamlet in the northeast corner of the town.\nLongwood – A hamlet on the north town border southeast of Corfu.\nMurder Creek – A tributary of Tonawanda Creek.\nSawyens – A hamlet east of the theme park.","title":"Communities and locations"}]
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[{"title":"New York (state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"title":"Darien Lake Theme Park Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_Lake"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle,_14th_Earl_of_Cork
John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork
["1 References","2 External links"]
British nobleman This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) John William Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork and 14th Earl of Orrery DSC VRD (12 May 1916 – 14 November 2003), styled The Honourable John Boyle from 1965 to 1995, was an Irish and British peer. He was educated at Harrow and King's College London, graduating in 1937. He fought in World War II, being mentioned in despatches on two occasions, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He was married to Mary Gordon-Finlayson, daughter of General Sir Robert Gordon-Finlayson. His eldest son, John, succeeded him to the Earldom in 2003. John and Mary also had two younger sons: Robert and Reginald. Ancestors of John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork 16. Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork 8. Hon. John Boyle 17. Isabella-Henrietta Poyntz 4. Gerald Boyle 18. Lord Henry FitzGerald 9. Hon. Cecilia FitzGerald-de Ros 19. Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham, 21st Baroness de Ros 2. Hon. Reginald Boyle 20. Sir William Pepys, 1st Baronet 10. Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham 21. Elizabeth Dowdeswell 5. Lady Elizabeth Pepys 22. William Wingfield-Baker 11. Caroline Wingfield 23. Lady Charlotte-Maria Digby 1. John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork 24. John Flower 12. Philip Flower 25. Martha Wickham 6. Arthur Flower 26. Jonathan Flower 13. Mary Flower 27. Mary Nurse 3. Violet Flower 28. Philip Pauncefort-Duncombe 14. Sir Philip Pauncefort-Duncombe, 1st Baronet 29. Lady Alicia Lambert 7. Isabel Pauncefort-Duncombe 30. Thomas Maunsell 15. Sophia Maunsell 31. Hon. Caroline Cokayne References External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork Peerage of Ireland Preceded byPatrick Boyle Earl of CorkEarl of Orrery 1995–2003 Succeeded byJohn Boyle Authority control databases: People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"VRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Reserve_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"General Sir Robert Gordon-Finlayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sir_Robert_Gordon-Finlayson"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyle,_15th_Earl_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Boyle,_8th_Earl_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"Lord Henry FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Henry_FitzGerald"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham, 21st Baroness de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_FitzGerald-de_Ros,_21st_Baroness_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield-Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(MP)"}],"text":"John William Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork and 14th Earl of Orrery DSC VRD (12 May 1916 – 14 November 2003), styled The Honourable John Boyle from 1965 to 1995, was an Irish and British peer.He was educated at Harrow and King's College London, graduating in 1937. He fought in World War II, being mentioned in despatches on two occasions, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He was married to Mary Gordon-Finlayson, daughter of General Sir Robert Gordon-Finlayson. His eldest son, John, succeeded him to the Earldom in 2003. John and Mary also had two younger sons: Robert and Reginald.Ancestors of John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork 16. Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork 8. Hon. John Boyle 17. Isabella-Henrietta Poyntz 4. Gerald Boyle 18. Lord Henry FitzGerald 9. Hon. Cecilia FitzGerald-de Ros 19. Charlotte Boyle-Walsingham, 21st Baroness de Ros 2. Hon. Reginald Boyle 20. Sir William Pepys, 1st Baronet 10. Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham 21. Elizabeth Dowdeswell 5. Lady Elizabeth Pepys 22. William Wingfield-Baker 11. Caroline Wingfield 23. Lady Charlotte-Maria Digby 1. John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork 24. John Flower 12. Philip Flower 25. Martha Wickham 6. Arthur Flower 26. Jonathan Flower 13. Mary Flower 27. Mary Nurse 3. Violet Flower 28. Philip Pauncefort-Duncombe 14. Sir Philip Pauncefort-Duncombe, 1st Baronet 29. Lady Alicia Lambert 7. Isabel Pauncefort-Duncombe 30. Thomas Maunsell 15. Sophia Maunsell 31. Hon. Caroline Cokayne","title":"John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-john-boyle-1","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/3UD9ogTG","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippack,_Pennsylvania
Skippack, Pennsylvania
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Industry and attractions","5 Notable person","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889For the stream, see Skippack Creek. Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesSkippack Schippachoriginally named "Van Bebber's Township"Census-designated placeSkippackLocation of Skippack in PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyMontgomeryTownshipSkippackArea • Total2.6 sq mi (7 km2) • Land2.5 sq mi (6 km2) • Water0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)Elevation184 ft (56 m)Population (2010) • Total3,758 • Density1,400/sq mi (560/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code19474Area code(s)610 and 484 Skippack (Pennsylvania German: Schippach), originally named "Van Bebber's Township", is a census-designated place (CDP) in Skippack Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,758 at the 2010 census. History In 1683, the Original 13, thirteen families from the lower Rhine River arrived at Philadelphia aboard the Concord, on October 6 of that year. These families were primarily linen weavers, but also knew how to farm. These first German immigrants left their homeland of Germany because of persecution they experienced as religious Anabaptist Mennonite and Quakers from the Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Churches. Upon arriving at Philadelphia, the families were greeted by the representative of the Frankfort Land Company, a highly educated German lawyer, Franz Daniel Pastorius, who charged with the authority to make land transactions with the thirteen families. After inspecting different areas of the vicinity of Philadelphia, the families settled on the land that was to become the villages of Germantown, Summerhousen, Crefeld, and Germantownship. Within approximately twenty years Anabaptist German farmers in the Electorate of the Palatinate began to immigrate to Philadelphia in such numbers that Benjamin Franklin wrote an editorial fearing that Pennsylvania would soon become a majority German-speaking colony. As the Germantown area became more densely settled, there was a departure of some of the original families of Germantown to an area twenty miles west of Philadelphia further up the Schuylkill, purchasing land from the father in-law of Herman Isacks op den Graeff (an original settler of Germantown), who had earlier purchased approximately seven thousand acres. These German Mennonites brought the linen making business to the community, along with their farming skills. They settled on farms in the vicinity of Perkiomen Creek and Skippack Creek, up to a point where travel by boat became impossible because of shallow water. This point is where Skippack Creek crosses Skippack Pike in Skippack Township. The origin of the name "Skippack" came from early German settlers, they originally spelled it Schippach, named after a town of the same name in Bavaria. Skippack Township was originally named "Van Bebber's Township" after Matthias van Bebber, to whom the original land patent was issued in 1702 by William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. The name later changed to "Skippack and Perkiomen Township" until the township was split into two townships. Skippack Township is home to one of the oldest homes still standing in the area, the Indenhofen (De Haven) Farmstead, built in circa 1720. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, as the Warren Z. Cole House. Originally, the Indenhofen Farm consisted of 440 acres (1.8 km2). In 1795, Jacob Reiff bought a property at Store Road and Skippack Pike and opened a general merchandise store.Skippack Historical Society, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania In 1800, the store was sold to Jacob Sorver, who ran it until 1854. A post office was established in 1827 with weekly mail delivery by the Kutztown stagecoach. The Souderton, Skippack & Fairview Electric Railway Co. was formed in 1901 to provide trolley service from Norristown, through Trooper and Worcester to Souderton. Trolley service to Skippack began in 1908. Harleysville was reached in 1912; the line to Souderton was never completed. The railway was renamed the Montgomery County Rapid Transit Company and later the Montgomery Transit Company. In 1923, its name was changed once again to the Skippack & Perkiomen Transit Company. The "Wogglebug" trolleys ran on the south shoulder of Skippack Pike through the village (a sidewalk was on the north side). Buses replaced the trolleys in 1925. In 1940 the bus service ended. Geography Skippack is located at 40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889 (40.227014, -75.398889). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) is land and 0.39% is water. Skippack is a historic shopping village which lies within the boundaries of Skippack Township. Once termed Skippackville, the village served residents of Skippack with a post office, fire house, printing house, shirt factory, furniture maker, blacksmith, liquor store, a hat store and several inns including the Valley House now called "Justin's Carriage House". The village has recently seen an influx of unique restaurants and boutiques. Creamery Village is located within Skippack Township and is partially within the CDP of Skippack. Creamery has its own post office for residents in the adjoining area. The original general store is still standing but today functions as one of the many "antique" dealers in Montgomery County. (The store was torn down in the spring of 2015 due to a fire in the winter of 2013) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19908,790—20006,516−25.9%20103,758−42.3% As of the 2010 census, the CDP was 89.6% Non-Hispanic White, 2.0% Black or African American, 5.1% Asian, 0.9% were Some Other Race, and 1.2% were two or more races. 2.2% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,889 people, 1,109 households, and 829 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,134.0 inhabitants per square mile (437.8/km2). There were 1,152 housing units at an average density of 452.2 per square mile (174.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.71% White, 1.00% African American, 0.45% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population. There were 1,109 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.03. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 38.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $66,486, and the median income for a family was $73,871. Males had a median income of $51,315 versus $40,179 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,185. None of the families and 1.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64. Industry and attractions The primary industry of Skippack village is tourism. During the week and on weekends the streets of Skippack are crowded with local residents and tourists visiting the many unique shops and restaurants, antique shops, art galleries, or just strolling along the village sidewalks. The town also offers year-round events and free concerts. A community theater, Playcrafters of Skippack, features productions year round. Here's an updated Skippack Events listing. Local merchants and restaurants throughout Skippack have joined forces to create Skippack First Fridays to encourage the public to re-discover the Village of Skippack and its hidden gems. The event is held every First Friday for the months of April through October from 5-9 p.m., as well as at various locations throughout the year. Activities include live music, exhibiting artists and entertainment for the whole family. Notable person Philip S. Markley - Pennsylvania State Senator for the 7th district from 1820 to 1823. U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district from 1823 to 1827. Attorney General of Pennsylvania during 1829 and 1830 References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ Census 2010: Pennsylvania. Usatoday.Com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skippack, Pennsylvania. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Skippack Village. Skippack Township official site Skippack Village Online, by the Merchants of Skippack Association Skippack Village Restaurants Skippack First Friday Skippack Historical Society Skippack Recreation Association I Love Skippack blog about Skippack shops, restaurants, and events Skippack Events updated events listing Best of Skippack, information on concerts and events, services, restaurants, and shopping Skippack Volunteer Fire Company vteMunicipalities and communities of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: NorristownBoroughs Ambler Bridgeport Bryn Athyn Collegeville Conshohocken East Greenville Green Lane Hatboro Hatfield Jenkintown Lansdale Narberth Norristown North Wales Pennsburg Pottstown Red Hill Rockledge Royersford Schwenksville Souderton Telford‡ Trappe West Conshohocken Townships Abington Cheltenham Douglass East Norriton Franconia Hatfield Horsham Limerick Lower Frederick Lower Gwynedd Lower Merion Lower Moreland Lower Pottsgrove Lower Providence Lower Salford Marlborough Montgomery New Hanover Perkiomen Plymouth Salford Skippack Springfield Towamencin Upper Dublin Upper Frederick Upper Gwynedd Upper Hanover Upper Merion Upper Moreland Upper Pottsgrove Upper Providence Upper Salford West Norriton West Pottsgrove Whitemarsh Whitpain Worcester CDPs Arcadia University Ardmore‡ Audubon Bala Cynwyd Blue Bell Bryn Mawr‡ Cheltenham Village Eagleville Elkins Park Evansburg Flourtown Fort Washington Gilbertsville Glenside Halfway House Harleysville Haverford College‡ Horsham King of Prussia Kulpsville Maple Glen McKinley Merion Station Mont Clare Montgomeryville Oreland Penn Wynne Plymouth Meeting Pottsgrove Rosemont‡ Roslyn Sanatoga Skippack Spring House Spring Mount Stowe Swedeland Trooper Villanova‡ Willow Grove Woxall Wyncote Wyndmoor Othercommunities Abington Ambler Arcola Ardsley Ashmead Village Barren Hill Belmont Hills Bethayres Camp Hill Cedarbrook Cedars Center Point Center Square Chapel‡ Colmar Congo Creamery Crestmont Dresher Earlington Edge Hill Erdenheim Eureka‡ Fairview Village Fitzwatertown Franconia Frederick Fulmor Geryville‡ Gladwyne Graterford Gulph Mills Gwynedd Gwynedd Valley Haverford‡ Hollywood Huntingdon Valley Jarrettown Lafayette Hill La Mott Laverock Layfield Lederach Line Lexington‡ Linfield Mainland Meadowbrook Melrose Park Mingo Miquon Montgomery Square New Hanover Square Noble North Hills Oaks Obelisk Palm Penn Valley Perkiomenville Port Indian Port Kennedy Port Providence Prospectville Rahns Roychester Rydal Salford Salfordville Sassamansville Spring Mill Sumneytown Three Tuns Tylersport Unionville‡ West Point Worcester Wynnewood‡ Yerkes Zieglerville Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skippack Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippack_Creek"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Skippack Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippack_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"}],"text":"For the stream, see Skippack Creek.Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesSkippack (Pennsylvania German: Schippach), originally named \"Van Bebber's Township\", is a census-designated place (CDP) in Skippack Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,758 at the 2010 census.","title":"Skippack, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Original 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_13&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anabaptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist"},{"link_name":"Mennonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Franz Daniel Pastorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Daniel_Pastorius"},{"link_name":"Electorate of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Herman Isacks op den Graeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Isacks_op_den_Graeff"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Warren Z. Cole House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Z._Cole_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Skippack Historical Society, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skippack.org/jacob_reiff.htm"},{"link_name":"Kutztown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutztown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"}],"text":"In 1683, the Original 13, thirteen families from the lower Rhine River arrived at Philadelphia aboard the Concord, on October 6 of that year. These families were primarily linen weavers, but also knew how to farm. These first German immigrants left their homeland of Germany because of persecution they experienced as religious Anabaptist Mennonite and Quakers from the Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Churches. Upon arriving at Philadelphia, the families were greeted by the representative of the Frankfort Land Company, a highly educated German lawyer, Franz Daniel Pastorius, who charged with the authority to make land transactions with the thirteen families. After inspecting different areas of the vicinity of Philadelphia, the families settled on the land that was to become the villages of Germantown, Summerhousen, Crefeld, and Germantownship.Within approximately twenty years Anabaptist German farmers in the Electorate of the Palatinate began to immigrate to Philadelphia in such numbers that Benjamin Franklin wrote an editorial fearing that Pennsylvania would soon become a majority German-speaking colony. As the Germantown area became more densely settled, there was a departure of some of the original families of Germantown to an area twenty miles west of Philadelphia further up the Schuylkill, purchasing land from the father in-law of Herman Isacks op den Graeff (an original settler of Germantown), who had earlier purchased approximately seven thousand acres. These German Mennonites brought the linen making business to the community, along with their farming skills. They settled on farms in the vicinity of Perkiomen Creek and Skippack Creek, up to a point where travel by boat became impossible because of shallow water. This point is where Skippack Creek crosses Skippack Pike in Skippack Township. The origin of the name \"Skippack\" came from early German settlers, they originally spelled it Schippach, named after a town of the same name in Bavaria.Skippack Township was originally named \"Van Bebber's Township\" after Matthias van Bebber, to whom the original land patent was issued in 1702 by William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. The name later changed to \"Skippack and Perkiomen Township\" until the township was split into two townships. Skippack Township is home to one of the oldest homes still standing in the area, the Indenhofen (De Haven) Farmstead, built in circa 1720. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, as the Warren Z. Cole House.[1] Originally, the Indenhofen Farm consisted of 440 acres (1.8 km2).In 1795, Jacob Reiff bought a property at Store Road and Skippack Pike and opened a general merchandise store.Skippack Historical Society, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania In 1800, the store was sold to Jacob Sorver, who ran it until 1854. A post office was established in 1827 with weekly mail delivery by the Kutztown stagecoach.The Souderton, Skippack & Fairview Electric Railway Co. was formed in 1901 to provide trolley service from Norristown, through Trooper and Worcester to Souderton. Trolley service to Skippack began in 1908. Harleysville was reached in 1912; the line to Souderton was never completed. The railway was renamed the Montgomery County Rapid Transit Company and later the Montgomery Transit Company. In 1923, its name was changed once again to the Skippack & Perkiomen Transit Company. The \"Wogglebug\" trolleys ran on the south shoulder of Skippack Pike through the village (a sidewalk was on the north side). Buses replaced the trolleys in 1925. In 1940 the bus service ended.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skippack,_Pennsylvania&params=40_13_37_N_75_23_56_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-2"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Skippack Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippack_Township,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Skippack is located at 40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889 (40.227014, -75.398889).[2]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), of which 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) is land and 0.39% is water.Skippack is a historic shopping village which lies within the boundaries of Skippack Township. Once termed Skippackville, the village served residents of Skippack with a post office, fire house, printing house, shirt factory, furniture maker, blacksmith, liquor store, a hat store and several inns including the Valley House now called \"Justin's Carriage House\". The village has recently seen an influx of unique restaurants and boutiques.Creamery Village is located within Skippack Township and is partially within the CDP of Skippack. Creamery has its own post office for residents in the adjoining area. The original general store is still standing but today functions as one of the many \"antique\" dealers in Montgomery County. (The store was torn down in the spring of 2015 due to a fire in the winter of 2013)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2010 census, the CDP was 89.6% Non-Hispanic White, 2.0% Black or African American, 5.1% Asian, 0.9% were Some Other Race, and 1.2% were two or more races. 2.2% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.[3]As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 2,889 people, 1,109 households, and 829 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,134.0 inhabitants per square mile (437.8/km2). There were 1,152 housing units at an average density of 452.2 per square mile (174.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.71% White, 1.00% African American, 0.45% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.There were 1,109 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.03.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 38.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $66,486, and the median income for a family was $73,871. Males had a median income of $51,315 versus $40,179 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,185. None of the families and 1.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skippack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skippackvillageonline.com"},{"link_name":"Skippack Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//skippackevents.com"},{"link_name":"Skippack First Fridays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skippackfirstfriday.com"}],"text":"The primary industry of Skippack village is tourism. During the week and on weekends the streets of Skippack are crowded with local residents and tourists visiting the many unique shops and restaurants, antique shops, art galleries, or just strolling along the village sidewalks. The town also offers year-round events and free concerts. A community theater, Playcrafters of Skippack, features productions year round. Here's an updated Skippack Events listing.Local merchants and restaurants throughout Skippack have joined forces to create Skippack First Fridays to encourage the public to re-discover the Village of Skippack and its hidden gems. The event is held every First Friday for the months of April through October from 5-9 p.m., as well as at various locations throughout the year. Activities include live music, exhibiting artists and entertainment for the whole family.","title":"Industry and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip S. Markley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Swenk_Markley"}],"text":"Philip S. Markley - Pennsylvania State Senator for the 7th district from 1820 to 1823. U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district from 1823 to 1827. Attorney General of Pennsylvania during 1829 and 1830","title":"Notable person"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skippack,_Pennsylvania&params=40_13_37_N_75_23_56_W_type:city(3758)_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skippack,_Pennsylvania&params=40_13_37_N_75_23_56_W_type:city(3758)_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889"},{"Link":"http://www.skippack.org/jacob_reiff.htm","external_links_name":"Skippack Historical Society, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skippack,_Pennsylvania&params=40_13_37_N_75_23_56_W_type:city","external_links_name":"40°13′37″N 75°23′56″W / 40.22694°N 75.39889°W / 40.22694; -75.39889"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackvillageonline.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack"},{"Link":"http://skippackevents.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack Events"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackfirstfriday.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack First Fridays"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/profile/PA#locality-tab","external_links_name":"Census 2010: Pennsylvania"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://skippacktownship.org/","external_links_name":"Skippack Township official site"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackvillageonline.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack Village Online"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackrestaurants.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack Village Restaurants"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackfirstfriday.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack First Friday"},{"Link":"http://www.skippack.org/","external_links_name":"Skippack Historical Society"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackpool.com/board.html","external_links_name":"Skippack Recreation Association"},{"Link":"http://www.iloveskippack.com/","external_links_name":"I Love Skippack"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackevents.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack Events"},{"Link":"http://www.bestofskippack.com/","external_links_name":"Best of Skippack"},{"Link":"http://www.skippackfire.com/","external_links_name":"Skippack Volunteer Fire Company"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138482953","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560375205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88155882","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Libre_District,_Lima
Pueblo Libre District, Lima
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 12°4′13″S 77°03′45″W / 12.07028°S 77.06250°W / -12.07028; -77.06250District in Lima, PeruFree Town District Distrito de Pueblo Libre (Spanish)District Coat of armsLocation of Pueblo Libre in Lima ProvinceCoordinates: 12°4′13″S 77°03′45″W / 12.07028°S 77.06250°W / -12.07028; -77.06250Country PeruRegionLimaProvinceLimaCreatedNovember 5, 1940CapitalPueblo LibreSubdivisions1 populated centerGovernment • MayorMónica Tello (2023-2026)Area • Total4.38 km2 (1.69 sq mi)Elevation90 m (300 ft)Population (2023) • Total99,591Time zoneUTC-5 (PET)UBIGEO150121Websitemuniplibre.gob.pe Pueblo Libre (originally called La Magdalena or Old Magdalena to differentiate it from Magdalena del Mar District) is a district of the Lima Province in Peru. Its name, which means Free Town or Free People, was granted by José de San Martín on April 10, 1822, as a recognition of the patriotism shown by its inhabitants during the Peruvian War of Independence. The district was created by law 9162 on November 5, 1940. Pueblo Libre is a middle-class residential community and has the most parks in Lima, although it has several branches of banks, local private universities and major corporations. The current mayor of Pueblo Libre is Mónica Rossana Tello López History Pueblo Libre was founded in 1557 as Magdalena Vieja, before being renamed Free Town (Pueblo Libre in Spanish) in 1821 by José de San Martín. The name was given because of the great patriotism and desire for freedom San Martin saw from the people. Simón Bolívar, one of the liberators of South America, lived in Pueblo Libre. His colonial mansion is known today as the Palacio de la Magdalena, which houses the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru, having formerly housed the Magdalena government of Peru during the War of the Pacific. The Museum, also known by its initials MNAAHP, has collections of artifacts from Peruvian culture. It is one of the most visited museums in Lima and it is located at the heart of the district. Pueblo Libre has a rich history - museums, famous restaurants, and art galleries which are located in this district of Lima. One of Pueblo Libre's oldest attractions is La Cruz del Viajero (The Cross of the Traveler). The cross was a symbol of faith and protection the conquistadores brought from Spain. Francisco Pizarro placed the cross in Pueblo Libre; soldiers would pray before going to war or when making a hard distant journey. Pueblo Libre is not short of places to eat great Creole food. One restaurant, El Bolivariano, is popular among local families and famous for its weekend buffets, while the historic Antigua Taberna Queirolo, owned by the Santiago Queirolo pisco makers, serves one of the best authentic food and wine in Lima. Situated not a long walk from Pueblo Libre's pleasant plaza is the Museo Larco Hererra, which houses the largest collection of Moche artifacts in the country. This museum is known for having one of the best pre-Columbian exhibits in the world. It offers incredible Paracas textiles and a huge collection of pottery. In the history section of the museum, it documents of the brutality of the Spaniards in the country and of the challenges it has faced since its independence. Geography The district has a total land area of 4.38 km2. Its administrative center is located 90 meters above sea level. Boundaries North: Lima and Breña East: Jesús María South: Magdalena del Mar West: San Miguel Demographics According to the Census 2017 by the INEI, the district has 83,323 inhabitants. See also Administrative divisions of Peru References ^ "Estadística Poblacional - Ministerio de Salud del Perú". ^ Alberto Tauro del Pino, Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú, vol. XIII, p. 2133. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pueblo Libre District. vteLima Metropolitan Area Culture Demographics Flag History Timeline Landmarks Mayors People Sport Transport DistrictsCentral Lima Breña Jesús María La Victoria Lima Lince Magdalena del Mar Pueblo Libre San Miguel Modern Districts Miraflores San Borja San Isidro Santiago de Surco Surquillo Cono Este Ate Chaclacayo Cieneguilla El Agustino La Molina Lurigancho-Chosica San Juan de Lurigancho San Luis Santa Anita Cono Norte Ancón Carabayllo Comas Independencia Los Olivos Puente Piedra Rímac San Martín de Porres Santa Rosa Cono Sur Barranco Chorrillos Lurín Pachacamac Pucusana Punta Hermosa Punta Negra San Bartolo San Juan de Miraflores Santa María del Mar Villa el Salvador Villa María del Triunfo Callao Bellavista Callao Carmen de la Legua Reynoso La Perla La Punta Mi Perú Ventanilla
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magdalena del Mar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Lima Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Province"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Peruvian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"}],"text":"District in Lima, PeruPueblo Libre (originally called La Magdalena or Old Magdalena to differentiate it from Magdalena del Mar District) is a district of the Lima Province in Peru. Its name, which means Free Town or Free People, was granted by José de San Martín on April 10, 1822, as a recognition of the patriotism shown by its inhabitants during the Peruvian War of Independence. The district was created by law 9162 on November 5, 1940.[2] Pueblo Libre is a middle-class residential community and has the most parks in Lima, although it has several branches of banks, local private universities and major corporations. The current mayor of Pueblo Libre is Mónica Rossana Tello López","title":"Pueblo Libre District, Lima"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Palacio de la Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Magdalena_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Anthropology_and_History_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Magdalena government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru#La_Magdalena"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"La Cruz del Viajero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cruz_del_Viajero"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"El Bolivariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Bolivariano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antigua Taberna Queirolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigua_Taberna_Queirolo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santiago Queirolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Queirolo"},{"link_name":"pisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Museo Larco Hererra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museum"},{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)"},{"link_name":"Paracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"}],"text":"Pueblo Libre was founded in 1557 as Magdalena Vieja, before being renamed Free Town (Pueblo Libre in Spanish) in 1821 by José de San Martín. The name was given because of the great patriotism and desire for freedom San Martin saw from the people. Simón Bolívar, one of the liberators of South America, lived in Pueblo Libre. His colonial mansion is known today as the Palacio de la Magdalena, which houses the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru, having formerly housed the Magdalena government of Peru during the War of the Pacific. The Museum, also known by its initials MNAAHP, has collections of artifacts from Peruvian culture. It is one of the most visited museums in Lima and it is located at the heart of the district. Pueblo Libre has a rich history - museums, famous restaurants, and art galleries which are located in this district of Lima.One of Pueblo Libre's oldest attractions is La Cruz del Viajero (The Cross of the Traveler). The cross was a symbol of faith and protection the conquistadores brought from Spain. Francisco Pizarro placed the cross in Pueblo Libre; soldiers would pray before going to war or when making a hard distant journey.Pueblo Libre is not short of places to eat great Creole food. One restaurant, El Bolivariano, is popular among local families and famous for its weekend buffets, while the historic Antigua Taberna Queirolo, owned by the Santiago Queirolo pisco makers, serves one of the best authentic food and wine in Lima.Situated not a long walk from Pueblo Libre's pleasant plaza is the Museo Larco Hererra, which houses the largest collection of Moche artifacts in the country. This museum is known for having one of the best pre-Columbian exhibits in the world. It offers incredible Paracas textiles and a huge collection of pottery. In the history section of the museum, it documents of the brutality of the Spaniards in the country and of the challenges it has faced since its independence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_District"},{"link_name":"Breña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Jesús María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Lima"},{"link_name":"Magdalena del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima"}],"text":"The district has a total land area of 4.38 km2. Its administrative center is located 90 meters above sea level.BoundariesNorth: Lima and Breña\nEast: Jesús María\nSouth: Magdalena del Mar\nWest: San Miguel","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica"}],"text":"According to the Census 2017 by the INEI, the district has 83,323 inhabitants.","title":"Demographics"}]
[]
[{"title":"Administrative divisions of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru"}]
[{"reference":"\"Estadística Poblacional - Ministerio de Salud del Perú\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minsa.gob.pe/reunis/data/poblacion_estimada.asp","url_text":"\"Estadística Poblacional - Ministerio de Salud del Perú\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone_receptor
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor
["1 LHCGR gene","2 Receptor structure","3 Ligand binding and signal transduction","3.1 Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases","4 Action","4.1 Ovary","4.2 Testis","4.3 Extragonadal","5 Receptor regulation","5.1 Upregulation","5.2 Desensitization","5.3 Downregulation","5.4 Modulators","6 LHCGR antagonists and agonists","7 LHCGR abnormalities","8 History","9 Interactions","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Transmembrane receptor found in humans LHCGRAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1LUT, 1XULIdentifiersAliasesLHCGR, HHG, LCGR, LGR2, LH/CG-R, LH/CGR, LHR, LHRHR, LSH-R, ULG5, Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptorExternal IDsOMIM: 152790; MGI: 96783; HomoloGene: 37276; GeneCards: LHCGR; OMA:LHCGR - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 2 (human)Band2p16.3Start48,686,774 bpEnd48,755,730 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17 E4|17 58.35 cMStart89,023,909 bpEnd89,099,418 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed intesticlesural nervegonadAchilles tendonleft ovaryepithelium of colonright ovaryadipose tissuestromal cell of endometriumsubcutaneous adipose tissueTop expressed inGonadal ridgeovaryBasal platespermatocytetesticleventricular zonesuperior frontal gyrusrhombencephalonmesencephaloncentral gray substance of midbrainMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor activity choriogonadotropin hormone binding signal transducer activity protein-hormone receptor activity choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity follicle-stimulating hormone receptor activity luteinizing hormone receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane endosome membrane integral component of plasma membrane plasma membrane Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway male gonad development male genitalia development cognition G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger activation of adenylate cyclase activity positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process hormone-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus signal transduction primary ovarian follicle growth phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway regulation of osteoclast differentiation luteinizing hormone signaling pathway positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway ovulation cycle process Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez397316867EnsemblENSG00000138039ENSMUSG00000024107UniProtP22888P30730RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000233NM_013582NM_001364898RefSeq (protein)NP_000224NP_038610NP_001351827Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 48.69 – 48.76 MbChr 17: 89.02 – 89.1 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts. The receptor interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning during reproduction. LHCGR gene The gene for the LHCGR is found on chromosome 2 p21 in humans, close to the FSH receptor gene. It consists of 70 kbp (versus 54 kpb for the FSHR). The gene is similar to the gene for the FSH receptor and the TSH receptor. Receptor structure The LHCGR consists of 674 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 85–95 kDA based on the extent of glycosylation. Like other GPCRs, the LHCG receptor possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices. The extracellular domain of the receptor is heavily glycosylated. These transmembrane domains contain two highly conserved cysteine residues, which build disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. The transmembrane part is highly homologous with other members of the rhodopsin family of GPCRs. The C-terminal domain is intracellular and brief, rich in serine and threonine residues for possible phosphorylation. Ligand binding and signal transduction Upon binding of LH to the external part of the membrane spanning receptor, a transduction of the signal takes place. This process results in the activation of a heterotrimeric G protein. Binding of LH to the receptor shifts its conformation. The activated receptor promotes the binding of GTP to the G protein and its subsequent activation. After binding GTP, the G protein heterotrimer detaches from the receptor and disassembles. The alpha-subunit Gs binds adenylate cyclase and activates the cAMP system. It is believed that a receptor molecule exists in a conformational equilibrium between active and inactive states. The binding of LH (or CG) to the receptor shifts the equilibrium towards the active form of the receptor. For a cell to respond to LH only a small percentage (≈1%) of receptor sites need to be activated. Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal cascade originated by the activation of the G protein Gs by the LHCG-receptor. Activated Gs binds the enzyme adenylate cyclase and this leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclin AMP-dependent protein kinases are present as tetramers with two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits. Upon binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits, the catalytic units are released and initiate the phosphorylation of proteins leading to the physiologic action. Cyclic AMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase and release 5’AMP. One of the targets of protein kinase A is the Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Protein, CREB, which binds DNA in the cell nucleus via direct interactions with specific DNA sequences called cyclic AMP response elements (CRE); this process results in the activation or inactivation of gene transcription. The signal is amplified by the involvement of cAMP and the resulting phosphorylation. The process is modified by prostaglandins. Other cellular regulators that participate are the intracellular calcium concentration regulated by phospholipase C activation, nitric oxide, and other growth factors. Other pathways of signaling exist for the LHCGR. Action Luteinizing hormone up-regulates cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme in sensitive tissues, the first step of all human steroidogenesis.The LHCG receptor's main function is the regulation of steroidogenesis. This is accomplished by increasing the intracellular levels of the enzyme cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme, a member of the cytochrome P450 family. This leads to increased conversion of cholesterol into androgen precursors required to make many steroid hormones, including testosterone and estrogens. Ovary In the ovary, the LHCG receptor is necessary for follicular maturation and ovulation, as well as luteal function. Its expression requires appropriate hormonal stimulation by FSH and estradiol. The LHCGR is present on granulosa cells, theca cells, luteal cells, and interstitial cells The LCGR is restimulated by increasing levels of chorionic gonadotropins in case a pregnancy is developing. In turn, luteal function is prolonged and the endocrine milieu is supportive of the nascent pregnancy. Testis In the male the LHCGR has been identified on the Leydig cells that are critical for testosterone production, and support spermatogenesis. Normal LHCGR functioning is critical for male fetal development, as the fetal Leydig cells produce androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in fetal Sertoli cells to induce masculinization. Extragonadal LHCGR have been found in many types of extragonadal tissues, and the physiologic role of some has remained largely unexplored. Thus receptors have been found in the uterus, sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate, skin, breast, adrenals, thyroid, neural retina, neuroendocrine cells, and (rat) brain. Receptor regulation The seven transmembrane α-helix structure of a G protein-coupled receptor such as LHCGR Upregulation Upregulation refers to the increase in the number of receptor sites on the membrane. Estrogen and FSH upregulate LHCGR sites in preparation for ovulation. After ovulation, the luteinized ovary maintains LHCGR s that allow activation in case there is an implantation. Upregulation in males requires gene transcription to synthesize LH receptors within the cell cytoplasm. Some reasons as to why downregulated LH receptors are not upregulated are: lack of gene transcription, lack of RNA to protein conversion and lack of cell membrane targeted shipments from Golgi. Desensitization The LHCGRs become desensitized when exposed to LH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases. This process uncouples Gs protein from the LHCGR. Downregulation Downregulation refers to the decrease in the number of receptor molecules. This is usually the result of receptor endocytosis. In this process, the bound LCGR-hormone complex binds arrestin and concentrates in clathrin coated pits. Clathrin coated pits recruit dynamin and pinch off from the cell surface, becoming clathrin-coated vesicles. Clathrin-coated vesicles are processed into endosomes, some of which are recycled to the cell surface while others are targeted to lysosomes. Receptors targeted to lysosomes are degraded. Use of long-acting agonists will downregulate the receptor population by promoting their endocytosis. Modulators Antibodies to LHCGR can interfere with LHCGR activity. LHCGR antagonists and agonists In 2019, the discovery of potent, and selective antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (BAY-298 and BAY-899) were reported which were able to reduce sex hormone levels in vivo. The latter fulfils the quality criteria for a 'Donated Chemical Probe' as defined by the Structural Genomics Consortium. A series of thienopyr(im)idine-based compounds leading to optimized Org 43553 were described as the first Luteinizing Hormone Receptor agonists. LHCGR abnormalities Loss-of-function mutations in females can lead to infertility. In 46, XY individuals severe inactivation can cause male pseudohermaphroditism, as fetal Leydig cells during may not respond and thus interfere with masculinization. Less severe inactivation can result in hypospadias or a micropenis. History Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of the G Protein System. Interactions Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor has been shown to interact with GIPC1. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000138039 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024107 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b Simoni M, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E (Dec 1997). "The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology". Endocrine Reviews. 18 (6): 739–73. doi:10.1210/edrv.18.6.0320. PMID 9408742. ^ a b c d e Ascoli M, Fanelli F, Segaloff DL (Apr 2002). "The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (2): 141–74. doi:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462. PMID 11943741. ^ Dufau ML (1998). "The luteinizing hormone receptor". Annual Review of Physiology. 60: 461–96. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461. PMID 9558473. ^ Jiang X, Dias JA, He X (Jan 2014). "Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: insights to signaling". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 382 (1): 424–51. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.021. PMID 24001578. ^ Ryu KS, Gilchrist RL, Koo YB, Ji I, Ji TH (Apr 1998). "Gene, interaction, signal generation, signal divergence and signal transduction of the LH/CG receptor". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 60 (Suppl 1): S9-20. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(98)80001-5. PMID 9833610. S2CID 4798893. ^ Dufau ML, Cigorraga S, Baukal AJ, Sorrell S, Bator JM, Neubauer JF, Catt KJ (Dec 1979). "Androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells after testicular desensitization by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin". Endocrinology. 105 (6): 1314–21. doi:10.1210/endo-105-6-1314. PMID 227658. ^ Wortmann L, Lindenthal B, Muhn P, et al. (2019). "Discovery of BAY-298 and BAY-899: Tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridine-Based, Potent, and Selective Antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Which Reduce Sex Hormone Levels in Vivo". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 62 (22): 10321–10341. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01382. PMID 31670515. S2CID 204967109. ^ "Donated Chemical Probes". thesgc.org. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ van Straten NC, Schoonus-Gerritsma GG, van Someren RG, Draaijer J, Adang AE, Timmers CM, Hanssen RG, van Boeckel CA (2002-10-04). "The First Orally Active Low Molecular Weight Agonists for the LH Receptor: Thienopyr(im)idines with Therapeutic Potential for Ovulation Induction". ChemBioChem. 3 (10): 1023–1026. doi:10.1002/1439-7633(20021004)3:10<1023::AID-CBIC1023>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 12362369. S2CID 8732411. ^ Heitman LH, Oosterom J, Bonger KM, Timmers CM, Wiegerinck PH, IJzerman AP (2008-02-01). "Org 43553, the First Low-Molecular-Weight Agonistic and Allosteric Radioligand for the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor". Molecular Pharmacology. 73 (2): 518–524. doi:10.1124/mol.107.039875. hdl:1887/3209412. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 17989351. S2CID 34584880. ^ van de Lagemaat R, Timmers CM, Kelder J, van Koppen C, Mosselman S, Hanssen RG (March 2009). "Induction of ovulation by a potent, orally active, low molecular weight agonist (Org 43553) of the luteinizing hormone receptor". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 24 (3): 640–648. doi:10.1093/humrep/den412. ISSN 1460-2350. PMID 19088107. ^ Wu SM, Chan WY (1999). "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to inactivating luteinizing hormone receptor mutations". Archives of Medical Research. 30 (6): 495–500. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(99)00074-0. PMID 10714363. ^ Hirakawa T, Galet C, Kishi M, Ascoli M (Dec 2003). "GIPC binds to the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) through an unusual PDZ domain binding motif, and it regulates the sorting of the internalized human choriogonadotropin and the density of cell surface hLHR". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (49): 49348–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306557200. PMID 14507927. Further reading Ji TH, Ryu KS, Gilchrist R, Ji I (1997). "Interaction, signal generation, signal divergence, and signal transduction of LH/CG and the receptor". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 52: 431–53, discussion 454. PMID 9238862. Dufau ML (1998). "The luteinizing hormone receptor". Annual Review of Physiology. 60: 461–96. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461. PMID 9558473. Ascoli M, Fanelli F, Segaloff DL (Apr 2002). "The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (2): 141–74. doi:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462. PMID 11943741. Amsterdam A, Hanoch T, Dantes A, Tajima K, Strauss JF, Seger R (Feb 2002). "Mechanisms of gonadotropin desensitization". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 187 (1–2): 69–74. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00701-8. PMID 11988313. S2CID 23625847. Fanelli F, Puett D (Aug 2002). "Structural aspects of luteinizing hormone receptor: information from molecular modeling and mutagenesis". Endocrine. 18 (3): 285–93. doi:10.1385/ENDO:18:3:285. PMID 12450321. S2CID 24739956. Latronico AC, Segaloff DL (Jan 2007). "Insights learned from L457(3.43)R, an activating mutant of the human lutropin receptor". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260–262: 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.053. PMC 1785107. PMID 17055147. Nagayama Y, Russo D, Wadsworth HL, Chazenbalk GD, Rapoport B (Aug 1991). "Eleven amino acids (Lys-201 to Lys-211) and 9 amino acids (Gly-222 to Leu-230) in the human thyrotropin receptor are involved in ligand binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (23): 14926–30. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98566-2. PMID 1651314. Jia XC, Oikawa M, Bo M, Tanaka T, Ny T, Boime I, Hsueh AJ (Jun 1991). "Expression of human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor: interaction with LH and chorionic gonadotropin from human but not equine, rat, and ovine species". Molecular Endocrinology. 5 (6): 759–68. doi:10.1210/mend-5-6-759. PMID 1922095. Minegishi T, Nakamura K, Takakura Y, Miyamoto K, Hasegawa Y, Ibuki Y, Igarashi M, Minegishi T (Nov 1990). "Cloning and sequencing of human LH/hCG receptor cDNA". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 172 (3): 1049–54. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91552-4. PMID 2244890. Rousseau-Merck MF, Misrahi M, Atger M, Loosfelt H, Milgrom E, Berger R (1991). "Localization of the human luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor gene (LHCGR) to chromosome 2p21". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 54 (1–2): 77–9. doi:10.1159/000132962. PMID 2249480. Xie YB, Wang H, Segaloff DL (Dec 1990). "Extracellular domain of lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor expressed in transfected cells binds choriogonadotropin with high affinity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (35): 21411–4. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45750-X. PMID 2254302. Frazier AL, Robbins LS, Stork PJ, Sprengel R, Segaloff DL, Cone RD (Aug 1990). "Isolation of TSH and LH/CG receptor cDNAs from human thyroid: regulation by tissue specific splicing". Molecular Endocrinology. 4 (8): 1264–76. doi:10.1210/mend-4-8-1264. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-7844-D. PMID 2293030. Keutmann HT, Charlesworth MC, Mason KA, Ostrea T, Johnson L, Ryan RJ (Apr 1987). "A receptor-binding region in human choriogonadotropin/lutropin beta subunit". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (7): 2038–42. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.2038K. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.7.2038. PMC 304579. PMID 3470775. Jiang X, Dreano M, Buckler DR, Cheng S, Ythier A, Wu H, Hendrickson WA, el Tayar N (Dec 1995). "Structural predictions for the ligand-binding region of glycoprotein hormone receptors and the nature of hormone-receptor interactions". Structure. 3 (12): 1341–53. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00272-6. PMID 8747461. Atger M, Misrahi M, Sar S, Le Flem L, Dessen P, Milgrom E (Jun 1995). "Structure of the human luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor gene: unusual promoter and 5' non-coding regions". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 111 (2): 113–23. doi:10.1016/0303-7207(95)03557-N. PMID 7556872. S2CID 25479294. Latronico AC, Anasti J, Arnhold IJ, Mendonça BB, Domenice S, Albano MC, Zachman K, Wajchenberg BL, Tsigos C (Aug 1995). "A novel mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene causing male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (8): 2490–4. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629248. PMID 7629248. Shenker A, Laue L, Kosugi S, Merendino JJ, Minegishi T, Cutler GB (Oct 1993). "A constitutively activating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty". Nature. 365 (6447): 652–4. Bibcode:1993Natur.365..652S. doi:10.1038/365652a0. PMID 7692306. S2CID 4307732. Yano K, Saji M, Hidaka A, Moriya N, Okuno A, Kohn LD, Cutler GB (Apr 1995). "A new constitutively activating point mutation in the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor gene in cases of male-limited precocious puberty". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (4): 1162–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714085. PMID 7714085. Kremer H, Kraaij R, Toledo SP, Post M, Fridman JB, Hayashida CY, van Reen M, Milgrom E, Ropers HH, Mariman E (Feb 1995). "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to a homozygous missense mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene". Nature Genetics. 9 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1038/ng0295-160. hdl:2066/20602. PMID 7719343. S2CID 8678536. Kosugi S, Van Dop C, Geffner ME, Rabl W, Carel JC, Chaussain JL, Mori T, Merendino JJ, Shenker A (Feb 1995). "Characterization of heterogeneous mutations causing constitutive activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty". Human Molecular Genetics. 4 (2): 183–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.2.183. PMID 7757065. Kremer H, Mariman E, Otten BJ, Moll GW, Stoelinga GB, Wit JM, Jansen M, Drop SL, Faas B, Ropers HH (Nov 1993). "Cosegregation of missense mutations of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene with familial male-limited precocious puberty". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (11): 1779–83. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.11.1779. PMID 8281137. External links "Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors: LH". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2006-07-20. GRIS: Glycoprotein-hormone Receptor Information System LH-hCG+Receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14) Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7) Other Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9) Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate PeptideNeuropeptide B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2) Other Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a (1 2)) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin A B Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2) MiscellaneousTaste, bitter TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1 Orphan GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183) Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3) Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1 Orphan GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157) Other Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2) Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2 Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4) Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) Smoothened Smoothened vteNeuropeptide receptorsG protein-coupled receptorHormone receptorsHypothalamic CRH FSH LHRH TRH Somatostatin Pituitary Vasopressin 1A 1B 2 Oxytocin LHCG TSH Other Atrial natriuretic factor NPR3 Calcitonin Cholecystokinin A B VIP Opioid receptors Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin Other neuropeptide receptors Angiotensin Bradykinin B1 B2 Tachykinin TACR1 Calcitonin gene-related peptide Galanin GPCR neuropeptide B/W FF S Y Neurotensin Type I cytokine receptor GH Prolactin Enzyme-linked receptor Atrial natriuretic factor NPR1 NPR2 Other Sigma 1 2 vteGnRHTooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropinsGnRH modulators(incl. analogues)Agonists Peptide: Azagly-nafarelin Buserelin Deslorelin Fertirelin Gonadorelin Goserelin Histrelin Lecirelin Leuprorelin (leuprolide) Nafarelin Peforelin Triptorelin Antagonists Peptide: Abarelix Cetrorelix Degarelix Ganirelix Non-peptide: Elagolix Linzagolix† Relugolix (+estradiol/norethisterone acetate) GonadotropinsPreparations Follicle-stimulating hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin Luteinizing hormone Menotropin Urofollitropin Others(indirect)Progonadotropins Sex steroid antagonists (via disinhibition of the HPG axis): Antiandrogens (e.g., flutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide) Antiestrogens/SERMsTooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen, clomifene, enclomifene) Aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole) GnRH agonists (e.g., GnRHTooltip gonadotropin-releasing hormone) Antigonadotropins Sex steroid agonists (via negative feedback on the HPG axis): Androgens/anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone, nandrolone esters, oxandrolone) D2 receptor antagonists (prolactin releasers) (incl., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, sulpiride) Estrogens (incl., bifluranol, estradiol, estradiol esters, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, paroxypropione) Progestogens (incl. progestins, e.g., chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, gestonorone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate) Others (mixed or unknown mechanism of action): Danazol Gestrinone Metallibure #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III See also GnRH and gonadotropin receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens Progestogens and antiprogestogens vteGnRHTooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and gonadotropin receptor modulatorsGnRHTooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor Agonists: Peptides: Alarelin Avorelin Azagly-nafarelin Buserelin Deslorelin Fertirelin GnRH Gonadorelin Goserelin Histrelin Leuprorelin (leuprolide) Lutrelin Nafarelin Peforelin Salmon GnRH Triptorelin Zoptarelin Zoptarelin doxorubicin Antagonists: Peptides: Abarelix Acyline Azaline B Cetrorelix Degarelix Detirelix Ganirelix Iturelix (antide) LXT-101 Ornirelix (ornitide) Ozarelix Prazarelix Ramorelix Teverelix (antarelix); Non-peptides: Elagolix Linzagolix Opigolix Relugolix Sufugolix GonadotropinLH/hCGTooltip Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor Agonists: Peptides: Choriogonadotropin alfa Human chorionic gonadotropin Luteinizing hormone Lutropin alfa Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin) FSHTooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Agonists: Peptides: Corifollitropin alfa Follicle-stimulating hormone Follitropin alfa Follitropin beta Follitropin epsilon Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin) Urofollitropin Varfollitropin alfa NAMs: Non-peptides: ADX-61623
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmembrane receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary"},{"link_name":"testis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis"},{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"breasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"luteinizing hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone"},{"link_name":"hCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin"},{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor"}],"text":"The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts. The receptor interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning during reproduction.","title":"Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics"},{"link_name":"chromosome 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2"},{"link_name":"FSH receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSH_receptor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSHR-5"}],"text":"The gene for the LHCGR is found on chromosome 2 p21 in humans, close to the FSH receptor gene. It consists of 70 kbp (versus 54 kpb for the FSHR).[5] The gene is similar to the gene for the FSH receptor and the TSH receptor.","title":"LHCGR gene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHCGR-6"},{"link_name":"transmembrane helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_helix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9558473-7"},{"link_name":"glycosylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"disulfide bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide_bond"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24001578-8"},{"link_name":"serine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"}],"text":"The LHCGR consists of 674 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 85–95 kDA based on the extent of glycosylation.[6]Like other GPCRs, the LHCG receptor possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices.[7] The extracellular domain of the receptor is heavily glycosylated. These transmembrane domains contain two highly conserved cysteine residues, which build disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. The transmembrane part is highly homologous with other members of the rhodopsin family of GPCRs.[8] The C-terminal domain is intracellular and brief, rich in serine and threonine residues for possible phosphorylation.","title":"Receptor structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transduction of the signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"heterotrimeric G protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein"},{"link_name":"conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_conformation"},{"link_name":"GTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"adenylate cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9833610-9"}],"text":"Upon binding of LH to the external part of the membrane spanning receptor, a transduction of the signal takes place. This process results in the activation of a heterotrimeric G protein. Binding of LH to the receptor shifts its conformation. The activated receptor promotes the binding of GTP to the G protein and its subsequent activation. After binding GTP, the G protein heterotrimer detaches from the receptor and disassembles. The alpha-subunit Gs binds adenylate cyclase and activates the cAMP system.[9]It is believed that a receptor molecule exists in a conformational equilibrium between active and inactive states. The binding of LH (or CG) to the receptor shifts the equilibrium towards the active form of the receptor. For a cell to respond to LH only a small percentage (≈1%) of receptor sites need to be activated.","title":"Ligand binding and signal transduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein kinase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"cyclic AMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_AMP"},{"link_name":"tetramers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrameric_protein"},{"link_name":"phosphodiesterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase"},{"link_name":"CREB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"cyclic AMP response elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclic_AMP_response_element&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gene transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transcription"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSHR-5"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"phospholipase C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHCGR-6"}],"sub_title":"Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases","text":"Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal cascade originated by the activation of the G protein Gs by the LHCG-receptor. Activated Gs binds the enzyme adenylate cyclase and this leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclin AMP-dependent protein kinases are present as tetramers with two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits. Upon binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits, the catalytic units are released and initiate the phosphorylation of proteins leading to the physiologic action. Cyclic AMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase and release 5’AMP. One of the targets of protein kinase A is the Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Protein, CREB, which binds DNA in the cell nucleus via direct interactions with specific DNA sequences called cyclic AMP response elements (CRE); this process results in the activation or inactivation of gene transcription.[5]The signal is amplified by the involvement of cAMP and the resulting phosphorylation. The process is modified by prostaglandins. Other cellular regulators that participate are the intracellular calcium concentration regulated by phospholipase C activation, nitric oxide, and other growth factors.Other pathways of signaling exist for the LHCGR.[6]","title":"Ligand binding and signal transduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steroidogenesis.svg"},{"link_name":"steroidogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidogenesis"},{"link_name":"cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Luteinizing hormone up-regulates cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme in sensitive tissues, the first step of all human steroidogenesis.The LHCG receptor's main function is the regulation of steroidogenesis. This is accomplished by increasing the intracellular levels of the enzyme cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme, a member of the cytochrome P450 family. This leads to increased conversion of cholesterol into androgen precursors required to make many steroid hormones, including testosterone and estrogens.[10]","title":"Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone"},{"link_name":"estradiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol"},{"link_name":"granulosa cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulosa_cells"},{"link_name":"theca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca"},{"link_name":"luteal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHCGR-6"},{"link_name":"chorionic gonadotropins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"}],"sub_title":"Ovary","text":"In the ovary, the LHCG receptor is necessary for follicular maturation and ovulation, as well as luteal function. Its expression requires appropriate hormonal stimulation by FSH and estradiol. The LHCGR is present on granulosa cells, theca cells, luteal cells, and interstitial cells[6] The LCGR is restimulated by increasing levels of chorionic gonadotropins in case a pregnancy is developing. In turn, luteal function is prolonged and the endocrine milieu is supportive of the nascent pregnancy.","title":"Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leydig cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydig_cell"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"spermatogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis"}],"sub_title":"Testis","text":"In the male the LHCGR has been identified on the Leydig cells that are critical for testosterone production, and support spermatogenesis.Normal LHCGR functioning is critical for male fetal development, as the fetal Leydig cells produce androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in fetal Sertoli cells to induce masculinization.","title":"Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"seminal vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminal_vesicles"},{"link_name":"prostate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin"},{"link_name":"breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"adrenals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal"},{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHCGR-6"}],"sub_title":"Extragonadal","text":"LHCGR have been found in many types of extragonadal tissues, and the physiologic role of some has remained largely unexplored. Thus receptors have been found in the uterus, sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate, skin, breast, adrenals, thyroid, neural retina, neuroendocrine cells, and (rat) brain.[6]","title":"Action"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7TM_receptor.png"}],"text":"The seven transmembrane α-helix structure of a G protein-coupled receptor such as LHCGR","title":"Receptor regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upregulation"},{"link_name":"ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"}],"sub_title":"Upregulation","text":"Upregulation refers to the increase in the number of receptor sites on the membrane. Estrogen and FSH upregulate LHCGR sites in preparation for ovulation. After ovulation, the luteinized ovary maintains LHCGR s that allow activation in case there is an implantation. Upregulation in males requires gene transcription to synthesize LH receptors within the cell cytoplasm. Some reasons as to why downregulated LH receptors are not upregulated are: lack of gene transcription, lack of RNA to protein conversion and lack of cell membrane targeted shipments from Golgi.","title":"Receptor regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"cytoplasmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"protein kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"}],"sub_title":"Desensitization","text":"The LHCGRs become desensitized when exposed to LH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases. This process uncouples Gs protein from the LHCGR.","title":"Receptor regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation"},{"link_name":"endocytosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis"},{"link_name":"arrestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin"},{"link_name":"clathrin coated pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin_coated_pit"},{"link_name":"dynamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin"},{"link_name":"clathrin-coated vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin-coated_vesicle"},{"link_name":"endosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome"},{"link_name":"lysosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomes"}],"sub_title":"Downregulation","text":"Downregulation refers to the decrease in the number of receptor molecules. This is usually the result of receptor endocytosis. In this process, the bound LCGR-hormone complex binds arrestin and concentrates in clathrin coated pits. Clathrin coated pits recruit dynamin and pinch off from the cell surface, becoming clathrin-coated vesicles. Clathrin-coated vesicles are processed into endosomes, some of which are recycled to the cell surface while others are targeted to lysosomes. Receptors targeted to lysosomes are degraded. Use of long-acting agonists will downregulate the receptor population by promoting their endocytosis.","title":"Receptor regulation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Modulators","text":"Antibodies to LHCGR can interfere with LHCGR activity.","title":"Receptor regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Structural Genomics Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Genomics_Consortium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2019, the discovery of potent, and selective antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (BAY-298 and BAY-899) were reported which were able to reduce sex hormone levels in vivo.[11] The latter fulfils the quality criteria for a 'Donated Chemical Probe' as defined by the Structural Genomics Consortium.[12]A series of thienopyr(im)idine-based compounds[13] leading to optimized Org 43553 were described as the first Luteinizing Hormone Receptor agonists.[14][15]","title":"LHCGR antagonists and agonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"pseudohermaphroditism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10714363-16"},{"link_name":"hypospadias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias"},{"link_name":"micropenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropenis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LHCGR-6"}],"text":"Loss-of-function mutations in females can lead to infertility. In 46, XY individuals severe inactivation can cause male pseudohermaphroditism, as fetal Leydig cells during may not respond and thus interfere with masculinization.[16] Less severe inactivation can result in hypospadias or a micropenis.[6]","title":"LHCGR abnormalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred G. Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman"},{"link_name":"Martin Rodbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbell"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine_and_Physiology"}],"text":"Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of the G Protein System.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"GIPC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIPC1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14507927-17"}],"text":"Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor has been shown to interact with GIPC1.[17]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9238862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9238862"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.461"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9558473","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9558473"},{"link_name":"\"The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.23.2.0462"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.23.2.0462"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11943741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943741"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00701-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0303-7207%2801%2900701-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11988313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988313"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23625847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23625847"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1385/ENDO:18:3:285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1385%2FENDO%3A18%3A3%3A285"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12450321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12450321"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24739956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24739956"},{"link_name":"\"Insights learned from L457(3.43)R, an activating mutant of the human lutropin receptor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785107"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2005.11.053"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1785107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1785107"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17055147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17055147"},{"link_name":"\"Eleven amino acids (Lys-201 to Lys-211) and 9 amino acids (Gly-222 to Leu-230) in the human thyrotropin receptor are involved in ligand binding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998566-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98566-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998566-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1651314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1651314"},{"link_name":"\"Expression of human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor: interaction with LH and chorionic gonadotropin from human but not equine, rat, and ovine species\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-6-759"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/mend-5-6-759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-5-6-759"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1922095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1922095"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(90)91552-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2890%2991552-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2244890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2244890"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1159/000132962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1159%2F000132962"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2249480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2249480"},{"link_name":"\"Extracellular domain of lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor expressed in transfected cells binds choriogonadotropin with high affinity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2945750-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45750-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2945750-X"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2254302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2254302"},{"link_name":"\"Isolation of TSH and LH/CG receptor cDNAs from human thyroid: regulation by tissue specific splicing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-4-8-1264"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/mend-4-8-1264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fmend-4-8-1264"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21.11116/0000-0000-7844-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0000-7844-D"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2293030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2293030"},{"link_name":"\"A receptor-binding region in human choriogonadotropin/lutropin beta subunit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304579"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1987PNAS...84.2038K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PNAS...84.2038K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.84.7.2038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.84.7.2038"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"304579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304579"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3470775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3470775"},{"link_name":"\"Structural predictions for the ligand-binding region of glycoprotein hormone receptors and the nature of hormone-receptor interactions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0969-2126%2801%2900272-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00272-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0969-2126%2801%2900272-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8747461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8747461"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0303-7207(95)03557-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0303-7207%2895%2903557-N"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7556872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7556872"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25479294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25479294"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.80.8.7629248"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7629248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7629248"},{"link_name":"\"A constitutively activating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1233149"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1993Natur.365..652S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.365..652S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/365652a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F365652a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7692306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7692306"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4307732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4307732"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.80.4.7714085"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7714085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7714085"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ng0295-160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng0295-160"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2066/20602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2066%2F20602"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7719343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7719343"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8678536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8678536"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of heterogeneous mutations causing constitutive activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1234327"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/hmg/4.2.183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F4.2.183"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7757065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7757065"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/hmg/2.11.1779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F2.11.1779"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8281137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281137"}],"text":"Ji TH, Ryu KS, Gilchrist R, Ji I (1997). \"Interaction, signal generation, signal divergence, and signal transduction of LH/CG and the receptor\". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 52: 431–53, discussion 454. PMID 9238862.\nDufau ML (1998). \"The luteinizing hormone receptor\". Annual Review of Physiology. 60: 461–96. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461. PMID 9558473.\nAscoli M, Fanelli F, Segaloff DL (Apr 2002). \"The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective\". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (2): 141–74. doi:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462. PMID 11943741.\nAmsterdam A, Hanoch T, Dantes A, Tajima K, Strauss JF, Seger R (Feb 2002). \"Mechanisms of gonadotropin desensitization\". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 187 (1–2): 69–74. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00701-8. PMID 11988313. S2CID 23625847.\nFanelli F, Puett D (Aug 2002). \"Structural aspects of luteinizing hormone receptor: information from molecular modeling and mutagenesis\". Endocrine. 18 (3): 285–93. doi:10.1385/ENDO:18:3:285. PMID 12450321. S2CID 24739956.\nLatronico AC, Segaloff DL (Jan 2007). \"Insights learned from L457(3.43)R, an activating mutant of the human lutropin receptor\". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260–262: 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.053. PMC 1785107. PMID 17055147.\nNagayama Y, Russo D, Wadsworth HL, Chazenbalk GD, Rapoport B (Aug 1991). \"Eleven amino acids (Lys-201 to Lys-211) and 9 amino acids (Gly-222 to Leu-230) in the human thyrotropin receptor are involved in ligand binding\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (23): 14926–30. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98566-2. PMID 1651314.\nJia XC, Oikawa M, Bo M, Tanaka T, Ny T, Boime I, Hsueh AJ (Jun 1991). \"Expression of human luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor: interaction with LH and chorionic gonadotropin from human but not equine, rat, and ovine species\". Molecular Endocrinology. 5 (6): 759–68. doi:10.1210/mend-5-6-759. PMID 1922095.\nMinegishi T, Nakamura K, Takakura Y, Miyamoto K, Hasegawa Y, Ibuki Y, Igarashi M, Minegishi T (Nov 1990). \"Cloning and sequencing of human LH/hCG receptor cDNA\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 172 (3): 1049–54. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91552-4. PMID 2244890.\nRousseau-Merck MF, Misrahi M, Atger M, Loosfelt H, Milgrom E, Berger R (1991). \"Localization of the human luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor gene (LHCGR) to chromosome 2p21\". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 54 (1–2): 77–9. doi:10.1159/000132962. PMID 2249480.\nXie YB, Wang H, Segaloff DL (Dec 1990). \"Extracellular domain of lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor expressed in transfected cells binds choriogonadotropin with high affinity\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (35): 21411–4. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45750-X. PMID 2254302.\nFrazier AL, Robbins LS, Stork PJ, Sprengel R, Segaloff DL, Cone RD (Aug 1990). \"Isolation of TSH and LH/CG receptor cDNAs from human thyroid: regulation by tissue specific splicing\". Molecular Endocrinology. 4 (8): 1264–76. doi:10.1210/mend-4-8-1264. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-7844-D. PMID 2293030.\nKeutmann HT, Charlesworth MC, Mason KA, Ostrea T, Johnson L, Ryan RJ (Apr 1987). \"A receptor-binding region in human choriogonadotropin/lutropin beta subunit\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (7): 2038–42. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.2038K. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.7.2038. PMC 304579. PMID 3470775.\nJiang X, Dreano M, Buckler DR, Cheng S, Ythier A, Wu H, Hendrickson WA, el Tayar N (Dec 1995). \"Structural predictions for the ligand-binding region of glycoprotein hormone receptors and the nature of hormone-receptor interactions\". Structure. 3 (12): 1341–53. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00272-6. PMID 8747461.\nAtger M, Misrahi M, Sar S, Le Flem L, Dessen P, Milgrom E (Jun 1995). \"Structure of the human luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor gene: unusual promoter and 5' non-coding regions\". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 111 (2): 113–23. doi:10.1016/0303-7207(95)03557-N. PMID 7556872. S2CID 25479294.\nLatronico AC, Anasti J, Arnhold IJ, Mendonça BB, Domenice S, Albano MC, Zachman K, Wajchenberg BL, Tsigos C (Aug 1995). \"A novel mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene causing male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (8): 2490–4. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629248. PMID 7629248.\nShenker A, Laue L, Kosugi S, Merendino JJ, Minegishi T, Cutler GB (Oct 1993). \"A constitutively activating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty\". Nature. 365 (6447): 652–4. Bibcode:1993Natur.365..652S. doi:10.1038/365652a0. PMID 7692306. S2CID 4307732.\nYano K, Saji M, Hidaka A, Moriya N, Okuno A, Kohn LD, Cutler GB (Apr 1995). \"A new constitutively activating point mutation in the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor gene in cases of male-limited precocious puberty\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (4): 1162–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714085. PMID 7714085.\nKremer H, Kraaij R, Toledo SP, Post M, Fridman JB, Hayashida CY, van Reen M, Milgrom E, Ropers HH, Mariman E (Feb 1995). \"Male pseudohermaphroditism due to a homozygous missense mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene\". Nature Genetics. 9 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1038/ng0295-160. hdl:2066/20602. PMID 7719343. S2CID 8678536.\nKosugi S, Van Dop C, Geffner ME, Rabl W, Carel JC, Chaussain JL, Mori T, Merendino JJ, Shenker A (Feb 1995). \"Characterization of heterogeneous mutations causing constitutive activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty\". Human Molecular Genetics. 4 (2): 183–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.2.183. PMID 7757065.\nKremer H, Mariman E, Otten BJ, Moll GW, Stoelinga GB, Wit JM, Jansen M, Drop SL, Faas B, Ropers HH (Nov 1993). \"Cosegregation of missense mutations of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene with familial male-limited precocious puberty\". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (11): 1779–83. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.11.1779. PMID 8281137.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Luteinizing hormone up-regulates cholesterol side chain cleaving enzyme in sensitive tissues, the first step of all human steroidogenesis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/389px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The seven transmembrane α-helix structure of a G protein-coupled receptor such as LHCGR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/7TM_receptor.png/326px-7TM_receptor.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3973","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=16867","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Simoni M, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E (Dec 1997). \"The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology\". Endocrine Reviews. 18 (6): 739–73. doi:10.1210/edrv.18.6.0320. PMID 9408742.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.18.6.0320","url_text":"\"The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.18.6.0320","url_text":"10.1210/edrv.18.6.0320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9408742","url_text":"9408742"}]},{"reference":"Ascoli M, Fanelli F, Segaloff DL (Apr 2002). \"The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective\". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (2): 141–74. doi:10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462. PMID 11943741.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.23.2.0462","url_text":"\"The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fedrv.23.2.0462","url_text":"10.1210/edrv.23.2.0462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943741","url_text":"11943741"}]},{"reference":"Dufau ML (1998). \"The luteinizing hormone receptor\". Annual Review of Physiology. 60: 461–96. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461. PMID 9558473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.60.1.461","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9558473","url_text":"9558473"}]},{"reference":"Jiang X, Dias JA, He X (Jan 2014). \"Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: insights to signaling\". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 382 (1): 424–51. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.021. PMID 24001578.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2013.08.021","url_text":"\"Structural biology of glycoprotein hormones and their receptors: insights to signaling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mce.2013.08.021","url_text":"10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001578","url_text":"24001578"}]},{"reference":"Ryu KS, Gilchrist RL, Koo YB, Ji I, Ji TH (Apr 1998). \"Gene, interaction, signal generation, signal divergence and signal transduction of the LH/CG receptor\". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 60 (Suppl 1): S9-20. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(98)80001-5. PMID 9833610. S2CID 4798893.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7292%2898%2980001-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0020-7292(98)80001-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9833610","url_text":"9833610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4798893","url_text":"4798893"}]},{"reference":"Dufau ML, Cigorraga S, Baukal AJ, Sorrell S, Bator JM, Neubauer JF, Catt KJ (Dec 1979). \"Androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells after testicular desensitization by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin\". Endocrinology. 105 (6): 1314–21. doi:10.1210/endo-105-6-1314. PMID 227658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-105-6-1314","url_text":"10.1210/endo-105-6-1314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/227658","url_text":"227658"}]},{"reference":"Wortmann L, Lindenthal B, Muhn P, et al. (2019). \"Discovery of BAY-298 and BAY-899: Tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridine-Based, Potent, and Selective Antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Which Reduce Sex Hormone Levels in Vivo\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 62 (22): 10321–10341. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01382. PMID 31670515. S2CID 204967109.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.9b01382","url_text":"\"Discovery of BAY-298 and BAY-899: Tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridine-Based, Potent, and Selective Antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Which Reduce Sex Hormone Levels in Vivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.9b01382","url_text":"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31670515","url_text":"31670515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204967109","url_text":"204967109"}]},{"reference":"\"Donated Chemical Probes\". thesgc.org. Retrieved July 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesgc.org/donated-chemical-probes","url_text":"\"Donated Chemical Probes\""}]},{"reference":"van Straten NC, Schoonus-Gerritsma GG, van Someren RG, Draaijer J, Adang AE, Timmers CM, Hanssen RG, van Boeckel CA (2002-10-04). \"The First Orally Active Low Molecular Weight Agonists for the LH Receptor: Thienopyr(im)idines with Therapeutic Potential for Ovulation Induction\". ChemBioChem. 3 (10): 1023–1026. doi:10.1002/1439-7633(20021004)3:10<1023::AID-CBIC1023>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 12362369. S2CID 8732411.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1439-7633(20021004)3:103.0.CO;2-9","url_text":"\"The First Orally Active Low Molecular Weight Agonists for the LH Receptor: Thienopyr(im)idines with Therapeutic Potential for Ovulation Induction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1439-7633%2820021004%293%3A10%3C1023%3A%3AAID-CBIC1023%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9","url_text":"10.1002/1439-7633(20021004)3:10<1023::AID-CBIC1023>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12362369","url_text":"12362369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8732411","url_text":"8732411"}]},{"reference":"Heitman LH, Oosterom J, Bonger KM, Timmers CM, Wiegerinck PH, IJzerman AP (2008-02-01). \"[3H]Org 43553, the First Low-Molecular-Weight Agonistic and Allosteric Radioligand for the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor\". Molecular Pharmacology. 73 (2): 518–524. doi:10.1124/mol.107.039875. hdl:1887/3209412. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 17989351. S2CID 34584880.","urls":[{"url":"https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/73/2/518","url_text":"\"[3H]Org 43553, the First Low-Molecular-Weight Agonistic and Allosteric Radioligand for the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.107.039875","url_text":"10.1124/mol.107.039875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3209412","url_text":"1887/3209412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-895X","url_text":"0026-895X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17989351","url_text":"17989351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34584880","url_text":"34584880"}]},{"reference":"van de Lagemaat R, Timmers CM, Kelder J, van Koppen C, Mosselman S, Hanssen RG (March 2009). \"Induction of ovulation by a potent, orally active, low molecular weight agonist (Org 43553) of the luteinizing hormone receptor\". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 24 (3): 640–648. doi:10.1093/humrep/den412. ISSN 1460-2350. PMID 19088107.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fden412","url_text":"\"Induction of ovulation by a potent, orally active, low molecular weight agonist (Org 43553) of the luteinizing hormone receptor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fden412","url_text":"10.1093/humrep/den412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2350","url_text":"1460-2350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088107","url_text":"19088107"}]},{"reference":"Wu SM, Chan WY (1999). \"Male pseudohermaphroditism due to inactivating luteinizing hormone receptor mutations\". Archives of Medical Research. 30 (6): 495–500. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(99)00074-0. PMID 10714363.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0188-4409%2899%2900074-0","url_text":"\"Male pseudohermaphroditism due to inactivating luteinizing hormone receptor mutations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0188-4409%2899%2900074-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0188-4409(99)00074-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10714363","url_text":"10714363"}]},{"reference":"Hirakawa T, Galet C, Kishi M, Ascoli M (Dec 2003). \"GIPC binds to the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) through an unusual PDZ domain binding motif, and it regulates the sorting of the internalized human choriogonadotropin and the density of cell surface hLHR\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (49): 49348–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306557200. PMID 14507927.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306557200","url_text":"\"GIPC binds to the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) through an unusual PDZ domain binding motif, and it regulates the sorting of the internalized human choriogonadotropin and the density of cell surface hLHR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306557200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M306557200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507927","url_text":"14507927"}]},{"reference":"Ji TH, Ryu KS, Gilchrist R, Ji I (1997). \"Interaction, signal generation, signal divergence, and signal transduction of LH/CG and the receptor\". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 52: 431–53, discussion 454. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgy_discography
Hodgy discography
["1 Studio albums","2 Mixtapes","3 Extended plays","4 Singles","4.1 As lead artist","4.2 As featured artist","5 Guest appearances","6 Music videos","7 References"]
Hodgy discographyHodgy performing in May 2011Studio albums2EPs3Singles5Mixtapes4 The discography of Hodgy, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of one studio album, four mixtapes and three EPs. Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales US USR&B USRap Fireplace: TheNotTheOtherSide Released: December 9, 2016 Label: Columbia Records, Odd Future Records Formats: CD, digital download, streaming 196 38 36 Lovemesooner(as Jerry) Released: February 14, 2024 Label: Poortrait Formats: digital download, streaming - - - "—" denotes a title that did not chart, or was not released in that territory. Mixtapes List of mixtapes, with year released Title Album details The Dena Tape(as Hodgy Beats) Released: July 7, 2009 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download Dena Tape 2(as Hodgy Beats) Released: February 2, 2015 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download They Watching Lofi Series 1 Released: February 13, 2016 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download Dukkha Released: August 29, 2016 Label: Self-released Format: Digital download Extended plays List of extended plays, with year released Title Album details Untitled(as Hodgy Beats) Released: February 24, 2012 Label: Odd Future Formats: Digital download Untitled 2(as Hodgy Beats) Released: June 1, 2013 Label: Odd Future Formats: Digital download Entitled Released: May 20, 2022 Label: self-released Formats: Digital download Lovemesooner(as Jerry) Released: November 9, 2023 Label: Poortrait Formats: Digital download Piupiupiu(as Jerry) Released: December 6, 2023 Label: Poortrait Formats: Digital download Singles As lead artist List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Album "Barbell" 2016 Fireplace: TheNotTheOtherSide "Final Hour" (featuring Busta Rhymes) "O.P.E.N." (with Alvin Risk, as HA) 2018 Non-album singles "Precious" (with Alvin Risk, as HA) "Jesus Is a Samurai" (with Alvin Risk, as HA) "No Brainer" 2019 "Everyday" 2022 Entitled "People Change" "Into Someone" "We Never Knew" As featured artist List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Album "Sandwitches" (Tyler, the Creator featuring Hodgy Beats) 2010 Goblin "Rachel Green" (Ruben Young featuring Hodgy) 2018 Dreamstate "Nobody" (Rae Kahlil featuring Hodgy) 2019 non-album single Guest appearances List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name Title Year Other artist(s) Album "French!" 2009 Tyler, the Creator Bastard "Slow it Down" "Session" Tyler, the Creator, Brandun DeShay, Mike G "Moonlight" 2010 Earl Sweatshirt Earl "SteamRoller" Domo Genesis, Frank Ocean Rolling Papers "Dust Off" The Jet Age of Tomorrow, Mike G Journey to the 5th Echelon "Analog" 2011 Tyler, the Creator Goblin "Window" Tyler, the Creator, Domo Genesis, Frank Ocean, Mike G "Burger" Tyler, the Creator "Outta Control" MED Classic "Ooh" Pusha T, Tyler, the Creator, Liva Don Play Clothes Holiday 2011 "PNCINTLOFWGKTA" 2012 Casey Veggies, Tyler, the Creator, Domo Genesis, Earl Sweatshirt Customized Greatly Vol. 3 "Blossom & Burn" Trash Talk, Tyler, the Creator 119 "So Many Details" (Remix) 2013 Toro y Moi non-album single "Jamba" Tyler, the Creator Wolf "Live" Mike G Verses "MellowHigh" Larry Fisherman, Domo Genesis S.H.O.W.TIME "Naked" The Jet Age of Tomorrow JellyFish Mentality "Tesla" The Alchemist, Domo Genesis, Freddie Gibbs SSUR "Look" Tyler, the Creator, Domo Genesis, Earl Sweatshirt non-album single "Lap of Luxury" 2014 Topaz Jones The Honeymoon Suite "24 Hour Spitness" Domo Genesis Under the Influence 2 "Sundance Kids" "Check Up" 2015 Marvel Alexander, Crystal Caines Don't Die Yet "Serving" MED, Blu, Madlib Bad Neighbor "Marcianos" Alexander Spit, Pell non-album singles "Beastmode" Alvin Risk "Prime" 2016 Mike G Mike Check Vol. II "Boom Bap" SAP, Hit-Boy, Mike Zombie Self Employed "Look at the Time" Duckwrth I'm Uugly "P.S.A." 2017 Remy Banks Champ Hoody Music Ep. 1 "MellowHigh" Left Brain, Domo Genesis Mind Gone, Vol. 1 "Strip Club 2" Left Brain, Shann "Goddess" Left Brain, Mike G, Shann, Syd "Chef" JD. Reid Calibrate "Animah" Jonti, Midnight Mutants Tokorats "Details" 2018 Left Brain, L Dog Mind Gone, Vol. 2: Gone, Never Forgotten "For the MellowHype Fans" Left Brain "S.H.T (silent hot tears/send hot tempura)" 2022 Saya Gray 19 Masters Music videos List of music videos, with directors, showing year released Title Year Director(s) "Alone" 2013 Ian Flanagan and Hodgy Beats "Karateman" Rob Haffey and Etienne Maurice "Hunger" 2015 Hunter Lyon "Barbell" 2016 Hodgy "Aura" "Glory" 2017 Open the Portal "Everyday" 2022 Jeff Wootton and Hodgy "Into Someone" Andrew Beach and Jennifer Baichwal "Aura - Beaches" Aaron A "Aura - Gilwood" "Facing the Worst Fears" 2023 Emmett Malloy References ^ "Jerry fka Hodgy Beats Releases New Album 'lovemesooner'". ^ "Jerry is facing the worst fears". ^ Klemow, David (September 14, 2018). "Alvin Risk and Hodgy launch new collaborative project HA, deliver first single 'O.P.E.N.'". Dancing Astronaut. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018. ^ "Hodgy Has Come a Long Way on the Left Brain–Produced "People Change"". ^ Robles, Jonathan (August 24, 2018). "Ruben Young's humorous, affectionate 'Rachel Green' is all about '90s love". Variance Magazine. Retrieved September 15, 2018. ^ "Gone Fishing: A Conversation With Hodgy". Hotnewhiphop.com. 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2022-05-08. vteHodgy Discography Studio albums Fireplace: TheNotTheOtherSide Collaborations The Odd Future Tape YelloWhite Radical BlackenedWhite The OF Tape Vol. 2 Numbers MellowHigh Mixtapes The Dena Tape Untitled Related articles MellowHype Odd Future Odd Future Records
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hodgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgy"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"recording artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_artist"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"mixtapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtape"}],"text":"The discography of Hodgy, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of one studio album, four mixtapes and three EPs.","title":"Hodgy discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studio albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixtapes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extended plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As lead artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As featured artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guest appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music videos"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jerry fka Hodgy Beats Releases New Album 'lovemesooner'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/jerry-fka-hodgybeats-releases-new-album-lovemesooner/","url_text":"\"Jerry fka Hodgy Beats Releases New Album 'lovemesooner'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry is facing the worst fears\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shots.net/news/view/jerry-is-facing-the-worst-fears","url_text":"\"Jerry is facing the worst fears\""}]},{"reference":"Klemow, David (September 14, 2018). \"Alvin Risk and Hodgy launch new collaborative project HA, deliver first single 'O.P.E.N.'\". Dancing Astronaut. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050711/https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alvin-risk-hodgy-launch-new-collaborative-project-ha-deliver-first-single-o-p-e-n/","url_text":"\"Alvin Risk and Hodgy launch new collaborative project HA, deliver first single 'O.P.E.N.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Astronaut","url_text":"Dancing Astronaut"},{"url":"https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alvin-risk-hodgy-launch-new-collaborative-project-ha-deliver-first-single-o-p-e-n/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hodgy Has Come a Long Way on the Left Brain–Produced \"People Change\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://floodmagazine.com/102775/listen-hodgy-people-change/","url_text":"\"Hodgy Has Come a Long Way on the Left Brain–Produced \"People Change\"\""}]},{"reference":"Robles, Jonathan (August 24, 2018). \"Ruben Young's humorous, affectionate 'Rachel Green' is all about '90s love\". Variance Magazine. Retrieved September 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variancemagazine.com/sounds/9683-ruben-young-rachel-green","url_text":"\"Ruben Young's humorous, affectionate 'Rachel Green' is all about '90s love\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gone Fishing: A Conversation With Hodgy\". Hotnewhiphop.com. 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2022-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/gone-fishing-a-conversation-with-hodgy-news.26493.html","url_text":"\"Gone Fishing: A Conversation With Hodgy\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/jerry-fka-hodgybeats-releases-new-album-lovemesooner/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry fka Hodgy Beats Releases New Album 'lovemesooner'\""},{"Link":"https://www.shots.net/news/view/jerry-is-facing-the-worst-fears","external_links_name":"\"Jerry is facing the worst fears\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050711/https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alvin-risk-hodgy-launch-new-collaborative-project-ha-deliver-first-single-o-p-e-n/","external_links_name":"\"Alvin Risk and Hodgy launch new collaborative project HA, deliver first single 'O.P.E.N.'\""},{"Link":"https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/09/alvin-risk-hodgy-launch-new-collaborative-project-ha-deliver-first-single-o-p-e-n/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://floodmagazine.com/102775/listen-hodgy-people-change/","external_links_name":"\"Hodgy Has Come a Long Way on the Left Brain–Produced \"People Change\"\""},{"Link":"https://variancemagazine.com/sounds/9683-ruben-young-rachel-green","external_links_name":"\"Ruben Young's humorous, affectionate 'Rachel Green' is all about '90s love\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/gone-fishing-a-conversation-with-hodgy-news.26493.html","external_links_name":"\"Gone Fishing: A Conversation With Hodgy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Dorschug
Harold Dorschug
["1 Bibliography","2 Trivia","3 References","4 External links"]
American radio engineer Harold A. Dorschug (March 29, 1913 – September 13, 1999) was one of the master control engineers during The Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds on CBS radio in October 1938. Later, he moved to West Hartford, CT and was Chief Engineer and Director of Research and Development of WTIC radio and Channel 3 television in Hartford, Connecticut for many years. He was a very generous gentleman and helped put many of the Hartford area educational stations on the air on a pro bono basis, including WQTQ at Weaver High School and WWUH at the University of Hartford. In 1975 he built and licensed WJMJ, the station in Bloomfield, CT licensed to St. Thomas Seminary. Dorschug died September 13, 1999. He was an amateur radio operator starting at age 16, and then studied electrical engineering at Syracuse University. He served in the U.S. Navy in World War II. After the war, he was chief engineer at WEEI in Boston and taught radio and television courses at Boston University. Bibliography The Good Old Days of Radio Broadcast Engineering (1971) Trivia His amateur radio call signs were W1AST and W8AST References ^ N2GJ and W2SG. "The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List". Archived from the original on 2006-02-04. Retrieved 2007-12-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) External links Obituary and photograph Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine Obituary at WTIC Alumni Site History of WWUH WTIC Alumni Web Site Famous Hams
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mercury Theatre on the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio_drama)"},{"link_name":"WTIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTIC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"WWUH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWUH"},{"link_name":"University of Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"WEEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEZE"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"}],"text":"Harold A. Dorschug (March 29, 1913 – September 13, 1999) was one of the master control engineers during The Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds on CBS radio in October 1938. Later, he moved to West Hartford, CT and was Chief Engineer and Director of Research and Development of WTIC radio and Channel 3 television in Hartford, Connecticut for many years. He was a very generous gentleman and helped put many of the Hartford area educational stations on the air on a pro bono basis, including WQTQ at Weaver High School and WWUH at the University of Hartford. In 1975 he built and licensed WJMJ, the station in Bloomfield, CT licensed to St. Thomas Seminary. Dorschug died September 13, 1999.He was an amateur radio operator starting at age 16, and then studied electrical engineering at Syracuse University. He served in the U.S. Navy in World War II. After the war, he was chief engineer at WEEI in Boston and taught radio and television courses at Boston University.","title":"Harold Dorschug"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Good Old Days of Radio Broadcast Engineering (1971)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"call signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"His amateur radio call signs were W1AST and W8AST[1]","title":"Trivia"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"N2GJ and W2SG. \"The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List\". Archived from the original on 2006-02-04. Retrieved 2007-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060204212832/http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html","url_text":"\"The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List\""},{"url":"http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060204212832/http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html","external_links_name":"\"The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List\""},{"Link":"http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-99/09-15-99/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX7","external_links_name":"Obituary and photograph"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017195948/http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-99/09-15-99/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX7","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wticalumni.com/obits.htm#dorschug","external_links_name":"Obituary at WTIC Alumni Site"},{"Link":"http://www.wwuh.org/history/history.htm","external_links_name":"History of WWUH"},{"Link":"http://wticalumni.com/","external_links_name":"WTIC Alumni Web Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060204212832/http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html","external_links_name":"Famous Hams"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_350
Indiana State Road 350
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]
State highway in Indiana, United States State Road 350SR 350 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by INDOTLength23.416 mi (37.684 km)Existed1931–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 421 at OsgoodEast end US 50 / SR 56 at Aurora LocationCountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountiesDearborn, Ripley Highway system Indiana State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← SR 341→ SR 352 State Road 350 (SR 350) is a state road in the south–eastern section of the state of Indiana. Running for about 23 miles (37 km) in a general east–west direction, connecting Osgood, Milan, and Aurora. SR 350 was originally introduced in the 1931 routed between Milan and Aurora. The road was extended west to the Osgood in 1932. In 1950s the SR 350 had a couple of minor realignments and a segment was paved. The rest of the route was paved in the early 1960s. Route description SR 350 starts in Osgood at the corner of Buckeye Street and Beech Street. Buckeye Street runs northwest–southeast carrying U.S. Route 421, and Beech Street runs northeasterly from here carrying SR 350. The highway passes through residential neighborhoods, before leaving Osgood. After leaving Osgood the road turns more east–west passing through rural Ripley County. The highway enters the community of Delaware and has an intersection with SR 129. After SR 129 the road becomes southeast–northwest and heads towards Pierceville. In Pierceville the road parallels a CSX Transportation rail track, passing a few residential properties. East of Pierceville SR 350 turns towards the east leaves the rail track and passes through rural Ripley County for a short distance before entering the town of Milan. The highway passes through the northern part of Milan and an intersection with SR 101. After Milan the road turns towards the southeast and passes north of Moores Hill, before passing through rural Dearborn County. While in rural Dearborn County the road passes near Sparta, Mount Sinai, and just north of Wilmington. East of Wilmington SR 350 passes South Dearborn High School, before entering Aurora. In Aurora the roadway crosses over the south fork of the Hogan Creek. The SR 350 designation ends at an intersection with US 50 crossing northeast–southwest and SR 56 continuing towards the southeast. History SR 350 had its beginning in 1931 when it was designated, by Indiana State Highway Commission, from Milan to Aurora. By September 1932 SR 350 was extended west to an intersection with SR 29 (now US 421), in Osgood. The road was moved to its modern routing between Sparta and north of Milan between 1956 and 1957. Between 1957 and 1959 the road was rerouted around Mount Sinai onto the modern routing. At the same time the road was paved between the eastern in of the reroute and Wilmington was paved. The rest of SR 350 was paved between 1960 and 1961. Since the road was paved, SR 350 has not undergone any major changes. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes RipleyOsgood0.0000.000 US 421 – Versailles, GreensburgWestern terminus of SR 350 Delaware5.1598.303 SR 129 – Batesville Milan9.44815.205 SR 101 to US 50 – Sunman DearbornAurora23.41637.684 US 50 / SR 56 west – Rising Sun, Lawrenceburg, VersaillesEastern terminus of SR 350; Eastern terminus of SR 56 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b Indiana Department of Transportation (July 2015). Reference Post Book (PDF). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2016. ^ a b "Maintenance on 391". The Franklin Evening Star. September 25, 1931. p. 3. Retrieved October 20, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Google (November 20, 2016). "overview map of SR 350" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 20, 2016. ^ a b c Indiana Department of Transportation (2016). Indiana Roadway Map 2016 (PDF) (Map). 1:550,000. Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. OCLC 925532510. Retrieved November 20, 2016. ^ Indiana Department of Transportation (January 30, 2014). State of Indiana 2014 Rail System Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 20, 2016. ^ Indiana State Highway Commission (January 1, 1932). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). 1:660,000. Indianapolis: Indiana State Highway Commission. OCLC 53092152. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. ^ Indiana State Highway Commission (September 30, 1932). State Highway System of Indiana (PDF) (Map). Indianapolis: Indiana State Highway Commission. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana University Bloomington Libraries. ^ Indiana State Highway Department (1956). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). 1:660,000. Indiana State Highway Department. OCLC 64383090. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. ^ a b Indiana State Highway Department (1957). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). Indiana State Highway Department. OCLC 78547924. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. ^ Indiana State Highway Department (1959). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). 1:680,000. Indiana State Highway Department. OCLC 64590481. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. ^ Indiana State Highway Department (1960). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). 1:700,000. Indiana State Highway Department. OCLC 489761071. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. ^ Indiana State Highway Commission (1961). State Highway System of Indiana (Map). 1:680,000. Indiana State Highway Commission. OCLC 55533640. Retrieved November 11, 2016 – via Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Indiana State Road 350KML is not from Wikidata Media related to Indiana State Road 350 at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgood,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Indiana"}],"text":"State Road 350 (SR 350) is a state road in the south–eastern section of the state of Indiana. Running for about 23 miles (37 km) in a general east–west direction, connecting Osgood, Milan, and Aurora. SR 350 was originally introduced in the 1931 routed between Milan and Aurora. The road was extended west to the Osgood in 1932. In 1950s the SR 350 had a couple of minor realignments and a segment was paved. The rest of the route was paved in the early 1960s.","title":"Indiana State Road 350"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_421_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"SR 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_129"},{"link_name":"Pierceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierceville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railroadmap-5"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"SR 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_101"},{"link_name":"Moores Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_Hill,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Dearborn High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dearborn_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map2016-4"}],"text":"SR 350 starts in Osgood at the corner of Buckeye Street and Beech Street. Buckeye Street runs northwest–southeast carrying U.S. Route 421, and Beech Street runs northeasterly from here carrying SR 350. The highway passes through residential neighborhoods, before leaving Osgood. After leaving Osgood the road turns more east–west passing through rural Ripley County. The highway enters the community of Delaware and has an intersection with SR 129. After SR 129 the road becomes southeast–northwest and heads towards Pierceville. In Pierceville the road parallels a CSX Transportation rail track, passing a few residential properties.[3][4][5]East of Pierceville SR 350 turns towards the east leaves the rail track and passes through rural Ripley County for a short distance before entering the town of Milan. The highway passes through the northern part of Milan and an intersection with SR 101. After Milan the road turns towards the southeast and passes north of Moores Hill, before passing through rural Dearborn County. While in rural Dearborn County the road passes near Sparta, Mount Sinai, and just north of Wilmington. East of Wilmington SR 350 passes South Dearborn High School, before entering Aurora. In Aurora the roadway crosses over the south fork of the Hogan Creek. The SR 350 designation ends at an intersection with US 50 crossing northeast–southwest and SR 56 continuing towards the southeast.[3][4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newroadsseptember1931-2"},{"link_name":"SR 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1932-1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1932-9-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1956-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1957-9"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1957-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1959-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1960-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map1961-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map2016-4"}],"text":"SR 350 had its beginning in 1931 when it was designated, by Indiana State Highway Commission, from Milan to Aurora.[2] By September 1932 SR 350 was extended west to an intersection with SR 29 (now US 421), in Osgood.[6][7] The road was moved to its modern routing between Sparta and north of Milan between 1956 and 1957.[8][9] Between 1957 and 1959 the road was rerouted around Mount Sinai onto the modern routing. At the same time the road was paved between the eastern in of the reroute and Wilmington was paved.[9][10] The rest of SR 350 was paved between 1960 and 1961.[11][12] Since the road was paved, SR 350 has not undergone any major changes.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved November 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Beech+St&daddr=IN-350+E&geocode=FTwcVQIdmIzq-g%3BFQL9UwIdPnfw-g&hl=en&mra=mift&mrsp=0&sz=15&sll=39.135886,-85.288239&sspn=0.015312,0.058451&ie=UTF8&ll=39.111415,-85.086021&spn=0.12254,0.467606&z=12","url_text":"\"overview map of SR 350\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Indiana Department of Transportation (2016). Indiana Roadway Map 2016 (PDF) (Map). 1:550,000. Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Transportation. OCLC 925532510. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_a_Cigar
Have a Cigar
["1 Composition and recording","2 Reception","3 Live","4 Personnel","5 Roy Harper Reaction","6 Quotes","7 Charts","8 Cover versions","9 References","10 External links"]
1975 single by Pink Floyd featuring Roy Harper"Have a Cigar"Artwork for Belgian vinyl releaseSingle by Pink Floyd featuring Roy Harperfrom the album Wish You Were Here B-side "Welcome to the Machine" (US) "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Part I)" (EU) ReleasedNovember 1975 (1975-11) (US)Recorded10 March – 28 July 1975StudioAbbey Road, LondonGenre Progressive rock blues rock funk rock Length 3:30 (US promo edit) 4:24 (Spain edit) 4:50 (France edit) 5:07 (album version) Label Harvest Columbia Songwriter(s)Roger WatersProducer(s)Pink FloydPink Floyd singles chronology "Time" (1974) "Have a Cigar" (1975) "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" (1979) "Have a Cigar" is the third track on Pink Floyd's 1975 album Wish You Were Here. It follows "Welcome to the Machine" and on the original LP opened side two. In some markets, the song was issued as a single. English folk-rock singer Roy Harper provided lead vocals on the song. It is one of only three Pink Floyd recordings with a guest singer on lead vocals, the others being "The Great Gig in the Sky" (1973) with Clare Torry and "Hey Hey Rise Up" (2022) with Andriy Khlyvnyuk. The song, written by Waters, is his critique of the rampant greed and cynicism so prevalent in the management of rock groups of that era. Composition and recording The song's music and lyrics were written by Roger Waters in critique of hypocrisy and greed within the music business. Waters has frequently implied it to be a follow-up to "Money" with the lyrics representing the demands of a record executive after the runaway success of The Dark Side of the Moon. The song is more straightforwardly rock-oriented than the rest of the album, and is the only one on the album that starts abruptly (the other four either fade in or segue from the previous song). It begins with a churning riff played on electric guitar and bass and is filled out with additional guitar, electric piano and synthesizer parts to create a rock texture. "Have a Cigar" concludes with a guitar solo, which is abruptly interrupted by a synthesizer filter-sweep sound effect as the music reduces in volume to tinny, AM radio-like levels. Finally, the song ends with the sound of a radio being dialled off-station; this effect is used as a transition to the title track, "Wish You Were Here". Harper's involvement with the recording arose from the dissatisfaction that Waters and David Gilmour felt with their own attempts to sing the lead vocal line. After trying it both separately and as a duet, with Harper still technically on the track singing vocals on the bridge (available on the 2011 Experience and Immersion editions of Wish You Were Here), they turned to Harper to sing lead, who was recording his album HQ at Abbey Road at the same time as Pink Floyd. Harper agreed to sing the part as a way of repaying a favour to Gilmour, who had earlier provided him with some guitar licks ("...for a price"). In his book Pigs Might Fly: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd, author Mark Blake recounts that Gilmour had been unwilling to sing the lead vocal as he did not share Waters' opinions, as expressed in the lyrics, on the nature of the music industry. Waters has since said he dislikes Harper's version, saying he would have liked it to emerge "more vulnerable and less cynical", adding that Harper's version was too parodic while Gilmour loved Harper's vocal delivery and called it the "perfect version". Reception Cash Box said that it "sounds to us like a synopsis of some of the fingerpoppers who have probably tried to capitalize off the talents of the Pink Floyd group. We were wrong, no doubt, but the music is the thing here: a cerebral message." Record World said that "These progressive pioneers mix ethereal keyboard sounds with crunchy guitar rhythms for a sound that many have attempted, but few have mastered." Live Harper performed the song with the band on one occasion, the group's 1975 Knebworth Festival appearance, during the period Wish You Were Here was being recorded. The song was also performed on the band's 1975 North American tours sandwiched in between the multi-part "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", with Gilmour and Waters singing lead. It was last performed by the band on the 1977 In the Flesh tour, as part of the Wish You Were Here set with Waters on lead vocals, Gilmour on backing vocals and rhythm guitar and Snowy White playing the guitar solos. Waters has also played the song on nearly every one of his solo tours, except for the 1999–2002 In the Flesh tour, the 2009–11 Wall tour, and the 2017 Us + Them Tour. Personnel David Gilmour – electric guitars Richard Wright – Wurlitzer electric piano, ARP String Ensemble, Minimoog, Hohner clavinet D6, piano Roger Waters – bass Nick Mason – drums with: Roy Harper – lead vocals Roy Harper Reaction In a 2011 video interview with John Edginton, "Have a Cigar" singer Roy Harper said that he was unhappy he hadn't been credited by the band for singing the song "for the first 10 or 15 years" after it came out. He also said he wasn't paid the agreed payment; he wanted tickets for life to Lord's (cricket grounds) but received "a few hundred quid" instead. Harper had to go hire a lawyer to resolve his grievance, which he called "ironic" and said it made the song (which is about ripoffs in the music business) into a self-fulfilling prophecy by turning the collaboration among friends into "the dirty music business." Quotes A lot of people think I can't sing, including me a bit. I'm very unclear about what singing is. I know I find it hard to pitch, and I know the sound of my voice isn't very good in purely aesthetic terms, and Roy Harper was recording his own album in another EMI studio at the time, he's a mate, and we thought he could probably do a job on it.— Roger Waters, October 1975, Interviewed by Nick Sedgewick in the Wish You Were Here songbook "Have a Cigar" was a whole track on which I used the guitar and keyboards at once. There are some extra guitars which I dubbed on later, but I did the basic guitar tracks at one time.— David Gilmour, October 1975, Interviewed by Gary Cooper in the Wish You Were Here songbook We did have people who would say to us "Which one's Pink?" and stuff like that. There were an awful lot of people who thought Pink Floyd was the name of the lead singer and that was Pink himself and the band. That's how it all came about, it was quite genuine.— David Gilmour, December 1992, In the Studio with Redbeard for "Making of Shine On" and "Making of Wish You Were Here" Charts Chart (1975) Peakposition US Cash Box Looking Ahead 119 US Record World Singles Chart 101–150 126 Cover versions In 1979, Warner Bros. Records released a 12" single containing a special disco version of "Have a Cigar" by Rosebud, a studio group led by composer Gabriel Yared, from their album Discoballs: A Tribute to Pink Floyd The song peaked at number 4 on Billboard's Disco Top 80 chart in June 1979. The B-side was a disco version of "Money" In 1992, the band Primus recorded a cover of the song and included it as the closing track to their Miscellaneous Debris EP Their version changed the lyrics slightly: "The band is just fantastic, of the town you are the talk/Man, but who the hell's this guy they call Bob Cock?" Foo Fighters recorded two different cover versions of the song. The first was used as b-side for the "Learn to Fly" CD single, while the second one, with Brian May on lead guitar, first appeared on the Mission: Impossible 2 soundtrack, and later as an Amazon.com bonus track on their 2009 Greatest Hits album and in the 2011 limited-edition vinyl only release Medium Rare, released for Record Store Day Both versions were sung by drummer Taylor Hawkins. The album Instead, released in 2007 by Onetwo, contains a cover version of "Have a Cigar" The main riff of "Have a Cigar" is incorporated into the song "Peruvian Skies" by progressive metal band Dream Theater on their 1998 live album Once in a LIVEtime and on the Live DVD 5 Years in a Livetime. A free CD given with the October 2011 issue of UK music magazine Mojo includes a cover version of "Have a Cigar" by John Foxx and The Maths This version was later announced by Mojo as 'not the finished version' and the correct version was offered as a free download from the website Gov't Mule performed the song as part of their Dark Side of the Mule live album from 2008, which consisted of half original material, half Pink Floyd covers Fidlar recorded a cover of the song featuring Dr. Dre and AM in 2018 with slightly modified lyrics (“We’ll buy you a new liver. By the way, which one is FIDLAR/fiddler?”) References ^ Have a Cigar / Shine on You Crazy Diamond (Part I) (Media notes). Pink Floyd. EMI / Harvest. 4 C 006-97357.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) Side labels say SABAM. ^ "Have A Cigar" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. US: Columbia Records. 1975. 3-10248 – via Discogs.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Have A Cigar" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. Italy: Harvest Records. 1976. 3C 006-97357 – via Discogs.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Have A Cigar" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. France: Harvest Records. 1976. 2C 010-97.357 – via Discogs.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Guesdon, Jean-MIchel (2017). Pink Floyd All The Songs. Running Press. ISBN 9780316439237. ^ Singh, Abhinav Jai (11 June 2018). "The Smashing Pumpkins, 070 Shake, Christina Aguilera — a playlist of the best new tracks from past week". Firstpost. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ Wawzenek, Bryan (4 September 2018). "All 167 Pink Floyd Songs Ranked Worst to Best". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ Strong, Martin C. (2004). The Great Rock Discography (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Canongate Books. p. 1177. ISBN 1-84195-551-5. ^ Mabbett, Andy (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-4301-X. ^ The Story of Wish You Were Here. 2012. ^ Mark Blake (2007). Pigs Might Fly: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd. ^ The Story of Wish You Were Here. ^ "CashBox Singles Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. 15 November 1975. p. 22. Retrieved 2021-12-11. ^ "Single Picks" (PDF). Record World. November 15, 1975. p. 18. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "Roger Waters Setlist at Meadowlands Arena, East Rutherford". setlist.fm. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ EDGINTON, JOHN. "ROY HARPER ON WHY HIS VOICE WAS ON PINK FLOYD'S 'HAVE A CIGAR'. NOT ROGER WATERS OR DAVID GILMOUR". YouTube. JOHN EDGINTON DOCUMENTARIES. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ a b Pink Floyd: Wish You Were Here Songbook. 1975 Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd., London, England. ISBN 0-7119-1029-4 (USA ISBN 0-8256-1079-6). ^ "Pink Floyd-Wish You Were Here-Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Nick Mason - In The Studio with Redbeard". 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book. Menonomee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7. ^ "Discoballs: A Tribute to Pink Floyd - Rosebud | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Rosebud - Discoballs (A Tribute To Pink Floyd)". Discogs. 1980. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Miscellaneous Debris - Primus | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Foo Fighters - Learn To Fly". Discogs. 1999. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Mission: Impossible 2 - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Foo Fighters - Medium Rare". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Foo Fighters To Release Covers Album". ultimateguitar.com. 2011-03-14. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ Lemieux, Patrick; Unger, Adam (2013). The Queen Chronology: The Recording & Release History of the Band. Lulu. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-9919840-4-6. ^ "Onetwo - Instead". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Connections: Have A Cigar: Interview - August 2011". Metamatic.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012. ^ "John Foxx & The Maths - Have A Cigar - News". Mojo4music.com. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012. ^ Leggett, Steve. "Gov't Mule – Dark Side of the Mule". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ Kaye, Ben (16 November 2014). "Gov't Mule to release Pink Floyd covers album Dark Side of the Mule". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ Haas, Anna (8 June 2018). "FIDLAR Drop Roughed-Up, Modern Version of Pink Floyd's "Have a Cigar"". Paste. Retrieved 2 February 2019. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album). vteWish You Were HereSongsSide one "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts I–V)" "Welcome to the Machine" Side two "Have a Cigar" "Wish You Were Here" "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts VI–IX)" Related articles North American / Wish You Were Here Tour The Story of Wish You Were Here Shine On Crazy Diamond Syd Barrett The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River vtePink Floyd David Gilmour Nick Mason Syd Barrett Bob Klose Roger Waters Richard Wright Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse London '66–'67 Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81 The Dark Side of the Moon Live at Wembley 1974 Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door 1967–1972: Cre/ation The Later Years: 1987–2019 Extended plays 1967: The First Three Singles 1965: Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh, by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965–1972 The Later Years The Dark Side of the Moon 50th Anniversary Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point La Carrera Panamericana Singles "Lucy Leave" / "I'm a King Bee" "Arnold Layne" / "Candy and a Currant Bun" "See Emily Play" / "The Scarecrow" "Flaming" / "The Gnome" "Apples and Oranges" / "Paint Box" "It Would Be So Nice" / "Julia Dream" "Let There Be More Light" / "Remember a Day" "Point Me at the Sky" / "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" "The Nile Song" "One of These Days" / "Fearless" "Free Four" "Money" / "Any Colour You Like" "Time" / "Us and Them" "Have a Cigar" / "Welcome to the Machine" / "Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I" "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" / "One of My Turns" "Run Like Hell" / "Don't Leave Me Now" "Comfortably Numb" / "Hey You" "When the Tigers Broke Free" / "Bring the Boys Back Home" "Not Now John" / "The Hero's Return" "Learning to Fly" / "Terminal Frost" "On the Turning Away" "One Slip" / "The Dogs of War" "Keep Talking" "Lost for Words" "What Do You Want from Me" "Take It Back" / "Astronomy Domine" "High Hopes" "Wish You Were Here" / "Coming Back to Life" "Louder than Words" "Grantchester Meadows" "Childhood's End" "Green Is the Colour" "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!" "Brain Damage" "The Great Gig in the Sky" FilmsConcerts London '66–'67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London '66–'67 La Carrera Panamericana The Story of Wish You Were Here Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour 1974 French Summer/British Winter Tour North American/Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh/Animals Tour The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour (Concert in Venice, Italy) The Division Bell Tour Lists Discography Songs Unreleased songs Videography Band members Live performances Bootleg recordings Related mediaand tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo "Echoes" "Embryo" Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd Live at the Empire Pool The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia Pink Floyd: The Music and the Mystery "Proper Education" Roger Waters: The Wall Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Related topics The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios The Dark Side of the Rainbow Games for May Pink Floyd pigs   Category vteRoy HarperStudio albums Sophisticated Beggar Come Out Fighting Ghengis Smith Folkjokeopus Flat Baroque and Berserk Stormcock Lifemask Valentine HQ Bullinamingvase The Early Years The Unknown Soldier Work of Heart Born in Captivity Whatever Happened to Jugula? Descendants of Smith Loony on the Bus Once Death or Glory? Commercial Breaks Garden of Uranium Poems, Speeches, Thoughts and Doodles The Dream Society The Green Man Man and Myth Live albums Flashes from the Archives of Oblivion In Between Every Line Born in Captivity II Unhinged Live at Les Cousins Royal Festival Hall Live – June 10th 2001 Beyond the Door Compilations An Introduction to ..... Hats off East of the Sun Today Is Yesterday Counter Culture From Occident to Orient Songs of Love and Loss Collaborations "Have a Cigar" "Breathing" The Edges of Twilight "Time" Singles / 12" singles / EPs "When an Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease" "The Death of God" Songs & poems "Another Day" "Three Hundred Words" Related articles Nick Harper "Hats Off to (Roy) Harper" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mabbett-9"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Roy Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harper_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Great Gig in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gig_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Clare Torry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Torry"},{"link_name":"Hey Hey Rise Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Hey_Rise_Up"},{"link_name":"Andriy Khlyvnyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy_Khlyvnyuk"}],"text":"\"Have a Cigar\" is the third track on Pink Floyd's 1975 album Wish You Were Here.[8][9] It follows \"Welcome to the Machine\" and on the original LP opened side two. In some markets, the song was issued as a single.\nEnglish folk-rock singer Roy Harper provided lead vocals on the song. It is one of only three Pink Floyd recordings with a guest singer on lead vocals, the others being \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" (1973) with Clare Torry and \"Hey Hey Rise Up\" (2022) with Andriy Khlyvnyuk.\nThe song, written by Waters, is his critique of the rampant greed and cynicism so prevalent in the management of rock groups of that era.","title":"Have a Cigar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"music business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_business"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(Pink_Floyd_song)"},{"link_name":"The Dark Side of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_piano"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"guitar solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_solo"},{"link_name":"sound effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effect"},{"link_name":"AM radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_song)"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Pink_Floyd...%3F#Experience_2"},{"link_name":"Immersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Pink_Floyd...%3F#Immersion_2"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_album)"},{"link_name":"HQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HQ_(album)"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Story_of_Wish_You_Were_Here_(BBC_2012)-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pigs_Might_Fly:_The_Inside_Story_of_Pink_Floyd-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Story_of_Wish_You_Were_Here-12"}],"text":"The song's music and lyrics were written by Roger Waters in critique of hypocrisy and greed within the music business. Waters has frequently implied it to be a follow-up to \"Money\" with the lyrics representing the demands of a record executive after the runaway success of The Dark Side of the Moon.The song is more straightforwardly rock-oriented than the rest of the album, and is the only one on the album that starts abruptly (the other four either fade in or segue from the previous song). It begins with a churning riff played on electric guitar and bass and is filled out with additional guitar, electric piano and synthesizer parts to create a rock texture.\"Have a Cigar\" concludes with a guitar solo, which is abruptly interrupted by a synthesizer filter-sweep sound effect as the music reduces in volume to tinny, AM radio-like levels. Finally, the song ends with the sound of a radio being dialled off-station; this effect is used as a transition to the title track, \"Wish You Were Here\".Harper's involvement with the recording arose from the dissatisfaction that Waters and David Gilmour felt with their own attempts to sing the lead vocal line. After trying it both separately and as a duet, with Harper still technically on the track singing vocals on the bridge (available on the 2011 Experience and Immersion editions of Wish You Were Here), they turned to Harper to sing lead, who was recording his album HQ at Abbey Road at the same time as Pink Floyd. Harper agreed to sing the part as a way of repaying a favour to Gilmour, who had earlier provided him with some guitar licks (\"...for a price\").[10]In his book Pigs Might Fly: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd, author Mark Blake recounts that Gilmour had been unwilling to sing the lead vocal as he did not share Waters' opinions, as expressed in the lyrics, on the nature of the music industry.[11] Waters has since said he dislikes Harper's version, saying he would have liked it to emerge \"more vulnerable and less cynical\", adding that Harper's version was too parodic while Gilmour loved Harper's vocal delivery and called it the \"perfect version\".[12]","title":"Composition and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-13"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rw-14"}],"text":"Cash Box said that it \"sounds to us like a synopsis of some of the fingerpoppers who have probably tried to capitalize off the talents of the Pink Floyd group. We were wrong, no doubt, but the music is the thing here: a cerebral message.\"[13] Record World said that \"These progressive pioneers mix ethereal keyboard sounds with crunchy guitar rhythms for a sound that many have attempted, but few have mastered.\"[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knebworth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerts_at_Knebworth_House"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_album)"},{"link_name":"North American tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_Tour"},{"link_name":"In the Flesh tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Flesh_(Pink_Floyd_tour)"},{"link_name":"Snowy White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowy_White"},{"link_name":"In the Flesh tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Flesh_(Roger_Waters_tour)"},{"link_name":"Us + Them Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_%2B_Them_Tour"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Harper performed the song with the band on one occasion, the group's 1975 Knebworth Festival appearance, during the period Wish You Were Here was being recorded. The song was also performed on the band's 1975 North American tours sandwiched in between the multi-part \"Shine On You Crazy Diamond\", with Gilmour and Waters singing lead. It was last performed by the band on the 1977 In the Flesh tour, as part of the Wish You Were Here set with Waters on lead vocals, Gilmour on backing vocals and rhythm guitar and Snowy White playing the guitar solos.Waters has also played the song on nearly every one of his solo tours, except for the 1999–2002 In the Flesh tour, the 2009–11 Wall tour, and the 2017 Us + Them Tour.[15]","title":"Live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano"},{"link_name":"ARP String Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"clavinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavinet"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Nick Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mason"},{"link_name":"Roy Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harper_(singer)"}],"text":"David Gilmour – electric guitars\nRichard Wright – Wurlitzer electric piano, ARP String Ensemble, Minimoog, Hohner clavinet D6, piano\nRoger Waters – bass\nNick Mason – drumswith:Roy Harper – lead vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Edginton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Edginton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roy Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Harper_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EDGINTON-16"}],"text":"In a 2011 video interview with John Edginton, \"Have a Cigar\" singer Roy Harper said that he was unhappy he hadn't been credited by the band for singing the song \"for the first 10 or 15 years\" after it came out. He also said he wasn't paid the agreed payment; he wanted tickets for life to Lord's (cricket grounds) but received \"a few hundred quid\" instead. Harper had to go hire a lawyer to resolve his grievance, which he called \"ironic\" and said it made the song (which is about ripoffs in the music business) into a self-fulfilling prophecy by turning the collaboration among friends into \"the dirty music business.\"[16]","title":"Roy Harper Reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songbook-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songbook-17"},{"link_name":"In the Studio with Redbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Studio_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A lot of people think I can't sing, including me a bit. I'm very unclear about what singing is. I know I find it hard to pitch, and I know the sound of my voice isn't very good in purely aesthetic terms, and Roy Harper was recording his own album in another EMI studio at the time, he's a mate, and we thought he could probably do a job on it.— Roger Waters, October 1975, Interviewed by Nick Sedgewick in the Wish You Were Here songbook[17]\"Have a Cigar\" was a whole track on which I used the guitar and keyboards at once. There are some extra guitars which I dubbed on later, but I did the basic guitar tracks at one time.— David Gilmour, October 1975, Interviewed by Gary Cooper in the Wish You Were Here songbook[17]We did have people who would say to us \"Which one's Pink?\" and stuff like that. There were an awful lot of people who thought Pink Floyd was the name of the lead singer and that was Pink himself and the band. That's how it all came about, it was quite genuine.— David Gilmour, December 1992, In the Studio with Redbeard for \"Making of Shine On\" and \"Making of Wish You Were Here\"[18]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"12\" single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Yared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Yared"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Disco Top 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_(Pink_Floyd_song)"},{"link_name":"Primus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Miscellaneous Debris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Debris"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bob Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cock"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Learn to Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learn_to_Fly"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible 2 soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Foo_Fighters_album)"},{"link_name":"Medium Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Rare_(Foo_Fighters_album)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Instead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instead_(album)"},{"link_name":"Onetwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onetwo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Once in a LIVEtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_in_a_LIVEtime"},{"link_name":"5 Years in a Livetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Years_in_a_Livetime"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"John Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foxx"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gov't Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cos-32"},{"link_name":"Fidlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidlar"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 1979, Warner Bros. Records released a 12\" single containing a special disco version of \"Have a Cigar\" by Rosebud, a studio group led by composer Gabriel Yared, from their album Discoballs: A Tribute to Pink Floyd[20][21] The song peaked at number 4 on Billboard's Disco Top 80 chart in June 1979. The B-side was a disco version of \"Money\"\nIn 1992, the band Primus recorded a cover of the song and included it as the closing track to their Miscellaneous Debris EP[22] Their version changed the lyrics slightly: \"The band is just fantastic, of the town you are the talk/Man, but who the hell's this guy they call Bob Cock?\"\nFoo Fighters recorded two different cover versions of the song. The first was used as b-side for the \"Learn to Fly\" CD single,[23] while the second one, with Brian May on lead guitar, first appeared on the Mission: Impossible 2 soundtrack,[24] and later as an Amazon.com bonus track on their 2009 Greatest Hits album and in the 2011 limited-edition vinyl only release Medium Rare, released for Record Store Day[25][26] Both versions were sung by drummer Taylor Hawkins.[27]\nThe album Instead, released in 2007 by Onetwo, contains a cover version of \"Have a Cigar\"[28]\nThe main riff of \"Have a Cigar\" is incorporated into the song \"Peruvian Skies\" by progressive metal band Dream Theater on their 1998 live album Once in a LIVEtime and on the Live DVD 5 Years in a Livetime.\nA free CD given with the October 2011 issue of UK music magazine Mojo includes a cover version of \"Have a Cigar\" by John Foxx and The Maths[29] This version was later announced by Mojo as 'not the finished version' and the correct version was offered as a free download from the website[30]\nGov't Mule performed the song as part of their Dark Side of the Mule live album from 2008, which consisted of half original material, half Pink Floyd covers[31][32]\nFidlar recorded a cover of the song featuring Dr. Dre and AM in 2018 with slightly modified lyrics (“We’ll buy you a new liver. By the way, which one is FIDLAR/fiddler?”)[33]","title":"Cover versions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Have a Cigar / Shine on You Crazy Diamond (Part I) (Media notes). Pink Floyd. EMI / Harvest. 4 C 006-97357.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Have A Cigar\" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. US: Columbia Records. 1975. 3-10248 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Pink-Floyd-Have-A-Cigar/release/4165495#images/8220240","url_text":"\"Have A Cigar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd","url_text":"Pink Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records","url_text":"Columbia Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Have A Cigar\" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. Italy: Harvest Records. 1976. 3C 006-97357 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Pink-Floyd-Have-A-Cigar-/release/5876549#images/13353793","url_text":"\"Have A Cigar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd","url_text":"Pink Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Records","url_text":"Harvest Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Have A Cigar\" (B-side single record label). Pink Floyd. France: Harvest Records. 1976. 2C 010-97.357 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Pink-Floyd-Have-A-Cigar/release/2966409#images/13779992","url_text":"\"Have A Cigar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd","url_text":"Pink Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Records","url_text":"Harvest Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"Guesdon, Jean-MIchel (2017). Pink Floyd All The Songs. Running Press. ISBN 9780316439237.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rF0RDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Pink Floyd All The Songs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316439237","url_text":"9780316439237"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Abhinav Jai (11 June 2018). \"The Smashing Pumpkins, 070 Shake, Christina Aguilera — a playlist of the best new tracks from past week\". Firstpost. Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-smashing-pumpkins-070-shake-christina-aguilera-playlist-of-the-best-new-tracks-from-past-week-4504645.html","url_text":"\"The Smashing Pumpkins, 070 Shake, Christina Aguilera — a playlist of the best new tracks from past week\""}]},{"reference":"Wawzenek, Bryan (4 September 2018). \"All 167 Pink Floyd Songs Ranked Worst to Best\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/pink-floyd-songs-ranked/","url_text":"\"All 167 Pink Floyd Songs Ranked Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"Strong, Martin C. (2004). The Great Rock Discography (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Canongate Books. p. 1177. ISBN 1-84195-551-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate_Books","url_text":"Canongate Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84195-551-5","url_text":"1-84195-551-5"}]},{"reference":"Mabbett, Andy (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-4301-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4301-X","url_text":"0-7119-4301-X"}]},{"reference":"The Story of Wish You Were Here. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Wish_You_Were_Here","url_text":"The Story of Wish You Were Here"}]},{"reference":"Mark Blake (2007). Pigs Might Fly: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pigs_Might_Fly:_The_Inside_Story_of_Pink_Floyd&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Pigs Might Fly: The Inside Story of Pink Floyd"}]},{"reference":"The Story of Wish You Were Here.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbM2_-JeDuY","url_text":"The Story of Wish You Were Here"}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. 15 November 1975. p. 22. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-11-15.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Singles Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Picks\" (PDF). Record World. November 15, 1975. p. 18. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-11-15.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roger Waters Setlist at Meadowlands Arena, East Rutherford\". setlist.fm. Retrieved 24 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/roger-waters/2017/meadowlands-arena-east-rutherford-nj-43e7d3db.html","url_text":"\"Roger Waters Setlist at Meadowlands Arena, East Rutherford\""}]},{"reference":"EDGINTON, JOHN. \"ROY HARPER ON WHY HIS VOICE WAS ON PINK FLOYD'S 'HAVE A CIGAR'. NOT ROGER WATERS OR DAVID GILMOUR\". YouTube. JOHN EDGINTON DOCUMENTARIES. Retrieved 1 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsmJxXut_N0","url_text":"\"ROY HARPER ON WHY HIS VOICE WAS ON PINK FLOYD'S 'HAVE A CIGAR'. NOT ROGER WATERS OR DAVID GILMOUR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pink Floyd-Wish You Were Here-Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Nick Mason - In The Studio with Redbeard\". 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inthestudio.net/online-on-demand/pink-floyd-wish-40th-anniversary-roger-waters-david-gilmour-nick-mason/","url_text":"\"Pink Floyd-Wish You Were Here-Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Nick Mason - In The Studio with Redbeard\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2015). The Comparison Book. Menonomee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-89820-213-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-213-7","url_text":"978-0-89820-213-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Discoballs: A Tribute to Pink Floyd - Rosebud | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/discoballs-a-tribute-to-pink-floyd-mw0000794069","url_text":"\"Discoballs: A Tribute to Pink Floyd - Rosebud | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosebud - Discoballs (A Tribute To Pink Floyd)\". Discogs. 1980. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Rosebud-Discoballs-A-Tribute-To-Pink-Floyd/release/1036570","url_text":"\"Rosebud - Discoballs (A Tribute To Pink Floyd)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miscellaneous Debris - Primus | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000093452","url_text":"\"Miscellaneous Debris - Primus | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foo Fighters - Learn To Fly\". Discogs. 1999. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Foo-Fighters-Learn-To-Fly/release/559812","url_text":"\"Foo Fighters - Learn To Fly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission: Impossible 2 [Original Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/mission-impossible-2-original-soundtrack-mw0001059731","url_text":"\"Mission: Impossible 2 [Original Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foo Fighters - Medium Rare\". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110423190300/http://www.discogs.com/Foo-Fighters-Medium-Rare/master/328652","url_text":"\"Foo Fighters - Medium Rare\""},{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Foo-Fighters-Medium-Rare/master/328652","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Foo Fighters To Release Covers Album\". ultimateguitar.com. 2011-03-14. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/upcoming_releases/foo_fighters_to_release_covers_album.html","url_text":"\"Foo Fighters To Release Covers Album\""}]},{"reference":"Lemieux, Patrick; Unger, Adam (2013). The Queen Chronology: The Recording & Release History of the Band. Lulu. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-9919840-4-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KgHxBQAAQBAJ&q=have+a+cigar+taylor+hawkins&pg=PA132","url_text":"The Queen Chronology: The Recording & Release History of the Band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(company)","url_text":"Lulu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9919840-4-6","url_text":"978-0-9919840-4-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Onetwo - Instead\". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120731033213/http://www.discogs.com/Onetwo-Instead/release/916463","url_text":"\"Onetwo - Instead\""},{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Onetwo-Instead/release/916463","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Connections: Have A Cigar: Interview - August 2011\". Metamatic.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metamatic.com/zHaveacigardocs/201108interview.html","url_text":"\"Connections: Have A Cigar: Interview - August 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Foxx & The Maths - Have A Cigar - News\". Mojo4music.com. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316213933/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/free_download_john_foxx_the_ma.html","url_text":"\"John Foxx & The Maths - Have A Cigar - News\""},{"url":"http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/free_download_john_foxx_the_ma.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leggett, Steve. \"Gov't Mule – Dark Side of the Mule\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/dark-side-of-the-mule-mw0002767790","url_text":"\"Gov't Mule – Dark Side of the Mule\""}]},{"reference":"Kaye, Ben (16 November 2014). \"Gov't Mule to release Pink Floyd covers album Dark Side of the Mule\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2014/11/govt-mule-to-release-pink-floyd-covers-album-dark-side-of-the-mule/","url_text":"\"Gov't Mule to release Pink Floyd covers album Dark Side of the Mule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"Haas, Anna (8 June 2018). \"FIDLAR Drop Roughed-Up, Modern Version of Pink Floyd's \"Have a Cigar\"\". Paste. Retrieved 2 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/06/fidlar-covers-pink-floyds-have-a-cigar.html","url_text":"\"FIDLAR Drop Roughed-Up, Modern Version of Pink Floyd's \"Have a Cigar\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Gopal
Julie Gopal
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Style of play","4 Personal life","5 References"]
Mauritian footballer (born 1999) Julie Gopal (born 10 April 2006) is a Mauritian footballer who plays as a midfielder. Early life As a youth player, Gopal joined the Racing Club football school in Mauritius, helping the team win the Port-Louis International Tournament. Career Gopal captained Mauritius internationally at youth level and helped the Mauritius women's national football team win their first game in an international tournament, scoring the winning goal against Pakistan. Style of play Gopal mainly operates as a midfielder. Personal life Gopal started playing football through her father and grandfather. References ^ "JULIE GOPAL : LE RAYON DE SOLEIL DU FOOTBALL FÉMININ" (in French). 5plus.mu. ^ Nestler, Stefan (20 April 2023). "Julie Gopal: A diamond found in the unlikeliest place". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 September 2023. ^ "Motiver la nouvelle génération". Le Mauricien (in French). 19 May 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2023. ^ "Julie Gopal: «Je veux que mon pays, ma famille et mes amis soient fiers de moi»". L'Express (in French). 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Group
Colorado Group
["1 History of exploration","2 Lithology","2.1 Oil/gas production","3 Distribution","4 Relationship to other units","5 Sub-units","6 Further reading","7 References"]
Rock formations in North America This article is about the stratigraphical unit. For the company, see Colorado Group Limited. Colorado GroupStratigraphic range: middle Albian to Santonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N TypeGeological formationSub-unitsColorado (type) and Kansas:Graneros, Greenhorn, Carlile, NiobraraCanada:Phillips Sandstone, Second White Speckled Shale, Bowdoin Sandstone, Cardium Sandstone, Martin Sandy Zone, Medicine Hat Sandstone, First White Speckled ShaleUnderliesMontana Group, Belly River Group, Lea Park Formation, Milk River FormationOverliesDakota Group, Blairmore Group, Mannville Group, Swan River GroupThicknessmore than 1,000 metres (3,280 ft)LithologyPrimaryShale, Chalk, SandstoneOtherSiltstone, Conglomerate, Limestone, concretionary bedsLocationRegion Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  Montana,  Wyoming,  ColoradoCountry US,  CanadaType sectionNamed forColorado, specifically for the hogbacks and plains facing the Front Range of that stateNamed byF.V. Hayden Colorado is a geologic name applied to certain rocks of Cretaceous age in the North America, particularly in the western Great Plains. This name was originally applied to classify a group of specific marine formations of shale and chalk known for their importance in Eastern Colorado. The surface outcrop of this group produces distinctive landforms bordering the Great Plains and it is a significant feature of the subsurface of the Denver Basin and the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. These formations record important sequences of the Western Interior Seaway. As the geology of this seaway was studied, this name came to be used in states beyond Colorado but later was replaced in several of these states with more localized names. The USGS convention has been to use Colorado Group where the rocks are further divided into formations, Colorado Formation where no beds are developed enough to be mapped as formations, and Colorado Shale where the unit is composed of little more than shale with no distinctive structures (such as in north-central Montana). History of exploration In 1862, F.B. Meek and F.V. Hayden described their “Upper Missouri River” series; Dakota, Benton, Pierre, Niobrara, and Fox Hills. In 1871, Hayden crossed Kansas and Colorado on the recently completed Kansas Pacific Railway, and between Abilene and Limon confirmed the whole series within the two states. Hayden proposed term "Colorado Group" in 1876 to embrace the Benton, Niobrara, and Pierre units for their collective exposures in the dramatic hogbacks and incised plateaus facing the Rocky Mountain front ranges of Colorado. The group was described by A. Hague and S.E. Emmons in 1877. However, by 1878, C. A. White restricted the Colorado Group to the Benton and Niobrara, which are the formations found within the flatirons and secondary hogbacks on the east flank of the Dakota Hogback.  During the last decade of the 19th Century, Cretaceous rocks in Colorado and western Kansas were a focus of considerable study. The Benton and Niobrara were particularly associated in the Smoky Hills of Kansas, the Arkansas River valley across southeastern Colorado, and the Colorado Front Range. G. K. Gilbert observed that of Meek and Hayden's five Cretaceous units, only the Benton and Niobrara (incidentally the Colorado Group) were chalky; moreover, the chalkiness was expressed as curiously rhythmic bedding. A well-known glaciologist, Gilbert correctly theorized that the reason for these peculiar rhythmites was periodic astronomical solar forcing, and that these rhythms were absent in the Pierre only because there was no source of carbonate in the Pierre environment. His theory was confirmed with recognitions that Milankovitch cycles can be expressed in conditions of total global absence of glaciers. Gilbert subsequently replaced the Benton with five formations based on the changes he observed in the chalkiness; non-chalky Graneros, chalky Greenhorn, non-chalky Carlile, massively chalky Timpas (later abandoned in favor of Fort Hays), and chalky Apishapa (later abandoned in favor of Smoky Hill).   The Colorado Classification was initially adopted throughout the extent of the Western Interior Seaway, including Canada. However, in the 21st Century, some states, such as Wyoming and Montana, are abandoning the term. Donald E. Hattin advised that the Colorado Group should not be used in Kansas because he considered its units to be "too lithologically diverse"; yet, Colorado Group remains listed in the geologic succession in Kansas. Summary of Colorado Group Classifications  Meek &Hayden1862 Hayden1871 White1878 ColoradoKansas(current) Canada(current) Fox Hills Montana Belly River Pierre Colorado Pierre Colorado Niobrara Colorado Colorado Benton Dakota Lithology The Colorado Group consists primarily of chalky and non-chalky shale, and incorporates conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone, rhythmite beds of chalk, chalky limestone, coquinas, phosphorite, and concretionary beds including calcite, siderite, and pyrite. The Canadian distribution presents with more sandstone. The lower part includes the following sandstone members: Phillips Sandstone (below the Second White Speckled Shale), Bowdoin Sandstone and Cardium Sandstone in the non-calcareous shale unit. The upper part includes the Martin Sandy Zone and Medicine Hat Sandstone. Oil/gas production Gas is produced from the sandstone members in southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and in Montana, such as in the Bowdoin gas field. Distribution Shales of middle Albian to Santonian age are distributed throughout much of the former extent of the Western Interior Seaway, including broadly from Arizona, to Iowa and Alberta. The Greenhorn-Carlile contact represents the maximum extent of the seaway of that sequence, perhaps of the entire time of the seaway; and, so, coupled with the Graneros Shale, the "old Benton" shales are the widest durable remnant of the Western Interior Seaway. Older literature may use the term Colorado Group in this extent, but several states outside of Colorado no longer use the term in current publications; nevertheless, the evidence of correlated seaway sequences and fossil patterns remains, regardless of current names. From Iowa to Arizona, the lithology is remarkably consistent and the bentonites and rhythmic chalk beds of the upper Greenhorn especially are geologic events that can be traced over that distance. Beyond the historic western extent of the Colorado Group usage into the Mancos Shale, the chalky beds of the group can be identified and are named accordingly, e.g, Smoky Hill, Fort Hays, Bridge Creek, Greenhorn. However, northwest of the Transcontinental Arch where western sediment sources are more dominant, altering the lithology, these names have less current use. The Canadian Colorado Group occurs in the sub-surface throughout southern and central Alberta, western and central Saskatchewan. It is found in outcrops along the south-western edge of the Canadian Shield. The sediments of the Colorado group exceed 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) in thickness in central Alberta. In central Saskatchewan, it thins to 150 metres (490 ft). Relationship to other units The rocks of Colorado Group age are overlain by the Montana Group and underlain by the Dakota Group in the Denver Basin, Powder River Basin, and Williston Basin of the western Great Plains. In Western Canada, they are unconformably overlain by the Lea Park Formation shale and unconformably underlain by the Blairmore, Mannville or Swan River Group. The lower part is equivalent with the Ashville Formation in eastern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, with the upper part corresponding to the Vermillion River Formation and Favel Formation. It is equivalent to the sum of Crowsnest Formation, Blackstone Formation, Cardium Formation, and the lower Wapiabi Formation of the Alberta Group in the Canadian Rockies foothills. It correlates with the upper Smoky Group, Dunvegan Formation, Shaftesbury Formation, Paddy Member and Labiche Formation in northern Alberta. The Canadian Colorado Group was previously named Lloydminster Shale in the Lloydminster region, but the term is now obsolete. Sub-units United States sub-unit classifications have generally derived from the related Colorado and Kansas classifications, from top to bottom: Colorado and Kansas classification of regional Colorado Group sub-units Formation Member Age Lithology Niobrara(calcareous) Smoky Hill Chalk Early-Campanian-Late-Coniacian repeating beds of buff chalk and chalky shale Fort Hays Limestone Coniacian massive chalky limestone Carlile(carbonaceous) Juana Lopez Sandstone Early-Coniacian beds of calcarenite separated by intervals of mudstone Codell Sandstone Late-Turonian very fine-grained sandstone and siltstone, shale Blue Hill Shale Turonian olive-black, carbonaceous shale; repeating thin bentonites; septarians Fairport Shale Turonian olive-black, carbonaceous shale to chalky shale with repeating thin chalks; repeating thin bentonites Greenhorn (calcareous) Bridge Creek/Pfeifer Shale Turonian bench-forming Fencepost limestone marker bedolive-black, chalky shale with repeating, thin chalky limestone beds; repeating thin bentonites Bridge Creek/Jetmore Chalk Turonian bench-forming Shellrock marker bed chalky shale with very rhythmic, thin limestone beds Hartland Shale Late-Cenomanian chalky shale almost devoid of limestone Lincoln Limestone Late-Cenomanian shaly chalk with many scattered, thin skeletal limestone beds; repeating thin bentonitesX-bentonite marker bed (Colorado) Graneros(carbonaceous) (Thatcher Limestone) Mid-Cenomanian X-bentonite marker bed (Kansas)finely sandy, clayey, gray near-shore/marginal-marine shale; septarians The Colorado Group in Canada, which retains the Santonian-time Pierre Shale correlations, is divided into an upper part which is calcareous, and a lower part, which is non-calcareous. The sub-units are defined at the base of two regional markers, called First and Second White Speckled Shale characterized by coccolithic debris. The Canadian Geological Survey classification of the Colorado Group includes the following sub-units, from top to bottom: Canadian classification of regional Colorado Group subunits Subdivision Sub-unit Age Lithology MaxThickness Reference Upper(calcareous) First White Speckled Shale Santonian olive-black, chalk-speckled, calcareous and carbonaceous shale; minor shaly limestone 157 m (520 ft) Medicine Hat Sandstone Santonian muddy sandstone and siltstone 14 m (50 ft) Martin Sandy Zone Santonian Siltstone, fine grained sandstone and calcareous shale 60 m (200 ft) Lower(non-calcareous) Cardium Sandstone Turonian to Coniacian marine sandstone 108 m (350 ft) Bowdoin Sandstone Turonian very fine-grained sandstone and siltstone, shale 61 m (200 ft) Second White Speckled Shale Turonian olive-black, chalk-speckled, calcareous and carbonaceous shale; minor shaly limestone 70 m (230 ft) Phillips Sandstone Turonian very fine grained sandstone and siltstone, dark calcareous shale 38 m (120 ft) Further reading Karen W. Porter, Jennie Ridgley (2006). "Field Trip # 1 Marine Cretaceous Reservoirs in Central and Northern Montana: Road Log for Day 1" (PDF). Open File Report (534). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 2022-07-03. - Correlation chart for the field trip over outcrops of the original Colorado classification. References ^ a b c d "Unit Name: Colorado Group". Weblex : Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. Retrieved 2021-04-23. ^ a b c d Donald E. Hattin (1982). "History of Stratigraphic Nomenclature". Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of the Type Area, Western Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2021. ^ Geologic Unit: Colorado, Geolex. ^ a b W. G. Pierce and C. B. Hunt (1937). "Geology and Mineral resources of North-Central Chouteau, Western Hill, and Eastern Liberty Counties". Geology (Bulletin 847). U.S. Government Printing Office: 246–247. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ Meek, F.B.; Hayden, F.V. (1862). "Descriptions of new Lower Silurian, (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils, collected in Nebraska, by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F. Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained". Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings. 13: 415-447. ^ F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist (1871). "IX. Sketch of the geological formations along the route of the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division". Final Reports of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Territories. House Documents, otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents United States. Congress. House. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 66–69. Retrieved 2018-10-04. At Hays City the massive rocky layers of No. 3 are sawed into blocks, and employed in the construction of buildings. ... About eight miles west of Hays City there are about 60 feet exposed, of the dark clays of No. 2, of the Fort Benton Group. ^ Hague, A. and Emmons, S.E., 1877. Descriptive geology. U.S. geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, v.2. ^ Donald E. Hattin (1965). Stratigraphy of the Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Central Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 178. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy). Retrieved 2021-05-20. Later, Hayden (1876, p. 45) coined the term "Colorado Group" for No. 2 (Fort Benton), No. 3 (Niobrara), and No.4 (Pierre) of Hall and Meek's Nebraska section. The Colorado Group was restricted by White (1878, p. 21) to units No. 2 and No. 3 and has remained thus defined to the present. ^ White, C. A., 1878, Report on the geology of a portion of northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territories, Ann. Rept, 10, p. 5-60. ^ Donald E. Hattin and Charles T. Siemers (1978). "Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Western Kansas". Kansas Geological Survey Guidebook (3). Kansas Geological Survey. During the last decade of the 19th Century, considerable attention was focused upon the classification and description of Cretaceous rocks in western Kansas. ^ G. K. Gilbert (February–March 1895). "Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time". The Journal of Geology. 3 (2). University of Chicago Press: 121–127. Bibcode:1895JG......3..121G. doi:10.1086/607150. JSTOR 30054556. S2CID 129629329. ^ Sageman, B. B.; Rich, J.; Birchfield, G E; Arthur, M. A.; Dean, W. E. (1997). "Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section A. 67 (2). OSTI 460584. Retrieved 2021-05-21. The complex bedding pattern observed in the Bridge Creek Limestone is interpreted to result from the competing influences of different orbital cycles expressed through different pathways of the depositional system … ^ Gilbert, G.K. (1896). "The underground water of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado". U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report. 17 (2): 551–601. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "Colorado". geolex. Retrieved 21 May 2021. ^ Alan F. Arbogast, William C. Johnson (1996). Surficial geology and stratigraphy of Russell County, Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Technical Series. Vol. 7. Retrieved 2021-05-21. Regarding the inclusion of all Cretaceous rocks in Russell County within the Colorado Group, Hattin (personal communication) suggests that the term Colorado Group be discontinued because the units are too lithologically diverse to be included within one group. As a result, the term Colorado Group is not used in this report. ^ Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart), Kansas Geological Survey, 2018, retrieved 2023-11-22 ^ Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Chapter 20. "Cretaceous Colorado / Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2010-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Depositional Environment and Paleoecology. Maximum transgression (Fig. 22) is represented by relatively pure pelagic carbonates of the Jetmore and Pfeifer Members of the Greenhorn; for this reason the sequence was named Greenhorn cyclothem by Hattin (1962, p. 124). ^ Khalifa Elderbak; Mark Leckie (2015). "Paleocirculation and foraminiferal assemblages of the Cenomanian–Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone bedding couplets: Productivity vs. dilution during OAE2". ResearchGate. Figure 4. Retrieved 2021-05-23. ^ Molenaar, C.M.; Cobban, W.A.; Merewether, E.A.; Pillmore, C.L.; Wolfe, D.G.; Holbrook, J.M. (2002). "Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle". National Geologic Map Database. USGS. Retrieved May 23, 2021. ^ Corridor Assessment Report Appendix F. Geological Hazard Assessment Santa Fe Drive - I-25 to C-470, Shannon & Wilson, 2020, p. 3, retrieved 2023-11-22, Consists of Niobrara Formation (Kn) and either Benton Shale or Carlile, Greenhorn, and Graneros Formation (Kcg) ^ Robert J. Raynolds (2022), Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey, retrieved 2023-11-22 ^ Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart), Kansas Geological Survey, 2018, retrieved 2023-11-22 ^ Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy of the Greenhorn Limestone. ^ Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, p. 452. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Medicine Hat Sandstone". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Martin Sandy Zone". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Cardium Sandstone". Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2009-03-01. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Bowdoin Sandstone". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01. ^ Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, p. 1052. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7. ^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Phillips Sandstone". Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01. vteState of ColoradoDenver (capital)Topics Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports Cities Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma Regions Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado Colorado portal vteWestern Canada Sedimentary BasinHydrocarbon history Oil sands and heavy oil Frontier exploration and development Natural gas liquids Natural gas Depositional regions Southern Alberta Central Alberta Northwestern Alberta Plains South-central Canadian Rockies foothills North-east Plains North-central foothills Liard River Fort Nelson Northern Rocky Mountains Fort St. John Saskatchewan Western Manitoba Central Alberta Paskapoo FM Scollard FM Edmonton GRP Battle FM Whitemud MBR Horseshoe Canyon FM Bearpaw FM Belly River GRP Ribstone Creek MBR Victoria MBR Brosseau MBR Lea Park FM Colorado GRP Cardium FM Mannville GRP Glauconitic Sandstone Ostracod Beds Sunburst Member Taber Member Detrital Beds Fernie GRP Rock Creek MBR Nordegg MBR Rundle GRP Mount Head FM Elkton MBR Shunda FM Pekisko FM Banff FM Exshaw FM Canadian Shield Southern Alberta plains Cypress Hills FM Porcupine Hills FM Ravenscrag FM Edmonton GRP Belly River GRP Oldman FM Foremost FM Pakowki FM Milk River FM Colorado GRP Mannville GRP Ellis GRP Swift FM Rierdon FM Sawtooth FM Rundle GRP Banff FM Exshaw FM Bakken FM Wabamun FM Crowfoot FM Nisku FM Ireton FM Leduc FM Cooking Lake FM Beaverhill Lake GRP Elk Point GRP Canadian Shield
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Group Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Group_Limited"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Denver Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Basin"},{"link_name":"Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin"},{"link_name":"sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Western Interior Seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-_PierceHunt_-4"}],"text":"This article is about the stratigraphical unit. For the company, see Colorado Group Limited.Colorado is a geologic name applied to certain rocks of Cretaceous age in the North America, particularly in the western Great Plains. This name was originally applied to classify a group of specific marine formations of shale and chalk known for their importance in Eastern Colorado. The surface outcrop of this group produces distinctive landforms bordering the Great Plains and it is a significant feature of the subsurface of the Denver Basin and the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. These formations record important sequences of the Western Interior Seaway. As the geology of this seaway was studied, this name came to be used in states beyond Colorado but later was replaced in several of these states with more localized names.The USGS convention has been to use Colorado Group where the rocks are further divided into formations, Colorado Formation where no beds are developed enough to be mapped as formations, and Colorado Shale where the unit is composed of little more than shale with no distinctive structures (such as in north-central Montana).[4]","title":"Colorado Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F.B. Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_Bradford_Meek"},{"link_name":"F.V. Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Vandeveer_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Formation"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Shale"},{"link_name":"Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Shale"},{"link_name":"Niobrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_Shale"},{"link_name":"Fox Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Hills_Formation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meekandhayden1862-5"},{"link_name":"Kansas Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Limon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Shale"},{"link_name":"Niobrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_Shale"},{"link_name":"Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KGSB225-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"flatirons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatiron_(geomorphology)"},{"link_name":"Dakota Hogback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Hogback"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KGSB225-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HattinGraneros-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-_PierceHunt_-4"},{"link_name":"Smoky Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hills"},{"link_name":"Front Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range"},{"link_name":"G. K. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"glaciologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Milankovitch cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Graneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graneros_Shale"},{"link_name":"Greenhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhorn_Limestone"},{"link_name":"Carlile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlile_Shale"},{"link_name":"Timpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpas_Limestone"},{"link_name":"Fort Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hays_Limestone_Member"},{"link_name":"Apishapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hill_Chalk"},{"link_name":"Smoky Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hill_Chalk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbert-1896-13"},{"link_name":"Western Interior Seaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Donald E. Hattin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Hattin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1862, F.B. Meek and F.V. Hayden described their “Upper Missouri River” series; Dakota, Benton, Pierre, Niobrara, and Fox Hills.[5]In 1871, Hayden crossed Kansas and Colorado on the recently completed Kansas Pacific Railway, and between Abilene and Limon confirmed the whole series within the two states.[6]Hayden proposed term \"Colorado Group\" in 1876 to embrace the Benton, Niobrara, and Pierre units for their collective exposures in the dramatic hogbacks and incised plateaus facing the Rocky Mountain front ranges of Colorado.[2] The group was described by A. Hague and S.E. Emmons in 1877.[7]However, by 1878, C. A. White restricted the Colorado Group to the Benton and Niobrara, which are the formations found within the flatirons and secondary hogbacks on the east flank of the Dakota Hogback.[2][8][9][4]During the last decade of the 19th Century, Cretaceous rocks in Colorado and western Kansas were a focus of considerable study. The Benton and Niobrara were particularly associated in the Smoky Hills of Kansas, the Arkansas River valley across southeastern Colorado, and the Colorado Front Range. G. K. Gilbert observed that of Meek and Hayden's five Cretaceous units, only the Benton and Niobrara (incidentally the Colorado Group) were chalky; moreover, the chalkiness was expressed as curiously rhythmic bedding. A well-known glaciologist, Gilbert correctly theorized that the reason for these peculiar rhythmites was periodic astronomical solar forcing, and that these rhythms were absent in the Pierre only because there was no source of carbonate in the Pierre environment. His theory was confirmed with recognitions that Milankovitch cycles can be expressed in conditions of total global absence of glaciers.[10][11][12] Gilbert subsequently replaced the Benton with five formations based on the changes he observed in the chalkiness; non-chalky Graneros, chalky Greenhorn, non-chalky Carlile, massively chalky Timpas (later abandoned in favor of Fort Hays), and chalky Apishapa (later abandoned in favor of Smoky Hill).[13]The Colorado Classification was initially adopted throughout the extent of the Western Interior Seaway, including Canada. However, in the 21st Century, some states, such as Wyoming and Montana, are abandoning the term.[14] Donald E. Hattin advised that the Colorado Group should not be used in Kansas because he considered its units to be \"too lithologically diverse\";[15] yet, Colorado Group remains listed in the geologic succession in Kansas.[16]","title":"History of exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"rhythmite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmite"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"coquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquina"},{"link_name":"phosphorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorite"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"siderite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderite"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Phillips Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Cardium Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardium_Formation"},{"link_name":"Martin Sandy Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sandy_Zone"},{"link_name":"Medicine Hat Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexicon-1"}],"text":"The Colorado Group consists primarily of chalky and non-chalky shale, and incorporates conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone, rhythmite beds of chalk, chalky limestone, coquinas, phosphorite, and concretionary beds including calcite, siderite, and pyrite.[17]The Canadian distribution presents with more sandstone. The lower part includes the following sandstone members: Phillips Sandstone (below the Second White Speckled Shale), Bowdoin Sandstone and Cardium Sandstone in the non-calcareous shale unit. The upper part includes the Martin Sandy Zone and Medicine Hat Sandstone.[1]","title":"Lithology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"southern Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"}],"sub_title":"Oil/gas production","text":"Gas is produced from the sandstone members in southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan and in Montana, such as in the Bowdoin gas field.","title":"Lithology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albian"},{"link_name":"Santonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santonian"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HattinPaleo-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mancos Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancos_Shale"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZtoOK-20"},{"link_name":"Transcontinental Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_Arch"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta"},{"link_name":"central Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Canadian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexicon-1"}],"text":"Shales of middle Albian to Santonian age are distributed throughout much of the former extent of the Western Interior Seaway, including broadly from Arizona, to Iowa and Alberta. The Greenhorn-Carlile contact represents the maximum extent of the seaway of that sequence, perhaps of the entire time of the seaway; and, so, coupled with the Graneros Shale, the \"old Benton\" shales are the widest durable remnant of the Western Interior Seaway.[18] Older literature may use the term Colorado Group in this extent, but several states outside of Colorado no longer use the term in current publications; nevertheless, the evidence of correlated seaway sequences and fossil patterns remains, regardless of current names.From Iowa to Arizona, the lithology is remarkably consistent and the bentonites and rhythmic chalk beds of the upper Greenhorn especially are geologic events that can be traced over that distance.[19] Beyond the historic western extent of the Colorado Group usage into the Mancos Shale, the chalky beds of the group can be identified and are named accordingly, e.g, Smoky Hill, Fort Hays, Bridge Creek, Greenhorn.[20] However, northwest of the Transcontinental Arch where western sediment sources are more dominant, altering the lithology, these names have less current use.The Canadian Colorado Group occurs in the sub-surface throughout southern and central Alberta, western and central Saskatchewan. It is found in outcrops along the south-western edge of the Canadian Shield. The sediments of the Colorado group exceed 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) in thickness in central Alberta. In central Saskatchewan, it thins to 150 metres (490 ft).[1]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montana Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Group"},{"link_name":"Dakota Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Group"},{"link_name":"Denver Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Basin"},{"link_name":"Powder River Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Williston Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williston_Basin"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"unconformably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity"},{"link_name":"Lea Park Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Park_Formation"},{"link_name":"Blairmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairmore_Group"},{"link_name":"Mannville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannville_Group"},{"link_name":"Swan River Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swan_River_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashville Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashville_Formation"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Vermillion River Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermillion_River_Formation"},{"link_name":"Favel Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favel_Formation"},{"link_name":"Crowsnest Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowsnest_Formation"},{"link_name":"Blackstone Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Formation,_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cardium Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardium_Formation"},{"link_name":"Wapiabi Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapiabi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Alberta Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Group"},{"link_name":"Canadian Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Smoky Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Group"},{"link_name":"Dunvegan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunvegan_Formation"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Formation"},{"link_name":"Paddy Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Member"},{"link_name":"Labiche Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiche_Formation"},{"link_name":"northern Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Lloydminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloydminster"}],"text":"The rocks of Colorado Group age are overlain by the Montana Group and underlain by the Dakota Group in the Denver Basin, Powder River Basin, and Williston Basin of the western Great Plains. In Western Canada, they are unconformably overlain by the Lea Park Formation shale and unconformably underlain by the Blairmore, Mannville or Swan River Group.The lower part is equivalent with the Ashville Formation in eastern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, with the upper part corresponding to the Vermillion River Formation and Favel Formation. It is equivalent to the sum of Crowsnest Formation, Blackstone Formation, Cardium Formation, and the lower Wapiabi Formation of the Alberta Group in the Canadian Rockies foothills. It correlates with the upper Smoky Group, Dunvegan Formation, Shaftesbury Formation, Paddy Member and Labiche Formation in northern Alberta. The Canadian Colorado Group was previously named Lloydminster Shale in the Lloydminster region, but the term is now obsolete.","title":"Relationship to other units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santonian"},{"link_name":"Pierre Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Shale"},{"link_name":"coccolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolith"},{"link_name":"Canadian Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada"}],"text":"United States sub-unit classifications have generally derived from the related Colorado and Kansas classifications, from top to bottom:The Colorado Group in Canada, which retains the Santonian-time Pierre Shale correlations, is divided into an upper part which is calcareous, and a lower part, which is non-calcareous. The sub-units are defined at the base of two regional markers, called First and Second White Speckled Shale characterized by coccolithic debris.The Canadian Geological Survey classification of the Colorado Group includes the following sub-units, from top to bottom:","title":"Sub-units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Field Trip # 1 Marine Cretaceous Reservoirs in Central and Northern Montana: Road Log for Day 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mbmg.mtech.edu/pdf-open-files/mbmg534-roadlog.pdf"}],"text":"Karen W. Porter, Jennie Ridgley (2006). \"Field Trip # 1 Marine Cretaceous Reservoirs in Central and Northern Montana: Road Log for Day 1\" (PDF). Open File Report (534). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 2022-07-03. - Correlation chart for the field trip over outcrops of the original Colorado classification.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Karen W. Porter, Jennie Ridgley (2006). \"Field Trip # 1 Marine Cretaceous Reservoirs in Central and Northern Montana: Road Log for Day 1\" (PDF). Open File Report (534). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/pdf-open-files/mbmg534-roadlog.pdf","url_text":"\"Field Trip # 1 Marine Cretaceous Reservoirs in Central and Northern Montana: Road Log for Day 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unit Name: Colorado Group\". Weblex : Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. Retrieved 2021-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://weblex.nrcan.gc.ca/html/003000/GSCC00053003233.html","url_text":"\"Unit Name: Colorado Group\""}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Hattin (1982). \"History of Stratigraphic Nomenclature\". Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of the Type Area, Western Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Hattin","url_text":"Donald E. Hattin"},{"url":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/225/03_nomen.html","url_text":"\"History of Stratigraphic Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Geological_Survey","url_text":"Kansas Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"W. G. Pierce and C. B. Hunt (1937). \"Geology and Mineral resources of North-Central Chouteau, Western Hill, and Eastern Liberty Counties\". Geology (Bulletin 847). U.S. Government Printing Office: 246–247.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ogeAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Geology and Mineral resources of North-Central Chouteau, Western Hill, and Eastern Liberty Counties\""}]},{"reference":"Meek, F.B.; Hayden, F.V. (1862). \"Descriptions of new Lower Silurian, (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils, collected in Nebraska, by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F. Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained\". Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings. 13: 415-447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_Bradford_Meek","url_text":"Meek, F.B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Vandeveer_Hayden","url_text":"Hayden, F.V."},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044107306102&view=1up&seq=3","url_text":"\"Descriptions of new Lower Silurian, (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils, collected in Nebraska, by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F. Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained\""}]},{"reference":"F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist (1871). \"IX. Sketch of the geological formations along the route of the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division\". Final Reports of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Territories. House Documents, otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents United States. Congress. House. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 66–69. Retrieved 2018-10-04. At Hays City the massive rocky layers of No. 3 are sawed into blocks, and employed in the construction of buildings. ... About eight miles west of Hays City there are about 60 feet exposed, of the dark clays of No. 2, of the Fort Benton Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Vandeveer_Hayden","url_text":"F. V. Hayden"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wqEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA66","url_text":"\"IX. Sketch of the geological formations along the route of the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hays_Limestone_Member","url_text":"rocky layers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_Formation","url_text":"No. 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlile_Formation","url_text":"dark clays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Shale","url_text":"Fort Benton Group"}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Hattin (1965). Stratigraphy of the Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Central Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 178. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy). Retrieved 2021-05-20. Later, Hayden (1876, p. 45) coined the term \"Colorado Group\" for No. 2 (Fort Benton), No. 3 (Niobrara), and No.4 (Pierre) of Hall and Meek's Nebraska section. The Colorado Group was restricted by White (1878, p. 21) to units No. 2 and No. 3 and has remained thus defined to the present.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Hattin","url_text":"Donald E. Hattin"},{"url":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/178/03_strat.html","url_text":"Stratigraphy of the Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Central Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 178"}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Hattin and Charles T. Siemers (1978). \"Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Western Kansas\". Kansas Geological Survey Guidebook (3). Kansas Geological Survey. During the last decade of the 19th Century, considerable attention was focused upon the classification and description of Cretaceous rocks in western Kansas.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/GB3/","url_text":"\"Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Western Kansas\""}]},{"reference":"G. K. Gilbert (February–March 1895). \"Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time\". The Journal of Geology. 3 (2). University of Chicago Press: 121–127. Bibcode:1895JG......3..121G. doi:10.1086/607150. JSTOR 30054556. S2CID 129629329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert","url_text":"G. K. Gilbert"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607150","url_text":"\"Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Geology","url_text":"The Journal of Geology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895JG......3..121G","url_text":"1895JG......3..121G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607150","url_text":"10.1086/607150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054556","url_text":"30054556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129629329","url_text":"129629329"}]},{"reference":"Sageman, B. B.; Rich, J.; Birchfield, G E; Arthur, M. A.; Dean, W. E. (1997). \"Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior U.S.A.\" Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section A. 67 (2). OSTI 460584. Retrieved 2021-05-21. The complex bedding pattern observed in the Bridge Creek Limestone [upperGreenhorn Limestone] is interpreted to result from the competing influences of different orbital cycles expressed through different pathways of the depositional system …","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/460584","url_text":"\"Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior U.S.A.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)","url_text":"OSTI"},{"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/460584","url_text":"460584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhorn_Limestone","url_text":"Greenhorn Limestone"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, G.K. (1896). \"The underground water of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado\". U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report. 17 (2): 551–601. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert","url_text":"Gilbert, G.K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKMNAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"The underground water of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado\". geolex. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/ColoradoRefs_7668.html","url_text":"\"Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"Alan F. Arbogast, William C. Johnson (1996). Surficial geology and stratigraphy of Russell County, Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Technical Series. Vol. 7. Retrieved 2021-05-21. Regarding the inclusion of all Cretaceous rocks in Russell County within the Colorado Group, Hattin (personal communication) suggests that the term Colorado Group be discontinued because the units are too lithologically diverse to be included within one group. As a result, the term Colorado Group is not used in this report.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/TS7/02_intro.html","url_text":"Surficial geology and stratigraphy of Russell County, Kansas"}]},{"reference":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart), Kansas Geological Survey, 2018, retrieved 2023-11-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/189/13_chart.html","url_text":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Geological_Survey","url_text":"Kansas Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin - Chapter 20. \"Cretaceous Colorado / Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\". Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2010-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024130709/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/A_CH20/CH_20.html","url_text":"\"Cretaceous Colorado / Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\""},{"url":"http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch20/ch_20.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Depositional Environment and Paleoecology. Maximum transgression (Fig. 22) is represented by relatively pure pelagic carbonates of the Jetmore and Pfeifer Members of the Greenhorn; for this reason the sequence was named Greenhorn cyclothem by Hattin (1962, p. 124).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/209/07_paleo.html","url_text":"Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209"}]},{"reference":"Khalifa Elderbak; Mark Leckie (2015). \"Paleocirculation and foraminiferal assemblages of the Cenomanian–Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone bedding couplets: Productivity vs. dilution during OAE2\". ResearchGate. Figure 4. Retrieved 2021-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/West-to-east-transect-from-Blue-Point-Arizona-to-Sioux-City-Iowa-see-Fig-1-showing_fig3_287206299","url_text":"\"Paleocirculation and foraminiferal assemblages of the Cenomanian–Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone bedding couplets: Productivity vs. dilution during OAE2\""}]},{"reference":"Molenaar, C.M.; Cobban, W.A.; Merewether, E.A.; Pillmore, C.L.; Wolfe, D.G.; Holbrook, J.M. (2002). \"Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle\". National Geologic Map Database. USGS. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45091.htm","url_text":"\"Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"USGS"}]},{"reference":"Corridor Assessment Report Appendix F. Geological Hazard Assessment Santa Fe Drive - I-25 to C-470, Shannon & Wilson, 2020, p. 3, retrieved 2023-11-22, Consists of Niobrara Formation (Kn) and either Benton Shale or Carlile, Greenhorn, and Graneros Formation (Kcg)","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/cretaceous-stratigraphy-colorado/","url_text":"Corridor Assessment Report Appendix F. Geological Hazard Assessment Santa Fe Drive - I-25 to C-470"}]},{"reference":"Robert J. Raynolds (2022), Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey, retrieved 2023-11-22","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/cretaceous-stratigraphy-colorado/","url_text":"Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Colorado"}]},{"reference":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart), Kansas Geological Survey, 2018, retrieved 2023-11-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/189/13_chart.html","url_text":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Geological_Survey","url_text":"Kansas Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Donald E. Hattin (1975). Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209. University of Kansas Publications, State Geological Survey of Kansas. p. Stratigraphy of the Greenhorn Limestone.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Hattin","url_text":"Donald E. Hattin"},{"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/209/04_strat.html","url_text":"Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209"}]},{"reference":"Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. \"Medicine Hat Sandstone\". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707220931/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009567","url_text":"\"Medicine Hat Sandstone\""},{"url":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009567","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. \"Martin Sandy Zone\". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707045411/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009262","url_text":"\"Martin Sandy Zone\""},{"url":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009262","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. \"Cardium Sandstone\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707181825/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:002448","url_text":"\"Cardium Sandstone\""},{"url":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:002448","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. \"Bowdoin Sandstone\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716121748/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:001739","url_text":"\"Bowdoin Sandstone\""},{"url":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:001739","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. \"Phillips Sandstone\". Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710100248/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:011796","url_text":"\"Phillips Sandstone\""},{"url":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:011796","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Wm F. Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wqEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA66","external_links_name":"\"IX. Sketch of the geological formations along the route of the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/178/03_strat.html","external_links_name":"Stratigraphy of the Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Central Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 178"},{"Link":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/GB3/","external_links_name":"\"Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of Western Kansas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607150","external_links_name":"\"Sedimentary Measurement of Cretaceous Time\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895JG......3..121G","external_links_name":"1895JG......3..121G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F607150","external_links_name":"10.1086/607150"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054556","external_links_name":"30054556"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129629329","external_links_name":"129629329"},{"Link":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/460584","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for Milankovitch periodicities in Cenomanian-Turonian lithologic and geochemical cycles, Western Interior U.S.A.\""},{"Link":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/460584","external_links_name":"460584"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKMNAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The underground water of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/ColoradoRefs_7668.html","external_links_name":"\"Colorado\""},{"Link":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/TS7/02_intro.html","external_links_name":"Surficial geology and stratigraphy of Russell County, Kansas"},{"Link":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/189/13_chart.html","external_links_name":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024130709/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/A_CH20/CH_20.html","external_links_name":"\"Cretaceous Colorado / Alberta Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin\""},{"Link":"http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch20/ch_20.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/209/07_paleo.html","external_links_name":"Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/West-to-east-transect-from-Blue-Point-Arizona-to-Sioux-City-Iowa-see-Fig-1-showing_fig3_287206299","external_links_name":"\"Paleocirculation and foraminiferal assemblages of the Cenomanian–Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone bedding couplets: Productivity vs. dilution during OAE2\""},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45091.htm","external_links_name":"\"Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle\""},{"Link":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/cretaceous-stratigraphy-colorado/","external_links_name":"Corridor Assessment Report Appendix F. Geological Hazard Assessment Santa Fe Drive - I-25 to C-470"},{"Link":"https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/cretaceous-stratigraphy-colorado/","external_links_name":"Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Colorado"},{"Link":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/189/13_chart.html","external_links_name":"Classification of Rocks in Kansas (Kansas Stratigraphic Chart)"},{"Link":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/209/04_strat.html","external_links_name":"Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 209"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707220931/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009567","external_links_name":"\"Medicine Hat Sandstone\""},{"Link":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009567","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707045411/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009262","external_links_name":"\"Martin Sandy Zone\""},{"Link":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:009262","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707181825/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:002448","external_links_name":"\"Cardium Sandstone\""},{"Link":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:002448","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120716121748/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:001739","external_links_name":"\"Bowdoin Sandstone\""},{"Link":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:001739","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120710100248/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:011796","external_links_name":"\"Phillips Sandstone\""},{"Link":"http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:011796","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office_travel_document
Home Office travel document
["1 Types of documents","2 Eligibility","3 Countries which do not recognise the Certificate","4 References","5 External links"]
Home Office travel documentTypeTravel documentIssued by United KingdomPurposeInternational travel documentEligibilityAlien resident of United KingdomExpiration5 years The Home Office travel document is an international travel document issued by the UK Border Agency to an alien resident of United Kingdom who is unable to obtain a national passport. It is usually valid for five years, or if the holder only has temporary permission to stay in the United Kingdom, the validity will be identical to the length of stay permitted. Types of documents There are four types of documents: A Convention Travel Document is issued to refugees. A Stateless Person’s Document is issued to people who are stateless. A Certificate of Travel is issued to people who cannot obtain a travel document from their country of citizenship. A One-way Travel Document (IS137) is valid for one single journey out of the United Kingdom. Eligibility The applicant must be: either a recognised refugee or stateless individual, and a permanent resident of the United Kingdom (e.g. by holding Indefinite Leave to Remain), or have previously been refused asylum but given exceptional leave to enter or remain, discretionary leave to remain, or humanitarian protection in the United Kingdom. Countries which do not recognise the Certificate The Certificate is not accepted by Qatar or the United Arab Emirates. References ^ "UK Border Agency: Certificate of travel". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. External links Home Office travel documents vteNon-citizen travel documentsCertificate of identityAmericas Canada United States Asia Brunei Hong Kong (formerly: Hong Kong Certificate of Identity) India Indonesia (SPLP) Japan Macau Malaysia Singapore Europe Estonia Latvia Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand RefugeesAsia Japan Europe Estonia Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand 1954 Convention travel document This article relating to law in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balnamore_mill
Balnamore
["1 Transport","2 Education","3 Demography","3.1 2001 Census","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 55°04′N 6°33′W / 55.067°N 6.550°W / 55.067; -6.550Village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland Balnamore (from Irish Baile an Átha Mhóir, meaning 'homestead of the big ford'ⓘ) is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is within the townland of Ballynacree-Skein and lies 3 km west of Ballymoney. It is part Causeway Coast and Glens District Council. Historically it was known as Ballinamore. Transport The village has good road links to Ballymoney and Coleraine and adequate public transport connections by bus to these two towns. Education Balnamore Primary School Demography Balnamore had a population of 900 people (342 households) in the 2011 Census. 2001 Census Balnamore is classified as a Small Village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 661 people living in Balnamore. Of these: 22.4% were aged under 16 years and 16.5% were aged 60 and over 51.9% of the population were male and 48.1% were female 5.6% were from a Catholic background and 90.9% were from a Protestant background 3.3% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed See also List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland References ^ a b Placenames Database of Ireland ^ Placenames NI Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Balnamore Settlement Designation". Planning Service - Draft Northern Area Plan 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2008. ^ "Balnamore". Census 2011 Results. NI Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 30 April 2015. ^ "Area Profile of Balnamore - Based on 2001 Census". NI Neighbourhood Information Service. Retrieved 15 July 2008. 55°04′N 6°33′W / 55.067°N 6.550°W / 55.067; -6.550 vtePlaces in County AntrimList of places in County AntrimCities Belfast (part) Lisburn (part) Towns Antrim Ballycastle Ballyclare Ballymena Ballymoney Carrickfergus Larne Newtownabbey Portrush Randalstown Villages Aghagallon Aghalee Ahoghill Aldergrove Armoy Aughafatten Ballinderry Upper Ballinderry Lower Ballintoy Ballybogy Ballycarry Ballyeaston Ballygally Ballylinny Ballynure Ballyrobert Ballystrudder Ballyvoy Balnamore Bendooragh Broughshane Buckna Bushmills Capecastle Cargan Carnalbanagh Carncastle Carnlough Clogh Cloghmills Cogry-Kilbride Craigarogan Crumlin Cullybackey Cushendall Cushendun Dervock Derrymore Doagh Donegore Drains Bay Dunadry Dundrod Dunloy Gawley's Gate Glenarm Glenavy Glenoe Glynn Gracehill Grange Corner Greenisland Groggan Kells and Connor Kellswater Keshbridge Killead Knocknacarry Longkesh Loughguile Lurganure Maghaberry Magheramorne Martinstown Mill Bay Millbank Milltown Moneyglass Monkstown Moss-side Mounthill Mullaghboy Newtown Crommelin Parkgate Portballintrae Portbraddon Portglenone Rasharkin Roughfort Stoneyford Straid Stranocum Templepatrick Toome Tullynacross Waterfoot Whitehead Townlands Artiforty Ballycraigy Barmeen Bonnybefore Broomhedge Broomhedge Lower Carnmoney Dunamuggy Dunmurry Dunseverick Galgorm Parks Glengormley Jordanstown Kilroot Lambeg Lisnagarvy Loughlynch Monkstown Rathcoole Solar Tobergill Whiteabbey Landforms Belfast Lough Benbane Head Black Mountain Cavehill Divis Fair Head Giant's Causeway Glens of Antrim Glenariff Forest Park Islandmagee Lagan Valley Larne Lough Lough Beg Portmore Lough Rathlin Island Scawt Hill Slemish Slieve True Slieveanorra Forest Tievebulliagh Waterloo Bay Baronies Antrim Lower Antrim Upper Belfast Lower Belfast Upper Carrickfergus Cary Dunluce Lower Dunluce Upper Glenarm Lower Glenarm Upper Kilconway Massereene Lower Massereene Upper Toome Lower Toome Upper WikiProject Northern Ireland WikiProject Ireland Northern Ireland Portal United Kingdom Portal Ireland Portal
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antrim_arms.svg/100px-Antrim_arms.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Northern_Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbodus
Marbodius of Rennes
["1 Biography","2 Writings","2.1 Homosexuality","3 Translations and adaptations","4 Further reading","5 Notes","6 Sources"]
Marbodus, Marbod or Marbode of Rennes (c. 1035 – 11 September 1123) was archdeacon and schoolmaster at Angers, France, then Bishop of Rennes in Brittany. He was a respected poet, hagiographer, and hymnologist. Biography Marbod was born near Angers in Anjou, France, presumably in the mid-1030s. He received at least part of his early education at Angers under archdeacon and schoolmaster Rainaldus (d. c. 1076), who may have been trained by Fulbert of Chartres. He was a well-known and highly praised scholar in Angers. Marbod had three known named relatives: a brother named Hugo, who was a canon of Saint-Maurice of Angers, a mother most likely named Hildeburgis, and a nephew named Herveus. Two of Marbod's family members were in the entourage of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou. The power of the episcopate in Northern France during the twelfth century was immense. The position came with land, economic, political, and spiritual power which had been continued on from the time of Carolingian kings. For noblemen, having a bishop on one's side could lend to having a lot of pull in politics. Count Fulk negotiated Marbod’s position as bishop because he was acquainted with Marbod's family and therefore someone who he could influence the power of with more ease. Marbod was a canon in the cathedral chapter of Saint-Maurice of Angers as early as c. 1068. In about 1076 he became the cardinal archdeacon of Angers as well as the master of its cathedral school. He was consecrated in his mid-60s as bishop of Rennes by Pope Urban II (1088–1099) during the Council of Tours (16–23 March 1096) while he was touring France to promote his crusade. Marbod succeeded Silvester of La Guerche (1076-93) as bishop. Although Pope Urban II was a reforming pope in the tradition of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) (see Gregorian Reform), it is likely that Marbod's selection as bishop had a significant political component. Pope Urban II's goals were to promote his crusade and have the church gain more freedom and separation, and therefore power, from the secular world. Bishop Marbod attempted to implement reform principles in his diocese of Rennes, working to regain episcopal possessions that had been alienated by his predecessor-bishops, and helping transfer churches held by laymen to ecclesiastical hands. With these actions, he aided in the continuation of Gregorian Reform through aiding the acquisition of land for the church. He was critical of the more extreme practices of Robert of Arbrissel and other such itinerant preachers wandering northwestern France at the time, but his letters indicate that he was tolerant of and even favorable towards their religious ideals. At the age of about eighty-eight he resigned his diocese and withdrew to the Benedictine monastery of St. Aubin at Angers where he died. Writings Marbod was renowned for his Latin writing during his lifetime. Sigebert of Gembloux, writing c. 1110–1125, praised Marbod's clever verse style. He composed works in verse and prose on both sacred and secular subjects: saints' lives, examples of rhetorical figures (De ornamentis verborum), a work of Christian advice (Liber decem capitulorum) hymns, lyric poetry on many subjects, and at least six prose letters. His style of poetry was part of a group of poets that were from French Cathedral Schools. Their poetry was marked by its revival of the classical style, writing in Latin and specific verse. He commonly wrote in Leonine hexameter. A poem written this way would consist of six metrical feet per line. This style of verse was popular in the Middle Ages and was distinguishable from verse in antiquity by its use of rhyme within the feet of the poem. Marbod's subject matter was diverse, dealing with both secular and religious topics. He wrote mainly didactic poetry; poetry that gave instruction or lessons to its readers. The most popular of Marbod's works was the Liber de lapidibus, a verse lapidary or compendium of mythological gem-lore; by the fourteenth century it had been translated into French, Provençal, Italian, Irish, and Danish, and it was the first of Marbod's works to be printed. The first collection of Marbod's works was published at Rennes in 1524 (In collectione prima operum Marbodi). Today the most widely accessible edition of Marbod's collected works is that in Migne's Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina, vol. 171, edited by Jean-Jacques Bourassé (Paris, 1854); this was based on the edition of Antoine Beaugendre, Venerabilis Hildeberti primo Cenomannensis Accesserunt Marbodi Redonensis (Paris, 1708). Both contain numerous errors and omissions and should be used with caution. Modern editions of Marbod's works include Antonella Degl’Innocenti, ed. Marbodo di Rennes: Vita beati Roberti (Florence, 1995) and Maria Esthera Herrera, ed., Marbodo de Rennes Lapidario (Liber lapidum) (Paris, 2005). Marbod produced lyric poetry on a wide variety of subjects, including frankly erotic love lyrics concerning male and female love interests. Many of his shorter poems circulated primarily in florilegia, collections assembled for the use of students. The most radical of Marbod's poems, while printed in the earliest collections, were omitted by Beaugendre and Bourassé; they were reprinted by Walther Bulst in "Liebesbriefgedichte Marbods," in Liber floridus: Mittellateinische Studien Paul Lehmann, zum 65 Geburtstaag am 13. Juli 1949, ed. Bernhard Bischoff and Suso Brechter (St. Ottilien, 1950), p. 287–301, and Lateinisches Mittelalter: Gesammelte Beitraege (Heidelberg, 1984), 182–196. Homosexuality Several of his poems speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires but reject physical relationships (An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex). This exemplifies a tradition of medieval poetry which celebrated same-sex friendship while denouncing the wickedness of sexual relations. There was an increasing rejection of desire, specifically desires of the body, with the rise of asceticism during the Middle Ages within clerical communities as well as the general populous in Europe. This accounted for the disapproval of homosexual relationships; homosexuality went against newly forming categories of the sacredness of the flesh and distinct categories of male and female. Marbod is writing in the context of constructions of twelfth century French constructions of gender and sexuality. While distinctions between the male and female sex existed, sexuality was also strongly defined by power dynamics; it mattered if one had the ability to express one's sexual desires, whether physically or through text. Marbod had the power to write about it. It is evident in other French didactic writing, such as that from Robert de Blois, that sexuality was largely paradoxical. Writers argued against sexualizing a person while simultaneously describing them in a sexual manor. It is feasible that Marbod both accepted and rejected homosexuality simultaneously, having a persona in his poetry that experienced same sex desire that operated under the Christian framework he lived in. This was not an uncommon stance to take as didactic poets of the Middle Ages often argued against what they believed in in order to demonstrate their argument skills. There is no direct evidence that Marbod participated in homosexual acts. However, some of his poems, such as the one where he sent an urgent demand that his beloved return if he wished the speaker to remain faithful to him, have nonetheless been interpreted to indicate that more than poetic invention was involved. His friendships with Baudry of Bourgeuil, his junior, and Hildebart of Lavardin suggest this as well. Marbod dedicated much of his later works to Hildebart. All three of the men authored poems expressing homosexual desire, both lording it and denouncing it. The poetry these men were writing expressing homosexual acts reflected other communities of poets in Europe. Jewish communities in Spain similarly wrote about the beauty and allure of young men. The similarities in these communities of men writing about homosexuality implies a larger subculture of Medieval homosexuality outside of individual men. Translations and adaptations A French translation of his hymns was edited by Ropartz (Rennes, 1873). Marbod's verse life of Saint Thaïs, a fourth-century Egyptian prostitute who finished her life as a recluse, inspired the novel by Anatole France and in turn the opera by Jules Massenet. Further reading Antonella Degl'Innocenti, L’opera agiografica di Marbodo de Rennes (Spoleto, 1990) Rosario Leotta, and Carmelo Crimi, eds., De ornamentis verborum; Liber decem capitulorum: retorica, mitologia e moralità di un vescovo poeta, secc. XI–XII (Florence, 1998) André Wilmart, "Le florilège de Saint-Gatien: contribution à l’étude des poèmes d’Hildebert et de Marbode", Revue bénédictine 48(1936):3–40; 145–181; 245–258 Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Marbodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Notes ^ M. Lurio, "A Proposed Genealogy of Marbode, Angevin Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123", Medieval Prosopography 26 (2005), 51–76. ^ Lurio, (2004) p. 30. ^ Lurio (2005), p. 51.   ^ Lurio, M. B. (2004). An Educated Bishop in an Age of Reform: Marbode, Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123 (Order No. 3113367). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305216263), p. 1. ^ Lurio (2005), p. 51.   ^ Tison, Pugh (1 October 2000). Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin. eScholarship, University of California. OCLC 1277081936. ^ Lurio (2005), p. 53. ^ His elevation was contemporaneous with the marriage alliance of Ermengarde of Anjou, daughter of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou, with Duke Alan Fergant of Brittany, whose duchy encompassed the county and diocese of Rennes. Olivier Guillot, Le comte d’Anjou et son entourage au XIe siècle (Paris, 1972), I:257 ^ Taylor, Trent A. (2017). "The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade". ^ ^ R. W. Southern, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, 1 (Cambridge, MA, 1995), p. 188; PL 160:584; Antonella Degl’Innocenti, L’Opera agiografica de Marbodo di Rennes (Spoleto, 1990), pp. 78–80 ^ ^ ed. Rosario Leotta, Marbodi Liber Decem Capitulorum: Introduzione, testo critico e commento (Rome, 1984) ^ Raby, F. J. E. (1953). A history of Christian-Latin poetry from the beginnings to the close of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 278. ^ William., Blamires, Alcuin. Pratt, Karen. Marx, C. (2010). Woman Defamed and Woman Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-871039-9. OCLC 730444938, p. 100.   ^ Norberg, D., & Ziolkowski, J. M. (2004). An Introduction to the Study of Medieval Latin Versification. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, p. 59. ^ Raby, (1953) p. 274 ^ ^ edited by J. Cuspinian as Libellvs de lapidibvs preciosis, Vienna, 1511 ^ Greenberg, D. F., & Bystryn, M. H. (1982). Christian Intolerance of Homosexuality. American Journal of Sociology, 88(3), p. 520. ^ Krueger, R. L. (1990). Constructing Sexual Identities in the High Middle Ages: The Didactic Poetry of Robert de Blois. Paragraph, 13(2), p. 126. ^ Krueger (1990) p. 20. ^ William (2010), p. 12. ^ ^ John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, Chicago, 1980 ^ Pugh, T. (2000). "Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin." Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 31(1). Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8w06s , p. 63.   ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2022. Sources  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Marbodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Marbodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marbodius of Rennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Fulbert of Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fulk le Réchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulk_le_R%C3%A9chin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Carolingian kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"cathedral chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_chapter"},{"link_name":"Saint-Maurice of Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II"},{"link_name":"Council of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Tours_1096"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robert of Arbrissel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Arbrissel"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"}],"text":"Marbod was born near Angers in Anjou, France, presumably in the mid-1030s. He received at least part of his early education at Angers under archdeacon and schoolmaster Rainaldus (d. c. 1076), who may have been trained by Fulbert of Chartres. He was a well-known and highly praised scholar in Angers.[1] Marbod had three known named relatives: a brother named Hugo, who was a canon of Saint-Maurice of Angers, a mother most likely named Hildeburgis, and a nephew named Herveus.[2]Two of Marbod's family members were in the entourage of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou.[3] The power of the episcopate in Northern France during the twelfth century was immense. The position came with land, economic, political, and spiritual power which had been continued on from the time of Carolingian kings.[4] For noblemen, having a bishop on one's side could lend to having a lot of pull in politics. Count Fulk negotiated Marbod’s position as bishop because he was acquainted with Marbod's family and therefore someone who he could influence the power of with more ease.[5] Marbod was a canon in the cathedral chapter of Saint-Maurice of Angers as early as c. 1068. In about 1076 he became the cardinal archdeacon of Angers as well as the master of its cathedral school. He was consecrated in his mid-60s as bishop of Rennes by Pope Urban II (1088–1099) during the Council of Tours (16–23 March 1096) while he was touring France to promote his crusade.[6] Marbod succeeded Silvester of La Guerche (1076-93) as bishop.[7] Although Pope Urban II was a reforming pope in the tradition of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) (see Gregorian Reform), it is likely that Marbod's selection as bishop had a significant political component.[8] Pope Urban II's goals were to promote his crusade and have the church gain more freedom and separation, and therefore power, from the secular world.[9] Bishop Marbod attempted to implement reform principles in his diocese of Rennes, working to regain episcopal possessions that had been alienated by his predecessor-bishops, and helping transfer churches held by laymen to ecclesiastical hands. With these actions, he aided in the continuation of Gregorian Reform through aiding the acquisition of land for the church. He was critical of the more extreme practices of Robert of Arbrissel and other such itinerant preachers wandering northwestern France at the time, but his letters indicate that he was tolerant of and even favorable towards their religious ideals.At the age of about eighty-eight he resigned his diocese and withdrew to the Benedictine monastery of St. Aubin at Angers where he died.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"lapidary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary_(text)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Migne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne"},{"link_name":"Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"}],"text":"Marbod was renowned for his Latin writing during his lifetime. Sigebert of Gembloux, writing c. 1110–1125, praised Marbod's clever verse style.[10] He composed works in verse and prose on both sacred and secular subjects: saints' lives, examples of rhetorical figures (De ornamentis verborum), a work of Christian advice (Liber decem capitulorum)[11] hymns, lyric poetry on many subjects, and at least six prose letters.His style of poetry was part of a group of poets that were from French Cathedral Schools. Their poetry was marked by its revival of the classical style, writing in Latin and specific verse.[12] He commonly wrote in Leonine hexameter.[13] A poem written this way would consist of six metrical feet per line. This style of verse was popular in the Middle Ages and was distinguishable from verse in antiquity by its use of rhyme within the feet of the poem.[14] Marbod's subject matter was diverse, dealing with both secular and religious topics. He wrote mainly didactic poetry; poetry that gave instruction or lessons to its readers.[15]The most popular of Marbod's works was the Liber de lapidibus, a verse lapidary or compendium of mythological gem-lore; by the fourteenth century it had been translated into French, Provençal, Italian, Irish, and Danish, and it was the first of Marbod's works to be printed.[16]The first collection of Marbod's works was published at Rennes in 1524 (In collectione prima operum Marbodi). Today the most widely accessible edition of Marbod's collected works is that in Migne's Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina, vol. 171, edited by Jean-Jacques Bourassé (Paris, 1854); this was based on the edition of Antoine Beaugendre, Venerabilis Hildeberti primo Cenomannensis Accesserunt Marbodi Redonensis (Paris, 1708). Both contain numerous errors and omissions and should be used with caution. Modern editions of Marbod's works include Antonella Degl’Innocenti, ed. Marbodo di Rennes: Vita beati Roberti (Florence, 1995) and Maria Esthera Herrera, ed., Marbodo de Rennes Lapidario (Liber lapidum) (Paris, 2005).Marbod produced lyric poetry on a wide variety of subjects, including frankly erotic love lyrics concerning male and female love interests. Many of his shorter poems circulated primarily in florilegia, collections assembled for the use of students. The most radical of Marbod's poems, while printed in the earliest collections, were omitted by Beaugendre and Bourassé; they were reprinted by Walther Bulst in \"Liebesbriefgedichte Marbods,\" in Liber floridus: Mittellateinische Studien Paul Lehmann, zum 65 Geburtstaag am 13. Juli 1949, ed. Bernhard Bischoff and Suso Brechter (St. Ottilien, 1950), p. 287–301, and Lateinisches Mittelalter: Gesammelte Beitraege (Heidelberg, 1984), 182–196.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Baudry of Bourgeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldric_of_Dol"},{"link_name":"Hildebart of Lavardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebert"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Homosexuality","text":"Several of his poems speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires but reject physical relationships (An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex). This exemplifies a tradition of medieval poetry which celebrated same-sex friendship while denouncing the wickedness of sexual relations. There was an increasing rejection of desire, specifically desires of the body, with the rise of asceticism during the Middle Ages within clerical communities as well as the general populous in Europe. This accounted for the disapproval of homosexual relationships; homosexuality went against newly forming categories of the sacredness of the flesh and distinct categories of male and female.[17] Marbod is writing in the context of constructions of twelfth century French constructions of gender and sexuality. While distinctions between the male and female sex existed, sexuality was also strongly defined by power dynamics; it mattered if one had the ability to express one's sexual desires, whether physically or through text.[18] Marbod had the power to write about it.It is evident in other French didactic writing, such as that from Robert de Blois, that sexuality was largely paradoxical. Writers argued against sexualizing a person while simultaneously describing them in a sexual manor.[19] It is feasible that Marbod both accepted and rejected homosexuality simultaneously, having a persona in his poetry that experienced same sex desire that operated under the Christian framework he lived in.[20] This was not an uncommon stance to take as didactic poets of the Middle Ages often argued against what they believed in in order to demonstrate their argument skills.There is no direct evidence that Marbod participated in homosexual acts. However, some of his poems, such as the one where he sent an urgent demand that his beloved return if he wished the speaker to remain faithful to him, have nonetheless been interpreted to indicate that more than poetic invention was involved.[21] His friendships with Baudry of Bourgeuil, his junior, and Hildebart of Lavardin suggest this as well. Marbod dedicated much of his later works to Hildebart.[22] All three of the men authored poems expressing homosexual desire, both lording it and denouncing it. The poetry these men were writing expressing homosexual acts reflected other communities of poets in Europe. Jewish communities in Spain similarly wrote about the beauty and allure of young men.[23] The similarities in these communities of men writing about homosexuality implies a larger subculture of Medieval homosexuality outside of individual men.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ropartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropartz"},{"link_name":"Saint Thaïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Tha%C3%AFs"},{"link_name":"Anatole France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Jules Massenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet"}],"text":"A French translation of his hymns was edited by Ropartz (Rennes, 1873).\nMarbod's verse life of Saint Thaïs, a fourth-century Egyptian prostitute who finished her life as a recluse, inspired the novel by Anatole France and in turn the opera by Jules Massenet.","title":"Translations and adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Wilmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wilmart"}],"text":"Antonella Degl'Innocenti, L’opera agiografica di Marbodo de Rennes (Spoleto, 1990)\nRosario Leotta, and Carmelo Crimi, eds., De ornamentis verborum; Liber decem capitulorum: retorica, mitologia e moralità di un vescovo poeta, secc. XI–XII (Florence, 1998)\nAndré Wilmart, \"Le florilège de Saint-Gatien: contribution à l’étude des poèmes d’Hildebert et de Marbode\", Revue bénédictine 48(1936):3–40; 145–181; 245–258\nHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Marbodius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1277081936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1277081936"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Ermengarde of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Anjou_(d._1146)"},{"link_name":"Alan Fergant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fergant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.hanover.edu/hhr/17/HHR2017-taylor.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"R. W. Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Southern"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-871039-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-871039-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"730444938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/730444938"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"John Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boswell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8w06s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8w06s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/gaymidages.asp"}],"text":"^ M. Lurio, \"A Proposed Genealogy of Marbode, Angevin Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123\", Medieval Prosopography 26 (2005), 51–76.\n\n^ Lurio, (2004) p. 30.\n\n^ Lurio (2005), p. 51.  \n\n^ Lurio, M. B. (2004). An Educated Bishop in an Age of Reform: Marbode, Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123 (Order No. 3113367). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305216263), p. 1.\n\n^ Lurio (2005), p. 51.  \n\n^ Tison, Pugh (1 October 2000). Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin. eScholarship, University of California. OCLC 1277081936.\n\n^ Lurio (2005), p. 53.\n\n^ His elevation was contemporaneous with the marriage alliance of Ermengarde of Anjou, daughter of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou, with Duke Alan Fergant of Brittany, whose duchy encompassed the county and diocese of Rennes. Olivier Guillot, Le comte d’Anjou et son entourage au XIe siècle (Paris, 1972), I:257\n\n^ Taylor, Trent A. (2017). \"The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade\".\n\n^ ^ R. W. Southern, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, 1 (Cambridge, MA, 1995), p. 188; PL 160:584; Antonella Degl’Innocenti, L’Opera agiografica de Marbodo di Rennes (Spoleto, 1990), pp. 78–80\n\n^ ^ ed. Rosario Leotta, Marbodi Liber Decem Capitulorum: Introduzione, testo critico e commento (Rome, 1984)\n\n^ Raby, F. J. E. (1953). A history of Christian-Latin poetry from the beginnings to the close of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 278.\n\n^ William., Blamires, Alcuin. Pratt, Karen. Marx, C. (2010). Woman Defamed and Woman Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-871039-9. OCLC 730444938, p. 100.  \n\n^ Norberg, D., & Ziolkowski, J. M. (2004). An Introduction to the Study of Medieval Latin Versification. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, p. 59.\n\n^ Raby, (1953) p. 274\n\n^ ^ edited by J. Cuspinian as Libellvs de lapidibvs preciosis, Vienna, 1511\n\n^ Greenberg, D. F., & Bystryn, M. H. (1982). Christian Intolerance of Homosexuality. American Journal of Sociology, 88(3), p. 520.\n\n^ Krueger, R. L. (1990). Constructing Sexual Identities in the High Middle Ages: The Didactic Poetry of Robert de Blois. Paragraph, 13(2), p. 126.\n\n^ Krueger (1990) p. 20.\n\n^ William (2010), p. 12.\n\n^ ^ John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, Chicago, 1980\n\n^ Pugh, T. (2000). \"Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin.\" Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 31(1). Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8w06s , p. 63.  \n\n^ \"Internet History Sourcebooks Project\". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Marbodius\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/09637a.htm"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Marbodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Marbodius"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654307#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/204631/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000122379363"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/241082057"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJGbrqbhjDWFgWjcbBpT3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119143701"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119143701"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118781715"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV043857"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265072405171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14532847"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87900564"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/qn245gj83v8mcf8"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010528&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020102010&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35768280"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000571938&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070312664"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594230305606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/495080"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/177403"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118781715.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1078585"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/02700726X"}],"text":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Marbodius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Marbodius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Taylor, Trent A. (2017). \"The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade\".","urls":[{"url":"https://history.hanover.edu/hhr/17/HHR2017-taylor.html","url_text":"\"The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks Project\". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/gaymidages.asp","url_text":"\"Internet History Sourcebooks Project\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Marbodius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09637a.htm","url_text":"\"Marbodius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Marbodius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Marbodius","url_text":"Marbodius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_Mountains
Ord Mountains
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 34°39′27.976″N 116°45′9.111″W / 34.65777111°N 116.75253083°W / 34.65777111; -116.75253083Mountain range in the Mojave Desert of California, US Ord MountainsHighest pointElevation1,367 m (4,485 ft)GeographyOrd Mountainslocation of Ord Mountains in California CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaDistrictSan Bernardino CountyRange coordinates34°39′27.976″N 116°45′9.111″W / 34.65777111°N 116.75253083°W / 34.65777111; -116.75253083Topo mapUSGS Ord Mountain The Ord Mountains are located in the Mojave Desert of southern California, USA. The range lies in a generally east–west direction, and reaches an elevation of 6,068 feet (1,850 m) above sea level at East Ord Mountain. The range is approximately 14 miles (23 km) long, and is about 17 mi (27 km) southeast of the city of Barstow. The Ord Mountains lie directly north of the Lucerne Valley and the San Bernardino Mountains. References ^ "Ord Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-05-04. Allan, Stuart (2005). California Road and Recreation Atlas. Benchmark Maps. p. 105. ISBN 0-929591-80-1. Authority control databases: National Israel United States This San Bernardino County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Big_Town
One Big Town
["1 History","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Production","6 References"]
1989 studio album by Greg BrownOne Big TownStudio album by Greg BrownReleased1989GenreFolkLength40:34LabelRed HouseProducerGreg Brown, Bo RamseyGreg Brown chronology One More Goodnight Kiss(1988) One Big Town(1989) Down in There(1990) One Big Town is an album by American folk singer/guitarist Greg Brown, released in 1989. History It is Brown's first in a long association with Bo Ramsey as producer and instrumentalist. In an interview with Roy Kasten for No Depression magazine, Brown said of Ramsey: “We had met a long time before we played together; we both had bands in town, late ’70s or early ’80s. We talked a little, Bo had some idea that we should do something. He had heard one of my records and said he thought it really needed work... Bo has really taught me to enjoy the studio. Nine-tenths of what we do is live, but it’s a different approach; it’s relaxed and thoughtful. I never really thought of making a record before then.” Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone AllMusic's William Ruhlman wrote: "One Big Town is not a subtle album by any means, but it is an impassioned one, even if you worry that its creator might be ready to quit the music business and retire to some remote farm by the end of it." Track listing All song by Greg Brown. "The Way They Get Themselves Up" – 2:15 "The Monkey" – 4:26 "One Cool Remove" – 3:01 "Back Home Again" – 3:58 "Just Live" – 3:17 "One Big Town" – 6:14 "Lotsa Kindsa Money" – 3:58 "Things Go On" – 4:40 "America Will Eat You" – 4:56 "Tell Me It's Gonna Be Alright" – 3:49 Personnel Greg Brown – vocals, guitar Bo Ramsey – guitar, background vocals Bob Thompson – saxophone Radoslav Lorković – keyboards, background vocals Rick Cicalo – bass Steve Hayes – drums Production Produced by Greg Brown and Bo Ramsey Engineered by Tom Tatman Mixed by Tom Tucker Photography by Laurel Cazin References ^ Kasten, Roy (November–December 1997). "Slant of Enchantment ". No Depression. ^ a b Ruhlman, William. "One Big Town > Review". AllMusic. Retrieved July 2, 2011. ^ "Review: Further In". Rolling Stone. vteGreg BrownStudio albums 44 & 66 The Iowa Waltz In the Dark with You Songs of Innocence and of Experience One More Goodnight Kiss One Big Town Down in There Dream Café Bathtub Blues The Poet Game Further In Slant 6 Mind Over and Under Covenant Milk of the Moon Honey in the Lion's Head The Evening Call Freak Flag Hymns to What Is Left Live albums One Night The Live One Down in the Valley: Barn Aid Benefit Concert Live at the Black Sheep In the Hills of California Yellow Dog Collaborations Hacklebarney Friend of Mine Compilations If I Had Known: Essential Recordings, 1980-96 Related articles Red House Records Iris Dement Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_reordering
Out-of-order delivery
["1 See also","2 External links"]
Delivery of data packets in a different order from which they were sent This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In computer networking, out-of-order delivery is the delivery of data packets in a different order from which they were sent. Out-of-order delivery can be caused by packets following multiple paths through a network, by lower-layer retransmission procedures (such as automatic repeat request), or via parallel processing paths within network equipment that are not designed to ensure that packet ordering is preserved. One of the functions of TCP is to prevent the out-of-order delivery of data, either by reassembling packets in order or requesting retransmission of out-of-order packets. See also Packet loss Selective ACK IP fragmentation Head-of-line blocking External links RFC 4737, Packet Reordering Metrics, A. Morton, L. Ciavattone, G. Ramachandran, S. Shalunov, J. Perser, November 2006 RFC 5236, Improved Packet Reordering Metrics, A. Jayasumana, N. Piratla, T. Banka, A. Bare, R. Whitner, June 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20171022053352/http://kb.pert.geant.net/PERTKB/PacketReordering http://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/monitoring/reorder/ https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi12/minion-unordered-delivery-wire-compatible-tcp-and-tls This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Packet loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_loss"},{"title":"Selective ACK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_ACK"},{"title":"IP fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_fragmentation"},{"title":"Head-of-line blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Hall
Hassan Hall
["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Cleveland Browns","3.2 Arizona Cardinals","3.3 New York Giants","3.4 Kansas City Chiefs","4 References","5 External links"]
American football running back (born 2000) American football player Hassan HallHall with the Cleveland Browns in 2023Personal informationBorn: (2000-08-28) August 28, 2000 (age 23)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:196 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school:Maynard H. Jackson (Atlanta, Georgia)College:Louisville (2018–2021)Georgia Tech (2022)Position:Running backUndrafted:2023Career history Cleveland Browns (2023)* Arizona Cardinals (2023)* New York Giants (2023)* Kansas City Chiefs (2024)*  * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards Second-team All-ACC (2019) Player stats at PFR Hassan Hall (born August 28, 2000) is an American football running back who is a free agent. He played college football at Georgia Tech and Louisville. Early life Hall grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and attended Maynard H. Jackson High School, where he played football as a two-way player. In his senior year, he racked up 728 yards and five touchdowns on the ground. On defense he made 98 tackles, had 3 interceptions, and recovered ten fumbles. Hall initially decide to commit to Syracuse on August 5, 2017, but would decommit a little over 2 months later on October 10. Then on October 31, 2017, Hall would make his final decision and committed to play college football at Louisville. College career Hall would play for four years at Louisville. In that amount of time he would get 270 carries for 1,299 yards, and 11 touchdowns. He also contributed through the air bringing in 22 catches for 175 yards. But Hall's biggest factor was through the return game where he had 2,367 return yards, and two touchdowns. Hall's best year came in 2019 where he rushed for 501 yards, and 5 touchdowns on 5 carries. He also caught five passes for 551 yards. He was also a steller returner that year having 793 return yards and a touchdown. For his performance on the year he was named second-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) as an all-purpose back and third-team All-ACC as a returner. On November 11, 2021, with three games left in Louisville's schedule, Hall decided to enter the transfer portal. Then on January 11, 2022, Hall made the announcement that he would be transferring to Georgia Tech to play for the Yellow Jackets. In Hall's lone season with Georgia Tech he rushed for a career high 521 yards on 116 carries, he also had one rushing touchdown. Through the air he was also a threat putting up 28 catches for 165 yards. For his efforts on the year he was named an All-ACC honorable mention at all-purpose back. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 5 ft 10+1⁄4 in(1.78 m) 196 lb(89 kg) 30+1⁄2 in(0.77 m) 9+1⁄2 in(0.24 m) 4.46 s 1.58 s 2.58 s 4.00 s 7.21 s 37.0 in(0.94 m) 10 ft 10 in(3.30 m) 18 reps All values from Pro Day Cleveland Browns After not being selected in the 2023 NFL draft, Hall signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns worth $125,000 guaranteed as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on August 29, 2023, and re-signed to the practice squad. He was released from the practice squad on September 26, 2023. Arizona Cardinals On November 1, 2023, Hall was signed to the Arizona Cardinals practice squad. He was then released on November 6. New York Giants On November 7, 2023, the New York Giants signed Hall to their practice squad. He was released on November 21. Kansas City Chiefs On January 10, 2024, Hall signed a reserve/future contract with the Kansas City Chiefs. He was waived on June 6. References ^ "Hassan Hall". George Tech Athletics. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Cassillo, John (August 5, 2017). "Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star ATH Hassan Hall commits to Orange". Nunes Magician. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Bailey, Stephen (August 5, 2017). "Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star Georgia ATH Hassan Hall commits to SU". Syracuse.com. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Graham, Andrew (October 10, 2017). "Class of 2018 3-star running back Hassan Hall decommits from Syracuse". Daily Orange. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Rutherford, Mike (October 31, 2017). "Georgia athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville". Card Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Demling, Jody (October 31, 2017). "Atlanta athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville". 247Sports. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "Hassan Hall". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "2019 Louisville Cardinals Stats". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "Clemson Leads 2019 All-ACC Football Team". Atlantic Coast Conference. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Rutherford, Mike (November 11, 2021). "Louisville RB Hassan Hall is transferring". Card Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Sugiura, Ken (January 11, 2022). "Louisville's versatile Hassan Hall transferring to Georgia Tech". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Mansfield, Tyler (January 11, 2022). "Former Louisville running back transfers to Georgia Tech". On3.com. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "2022 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Stats". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "Clemson Leads With 12 Selection to All-ACC Football Teams". Atlantic Coast Conference. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "2023 NFL Draft Scout Hassan Hall College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "Georgia Tech Running Back Hassan Hall Signs With The Cleveland Browns". BVM Sports. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ Gurzi, Randy (May 3, 2023). "4 undrafted free agents who could make the Cleveland Browns roster". Dawg Pound Daily. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "Browns reduce roster to 53". ClevelandBrowns.com. August 29, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ "Browns claim CB Kahlef Hailassie and add 15 to practice squad". ClevelandBrowns.com. August 30, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ "Browns sign TE Devin Asiasi and RB Deon Jackson to practice squad". ClevelandBrowns.com. September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ Root, Jess (November 1, 2023). "Cardinals add QB Jeff Driskel, 3 others to practice squad". Cardinals Wire. USA Today. Retrieved November 2, 2023. ^ Gershman, Zach (November 6, 2023). "After Injuries, Cardinals Claim OL Doug Kramer Off Waivers". AZCardinals.com. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ "Giants sign QB Jacob Eason, RB Hassan Hall to practice squad". Giants.com. November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ Ulrich, Logan (November 21, 2023). "Giants Sign OLB Benton Whitley Off Vikings PS, Cut RB Hassan Hall". NFLTradeRumors.co. Retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ Sapp, Jared (January 11, 2024). "Chiefs sign 4 free agents to Reserve/Future contracts". Arrowhead Pride. SB Nation. Retrieved February 14, 2024. External links Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio Louisville Cardinals bio vteKansas City Chiefs Super Bowl LVIII champions 1 Jerick McKinnon 2 Joshua Williams 4 Rashee Rice 5 Tommy Townsend 6 Bryan Cook 7 Harrison Butker 8 Justyn Ross 9 Blaine Gabbert 10 Isiah Pacheco 11 Marquez Valdes-Scantling 12 Mecole Hardman 12 Montrell Washington 13 Chris Oladokun 14 Cornell Powell 15 Patrick Mahomes (MVP) 17 Richie James 19 Kadarius Toney 20 Justin Reid 21 Mike Edwards 22 Trent McDuffie 23 Drue Tranquill 24 Skyy Moore 25 Clyde Edwards-Helaire 26 Deon Bush 27 Chamarri Conner 29 La'Mical Perine 30 Keaontay Ingram 31 Nic Jones 32 Nick Bolton 34 Deneric Prince 35 Jaylen Watson 38 L'Jarius Sneed 39 Keith Taylor 40 Ekow Boye-Doe 41 James Winchester 42 Trey Dean 43 Jack Cochrane 44 Cam Jones 48 Cole Christiansen 49 Matt Bushman 50 Willie Gay 51 Mike Danna 52 Creed Humphrey 53 B. J. Thompson 54 Leo Chenal 56 George Karlaftis 57 Truman Jones 59 Darius Harris 61 Austin Reiter 62 Joe Thuney 64 Wanya Morris 65 Trey Smith 66 Mike Caliendo 69 Mike Pennel 72 Jason Godrick 73 Nick Allegretti 74 Jawaan Taylor 75 Darian Kinnard 76 Prince Tega Wanogho 77 Lucas Niang 79 Donovan Smith 81 Blake Bell 82 Gerrit Prince 83 Noah Gray 84 Justin Watson 85 Izaiah Gathings 87 Travis Kelce 88 Jody Fortson 90 Charles Omenihu 91 Derrick Nnadi 92 Neil Farrell Jr. 93 Matt Dickerson 94 Malik Herring 95 Chris Jones 96 Isaiah Buggs 97 Felix Anudike-Uzomah 98 Tershawn Wharton -- Nazeeh Johnson -- Nikko Remigio -- Ian Book -- Jacob Copeland -- Hassan Hall -- Kelvin Joseph -- Anthony Miller -- Jordan Smith -- Shi Smith Head coach: Andy Reid Coaches: Joe Bleymaier Joe Cullen Brendan Daly Willie Davis Connor Embree David Girardi Andy Heck Tom Melvin Dave Merritt Matt Nagy Todd Pinkston Ken Flajole Steve Spagnuolo Dave Toub Rod Wilson
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football"}],"text":"American football playerHassan Hall (born August 28, 2000) is an American football running back who is a free agent. He played college football at Georgia Tech and Louisville.","title":"Hassan Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Maynard H. Jackson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_H._Jackson_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Hall grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and attended Maynard H. Jackson High School, where he played football as a two-way player. In his senior year, he racked up 728 yards and five touchdowns on the ground. On defense he made 98 tackles, had 3 interceptions, and recovered ten fumbles.[1] Hall initially decide to commit to Syracuse on August 5, 2017,[2][3] but would decommit a little over 2 months later on October 10.[4] Then on October 31, 2017, Hall would make his final decision and committed to play college football at Louisville.[5][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hall would play for four years at Louisville. In that amount of time he would get 270 carries for 1,299 yards, and 11 touchdowns. He also contributed through the air bringing in 22 catches for 175 yards. But Hall's biggest factor was through the return game where he had 2,367 return yards, and two touchdowns.[7] Hall's best year came in 2019 where he rushed for 501 yards, and 5 touchdowns on 5 carries. He also caught five passes for 551 yards. He was also a steller returner that year having 793 return yards and a touchdown. For his performance on the year he was named second-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) as an all-purpose back and third-team All-ACC as a returner.[8][9] On November 11, 2021, with three games left in Louisville's schedule, Hall decided to enter the transfer portal.[10] Then on January 11, 2022, Hall made the announcement that he would be transferring to Georgia Tech to play for the Yellow Jackets.[11][12] In Hall's lone season with Georgia Tech he rushed for a career high 521 yards on 116 carries, he also had one rushing touchdown. Through the air he was also a threat putting up 28 catches for 165 yards. For his efforts on the year he was named an All-ACC honorable mention at all-purpose back.[13][14]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Agent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Browns","text":"After not being selected in the 2023 NFL draft, Hall signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns worth $125,000 guaranteed as an undrafted free agent.[16][17] He was waived on August 29, 2023, and re-signed to the practice squad.[18][19] He was released from the practice squad on September 26, 2023.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Cardinals","text":"On November 1, 2023, Hall was signed to the Arizona Cardinals practice squad.[21] He was then released on November 6.[22]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"practice squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"New York Giants","text":"On November 7, 2023, the New York Giants signed Hall to their practice squad.[23] He was released on November 21.[24]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City Chiefs","text":"On January 10, 2024, Hall signed a reserve/future contract with the Kansas City Chiefs.[25] He was waived on June 6.","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hassan Hall\". George Tech Athletics. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ramblinwreck.com/roster/hassan-hall/","url_text":"\"Hassan Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Cassillo, John (August 5, 2017). \"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star ATH Hassan Hall commits to Orange\". Nunes Magician. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nunesmagician.com/2017/8/5/16102646/syracuse-football-recruiting-3-star-ath-hassan-hall-commits-orange-slot-receiver-running-back-2018","url_text":"\"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star ATH Hassan Hall commits to Orange\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Stephen (August 5, 2017). \"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star Georgia ATH Hassan Hall commits to SU\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/orangefootball/2017/08/syracuse_football_recruiting_3-star_georgia_ath_hassan_hall_commits_to_su.html","url_text":"\"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star Georgia ATH Hassan Hall commits to SU\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Andrew (October 10, 2017). \"Class of 2018 3-star running back Hassan Hall decommits from Syracuse\". Daily Orange. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyorange.com/2017/10/3-star-running-back-hassan-hall-decommits-syracuse/","url_text":"\"Class of 2018 3-star running back Hassan Hall decommits from Syracuse\""}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Mike (October 31, 2017). \"Georgia athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\". Card Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cardchronicle.com/2017/10/31/16586798/georgia-athlete-hassan-hall-commits-to-louisville","url_text":"\"Georgia athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\""}]},{"reference":"Demling, Jody (October 31, 2017). \"Atlanta athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\". 247Sports. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/louisville/Article/Louisville-picks-up-a-commitment-from-Atlanta-athlete-Hassan-Hall-a-former-Syracuse-commitment-109762978/","url_text":"\"Atlanta athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hassan Hall\". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/hassan-hall-1.html","url_text":"\"Hassan Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Louisville Cardinals Stats\". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/louisville/2019.html","url_text":"\"2019 Louisville Cardinals Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clemson Leads 2019 All-ACC Football Team\". Atlantic Coast Conference. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theacc.com/news/2019/12/3/athlete-awards-clemson-leads-2019-all-acc-football-team.aspx","url_text":"\"Clemson Leads 2019 All-ACC Football Team\""}]},{"reference":"Rutherford, Mike (November 11, 2021). \"Louisville RB Hassan Hall is transferring\". Card Chronicle. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cardchronicle.com/2021/11/11/22776756/louisville-rb-hassan-hall-is-transferring","url_text":"\"Louisville RB Hassan Hall is transferring\""}]},{"reference":"Sugiura, Ken (January 11, 2022). \"Louisville's versatile Hassan Hall transferring to Georgia Tech\". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/georgia-tech/louisvilles-versatile-hassan-hall-transferring-to-georgia-tech/7W6OQ6EG4FHHRJWLIC5D5HF3Q4/","url_text":"\"Louisville's versatile Hassan Hall transferring to Georgia Tech\""}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Tyler (January 11, 2022). \"Former Louisville running back transfers to Georgia Tech\". On3.com. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.on3.com/college/georgia-tech-yellow-jackets/news/former-louisville-running-back-hassan-hall-transfers-to-georgia-tech/","url_text":"\"Former Louisville running back transfers to Georgia Tech\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Stats\". Sports Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/georgia-tech/2022.html","url_text":"\"2022 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clemson Leads With 12 Selection to All-ACC Football Teams\". Atlantic Coast Conference. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theacc.com/news/2022/11/29/athlete-awards-clemson-leads-with-12-selection-to-all-acc-football-teams.aspx","url_text":"\"Clemson Leads With 12 Selection to All-ACC Football Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Hassan Hall College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1023625&DraftYear=2023","url_text":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Hassan Hall College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia Tech Running Back Hassan Hall Signs With The Cleveland Browns\". BVM Sports. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bvmsports.com/2023/04/29/georgia-tech-running-back-hassan-hall-signs-with-the-cleveland-browns/","url_text":"\"Georgia Tech Running Back Hassan Hall Signs With The Cleveland Browns\""}]},{"reference":"Gurzi, Randy (May 3, 2023). \"4 undrafted free agents who could make the Cleveland Browns roster\". Dawg Pound Daily. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dawgpounddaily.com/posts/4-undrafted-free-agents-could-make-cleveland-browns-roster/4","url_text":"\"4 undrafted free agents who could make the Cleveland Browns roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browns reduce roster to 53\". ClevelandBrowns.com. August 29, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-2023-reduce-roster-to-53","url_text":"\"Browns reduce roster to 53\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browns claim CB Kahlef Hailassie and add 15 to practice squad\". ClevelandBrowns.com. August 30, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-claim-cb-kahlef-hailassie-and-add-15-to-practice-squad","url_text":"\"Browns claim CB Kahlef Hailassie and add 15 to practice squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Browns sign TE Devin Asiasi and RB Deon Jackson to practice squad\". ClevelandBrowns.com. September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-te-devin-asiasi-and-rb-deon-jackson-to-practice-squad","url_text":"\"Browns sign TE Devin Asiasi and RB Deon Jackson to practice squad\""}]},{"reference":"Root, Jess (November 1, 2023). \"Cardinals add QB Jeff Driskel, 3 others to practice squad\". Cardinals Wire. USA Today. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cardswire.usatoday.com/2023/11/01/cardinals-add-qb-jeff-driskel-3-others-to-practice-squad/","url_text":"\"Cardinals add QB Jeff Driskel, 3 others to practice squad\""}]},{"reference":"Gershman, Zach (November 6, 2023). \"After Injuries, Cardinals Claim OL Doug Kramer Off Waivers\". AZCardinals.com. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcardinals.com/news/after-injuries-cardinals-claim-ol-doug-kramer-off-waivers","url_text":"\"After Injuries, Cardinals Claim OL Doug Kramer Off Waivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giants sign QB Jacob Eason, RB Hassan Hall to practice squad\". Giants.com. November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-qb-jacob-eason-rb-hassan-hall-to-practice-squad","url_text":"\"Giants sign QB Jacob Eason, RB Hassan Hall to practice squad\""}]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Logan (November 21, 2023). \"Giants Sign OLB Benton Whitley Off Vikings PS, Cut RB Hassan Hall\". NFLTradeRumors.co. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nfltraderumors.co/giants-sign-olb-benton-whitley-off-vikings-ps-cut-rb-hassan-hall/","url_text":"\"Giants Sign OLB Benton Whitley Off Vikings PS, Cut RB Hassan Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Sapp, Jared (January 11, 2024). \"Chiefs sign 4 free agents to Reserve/Future contracts\". Arrowhead Pride. SB Nation. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arrowheadpride.com/2024/1/11/24033938/chiefs-roster-ian-book-jacob-copeland-hassan-hall-jordan-smith-signed","url_text":"\"Chiefs sign 4 free agents to Reserve/Future contracts\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HallHa01.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://ramblinwreck.com/roster/hassan-hall/","external_links_name":"\"Hassan Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.nunesmagician.com/2017/8/5/16102646/syracuse-football-recruiting-3-star-ath-hassan-hall-commits-orange-slot-receiver-running-back-2018","external_links_name":"\"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star ATH Hassan Hall commits to Orange\""},{"Link":"https://www.syracuse.com/orangefootball/2017/08/syracuse_football_recruiting_3-star_georgia_ath_hassan_hall_commits_to_su.html","external_links_name":"\"Syracuse football recruiting: 3-star Georgia ATH Hassan Hall commits to SU\""},{"Link":"https://dailyorange.com/2017/10/3-star-running-back-hassan-hall-decommits-syracuse/","external_links_name":"\"Class of 2018 3-star running back Hassan Hall decommits from Syracuse\""},{"Link":"https://www.cardchronicle.com/2017/10/31/16586798/georgia-athlete-hassan-hall-commits-to-louisville","external_links_name":"\"Georgia athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/college/louisville/Article/Louisville-picks-up-a-commitment-from-Atlanta-athlete-Hassan-Hall-a-former-Syracuse-commitment-109762978/","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta athlete Hassan Hall commits to Louisville\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/hassan-hall-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hassan Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/louisville/2019.html","external_links_name":"\"2019 Louisville Cardinals Stats\""},{"Link":"https://theacc.com/news/2019/12/3/athlete-awards-clemson-leads-2019-all-acc-football-team.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clemson Leads 2019 All-ACC Football Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.cardchronicle.com/2021/11/11/22776756/louisville-rb-hassan-hall-is-transferring","external_links_name":"\"Louisville RB Hassan Hall is transferring\""},{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/georgia-tech/louisvilles-versatile-hassan-hall-transferring-to-georgia-tech/7W6OQ6EG4FHHRJWLIC5D5HF3Q4/","external_links_name":"\"Louisville's versatile Hassan Hall transferring to Georgia Tech\""},{"Link":"https://www.on3.com/college/georgia-tech-yellow-jackets/news/former-louisville-running-back-hassan-hall-transfers-to-georgia-tech/","external_links_name":"\"Former Louisville running back transfers to Georgia Tech\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/georgia-tech/2022.html","external_links_name":"\"2022 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Stats\""},{"Link":"https://theacc.com/news/2022/11/29/athlete-awards-clemson-leads-with-12-selection-to-all-acc-football-teams.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clemson Leads With 12 Selection to All-ACC Football Teams\""},{"Link":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1023625&DraftYear=2023","external_links_name":"\"2023 NFL Draft Scout Hassan Hall College Football Profile\""},{"Link":"https://bvmsports.com/2023/04/29/georgia-tech-running-back-hassan-hall-signs-with-the-cleveland-browns/","external_links_name":"\"Georgia Tech Running Back Hassan Hall Signs With The Cleveland Browns\""},{"Link":"https://dawgpounddaily.com/posts/4-undrafted-free-agents-could-make-cleveland-browns-roster/4","external_links_name":"\"4 undrafted free agents who could make the Cleveland Browns roster\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-2023-reduce-roster-to-53","external_links_name":"\"Browns reduce roster to 53\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-claim-cb-kahlef-hailassie-and-add-15-to-practice-squad","external_links_name":"\"Browns claim CB Kahlef Hailassie and add 15 to practice squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-sign-te-devin-asiasi-and-rb-deon-jackson-to-practice-squad","external_links_name":"\"Browns sign TE Devin Asiasi and RB Deon Jackson to practice squad\""},{"Link":"https://cardswire.usatoday.com/2023/11/01/cardinals-add-qb-jeff-driskel-3-others-to-practice-squad/","external_links_name":"\"Cardinals add QB Jeff Driskel, 3 others to practice squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcardinals.com/news/after-injuries-cardinals-claim-ol-doug-kramer-off-waivers","external_links_name":"\"After Injuries, Cardinals Claim OL Doug Kramer Off Waivers\""},{"Link":"https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-qb-jacob-eason-rb-hassan-hall-to-practice-squad","external_links_name":"\"Giants sign QB Jacob Eason, RB Hassan Hall to practice squad\""},{"Link":"https://nfltraderumors.co/giants-sign-olb-benton-whitley-off-vikings-ps-cut-rb-hassan-hall/","external_links_name":"\"Giants Sign OLB Benton Whitley Off Vikings PS, Cut RB Hassan Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.arrowheadpride.com/2024/1/11/24033938/chiefs-roster-ian-book-jacob-copeland-hassan-hall-jordan-smith-signed","external_links_name":"\"Chiefs sign 4 free agents to Reserve/Future contracts\""},{"Link":"https://ramblinwreck.com/roster/hassan-hall/","external_links_name":"Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio"},{"Link":"https://gocards.com/sports/football/roster/hassan-hall/11228","external_links_name":"Louisville Cardinals bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stewart_(scientist)
William Stewart (biologist)
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal","4 References"]
SirWilliam StewartFRS FRSEBorn (1935-06-06) 6 June 1935 (age 89)Alma materUniversity of GlasgowKnown forGovernment Chief Scientific AdviserSpouseElizabeth SmalesAwardsFellow of the Royal SocietyKnight BachelorScientific careerThesisStudies in the biological fixation of nitrogen (1961) Sir William Duncan Paterson Stewart FRS FRSE (born 6 June 1935) was President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1999–2002 and Chairman of the Microbiological Research Authority. Education Stewart was educated at Bowmore Junior Secondary School, Dunoon Grammar School and the University of Glasgow, where he gained Bachelor of Science, Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science degrees. Career From 1990 to 1995 Stewart was Chief Scientific Adviser, Cabinet Office, and the first Head of the UK Office of Science and Technology (1992–1995). Stewart is also Chairman of the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and Chairman of the Health Protection Agency. He has held a number of other high-profile appointments including: Architect of the Government's Technology Foresight Programme, which was launched in 1995 and Chairman of the Independent Expert Group on Mobile Telephones and Health, which reported in 2000. He is a biologist by training. He was Chairman of Tayside University Hospitals NHS Trust but resigned following a critical report from the Tayside Task Force. He has served on numerous advisory committees, including the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution and the Natural Environment Research Council. Stewart was Chief Executive of the Agricultural and Food Research Council, a former Vice-President of the Royal Society of London and is a Past President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Personal Stewart is married to the former Elizabeth Smales, a senior medical officer at the Scottish Executive. References ^ a b c "STEWART, Sir William (Duncan Paterson)". Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press.(subscription required) ^ Stewart, William (1961). Studies in the biological fixation of nitrogen (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow. ^ Scottish Government, St Andrew's House (17 November 2000). "Deacon announces new chairs for Tayside health bodies". www2.gov.scot. Government offices Preceded bySir John Fairclough Government Chief Scientific Adviser 1990–1995 Succeeded bySir Robert May Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics Scopus Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_Release_(2006_film)
Catch and Release (2006 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","6 References","7 External links"]
2006 American filmCatch and ReleaseTheatrical release posterDirected bySusannah GrantWritten bySusannah GrantProduced byCasey Grant Josh Siegel Matthew Tolmach Jenno ToppingStarring Jennifer Garner Timothy Olyphant Kevin Smith Sam Jaeger Fiona Shaw Juliette Lewis CinematographyJohn LindleyEdited byAnne V. CoatesMusic byBrian TranseauTommy StinsonProductioncompaniesColumbia PicturesRelativity MediaDistributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates October 20, 2006 (2006-10-20) (Austin Film Festival) January 26, 2007 (2007-01-26) (United States) Running time107 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$25 millionBox office$16 million Catch and Release is a 2007 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Susannah Grant, her only film as director thus far, and starring Jennifer Garner, Timothy Olyphant, Kevin Smith, Sam Jaeger and Juliette Lewis. In the film, after a woman's fiancé dies, she seeks comfort in his friends, learning his secrets while falling for his best friend. Filming took place in 2005 in Vancouver and Boulder, Colorado. Catch and Release premiered at the Austin Film Festival on October 20, 2006, and was released in the United States on January 26, 2007. The film bombed at the box office, earning $16 million against a $25 million budget. Plot In Boulder, Gray Wheeler attends the funeral of her fiancé, Grady Douglas, on the day they were supposed to be married. Seeking solitude behind a shower curtain, she unfortunately hears Grady's best friend, Fritz, having sex with the caterer. Eve, Grady's attorney, confirms that, as they were not married, Gray will get nothing. Grady secretly had an investment account with a million dollars in it, which she had known nothing about. Gray realizes that she can no longer afford to rent the house that they had picked out. With the help of Grady's two close friends, Dennis and Sam, she puts her things into storage and moves in with them. Fritz, currently between directing commercials in California, also comes to stay, causing tension between him and Gray. Gray discovers that Grady transferred $3,000 every month to an unknown person. Later, finding Grady's phone, she listens to a string of messages from a woman asking about money. Gray asks Fritz for answers (as it is a Los Angeles number), and he reveals that Grady had a son, whose massage therapist mother depended on the money he sent. Fritz tells Gray that the boy is eight and therefore was conceived before she met Grady. Gray is further troubled when Mrs. Douglas asks her to return the family heirloom engagement ring. She refuses and keeps it. The other woman, Maureen, and her son, Mattie, come looking for Grady. Gray sees Mattie is actually four, and realizes Grady was cheating on her. Confronting Fritz, they end up in a passionate kiss. Gray does not want anything to do with Maureen, but the guys are reluctant to send the son of their dead friend away so quickly, so they all get to know each other over dinner. Trying to understand how Grady could secretly cheat on her, Gray blurts out her belief that "catch and release" fishermen are cruel and should just eat the fish. Sam and Maureen have similar scattered personalities and connect well, but he stops her when she initiates sex while Mattie is near. Gray and Fritz become intimate. On a day trip to a river, Sam teaches Mattie to fly fish, while Dennis tells Gray he has feelings for her. He is upset to learn that Gray and Fritz hooked up, but she dismisses it as "less than nothing", not realizing Fritz can hear them. Believing she doesn't care, he returns to Malibu. Mrs. Douglas insists Mattie take a DNA test before inheriting Grady's money; the test shows Mattie is not his. Maureen has no idea how to find Rafael, the likely father who she had sex with a few days before Grady, and is unsure how to support Mattie without the money. Gray tells Mrs. Douglas to either give money to this child that Grady had loved as his own, or Gray will sell the family engagement ring to help Maureen support him. Gathering at the dedication ceremony for the peace garden Dennis has built to memorialize Grady, Mrs. Douglas gives Maureen $1 million. She then tells Gray to keep the ring, as she just wanted her boy back. Dennis moves out and Maureen and Mattie move in with Sam, finding new support and keeping the Douglas family money. Gray goes to Malibu and finds Fritz playing with his dog on the beach—they embrace and kiss. Cast Jennifer Garner as Gray Timothy Olyphant as Fritz Kevin Smith as Sam Sam Jaeger as Dennis Tina Lifford as Eve Fiona Shaw as Mrs. Douglas (Ellen) Juliette Lewis as Maureen Production Filming began in March 2005, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Additional filming took place in December 2005. In July 2005, several scenes were filmed in Boulder, Colorado, where the story takes place. Kevin Smith said while filming this movie, he and Lewis went to the set of the Uwe Boll film In the Name of the King because Smith had heard they had Krispy Kreme doughnuts, which were flown in by Burt Reynolds, who was appearing in that film. They took boxes of doughnuts back to the Catch and Release set, and someone on set asked if they had stolen the doughnuts from the set of In the Name.., because Reynolds saw someone running away with them. Soundtrack The original film score is produced by Brian Wayne Transeau (BT) and Tommy Stinson. Songs used in the official trailer for the film included "Just a Ride" by Jem and "Breathe (2 AM)" by Anna Nalick. Music featured in Catch and Release is performed by: Foo Fighters – "Razor" The Lemonheads – "My Drug Buddy" Blinker the Star – "A Nest for Two" The Magic Numbers – "Mornings Eleven" Gary Jules – "Pills" Steve Durand – "Electrified and Ripe" New Radiant Storm King – "The Winding Staircase" Audible – "Sky Signal" Peter Maclaggan – "Leaving the Ground" Joshua Radin – "What if You" Gomez – "These 3 Sins" Alaska! – "Resistance" Paul Westerberg – "Let the Bad Times Roll" The Swallows – "Turning Blue" Andrew Rodriguez – "What I Done" Death Cab for Cutie – "Soul Meets Body" Doves – "There Goes the Fear" AllMusic gave the soundtrack 2.5 out of 5. Reception Box office The film grossed $15,539,051 in the United States and $456,458 in other territories, making it a bomb at the box office. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's consensus reads, "A romantic dramedy with boring, stock characters and contrived situations." Metacritic gave a score of 43 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B. Lael Loewenstein of Variety called it "Neither as bad as its early buzz and January berth would suggest nor as good as it should have been". The film received "Two Thumbs Up" from Richard Roeper and guest critic Govindini Murty on At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper. Even with most of the reviews being negative, a number of critics praised the performance given by Smith. References ^ a b "Catch and Release (2007)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Catch and Release (2007)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved May 8, 2015. ^ a b c "Catch and Release (2007)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved August 17, 2021. ^ "PVIII takes in CATCH AND RELEASE where Jennifer Garner apparently will be admitting about going..." Aint It Cool News. Jan 28, 2005. Principal photography is scheduled to begin March 2005, in Vancouver. ^ Michael Levenston. "Speaking about Ben Affleck, his wife Jennifer Garner filmed in a community garden too — City Farmer News". CityFarmer.info. ^ "'Catch and Release' extras excited about film's DVD release". Boulder Daily Camera. August 14, 2009. establishing footage outside Celestial Seasonings ^ Michael Booth (January 24, 2007). "Let go, forget "Catch and Release"". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2021-09-11. filmed in and around Boulder ^ "Hollywood Babble-On #130". Smodcast.com. Hollywood Improv. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Catch and Release - Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. ^ "Catch and Release (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 4, 2021. ^ "Catch and Release". Metacritic. Retrieved May 8, 2015. ^ Sperling, Nicole (January 28, 2007). "'Epic Movie' biggest at boxoffice". The Hollywood Reporter. both films earned a B grade from audiences. As expected, "Catch and Release," starring Jennifer Garner, lured in women primarily. ^ Joshua Rich (January 31, 2007). "An Epic Movie tramples the competition". Entertainment Weekly. its moderate B CinemaScore (from a crowd comprised, by a vast margin, of older women) and poor reviews (the film scored just 44 out of 100 on Metacritic.com) signals a general apathy that C&R may never have been able to overcome. ^ Loewenstein, Lael (January 25, 2007). "Catch and Release". Variety. ^ "Gimme an Oscar, dammit!". Silentbobspeaks.com. January 26, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2015. External links Catch and Release at IMDb Catch and Release at AllMovie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Susannah Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Grant"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Garner"},{"link_name":"Timothy Olyphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Olyphant"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sam Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Jaeger"},{"link_name":"Juliette Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Boulder, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Austin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Film_Festival"}],"text":"Catch and Release is a 2007 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Susannah Grant, her only film as director thus far, and starring Jennifer Garner, Timothy Olyphant, Kevin Smith, Sam Jaeger and Juliette Lewis. In the film, after a woman's fiancé dies, she seeks comfort in his friends, learning his secrets while falling for his best friend. Filming took place in 2005 in Vancouver and Boulder, Colorado. Catch and Release premiered at the Austin Film Festival on October 20, 2006, and was released in the United States on January 26, 2007. The film bombed at the box office, earning $16 million against a $25 million budget.","title":"Catch and Release (2006 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catch and release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_release"}],"text":"In Boulder, Gray Wheeler attends the funeral of her fiancé, Grady Douglas, on the day they were supposed to be married. Seeking solitude behind a shower curtain, she unfortunately hears Grady's best friend, Fritz, having sex with the caterer.Eve, Grady's attorney, confirms that, as they were not married, Gray will get nothing. Grady secretly had an investment account with a million dollars in it, which she had known nothing about.Gray realizes that she can no longer afford to rent the house that they had picked out. With the help of Grady's two close friends, Dennis and Sam, she puts her things into storage and moves in with them. Fritz, currently between directing commercials in California, also comes to stay, causing tension between him and Gray.Gray discovers that Grady transferred $3,000 every month to an unknown person. Later, finding Grady's phone, she listens to a string of messages from a woman asking about money. Gray asks Fritz for answers (as it is a Los Angeles number), and he reveals that Grady had a son, whose massage therapist mother depended on the money he sent. Fritz tells Gray that the boy is eight and therefore was conceived before she met Grady.Gray is further troubled when Mrs. Douglas asks her to return the family heirloom engagement ring. She refuses and keeps it. The other woman, Maureen, and her son, Mattie, come looking for Grady. Gray sees Mattie is actually four, and realizes Grady was cheating on her. Confronting Fritz, they end up in a passionate kiss.Gray does not want anything to do with Maureen, but the guys are reluctant to send the son of their dead friend away so quickly, so they all get to know each other over dinner. Trying to understand how Grady could secretly cheat on her, Gray blurts out her belief that \"catch and release\" fishermen are cruel and should just eat the fish.Sam and Maureen have similar scattered personalities and connect well, but he stops her when she initiates sex while Mattie is near. Gray and Fritz become intimate. On a day trip to a river, Sam teaches Mattie to fly fish, while Dennis tells Gray he has feelings for her. He is upset to learn that Gray and Fritz hooked up, but she dismisses it as \"less than nothing\", not realizing Fritz can hear them. Believing she doesn't care, he returns to Malibu.Mrs. Douglas insists Mattie take a DNA test before inheriting Grady's money; the test shows Mattie is not his. Maureen has no idea how to find Rafael, the likely father who she had sex with a few days before Grady, and is unsure how to support Mattie without the money. Gray tells Mrs. Douglas to either give money to this child that Grady had loved as his own, or Gray will sell the family engagement ring to help Maureen support him.\nGathering at the dedication ceremony for the peace garden Dennis has built to memorialize Grady, Mrs. Douglas gives Maureen $1 million. She then tells Gray to keep the ring, as she just wanted her boy back. Dennis moves out and Maureen and Mattie move in with Sam, finding new support and keeping the Douglas family money. Gray goes to Malibu and finds Fritz playing with his dog on the beach—they embrace and kiss.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Garner"},{"link_name":"Timothy Olyphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Olyphant"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sam Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Jaeger"},{"link_name":"Tina Lifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lifford"},{"link_name":"Fiona Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Juliette Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Lewis"}],"text":"Jennifer Garner as Gray\nTimothy Olyphant as Fritz\nKevin Smith as Sam\nSam Jaeger as Dennis\nTina Lifford as Eve\nFiona Shaw as Mrs. Douglas (Ellen)\nJuliette Lewis as Maureen","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aintitcool-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boulder, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Uwe Boll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Boll"},{"link_name":"In the Name of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"Krispy Kreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krispy_Kreme"},{"link_name":"Burt Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Filming began in March 2005, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[4][5] Additional filming took place in December 2005. In July 2005, several scenes were filmed in Boulder, Colorado, where the story takes place.[6][7]Kevin Smith said while filming this movie, he and Lewis went to the set of the Uwe Boll film In the Name of the King because Smith had heard they had Krispy Kreme doughnuts, which were flown in by Burt Reynolds, who was appearing in that film. They took boxes of doughnuts back to the Catch and Release set, and someone on set asked if they had stolen the doughnuts from the set of In the Name.., because Reynolds saw someone running away with them.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Wayne Transeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Stinson"},{"link_name":"Just a Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_a_Ride"},{"link_name":"Jem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Breathe (2 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_(2_AM)"},{"link_name":"Anna Nalick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Nalick"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"The Lemonheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lemonheads"},{"link_name":"Blinker the Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinker_the_Star"},{"link_name":"The Magic Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Gary Jules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Jules"},{"link_name":"Steve Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Durand"},{"link_name":"New Radiant Storm King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Radiant_Storm_King"},{"link_name":"Joshua Radin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Radin"},{"link_name":"Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomez_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alaska!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska!"},{"link_name":"Paul Westerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Westerberg"},{"link_name":"The Swallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swallows"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rodriguez_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"},{"link_name":"Doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doves_(band)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-9"}],"text":"The original film score is produced by Brian Wayne Transeau (BT) and Tommy Stinson.Songs used in the official trailer for the film included \"Just a Ride\" by Jem and \"Breathe (2 AM)\" by Anna Nalick.Music featured in Catch and Release is performed by:Foo Fighters – \"Razor\"\nThe Lemonheads – \"My Drug Buddy\"\nBlinker the Star – \"A Nest for Two\"\nThe Magic Numbers – \"Mornings Eleven\"\nGary Jules – \"Pills\"\nSteve Durand – \"Electrified and Ripe\"\nNew Radiant Storm King – \"The Winding Staircase\"\nAudible – \"Sky Signal\"\nPeter Maclaggan – \"Leaving the Ground\"\nJoshua Radin – \"What if You\"\nGomez – \"These 3 Sins\"\nAlaska! – \"Resistance\"\nPaul Westerberg – \"Let the Bad Times Roll\"\nThe Swallows – \"Turning Blue\"\nAndrew Rodriguez – \"What I Done\"\nDeath Cab for Cutie – \"Soul Meets Body\"\nDoves – \"There Goes the Fear\"AllMusic gave the soundtrack 2.5 out of 5.[9]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bomb at the box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bom-3"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film grossed $15,539,051 in the United States and $456,458 in other territories, making it a bomb at the box office.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-11"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roeper"},{"link_name":"At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Movies_(1986_TV_program)#At_the_Movies_with_Ebert_&_Roeper_(2007%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's consensus reads, \"A romantic dramedy with boring, stock characters and contrived situations.\"[10] Metacritic gave a score of 43 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[11] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B.[12][13]Lael Loewenstein of Variety called it \"Neither as bad as its early buzz and January berth would suggest nor as good as it should have been\".[14]\nThe film received \"Two Thumbs Up\" from Richard Roeper and guest critic Govindini Murty on At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper. Even with most of the reviews being negative, a number of critics praised the performance given by Smith.[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.afi.com/Film/64190-CATCH-ANDRELEASE","url_text":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"}]},{"reference":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/catch-and-release-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntqwmja","url_text":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved August 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2454226433/","url_text":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"PVIII takes in CATCH AND RELEASE where Jennifer Garner apparently will be admitting about going...\" Aint It Cool News. Jan 28, 2005. Principal photography is scheduled to begin March 2005, in Vancouver.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/19266","url_text":"\"PVIII takes in CATCH AND RELEASE where Jennifer Garner apparently will be admitting about going...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aint_It_Cool_News","url_text":"Aint It Cool News"}]},{"reference":"Michael Levenston. \"Speaking about Ben Affleck, his wife Jennifer Garner filmed in a community garden too — City Farmer News\". CityFarmer.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://cityfarmer.info/speaking-about-ben-affleck-his-wife-jennifer-garner-filmed-in-a-community-garden-too/","url_text":"\"Speaking about Ben Affleck, his wife Jennifer Garner filmed in a community garden too — City Farmer News\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Catch and Release' extras excited about film's DVD release\". Boulder Daily Camera. August 14, 2009. establishing footage outside Celestial Seasonings","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailycamera.com/2009/08/14/catch-and-release-extras-excited-about-films-dvd-release/","url_text":"\"'Catch and Release' extras excited about film's DVD release\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Booth (January 24, 2007). \"Let go, forget \"Catch and Release\"\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2021-09-11. filmed in and around Boulder","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2007/01/24/let-go-forget-catch-and-release/","url_text":"\"Let go, forget \"Catch and Release\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171209011149/https://www.denverpost.com/2007/01/24/let-go-forget-catch-and-release/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood Babble-On #130\". Smodcast.com. Hollywood Improv. June 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151120/http://smodcast.com/episodes/130-2/","url_text":"\"Hollywood Babble-On #130\""},{"url":"http://smodcast.com/episodes/130-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"Catch and Release [Original Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/catch-and-release-original-soundtrack-mw0000771372","url_text":"\"Catch and Release [Original Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/catch_and_release/","url_text":"\"Catch and Release (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Catch and Release\". Metacritic. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/catch-and-release","url_text":"\"Catch and Release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Sperling, Nicole (January 28, 2007). \"'Epic Movie' biggest at boxoffice\". The Hollywood Reporter. both films earned a B grade from audiences. As expected, \"Catch and Release,\" starring Jennifer Garner, lured in women primarily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/epic-movie-biggest-at-boxoffice-128914/","url_text":"\"'Epic Movie' biggest at boxoffice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Joshua Rich (January 31, 2007). \"An Epic Movie tramples the competition\". Entertainment Weekly. its moderate B CinemaScore (from a crowd comprised, by a vast margin, of older women) and poor reviews (the film scored just 44 out of 100 on Metacritic.com) signals a general apathy that C&R may never have been able to overcome.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2007/01/31/epic-movie-tramples-competition/","url_text":"\"An Epic Movie tramples the competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Loewenstein, Lael (January 25, 2007). \"Catch and Release\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/review/VE1117932554","url_text":"\"Catch and Release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Gimme an Oscar, dammit!\". Silentbobspeaks.com. January 26, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://silentbobspeaks.com/?m=20070126","url_text":"\"Gimme an Oscar, dammit!\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamisseu
Pamisseu
["1 British Band","2 References"]
Pamisseu was a Sauk chief aligned with Black Hawk's British Band during the 1832 Black Hawk War. British Band Pamisseu was a Sauk and one of seven civil chiefs aligned with Black Hawk's British Band during the Black Hawk War in 1832. References ^ Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832, (Google Books), University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 74, (ISBN 0806139943). vteBlack Hawk War of 1832Native peopleBritish Band Black Hawk Neapope Wabokieshiek Dakota Wapasha Ho-Chunk Waukon Decorah Menominee Oshkosh Potawatomi Billy Caldwell Shabbona Waubonsie Sauk and Meskwaki Keokuk Wapello U.S. peopleArmy Henry Atkinson Hugh Brady Jefferson Davis Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Militia John Giles Adams Milton Alexander David Bailey Ebenezer Brigham John Dement Henry Dodge William S. Hamilton James D. Henry Abraham Lincoln Alexander Posey John H. Rountree Isaiah Stillman James W. Stephenson Samuel Whiteside Others George Davenport Henry Gratiot Antoine LeClaire Joseph M. Street Felix St. Vrain Joseph Throckmorton Satterlee Clark Places Illinois Apple River Fort Buffalo Grove Dixon's Ferry Fort Armstrong Fort Beggs Galena Indian Creek Kellogg's Grove Plum River Saukenuk Stillman Creek Stillman's Run Battle Site Waddams Grove Yellow Creek Michigan Territory (Wisconsin) Bad Axe River Blue Mounds Fort Fort Crawford Fort Defiance Fort Hamilton Fort Jackson Fort Koshkonong Fort Union Gratiot's Grove Helena Hamilton's Diggings Pecatonica River Roxbury Sinsinawa Mound Soldiers Grove Victory Wisconsin Heights Battlefield Wisconsin River Engagements Minor engagements Battle of Stillman's Run Buffalo Grove ambush Plum River raid Indian Creek massacre St. Vrain massacre Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds Spafford Farm massacre Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Waddams Grove Battle of Kellogg's Grove Attack at Ament's Cabin Battle of Apple River Fort Sinsinawa Mound raid Battle of Wisconsin Heights Battle of Bad Axe Related topics Black Hawk Purchase Black Hawk Tree Keokuk's Reserve Treaty of St. Louis (1804) First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien Warrior This biographical article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_T._Mora
Marie T. Mora
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 Academic career","2.2 Public Sector","3 Scholarship","3.1 \"Hispanic Entrepreneurs in the 2000s: An Economic Profile and Policy Implications\" (2013)","3.2 \"Population, Migration and Socioeconomic Outcomes among Island and Mainland Puerto Ricans\" (2018)","3.3 \"Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States\" (2014)","3.4 \"Cross-Border Earnings of U.S Natives Along the U.S-Mexico Border\" (2011)","3.5 \"Self-Employed Mexican Immigrants Residing along the U.S -Mexico Border: The earnings Effect of working in the U.S. versus Mexico\" (2006)","3.6 \"The Increasing Importance of Hispanics to the U.S. workforce\" (2015)","4 References"]
American economist (born 1969) This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (July 2019) Marie T. MoraBorn (1969-11-07) November 7, 1969 (age 54)NationalityAmericanAcademic careerInstitutionsMetropolitan State University of DenverUniversity of Texas Rio Grande Valley NMSUFieldLabor EconomicsAlma materUniversity of New Mexico (B.A., M.A.)Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) Marie T. Mora (born November 7, 1969) is an American economist who currently acts as Provost Ad Interim at Metropolitan State University of Denver. She was also a former tenured faculty member at New Mexico State University. Mora's research focus is on labor economics, and on account of her research expertise on Hispanic socioeconomic outcomes across the U.S, she has been invited to share her research with the White House Initiative for the Educational Excellence of Hispanics; the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system; The U.S Department of Labor; The White House Council of Economic Advisors; the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, and others. Mora is also currently the Director of the American Economic Association's National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Economics Mentoring Program, and a leader in the NSF-funded ADVANCE Program at UTRGV. Mora has also been a Research Fellow at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics since 2014 and serves on the Data Users Advisory Committee for the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Editorial board of Social Science Quarterly, amongst others. Mora was formerly a mentor in the Diversity Initiative for Tenure in Economics program, a board member and chair of the AEA's Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession, as well as having served two terms as President of the American Society of Hispanic Economists. Education Mora earned her B.A in Economics at the University of New Mexico in December 1990, and her M.A in Economics at the same university in July 1992. Mora earned her Ph.D in Economics at Texas A&M University in August 1996. Career Academic career Mora obtained the position of assistant professor of economics at New Mexico State University in 1995, and went on to become an associate professor in 2000. In 2002, Mora joined The University of Texas Pan American as an associate professor of economics, and became a professor of economics at the same institution in 2006. Mora also obtained the position of professor of economics at The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in 2015. Mora was a professor of economics at the University of Missouri – St. Louis from 2019 to 2022. She is currently the Provost Ad Interim at Metropolitan State University of Denver, and was previously the deputy provost from 2022 to 2023. Public Sector From January 2018 to June 2019, Mora was appointed to the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch board of directors, where she provided input on regional economic conditions as part of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy functions. Mora has also participated or moderated several conference discussions with Federal Reserve officials, including the Inaugural National Urban League Delegation Meeting with Fed Chair Janet Yellen in 2016. Mora served two terms on the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Data Users Advisory Committee from 2012 to 2018. Scholarship "Hispanic Entrepreneurs in the 2000s: An Economic Profile and Policy Implications" (2013) In this book Mora along with Alberto Davila conduct an in depth economic and policy analysis of Hispanic Entrepreneurs during the early 2000s, exploring issues related to socio-demographic characteristics, business cycles, employment/sales, use of digital technology and public policies affecting Hispanic business owners during this time. The book also exhibits comprehensive empirical analysis of issues affecting Hispanic populations including gender differences and inequality; Difference across Hispanic groups; and differences between natives and immigrant Hispanic populations. Mora and Davila explain that the early 2000s saw a dramatic increase in the Hispanic population and if these changes continued Hispanic entrepreneurship will likely become a large component of American job creation in the near future. The book was awarded the Winner of the 2014 Outstanding Academic Title Award sponsored by Choice. "Population, Migration and Socioeconomic Outcomes among Island and Mainland Puerto Ricans" (2018) In this book Mora with Alberto Davila and Havidan Rodriguez analyze large datasets such as the Puerto Rican community survey and the American community survey to create the first comprehensive analysis of socioeconomic and demographic effects of "La Crisis Boricua" in which include shrinking and rapidly aging populations, declines of high-tech industries, massive net out migration from the Islands, losses in both public and private sector careers, growing public debt, pension obligations and defaults on bondholder dividends. This crisis began with the 1817 Jones-Shafroth Act which granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship that caused the influx of Islanders coming to the mainland. Mora explains differences in comparative earnings and the likelihood of being impoverished was lower in the Mainland. "Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States" (2014) This journal by Mora and Davila investigate the reasons why high failure rates are associated with women of color in entrepreneurship. In 2007 alone nearly half of businesses started by Black or Hispanic women closed down within the year. Mora and Davila found that even when controlling for firm level/partner characteristics unemployment rates in colored populations, businesses operated by women of color had a significantly higher likelihood of failure. This happens despite the existence of public support programs that encourage women of color to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. Mora acknowledges that there have been several unsuccessful legislative attempts to change current programs such as the Women's business programs act of 2007 or the Small Business Administration. The paper finds that local economic conditions still play the major role in firm failure rates, for example states with high employment rates saw more firms fail within short periods of time, again emphasizing the importance of local economic conditions on the survivability of new businesses. "Cross-Border Earnings of U.S Natives Along the U.S-Mexico Border" (2011) This Journal article again is co-written with Alberto Davila, Mora and Davila investigate whether wages of U.S Born cross-border workers differentiate from those that stayed to work in the U.S. Mora also specifically analyses the 1990s, a decade where U.S Mexico trade boomed along with the expansion of the maquiladora industry. Mora and Davilla utilize U.S Census data from 1990 and 2000 to estimate earning functions and changes to U.S born Hispanic and non-Hispanic cross-border workers. They found that between the 1990s and 2000s U.S native cross-border workers increased significantly, however these premiums were only developed for non-Hispanics. This lead Mora and Davila to conclude that some U.S natives are able to find more lucrative career opportunities on the Mexican side of the border, this may be diminished by the increased restrictions for U.S-born residents to easily move between borders. "Self-Employed Mexican Immigrants Residing along the U.S -Mexico Border: The earnings Effect of working in the U.S. versus Mexico" (2006) In this Journal article Mora analyzes the U.S. census data from 2000 to explore the earnings of Mexican immigrants in US-Mexico border cities and if they differentiate based on work location. Mora's results show that Mexican entrepreneurs that live in U.S.-Mexico border cities who primarily work in Mexico earn a premium over their counterparts that are employed in the U.S. This earnings gap is even more prominent when focusing on Mexican entrepreneurs that lack U.S. citizenship. This leads Mora to conclude that policies that aim to reduce labor flows and economic trade across the U.S.-Mexico border may cause entrepreneurial activities of foreign-born U.S. residents to decrease in intensity. "The Increasing Importance of Hispanics to the U.S. workforce" (2015) To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Monthly Labor Review Mora writes this article to analyze the changes to the U.S. labor force. Mora notes that the growth of women in the workforce as well as the number of Hispanics in the U.S. has grown significantly. Mora notes that the growth for Hispanic women in the workforce grew almost 157 percent compared to 124 percent for their male counterparts. Mora follows this with the notion that access to quality education is vital when trying to decrease inequality, Hispanics on average receive less-education than non-Hispanics and this disparity has stayed rather constant despite increased Hispanic participation in higher education. Mora argues that this under-education of Hispanics causes numerous economic, social and labor market repercussions such as low-wages, high unemployment and increased poverty rates. Therefore, with a growing Hispanic population in mind, these educational outcomes will have further consequences than just to the Hispanic community and will have a significant effect on the structure of the U.S. workforce. References ^ "Mora, Marie T., 1969-". LC Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ a b c d e Mora, Marie (March 2019). "Marie Mora LinkedIn". Linked-in. Retrieved 30 March 2019. ^ "UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch". www.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02. ^ "The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley". webapps.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02. ^ Communications, Florida International University-Digital. "Marie T. Mora, Ph.D." advance.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02. ^ "UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch". www.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02. ^ Metropolitan State University of Denver (2022-08-30). "Marie Mora, Ph.D., kicks off her first semester as deputy provost". ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (2018-02-05). "Marie T. Mora of Edinburg Appointed to Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch Board". ^ a b Mora, Marie (2022). "Marie T. Mora Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). ^ Dávila, Alberto; Mora, Marie T. (2013-10-23), "Current Policy Issues for Hispanic Entrepreneurs", Hispanic Entrepreneurs in the 2000s, Stanford University Press, pp. 136–169, doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804777933.003.0008, ISBN 9780804777933 ^ Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto; Rodríguez, Havidán (2016-12-30). "Education, migration, and earnings of Puerto Ricans on the island and US mainland: Impact, outcomes, and consequences of an economic crisis". Migration Studies. 5 (2): 168–189. doi:10.1093/migration/mnw032. ISSN 2049-5838. ^ Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto (May 2014). "Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States". American Economic Review. 104 (5): 245–249. doi:10.1257/aer.104.5.245. ISSN 0002-8282. ^ Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto (2011-07-26). "Cross-Border Earnings of U.S. Natives Along the U.S.-Mexico Border*". Social Science Quarterly. 92 (3): 850–874. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00796.x. ISSN 0038-4941. ^ Mora, Marie T. (December 2006). "Self-Employed Mexican Immigrants Residing along the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Earnings Effect of Working in the U.S. versus Mexico". International Migration Review. 40 (4): 885–898. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00047.x. ISSN 0197-9183. S2CID 145200788. ^ Mora, Marie (2015-09-15). "The increasing importance of Hispanics to the U.S. workforce". Monthly Labor Review. doi:10.21916/mlr.2015.33. ISSN 1937-4658. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan State University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University_of_Denver"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University"},{"link_name":"American Economic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics"},{"link_name":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Social Science Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"American Society of Hispanic Economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Hispanic_Economists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Marie T. Mora (born November 7, 1969)[1] is an American economist who currently acts as Provost Ad Interim at Metropolitan State University of Denver. She was also a former tenured faculty member at New Mexico State University.Mora's research focus is on labor economics, and on account of her research expertise on Hispanic socioeconomic outcomes across the U.S, she has been invited to share her research with the White House Initiative for the Educational Excellence of Hispanics; the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system; The U.S Department of Labor; The White House Council of Economic Advisors; the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, and others.Mora is also currently the Director of the American Economic Association's National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Economics Mentoring Program, and a leader in the NSF-funded ADVANCE Program at UTRGV. Mora has also been a Research Fellow at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics since 2014 and serves on the Data Users Advisory Committee for the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Editorial board of Social Science Quarterly, amongst others.Mora was formerly a mentor in the Diversity Initiative for Tenure in Economics program, a board member and chair of the AEA's Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession, as well as having served two terms as President of the American Society of Hispanic Economists.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Marie T. Mora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mora earned her B.A in Economics at the University of New Mexico in December 1990, and her M.A in Economics at the same university in July 1992. Mora earned her Ph.D in Economics at Texas A&M University in August 1996.[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"The University of Texas Pan American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas%E2%80%93Pan_American"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Rio_Grande_Valley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri – St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan State University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University_of_Denver"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"Mora obtained the position of assistant professor of economics at New Mexico State University in 1995, and went on to become an associate professor in 2000.[2]In 2002, Mora joined The University of Texas Pan American as an associate professor of economics, and became a professor of economics at the same institution in 2006.[2]Mora also obtained the position of professor of economics at The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in 2015.[2]Mora was a professor of economics at the University of Missouri – St. Louis from 2019 to 2022.[2]She is currently the Provost Ad Interim at Metropolitan State University of Denver, and was previously the deputy provost from 2022 to 2023.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas_San_Antonio_Branch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Urban League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League"},{"link_name":"Janet Yellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Yellen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"Public Sector","text":"From January 2018 to June 2019, Mora was appointed to the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch board of directors, where she provided input on regional economic conditions as part of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy functions.[8] Mora has also participated or moderated several conference discussions with Federal Reserve officials, including the Inaugural National Urban League Delegation Meeting with Fed Chair Janet Yellen in 2016.[9]Mora served two terms on the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Data Users Advisory Committee from 2012 to 2018.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"\"Hispanic Entrepreneurs in the 2000s: An Economic Profile and Policy Implications\" (2013)","text":"In this book Mora along with Alberto Davila conduct an in depth economic and policy analysis of Hispanic Entrepreneurs during the early 2000s, exploring issues related to socio-demographic characteristics, business cycles, employment/sales, use of digital technology and public policies affecting Hispanic business owners during this time. The book also exhibits comprehensive empirical analysis of issues affecting Hispanic populations including gender differences and inequality; Difference across Hispanic groups; and differences between natives and immigrant Hispanic populations. Mora and Davila explain that the early 2000s saw a dramatic increase in the Hispanic population and if these changes continued Hispanic entrepreneurship will likely become a large component of American job creation in the near future. The book was awarded the Winner of the 2014 Outstanding Academic Title Award sponsored by Choice.[10]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"\"Population, Migration and Socioeconomic Outcomes among Island and Mainland Puerto Ricans\" (2018)","text":"In this book Mora with Alberto Davila and Havidan Rodriguez analyze large datasets such as the Puerto Rican community survey and the American community survey to create the first comprehensive analysis of socioeconomic and demographic effects of \"La Crisis Boricua\" in which include shrinking and rapidly aging populations, declines of high-tech industries, massive net out migration from the Islands, losses in both public and private sector careers, growing public debt, pension obligations and defaults on bondholder dividends. This crisis began with the 1817 Jones-Shafroth Act which granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship that caused the influx of Islanders coming to the mainland. Mora explains differences in comparative earnings and the likelihood of being impoverished was lower in the Mainland.[11]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"\"Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States\" (2014)","text":"This journal by Mora and Davila investigate the reasons why high failure rates are associated with women of color in entrepreneurship. In 2007 alone nearly half of businesses started by Black or Hispanic women closed down within the year. Mora and Davila found that even when controlling for firm level/partner characteristics unemployment rates in colored populations, businesses operated by women of color had a significantly higher likelihood of failure. This happens despite the existence of public support programs that encourage women of color to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. Mora acknowledges that there have been several unsuccessful legislative attempts to change current programs such as the Women's business programs act of 2007 or the Small Business Administration. The paper finds that local economic conditions still play the major role in firm failure rates, for example states with high employment rates saw more firms fail within short periods of time, again emphasizing the importance of local economic conditions on the survivability of new businesses.[12]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"\"Cross-Border Earnings of U.S Natives Along the U.S-Mexico Border\" (2011)","text":"This Journal article again is co-written with Alberto Davila, Mora and Davila investigate whether wages of U.S Born cross-border workers differentiate from those that stayed to work in the U.S. Mora also specifically analyses the 1990s, a decade where U.S Mexico trade boomed along with the expansion of the maquiladora industry. Mora and Davilla utilize U.S Census data from 1990 and 2000 to estimate earning functions and changes to U.S born Hispanic and non-Hispanic cross-border workers. They found that between the 1990s and 2000s U.S native cross-border workers increased significantly, however these premiums were only developed for non-Hispanics. This lead Mora and Davila to conclude that some U.S natives are able to find more lucrative career opportunities on the Mexican side of the border, this may be diminished by the increased restrictions for U.S-born residents to easily move between borders.[13]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"\"Self-Employed Mexican Immigrants Residing along the U.S -Mexico Border: The earnings Effect of working in the U.S. versus Mexico\" (2006)","text":"In this Journal article Mora analyzes the U.S. census data from 2000 to explore the earnings of Mexican immigrants in US-Mexico border cities and if they differentiate based on work location. Mora's results show that Mexican entrepreneurs that live in U.S.-Mexico border cities who primarily work in Mexico earn a premium over their counterparts that are employed in the U.S. This earnings gap is even more prominent when focusing on Mexican entrepreneurs that lack U.S. citizenship. This leads Mora to conclude that policies that aim to reduce labor flows and economic trade across the U.S.-Mexico border may cause entrepreneurial activities of foreign-born U.S. residents to decrease in intensity.[14]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"\"The Increasing Importance of Hispanics to the U.S. workforce\" (2015)","text":"To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Monthly Labor Review Mora writes this article to analyze the changes to the U.S. labor force. Mora notes that the growth of women in the workforce as well as the number of Hispanics in the U.S. has grown significantly. Mora notes that the growth for Hispanic women in the workforce grew almost 157 percent compared to 124 percent for their male counterparts. Mora follows this with the notion that access to quality education is vital when trying to decrease inequality, Hispanics on average receive less-education than non-Hispanics and this disparity has stayed rather constant despite increased Hispanic participation in higher education. Mora argues that this under-education of Hispanics causes numerous economic, social and labor market repercussions such as low-wages, high unemployment and increased poverty rates. Therefore, with a growing Hispanic population in mind, these educational outcomes will have further consequences than just to the Hispanic community and will have a significant effect on the structure of the U.S. workforce.[15]","title":"Scholarship"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mora, Marie T., 1969-\". LC Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2009039701.html","url_text":"\"Mora, Marie T., 1969-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie (March 2019). \"Marie Mora LinkedIn\". Linked-in. Retrieved 30 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/marie-mora-b01769101","url_text":"\"Marie Mora LinkedIn\""}]},{"reference":"\"UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch\". www.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utrgv.edu/en-us/about-utrgv/news/press-releases/2018/february-07-utrgv-economics-professor-marie-mora-appointed-to-board-of-directors-of-dallas-feds-san-antonio-branch/index.htm","url_text":"\"UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch\""}]},{"reference":"\"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\". webapps.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://webapps.utrgv.edu/aa/dm/index.cfm?action=profile&user=marie.mora","url_text":"\"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Communications, Florida International University-Digital. \"Marie T. Mora, Ph.D.\" advance.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://advance.fiu.edu/about-us/our-team/directory/people/marie-mora","url_text":"\"Marie T. Mora, Ph.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch\". www.utrgv.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utrgv.edu/en-us/about-utrgv/news/press-releases/2018/february-07-utrgv-economics-professor-marie-mora-appointed-to-board-of-directors-of-dallas-feds-san-antonio-branch/index.htm","url_text":"\"UTRGV | UTRGV economics professor Marie Mora appointed to Board of Directors of Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch\""}]},{"reference":"Metropolitan State University of Denver (2022-08-30). \"Marie Mora, Ph.D., kicks off her first semester as deputy provost\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msudenver.edu/early-bird/marie-mora-ph-d-kicks-off-her-first-semester-as-deputy-provost/","url_text":"\"Marie Mora, Ph.D., kicks off her first semester as deputy provost\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (2018-02-05). \"Marie T. Mora of Edinburg Appointed to Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch Board\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasfed.org/news/releases/2018/nr180205","url_text":"\"Marie T. Mora of Edinburg Appointed to Dallas Fed's San Antonio Branch Board\""}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie (2022). \"Marie T. Mora Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://legacy.iza.org/en/webcontent/personnel/vitae/9697_cv.pdf","url_text":"\"Marie T. Mora Curriculum Vitae\""}]},{"reference":"Dávila, Alberto; Mora, Marie T. (2013-10-23), \"Current Policy Issues for Hispanic Entrepreneurs\", Hispanic Entrepreneurs in the 2000s, Stanford University Press, pp. 136–169, doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804777933.003.0008, ISBN 9780804777933","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11126%2Fstanford%2F9780804777933.003.0008","url_text":"10.11126/stanford/9780804777933.003.0008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804777933","url_text":"9780804777933"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto; Rodríguez, Havidán (2016-12-30). \"Education, migration, and earnings of Puerto Ricans on the island and US mainland: Impact, outcomes, and consequences of an economic crisis\". Migration Studies. 5 (2): 168–189. doi:10.1093/migration/mnw032. ISSN 2049-5838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmigration%2Fmnw032","url_text":"10.1093/migration/mnw032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2049-5838","url_text":"2049-5838"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto (May 2014). \"Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States\". American Economic Review. 104 (5): 245–249. doi:10.1257/aer.104.5.245. ISSN 0002-8282.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=ef_fac","url_text":"\"Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.104.5.245","url_text":"10.1257/aer.104.5.245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282","url_text":"0002-8282"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie T.; Dávila, Alberto (2011-07-26). \"Cross-Border Earnings of U.S. Natives Along the U.S.-Mexico Border*\". Social Science Quarterly. 92 (3): 850–874. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00796.x. ISSN 0038-4941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6237.2011.00796.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00796.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4941","url_text":"0038-4941"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie T. (December 2006). \"Self-Employed Mexican Immigrants Residing along the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Earnings Effect of Working in the U.S. versus Mexico\". International Migration Review. 40 (4): 885–898. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00047.x. ISSN 0197-9183. S2CID 145200788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-7379.2006.00047.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00047.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0197-9183","url_text":"0197-9183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145200788","url_text":"145200788"}]},{"reference":"Mora, Marie (2015-09-15). \"The increasing importance of Hispanics to the U.S. workforce\". Monthly Labor Review. doi:10.21916/mlr.2015.33. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma_Grothe
Luma Grothe
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
Brazilian model Luma GrotheGrothe in 2019Born1993 or 1994 (age 30)Joinville, Santa Catarina, BrazilOccupationModelModeling informationHeight1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Hair colorBrownEye colorGreenAgency Women Management (New York) Oui Management (Paris) Elite Model Management (Milan, Barcelona) Premier Model Management (London) Iconic Management (Berlin) IMM Bruxelles (Brussels) Le Management (Copenhagen) Photogenics LA (Los Angeles) Ford Models (Sao Paulo) MP Stockholm (Stockholm) Chic Management (Sydney) Luma Grothe (born 1993/94) is a Brazilian model. Biography Grothe was born in Joinville, Brazil. She is of German, Japanese and African descent. Career Luma Grothe started modeling in London, England, where she learned English. Grothe appears in campaigns for L'Oréal, Paco Rabanne. She has walked for Vivienne Westwood, Burberry, Versace and Etam. She made her Victoria's Secret Fashion Show debut in 2016. References ^ https://www.premiermodelmanagement.com/ ^ a b "Women Management – Luma Grothe". Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018. ^ "Luma grothe | Chic Management". ^ "Luma Grothe - Model Profile - Photos & latest news". Models.com. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ Pauline Castellani; Cécile Guerrier; Marion Louis (30 October 2015). "Portrait de Luma Grothe, la nouvelle bombe brésilienne" (in French). Le Figaro. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "Our Ambassadors". Lorealparis.ca. L'Oréal Paris. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "Veja 9 curiosidades sobre a top brasileira Luma Grothe". revistaquem.globo.com (in Portuguese). Globo.com. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2018. ^ Kristi Garced (17 June 2014). "Model Call: Luma Grothe". WWD. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ Nolyne Cerda (4 March 2015). "Luma Grothe : la nouvelle ambassadrice L'Oréal Paris". elle.fr. Elle. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ thelumagrothe (26 October 2016). "I'M COMING! Victoria's Secret 2016 Paris! THANK YOU! MERCI ! OBRIGADA!". Instagram. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "Models Walking the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show for the First Time". Fashionista. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2017. External links Luma Grothe at Fashion Model Directory Luma Grothe on Models.com This biographical article about a Brazilian model is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Indonesia
List of airports in Indonesia
["1 Airports","1.1 Civilian or Joint Civilian-Military Airports","1.2 Military-Exclusive Airports","1.3 Defunct Airports","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Map of Indonesia This is a list of airports in Indonesia, sorted by location. The Republic of Indonesia comprises 17,000 islands in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia's capital city is Jakarta. Indonesia has 673 airports in 2013, ranging from grand international airports to modest unpaved airstrips on remote islands or inland interior areas located throughout the archipelago. Most of them operated by Transportation Ministry technical operation units and state-owned PT Angkasa Pura I & II. Based on the 2009 Aviation Law, the government had to transfer air navigation service management from airport operators to a non-profit institution by January 2012 to improve Air traffic services (ATS). Airports Civilian or Joint Civilian-Military Airports Note – TNI-AD (Indonesian Army), TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy), TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force) Location served Province ICAO IATA Airport name Coordinates Airport Status Named after Reference Java, Madura and outlying islands Bawean East Java WARW BXW Harun Thohir Airport 05°43′25″S 112°40′45″E / 5.72361°S 112.67917°E / -5.72361; 112.67917 (Harun Thohir Airport) Civillian Harun Thohir, a National Hero of Indonesia, honoured for his role in the MacDonald House bombing in Singapore on 10 March 1965. Bandung West Java WICC BDO Husein Sastranegara Airport 06°54′02″S 107°34′35″E / 6.90056°S 107.57639°E / -6.90056; 107.57639 (Husein Sastranegara Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Husein Sastranegara, Indonesian Air Force pioneer. WICA KJT Kertajati International Airport 6°39'06.4"S 108°09'27.6"E Civillian Banyuwangi East Java WADY BWX Banyuwangi Airportformerly Blimbingsari Airport 08°18′36″S 114°20′25″E / 8.31000°S 114.34028°E / -8.31000; 114.34028 (Banyuwangi Airport) Civillian Cepu Central Java WARC CPF Ngloram Airport 07°11′41″S 111°32′53″E / 7.19472°S 111.54806°E / -7.19472; 111.54806 (Ngloram Airport) Civillian Cirebon West Java WICD CBN Cakrabhuwana Airport formerly Penggung Airport 06°45′22.12″S 108°32′22.82″E / 6.7561444°S 108.5396722°E / -6.7561444; 108.5396722 (Cakrabhuwana Airport) Civillian Cilacap Central Java WAHL CXP Tunggul Wulung Airport 07°38′42″S 109°02′03″E / 7.64500°S 109.03417°E / -7.64500; 109.03417 (Tunggul Wulung Airport) Civillian Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung, Indonesian evangelist Jakarta Special Capital Region of Jakarta WIHH HLP Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport 06°15′59″S 106°53′28″E / 6.26639°S 106.89111°E / -6.26639; 106.89111 (Halim Perdanakusuma Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Halim Perdanakusuma, Indonesian airman and National Hero of Indonesia. Banten WIII CGK Soekarno–Hatta International Airport 6°07′32″S 106°39′21″E / 6.12556°S 106.65583°E / -6.12556; 106.65583 (Soekarno–Hatta International Airport) Civillian Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, founding fathers of Indonesia. Jember East Java WARE JBB Notohadinegoro Airport 8°14′28″S 113°41′38″E / 8.24111°S 113.69389°E / -8.24111; 113.69389 (Notohadinegorol Airport) Civillian Karimunjawa Central Java WAHU KWB Dewadaru Airport 05°48′04″S 110°28′43″E / 5.80111°S 110.47861°E / -5.80111; 110.47861 (Dewadaru Airport) Civillian Dewandaru, a tree endemic to Karimunjawa Kediri East Java WARD DHX Dhoho Airport Civillian Malang East Java WARA MLG Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport 07°55′42″S 112°42′48″E / 7.92833°S 112.71333°E / -7.92833; 112.71333 (Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Abdul Rahman Saleh, physician and aviator Pangandaran West Java WICN – Cijulang Nusawiru Airport 07°43′12″S 108°29′19″E / 7.72000°S 108.48861°E / -7.72000; 108.48861 (Cijulang Nusawiru Airport) Civillian Purbalingga Central Java WAHP PWL Jenderal Besar Soedirman Airport formerly Wirasaba Airport 07°27′42″S 109°25′00″E / 7.46167°S 109.41667°E / -7.46167; 109.41667 (Jenderal Besar Soedirman Airport) Civillian Sudirman, former commander in chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces Semarang Central Java WAHS SRG Jenderal Ahmad Yani Airport 06°58′17″S 110°22′27″E / 6.97139°S 110.37417°E / -6.97139; 110.37417 (Jendral Ahmad Yani Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AD) Ahmad Yani, former Commander of the Indonesian Army South Tangerang Banten WIHP PCB Pondok Cabe Airport 6°20′13.05″S 106°45′53.99″E / 6.3369583°S 106.7649972°E / -6.3369583; 106.7649972 (Pondok Cabe Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) Sumenep East Java WART SUP Trunojoyo Airport 07°01′27.3″S 113°53′24.74″E / 7.024250°S 113.8902056°E / -7.024250; 113.8902056 (Trunojoyo Airport) Civillian Trunajaya, Madurese nobleman Surabaya East Java WARR SUB Juanda International Airport 07°22′47″S 112°47′13″E / 7.37972°S 112.78694°E / -7.37972; 112.78694 (Juanda International Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) Juanda Kartawijaya, politician and former prime minister Surakarta Central Java WAHQ SOC Adisumarmo Airportformerly Panasan Airport 07°30′58″S 110°45′25″E / 7.51611°S 110.75694°E / -7.51611; 110.75694 (Adisumarmo Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Adi Sumarmo Wiryokusumo, Indonesian Air Force pioneer, Tangerang Banten WIRR RTO Budiarto Airport 6°17′25″S 106°34′09″E / 6.2903171°S 106.569136°E / -6.2903171; 106.569136 (Budiarto Airport) Civillian Tasikmalaya West Java WICM TSY Wiriadinata Airport 07°20′47.77″S 108°14′45.93″E / 7.3466028°S 108.2460917°E / -7.3466028; 108.2460917 (Wiriadinata Airport) Civillian Wiriadinata, notable Paskhas commander. Yogyakarta Special Region of Yogyakarta WAHH JOG Adisutjipto Airportformerly Maguwo Airport 07°47′17″S 110°25′54″E / 7.78806°S 110.43167°E / -7.78806; 110.43167 (Adisutjipto Airport) Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Agustinus Adisutjipto, Indonesian Air Force officer WAHI YIA Yogyakarta International Airport 7°54′27″S 110°03′16″E / 7.907459°S 110.054480°E / -7.907459; 110.054480 (Yogyakarta International Airport) Civillian Sumatra and outlying islands Banda Aceh Aceh WITT BTJ Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airportformerly Blangbintang Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh Bandar Lampung Lampung WILL TKG Radin Inten II Airportformerly Branti Airport Civillian Radin Inten II, Lampungese nobleman Batam Riau Islands WIDD BTH Hang Nadim International Airport Civillian Hang Nadim, Johor-Riau warrior Batu Islands North Sumatra WIMO LSE Lasondre Airport Civillian Bengkulu Bengkulu WIGG BKS Fatmawati Soekarno Airportformerly Padangkemiling Airport Civillian Fatmawati, former First Lady of Indonesia, third wife of the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno Blangpidie Aceh — KJX Blangpidie Airport Civillian Dabo Riau Islands WIDS SIQ Dabo Airport Civillian Dumai Riau WIBD DUM Pinang Kampai Airport Civillian Enggano Bengkulu — — Enggano Airport Civillian Gunung Sitoli North Sumatra WIMB GNS Binaka Airport Civillian Jambi Jambi WIJJ DJB Sultan Thaha Airportformerly Palmerah Airport Civillian Thaha Syaifuddin, last Sultan of Jambi Jemaja Island Riau Islands WIDL LMU Letung Airport Civillian Kerinci Jambi WIPH KRC Depati Parbo Airport Civillian Krui Lampung — TFY Muhammad Taufiq Kiemas Airport Civillian Taufiq Kiemas, politician and former speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly Kutacane Aceh WILD LSR Alas Leuser Airport Civillian Lhokseumawe Aceh WITM LSW Malikus Saleh Airport Civillian Lubuklinggau South Sumatra WIPB LLJ Silampari Airport Civillian Matak Riau Islands WIOM MWK Matak Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) Medan North Sumatra WIMM KNO Kualanamu International Airport Civillian Meulaboh Aceh WITC MEQ Cut Nyak Dhien Airport Civillian Cut Nyak Dhien, leader of the Acehnese guerrilla forces during the Aceh War Muara Bungo Jambi WIPI BUU Muara Bungo Airport Civillian Mukomuko Bengkulu WIPU MPC Mukomuko Airport Civillian Padang West Sumatra WIEE PDG Minangkabau International Airport Civillian Minangkabau people, the natives of West Sumatra Padang Sidempuan North Sumatra WIME AEG Aek Godang Airport Civillian Pagar Alam South Sumatra WIPY PXA Atung Bungsu Airport Civillian Palembang South Sumatra WIPP PLM Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport formerly Talang Betutu Airport Civillian Mahmud Badaruddin II, last Sultan of Palembang Pangkal Pinang Bangka–Belitung Islands WIPK PGK Depati Amir Airport Civillian Pasir Pengaraian Riau WIDE PPR Tuanku Tambusai Airport Civillian Pekanbaru Riau WIBB PKU Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airportformerly Simpang Tiga Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Syarif Kasim II, last Sultan of Siak Ranai Riau Islands WION NTX Ranai Airportformerly Raden Sadjad Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) Rengat Riau Islands WIBJ RGT Japura Airport Civillian Sabang Aceh WIAB SBG Maimun Saleh Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) Maimun Saleh, former Indonesian Air Force pilot Sibolga North Sumatra WIMS FLZ Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airportformerly Pinangsori Airport Civillian Ferdinand Lumbantobing, former Indonesian minister and Governor of North Sumatra Siborong-Borong North Sumatra WIMN DTB Sisingamangaraja XII Airport formerly Silangit Airport Civillian Sisingamangaraja XII, Batak leader Simalungun North Sumatra WIMP SIW Sibisa Airport Civillian Simpang Ampek West Sumatra — — Pusako Anak Nagari Airport Civillian Sinabang Aceh WITG LKI Lasikin Airport Civillian Singkil Aceh — — Syekh Hamzah Fansyuri Airport Civillian Sipora West Sumatra WIBR RKI Rokot Airport Civillian Sungai Pakning Riau WIBS SEQ Sei Pakning Airport Civillian Takengon Aceh WITK TXE Rembele Airport Civillian Tanjung Balai Karimun Riau Islands WIBT TJB Raja Haji Abdullah Airportformerly Sei Bati Airport Civillian Tanjung Pandan Bangka–Belitung Islands WIKT TJQ H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin Airportformerly Buluh Tumbang Airport Civillian H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin, Indonesian Air Force pioneer and former regent of the Belitung Regency Tanjung Pinang Riau Islands WIDN TNJ Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airportformerly Kijang Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) Raja Haji Fisabilillah, warrior from Riau Tembilahan Riau — — Tempuling Airport Civillian Kalimantan and outlying islands Balikpapan East Kalimantan WALL BPN Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport formerly Sepinggan Airport Civillian Aji Muhammad Sulaiman, Sultan of Kutai Kertanagara Banjarmasin South Kalimantan WAOO BDJ Syamsudin Noor Airportformerly Ulin Airport Civillian Syamsudin Noor, Indonesian Air Force officer from South Kalimantan Batulicin South Kalimantan WAOC BTW Batu Licin Airport Civillian Berau East Kalimantan WAQT BEJ Kalimarau Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AD) Bontang East Kalimantan WALC BXT PT Badak Bontang Airport Civillian Derawan Islands East Kalimantan WAQC RTU Maratua Airport Civillian Ketapang West Kalimantan WIOK KTG Rahadi Osman Airport Civillian Rahadi Osman, West Kalimantan freedom fighter Kotabaru South Kalimantan WAOK KBU Gusti Syamsir Alam Airportformerly Stagen Airport Civillian Kuala Pembuang Central Kalimantan WAGF KLP Seruyan Kuala Pembuang Airport Civillian Long Apung North Kalimantan WAQL LPU Long Apung Airport Civillian Long Bawan North Kalimantan WAQJ LBW Juvai Semaring Airport Civillian Mahakam Ulu East Kalimantan WALJ DTD Datah Dawai Airport Civillian Malinau North Kalimantan WALM LNU Robert Atty Bessing Airport Civillian Melak East Kalimantan WALE GHS West Kutai Melalan Airport Civillian Muara Teweh Central Kalimantan WAGB HMS Haji Muhammad Sidik Airport Civillian Nanga Pinoh West Kalimantan WIOG NPO Nanga Pinoh Airport Civillian Nunukan North Kalimantan WAQA NNX Nunukan Airport Civillian Palangkaraya Central Kalimantan WAGG PKY Tjilik Riwut Airport formerly Panarung Airport Civillian Tjilik Riwut, Indonesian Air Force officer and former Governor of Central Kalimantan Pangkalanbun Central Kalimantan WAGI PKN Iskandar Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Iskandar, paratrooper from Central Kalimantan Pontianak West Kalimantan WIOO PNK Supadio Airportformerly Sungai Durian Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Lieutenant Colonel Supadio, an Indonesian Air Force officer Putussibau West Kalimantan WIOP PSU Pangsuma Airport Civillian Samarinda East Kalimantan WALS AAP Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport Civillian APT Pranoto, Kutai nobleman and first governor of East Kalimantan Sampit Central Kalimantan WAGS SMQ H. Asan Airport Civillian Singkawang West Kalimantan WIOD SKJ Singkawang Airport Civillian Sintang West Kalimantan WIOS SQG Tebelian Airport Civillian Tanjung Selor North Kalimantan WAQD TJS Tanjung Harapan Airport Civillian Tarakan North Kalimantan WAQQ TRK Juwata Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Sulawesi and outlying islands Ampana Central Sulawesi WAFU OJU Tanjung Api Airport Civillian Baubau Southeast Sulawesi WAWB BUW Betoambari Airport Civillian Buol Central Sulawesi WAFY UOL Pogogul Airport Civillian Gorontalo Gorontalo WAMG GTO Djalaluddin Airportformerly Tolotio Airport Civillian Djalaluddin Tantu, Gorontaloan colonel of the Indonesian Air Force Kendari Southeast Sulawesi WAWW KDI Haluoleo Airportformerly Wolter Monginsidi Airport Civillian Halu Oleo, Sultan of Buton Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi WAWP KXB Sangia Nibandera Airport Civillian Raja Sangia Nibandera, first king of the Mekongga tribe (indigenous people of Kolaka) Luwuk Central Sulawesi WAFW LUW Syukuran Aminuddin Amir Airportformerly Bubung Airport Civillian Makassar South Sulawesi WAAA UPG Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Hasanuddin, former Sultan of Gowa Mamuju West Sulawesi WAAJ MJU Tampa Padang Airport Civillian Manado North Sulawesi WAMM MDC Sam Ratulangi International Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Sam Ratulangi, Minahasa politician Masamba South Sulawesi WAWN MXB Andi Jemma Airport Civillian Miangas North Sulawesi WAMS — Miangas Airport Civillian Melonguane North Sulawesi WAMN MNA Melangguane Airport Civillian Morowali Central Sulawesi WAFO MOH Maleo Airport Civillian Palu Central Sulawesi WAFF PLW Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airportformerly Masovu Airport Civillian Sayyid Idrus bin Salim Al-Jufri, Central Sulawesi religious figure Poso Central Sulawesi WAMP PSJ Kasiguncu Airport Civillian Palopo South Sulawesi WAFD LLO Bua Airport formerly Lagaligo Airport Civillian Raha Southeast Sulawesi WAWR RAQ Sugimanuru Airport Civillian Sangihe North Sulawesi WAMH NAH Naha Airport Civillian Seko South Sulawesi WAFN SKO Seko Airport Civillian Selayar South Sulawesi WAWH KSR H. Aroeppala Airport Civillian Soroako South Sulawesi WAWS SQR Soroako Airport Civillian Tana Toraja South Sulawesi WAFB TRT Toraja Airportformerly Buntu Kunik Airport Civillian Wangi-Wangi Southeast Sulawesi WAWD WNI Matahora Airport Civillian Lesser Sunda Islands Alor Island East Nusa Tenggara WATM ARD Alor Island Airportformerly Mali Airport Civillian Atambua East Nusa Tenggara WATA ABU A. A. Bere Tallo Airportformerly Haliwen Airport Civillian Bima West Nusa Tenggara WADB BMU Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Airportformerly Palibelo Airport Civillian Muhammad Salahuddin, last Sultan of Bima Buleleng Bali WADE WSN Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield Civillian I Gusti Putu Wisnu, Balinese freedom fighter Denpasar Bali WADD DPS I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport Civillian I Gusti Ngurah Rai, Balinese military leader during National Revolution Ende East Nusa Tenggara WATE ENE H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airportformerly Ippi Airport Civillian H. Hasan Aroeboesman, last king of Ende and first regent of Ende Kupang East Nusa Tenggara WATT KOE El Tari Airportformerly Penfui Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) El Tari, former governor of East Nusa Tenggara Larantuka East Nusa Tenggara WATL LKA Gewayantana Airport Civillian Labuan Bajo East Nusa Tenggara WATO LBJ Komodo International Airportformerly Mutiara II Airport Civillian Komodo Dragon, a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo Lewoleba East Nusa Tenggara WATW LWE Wonopito Airport Civillian Mataram West Nusa Tenggara WADL LOP Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport Civillian Zainuddin Abdul Madjid, Indonesian ulama from Lombok Maumere East Nusa Tenggara WATC MOF Frans Xavier Seda Airportformerly Wai Oti Airport Civillian Frans Seda, former Indonesian minister Rote East Nusa Tenggara WATR RTI David Constantijn Saudale Airportformerly Lekunik Airport Civillian Ruteng East Nusa Tenggara WATG RTG Frans Sales Lega Airportformerly Satar Tacik Airport Civillian Sabu East Nusa Tenggara WATS SAU Tardamu Airport Civillian Sumbawa Besar West Nusa Tenggara WADS SWQ Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III Airportformerly Brangbiji Airport Civillian Muhammad Kaharuddin III, last Sultan of Sumbawa and first Regent of Sumbawa Tambolaka East Nusa Tenggara WATK TMC Lede Kalumbang Airport formerly Tambolaka Airport Civillian Waingapu East Nusa Tenggara WATU WGP Umbu Mehang Kunda Airportformerly Mau Hau Airport Civillian Maluku Islands Amahai Maluku WAPA AHI Amahai Airport Civillian Ambon Maluku WAPP AMQ Pattimura Airportformerly Laha Airport Civillian Pattimura, a National Hero of Indonesia Banda Maluku WAPC NDA Bandanaira Airport Civillian Benjina Maluku WAPK BJK Nangasuri Aru Airport Civillian Buli North Maluku WAEM PGQ Buli Airport Civillian Dobo Maluku WAPD DOB Rar Gwamar Airport Civillian Galela North Maluku WAEG GLX Gamar Malamo Airport Civillian Kao North Maluku WAEK KAZ Kuabang Airport Civillian Kisar Maluku WATQ KSX John Becker Airport Civillian Labuha North Maluku WAEL LAH Oesman Sadik Airport Civillian Moa Maluku — JIO Jos Orno Imsula Airport Civillian Morotai North Maluku WAMR OTI Leo Wattimena Airportformerly Pitu Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) Leo Wattimena, Indonesian Air Force Air vice-marshal Namlea Maluku WAPR NAM Namlea Airport Civillian Namrole Maluku WAPG NRE Namrole Airport Civillian Sanana North Maluku WAPN SQN Emalamo Airport Civillian Saumlaki Maluku WAPS SXK Mathilda Batlayeri Airport Civillian Ternate North Maluku WAEE TTE Sultan Babullah Airport Civillian Babullah, 7th Sultan of Ternate, and a National Hero of Indonesia Tual Maluku WAPF LUV Karel Sadsuitubun Airport Civillian Western New Guinea and outlying islands Agats South Papua — EWE Ewer Airport Civillian Anggi West Papua — AGD Anggi Airport Civillian Ayawasi Southwest Papua WASA AYW Ayawasi Airport Civillian Babo West Papua WASO BXB Babo Airport Civillian Biak Papua WABB BIK Frans Kaisiepo Airport Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) Frans Kaisiepo, Papuan nationalist and former Governor of Papua Bintuni West Papua WASB NTI Steenkool Airport Civillian Bokondini Highland Papua WAJB BUI Bokondini Airport Civillian Dekai Highland Papua WAVD DEX Nop Goliat Dekai Airport Civillian Enarotali Central Papua WAYE EWI Enarotali Airport Civillian Fakfak West Papua WASF FKQ Fakfak Torea Airport Civillian Jayapura Papua WAJJ DJJ Dortheys Hiyo Eluay International Airportformerly Sentani Airport Civillian Theys Eluay, Papuan politician and former leader of Papua Presidium Council Kaimana West Papua WASK KNG Utarom Airport Civillian Manokwari West Papua WAUU MKW Rendani Airport Civillian Merauke South Papua WAKK MKQ Mopah Airport Civillian Nabire Central Papua WABI NBX Douw Aturure Airport Civillian Noemfoor Papua — FOO Kornasoren Airport Civillian Oksibil Highland Papua WAJO OKL Oksibil Airport Civillian Sorong Southwest Papua WASS SOQ Domine Edward Osok Airport Civillian Domine Eduard Osok, pastor from Sorong Serui Papua ZRI WABO Stevanus Rumbewas Airport Civillian Stevanus Rumbewas, Indonesian Navy officer from Serui Tanahmerah South Papua WAKT TMH Tanah Merah Airport Civillian Timika Central Papua WABP TIM Moses Kilangin Airport Civillian Waisai Southwest Papua WASN RJM Marinda Airport Civillian Wamena Highland Papua WAVV WMX Wamena Airport Civillian Wasior West Papua WASW WSR Wasior Airport Civillian Werur Southwest Papua WAJY WRR Werur Airport Civillian Military-Exclusive Airports Location Province ICAO IATA Airport name Coordinates Named after Reference Astra Ksetra Lampung WIAG AKQ Prince M. Bunyamin Air Force Base Bogor West Java WIAJ — Atang Senjaya Air Force Base Atang Sendjaja, Indonesian aviation pioneer from West Java Bandung West Java WICK — Sulaiman Air Force Base Magetan East Java WARI MDN Iswahjudi Air Force Base Iswahjudi, Indonesian Air Force officer Medan North Sumatra WIMK MES Soewondo Air Force Baseformerly Polonia International Airport Padang West Sumatra WIMG — Sutan Sjahrir Air Force Baseformerly Tabing Airport Sutan Sjahrir, Indonesia's 1st Prime Minister. Subang West Java WIIK — Suryadarma Air Force Baseformerly Kalijati Air Force Base Suryadi Suryadarma, the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Air Force Way Tuba Lampung WIPO WYK Gatot Subroto Army Air Base Defunct Airports Location served Province ICAO IATA Airport name Coordinates Named after Reference Jakarta Special Capital Region of Jakarta WIID JKT Kemayoran Airport Mataram West Nusa Tenggara WADA AMI Selaparang Airport Muara Teweh Central Kalimantan WAGB HMS Beringin Airport Samarinda East Kalimantan WALS SRI Temindung Airport Sintang West Kalimantan WIOS SQG Susilo Airport Sorong Southwest Papua WASS SOQ Jefman Airport Tana Toraja South Sulawesi WAFT TTR Pongtiku Airport Thousand Islands Special Capital Region of Jakarta WIHG PPJ Panjang Island Airport 5°38′38″S 106°33′46″E / 5.643833°S 106.56266°E / -5.643833; 106.56266 (Pulau Panjang Airport) Tual Maluku WAPF LUV Dumatubin Airport See also Aviation in Indonesia Transport in Indonesia List of airports by ICAO code: W#WA WI WQ WR - Indonesia Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia#Indonesia References ^ "Field Listing: Airports – with paved runways: Indonesia". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "Indonesia Airports – with unpaved runways". Index Mundi. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "New firm to handle air navigation service". 24 November 2011. ^ Mirnawati (2012). Kumpulan Pahlawan Indonesia Terlengkap (in Indonesian). Jakarta: CIF. ISBN 978-979-788-343-0. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ (Persero), PT Angkasa Pura II. "Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II". www.angkasapura2.co.id. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2006. ^ ".:: Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara | Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia ::". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ ".:: Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara | Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia ::". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ (Persero), PT Angkasa Pura II. "Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II". www.angkasapura2.co.id. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2006. ^ ".:: Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara | Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia ::". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ ".:: Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara | Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia ::". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ (Persero), PT Angkasa Pura II. "Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II". www.angkasapura2.co.id. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2006. ^ (Persero), PT Angkasa Pura II. "Halaman Tidak Ditemukan - PT Angkasa Pura II". www.angkasapura2.co.id. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2006. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Post, The Jakarta. "New airport, Wings Air connect Central Sulawesi cities". ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "WAEK - Kao/Kuabang Airport - SkyVector". skyvector.com. ^ a b IATA. "IATA - Codes - Airline and Airport Codes Search". www.iata.org. ^ "WAEL - Oesman Sadik/Labuha Airport - SkyVector". skyvector.com. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Stenkol - Indonesia". ^ "Wasior - Indonesia". ^ Kasriadi (10 September 2020). "Bandara Haji Muhammad Sidik Resmi Beroperasi" . Antara News Kalteng (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ M Ghofar (9 April 2018). "Bandara Temindung di Samarinda Ditutup Pada 23 Mei" . Antara News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 August 2023. External links PT. Angkasa Pura 1 (PERSERO) PT. Angkasa Pura II Indonesia Airport Info(in Indonesian) "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 17 September 2010. "IATA Airline and Airport code Search". International Air Transport Association. "UN Location Codes: Indonesia". UN/LOCODE 2012-1. UNECE. 14 September 2012. – includes IATA codes "Airports in Indonesia". Great Circle Mapper. – IATA codes and airport data "Airports in Indonesia". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 18 February 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) – IATA and ICAO codes vteList of airports in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteAirports in IndonesiaJavaBanten Curug (BTO) Jakarta–Pondok Cabe (PCB) Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta (CGK) ‡ Jakarta Jakarta–Halim Perdanakusuma (HLP) Jakarta–Pulau Panjang (PPJ) West Java Bogor (ATS) Subang (SDM) Bandung–Sastranegara (BDO) Bandung–Kertajati (KJT) ‡ Cirebon (CBN) Pangandaran (CJN) Tasikmalaya (TSY) Central Java Cepu (CPF) Cilacap (CXP) Karimunjawa (KWB) Purbalingga (PWL) Semarang (SRG) Surakarta/Solo (SOC) Yogyakarta Yogyakarta–International (YIA) ‡ Yogyakarta–Adisutjipto (JOG) East Java Banyuwangi (BWX) Bawean (BXW) Jember (JBB) Kediri (DHX) Madiun (IWJ) Malang (MLG) Surabaya (SUB) ‡ Sumenep (SUP) SumatraAceh Banda Aceh (BTJ) ‡ Blangpidie (KJX) Kutacane (LSR) Lhokseumawe (LSW) Lhoksukon (LSX) Meulaboh (MEQ) Singkil (---) Sabang (SBG) Simeulue (SMG) Takengon (TXE) Tapaktuan (TPK) North Sumatra Batu Islands (LSO) Gunung Sitoli (GNS) Medan–Kualanamu (KNO) ‡ Medan–Suwondo (MES) Padang Sidempuan (AEG) Parapat (SIW) Sibolga (FLZ) Silangit (DTB) West Sumatra Padang-Minangkabau (PDG) ‡ Padang–Tabing Simpang Ampek (---) Sipore (RKI) Riau Dumai (DUM) Pangkalan Kerinci (---) Pasir Pangaraiyan (PPR) Pekanbaru (PKU) ‡ Rengat (RGT) Sungai Pakning (SEQ) Tembilahan (---) Riau (Islands) Batam (BTH) ‡ Dabo (SIQ) Karimun (TJB) Letung (LMU) Natuna (NTX) Matak–Anambas (MWK) Tanjung Pinang (TNJ) Jambi Jambi (DJB) Kerinci (KRC) Muara Bungo (BUU) Bengkulu Enggano (---) Bengkulu (BKS) Mukomuko (MPC) South Sumatra Banding Agung (---) Lubuklinggau (LLJ) Pagar Alam (PXA) Palembang (PLM) Sekayu (---) Bangka–Belitung Pangkal Pinang (PGK) Tanjung Pandan (TJQ) Lampung Astra Ksetra (AKQ) Bandar Lampung (TKG) Krui (---) Way Tuba (---) KalimantanWest Kalimantan Ketapang (KTG) Nanga Pinoh (NPO) Pontianak (PNK) Putussibau (PSU) Singkawang (SKJ) Sintang (SQG) Central Kalimantan Muara Teweh (HMS) Palangkaraya (PKY) Pangkalanbun (PKN) Sampit (SMQ) Tumbang Samba (TBM) South Kalimantan Banjarbaru (BDJ) Kotabaru (KBU) Tanjung Warukin (TJG) Batulicin (BTW) East Kalimantan Balikpapan (BPN) ‡ Berau (BEJ) Bontang (BXT) Datadawai (DTD) Maratua (RTU) Melak (MLK) Samarinda (AAP) North Kalimantan Long Apung (LPU) Long Bawan (LBW) Malinau (MLN) Nunukan (NNX) Tanjung Selor (TJS) Tarakan (TRK) SulawesiSouth Sulawesi Makassar (UPG) ‡ Masamba (MXB) Palopo (LLO) Rampi (RPI) Seko (SKO) Selayar (KSR) Soroako (SQR) Tana Toraja (TTR) Watempone (BNE) West Sulawesi Mamuju (MJU) Southeast Sulawesi Baubau (BUW) Kendari (KDI) Kolaka (PUM) Raha (RAX) Wakatobi (WKB) Central Sulawesi Ampana (VPM) Buol (UDL) Luwuk (LUW) Morowali (MOH) Palu (PLW) Poso (PSJ) Toli-Toli (TLI) Gorontalo Gorontalo (GTO) North Sulawesi Bolaang Mongondow (LKM) Melangguane (MNA) Miangas (IAX) Manado (MDC) ‡ Siau (BRG) Tahuna (NAH) Lesser Sunda IslandsBali Buleleng (WSN) Denpasar (DPS) ‡ West Nusa Tenggara Bima (BMU) Lombok (LOP) ‡ Mataram (AMI) Sumbawa Besar (SWQ) East Nusa Tenggara Atambua (ABU) Bajawa (BJW) Ende (ENE) Labuan Bajo (LBJ) ‡ Kalabahi (ARD) Kupang (KOE) Larantuka (LKA) Lewoleba (LWE) Maumere (MOF) Rote Island (RTI) Ruteng (RTG) Savu Island (SAU) Tambolaka (TMC) Waingapu (WGP) Maluku IslandsMaluku Ambon (AMQ) Banda (NDA) Benjina (BJK) Dobo (DOB) Kisar (KSX) Langgur (Tual) (LUV) Larat (---) Masohi (AMI) Moa (JIO) Namlea (NAM) Namrole (NRE) Saumlaki (SXK) Wahai (WHI) North Maluku Buli (WUB) Galela (GLX) Gebe (GEB) Labuha (LAH) Morotai (OTI) Sanana (SQN) Ternate (TTE) Kao (KAZ) Western New GuineaPapua Biak (BIK) Jayapura (DJJ) ‡ Serui (ZRI) Central Papua Enarotali (EWI) Nabire (NBX) Timika (TIM) Highland Papua Dekai (DEX) Oksibil (OKL) Wamena (WMX) South Papua Boven Digoel (TMH) Merauke (MKQ) Southwest Papua Raja Ampat (RJM) Sorong (SOQ) Tambrauw (WRR) West Papua Anggi (AGD) Babo (BAO) Fak Fak (FKQ) Kaimana (KNG) Manokwari (MKW) Names in bold are international airports; names of international airports marked with ‡ have Visa on Arrival (VoA) facility
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia-CIA_WFB_Map.png"},{"link_name":"airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airports"},{"link_name":"17,000 islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Indonesia_border"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-Airport-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IM-Air-2"},{"link_name":"Angkasa Pura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkasa_Pura"},{"link_name":"Air traffic services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Map of IndonesiaThis is a list of airports in Indonesia, sorted by location.The Republic of Indonesia comprises 17,000 islands in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia's capital city is Jakarta.Indonesia has 673 airports in 2013, ranging from grand international airports to modest unpaved airstrips on remote islands or inland interior areas located throughout the archipelago.[1][2] Most of them operated by Transportation Ministry technical operation units and state-owned PT Angkasa Pura I & II. Based on the 2009 Aviation Law, the government had to transfer air navigation service management from airport operators to a non-profit institution by January 2012 to improve Air traffic services (ATS).[3]","title":"List of airports in Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Army"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"Civilian or Joint Civilian-Military Airports","text":"Note – TNI-AD (Indonesian Army), TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy), TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force)","title":"Airports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Military-Exclusive Airports","title":"Airports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defunct Airports","title":"Airports"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Indonesia-CIA_WFB_Map.png/500px-Indonesia-CIA_WFB_Map.png"}]
[{"title":"Aviation in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"Transport in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of airports by ICAO code: W#WA WI WQ WR - Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_W#WA_WI_WQ_WR_-_Indonesia"},{"title":"Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia#Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Aviation/Airline_destination_lists:_Asia#Indonesia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Field Listing: Airports – with paved runways: Indonesia\". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2030.html","url_text":"\"Field Listing: Airports – with paved runways: Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2030.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesia Airports – with unpaved runways\". Index Mundi. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indexmundi.com/indonesia/airports_with_unpaved_runways.html","url_text":"\"Indonesia Airports – with unpaved runways\""}]},{"reference":"\"New firm to handle air navigation service\". 24 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/11/24/new-firm-handle-air-navigation-service.html","url_text":"\"New firm to handle air navigation service\""}]},{"reference":"Mirnawati (2012). Kumpulan Pahlawan Indonesia Terlengkap [Most Complete Collection of Indonesian Heroes] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: CIF. ISBN 978-979-788-343-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-788-343-0","url_text":"978-979-788-343-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Alan_Baym
Gordon Baym
["1 Biography","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"]
American physicist Gordon BaymBorn(1935-07-01)July 1, 1935New York City, New York, USANationalityAmericanAlma materCornell UniversityHarvard UniversityKnown forBaym-Kadanoff functionalAwardsHans A. Bethe Prize (2002)Lars Onsager Prize (2008)Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal (2011)APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research (2021)Scientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignDoctoral advisorJulian SchwingerDoctoral studentsRuben Gerardo Barrera Gordon Alan Baym (born July 1, 1935) is an American theoretical physicist. Biography Born in New York City, he graduated from the Brooklyn Technical High School, and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University in 1956. He earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1960, studying under Julian Schwinger. He joined the physics faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1963, becoming a full professor in 1968. His areas of research include condensed-matter physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics, as well as the history of physics. In 1962 he and Leo Kadanoff collaborated on Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Green's Function Methods in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Problems. In 1969 he published Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, a widely used graduate textbook that, unconventionally, begins with photon polarization. In 1991 he and Chris Pethick published the monograph Landau Fermi-Liquid Theory: Concepts and Applications. Baym was awarded the Hans A. Bethe Prize in 2002 "For his superb synthesis of fundamental concepts which have provided an understanding of matter at extreme conditions, ranging from crusts and interiors of neutron stars to matter at ultrahigh temperature". He also received the Lars Onsager Prize in 2008 "for fundamental applications of statistical physics to quantum fluids, including Fermi liquid theory and ground-state properties of dilute quantum gases, and for bringing a conceptual unity to these areas" along with Christopher Pethick and Tin-Lun Ho. He has four children, professors of communications Nancy Baym and Geoffrey Baym, mathematician and biologist Michael Baym, and cognitive neuroscientist Carol Baym. He was married to Nina Baym, a professor of English at the UIUC, and Lillian Hoddeson, a professor of history at UIUC. Awards and honors Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1981 Member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1982 Member of the American Philosophical Society, 2000 Hans A. Bethe Prize, 2002 Lars Onsager Prize, 2008 Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal, 2011 APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research, 2021 References ^ Prize Recipient ^ Prize Recipient ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 28, 2011. ^ "Online directory". National Acacdemy of Sciences. Retrieved December 13, 2011. External links Gordon Baym, Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Baym, Gordon. "Bose-Einstein Condensation Everywhere Else" (RealAudio). Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. Retrieved 2008-04-27.. Recording of a lecture, April 3, 2008. vteHans A. Bethe Prize recipients1998-2010 1998: John Norris Bahcall 1999: Edwin Ernest Salpeter 2000: Igal Talmi 2001: Gerald E. Brown 2002: Gordon Baym 2003: Michael C. F. Wiescher 2004: Wick Haxton 2005: Stan Woosley 2006: Alastair G. W. Cameron 2007: James R. Wilson 2008: Friedrich K. Thielemann 2009: David Arnett 2010: Claus Rolfs 2011-2020 2011: Christopher J. Pethick 2012: Manuel Peimbert / Silvia Torres-Peimbert 2013: George M. Fuller 2014: Karl Ludwig Kratz 2015: James Lattimer 2016: Vassiliki Kalogera 2017: Stuart L. Shapiro 2018: Keith Alison Olive 2019: Ken'ichi Nomoto 2020: Fiona Harrison 2021- 2021: James W. Truran 2022: Madappa Prakash Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID zbMATH Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theoretical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physicist"}],"text":"Gordon Alan Baym (born July 1, 1935) is an American theoretical physicist.","title":"Gordon Baym"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Technical_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Julian Schwinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"condensed-matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"history of physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics"},{"link_name":"Leo Kadanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff"},{"link_name":"Green's Function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_function"},{"link_name":"photon polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_polarization"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Fermi-Liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_liquid"},{"link_name":"Hans A. 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He earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1960, studying under Julian Schwinger.He joined the physics faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1963, becoming a full professor in 1968. His areas of research include condensed-matter physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics, as well as the history of physics.In 1962 he and Leo Kadanoff collaborated on Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Green's Function Methods in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Problems. In 1969 he published Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, a widely used graduate textbook that, unconventionally, begins with photon polarization. In 1991 he and Chris Pethick published the monograph Landau Fermi-Liquid Theory: Concepts and Applications.Baym was awarded the Hans A. Bethe Prize in 2002 \"For his superb synthesis of fundamental concepts which have provided an understanding of matter at extreme conditions, ranging from crusts and interiors of neutron stars to matter at ultrahigh temperature\".[1] He also received the Lars Onsager Prize in 2008 \"for fundamental applications of statistical physics to quantum fluids, including Fermi liquid theory and ground-state properties of dilute quantum gases, and for bringing a conceptual unity to these areas\"[2] along with Christopher Pethick and Tin-Lun Ho.He has four children, professors of communications Nancy Baym and Geoffrey Baym, mathematician and biologist Michael Baym, and cognitive neuroscientist Carol Baym. He was married to Nina Baym, a professor of English at the UIUC, and Lillian Hoddeson, a professor of history at UIUC.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-4"},{"link_name":"Hans A. Bethe Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe_Prize"},{"link_name":"Lars Onsager Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Onsager_Prize"},{"link_name":"Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Feenberg_Memorial_Medal"},{"link_name":"APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Physical_Society_prizes_and_awards"}],"text":"Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1981[3]\nMember of the National Academy of Sciences, 1982[4]\nMember of the American Philosophical Society, 2000\nHans A. Bethe Prize, 2002\nLars Onsager Prize, 2008\nEugene Feenberg Memorial Medal, 2011\nAPS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research, 2021","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online directory\". National Acacdemy of Sciences. Retrieved December 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1034911900?pg=vprof&mbr=1001111&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fnas.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F1034911900%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link","url_text":"\"Online directory\""}]},{"reference":"Baym, Gordon. \"Bose-Einstein Condensation Everywhere Else\" (RealAudio). Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. Retrieved 2008-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/becconf/baym/","url_text":"\"Bose-Einstein Condensation Everywhere Else\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sunkel
Tom Sunkel
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player Baseball player Tom SunkelPitcherBorn: (1912-08-09)August 9, 1912Paris, IllinoisDied: April 6, 2002(2002-04-06) (aged 89)Paris, IllinoisBatted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutAugust 26, 1937, for the St. Louis CardinalsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 29, 1944, for the Brooklyn DodgersMLB statisticsWin–loss record9–15Earned run average4.53Strikeouts112 Teams St. Louis Cardinals (1937, 1939) New York Giants (1941–1943) Brooklyn Dodgers (1944) Thomas Jacob Sunkel (August 9, 1912 – April 6, 2002), was a professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues from 1937 to 1944. He would play for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, and Brooklyn Dodgers. Sunkel's left eye was damaged when he was a child which caused him to lose all sight in this eye in 1941. He pitched and batted with his head cocked to the side to compensate. Sunkel was born and died in Paris, Illinois. References ^ "Tom Sunkel Baseballbiography.com". External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Tom Sunkel at Find a Grave This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tom Sunkel Baseballbiography.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://baseballbiography.com/tom-sunkel-1912","url_text":"\"Tom Sunkel Baseballbiography.com\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chiu-Hwa
Wang Chiu-Hwa
["1 Biography","1.1 Studies and work in the United States: 1940s–1979","1.2 Return to Taiwan: 1979–2021","2 Work","3 References"]
Taiwanese architect (1925–2021) In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang (王). Wang Chiu-Hwa王秋華Born(1925-08-08)8 August 1925Beijing, Republic of ChinaDied14 June 2021(2021-06-14) (aged 95)Taipei, TaiwanNationalityRepublic of ChinaAlma materNational Central University (BS)University of Washington (BA)Columbia University (MArch)OccupationArchitectAwardsOutstanding Architect of Taiwan ROCChinese nameTraditional Chinese王秋華Simplified Chinese王秋华TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWáng QiūhuáWade–GilesWang2 Ch'iu1-Hua2IPA Wang Chiu-Hwa (Chinese: 王秋華; 8 August 1925 – 14 June 2021) was a Taiwanese architect noted for her work with libraries in Taiwan. Due to the many libraries she designed and the fact she pioneered the earliest modern university library in Taiwan, Wang was given the unofficial title of "Taiwan’s 'Mother of Libraries'". Biography Studies and work in the United States: 1940s–1979 Wang was born in Beiping on 8 August 1925. Her father was Wang Shijie, a scholar and politician who moved to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War, her mother, Xiao Dehua, was a painter, and the musician Xiao Youmei was her maternal uncle. After earning her bachelor's degree in architecture at the National Central University in Chongqing, China, which was China’s first university programme for architecture. Wang Chiu-Hwa moved to Seattle to continue her studies at the University of Washington in 1946. She then studied at Columbia University in New York City and obtained her Master's degree in architecture in 1949. She was one of the first Asian women to study architecture at University of Washington and the Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. Wang earned her architecture licence in 1960. From 1953 to 1979, Wang worked with American architect Percival Goodman in New York City. She began working for him part-time as a designer while being his student, and then worked for him full-time for almost thirty years, starting as an associate in 1960 and then becoming a partner. Wang's first project with Goodman was designing the Fairmount Temple in Beachwood Village, Ohio (1953). Goodman exerted great influence on her architectural ideas; like Goodman, she strongly believed in the notion of the architect as having a social responsibility through their work. She is quoted as saying “as a designer, you must concern yourself first and foremost with the well-being of the majority, not just the interests of a few wealthy people.” One of Wang's nicknames was the "architect in a qipao" due to the fact she often wore one to construction sites. Wang spoke out against the practice of prioritising private cars over public transport. One such example is when Wang and Goodman, in collaboration with their students at Columbia University, designed an unsolicited proposal for Manhattanville-on-Hudson that was intended to counter urban planner Robert Moses’ proposal to focus on building highways in mid-twentieth century New York. Return to Taiwan: 1979–2021 Wang Chiu-Hwa returned to Taiwan in 1979. She began teaching at the Taipei Institute of Technology and Tamkang University, and served as architectural consultant to a number of public institutions. In 1983, after collaborating with architect Joshua J. Pan on the Chung Yuan Christian University library, she started her own practice and has since been working in joint venture with J. J. Pan and Partners, Architects and Planners, on a number of projects. Wang was named Outstanding Architect of Taiwan ROC in 2003. She won the 2020 National Award for the Arts  in architecture, and was the first woman recipient of the prize since an award for architecture was established in 1997. Wang Chiu-Hwa died of heart failure at Taipei City Renai Hospital at around 2 p.m. on 14 June 2021, less than two months before her 96th birthday. Work Wang Chiu-Hwa's architectural designs are modernistic, with emphasis on environmental totality and scale. Between 1983 and 1985, she designed the main library of Chung Yuan Christian University, which exemplifies her sense of spatial planning. It has a holding capacity of 700,000 volumes, a conference room with room for 150 people, and a study room with room for 800 people. Its multiple-entry plazas and sunken gardens were designed to encourage socialising. A special feature of the library is the attention given to energy conservation. Natural lighting and ventilation were made possible through the use of double-height spaces, also providing visual fluidity and transparency. This was her first major project after returning to Taiwan, and it won her the Taiwan Provincial Building Design Award and the National Building Design Award for Passive Energy Efficiency. Over the next three decades, she designed a number of large and award-winning buildings in Taiwan, including but not limited to: 1986: Precision Instruments Development Center for the National Science Council 1988: Medical Research Building & Conference Center for Veterans General Hospital in Taichung 1989: Gymnasium at Chung Yuan Christian University 1989: Main Library of National Chang Hwa Normal University 1991–97: Doctors' Dormitory of Taichung Veterans General Hospital 1993: Main Library and Information Sciences Center at the National Chung Cheng University 1998: Founder's Memorial Library at the Chinese Culture University in Taipei 1997–2004: Holistic Education Village at Chung Yung Christian University 2000–2005: Gymnasium at Chinese Culture University Noted for her work on libraries in Taiwan, Wang Chiu-Hwa was affectionately known as the "Mother of Taiwanese libraries". In 2015, Wang Chiu-Hwa donated a large part of her archive to the M+ Collection Archives in Hong Kong. References ^ a b Chen Ping-hung; Teng Pei-ju (15 June 2021). "'Mother of Taiwanese libraries' architect Wang Chiu-hwa dies at 96". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ a b c 陳秉弘 (14 June 2021). "台灣圖書館之母 建築師王秋華辭世享壽96歲". www.cna.com.tw (in Chinese). Central News Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f Collections, 21 November 2019 Filed under; Exhibitions/Programmes. "7 Facts About Taiwan's 'Mother of Libraries' - M+ Stories". stories.mplus.org.hk. Retrieved 21 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b Cheng, Sabine; Hsu, Elizabeth (4 December 2019). "94-year-old architect among recipients of 2020 National Award for Arts". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved 5 December 2019. ^ "國家文藝獎第21屆獲獎藝術家 王秋華". 國家文化藝術基金會. Retrieved 15 June 2021. 八月八日出生的王秋華建築師（以下簡稱王秋華），同年，孫中山逝世於北京、省港十萬人大罷工、希特勒《我的奮鬥》出版發行、國民革命軍正式組建、中國國民黨廖仲愷遇刺身亡。 ^ Han Cheung (8 May 2021). "Taiwan in Time: The 'mother of Taiwanese libraries'". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 August 2021. ^ "穿旗袍的建築師 注" (PDF). Architectural Institute of Taiwan. ^ a b "In Memoriam: Wang Chiu Hwa". Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "In Memoriam Wang Chiu Hwa". Columbia GSAPP. Retrieved 22 June 2021. ^ a b c d e Pan, Joshua Jih; Group, The Images Publishing (2012). J. J. Pan & Partners: Sustainability, Professionalism, Discourse. Images Publishing. ISBN 9781864704303. ^ Goodman, Percival (2001). Percival Goodman: Architect – Planner – Teacher – Painter. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781884919091. ^ a b c 林均郁 (1 January 2008). 王秋華建築師在台建築之研究. 淡江大學建築學系碩士班學位論文 (Master's thesis). doi:10.6846/TKU.2008.00372. ^ a b c Pan, Joshua Jih; Group, The Images Publishing (1999). J.J. Pan and Partners: Selected and Current Works. Images Publishing. ISBN 9781864700589. ^ a b "Chiu-Hwa Wang - J.J.Pan and Partners, Architects and Planners - 潘冀聯合建築師事務所". www.jjpan.com (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 9 April 2018. ^ "Precision Instrument Development Center for the National Science Council". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Medical Research Building and Conference Center for Veterans General Hospital Taichung". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Gymnasium & Indoor Swimming Pool, Chung-Yuan Christian University". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "中正大學圖書資訊中心" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Founder's Memorial Library, Chinese Culture University, Taipei". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Holistic Education Village, Chung Yuan Christian University". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Gymnasium, Chinese Culture University". www.jjpan.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ M+ Collection Archives ^ "7 Facts About Taiwan's 'Mother of Libraries'". M+. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
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[3] Goodman exerted great influence on her architectural ideas; like Goodman, she strongly believed in the notion of the architect as having a social responsibility through their work.[12] She is quoted as saying “as a designer, you must concern yourself first and foremost with the well-being of the majority, not just the interests of a few wealthy people.”[8]One of Wang's nicknames was the \"architect in a qipao\" due to the fact she often wore one to construction sites.[3] Wang spoke out against the practice of prioritising private cars over public transport. One such example is when Wang and Goodman, in collaboration with their students at Columbia University, designed an unsolicited proposal for Manhattanville-on-Hudson that was intended to counter urban planner Robert Moses’ proposal to focus on building highways in mid-twentieth century New York.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Tamkang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamkang_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Yuan_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"National Award for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Award_for_the_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E7%8D%8E"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020naa-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstNews202106145005-2"}],"sub_title":"Return to Taiwan: 1979–2021","text":"Wang Chiu-Hwa returned to Taiwan in 1979.[12] She began teaching at the Taipei Institute of Technology and Tamkang University, and served as architectural consultant to a number of public institutions.[10] In 1983, after collaborating with architect Joshua J. Pan on the Chung Yuan Christian University library, she started her own practice and has since been working in joint venture with J. J. Pan and Partners, Architects and Planners, on a number of projects.[10] Wang was named Outstanding Architect of Taiwan ROC in 2003.[10] She won the 2020 National Award for the Arts [zh] in architecture, and was the first woman recipient of the prize since an award for architecture was established in 1997.[4]Wang Chiu-Hwa died of heart failure at Taipei City Renai Hospital at around 2 p.m. on 14 June 2021, less than two months before her 96th birthday.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Yuan_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"National Chung Cheng University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chung_Cheng_University"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chinese Culture University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FocusTaiwan202106150006-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Wang Chiu-Hwa's architectural designs are modernistic, with emphasis on environmental totality and scale.[12]Between 1983 and 1985, she designed the main library of Chung Yuan Christian University, which exemplifies her sense of spatial planning. It has a holding capacity of 700,000 volumes, a conference room with room for 150 people, and a study room with room for 800 people. Its multiple-entry plazas and sunken gardens were designed to encourage socialising.[13] A special feature of the library is the attention given to energy conservation. Natural lighting and ventilation were made possible through the use of double-height spaces, also providing visual fluidity and transparency. This was her first major project after returning to Taiwan, and it won her the Taiwan Provincial Building Design Award and the National Building Design Award for Passive Energy Efficiency.[14]Over the next three decades, she designed a number of large and award-winning buildings in Taiwan,[14] including but not limited to:1986: Precision Instruments Development Center for the National Science Council[15]\n1988: Medical Research Building & Conference Center for Veterans General Hospital in Taichung[16]\n1989: Gymnasium at Chung Yuan Christian University[17]\n1989: Main Library of National Chang Hwa Normal University[13]\n1991–97: Doctors' Dormitory of Taichung Veterans General Hospital[13]\n1993: Main Library and Information Sciences Center at the National Chung Cheng University[18]\n1998: Founder's Memorial Library at the Chinese Culture University in Taipei[19]\n1997–2004: Holistic Education Village at Chung Yung Christian University[20]\n2000–2005: Gymnasium at Chinese Culture University[21]Noted for her work on libraries in Taiwan, Wang Chiu-Hwa was affectionately known as the \"Mother of Taiwanese libraries\".[1]In 2015, Wang Chiu-Hwa donated a large part of her archive to the M+ Collection Archives[22] in Hong Kong.[23]","title":"Work"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Chen Ping-hung; Teng Pei-ju (15 June 2021). \"'Mother of Taiwanese libraries' architect Wang Chiu-hwa dies at 96\". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202106150006","url_text":"\"'Mother of Taiwanese libraries' architect Wang Chiu-hwa dies at 96\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Taiwan)","url_text":"Central News Agency"}]},{"reference":"陳秉弘 (14 June 2021). \"台灣圖書館之母 建築師王秋華辭世享壽96歲\". www.cna.com.tw (in Chinese). Central News Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cna.com.tw/amp/news/firstnews/202106145005.aspx","url_text":"\"台灣圖書館之母 建築師王秋華辭世享壽96歲\""}]},{"reference":"Collections, 21 November 2019 Filed under; Exhibitions/Programmes. \"7 Facts About Taiwan's 'Mother of Libraries' - M+ Stories\". stories.mplus.org.hk. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stories.mplus.org.hk/en/blog/7-facts-about-about-taiwans-mother-of-libraries/","url_text":"\"7 Facts About Taiwan's 'Mother of Libraries' - M+ Stories\""}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Sabine; Hsu, Elizabeth (4 December 2019). \"94-year-old architect among recipients of 2020 National Award for Arts\". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aedu/201912040012.aspx","url_text":"\"94-year-old architect among recipients of 2020 National Award for Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"國家文藝獎第21屆獲獎藝術家 王秋華\". 國家文化藝術基金會. Retrieved 15 June 2021. 八月八日出生的王秋華建築師（以下簡稱王秋華），同年，孫中山逝世於北京、省港十萬人大罷工、希特勒《我的奮鬥》出版發行、國民革命軍正式組建、中國國民黨廖仲愷遇刺身亡。","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncafroc.org.tw/artist_detail.html?anchor=award4&content=detail&id=297ef72272b7f76d017308f973330116","url_text":"\"國家文藝獎第21屆獲獎藝術家 王秋華\""}]},{"reference":"Han Cheung (8 May 2021). \"Taiwan in Time: The 'mother of Taiwanese libraries'\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/08/08/2003762220","url_text":"\"Taiwan in Time: The 'mother of Taiwanese libraries'\""}]},{"reference":"\"穿旗袍的建築師 注\" (PDF). Architectural Institute of Taiwan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architw.org.tw/ftp/magazine/mag78/78TH-P73.pdf","url_text":"\"穿旗袍的建築師 注\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Wang Chiu Hwa\". Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arch.columbia.edu/in-memoriam-wang-chiu-hwa","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Wang Chiu Hwa\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam Wang Chiu Hwa\". Columbia GSAPP. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arch.columbia.edu/in-memoriam-wang-chiu-hwa","url_text":"\"In Memoriam Wang Chiu Hwa\""}]},{"reference":"Pan, Joshua Jih; Group, The Images Publishing (2012). J. J. Pan & Partners: Sustainability, Professionalism, Discourse. Images Publishing. ISBN 9781864704303.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tYake3pE9GQC&pg=PA110","url_text":"J. J. Pan & Partners: Sustainability, Professionalism, Discourse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864704303","url_text":"9781864704303"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Percival (2001). Percival Goodman: Architect – Planner – Teacher – Painter. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781884919091.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BpOxOO8M65gC&pg=PA196","url_text":"Percival Goodman: Architect – Planner – Teacher – Painter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884919091","url_text":"9781884919091"}]},{"reference":"林均郁 (1 January 2008). 王秋華建築師在台建築之研究. 淡江大學建築學系碩士班學位論文 (Master's thesis). doi:10.6846/TKU.2008.00372.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0002-1503200800233600","url_text":"王秋華建築師在台建築之研究"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6846%2FTKU.2008.00372","url_text":"10.6846/TKU.2008.00372"}]},{"reference":"Pan, Joshua Jih; Group, The Images Publishing (1999). J.J. Pan and Partners: Selected and Current Works. Images Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptalogy
Heptalogy
["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References"]
Compound work that is made up of seven distinct works Not to be confused with hepatology. Collection of the Harry Potter book series, an example of a heptalogy A heptalogy (/hɛpˈtælədʒi/; from Greek ἑπτα- hepta-, "seven" and -λογία -logia, "discourse"), is a compound literary or narrative work that is made up of seven distinct works. While not in wide usage, it has been used to describe such examples as the Harry Potter series of books, and The Chronicles of Narnia. Examples Heptalogy Dates Author The Cycle of Life 1914 Edward Maryon In Search of Lost Time 1913–1927 Marcel Proust The Chronicles of Narnia 1949–1954 C. S. Lewis Le Livre des questions (The Book of Questions) 1963–1973 (1976–1984 in English) Edmond Jabès Narratives of Empire 1967–2000 Gore Vidal Licht 1977–2003 Karlheinz Stockhausen Harry Potter 1997–2007 J. K. Rowling Planned heptalogy Dates Author Luther 1613–1630 Martin Rinkart Eugene Gant 1935–1941 Thomas Wolfe The Ages of Man 1956 Thornton Wilder The Children of Kronos 1987–1991 Alexandros Kotzias Heptalogía de Hieronymus Bosch 1997–2006 Rafael Spregelburd A Song of Ice and Fire 1996–20?? George R. R. Martin See also Look up heptalogy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Trilogy Tetralogy List of feature film series with seven entries References ^ "77 things about the #7". The Canberra Times. January 2, 2007. p. A6. A series of seven works of art is called a heptalogy. In the case of films, Harry Potter and The Chronicles of Narnia (both to be completed), are examples. ^ a b Robert McCrum (July 22, 2007). "The Hallows, and then the goodbyes: Tolkien it isn't, but J K Rowling's latest marks a triumphant literary achievement". The Observer. p. 17. The completion of this world-shaking heptalogy is something close to a triumph. "Rowling tops revenue list". The Bookseller. January 25, 2008. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-09. ^ Christopher, Joe R. (2015). "C. S. Lewis's Problem with 'The Franklin's Tale'". In Khoddam, Salwa; Hall, Mark R.; Fisher, Jason (eds.). C.S. Lewis and the Inklings: Reflections on Faith, Imagination and Modern Technology. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781443882965. Lewis had a secret structure to the Narnian heptalogy ^ "Section 3". Musical News and Herald. 46: 610. January–June 1914. So he has written his heptalogy, the titles of the dramas being "Lucifer", "Cain", "Magdalen", "Krishna", "Christos", "Psyche", and "Nirvana". The title of the whole is The Cycle of Life... "Edward Maryon". The Musical Times. 95 (1333): 152. March 1954. ... his magnum opus being 'The Cycle of Life', a heptalogy ... ^ Michael Wright (January 2, 2000). "The Marcel wave". The Times. The pressure to read Proust is felt in different ways. Sir Richard Eyre ... confesses that he was shamed into reading the mighty heptalogy by Alan Bennett. ^ Alan Farrell (2007). High Cheekbones, Pouty Lips, Tight Jeans. p. 227. ...while Lewis confected a heptalogy ... about the fictitious and snow-shrouded land of Narnia... Michael Ward. Planet Narnia. The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis. p. 13. Charles Wrong ... reports Lewis as adding, "I had to write three volumes, of course, or seven, or nine. Those are the magic numbers." ^ Walter Stauss, review of Warren F. Motte jr., Questioning Edmond Jabès (1990), in Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 46:1/2 (1992), p. 99. ^ Fred Inglis (November 4, 2000). "News as history: history as fiction". Financial Times Books. p. 5. This is the final volume of Vidal's astonishing heptalogy, Narratives of Empire... ^ Juan María Solare (July 2000). "Face to face with Stockhausen". Tempo. 2 (213): 20–22. doi:10.1017/s0040298200007828. ISSN 0040-2982. JSTOR 946542. S2CID 143443072. The heptalogy LICHT (Light) is a cycle of seven operas... Ivanka Stoianova; Jerome Kohl (Winter 1999). "And Dasein becomes music: some glimpses of Light". Perspectives of New Music. 37 (1): 179–212. doi:10.2307/833631. JSTOR 833631. Since 1977, the year which marks the beginning of the composition of the heptalogy Licht... ^ Albert Freybe (1911). "Rinckart (Rinkart), Martin". In Samuel Macauley Jackson (ed.). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 10. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 41. Retrieved 2008-02-09. A third drama, the Indulgentiarius confusus, was written..., forming the third part of the author's intended heptalogy on Luther. ^ Willard Thorp (1960). American Writing in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. p. 174. Here was stuff, not for a naturalistic trilogy but for a heptalogy! In the four novels which stand complete and in the fragment of a fifth (The Hills Beyond, 1941), Wolfe took one hero, Eugene Gant... ^ "Short List". The Village Voice. May 18, 1999. Thornton Wilder left this heptalogy of one-acts unfinished at his death in 1975 ^ Michael Moschos (September 25, 1992). "Obituary: Alexandros Kotzias". The Independent Gazette. p. 31. He completed four in this projected "heptalogy" under the general title "The Children of Kronos" ^ James Woodall (February 16, 2004). "F.I.N.D. Schaubühne, Berlin". Financial Times Arts. p. 8. Argentine Rafael Spregelburd's Stupidity, the fourth in The Hieronymus Bosch Heptalogy series, is a sprawling farce... "Casa awards start the literary party in Cuba". Cuba Headlines. January 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-09. ^ "New Game of Thrones Trailer; Exclusive Preview on April 3rd". Screen Rant. March 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08. | vteSeries of worksSeries Trilogy Tetralogy Pentalogy Hexalogy Heptalogy See also Anthology Complete works Polyptych Diptych Triptych This article about a literary genre is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"heptalogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heptalogy"},{"title":"Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"title":"Tetralogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetralogy"},{"title":"List of feature film series with seven entries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feature_film_series_with_seven_entries"}]
[{"reference":"\"77 things about the #7\". The Canberra Times. January 2, 2007. p. A6. A series of seven works of art is called a heptalogy. In the case of films, Harry Potter and The Chronicles of Narnia (both to be completed), are examples.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)","url_text":"Harry Potter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)","url_text":"The Chronicles of Narnia"}]},{"reference":"Robert McCrum (July 22, 2007). \"The Hallows, and then the goodbyes: Tolkien it isn't, but J K Rowling's latest marks a triumphant literary achievement\". The Observer. p. 17. The completion of this world-shaking heptalogy is something close to a triumph.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Rowling tops revenue list\". The Bookseller. January 25, 2008. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080128170220/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/51988-rowling-tops-revenue-list.html","url_text":"\"Rowling tops revenue list\""},{"url":"http://www.thebookseller.com/news/51988-rowling-tops-revenue-list.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christopher, Joe R. (2015). \"C. S. Lewis's Problem with 'The Franklin's Tale'\". In Khoddam, Salwa; Hall, Mark R.; Fisher, Jason (eds.). C.S. Lewis and the Inklings: Reflections on Faith, Imagination and Modern Technology. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781443882965. Lewis had a secret structure to the Narnian heptalogy","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443882965","url_text":"9781443882965"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 3\". Musical News and Herald. 46: 610. January–June 1914. So he has written his heptalogy, the titles of the dramas being \"Lucifer\", \"Cain\", \"Magdalen\", \"Krishna\", \"Christos\", \"Psyche\", and \"Nirvana\". The title of the whole is The Cycle of Life...","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Edward Maryon\". The Musical Times. 95 (1333): 152. March 1954. ... his magnum opus being 'The Cycle of Life', a heptalogy ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"}]},{"reference":"Michael Wright (January 2, 2000). \"The Marcel wave\". The Times. The pressure to read Proust is felt in different ways. Sir Richard Eyre ... confesses that he was shamed into reading the mighty heptalogy by Alan Bennett.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Alan Farrell (2007). High Cheekbones, Pouty Lips, Tight Jeans. p. 227. ...while Lewis confected a heptalogy ... about the fictitious and snow-shrouded land of Narnia...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael Ward. Planet Narnia. The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis. p. 13. Charles Wrong ... reports Lewis as adding, \"I had to write three volumes, of course, or seven, or nine. Those are the magic numbers.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ward_(scholar)","url_text":"Michael Ward"}]},{"reference":"Fred Inglis (November 4, 2000). \"News as history: history as fiction\". Financial Times Books. p. 5. This is the final volume of Vidal's astonishing heptalogy, Narratives of Empire...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Juan María Solare (July 2000). \"Face to face with Stockhausen\". Tempo. 2 (213): 20–22. doi:10.1017/s0040298200007828. ISSN 0040-2982. JSTOR 946542. S2CID 143443072. The heptalogy LICHT (Light) is a cycle of seven operas...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(journal)","url_text":"Tempo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0040298200007828","url_text":"10.1017/s0040298200007828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-2982","url_text":"0040-2982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/946542","url_text":"946542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143443072","url_text":"143443072"}]},{"reference":"Ivanka Stoianova; Jerome Kohl (Winter 1999). \"And Dasein becomes music: some glimpses of Light\". Perspectives of New Music. 37 (1): 179–212. doi:10.2307/833631. JSTOR 833631. Since 1977, the year which marks the beginning of the composition of the heptalogy Licht...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kohl","url_text":"Jerome Kohl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833631","url_text":"10.2307/833631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/833631","url_text":"833631"}]},{"reference":"Albert Freybe (1911). \"Rinckart (Rinkart), Martin\". In Samuel Macauley Jackson (ed.). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 10. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 41. Retrieved 2008-02-09. A third drama, the Indulgentiarius confusus, was written..., forming the third part of the author's intended heptalogy on Luther.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7el4esMpCT4C&pg=PA41","url_text":"\"Rinckart (Rinkart), Martin\""}]},{"reference":"Willard Thorp (1960). American Writing in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. p. 174. Here was stuff, not for a naturalistic trilogy but for a heptalogy! In the four novels which stand complete and in the fragment of a fifth (The Hills Beyond, 1941), Wolfe took one hero, Eugene Gant...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanwritingi00thor","url_text":"American Writing in the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanwritingi00thor/page/174","url_text":"174"}]},{"reference":"\"Short List\". The Village Voice. May 18, 1999. Thornton Wilder left this heptalogy of one-acts unfinished at his death in 1975","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Michael Moschos (September 25, 1992). \"Obituary: Alexandros Kotzias\". The Independent Gazette. p. 31. He completed four in this projected \"heptalogy\" under the general title \"The Children of Kronos\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"James Woodall (February 16, 2004). \"F.I.N.D. Schaubühne, Berlin\". Financial Times Arts. p. 8. Argentine Rafael Spregelburd's Stupidity, the fourth in The Hieronymus Bosch Heptalogy series, is a sprawling farce...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Casa awards start the literary party in Cuba\". Cuba Headlines. January 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cubaheadlines.com/2008/01/12/8349/casa_awards_start_the_literary_party_in_cuba.html","url_text":"\"Casa awards start the literary party in Cuba\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Game of Thrones Trailer; Exclusive Preview on April 3rd\". Screen Rant. March 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/game-thrones-trailer-preview-hbo-benk-104508/","url_text":"\"New Game of Thrones Trailer; Exclusive Preview on April 3rd\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_1
Soyuz 1
["1 Crew","1.1 Backup crew","2 Mission parameters","3 Background","4 Mission details","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]
First crewed flight of the Soyuz programme This article is about a 1967 crewed test flight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 1, see Soyuz TM-31. For other uses, see Soyuz-1. Soyuz 11964 commemorative stamp of Vladimir KomarovMission typeTest flightOperatorExperimental Design Bureau (OKB-1)COSPAR ID1967-037A SATCAT no.02759Mission duration1 day 2 hours 47 minutes 52 secondsOrbits completed18 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftSoyuz 7K-OK No.1Spacecraft typeSoyuz 7K-OKManufacturerExperimental Design Bureau (OKB-1)Launch mass6450 kgLanding mass2800 kgDimensions10 m long (with solar panels)2.72 m wide CrewCrew size1MembersVladimir KomarovCallsignРубин (Rubin – "Ruby") Start of missionLaunch date23 April 1967, 00:35:00 GMTRocketSoyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-04Launch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5ContractorExperimental Design Bureau (OKB-1) End of missionLanding date24 April 1967, 03:22:52 GMTLanding site3 km west of Karabutak, Orenburg Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude197.0 kmApogee altitude223.0 kmInclination50.8°Period88.7 minutes Soyuz programme← Kosmos 140Soyuz 2 →  Soyuz 1 (Russian: Союз 1, Union 1) was a crewed spaceflight of the Soviet space program. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying cosmonaut colonel Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight. The original mission plan was complex, involving a rendezvous with Soyuz 2 and an exchange of crew members before returning to Earth. However, the launch of Soyuz 2 was called off due to thunderstorms. Crew Position Cosmonaut Pilot Vladimir KomarovSecond and last spaceflight Backup crew Position Cosmonaut Pilot Yuri Gagarin Mission parameters Mass: 6,450 kg (14,220 lb) Perigee: 197.0 km (122.4 mi) Apogee: 223.0 km (138.6 mi) Inclination: 50.8° Period: 88.7 minutes Background Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the first-generation Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft and Soyuz rocket, designed as part of the Soviet lunar program. It was the first Soviet crewed spaceflight in over two years, and the first Soviet crewed flight following the death of the Chief Designer of the space programme Sergei Korolev. Komarov was launched on Soyuz 1 despite failures of the previous uncrewed tests of the 7K-OK, Kosmos 133 and Kosmos 140. A third attempted test flight was a launch failure; a launch abort triggered a malfunction of the launch escape system, causing the rocket to explode on the pad. The escape system successfully pulled the spacecraft to safety. According to interviews with Venyamin Russayev, a former KGB agent, prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 203 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday". Russayev also claims that Yuri Gagarin was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1, and was aware of the design problems and the pressures from the Politburo to proceed with the flight. He attempted to "bump" Komarov from the mission, knowing that the Soviet leadership would not risk a national hero on the flight. At the same time, Komarov refused to pass on the mission, even though he believed it to be doomed. He explained that he could not risk Gagarin's life. Russayev's account, however, has been seen as implausible and exaggerated by most historians of the Soviet space programme. Mission planners intended to launch a second Soyuz flight the next day carrying cosmonauts Valery Bykovsky, Yevgeny Khrunov, and Aleksei Yeliseyev, with Khrunov and Yeliseyev scheduled to do an EVA over to Soyuz 1. Mission details Soyuz 1 was launched on 23 April 1967 at 00:32 GMT from Baikonur Cosmodrome carrying Komarov, the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice, in the 7K-OK No. 4 capsule. Problems began shortly after launch when one solar panel failed to unfold, leading to a shortage of power for the spacecraft's systems. Further problems with the orientation detectors complicated maneuvering the craft. By orbit 13, the automatic stabilisation system was completely dead, and the manual system was only partially effective. The crew of Soyuz 2 modified their mission goals, preparing themselves for a launch that would include fixing the solar panel of Soyuz 1. However, that night, thunderstorms at Baikonur affected the booster's electrical system, causing the mission to be called off. As a result of Komarov's report during the 13th orbit, the flight director decided to abort the mission. After 18 orbits, Soyuz 1 fired its retrorockets and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. Despite the technical difficulties up to that point, Komarov might still have landed safely. A few minutes before the tragedy, Komarov maintained radio contact with Gagarin, in particular, stating: "The engine was running for 146 seconds. Everything is going fine. Everything is going fine! The ship was oriented correctly. I am in the middle chair. Tied with straps." To slow the descent, first the drogue parachute was deployed, followed by the main parachute. However, due to a defect, the main parachute did not unfold; the exact reason for the main parachute malfunction is disputed. Komarov then activated the manually deployed reserve chute, but it became tangled with the drogue chute, which did not release as intended. As a result, the Soyuz descent module fell to Earth in Orenburg Oblast almost entirely unimpeded, at about 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph). A rescue helicopter spotted the descent module lying on its side with the parachute spread across the ground on fire. The retrorockets then started firing which concerned the rescuers since they were supposed to activate a few moments prior to touchdown. By the time they landed and approached, the descent module was in flames with black smoke filling the air and streams of molten metal dripping from the exterior. The entire base of the capsule burned through. By this point, it was obvious that Komarov had not survived, but there was no code signal for a cosmonaut's death, so the rescuers fired a signal flare calling for medical assistance. Another group of rescuers in an aircraft then arrived and attempted to extinguish the blazing spacecraft with portable fire extinguishers. This proved insufficient and they instead began using shovels to throw dirt onto it. The descent module then completely disintegrated, leaving only a pile of debris topped by the entry hatch. When the fire at last ended, the rescuers were able to dig through the rubble to find Komarov strapped into the center couch, his body had turned into charred clothing and flesh. Doctors pronounced the cause of death to be from multiple blunt-force injuries. The body was transported to Moscow for an official autopsy in a military hospital where the cause of death was verified to match the field doctors' conclusions. The Soyuz 1 crash site coordinates are 51°21′39″N 59°33′45″E / 51.3609°N 59.5624°E / 51.3609; 59.5624, which is 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, about 275 km (171 mi) east-southeast of Orenburg. There is a memorial monument at the site in the form of a black column with a bust of Komarov at the top, in a small park on the roadside. Posthumously, Komarov was named a Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time, and awarded the Order of Lenin. He was given a state funeral, and his ashes were interred in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow. Eight years after Komarov's death, a story began circulating that Komarov cursed the engineers and flight staff, and spoke to his wife as he descended, and these transmissions were received by an NSA listening station near Istanbul. Historians such as Asif Azam Siddiqi regard this to be untrue. Komarov final recorded words appear to have been a conversation with a tracking station located near Simferopol on the topic of the separation of the Soyuz modules just before reentry. With the final message received being "Спасибо, передайте всем Произошло" ("Thank you, tell everyone it happened") . Legacy The Soyuz 1 tragedy delayed the launch of Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 3 until 25 October 1968. This 18-month gap, with the addition of the explosion of an uncrewed N-1 rocket on 3 July 1969, scuttled Soviet plans of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon. The original mission of Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 was ultimately achieved by Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5. A much improved Soyuz programme emerged from this eighteen-month delay, mirroring the improvements made in the Apollo program after the Apollo 1 tragedy. Although it failed to reach the Moon, the Soyuz went on to be repurposed from the centrepiece of the Zond lunar program to the people-carrier of the Salyut space station program, the Mir space station, and the International Space Station. Although it suffered another tragedy with the Soyuz 11 accident in 1971, and went through several incidents with non-fatal launch aborts and landing mishaps, it has become one of the longest-lived and most dependable crewed spacecraft yet designed. Komarov is commemorated in two memorials left on the lunar surface: one left at Tranquility Base by Apollo 11, and the Fallen Astronaut statue and plaque left by Apollo 15. References ^ "Baikonur LC1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009. ^ a b "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo". Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ Part 1 – Soyuz in Mir Hardware Heritage by David S. F. Portree. ^ a b "24 April 1967: Russian cosmonaut dies in space crash". On This Day. BBC. 24 April 1967. Retrieved 15 April 2009. ^ a b "Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth "Crying In Rage": Krulwich Wonders..." NPR.org. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ "A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold". NPR.org. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2012. ^ Final decision to launch Soyuz-1 wonderdome.co.uk, accessed 26 December 2022 ^ French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 177 ^ Трагедия «Союза-1»: Почему разбился космонавт Владимир Комаров. In Russian ^ "The Red Stuff". friends-partners.org. 24 October 2000. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ "The Soyuz-1 accident investigation". Retrieved 5 January 2015. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Location". Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ "Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo closeup". Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ "Soyuz 1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2009. ^ a b Krulwich, Robert (5 May 2011). "A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold". npr.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. ^ French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 181 ^ a b Siddiqi, Asif (2020). Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes. SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781887022958. ^ Siddiqi, Asif (2020). Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes. SpaceHistory101.com Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781887022958. ^ Aldrin, Buzz; McConnell, Malcolm (1989). Men from Earth. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-05374-6. External links Soviet Union portalSpaceflight portal An analysis of the Soyuz-1 flight from Sven Grahn Soyuz-1 on the Encyclopedia Astronautica vteSoyuz programme List of Soyuz missions List of Soviet human spaceflight missions List of Russian human spaceflight missions Main topics Soyuz (rocket family) Soyuz (spacecraft) Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1/5 Site 31/6 Soyuz abort modes Cosmonaut ranks and positions Past missions(by spacecraft type)Soyuz 7K-OK (1966–1970) Kosmos 133† Soyuz 7K-OK No.1† (uncrewed) Kosmos 140 Soyuz 1† Kosmos 186 188 212 213 238 Soyuz 2 (uncrewed) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970)(Zond lunar programme) Kosmos 146 154† Zond 1967A† 1967B† Zond 4 1968A† 1968B† 5 6 1969A† Zond-M 1† M 2† Zond 7 8 9 10 Soyuz 7K-L1E (1969–1970) Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1† Kosmos 382 Soyuz 7K-LOK (1971–1972) Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1† No.2† Soyuz 7K-OKS (1971) Soyuz 10† 11† Soyuz 7K-T (1972–1981) Kosmos 496 573 Soyuz 12 Kosmos 613 Soyuz 13 Kosmos 656 Soyuz 14 15† 17 18a† 18 20 (uncrewed) 21 23† 24 25† 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 (uncrewed landing) 33† 34 (uncrewed launch) 35 36 37 38 39 40 Soyuz 7K-TM (1974–1976) Kosmos 638 672 Soyuz 16 19 (Apollo–Soyuz) 22 Soyuz 7K-S (1974–1976) Kosmos 670 772† 869† Soyuz-T (1978–1986) Kosmos 1001† 1074 Soyuz T-1 (uncrewed) T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8† T-9 T-10a† T-10 T-11 T-12 T-13 T-14 T-15 Soyuz-TM (1986–2002) Soyuz TM-1 (uncrewed) TM-2 TM-3 TM-4 TM-5 TM-6 TM-7 TM-8 TM-9 TM-10 TM-11 TM-12 TM-13 TM-14 TM-15 TM-16 TM-17 TM-18 TM-19 TM-20 TM-21 TM-22 TM-23 TM-24 TM-25 TM-26 TM-27 TM-28 TM-29 TM-30 TM-31 TM-32 TM-33 TM-34 Soyuz-TMA (2002–2012) Soyuz TMA-1 TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 TMA-7 TMA-8 TMA-9 TMA-10 TMA-11 TMA-12 TMA-13 TMA-14 TMA-15 TMA-16 TMA-17 TMA-18 TMA-19 TMA-20 TMA-21 TMA-22 Soyuz-TMA-M (2010–2016) Soyuz TMA-01M TMA-02M TMA-03M TMA-04M TMA-05M TMA-06M TMA-07M TMA-08M TMA-09M TMA-10M TMA-11M TMA-12M TMA-13M TMA-14M TMA-15M TMA-16M TMA-17M TMA-18M TMA-19M TMA-20M Soyuz MS (2016–present) Soyuz MS-01 MS-02 MS-03 MS-04 MS-05 MS-06 MS-07 MS-08 MS-09 MS-10† MS-11 MS-12 MS-13 MS-14 (uncrewed test flight) MS-15 MS-16 MS-17 MS-18 MS-19 MS-20 MS-21 MS-22 (uncrewed landing) MS-23 (uncrewed launch) MS-24 Current missions MS-25 Future missions 2024 MS-26 Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)". The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions. vte← 1966Orbital launches in 19671968 → Intelsat II F-2 OPS 1664 IDCSP 9 IDCSP 10 IDCSP 11 IDCSP 12 IDCSP 13 IDCSP 14 IDCSP 15 IDCSP 16 Kosmos 138 Kosmos 139 ESSA-4 OV3-5 OPS 4399 Lunar Orbiter 3 Kosmos 140 OPS 6073 Diadème 1 Kosmos 141 Kosmos 142 Diadème 2 OPS 4750 OPS 4204 Kosmos 143 Kosmos 144 Kosmos 145 OSO 3 Kosmos 146 Kosmos 147 Kosmos 148 Kosmos 149 Kosmos 150 OGCh No.8 Intelsat II F-3 Kosmos 151 Kosmos 152 OPS 4779 Kosmos 153 ATS-2 RPM-481 Kosmos 154 Kosmos 155 Unnamed OPS 0100 Surveyor 3 ESSA-5 Soyuz 1 San Marco 2 OPS 4243 Kosmos 156 OPS 6638 OPS 6679 ERS-18 ERS-20 ERS-27 Lunar Orbiter 4 Ariel 3 OPS 4696 OPS 1967 Kosmos 157 Kosmos 158 Kosmos 159 Kosmos 160 OPS 7218 Kosmos 161 OPS 4321 OPS 5557 Explorer 34 Molniya-1 No.8 ESRO-2A NRL PL-151 NRL PL-152 NRL PL-153 NRL PL-154 NRL-PL 159 Timation 1 Calsphere 3 Calsphere 4 OPS 5712 Kosmos 162 OPS 4360 Kosmos 163 Kosmos 164 Venera 4 Kosmos 165 Mariner 5 Kosmos 166 OPS 3559 OPS 1873 Kosmos 167 Zenit-4 No.32 OPS 4286 Unnamed SECOR-9 Aurora IDCSP 16 IDCSP 17 IDCSP 18 IDCSP 19 LES-5 DODGE Kosmos 168 Surveyor 4 Kosmos 169 Explorer 35 Zenit-4 No.33 OPS 1879 OV1-11 OV1-12 OV1-86 OGO-4 Kosmos 170 Lunar Orbiter 5 OPS 4827 Kosmos 171 Kosmos 172 OPS 4886 OPS 7202 Kosmos 173 Kosmos 174 Zenit-2 No.51 Biosatellite 2 Surveyor 5 Kosmos 175 Kosmos 176 OPS 5089 Kosmos 177 Kosmos 178 OPS 4941 Kosmos 179 OPS 4947 Kosmos 180 Unnamed 7K-L1 No.4L Intelsat II F-4 Molniya-1 No.9 OPS 1264 Kosmos 181 Kosmos 182 Kosmos 183 OSO 4 Molniya-1 No.12 Kosmos 184 OPS 4995 Kosmos 185 Kosmos 186 Kosmos 187 Kosmos 188 Kosmos 189 OPS 0562 OPS 1587 Kosmos 190 ATS-3 Surveyor 6 Apollo 4 ESSA-6 Kosmos 191 7K-L1 No.5L Kosmos 192 Kosmos 193 WRESAT Kosmos 194 OV3-6 OPS 5000 OPS 1001 Pioneer 8 ERS-30 Kosmos 195 Kosmos 196 Kosmos 197 Kosmos 198 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). vteSoviet crewed lunar programsLaunch vehicles andascent/upper stages N1 rocket Proton rocket Blok E Blok D Spacecraft LK-1 VA spacecraft LK-700 Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) Zond-M (Soyuz 7K-L1S) Zond-LOK (Soyuz 7K-L1E) LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) LK (spacecraft) Other hardware Lunokhod-LK Krechet-94 Soyuz docking tests Soyuz 1, Soyuz 2A Soyuz 2, Soyuz 3 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 5 Soyuz 6, Soyuz 7, Soyuz 8 Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2 Zond (7K-L1/L1S)lunar flyby missions Kosmos 146 Kosmos 154† Zond 1967A† Zond 1967B† Zond 4 Zond 1968A† Zond 1968B† Zond 5 Zond 6 Zond 1969A† Zond-M 1 (L1S-1) Zond-M 2 (L1S-2)† Zond 7 Zond 8 Zond 9 Zond 10 Kosmos 382 LOK (7K-LOK/L1E) test missions Zond-LOK 1† LOK 1† LOK 2 LK Lander (T2K) test missions Kosmos 379 Kosmos 398 Kosmos 434 LK-1 The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-1_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet space program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program"},{"link_name":"cosmonaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Komarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov"},{"link_name":"Soyuz spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"in-flight fatality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents"},{"link_name":"history of spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_2"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"This article is about a 1967 crewed test flight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 1, see Soyuz TM-31. For other uses, see Soyuz-1.Soyuz 1 (Russian: Союз 1, Union 1) was a crewed spaceflight of the Soviet space program. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying cosmonaut colonel Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight.The original mission plan was complex, involving a rendezvous with Soyuz 2 and an exchange of crew members before returning to Earth. However, the launch of Soyuz 2 was called off due to thunderstorms.","title":"Soyuz 1"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Backup crew","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"Perigee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perigee"},{"link_name":"Apogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee"},{"link_name":"Inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclination"},{"link_name":"Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"}],"text":"Mass: 6,450 kg (14,220 lb)\nPerigee: 197.0 km (122.4 mi)\nApogee: 223.0 km (138.6 mi)\nInclination: 50.8°\nPeriod: 88.7 minutes","title":"Mission parameters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz 7K-OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OK"},{"link_name":"Soyuz rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_rocket"},{"link_name":"Soviet lunar program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs"},{"link_name":"Sergei Korolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Korolev"},{"link_name":"Kosmos 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_133"},{"link_name":"Kosmos 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_140"},{"link_name":"launch escape system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_escape_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"Yuri Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krulwich-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krulwich-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krulwich2-6"},{"link_name":"second Soyuz flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_2A"},{"link_name":"Valery Bykovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Bykovsky"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Khrunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Khrunov"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Yeliseyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Yeliseyev"},{"link_name":"EVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_activity"}],"text":"Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the first-generation Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft and Soyuz rocket, designed as part of the Soviet lunar program. It was the first Soviet crewed spaceflight in over two years, and the first Soviet crewed flight following the death of the Chief Designer of the space programme Sergei Korolev. Komarov was launched on Soyuz 1 despite failures of the previous uncrewed tests of the 7K-OK, Kosmos 133 and Kosmos 140. A third attempted test flight was a launch failure; a launch abort triggered a malfunction of the launch escape system, causing the rocket to explode on the pad. The escape system successfully pulled the spacecraft to safety.[3]According to interviews with Venyamin Russayev, a former KGB agent, prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 203 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns \"were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday\".[4] Russayev also claims that Yuri Gagarin was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1, and was aware of the design problems and the pressures from the Politburo to proceed with the flight. He attempted to \"bump\" Komarov from the mission, knowing that the Soviet leadership would not risk a national hero on the flight.[5] At the same time, Komarov refused to pass on the mission, even though he believed it to be doomed. He explained that he could not risk Gagarin's life.[5] Russayev's account, however, has been seen as implausible and exaggerated by most historians of the Soviet space programme.[6]Mission planners intended to launch a second Soyuz flight the next day carrying cosmonauts Valery Bykovsky, Yevgeny Khrunov, and Aleksei Yeliseyev, with Khrunov and Yeliseyev scheduled to do an EVA over to Soyuz 1.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"flight director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller"},{"link_name":"retrorockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrorocket"},{"link_name":"reentered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry"},{"link_name":"Earth's atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"drogue parachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue_parachute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Soyuz descent module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)#Descent_module"},{"link_name":"Orenburg Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast"},{"link_name":"51°21′39″N 59°33′45″E / 51.3609°N 59.5624°E / 51.3609; 59.5624","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Soyuz_1&params=51.3609_N_59.5624_E_"},{"link_name":"Orenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlell-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-retold-15"},{"link_name":"Asif Azam Siddiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Azam_Siddiqi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-retold-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiddiqPPP36-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiddiqPPP36-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiddiqPPP73-18"}],"text":"Soyuz 1 was launched on 23 April 1967 at 00:32 GMT from Baikonur Cosmodrome carrying Komarov, the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice, in the 7K-OK No. 4 capsule.[7] Problems began shortly after launch when one solar panel failed to unfold, leading to a shortage of power for the spacecraft's systems. Further problems with the orientation detectors complicated maneuvering the craft. By orbit 13, the automatic stabilisation system was completely dead, and the manual system was only partially effective.The crew of Soyuz 2 modified their mission goals, preparing themselves for a launch that would include fixing the solar panel of Soyuz 1. However, that night, thunderstorms at Baikonur affected the booster's electrical system, causing the mission to be called off.[8]As a result of Komarov's report during the 13th orbit, the flight director decided to abort the mission. After 18 orbits, Soyuz 1 fired its retrorockets and reentered the Earth's atmosphere. Despite the technical difficulties up to that point, Komarov might still have landed safely. A few minutes before the tragedy, Komarov maintained radio contact with Gagarin, in particular, stating: \"The engine was running for 146 seconds. Everything is going fine. Everything is going fine! The ship was oriented correctly. I am in the middle chair. Tied with straps.\"[9] To slow the descent, first the drogue parachute was deployed, followed by the main parachute. However, due to a defect, the main parachute did not unfold; the exact reason for the main parachute malfunction is disputed.[10][11]Komarov then activated the manually deployed reserve chute, but it became tangled with the drogue chute, which did not release as intended. As a result, the Soyuz descent module fell to Earth in Orenburg Oblast almost entirely unimpeded, at about 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph). A rescue helicopter spotted the descent module lying on its side with the parachute spread across the ground on fire. The retrorockets then started firing which concerned the rescuers since they were supposed to activate a few moments prior to touchdown. By the time they landed and approached, the descent module was in flames with black smoke filling the air and streams of molten metal dripping from the exterior. The entire base of the capsule burned through. By this point, it was obvious that Komarov had not survived, but there was no code signal for a cosmonaut's death, so the rescuers fired a signal flare calling for medical assistance. Another group of rescuers in an aircraft then arrived and attempted to extinguish the blazing spacecraft with portable fire extinguishers. This proved insufficient and they instead began using shovels to throw dirt onto it. The descent module then completely disintegrated, leaving only a pile of debris topped by the entry hatch. When the fire at last ended, the rescuers were able to dig through the rubble to find Komarov strapped into the center couch, his body had turned into charred clothing and flesh. Doctors pronounced the cause of death to be from multiple blunt-force injuries. The body was transported to Moscow for an official autopsy in a military hospital where the cause of death was verified to match the field doctors' conclusions.The Soyuz 1 crash site coordinates are 51°21′39″N 59°33′45″E / 51.3609°N 59.5624°E / 51.3609; 59.5624, which is 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, about 275 km (171 mi) east-southeast of Orenburg. There is a memorial monument at the site in the form of a black column with a bust of Komarov at the top, in a small park on the roadside.[2][12][13]Posthumously, Komarov was named a Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time, and awarded the Order of Lenin. He was given a state funeral, and his ashes were interred in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow.[4]Eight years after Komarov's death, a story began circulating that Komarov cursed the engineers and flight staff, and spoke to his wife as he descended,[14] and these transmissions were received by an NSA listening station near Istanbul.[15] Historians such as Asif Azam Siddiqi regard this to be untrue.[15][16] Komarov final recorded words appear to have been a conversation with a tracking station located near Simferopol on the topic of the separation of the Soyuz modules just before reentry.[17] With the final message received being \"Спасибо, передайте всем Произошло\" (\"Thank you, tell everyone it happened\") [Garbled].[17][18]","title":"Mission details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soyuz 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_2"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_3"},{"link_name":"N-1 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-1_rocket"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_4"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_5"},{"link_name":"Apollo program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"Apollo 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Zond lunar program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_program"},{"link_name":"Salyut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut"},{"link_name":"Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11"},{"link_name":"Tranquility Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fallen Astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Apollo 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15"}],"text":"The Soyuz 1 tragedy delayed the launch of Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 3 until 25 October 1968. This 18-month gap, with the addition of the explosion of an uncrewed N-1 rocket on 3 July 1969, scuttled Soviet plans of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon. The original mission of Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 was ultimately achieved by Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5.A much improved Soyuz programme emerged from this eighteen-month delay, mirroring the improvements made in the Apollo program after the Apollo 1 tragedy. Although it failed to reach the Moon, the Soyuz went on to be repurposed from the centrepiece of the Zond lunar program to the people-carrier of the Salyut space station program, the Mir space station, and the International Space Station. Although it suffered another tragedy with the Soyuz 11 accident in 1971, and went through several incidents with non-fatal launch aborts and landing mishaps, it has become one of the longest-lived and most dependable crewed spacecraft yet designed.Komarov is commemorated in two memorials left on the lunar surface: one left at Tranquility Base by Apollo 11,[19] and the Fallen Astronaut statue and plaque left by Apollo 15.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Baikonur LC1\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160730/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm","url_text":"\"Baikonur LC1\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo\". Retrieved 25 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=51.374567,59.572163&spn=0.052613,0.165997&t=h&z=13&iwloc=lyrftr:com.panoramio.all,6302492947772100897,51.360849,59.562378&lci=com.panoramio.all","url_text":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo\""}]},{"reference":"\"24 April 1967: Russian cosmonaut dies in space crash\". On This Day. BBC. 24 April 1967. Retrieved 15 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/24/newsid_2523000/2523019.stm","url_text":"\"24 April 1967: Russian cosmonaut dies in space crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth \"Crying In Rage\": Krulwich Wonders...\" NPR.org. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/05/02/134597833/cosmonaut-crashed-into-earth-crying-in-rage","url_text":"\"Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth \"Crying In Rage\": Krulwich Wonders...\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold\". NPR.org. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://text.npr.org/135919389","url_text":"\"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Red Stuff\". friends-partners.org. 24 October 2000. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105517/http://www.friends-partners.org/pipermail/fpspace/2000-October/000717.html","url_text":"\"The Red Stuff\""},{"url":"http://www.friends-partners.org/pipermail/fpspace/2000-October/000717.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Soyuz-1 accident investigation\". Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz1.html","url_text":"\"The Soyuz-1 accident investigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Location\". Retrieved 25 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&lci=org.wikipedia.en&q=51.3615,59.5622(Soyuz+1)&ie=UTF8&ll=51.361599,59.563065&spn=0.051342,0.138359&z=13","url_text":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Location\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo closeup\". Retrieved 25 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.360902,59.562378&spn=0,0.138359&t=h&z=13&lci=com.panoramio.all&layer=c&cbll=51.360902,59.562378&cbp=12,0,,0,5&photoid=po-10147834","url_text":"\"Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo closeup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soyuz 1\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820192411/http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuz1.html","url_text":"\"Soyuz 1\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuz1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krulwich, Robert (5 May 2011). \"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold\". npr.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503223325/https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2011/05/03/135919389/a-cosmonauts-fiery-death-retold","url_text":"\"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold\""},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2011/05/03/135919389/a-cosmonauts-fiery-death-retold","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siddiqi, Asif (2020). Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes. SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781887022958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Azam_Siddiqi","url_text":"Siddiqi, Asif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781887022958","url_text":"9781887022958"}]},{"reference":"Siddiqi, Asif (2020). Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes. SpaceHistory101.com Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781887022958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Azam_Siddiqi","url_text":"Siddiqi, Asif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781887022958","url_text":"9781887022958"}]},{"reference":"Aldrin, Buzz; McConnell, Malcolm (1989). Men from Earth. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-05374-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/menfromearth0000aldr","url_text":"Men from Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-05374-6","url_text":"978-0-553-05374-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_Udall
John Hunt Udall
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 External links"]
American politician (1889–1959) This article is about the mayor of Phoenix. For the Puritan clergyman, see John Udall (Puritan). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "John Hunt Udall" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Hunt Udall38th Mayor of PhoenixIn office1936–1938Preceded byJoseph S. JenckesSucceeded byWalter J. Thalheimer Personal detailsBorn(1889-08-23)August 23, 1889Snowflake, Arizona TerritoryDiedMarch 3, 1959(1959-03-03) (aged 69)Mesa, Arizona, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouse(s)Ruth Kimball (d. 1915)Leah Smith (1916–1959; his death) John Hunt Udall (August 23, 1889 – March 3, 1959) was mayor of Phoenix, Arizona from 1936 to 1938. He was a member of the Udall political family. Biography The son of David King Udall and Ida Frances (Hunt) Udall, he was born and raised in Arizona. He was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a cattleman and farmer. He married Ruth Kimball, sister of Spencer W. Kimball in 1912. They had a son, Nick. Ruth died in 1915. In 1916, he remarried to Leah Smith, daughter of Jesse Nathaniel Smith. He and Leah had several more children. In 1922 he was elected as clerk of the Arizona Superior Court, defeating his younger brother Levi Stewart Udall. From 1936 to 1938 he served as mayor of Phoenix. He also served in the Arizona State Legislature. He sought, but was defeated for the Republican nomination for Governor of Arizona. In 1948 he was narrowly defeated as the Republican candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from the Arizona 1st District. He died in Mesa, Arizona in 1959. Legacy His son, Nick Udall served as Mayor of Phoenix from 1948 to 1952. External links Biography portal http://politicalgraveyard.com/families/11111.html Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Preceded byJoseph S. Jenckes Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona 1936–1938 Succeeded byWalter J. Thalheimer vteMayors of Phoenix Alsap Shaw Porter Coats Ganz Porter Meyer Coats McGlasson Campbell Cole Monihon Rosson Lewis Moss Monihon Adams Dyer Ganz Talbot Bennett Dunlap Adams Moss Greene Coggins Christy Young Corpstein Plunkett Harmon Whitney Jefferson Paddock Lane Paddock Jenckes J. Udall Thalheimer Shupe Stewart Fleming Busey N. Udall Foster Murphy J. Williams Mardian Graham Driggs Barrow Hance Goddard Johnson Nelson T. Williams Rimsza Gordon Stanton T. Williams Gallego This article about a mayor in Arizona is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to Phoenix, Arizona is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vincent
Frank Vincent
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Video games","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
American actor (1937–2017) For other people named Frank Vincent, see Frank Vincent (disambiguation). Frank VincentVincent in 2012BornFrank Vincent Gattuso Jr.(1937-04-15)April 15, 1937North Adams, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedSeptember 13, 2017(2017-09-13) (aged 80)Nutley, New Jersey, U.S.OccupationsactormusicianYears active1970-2017Spouse Kathleen Vincent ​(m. 1970)​Children3 Frank Vincent Gattuso Jr. (April 15, 1937 – September 13, 2017) was an American actor and musician. Known for often portraying violent mobsters and criminals, he was a frequent collaborator of filmmaker Martin Scorsese, appearing as Salvy in Raging Bull (1980), Billy Batts in Goodfellas (1990), and Frank Marino in Casino (1995). On television, he played Phil Leotardo on the fifth and sixth seasons of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos (2004–2007). Vincent also voiced Salvatore Leone in the Grand Theft Auto video game series from 2001 to 2005. Early life Vincent, who was of Italian descent with roots in Sicily and Naples, was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey. His father, Frank Vincent Gattuso Sr., was an iron worker and businessman. He had two brothers, Nick and Jimmy, and a half-sister, Fran. Career Skilled at the drums, piano and trumpet, Vincent originally aspired to a career in music. By day he was a studio musician who worked with many recording artists such as Paul Anka and Del Shannon. Vincent had his own jazz band, billed "Frank Vincent and the Aristocats," that played in the evenings. In 1969, Vincent's band needed a piano player to secure bookings and Vincent ended up hiring Joe Pesci to play guitar. As the popularity of lounge music waned, Vincent and Pesci turned to stand-up comedy, performing as "Vincent and Pesci" from 1970 to 1976. Their act coupled Abbott and Costello-inspired double act antics with Don Rickles-style insult comedy, which proved popular. During this time, the men developed a strong professional and personal friendship. Vincent and Pesci later landed parts in the low-budget gangster film The Death Collector (1976), where they were spotted by Robert De Niro. De Niro told Martin Scorsese about both Vincent and Pesci. Scorsese was impressed by their performances and hired Vincent to appear in a supporting role in Raging Bull (1980), in which he once again appeared with Pesci and co-starred with De Niro. Vincent appeared in small roles in two Spike Lee films: Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). In the latter, he played the abusive patriarch of an Italian-American family. One of his notable appearances in foreign films was as a supporting character in Juan José Jusid's Made in Argentina (1987), in which he played Vito, a wealthy Manhattan businessman who befriends the film's protagonist, a substance-abuse counselor who treated Vito's son, played by Luis Brandoni. Vincent was often cast as a gangster. For example, in Scorsese's film Goodfellas (1990), he played Billy Batts, a made man in the Gambino crime family; he also played a role in Scorsese's film Casino (1995) as Frank Marino (based on real-life gangster Frank Cullotta), the sidekick of Pesci's character. In 1996, Vincent appeared in the music video for rap artist Nas' song "Street Dreams." In the television movie Gotti (1996), Vincent played Robert "D.B." DiBernardo, an associate of Mafia boss John Gotti's, whose life the film chronicled. Vincent appeared in a small role in the 1998 film Belly, starring Nas and DMX and directed by Hype Williams. Vincent would also serve as an acting coach on the film. In the HBO TV series The Sopranos, he had his most prominent role as Phil Leotardo, a ruthless New York City gangster who, as boss of the show's fictional Lupertazzi crime family, becomes the show's chief antagonist in the final season. In 1999, he won the Italian American Entertainer of the Year Award. Another noted performance is his appearance in the film Remedy (2003). In 2003, Vincent portrayed Danny Santini in the film This Thing of Ours, whose associate producer was Sonny Franzese, longtime mobster and underboss of the Colombo crime family, and whose director was Genovese crime family capo Danny Provenzano (grandnephew of Anthony Provenzano). Later that year, Vincent testified in court on the behalf of Provenzano at repeal sentences; Provenzano was serving a 10-year sentence for racketeering and other charges. One of Vincent's lighter-hearted roles was in a British television commercial for Peugeot cars. In early 2005, he appeared on Irish television in a series of commercials for Irish bank Permanent TSB. In video games, Vincent voiced the character of Mafia boss Salvatore Leone in the video game Grand Theft Auto III (2001). He later reprised the role in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004) and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005). In 2006 he released a book, A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man to positive reviews. His idol was Dean Martin. He has also released a line of hand-rolled cigars which have his picture prominently displayed on the band. He played Lieutenant Marino in the independent film The Tested (2008), directed by Russell Costanzo. The following year, he made a cameo appearance alongside fellow Sopranos actor Steve Schirripa in the Stargate Atlantis episode "Vegas" (2009). The following year, he starred in Chicago Overcoat (2009) as the main protagonist. In 2013, he starred in the hit IDW Publishing comic series Killogy created by Life of Agony's Alan Robert as the character Sally Sno Cones alongside Marky Ramone of The Ramones. The series was nominated at the Ghastly Awards for Best Mini-Series and won multiple Horror Comic Awards from the Horror News Network. In 2014, the comics were adapted into 3D-animation for the Killogy animated series, in which the cast of the original comic series contributed their voices. A resident of Nutley, New Jersey, Vincent used his drumming skills in an impromptu performance at a township holiday concert. Death In early September 2017, Vincent suffered a heart attack. He underwent open heart surgery in New Jersey on September 13; however, he died shortly thereafter, at the age of 80 years. Director John Gallagher, who worked with Vincent on Street Hunter and The Deli, noted that the actor lied about his age to avoid discrimination, and therefore many sources listed his birth year as 1939. He also omitted using his Italian last name to further avoid discrimination by Hollywood during his career. Vincent's remains were cremated at a funeral home in Montclair, New Jersey, and a funeral service was held on September 16. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1976 The Death Collector Bernie Feldshuh 1980 Raging Bull Salvy 1982 Dear Mr. Wonderful Louie 1983 Baby It's You Vinnie Easy Money Mobster Dressed In A Trenchcoat Uncredited 1984 The Pope of Greenwich Village 1st Crew Chief 1985 Stiffs Mafia Thug 1986 Wise Guys Louie Fontucci 1987 Made in Argentina Vito 1988 Lou, Pat, and Joe D Pop Corelli 1989 Do the Right Thing Charlie Last Exit to Brooklyn Priest The Afterlife of Grandpa Vinny Valenti Short film 1990 Goodfellas Billy Batts Street Hunter Don Mario Romano 1991 Mortal Thoughts Dominic, Joyce's Father Jungle Fever Mike Tucci Dead and Alive: The Race for Gus Farace Joseph F. Zanni Jr. Television film 1994 Men Lie Uncle Frank Federal Hill Sal Hand Gun Earl 1995 Ten Benny Ray DiGlovanni Sr. Casino Frank Marino Animal Room Arcade Owner 1996 On Seventh Avenue Angelo Occipente Television film She's the One Ron Gotti Robert "D.B." DiBernardo Television film Night Falls on Manhattan Police Captain West New York Tom Colletti 1997 Grind Nick Cop Land PDA President Vince Lassaro The North End Dominic "Dom" Di Bella The Deli Tommy "Tomatoes" The Good Life Unknown Made Men Tommy "The Bull" Vitaglia 1998 Witness to the Mob Frankie DeCicco Television film Undercurrent Eddie Torelli Belly Roger Vig Pete Television film 1999 NetForce Johnny Stompato Television film Entropy Sal Penance Suicide Man Short film 2000 Isn't She Great Aristotle Onassis Gun Shy Carmine Minetti If You Only Knew Gino Ropewalk Unknown The Crew Marty Under Hellgate Bridge Sal "Big Sal" 2001 Smokin' Stogies Johnny "Big" Snipes Johnnie Marandino 2002 Hamlet in the Hamptons Michael 2003 Rubout Frank Santello Television film A Tale of Two Pizzas Frank Bianco This Thing of Ours Danny Santini Remembering Mario Joey "Big Ears" 2004 Shark Tale Great White #3 Voice Coalition Alvaro 2005 Remedy Uncle Charles Van Vorst Park Carlo 2006 Last Request Father Brice 2007 City Teacher Unknown 2009 Chicago Overcoat: The Glory Days Are Back Lou Marazano 2010 Stiffs Jimmy "The Limo King" The Tested Lieutenant Marino 2011 Spy Gaetano 2018 The Killer's Kiss Michael Gazzo Posthumous release Television Year Title Role Notes 1987 Leg Work Detective Episode: "Peaches" 1989 The Paradise Club Walter MacHeath Episode: "Unfrocked in Babylon" 1991–1999 Law & Order John Franchetta / J.Z. 2 episodes 1992 Civil Wars Matty DiNofrio Episode: "Mob Psychology" 1993 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Johnny Torrio Episode: "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues" 1994 Walker, Texas Ranger Paul Mancini Episode: "The Prodigal Son" 1996 Swift Justice Tony Accardo Episode: "Stones" 1996–1997 New York Undercover Bates / Ray Tarrafino 2 episodes 1997 Cosby Dorothy's Husband Episode: "Florida" 2000 NYPD Blue Dino "The Rat" Ferrera 2 episodes 2004–2007 The Sopranos Phil Leotardo 31 episodes 2008 Stargate Atlantis Poker Player #1 Episode: "Vegas" 2014–2016 Mr. Pickles Jon Gabagooli 2 episodesVoice 2016 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Bishop Cattalano Episode: "Unholiest Alliance" 2017 Neo Yokio Uncle Albert Episode: "Hamptons Water Magic"Voice Video games Year Title Role Notes 2001 Grand Theft Auto III Salvatore Leone Voice 2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Sources: Bibliography Vincent, Frank; Priggé, Steven (2006). A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0425208762. References ^ "'Sopranos' Actor Frank Vincent Dead At 80". Huffington Post. September 13, 2017. ^ Sandra Brennan (2012). "Frank Vincent". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. ^ Staff reports (September 15, 2017) "Sopranos actor made a name playing gangsters" The Washington Post, page B5 Retrieved September 17, 2017 ^ "13 Questions With Frank Vincent". Ask Men. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ a b "Frank Vincent Biography (1939-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "Killing Time with Frank Vincent". Cigar Aficionado. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Lewine, Edward (February 18, 1996). "Frank Vincent's Two-Limo Night". New York Times. ^ Eidelstein, Eric. "The Mysterious Disappearing Act of Joe Pesci". Complex. ^ a b c Natalie J. Stone (September 13, 2017). "Sopranos Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78: Report". People. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ a b Rebecca Rubin (September 13, 2017). "Frank Vincent, 'Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' Actor, Dies at 78". Variety. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ a b Jayme Deewester (September 13, 2017). "Reports: Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 78". USA Today. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ a b c d "Frank Vincent, Mob Boss Phil Leotardo on 'The Sopranos,' Dies at 78". The Hollywood Reporter. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ a b c "Frank Vincent, had roles in 'The Sopranos,' 'Goodfellas', dies at 78". Chicago Sun-Times. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "Nas pays tribute to Belly and Street Dreams co-star Frank Vincent". Hollywood.com. September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ a b ""The Sopranos" Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78". Entertainment Online. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "Law and Order; In the Can", The New York Times, November 3, 2002 ^ "This Thing of Ours". IMDb. ^ "Art imitates life in NY mobster world". The Guardian. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ^ "Art Imitated Crime, but the Jail Term Is Real". The New York Times. September 17, 2003. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ^ Vincent, Frank (2006). A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man. Berkley Hardcover. ISBN 9780425208762. ^ "Frank Vincent". Official Web Site of Frank Vincent. www.frankvincent.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "The Tested". IMDb.com. June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ "GateWorld » Last additions - PDVD 2164 - Stargate Image Gallery". gateworld.net. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Talent, Wasted. "ALAN ROBERT'S KILLOGY® - THE CRITICALLY ACCLAIMED COMIC SERIES FROM THE CREATOR OF "CRAWL TO ME" AND "WIRE HANGERS"". Killogycomic.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ "Shoot First, Ask Questions Later: The Killogy Interview with Alan Robert". Previewsworld.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ "Killogy: The Animated Series". Killogyanimated.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ "'The Boondocks' Rodney Barnes Developing 'Killogy' Animated Series". Deadline.com. May 15, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ Jongsma, Joshua (September 14, 2017). "Sopranos actor Frank Vincent of Nutley dies". The Record. Bergen County, NJ. Retrieved September 26, 2017. Actor Frank Vincent of The Sopranos and Goodfellas fame — a Nutley resident — died Wednesday at the age of 80.... In the summer of 2016, Vincent performed on the drums during Nutley's concert in Memorial Park. Scarpelli said it was a 'spur of the moment thing' when Vincent joined the concert. ^ Destanis, Rachel (September 13, 2017). "'The Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' actor Frank Vincent dead at 78". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Deerwester, Jayme; Keveney, Bill (September 13, 2017). "Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 80". USA Today. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (September 13, 2017). "Frank Vincent, Mobster on 'The Sopranos' and in 'Goodfellas,' Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2017. ^ "FRANK VINCENT BODY CREMATED For Presentation at Memorial Service". TMZ. September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. ^ "Filmography". Frank Vincent.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "Frank Vincent". Hollywood.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ "The wild, untold story of The Good Life". Little White Lies. February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017. External links Frank Vincent at IMDb Frank Vincent at AllMovie American Mafia.com Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Croatia Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Vincent (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vincent_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffpost-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Raging Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Bull"},{"link_name":"Billy Batts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Batts"},{"link_name":"Goodfellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas"},{"link_name":"Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-3"},{"link_name":"Phil Leotardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Leotardo"},{"link_name":"fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"}],"text":"For other people named Frank Vincent, see Frank Vincent (disambiguation).Frank Vincent Gattuso Jr. (April 15, 1937 – September 13, 2017)[1] was an American actor and musician.[2] Known for often portraying violent mobsters and criminals, he was a frequent collaborator of filmmaker Martin Scorsese, appearing as Salvy in Raging Bull (1980), Billy Batts in Goodfellas (1990), and Frank Marino in Casino (1995).[3] On television, he played Phil Leotardo on the fifth and sixth seasons of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos (2004–2007). Vincent also voiced Salvatore Leone in the Grand Theft Auto video game series from 2001 to 2005.","title":"Frank Vincent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"North Adams, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"iron worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_worker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRB-5"}],"text":"Vincent, who was of Italian descent with roots in Sicily and Naples, was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey.[4] His father, Frank Vincent Gattuso Sr., was an iron worker and businessman.[5][6] He had two brothers, Nick and Jimmy, and a half-sister, Fran.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_musician"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"Del Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Joe Pesci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pesci"},{"link_name":"lounge music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_music"},{"link_name":"stand-up comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"Abbott and Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello"},{"link_name":"double act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_act"},{"link_name":"Don Rickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Rickles"},{"link_name":"insult comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult_comedy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Death Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_Collector"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Raging Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Bull"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-9"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Do the Right Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_the_Right_Thing"},{"link_name":"Jungle Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Fever"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-10"},{"link_name":"Juan José Jusid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Jusid"},{"link_name":"Made in Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Luis Brandoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Brandoni"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAT-11"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAT-11"},{"link_name":"Goodfellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas"},{"link_name":"Billy Batts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Batts"},{"link_name":"made man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_man"},{"link_name":"Gambino crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR-12"},{"link_name":"Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Cullotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cullotta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCST-13"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Street Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Dreams_(song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-9"},{"link_name":"Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotti_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert \"D.B.\" DiBernardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_DiBernardo"},{"link_name":"John Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gotti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-10"},{"link_name":"Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_(film)"},{"link_name":"DMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX"},{"link_name":"Hype Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_Williams"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"Phil Leotardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Leotardo"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_boss"},{"link_name":"Lupertazzi crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupertazzi_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOnline-15"},{"link_name":"Remedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-9"},{"link_name":"This Thing of Ours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Thing_of_Ours_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sonny Franzese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Franzese"},{"link_name":"underboss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underboss"},{"link_name":"Colombo crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Genovese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Anthony Provenzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Provenzano"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"racketeering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racketeering"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOnline-15"},{"link_name":"Permanent TSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_TSB"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR-12"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Leone"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_San_Andreas"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Liberty_City_Stories"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCST-13"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Tested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tested"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Steve Schirripa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Schirripa"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegas_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Chicago Overcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Overcoat"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCST-13"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Life of Agony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Agony"},{"link_name":"Alan Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Robert"},{"link_name":"Marky Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marky_Ramone"},{"link_name":"The Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nutley, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutley,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Skilled at the drums, piano and trumpet, Vincent originally aspired to a career in music. By day he was a studio musician who worked with many recording artists such as Paul Anka and Del Shannon. Vincent had his own jazz band, billed \"Frank Vincent and the Aristocats,\" that played in the evenings. In 1969, Vincent's band needed a piano player to secure bookings and Vincent ended up hiring Joe Pesci to play guitar. As the popularity of lounge music waned, Vincent and Pesci turned to stand-up comedy, performing as \"Vincent and Pesci\" from 1970 to 1976. Their act coupled Abbott and Costello-inspired double act antics with Don Rickles-style insult comedy, which proved popular. During this time, the men developed a strong professional and personal friendship.[7][8]Vincent and Pesci later landed parts in the low-budget gangster film The Death Collector (1976), where they were spotted by Robert De Niro. De Niro told Martin Scorsese about both Vincent and Pesci. Scorsese was impressed by their performances and hired Vincent to appear in a supporting role in Raging Bull (1980), in which he once again appeared with Pesci and co-starred with De Niro.[9] Vincent appeared in small roles in two Spike Lee films: Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). In the latter, he played the abusive patriarch of an Italian-American family.[10]One of his notable appearances in foreign films was as a supporting character in Juan José Jusid's Made in Argentina (1987), in which he played Vito, a wealthy Manhattan businessman who befriends the film's protagonist, a substance-abuse counselor who treated Vito's son, played by Luis Brandoni.[11]Vincent was often cast as a gangster.[11] For example, in Scorsese's film Goodfellas (1990), he played Billy Batts, a made man in the Gambino crime family;[12] he also played a role in Scorsese's film Casino (1995) as Frank Marino (based on real-life gangster Frank Cullotta), the sidekick of Pesci's character.[13]In 1996, Vincent appeared in the music video for rap artist Nas' song \"Street Dreams.\"[9] In the television movie Gotti (1996), Vincent played Robert \"D.B.\" DiBernardo, an associate of Mafia boss John Gotti's, whose life the film chronicled.[10] Vincent appeared in a small role in the 1998 film Belly, starring Nas and DMX and directed by Hype Williams. Vincent would also serve as an acting coach on the film.[14] In the HBO TV series The Sopranos, he had his most prominent role as Phil Leotardo, a ruthless New York City gangster who, as boss of the show's fictional Lupertazzi crime family, becomes the show's chief antagonist in the final season.[15]In 1999, he won the Italian American Entertainer of the Year Award. Another noted performance is his appearance in the film Remedy (2003).[9]In 2003, Vincent portrayed Danny Santini in the film This Thing of Ours, whose associate producer was Sonny Franzese, longtime mobster and underboss of the Colombo crime family, and whose director was Genovese crime family capo Danny Provenzano (grandnephew of Anthony Provenzano).[16][17][18] Later that year, Vincent testified in court on the behalf of Provenzano at repeal sentences; Provenzano was serving a 10-year sentence for racketeering and other charges.[19]One of Vincent's lighter-hearted roles was in a British television commercial for Peugeot cars.[15] In early 2005, he appeared on Irish television in a series of commercials for Irish bank Permanent TSB.[12]In video games, Vincent voiced the character of Mafia boss Salvatore Leone in the video game Grand Theft Auto III (2001). He later reprised the role in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004) and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005).[12]In 2006 he released a book, A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man to positive reviews.[13] His idol was Dean Martin.[20] He has also released a line of hand-rolled cigars which have his picture prominently displayed on the band.[21]He played Lieutenant Marino in the independent film The Tested (2008), directed by Russell Costanzo.[22] The following year, he made a cameo appearance alongside fellow Sopranos actor Steve Schirripa in the Stargate Atlantis episode \"Vegas\" (2009).[23] The following year, he starred in Chicago Overcoat (2009) as the main protagonist.[13]In 2013, he starred in the hit IDW Publishing comic series Killogy[24][25] created by Life of Agony's Alan Robert as the character Sally Sno Cones alongside Marky Ramone of The Ramones. The series was nominated at the Ghastly Awards for Best Mini-Series and won multiple Horror Comic Awards from the Horror News Network. In 2014, the comics were adapted into 3D-animation for the Killogy animated series,[26][27] in which the cast of the original comic series contributed their voices.A resident of Nutley, New Jersey, Vincent used his drumming skills in an impromptu performance at a township holiday concert.[28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"open heart surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_heart_surgery"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-31"},{"link_name":"Montclair, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In early September 2017, Vincent suffered a heart attack.[29] He underwent open heart surgery in New Jersey on September 13; however, he died shortly thereafter, at the age of 80 years.[30] Director John Gallagher, who worked with Vincent on Street Hunter and The Deli, noted that the actor lied about his age to avoid discrimination, and therefore many sources listed his birth year as 1939.[31] He also omitted using his Italian last name to further avoid discrimination by Hollywood during his career.Vincent's remains were cremated at a funeral home in Montclair, New Jersey, and a funeral service was held on September 16.[32]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR-12"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Sources:[33][34][12][35]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkley Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0425208762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425208762"}],"text":"Vincent, Frank; Priggé, Steven (2006). A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0425208762.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Vincent, Frank; Priggé, Steven (2006). A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0425208762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books","url_text":"Berkley Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425208762","url_text":"978-0425208762"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sopranos' Actor Frank Vincent Dead At 80\". Huffington Post. September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-vincent-dead-dies_us_59b99271e4b086432b03ebf8","url_text":"\"'Sopranos' Actor Frank Vincent Dead At 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Sandra Brennan (2012). \"Frank Vincent\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120720211414/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/73606/Frank-Vincent/biography","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/person/73606/Frank-Vincent/biography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13 Questions With Frank Vincent\". Ask Men. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151119062844/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/interview_200/218_frank_vincent_interview.html","url_text":"\"13 Questions With Frank Vincent\""},{"url":"http://www.askmen.com/celebs/interview_200/218_frank_vincent_interview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Vincent Biography (1939-)\". Filmreference.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/76/Frank-Vincent.html","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent Biography (1939-)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killing Time with Frank Vincent\". Cigar Aficionado. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/killing-time-with-frank-vincent-6206","url_text":"\"Killing Time with Frank Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"Lewine, Edward (February 18, 1996). \"Frank Vincent's Two-Limo Night\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/18/nyregion/frank-vincent-s-two-limo-night.html","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent's Two-Limo Night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Eidelstein, Eric. \"The Mysterious Disappearing Act of Joe Pesci\". Complex.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/09/where-are-you-joe-pesci","url_text":"\"The Mysterious Disappearing Act of Joe Pesci\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)","url_text":"Complex"}]},{"reference":"Natalie J. Stone (September 13, 2017). \"Sopranos Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78: Report\". People. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/tv/frank-vincent-dies-at-78/","url_text":"\"Sopranos Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78: Report\""}]},{"reference":"Rebecca Rubin (September 13, 2017). \"Frank Vincent, 'Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' Actor, Dies at 78\". Variety. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/obituaries-people-news/frank-vincent-dead-dies-sopranos-goodfellas-1202557356/","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent, 'Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' Actor, Dies at 78\""}]},{"reference":"Jayme Deewester (September 13, 2017). \"Reports: Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 78\". USA Today. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/09/13/frank-vincent-go-movie-mobster-goodfellas-sopranos-dies-at-78/663768001/","url_text":"\"Reports: Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Vincent, Mob Boss Phil Leotardo on 'The Sopranos,' Dies at 78\". The Hollywood Reporter. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frank-vincent-dead-phil-leotardo-sopranos-was-78-1038726","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent, Mob Boss Phil Leotardo on 'The Sopranos,' Dies at 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Vincent, had roles in 'The Sopranos,' 'Goodfellas', dies at 78\". Chicago Sun-Times. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/frank-vincent-had-roles-in-the-sopranos-goodfellas-dies-at-78/","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent, had roles in 'The Sopranos,' 'Goodfellas', dies at 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Nas pays tribute to Belly and Street Dreams co-star Frank Vincent\". Hollywood.com. September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywood.com/general/nas-pays-tribute-to-belly-and-street-dreams-co-star-frank-vincent-60697016","url_text":"\"Nas pays tribute to Belly and Street Dreams co-star Frank Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Sopranos\" Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78\". Entertainment Online. September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/879860/sopranos-actor-frank-vincent-dies-at-78","url_text":"\"\"The Sopranos\" Actor Frank Vincent Dies at 78\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Thing of Ours\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0338497/","url_text":"\"This Thing of Ours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Art imitates life in NY mobster world\". The Guardian. Retrieved September 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/nov/07/usa.world","url_text":"\"Art imitates life in NY mobster world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Imitated Crime, but the Jail Term Is Real\". The New York Times. September 17, 2003. Retrieved September 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/nyregion/art-imitated-crime-but-the-jail-term-is-real.html","url_text":"\"Art Imitated Crime, but the Jail Term Is Real\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Frank (2006). A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man. Berkley Hardcover. ISBN 9780425208762.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0425208761","url_text":"A Guy's Guide to Being a Man's Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425208762","url_text":"9780425208762"}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Vincent\". Official Web Site of Frank Vincent. www.frankvincent.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frankvincent.com/","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tested\". IMDb.com. June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1224136/","url_text":"\"The Tested\""}]},{"reference":"\"GateWorld » Last additions - PDVD 2164 - Stargate Image Gallery\". gateworld.net. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gateworld.net/gallery/displayimage.php?album=lastup&cat=49&pos=1","url_text":"\"GateWorld » Last additions - PDVD 2164 - Stargate Image Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Talent, Wasted. \"ALAN ROBERT'S KILLOGY® - THE CRITICALLY ACCLAIMED COMIC SERIES FROM THE CREATOR OF \"CRAWL TO ME\" AND \"WIRE HANGERS\"\". Killogycomic.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.killogycomic.com/","url_text":"\"ALAN ROBERT'S KILLOGY® - THE CRITICALLY ACCLAIMED COMIC SERIES FROM THE CREATOR OF \"CRAWL TO ME\" AND \"WIRE HANGERS\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoot First, Ask Questions Later: The Killogy Interview with Alan Robert\". Previewsworld.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.previewsworld.com/Article/128494-Shoot-First-Ask-Questions-Later-The-Killogy-Interview-with-Alan-Robert","url_text":"\"Shoot First, Ask Questions Later: The Killogy Interview with Alan Robert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killogy: The Animated Series\". Killogyanimated.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.killogyanimated.com/","url_text":"\"Killogy: The Animated Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Boondocks' Rodney Barnes Developing 'Killogy' Animated Series\". Deadline.com. May 15, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2014/05/the-boondocks-rodney-barnes-killogy-alan-robert-animated-tv-series-731056/","url_text":"\"'The Boondocks' Rodney Barnes Developing 'Killogy' Animated Series\""}]},{"reference":"Jongsma, Joshua (September 14, 2017). \"Sopranos actor Frank Vincent of Nutley dies\". The Record. Bergen County, NJ. Retrieved September 26, 2017. Actor Frank Vincent of The Sopranos and Goodfellas fame — a Nutley resident — died Wednesday at the age of 80.... In the summer of 2016, Vincent performed on the drums during Nutley's concert in Memorial Park. Scarpelli said it was a 'spur of the moment thing' when Vincent joined the concert.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/2017/09/13/reports-actor-frank-vincent-nutley-dies/663751001/","url_text":"\"Sopranos actor Frank Vincent of Nutley dies\""}]},{"reference":"Destanis, Rachel (September 13, 2017). \"'The Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' actor Frank Vincent dead at 78\". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/sopranos-actor-frank-vincent-dead-78-article-1.3493561","url_text":"\"'The Sopranos' and 'Goodfellas' actor Frank Vincent dead at 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Deerwester, Jayme; Keveney, Bill (September 13, 2017). \"Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 80\". USA Today. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/09/13/frank-vincent-go-movie-mobster-goodfellas-sopranos-dies-at-78/663768001/","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent, go-to movie mobster from 'Goodfellas, 'Sopranos,' dies at 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Genzlinger, Neil (September 13, 2017). \"Frank Vincent, Mobster on 'The Sopranos' and in 'Goodfellas,' Dies at 80\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/arts/television/frank-vincent-goodfellas-sopranos.html","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent, Mobster on 'The Sopranos' and in 'Goodfellas,' Dies at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRANK VINCENT BODY CREMATED For Presentation at Memorial Service\". TMZ. September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmz.com/2017/09/15/frank-vincents-body-cremated-for-presentation-at-memorial-service/","url_text":"\"FRANK VINCENT BODY CREMATED For Presentation at Memorial Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filmography\". Frank Vincent.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frankvincent.com/fvfilm.htm","url_text":"\"Filmography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Vincent\". Hollywood.com. Retrieved September 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/frank-vincent-57846354/","url_text":"\"Frank Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"\"The wild, untold story of The Good Life\". Little White Lies. February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://lwlies.com/articles/the-good-life-sylvester-stallone-dennis-hopper/","url_text":"\"The wild, untold story of The Good Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_White_Lies_(magazine)","url_text":"Little White Lies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar
Sinjar
["1 History","1.1 Antiquity","1.2 Islamic era","2 Modern era","2.1 Northern Iraq Offensive (2014)","2.2 Declaration of autonomy","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 36°19′21″N 41°51′51″E / 36.32250°N 41.86417°E / 36.32250; 41.86417This article is about the Iraqi town. 'Sinjar' may also refer to its eponymous district, mountains, or nearby plain. Town in Nineveh, IraqSinjar شنگاڵŞingalTownSinjar in 2019SinjarLocation within IraqShow map of IraqSinjarSinjar (Near East)Show map of Near EastCoordinates: 36°19′21″N 41°51′51″E / 36.32250°N 41.86417°E / 36.32250; 41.86417Country IraqGovernorateNinevehDistrictSinjar DistrictGovernment • MayorFahad Hamid OmarElevation522 m (1,713 ft)Population (2013) • Total88,023Time zoneUTC+3 (GMT) Sinjar (Arabic: سنجار, romanized: Sinjār; Kurdish: شنگال, romanized: Şingal, Syriac: ܫܝܓܪ, romanized: Shingar) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88,023, and is predominantly Yazidi. History Antiquity A map of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) province in the early Islamic era In the 2nd century AD, Sinjar became a military base called Singara and part of the Roman limes. It remained part of the Roman Empire until it was sacked by the Sasanians in 360. Starting in the late 5th century, the mountains around Sinjar became an abode of the Banu Taghlib, an Arab tribe. At the beginning of 6th century, a tribe called Qadišaiē (Kαδίσηνοι), who were of either Kurdish or Arab origin, dwelt there. The Qadišaye practiced idolatry. According to the early Islamic literary sources, Singara had long been a bone of contention between the Sasanian and Byzantine empires and several times switched hands between the two empires. A 6th-century source describes the population of Singara as being composed of Pagans, Christians and Jews. There are few visible traces of the ancient town of Singara. Islamic era Coin of Qutb al-Din, the Zengid ruler of Sinjar in 1197–1219, with representation of Roman Emperor Caracalla, Sinjar mint 1199. Sinjar was conquered in the 630s–640s by the Arab Muslims led by the commander Iyad ibn Ghanm and thereafter incorporated into the Diyar Rabi'a district of the Jazira province. In 970, the city was conquered by the Hamdanid dynasty, a branch of the Banu Taghlib tribe. Toward the end of the century, another Arab dynasty, the Uqaylids captured the city and erected a citadel there. Beginning with the rule of the Turkmen atabeg Jikirmish in 1106/07, Sinjar entered its most prosperous historical period lasting through the mid-13th century. The Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din conquered the area in 1169 and 1171; in the latter year, a cadet branch of the Zengids was established in Sinjar under Zengi II (r. 1171–1197), whose court was noted for its high culture. The scholar Ibn Shaddad (d. 1186) noted that Sinjar was protected by a double wall, the first being the original wall built by the Uqaylids and the newer wall built by the local Zengid ruler Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1197–1219). Also noted by Ibn Shaddad were two mosques, six madrasas (schools of Islamic law) for the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, a mashhad (shrine) dedicated to Ali ibn Abi Talib and three khanqas (buildings for Sufi gatherings) and Ibn al-Adim (d. 1262) further notes a zawiya (Sufi lodge). A surviving mosque minaret from this era, remarked on by the 19th-century epigraphist Max van Berchem, contains an inscription crediting Qutb ad-Din as the minaret's builder in 1201. Coin of Qutb al-Din Muhammad bin Zengi, Zengid Atabeg of Sinjar (1197–1219). Sinjar mint. Dated AH 607 (AD 1210-1). The city came under Ayyubid rule during the reign of Saladin and was controlled by the Ayyubid ruler of the Diyar Bakr district of the Jazira, al-Ashraf Muzaffar al-Din (r. 1210–1220). It later was controlled by the ruler of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu'. The Ilkhanid Mongols destroyed the double wall of Sinjar and the mashhad of Ali in 1262; the mashhad was rebuilt afterward by the Ilkhanid's Persian governor of the area Muhammad al-Yazdi. Ibn al-Adim and al-Dhahabi (d. 1348) list several Islamic scholars who hailed from Sinjar, including the polymath Ibn al-Akfani (d. 1348). The geographer Zakariya al-Qazwini (d. 1283) referred to Sinjar as "little Damascus", noting in particular the similarities of Sinjar's ornate bathhouses with their mosaic-laced floors and walls and octagonal stone pools. During his visit of the city, Ibn Battuta (d. 1369) mentioned that the inhabitants of the city were Kurds, whom he describes as "brave and generous". He also remarked that Sinjar's congregational mosque was encircled by a perennial stream. The Timurid successors of the Ilkhanids captured Sinjar after a seven-month siege according to oral traditions cited by Evliya Çelebi (d. 1682). The city was later conquered successively by the Turkmen tribes of Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu before being taken by the Safavid dynasty of Iran in 1507/08. During the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555), Sinjar was captured by the Constantinople (Istanbul)-based Ottoman Empire in 1534. The city became the center of its own sanjak (district) within Diyarbekir Eyalet (province of Diyarbakir). It was later reduced to being the administrative center of its own nahiya (subdistrict) of the Mardin Sanjak. Writing in the 17th century, Evliya Çelebi noted that the population of the city of Sinjar was composed of Kurds and Arabs from the Banu Tayy tribe, while the Sinjar Mountains were inhabited by 45,000 Yazidi and Baburi Kurds. After 1830, the nahiya of Sinjar became part of the Mosul Sanjak. During the 19th century, the Yazidis of the Sinjar Mountains often posed a threat to travelers in the region. The governor Dawud Pasha of Baghdad (in office in 1816–1831) was unable to suppress the Yazidis and the Yazidi revolts of 1850–1864 were ended after the diplomatic efforts of the Ottoman statesman Midhat Pasha enabled the authorities to tax and impose customs in the area. Modern era The important Chermera temple (meaning '40 Men') is found on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains. Cathedral rising above ruined buildings in the old neighborhood of Sinjar. In 1974–1975, five neighborhoods in the city of Sinjar were Arabized during a campaign by the Iraqi government of President Saddam Hussein dubbed as a "modernization drive"; the neighborhoods were Bar Barozh, Saraeye, Kalhey, Burj and Barshey, whose inhabitants were relocated to the new towns or elsewhere in Iraq and replaced by Arabs. The majority of the Arabs resettled in the Sinjar Mountains have remained in the region as of 2010. On 13 August 2009, a suicide bombing killed 21 people and wounded 32 in a cafe in the Kalaa neighborhood of Sinjar. On 14 August 2010, a series of truck bombings by al-Qaeda in Iraq in the towns of Qahtaniya and al-Jazira, both in the Sinjar District, killed 326 Yazidis and injured 530 more. According to statistical survey of the Sinjar District in 2013, the city of Sinjar had a population of 77,926. The ethnic composition of the city consisted of Kurds, Arabs, Turkmens, and Assyrians and the religious composition consisted of Yazidis, Sunni Muslims, and Christians. There were 23 primary schools, three intermediate schools and seven secondary schools, a hospital, two other health care facilities, three public parks and two sports fields. The town had three churches, a Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Armenian Apostolic Church, all of which were destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Northern Iraq Offensive (2014) Sinjar after the reconquest of the so-called "Islamic State", December 2015 In the course of their second Northern Iraq offensive in August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over large areas of Nineveh province. Following the withdrawal of the Kurdish Peshmerga they captured the city of Sinjar on 3 August. During the following days, IS militants perpetrated the Sinjar massacre, killing 2,000 Yazidi men and taking Yazidi women into slavery, leading to a mass exodus of Yazidi residents. According to a United Nations report, 5,000 Yazidi civilians were killed during ISIL's August offensive. It is also known as the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL. The genocide was enabled partly as a result of the Peshmerga flight from the ISIL offensive, which left the Yazidis defenseless. On the night of 20 December 2014, in the course of a first offensive to retake Sinjar from ISIL militants, Kurdish forces pushed into the city. However, the Kurdish advance into Sinjar was stalled, as they faced stiff resistance from ISIL militants inside the southern half of the city. On 13 November 2015, a day after launching a major second offensive, Kurdish forces and Yazidi militias backed by US airstrikes, entered the city and fully regained its control from ISIL. Following the recapture, in the nearby hamlet of Solagh, east of Sinjar city, Kurdish forces found a mass grave with the remains of at least 78 Yazidi women from Kocho village believed to be executed by ISIL militants. Following the recapture of Sinjar, Yazidi groups engaged in revenge looting and burnings targeting Sunni Muslims, as well as reprisal killings. Declaration of autonomy In August 2017, the Yazidis of Sinjar declared their government autonomous at a press conference. Peshmerga forces withdrew from Sinjar on 17 October 2017, allowing the Iraqi Army and the Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) to enter the town. The control of the town was handed over to the PMU-backed Yazidi group called "Lalesh Brigades" after Peshmerga's withdrawal. In June 2020, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom accused Turkey that during the Operations Claw-Eagle and Claw-Tiger, Turkey threatened Yazidi families who attempted to return to their homes in the town. Turkey rejected the claims. In 2021 the Iraqi government called for the local Yazidi protection forces (who had fought ISIS), in Sinjar to withdraw, which was rejected by the Yazidi administration. This has led to international calls for the Iraqi army to de-escalate and withdraw from the region. Notable people This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019) Ahmad Sanjar, Sultan of the Seljuk Empire See also Disputed territories of Northern Iraq Yazidi genocide Military intervention against ISIL American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) List of Yazidi holy places List of Yazidi settlements Assyrians in Iraq Yazidis in Iraq References ^ "PKK Forms New Party in Sinjar". basnews.com. 25 June 2016. ^ "SINCAR IN THE LAST PERIOD OF OTTOMANS (SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL SITUATION)". ^ Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Sinjar – ܫܝܓܪ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified 30 June 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/184. ^ "Iraq: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "Iraq's Yazidis still haunted by Sinjar massacres". France24. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ a b c Alexander 1985, p. 27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Haase 1997, p. 643. ^ Peeters, Paul (1 January 1926). "La Passion arabe de S. 'Abd al-Masih". Analecta Bollandiana. 44: 270–341. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02188. ISSN 0003-2468. ^ H.A.R. Gibb (1929). Ibn Battuta Travels In Asia And Africa 1325 To 1354. Public Resource. George Routledge & Sons. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, pp. 103–104. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, p. 111. ^ "On Vulnerable Ground: Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2009. pp. 30, 43. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ Savelzberg, Hajo & Dulz 2010, pp. 107–108. ^ "Emerging Land Tenure Issues among Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar, Iraq: How Chances of Return may be Further Undermined by a Discrimination Policy Dating Back 40 Years" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq. November 2015. p. 34. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ "Giving Thanks in Front of a Broken Altar in Iraq". Preemptive Love. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ Mogelson, Luke. "The Fight for Mosul". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ Phillips, David L. (29 November 2018). The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786735768. ^ Murad, Nadia (7 November 2017). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9781524760458. ^ "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms". The Daily Telegraph. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ "Iraq's Kurds press offensive against Islamic State in Sinjar". DPA International. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2014. ^ "Iraqi Kurds Advance Against Islamic State in Sinjar". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 December 2014. ^ "Battle for Sinjar: IS-held town in Iraq 'liberated'". BBC News. 13 November 2015. ^ Isabel Coles (14 November 2015). "Mass Yazidi grave discovered after Iraq's Sinjar taken from Islamic State". Reuters. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Mass grave of 'Yazidi women executed by ISIS' found in Iraq". AFP. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015. ^ "Yazidis burn Muslim homes in Iraq's Sinjar: witnesses". Yahoo News. 15 November 2015. ^ "Yazidis Get Revenge on ISIS in Sinjar". The Daily Beast. 3 December 2015. ^ Emo, Salim; Seyid, Mehabad (August 22, 2017). "Êzidî women: Autonomy will bring freedom". ANF News. Retrieved August 22, 2017. ^ Szlanko, Balint (17 October 2017). "Iraq: After losing Kirkuk, Kurdish forces pull out of Sinjar". CTVNews. ^ Martin Chulov. "Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar". Retrieved 18 November 2017. ^ Iraqi-backed Yazidi group takes over Sinjar after Kurdish pullout Middle East Eye ^ Yazidis caught in 'political football' between Baghdad, Iraqi Kurds Reuters ^ "Turkey rejects US body's accusations on anti-terror ops - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. ^ "Once ravaged by IS, Iraq's Sinjar caught in new tug-of-war". www.msn.com. ^ "Shengal people demonstrate against the elimination campaign". ANF News. ^ "Iraq's Yazidis warn of ongoing threats from extremists | DW | 26.03.2021". DW.COM. Bibliography Alexander, Paul J. (1985). The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. University of California Press. pp. 27. ISBN 0520049985. Haase, C. P. (1997). "Sindjar". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 643–644. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8. Savelzberg, Eva; Hajo, Siamend; Dulz, Irene (July–December 2010). "Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar". Études rurales (186): 101–116. doi:10.4000/etudesrurales.9253. JSTOR 41403604. Further reading Mironova, Vera; Hussein, Mohammed (June 5, 2017). "The Struggle Over Sinjar". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_District"},{"link_name":"mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinjar"},{"link_name":"nearby plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_of_Sinjar"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sinjar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_District"},{"link_name":"Nineveh Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Sinjar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yazidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Iraqi town. 'Sinjar' may also refer to its eponymous district, mountains, or nearby plain.Town in Nineveh, IraqSinjar (Arabic: سنجار, romanized: Sinjār;[2] Kurdish: شنگال, romanized: Şingal, Syriac: ܫܝܓܪ, romanized: Shingar[3]) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88,023,[4] and is predominantly Yazidi.[5]","title":"Sinjar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Jazira.svg"},{"link_name":"Jazira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Singara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singara"},{"link_name":"limes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander198527-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander198527-6"},{"link_name":"mountains around Sinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Banu Taghlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Taghlib"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander198527-6"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"A map of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) province in the early Islamic eraIn the 2nd century AD, Sinjar became a military base called Singara and part of the Roman limes.[6] It remained part of the Roman Empire until it was sacked by the Sasanians in 360.[6] Starting in the late 5th century, the mountains around Sinjar became an abode of the Banu Taghlib, an Arab tribe.[7] At the beginning of 6th century, a tribe called Qadišaiē (Kαδίσηνοι), who were of either Kurdish or Arab origin, dwelt there. The Qadišaye practiced idolatry.[6] According to the early Islamic literary sources, Singara had long been a bone of contention between the Sasanian and Byzantine empires and several times switched hands between the two empires.[7] A 6th-century source describes the population of Singara as being composed of Pagans, Christians and Jews.[8] There are few visible traces of the ancient town of Singara.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qutb_al_Din_mint_of_Sinjar_Roman_emperor_Caracalla_1199.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Iyad ibn Ghanm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyad_ibn_Ghanm"},{"link_name":"Diyar Rabi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Rabi%27a"},{"link_name":"Jazira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Hamdanid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Uqaylids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens"},{"link_name":"atabeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg"},{"link_name":"Jikirmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikirmish"},{"link_name":"Zengid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nur ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)"},{"link_name":"Zengi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Ibn Shaddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad"},{"link_name":"Qutb ad-Din Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"schools of jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhabs"},{"link_name":"mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"Ali ibn Abi Talib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib"},{"link_name":"khanqas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqa"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Adim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim"},{"link_name":"zawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"minaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"epigraphist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphist"},{"link_name":"Max van Berchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_van_Berchem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zengid_Atabegs_of_Sinjar._Qutb_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Zengi._1197-1219._Sinjar_mint._Dated_AH_607_(AD_1210-1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb al-Din Muhammad bin Zengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-Din_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Diyar Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyar_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din Lu'lu'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_Lu%27lu%27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanid Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"al-Dhahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Akfani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani"},{"link_name":"Zakariya al-Qazwini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"bathhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bath"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"congregational mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_mosque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Ak Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Kara Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Safavid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"Diyarbekir Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"nahiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiya"},{"link_name":"Mardin Sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Banu Tayy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Tayy"},{"link_name":"Yazidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Mosul Sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Mosul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"},{"link_name":"Dawud Pasha of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Midhat Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhat_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaase1997643-7"}],"sub_title":"Islamic era","text":"Coin of Qutb al-Din, the Zengid ruler of Sinjar in 1197–1219, with representation of Roman Emperor Caracalla, Sinjar mint 1199.Sinjar was conquered in the 630s–640s by the Arab Muslims led by the commander Iyad ibn Ghanm and thereafter incorporated into the Diyar Rabi'a district of the Jazira province.[7] In 970, the city was conquered by the Hamdanid dynasty, a branch of the Banu Taghlib tribe.[7] Toward the end of the century, another Arab dynasty, the Uqaylids captured the city and erected a citadel there.[7] Beginning with the rule of the Turkmen atabeg Jikirmish in 1106/07, Sinjar entered its most prosperous historical period lasting through the mid-13th century. The Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din conquered the area in 1169 and 1171; in the latter year, a cadet branch of the Zengids was established in Sinjar under Zengi II (r. 1171–1197), whose court was noted for its high culture.[7] The scholar Ibn Shaddad (d. 1186) noted that Sinjar was protected by a double wall, the first being the original wall built by the Uqaylids and the newer wall built by the local Zengid ruler Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1197–1219).[7] Also noted by Ibn Shaddad were two mosques, six madrasas (schools of Islamic law) for the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, a mashhad (shrine) dedicated to Ali ibn Abi Talib and three khanqas (buildings for Sufi gatherings) and Ibn al-Adim (d. 1262) further notes a zawiya (Sufi lodge).[7] A surviving mosque minaret from this era, remarked on by the 19th-century epigraphist Max van Berchem, contains an inscription crediting Qutb ad-Din as the minaret's builder in 1201.[7]Coin of Qutb al-Din Muhammad bin Zengi, Zengid Atabeg of Sinjar (1197–1219). Sinjar mint. Dated AH 607 (AD 1210-1).The city came under Ayyubid rule during the reign of Saladin and was controlled by the Ayyubid ruler of the Diyar Bakr district of the Jazira, al-Ashraf Muzaffar al-Din (r. 1210–1220). It later was controlled by the ruler of Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu'.[7] The Ilkhanid Mongols destroyed the double wall of Sinjar and the mashhad of Ali in 1262; the mashhad was rebuilt afterward by the Ilkhanid's Persian governor of the area Muhammad al-Yazdi.[7] Ibn al-Adim and al-Dhahabi (d. 1348) list several Islamic scholars who hailed from Sinjar, including the polymath Ibn al-Akfani (d. 1348). The geographer Zakariya al-Qazwini (d. 1283) referred to Sinjar as \"little Damascus\", noting in particular the similarities of Sinjar's ornate bathhouses with their mosaic-laced floors and walls and octagonal stone pools.[7] During his visit of the city, Ibn Battuta (d. 1369) mentioned that the inhabitants of the city were Kurds, whom he describes as \"brave and generous\".[9] He also remarked that Sinjar's congregational mosque was encircled by a perennial stream.[7]The Timurid successors of the Ilkhanids captured Sinjar after a seven-month siege according to oral traditions cited by Evliya Çelebi (d. 1682).[7] The city was later conquered successively by the Turkmen tribes of Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu before being taken by the Safavid dynasty of Iran in 1507/08.[7] During the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555), Sinjar was captured by the Constantinople (Istanbul)-based Ottoman Empire in 1534.[7] The city became the center of its own sanjak (district) within Diyarbekir Eyalet (province of Diyarbakir).[7] It was later reduced to being the administrative center of its own nahiya (subdistrict) of the Mardin Sanjak.[7] Writing in the 17th century, Evliya Çelebi noted that the population of the city of Sinjar was composed of Kurds and Arabs from the Banu Tayy tribe, while the Sinjar Mountains were inhabited by 45,000 Yazidi and Baburi Kurds.[7]After 1830, the nahiya of Sinjar became part of the Mosul Sanjak.[7] During the 19th century, the Yazidis of the Sinjar Mountains often posed a threat to travelers in the region. The governor Dawud Pasha of Baghdad (in office in 1816–1831) was unable to suppress the Yazidis and the Yazidi revolts of 1850–1864 were ended after the diplomatic efforts of the Ottoman statesman Midhat Pasha enabled the authorities to tax and impose customs in the area.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Views_in_June_of_2019_around_the_Ezidi_shrine_of_Chil_Mera_on_Shingal_Mountain_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sinjar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Views_in_June_of_2019_of_a_cathedral_rising_above_ruined_buildings_in_the_old_neighborhood_of_Shingal_(Sinjar)_18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelzbergHajoDulz2010103%E2%80%93104-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelzbergHajoDulz2010111-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"series of truck bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Yazidi_communities_bombings"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Sinjar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_District"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelzbergHajoDulz2010107%E2%80%93108-13"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The important Chermera temple (meaning '40 Men') is found on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains.Cathedral rising above ruined buildings in the old neighborhood of Sinjar.In 1974–1975, five neighborhoods in the city of Sinjar were Arabized during a campaign by the Iraqi government of President Saddam Hussein dubbed as a \"modernization drive\"; the neighborhoods were Bar Barozh, Saraeye, Kalhey, Burj and Barshey, whose inhabitants were relocated to the new towns or elsewhere in Iraq and replaced by Arabs.[10] The majority of the Arabs resettled in the Sinjar Mountains have remained in the region as of 2010.[11]On 13 August 2009, a suicide bombing killed 21 people and wounded 32 in a cafe in the Kalaa neighborhood of Sinjar.[12] On 14 August 2010, a series of truck bombings by al-Qaeda in Iraq in the towns of Qahtaniya and al-Jazira, both in the Sinjar District, killed 326 Yazidis and injured 530 more.[13]According to statistical survey of the Sinjar District in 2013, the city of Sinjar had a population of 77,926. The ethnic composition of the city consisted of Kurds, Arabs, Turkmens, and Assyrians and the religious composition consisted of Yazidis, Sunni Muslims, and Christians. There were 23 primary schools, three intermediate schools and seven secondary schools, a hospital, two other health care facilities, three public parks and two sports fields.[14] The town had three churches, a Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Armenian Apostolic Church, all of which were destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[15][16]","title":"Modern era"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShingalZerstoert1215.JPG"},{"link_name":"second Northern Iraq offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Nineveh province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Peshmerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshmerga"},{"link_name":"Sinjar massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_massacre"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"genocide of Yazidis by ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"first offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45_execution-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"second offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocho_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtr-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Northern Iraq Offensive (2014)","text":"Sinjar after the reconquest of the so-called \"Islamic State\", December 2015In the course of their second Northern Iraq offensive in August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over large areas of Nineveh province. Following the withdrawal of the Kurdish Peshmerga they captured the city of Sinjar on 3 August. During the following days, IS militants perpetrated the Sinjar massacre, killing 2,000 Yazidi men and taking Yazidi women into slavery, leading to a mass exodus of Yazidi residents. According to a United Nations report, 5,000 Yazidi civilians were killed during ISIL's August offensive. It is also known as the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL. The genocide was enabled partly as a result of the Peshmerga flight from the ISIL offensive, which left the Yazidis defenseless.[17][18][19]On the night of 20 December 2014, in the course of a first offensive to retake Sinjar from ISIL militants, Kurdish forces pushed into the city.[20] However, the Kurdish advance into Sinjar was stalled, as they faced stiff resistance from ISIL militants inside the southern half of the city.[21]On 13 November 2015, a day after launching a major second offensive, Kurdish forces and Yazidi militias backed by US airstrikes, entered the city and fully regained its control from ISIL.[22] Following the recapture, in the nearby hamlet of Solagh, east of Sinjar city, Kurdish forces found a mass grave with the remains of at least 78 Yazidi women from Kocho village believed to be executed by ISIL militants.[23][24] Following the recapture of Sinjar, Yazidi groups engaged in revenge looting and burnings targeting Sunni Muslims, as well as reprisal killings.[25][26]","title":"Modern era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Popular Mobilisation Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilisation_Units"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"United States Commission on International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Operations Claw-Eagle and Claw-Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Claw-Eagle_and_Claw-Tiger"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Yazidi protection forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Alliance"},{"link_name":"ISIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIS"},{"link_name":"Iraqi army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_army"},{"link_name":"de-escalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-escalate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Declaration of autonomy","text":"In August 2017, the Yazidis of Sinjar declared their government autonomous at a press conference.[27] Peshmerga forces withdrew from Sinjar on 17 October 2017, allowing the Iraqi Army and the Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) to enter the town. The control of the town was handed over to the PMU-backed Yazidi group called \"Lalesh Brigades\" after Peshmerga's withdrawal.[28][29][30][31]In June 2020, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom accused Turkey that during the Operations Claw-Eagle and Claw-Tiger, Turkey threatened Yazidi families who attempted to return to their homes in the town. Turkey rejected the claims.[32]In 2021 the Iraqi government called for the local Yazidi protection forces (who had fought ISIS), in Sinjar to withdraw, which was rejected by the Yazidi administration. This has led to international calls for the Iraqi army to de-escalate and withdraw from the region.[33][34][35]","title":"Modern era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad Sanjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"}],"text":"Ahmad Sanjar, Sultan of the Seljuk Empire","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/byzantineapocaly00alex"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/byzantineapocaly00alex/page/n93"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520049985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520049985"},{"link_name":"\"Sindjar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Sindjar&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Lecomte, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-10422-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8"},{"link_name":"\"Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9253"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4000/etudesrurales.9253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9253"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41403604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41403604"}],"text":"Alexander, Paul J. (1985). The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. University of California Press. pp. 27. ISBN 0520049985.\nHaase, C. P. (1997). \"Sindjar\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 643–644. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.\nSavelzberg, Eva; Hajo, Siamend; Dulz, Irene (July–December 2010). \"Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar\". Études rurales (186): 101–116. doi:10.4000/etudesrurales.9253. JSTOR 41403604.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Struggle Over Sinjar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2017-06-05/struggle-over-sinjar"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0015-7120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q955690#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/157171394"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/240572966"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/7551695-0"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566997605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85155703"}],"text":"Mironova, Vera; Hussein, Mohammed (June 5, 2017). \"The Struggle Over Sinjar\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A map of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) province in the early Islamic era","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al-Jazira.svg/180px-Al-Jazira.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coin of Qutb al-Din, the Zengid ruler of Sinjar in 1197–1219, with representation of Roman Emperor Caracalla, Sinjar mint 1199.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Qutb_al_Din_mint_of_Sinjar_Roman_emperor_Caracalla_1199.jpg/180px-Qutb_al_Din_mint_of_Sinjar_Roman_emperor_Caracalla_1199.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Qutb al-Din Muhammad bin Zengi, Zengid Atabeg of Sinjar (1197–1219). Sinjar mint. Dated AH 607 (AD 1210-1).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zengid_Atabegs_of_Sinjar._Qutb_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Zengi._1197-1219._Sinjar_mint._Dated_AH_607_%28AD_1210-1%29.jpg/220px-Zengid_Atabegs_of_Sinjar._Qutb_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Zengi._1197-1219._Sinjar_mint._Dated_AH_607_%28AD_1210-1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The important Chermera temple (meaning '40 Men') is found on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Views_in_June_of_2019_around_the_Ezidi_shrine_of_Chil_Mera_on_Shingal_Mountain_01.jpg/220px-Views_in_June_of_2019_around_the_Ezidi_shrine_of_Chil_Mera_on_Shingal_Mountain_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cathedral rising above ruined buildings in the old neighborhood of Sinjar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Views_in_June_of_2019_of_a_cathedral_rising_above_ruined_buildings_in_the_old_neighborhood_of_Shingal_%28Sinjar%29_18.jpg/220px-Views_in_June_of_2019_of_a_cathedral_rising_above_ruined_buildings_in_the_old_neighborhood_of_Shingal_%28Sinjar%29_18.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sinjar after the reconquest of the so-called \"Islamic State\", December 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ShingalZerstoert1215.JPG/220px-ShingalZerstoert1215.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Disputed territories of Northern Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq"},{"title":"Yazidi genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi_genocide"},{"title":"Military intervention against ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL"},{"title":"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"title":"List of Yazidi holy places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yazidi_holy_places"},{"title":"List of Yazidi settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yazidi_settlements"},{"title":"Assyrians in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Yazidis in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis_in_Iraq"}]
[{"reference":"\"PKK Forms New Party in Sinjar\". basnews.com. 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.basnews.com/index.php/en/news/kurdistan/283611","url_text":"\"PKK Forms New Party in Sinjar\""}]},{"reference":"\"SINCAR IN THE LAST PERIOD OF OTTOMANS (SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL SITUATION)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/265734","url_text":"\"SINCAR IN THE LAST PERIOD OF OTTOMANS (SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL SITUATION)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130627025044/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-105","url_text":"\"Iraq: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\""},{"url":"http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-105","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq's Yazidis still haunted by Sinjar massacres\". France24. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20190628-revisited-iraq-yazidis-still-haunted-sinjar-massacres-islamic-state-group-nadia-murad","url_text":"\"Iraq's Yazidis still haunted by Sinjar massacres\""}]},{"reference":"Peeters, Paul (1 January 1926). \"La Passion arabe de S. 'Abd al-Masih\". Analecta Bollandiana. 44: 270–341. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02188. ISSN 0003-2468.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02188","url_text":"\"La Passion arabe de S. 'Abd al-Masih\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.ABOL.4.02188","url_text":"10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2468","url_text":"0003-2468"}]},{"reference":"H.A.R. Gibb (1929). Ibn Battuta Travels In Asia And Africa 1325 To 1354. Public Resource. George Routledge & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/ibnbattutatravel00harg","url_text":"Ibn Battuta Travels In Asia And Africa 1325 To 1354"}]},{"reference":"\"On Vulnerable Ground: Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories\" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2009. pp. 30, 43. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/iraq1109web.pdf","url_text":"\"On Vulnerable Ground: Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerging Land Tenure Issues among Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar, Iraq: How Chances of Return may be Further Undermined by a Discrimination Policy Dating Back 40 Years\" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq. November 2015. p. 34. Retrieved 19 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/YAZIDI%20HLP%20REPORT_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Emerging Land Tenure Issues among Displaced Yazidis from Sinjar, Iraq: How Chances of Return may be Further Undermined by a Discrimination Policy Dating Back 40 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giving Thanks in Front of a Broken Altar in Iraq\". Preemptive Love. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://preemptivelove.org/blog/giving_thanks_in_front_of_a_broken_altar_in_iraq/","url_text":"\"Giving Thanks in Front of a Broken Altar in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Mogelson, Luke. \"The Fight for Mosul\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/18/the-front-lines","url_text":"\"The Fight for Mosul\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David L. (29 November 2018). The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786735768.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WRKEDwAAQBAJ&q=peshmerga+fled+sinjar&pg=PA83","url_text":"The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786735768","url_text":"9781786735768"}]},{"reference":"Murad, Nadia (7 November 2017). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9781524760458.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQcDgAAQBAJ&q=peshmerga+fled+sinjar&pg=PA57","url_text":"The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524760458","url_text":"9781524760458"}]},{"reference":"\"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms\". The Daily Telegraph. 14 October 2014. 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BBC News. 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/34806556","url_text":"\"Battle for Sinjar: IS-held town in Iraq 'liberated'\""}]},{"reference":"Isabel Coles (14 November 2015). \"Mass Yazidi grave discovered after Iraq's Sinjar taken from Islamic State\". Reuters. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKCN0T312B20151114","url_text":"\"Mass Yazidi grave discovered after Iraq's Sinjar taken from Islamic State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Mass grave of 'Yazidi women executed by ISIS' found in Iraq\". AFP. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/11/14/Mass-grave-of-Yazidi-women-executed-by-ISIS-found-in-Iraq.html","url_text":"\"Mass grave of 'Yazidi women executed by ISIS' found in Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"AFP"}]},{"reference":"\"Yazidis burn Muslim homes in Iraq's Sinjar: witnesses\". Yahoo News. 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/yazidis-burn-muslim-homes-iraqs-sinjar-witnesses-155410793.html","url_text":"\"Yazidis burn Muslim homes in Iraq's Sinjar: witnesses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yazidis Get Revenge on ISIS in Sinjar\". The Daily Beast. 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/12/03/yazidis-get-revenge-on-isis-in-sinjar.html","url_text":"\"Yazidis Get Revenge on ISIS in Sinjar\""}]},{"reference":"Emo, Salim; Seyid, Mehabad (August 22, 2017). \"Êzidî women: Autonomy will bring freedom\". ANF News. Retrieved August 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/women/Ezidi-women-autonomy-will-bring-freedom-21680","url_text":"\"Êzidî women: Autonomy will bring freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Szlanko, Balint (17 October 2017). \"Iraq: After losing Kirkuk, Kurdish forces pull out of Sinjar\". CTVNews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/iraq-after-losing-kirkuk-kurdish-forces-pull-out-of-sinjar-1.3635381","url_text":"\"Iraq: After losing Kirkuk, Kurdish forces pull out of Sinjar\""}]},{"reference":"Martin Chulov. \"Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar\". Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/iraqi-forces-drive-kurdish-fighters-out-of-sinjar","url_text":"\"Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey rejects US body's accusations on anti-terror ops - Turkey News\". Hürriyet Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-rejects-us-bodys-accusations-on-anti-terror-ops-155861","url_text":"\"Turkey rejects US body's accusations on anti-terror ops - Turkey News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Once ravaged by IS, Iraq's Sinjar caught in new tug-of-war\". www.msn.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/once-ravaged-by-is-iraq-s-sinjar-caught-in-new-tug-of-war/ar-BB1e3Rjr","url_text":"\"Once ravaged by IS, Iraq's Sinjar caught in new tug-of-war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shengal people demonstrate against the elimination campaign\". ANF News.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/shengal-people-demonstrate-against-the-elimination-campaign-50959","url_text":"\"Shengal people demonstrate against the elimination campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq's Yazidis warn of ongoing threats from extremists | DW | 26.03.2021\". DW.COM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/iraq-yazidi-law-warning/a-56993162","url_text":"\"Iraq's Yazidis warn of ongoing threats from extremists | DW | 26.03.2021\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Paul J. (1985). The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. University of California Press. pp. 27. ISBN 0520049985.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byzantineapocaly00alex","url_text":"The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byzantineapocaly00alex/page/n93","url_text":"27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520049985","url_text":"0520049985"}]},{"reference":"Haase, C. P. (1997). \"Sindjar\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 643–644. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Sindjar&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Sindjar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte","url_text":"Lecomte, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8","url_text":"978-90-04-10422-8"}]},{"reference":"Savelzberg, Eva; Hajo, Siamend; Dulz, Irene (July–December 2010). \"Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar\". Études rurales (186): 101–116. doi:10.4000/etudesrurales.9253. JSTOR 41403604.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9253","url_text":"\"Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9253","url_text":"10.4000/etudesrurales.9253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403604","url_text":"41403604"}]},{"reference":"Mironova, Vera; Hussein, Mohammed (June 5, 2017). \"The Struggle Over Sinjar\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2017-06-05/struggle-over-sinjar","url_text":"\"The Struggle Over Sinjar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs","url_text":"Foreign Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heartbeat_(Bellarive_album)
The Heartbeat (Bellarive album)
["1 Singles","1.1 Promotional singles","2 Track listing","3 Chart positions","4 Reception","5 References"]
2012 studio album by BellariveThe HeartbeatStudio album by BellariveReleasedJune 19, 2012GenreContemporary Christian music, worship, Christian rockLength62:56LabelSparrowProducerBellarive, Joshua SilverbergBellarive chronology The Heartbeat(2012) Before There Was(2014) The Heartbeat is the first studio album by Bellarive, and the album released on June 19, 2012 by Sparrow Records. The album was produced by Bellarive and Joshua Silverberg. The album debut at No. 21 and No. 17 on the Christian and Heatseekers albums charts, respectively. The lead single from the album is "Taste of Eternity". "Love Has Found Us", "Sing", "Shine On" and "Stories" were previously included on the band's debut EP, The Being Human Project...Start Listening. Singles "Taste of Eternity" was released on April 24, 2012 as the first single from the album. It was written by Bellarive and Jason Ingram. It didn't chart, although the music video has over 70,000 views on YouTube, and received highly positive reviews. Promotional singles "Love Has Found Us" was released on February 1, 2010 as a promotional single. The song has received mainly positive reviews from critics and audiences. "Sing" was released on April 11, 2011 as a promotional single. It, along with "Love Has Found Us", was included on The Being Human Project...Start Listening. It has so far received general acclaim. Track listing Track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Heartbeat"Sean Curran, Melissa Mage, Mike Mage5:162."Love Has Found Us"Curran, Mage, Mage4:393."Hope is Calling"Curran3:474."Taste of Eternity"Curran, Jason Ingram5:395."Measures of Rest"Curran, Zach Glotfelty, Mage, Mage4:136."Sing"Curran, Glotfelty, Mage, Mage4:177."The Father's Heart"Curran, Joshua Silverberg4:078."Here We Are"Curran, Melissa Mage4:559."Tendons (the Release)"Curran, Josh Luker, Melissa Mage7:2510."Shine On"Curran, Luker, Mage, Mage6:0811."I Know You"Curran, Mage, Mage4:1012."Stories"Curran, Melissa Mage8:20Total length:62:56 Chart positions Chart (2012) Peakposition US Billboard Christian Albums 21 US Billboard Heatseekers Albums 17 Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingCCM MagazineChristian ManifestoChristian Music ZineChristianity TodayCross Rhythms9/10Indie Vision MusicJesus Freak HideoutLouder Than The MusicNew Release TuesdayWorship Leader The Heartbeat has received generally favorable reviews from critics. Alpha Omega News' Jason Rouse graded the album a B, and said "they use a wide variety of instruments to help them accomplish this goal. The part I like about this CD is that you can tell this group is wholehearted about making music to worship Jesus. I think I would like this group even more if they were to pick up their tempo a bit." CCM Magazine's Grace S. Aspinwall said the band "produced a thoughtful, beautiful project in The Heartbeat." The Christian Manifesto's Lydia Akinola said "The Heartbeat is offbeat, atypical and wacky worship album; an anomaly in a world of the stock, straight-forward, standard praise anthem. Although I can’t honestly say that I loved every second, I loved that every second was completely unexpected." In addition, Akinola wrote "The Heartbeat is definitely the most ‘indie’ label release I’ve heard all year. It’s one of the most adventurous listens too, an uncommon distinction for praise and worship affairs. It’s organic, visceral and engaging. The age-old debate between accessibility and art, convention and creativity, can be difficult for veterans to navigate, yet Bellarive took the challenge on. As T.S. Eliot once said ‘Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go.’ Who knows where Bellarive will wander next time?" Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre said "as an album though; musically and lyrically I have not heard this kind of experimentation and been this impressed by it, since David Crowder*Band’s ‘A Collision’. And for Bellarive to accomplish a lot within their debut album is just remarkable." Christianity Today's Robert Ham said "There isn't necessarily anything lacking in the music of Bellarive. But there isn't much to separate the Orlando-based band from the rest of the modern worship world. Like their obvious secular influences Sigur Ros and U2, the group's music swells and recedes dramatically, building to big choruses or maintaining a bombastic intensity throughout. If this is where their heart is, musically and spiritually, we can't really fault them that point. But compared to so many similarly minded groups, Bellarive can't help but come off as a pale carbon copy." Cross Rhythms' Elliot Rose said "Chief songwriter Sean Curran's lead vocals throughout the disc are inspiringly tender and passionate, particularly when harmonised with Melissa,...But overall this is a stimulating debut album from a truly innovative band." Indie Vision Music's Jonathan Andre said "listening to each of the 12 ingeniously written melodies, I am certain that Bellarive (which means 'beautiful river') will receive many nominations for new artist of the year at the Doves; incorporating elements of both David Crowder and Rend Collective Experiment as the band infuses contemporary pop, acoustics, loud booming rock anthems and an overall passion that will make you want to jump out of your seat and worship Christ with all you’ve got." Andre wrote that the album is "full of richness, musically and lyrically; this is an album for those who want to continually engage with the Father and what He wants for us." Jesus Freak Hideout's David Goodman said "it's hard to blend lyrical poetry and musical experimentation into worship music; it just is. Many who attempt as much tend to lean toward one extreme or the other - accessibility and simplicity, or musicianship and the avant-garde. Although I doubt any conscious attempt was made to ride that line, Bellarive steady themselves atop the intersection of progressive musical tone and expressive verse with poise. Their first full-length collection, The Heartbeat, ignores the line entirely, delivering a raucous collection of tunes that strike balance between sing-able worship and vibrant art." Additionally, Goodman wrote "The progressive nature of Bellarive's music has garnered comparisons to David Crowder*Band or Rend Collective, but honestly, they have a charm all their own. Emotive and melodious, enthusiastic and imaginative, The is a slow-burn masterpiece of musicianship rooted in a genuine longing to commune with our Creator." Jesus Freak Hideout's Scott Fryberger said "The Heartbeat is a worthwhile investment. It won't be free like The Being Human Project still is, but if you lay down the dough for it, you probably won't regret doing so." Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies said the album contains "creative indie rock worship with clever use of instruments and lyrics that declare who God is, and words to uplift us to carry on running the race hand in hand with God." Also, Davies wrote that "overall, a great album from these newbies, hopefully more will come from these guys called Bellarive." New Release Tuesday's Marcus Hathcock said "The Heartbeat is one of the top worship albums of this decade, and has the opportunity to sucker punch other people with worshipful encounters and moments they might not have expected." Worship Leader's Mike Pueschell said the positives with the album are the "programming, gang vocals, crunchy guitars, and passionate vocals throughout...Rock anthems abound on this gem of an album." Plus, Pueschell wrote the negative are "There is no doubt this is music by which to lead your church family into worship, but only the more progressive (musically speaking) church families will find these arrangements suitable." References ^ a b c d e Bellarive (July 7, 2012). "The Heartbeat - Bellarive". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2012. ^ a b Aspinwall, Grace S. (July 1, 2012). "Bellarive: The Heartbeat (Sparrow Records)". CCM Magazine. Retrieved September 28, 2012. ^ a b c Akinola, Lydia (September 4, 2012). "Bellarive The Heartbeat". Christian Manifesto. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b Andre, Joshua (June 18, 2012). "Bellarive - The Heartbeat (Review)". Christian Music Zine. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b Ham, Robert (July 3, 2012). "Bellarive: The Heartbeat". Christianity Today. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b Rose, Elliot (November 6, 2012). "Review: The Heartbeat - Bellarive". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved January 14, 2013. ^ a b c Andre, Jonathan (May 29, 2012). "Bellarive - The Heartbeat". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b c Goodman, David (June 18, 2012). "Bellarive, "The Heartbeat" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b Fryberger, Scott (June 14, 2012). "Bellarive, "The Heartbeat" Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b c Davies, Jono (June 13, 2012). "Bellarive - The Heartbeat". Louder Than The Music. Retrieved September 23, 2012. ^ a b Hathcock, Marcus (July 24, 2012). "A Connection Between Spirit and Sound". New Release Tuesday. Retrieved September 23, 2012. ^ a b c Pueschell, Mike (June 25, 2012). "The Heartbeat". Worship Leader. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ Rouse, Jason (August 20, 2012). "Bellarive – The Heartbeat". Alpha Omega News. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
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The album debut at No. 21 and No. 17 on the Christian and Heatseekers albums charts, respectively.[1] The lead single from the album is \"Taste of Eternity\". \"Love Has Found Us\", \"Sing\", \"Shine On\" and \"Stories\" were previously included on the band's debut EP, The Being Human Project...Start Listening.","title":"The Heartbeat (Bellarive album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ingram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Taste of Eternity\" was released on April 24, 2012 as the first single from the album. It was written by Bellarive and Jason Ingram. It didn't chart, although the music video has over 70,000 views on YouTube, and received highly positive reviews.[citation needed]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Being Human Project...Start Listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Being_Human_Project...Start_Listening&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Promotional singles","text":"\"Love Has Found Us\" was released on February 1, 2010 as a promotional single. The song has received mainly positive reviews from critics and audiences.[citation needed]\"Sing\" was released on April 11, 2011 as a promotional single. It, along with \"Love Has Found Us\", was included on The Being Human Project...Start Listening. It has so far received general acclaim.[citation needed]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ingram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEARTBEAT-1"}],"text":"Track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Heartbeat\"Sean Curran, Melissa Mage, Mike Mage5:162.\"Love Has Found Us\"Curran, Mage, Mage4:393.\"Hope is Calling\"Curran3:474.\"Taste of Eternity\"Curran, Jason Ingram5:395.\"Measures of Rest\"Curran, Zach Glotfelty, Mage, Mage4:136.\"Sing\"Curran, Glotfelty, Mage, Mage4:177.\"The Father's Heart\"Curran, Joshua Silverberg4:078.\"Here We Are\"Curran, Melissa Mage4:559.\"Tendons (the Release)\"Curran, Josh Luker, Melissa Mage7:2510.\"Shine On\"Curran, Luker, Mage, Mage6:0811.\"I Know You\"Curran, Mage, Mage4:1012.\"Stories\"Curran, Melissa Mage8:20Total length:62:56[1]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALPHA-13"},{"link_name":"CCM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCM-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MANIFESTO-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MANIFESTO-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZINE-4"},{"link_name":"Christianity Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TODAY-5"},{"link_name":"Cross Rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CROSS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INDIE-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INDIE-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JESUS-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JESUS-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FREAK-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOUDER-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOUDER-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRT-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORSHIP-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORSHIP-12"}],"text":"The Heartbeat has received generally favorable reviews from critics.Alpha Omega News' Jason Rouse graded the album a B, and said \"they use a wide variety of instruments to help them accomplish this goal. The part I like about this CD is that you can tell this group is wholehearted about making music to worship Jesus. I think I would like this group even more if they were to pick up their tempo a bit.\"[13]CCM Magazine's Grace S. Aspinwall said the band \"produced a thoughtful, beautiful project in The Heartbeat.\"[2]The Christian Manifesto's Lydia Akinola said \"The Heartbeat is offbeat, atypical and wacky worship album; an anomaly in a world of the stock, straight-forward, standard praise anthem. Although I can’t honestly say that I loved every second, I loved that every second was completely unexpected.\"[3] In addition, Akinola wrote \"The Heartbeat is definitely the most ‘indie’ label release I’ve heard all year. It’s one of the most adventurous listens too, an uncommon distinction for praise and worship affairs. It’s organic, visceral and engaging. The age-old debate between accessibility and art, convention and creativity, can be difficult for veterans to navigate, yet Bellarive took the challenge on. As T.S. Eliot once said ‘Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go.’ Who knows where Bellarive will wander next time?\"[3]Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre said \"as an album though; musically and lyrically I have not heard this kind of experimentation and been this impressed by it, since David Crowder*Band’s ‘A Collision’. And for Bellarive to accomplish a lot within their debut album is just remarkable.\"[4]Christianity Today's Robert Ham said \"There isn't necessarily anything lacking in the music of Bellarive. But there isn't much to separate the Orlando-based band from the rest of the modern worship world. Like their obvious secular influences Sigur Ros and U2, the group's music swells and recedes dramatically, building to big choruses or maintaining a bombastic intensity throughout. If this is where their heart is, musically and spiritually, we can't really fault them that point. But compared to so many similarly minded groups, Bellarive can't help but come off as a pale carbon copy.\"[5]Cross Rhythms' Elliot Rose said \"Chief songwriter Sean Curran's lead vocals throughout the disc are inspiringly [sic] tender and passionate, particularly when harmonised [sic] with Melissa,...But overall this is a stimulating debut album from a truly innovative band.\"[6]Indie Vision Music's Jonathan Andre said \"listening to each of the 12 ingeniously written melodies, I am certain that Bellarive (which means 'beautiful river') will receive many nominations for new artist of the year at the Doves; incorporating elements of both David Crowder and Rend Collective Experiment as the band infuses contemporary pop, acoustics, loud booming rock anthems and an overall passion that will make you want to jump out of your seat and worship Christ with all you’ve got.\"[7] Andre wrote that the album is \"full of richness, musically and lyrically; this is an album for those who want to continually engage with the Father and what He wants for us.\"[7]Jesus Freak Hideout's David Goodman said \"it's hard to blend lyrical poetry and musical experimentation into worship music; it just is. Many who attempt as much tend to lean toward one extreme or the other - accessibility and simplicity, or musicianship and the avant-garde. Although I doubt any conscious attempt was made to ride that line, Bellarive steady themselves atop the intersection of progressive musical tone and expressive verse with poise. Their first full-length collection, The Heartbeat, ignores the line entirely, delivering a raucous collection of tunes that strike balance between sing-able worship and vibrant art.\"[8] Additionally, Goodman wrote \"The progressive nature of Bellarive's music has garnered comparisons to David Crowder*Band or Rend Collective, but honestly, they have a charm all their own. Emotive and melodious, enthusiastic and imaginative, The [Heartbeat] is a slow-burn masterpiece of musicianship rooted in a genuine longing to commune with our Creator.\"[8]Jesus Freak Hideout's Scott Fryberger said \"The Heartbeat is a worthwhile investment. It won't be free like The Being Human Project still is, but if you lay down the dough for it, you probably won't regret doing so.\"[9]Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies said the album contains \"creative indie rock worship with clever use of instruments and lyrics that declare who God is, and words to uplift us to carry on running the race hand in hand with God.\"[10] Also, Davies wrote that \"overall, a great album from these newbies, hopefully more will come from these guys called Bellarive.\"[10]New Release Tuesday's Marcus Hathcock said \"The Heartbeat is one of the top worship albums of this decade, and has the opportunity to sucker punch other people with worshipful encounters and moments they might not have expected.\"[11]Worship Leader's Mike Pueschell said the positives with the album are the \"programming, gang vocals, crunchy guitars, and passionate vocals throughout...Rock anthems abound on this gem of an album.\"[12] Plus, Pueschell wrote the negative are \"There is no doubt this is music by which to lead your church family into worship, but only the more progressive (musically speaking) church families will find these arrangements suitable.\"[12]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Bellarive (July 7, 2012). \"The Heartbeat - Bellarive\". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/bellarive/chart-history/","url_text":"\"The Heartbeat - Bellarive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Aspinwall, Grace S. (July 1, 2012). \"Bellarive: The Heartbeat (Sparrow Records)\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved September 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccmmagazine.com/magazine/2012/jul/52.htm","url_text":"\"Bellarive: The Heartbeat (Sparrow Records)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Akinola, Lydia (September 4, 2012). \"Bellarive The Heartbeat\". Christian Manifesto. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://thechristianmanifesto.com/archives/music-review/bellarive-the-heartbeat","url_text":"\"Bellarive The Heartbeat\""}]},{"reference":"Andre, Joshua (June 18, 2012). \"Bellarive - The Heartbeat (Review)\". Christian Music Zine. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://christianmusiczine.com/bellarive-the-heartbeat-review/","url_text":"\"Bellarive - The Heartbeat (Review)\""}]},{"reference":"Ham, Robert (July 3, 2012). \"Bellarive: The Heartbeat\". Christianity Today. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/julyweb-only/heartbeat.html","url_text":"\"Bellarive: The Heartbeat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today","url_text":"Christianity Today"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Elliot (November 6, 2012). \"Review: The Heartbeat - Bellarive\". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Bellarive_/The_Heartbeat/125636/","url_text":"\"Review: The Heartbeat - Bellarive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Rhythms","url_text":"Cross Rhythms"}]},{"reference":"Andre, Jonathan (May 29, 2012). \"Bellarive - The Heartbeat\". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2012/05/29/bellarive-the-heartbeat/","url_text":"\"Bellarive - The Heartbeat\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, David (June 18, 2012). \"Bellarive, \"The Heartbeat\" Review\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheHeartbeat.asp","url_text":"\"Bellarive, \"The Heartbeat\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Fryberger, Scott (June 14, 2012). \"Bellarive, \"The Heartbeat\" Review\". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheHeartbeat.asp","url_text":"\"Bellarive, \"The Heartbeat\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Jono (June 13, 2012). \"Bellarive - The Heartbeat\". Louder Than The Music. Retrieved September 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://louderthanthemusic.com/document.php?id=3170","url_text":"\"Bellarive - The Heartbeat\""}]},{"reference":"Hathcock, Marcus (July 24, 2012). \"A Connection Between Spirit and Sound\". New Release Tuesday. Retrieved September 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=20341&user_id=8571","url_text":"\"A Connection Between Spirit and Sound\""}]},{"reference":"Pueschell, Mike (June 25, 2012). \"The Heartbeat\". Worship Leader. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://worshipleader.com/theheartbeat/","url_text":"\"The Heartbeat\""}]},{"reference":"Rouse, Jason (August 20, 2012). \"Bellarive – The Heartbeat\". Alpha Omega News. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://alphaomeganews.org/content/2012/08/bellarive-the-heartbeat/","url_text":"\"Bellarive – The Heartbeat\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fighting
Urban warfare
["1 Military terminology","2 Urban operations","3 Urban warfare tactics","3.1 Battle of Monterrey, Mexico","3.2 Battle of Stalingrad","3.3 Battle of Berlin","3.4 First Chechen War","3.5 Operation Defensive Shield","4 Close-quarters battle","5 Urban warfare training","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Citations","9 References","10 External links"]
Warfare in urban areas A United States Army M113 armored personnel carrier during the 1989 United States invasion of Panama Part of a series onWarOutline History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Regular / Irregular Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intelligence Reconnaissance Medical Military police Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training Battlespace Aerospace Air Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Cyber Information Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Unconventional TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Guerrilla Morale Naval Rapid dominance Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal Operational Military operation Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel Recruitment counter Conscription Training Specialism Women Children Transgender harassment Conscientious objector Volunteer foreign Mercenary Logistics History Military–industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Base MOB FOB Outpost Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication Law Court-martial Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Perfidy Jewish laws on war Right of conquest Rules of engagement Martial law War crime Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force War games Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Multilateralism Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force Culture Awards and decorations Warrior caste War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers vte Urban warfare is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both operational and the tactical levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the urban terrain. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy. It is considered to be arguably the most difficult form of warfare. Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the First Battle of Grozny), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the "superior" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as human shields). Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited fields of view and fire because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of booby traps and snipers. Military terminology JGSDF soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004 Historically, the United States Armed Forces has referred to urban warfare as UO (urban operations), but this term has been largely replaced with MOUT (military operations in urban terrain). The British armed forces terms are OBUA (operations in built-up areas), FIBUA (fighting in built-up areas), or sometimes (colloquially) FISH (fighting in someone's house), or FISH and CHIPS (fighting in someone's house and causing havoc in people's streets/public spaces). The term FOFO (fighting in fortified objectives) refers to clearing enemy personnel from narrow and entrenched places like bunkers, trenches and strongholds; the dismantling of mines and wires; and the securing of footholds in enemy areas. Israel Defense Forces calls urban warfare לש"ב (pronounced LASHAB), a Hebrew acronym for warfare on urban terrain. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics (such as use of heavy armoured personnel carriers, armoured bulldozers, UAVs for intelligence, etc.), CQB training for fighting forces (how a small team of infantry soldiers should fight in close and built-up spaces). IDF's LASHAB was developed mainly in recent decades, after the 1982 Lebanon War included urban warfare in Beirut and Lebanese villages, and was further developed during the Second Intifada (2000–2005) in which IDF soldiers entered and fought in Palestinian cities, villages and refugee camps. The IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare. Urban operations Further information: Urban camouflage The Battle of Tampere during the 1918 Finnish Civil War was the largest urban warfare in the Nordic war at the time, measured by the number of troops involved. The picture shows the ruins of the city of Tampere after the battle. Urban military operations in World War II often relied on large quantities of artillery bombardment and air support varying from ground attack fighters to heavy bombers. In the European theatre of war, roughly 40% of battles took place in urban areas. In some particularly vicious urban warfare battles such as Stalingrad and Warsaw, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences. Military historian Victor Davis Hanson noted the lethality of urban warfare in the Second World War, "When civilian met soldier in the confined landscapes, the death toll spiked, and it was no surprise that the greatest carnage of World War II—at Leningrad and Stalingrad—was the result of efforts to storm municipal fortresses". However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example, Canadian operations in both Ortona and Groningen avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings, and during the Battle of Manila in 1945, General MacArthur initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives. Military forces are bound by the laws of war governing military necessity to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International and Non-International Armed Conflicts. Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War Sometimes distinction and proportionality, as in the case of the Canadians in Ortona, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Berlin, both military forces considered evacuating civilians only to find it impractical. When Russian forces attacked Grozny in 1999, they conducted a massive artillery and air bombardment campaign in an attempt to smash the city into submission. The Russian Army handled the issue of civilian casualties by issuing an ultimatum urging citizens to leave or be destroyed without mercy. Leaflets dropped on the city read: 'You are surrounded, all roads to Grozny are blocked...Persons who stay in the city will be considered terrorists and bandits and will be destroyed by artillery and aviation. There will be no further negotiations. Everyone who does not leave the city will be destroyed '. Manila, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945 Fighting in an urban environment can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to guerrilla fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often, and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble. Ferroconcrete structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is very difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended. Soviet forces had to fight room by room while defending the Red October Steel Factory during the Battle of Stalingrad, and in 1945, during the race to capture the Reichstag, despite heavy bombardment with artillery at point blank range (including 203 mm howitzers). It is also difficult to destroy underground or heavily fortified structures such as bunkers and utility tunnels; during the Siege of Budapest in 1944 fighting broke out in the sewers, as both Axis and Soviet troops used them for troop movements. Analysts debate the scope and size of urban battles in the modern day, as they are unlikely to match the scale of battles in the Second World War. For example, professor Michael C. Desch states that while "enormous forces engaged on both sides in those battles may never be seen in high-intensity urban battles again", that "the large numbers of killed and wounded underline the basic fact that such conflict is extremely lethal", referencing the battles of Stalingrad and Berlin. An article by the Modern War Institute states that while lessons may be taken from Stalingrad, ultimately "Stalingrad took place in a theater with a large number of army groups with a total of a million soldiers involved on each side; modern armies are unlikely to fight with these numbers." Many analysts, such as former American army general and Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, Charles C. Krulak, and retired military officer and chairman of the urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute, John Spencer have predicted urban warfare to become the norm in wars. Spencer confirmed this to be true in an article in 2024, providing a list of numerous urban battles in the recent decades of the 21st century alone, those being Fallujah, Sadr City, Mosul, Raqqa, Marawi, and now Bakhmut, Mariupol, and Khan Yunis in the 2020s. In 2023, analyst Mikael Weissmann claimed that it is widely agreed upon that urban warfare will be the "battlefields of tomorrow". Urban warfare tactics Urban warfare is fought within the constraints of the urban terrain. The characteristics of an average city include tall buildings, narrow alleys, sewage tunnels and possibly a subway system. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed local knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings and means of travel not shown on maps.See also: Tunnel warfare The buildings can provide excellent sniping posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting booby traps. Defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using tunnels and spring ambushes. Meanwhile, the attackers tend to become more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders' secret and hidden routes. During a house to house search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets. Home Army soldiers assault a fortified house in downtown Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 Film "La Libération de Paris" shot by the French Resistance of street fighting in Paris, August 1944 Italian soldiers street fighting in Stalino, October 1941 Battle of Monterrey, Mexico The Battle of Monterrey was the U.S. Army's first major encounter with urban warfare. It occurred in September 1846 when the U.S. Army under Zachary Taylor invaded the town. The U.S. Army had no prior training in urban warfare and the Mexican defenders hid on rooftops, shot through loopholes, and stationed cannons in the middle of the city's streets. The houses at Monterrey were made of thick adobe, with strong double doors and few windows. The rooftops were lined with a two-foot-tall wall that acted as a parapet for the defending soldiers. Each home was a fort unto itself. On September 21, 1846, the U.S. Army which included some of its best soldiers, recent West Point graduates, marched down the city's streets and were cut down by the Mexican defenders. They could not see the men hidden behind walls, loopholes, or rooftops. They tried to march straight down the street until the intense fire drove them to hide in adjacent buildings. Taylor tried to move artillery into the city but it could not hit the well-hidden defenders any better than the U.S. soldiers could. Two days later the US again assaulted the city from two sides and this time they fought differently. Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the 21st, General William Jenkins Worth listened to his Texan advisers. These men had fought in Mexican cities before at the Battle of Mier in 1842 and the Battle of Bexar in 1835. They understood that the army needed to "mouse hole" through each house and root out the defenders in close combat. Worth's men used pick axes to chip holes in the adobe walls of the homes, in the roof of the house from where the soldiers could drop in, or used ladders to climb to the top of a rooftop and assault the Mexican defenders in hand-to-hand combat. The typical assault on a home would include one man who would run to the door of the house and chip the door away with a pick axe under covering fire. Once the door showed signs of weakening, 3–4 other soldiers would run to the door and barge in with revolvers blazing. Worth lost few men on the 23rd using these new urban warfare techniques. Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad is largely seen as the defining battle of urban warfare, with the battle commonly studied and referenced in studies of urban warfare. The battle was the single largest and costliest urban battle ever, with it being seen as the worst and most extreme case of urban warfare. The Battle of Stalingrad saw all types of MOUT combat techniques. Historian Iain MacGregor states that the "evolution of urban, house-to-house fighting and defending these buildings and built-up areas was seemingly born in Stalingrad in the winter of 1942". The battle "occupies a famous, notorious place in the history of war, particularly urban warfare. It seems to encapsulate and personify it, to provide an instinctive yardstick by which urban warfare can be examined, understood, defined, and assessed" according to military historian Stephen Walsh. The Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within. In addition, Soviet urban warfare relied on 20-to-50-man-assault groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, and buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire. Battle of Berlin Main article: Battle in Berlin The Reichstag after its capture in 1945 A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men, divided into assault groups of six to eight men, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of house to house fighting that the Soviets had been forced to develop and refine at each Festungsstadt (fortress city) they had encountered from Stalingrad to Berlin. A devastated street in Berlin's city centre on July 3, 1945 The German tactics in the battle of Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that the Germans had gained during five years of war; the physical characteristics of Berlin; and the tactics used by the Soviets. Most of the central districts of Berlin consisted of city blocks with straight wide roads, intersected by several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. The terrain was predominantly flat but there were some low hills like that of Kreuzberg that is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level. Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high, built around a courtyard which could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to take a horse and cart or small trucks used to deliver coal. In many places these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each one reached through the outer courtyards by a ground-level tunnel similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive flats faced the street and the smaller, less expensive ones were found around the inner courtyards. Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The Waffen-SS did not use the makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets. Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and the roofs – a safer deployment as the Soviet tanks could not elevate their guns that high. They also put men armed with panzerfausts in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the Hitler Youth and the First World War Volkssturm veterans. To counter these tactics, Soviet submachine gunners rode the tanks and sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. The other solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against defenders posted on the higher floors. Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars blasting holes through the walls of adjacent buildings (for which the Soviets found abandoned German panzerfausts were very effective), while others fought across the roof tops and through the attics. These tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks. Flamethrowers and grenades were very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated these tactics inevitably killed many civilians. First Chechen War See also: Battle of Grozny (1994–95) A Chechen separatist near the Presidential Palace in Grozny, January 1995 During the First Chechen War most of the Chechen fighters had been trained in the Soviet armed forces. They were divided into combat groups consisting of 15 to 20 personnel, subdivided into three or four-man fire teams. A fire team consisted of an antitank gunner, usually armed with a Russian made RPG-7s or RPG-18s, a machine gunner and a sniper. The team would be supported by ammunition runners and assistant gunners. To destroy Russian armoured vehicles in Grozny, five or six hunter-killer fire teams deployed at ground level, in second and third stories, and in basements. The snipers and machine gunners would pin down the supporting infantry while the antitank gunners would engage the armoured vehicle aiming at the top, rear and sides of vehicles. Initially, the Russians were taken by surprise. Their armoured columns that were supposed to take the city without difficulty as Soviet forces had taken Budapest in 1956 were decimated in fighting more reminiscent of the Battle of Budapest in late 1944. As in the Soviet assault on Berlin, as a short term measure, they deployed self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (ZSU-23-4 and 2K22M) to engage the Chechen combat groups, as their tank's main gun did not have the elevation and depression to engage the fire teams and an armoured vehicle's machine gun could not suppress the fire of half a dozen different fire teams simultaneously. In the long term, the Russians brought in more infantry and began a systematic advance through the city, house by house and block by block, with dismounted Russian infantry moving in support of armour. In proactive moves, the Russians started to set up ambush points of their own and then move armour towards them to lure the Chechen combat groups into ambushes. As with the Soviet tank crews in Berlin in 1945, who attached bedsprings to the outside of their turrets to reduce the damage done by German panzerfausts, some of the Russian armour was fitted quickly with a cage of wire mesh mounted some 25–30 centimetres away from the hull armour to defeat the shaped charges of the Chechen RPGs. Operation Defensive Shield Israeli soldiers of the Kfir Brigade during an exercise simulating the takeover of a hostile urban area Operation Defensive Shield was a counter-terrorism military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces in April 2002 as a response to a wave of suicide bombings by Palestinian factions which claimed the lives of hundreds of Israeli civilians. It was in part characterized by alleged usage of human shields by both IDF and Palestinian militants. The two major battles were held in Nablus and Jenin. See also: Battle of Nablus In Nablus, the Paratroopers Brigade and the Golani Brigade, backed by reservist armour force and combat engineers with armoured Caterpillar D9 bulldozers, entered to Nablus, killing 70 militants and arresting hundreds, while sustaining only one fatality. The forces deployed many small teams, advancing in non-linear manner from many directions, using snipers and air support. The battle ended quickly with a decisive Israeli victory. See also: Battle of Jenin (2002) An IDF Caterpillar D9L armoured bulldozer In Jenin the battle was much harder and fierce. Unlike in Nablus, the forces who fought in Jenin were mainly reserve forces. The Palestinian militants booby-trapped the city and the refugee camp with thousands of explosive charges, some were very large and most were concealed in houses and on the streets. After 13 Israeli soldiers were killed in an ambush combined with booby traps, snipers and suicide bombers, the IDF changed its tactics from slow advancing infantry soldiers backed by attack helicopters to a heavy use of armoured bulldozers. The heavily armoured bulldozers began by clearing booby traps and ended with razing many houses, mainly in the center of the refugee camp. The armoured bulldozers were unstoppable and impervious to Palestinian attacks and by razing booby-trapped houses and buildings which used as gun posts they forced the militants in Jenin to surrender. In total, 56 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle of Jenin. Close-quarters battle Simulated city used for training on San Clemente Island Main articles: Close combat and Close-quarters combat The term close-quarter battle refers to fighting methods within buildings, streets, narrow alleys and other places where visibility and manoeuvrability are limited. Both close-quarters-battle (CQB) and urban operations (UO) are related to urban warfare, but while UO refers mainly to the macromanagement factor (i.e. sending troops, using of heavy armoured fighting vehicles, battle management), CQB refers to the micromanagement factor—namely: how a small squad of infantry troops should fight in urban environments and/or inside buildings in order to achieve its goals with minimal casualties. As a doctrine, CQB concerns topics such as: Weapons and ammunition most suitable for the mission Extra gear, such as bulletproof vests and night vision devices Accurate explosives Routines and drills for engaging the enemy, securing a perimeter, clearing a room, etc. Team maneuvers Methods and tactics Military CQB doctrine is different from police CQB doctrine, mainly because the military usually operates in hostile areas while the police operates within docile populations. Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in CQB doctrine. While training will vary, it generally will focus on what proficiencies each unit possess. This is in opposition to what units may lack in either strength or weapons capabilities. The fundamentals of muzzle awareness and weapons safety are of the utmost importance given the propensity for fratricide due to the confined spaces, as well as the limited avenues of approach. Urban warfare training Zambraniyah Training Village in Orogrande, New Mexico, United States Armed forces seek to train their units for those circumstances in which they are to fight: built up, urban areas are no exception. Several countries have created simulated urban training zones. The British Army has established an "Afghan village" within its Stanford Battle Area and the French Army has built several urban training areas in its CENZUB facility. During World War II, as preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy, the population of the English village of Imber was evacuated compulsorily to provide an urban training area for United States forces. The facility has been retained, despite efforts by the displaced people to recover their homes, and was used for British Army training for counter-insurgency operations in Northern Ireland. A newer purpose-built training area has been created at Copehill Down, some 3 miles from Imber. See also A Brazilian soldier moves down an escape corridor Battleplan (documentary TV series) Civilian casualty ratio Military urbanism Mouse-holing Operation Urban Warrior Second Battle of Fallujah Siege warfare Urban guerrilla warfare Urban terrain Notes ^ The poorer tenement blocks were known as "Rent-barracks" (Mietskasernen) Citations ^ Pike 2002. ^ Spencer, John (March 4, 2020). "The City Is Not Neutral: Why Urban Warfare Is So Hard". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ a b Weissmann, Mikael (2023). "Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield". academic.oup.com. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ War in the Streets. The Story of Urban Combat from Calais to Khafji. by Colonel Michael. Dewar Hardcover – January 1, 1992 (ISBN 978-0-7153-9477-9) ^ Wahlman, Alec (2015). Storming the City: U.S. Military Performance in Urban Warfare from World War II to Vietnam. University of North Texas Press. p. 99. ^ Bowyer, Richard (2004). Dictionary of Military Terms (3 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 162. ^ Sengupta, Kim (March 24, 2008). "The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general". The Independent. London. Retrieved April 11, 2008. ^ Hunter, Chris (2009) , Eight Lives Down: The Most Dangerous Job in the World in the Most Dangerous Place in the World (Delta Trade Paperback ed.), Random House, p. 204, ISBN 978-0-553-38528-1 ^ FOFO. Archived February 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 7, 2007. ^ "Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field". idf.il. October 26, 2011. ^ YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta (in Finnish) ^ Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998). "War in the Urban Jungles". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1541674103. ^ "Ortona". canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. ^ "In spite of the severe fighting ... great crowds of (Dutch) civilians thronged the streets (of Groningen) — apparently more excited than frightened by the sound of nearby rifle and machine-gun fire. Out of regard for these civilians, the Canadians did not shell or bomb the city, thereby accepting the possibility of delay and additional casualties" (Stacey 1966, Chapter XX: The Rhine Crossing and the 2nd Corps' Advance to the North Sea March 23-April 22, 1945) ^ Beevor 2002, p. 318. ^ a b Bagrov, Yuri. "Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. ^ BBC staff 1999, Russia will pay for Chechnya. ^ Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003). "Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A "Conventional War" In Iraq". Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 354,355. ^ "World War II: Siege of Budapest". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2024. ^ Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001). "Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain". Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs. US Army War College Press. ^ a b c Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021). "Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Spencer, John (July 19, 2017). "The City Is the Battlefield of the Future". WSJ. Retrieved February 28, 2024. ^ a b Spencer, John (February 9, 2024). "War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022). "Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare". Modern War Institute. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023). "Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years". smallwarsjournal.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ Urban Warfare – Battle of Monterrey.com Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Dishman 2009, p. . ^ a b Dishman 2010, p.  ^ Intrec Inc (1974). "Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1". Technical Report – via DTIC. ^ McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987). "Modern Experience in City Combat". Technical Memorandum – via DTIC. ^ MacGregor, Iain (2022). The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle. New York: Scribner. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-9821-6358-7. ^ Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). A History of Modern Urban Operations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-030-27088-9. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 317. ^ Prakash & Kruse 2008, pp. 44–46. ^ "A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main streets should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet." (McDonnald 1951, p. 720) ^ "The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city" (Siepen 2011, p. 7). ^ "The highest hill in the ridge was the Kreuzberg, which stood at 217 feet (66 m). It became the site of a from the Schinkel-designed monument erected in 1821 and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts" (Urban Land Institute 2006, p. 88). ^ Ladd 1998, pp. 99–102. ^ a b c d e Beevor 2002, pp. 316–319. ^ a b c d Grau 1997 ^ "Then, they went in again for festooning their vehicles with bedsprings and other metal to make the panzerfausts explode prematurely" (Beevor 2002, p. 317) ^ "EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire'". Archived December 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, European Jewish Press, July 22, 2014. ^ "European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm". Archived April 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz, July 22, 2014. ^ Military.com. "Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)". Military.com. Retrieved September 28, 2016. ^ FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) References BBC staff (December 7, 1999). "Russia will pay for Chechnya". BBC. Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. pp. 316–319. ISBN 0-670-03041-4. Dishman, Chris (August 2009). "Street Fight in Monterrey". Military Heritage Magazine. Dishman, Christopher (2010). A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4140-4. Grau, Lester W. (January 1997). "Chechen Anti-armor Techniques". Russian-Manufactured Armoured Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience. Red Thrust Star. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010. Ladd, Brian (1998). The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape (illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 99–102. ISBN 978-0-226-46762-7. McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 6. Americana Corporationn. p. 720. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Pike, John (September 16, 2002). "Military Operations on Urban Terrain ". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved July 14, 2017. Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008). The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-691-13343-0. Siepen, Edith (2011). Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-86403-134-2. Stacey, C.P. (1966). Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Urban Land Institute (2006). Urban Land. 65 (9–12). Urban Land Institute: 88. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) External links Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT), Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3–35.3 – US Marine Corps guidance on urban warfare FM 90-10-1 AN INFANTRYMAN 'S GUIDE TO COMBAT IN BUILT-UP AREAS Small Wars Journal – Urban operations, reading guide. Urban warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa in 1970–1981: inventing the rules of the game. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urban warfare. Wikiquote has quotations related to Urban warfare. Authority control databases National Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanamaM-113JustCauseUS-Invasion.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"M113 armored personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"operational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"tactical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"urban terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_terrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2002-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"human shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shield"},{"link_name":"fields of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_fire_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"booby traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A United States Army M113 armored personnel carrier during the 1989 United States invasion of PanamaUrban warfare is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both operational and the tactical levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the urban terrain. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy.[1] It is considered to be arguably the most difficult form of warfare.[2][3]Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the First Battle of Grozny), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the \"superior\" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as human shields).Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited fields of view and fire because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of booby traps and snipers.[4]","title":"Urban warfare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DM-SD-06-06300.JPEG"},{"link_name":"JGSDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGSDF"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"British armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"armoured personnel carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"armoured bulldozers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_bulldozer"},{"link_name":"UAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"CQB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQB"},{"link_name":"1982 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"JGSDF soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004Historically, the United States Armed Forces has referred to urban warfare as UO (urban operations),[5] but this term has been largely replaced with MOUT (military operations in urban terrain).[6]The British armed forces terms are OBUA (operations in built-up areas), FIBUA (fighting in built-up areas), or sometimes (colloquially) FISH (fighting in someone's house),[7] or FISH and CHIPS (fighting in someone's house and causing havoc in people's streets/public spaces).[8]The term FOFO (fighting in fortified objectives) refers to clearing enemy personnel from narrow and entrenched places like bunkers, trenches and strongholds; the dismantling of mines and wires; and the securing of footholds in enemy areas.[9]Israel Defense Forces calls urban warfare לש\"ב (pronounced LASHAB), a Hebrew acronym for warfare on urban terrain. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics (such as use of heavy armoured personnel carriers, armoured bulldozers, UAVs for intelligence, etc.), CQB training for fighting forces (how a small team of infantry soldiers should fight in close and built-up spaces). IDF's LASHAB was developed mainly in recent decades, after the 1982 Lebanon War included urban warfare in Beirut and Lebanese villages, and was further developed during the Second Intifada (2000–2005) in which IDF soldiers entered and fought in Palestinian cities, villages and refugee camps. The IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare.[10]","title":"Military terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urban camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_camouflage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tampere_destroyed_in_Civil_War.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"bombardment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment"},{"link_name":"air 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Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907"},{"link_name":"International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_I"},{"link_name":"Non-International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_(law)"},{"link_name":"proportionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(law)"},{"link_name":"Ortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortona"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002318-16"},{"link_name":"attacked Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apgrozny-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff1999Russia_will_pay_for_Chechnya-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apgrozny-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Walled_City_Destruction_May_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"urban environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_environment"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ferroconcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroconcrete"},{"link_name":"Soviet forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_forces"},{"link_name":"Red October Steel Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_October_Steel_Factory"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad#Attack_on_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_Berlin"},{"link_name":"capture the Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_Berlin#In_the_city_centre"},{"link_name":"203 mm howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203_mm_howitzer_M1931_(B-4)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002354,355-20"},{"link_name":"bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"},{"link_name":"Siege of Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Modern War Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_War_Institute"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"Commandant of the United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Krulak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Krulak"},{"link_name":"John Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spencer_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"Fallujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah"},{"link_name":"Sadr City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)"},{"link_name":"Marawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi"},{"link_name":"Bakhmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Khan Yunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khan_Yunis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Further information: Urban camouflageThe Battle of Tampere during the 1918 Finnish Civil War was the largest urban warfare in the Nordic war at the time, measured by the number of troops involved.[11] The picture shows the ruins of the city of Tampere after the battle.Urban military operations in World War II often relied on large quantities of artillery bombardment and air support varying from ground attack fighters to heavy bombers. In the European theatre of war, roughly 40% of battles took place in urban areas.[12] In some particularly vicious urban warfare battles such as Stalingrad and Warsaw, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences.[citation needed]Military historian Victor Davis Hanson noted the lethality of urban warfare in the Second World War, \"When civilian met soldier in the confined landscapes, the death toll spiked, and it was no surprise that the greatest carnage of World War II—at Leningrad and Stalingrad—was the result of efforts to storm municipal fortresses\".[13]However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example, Canadian operations in both Ortona and Groningen avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings,[14][15] and during the Battle of Manila in 1945, General MacArthur initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives.Military forces are bound by the laws of war governing military necessity to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International and Non-International Armed Conflicts.Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese WarSometimes distinction and proportionality, as in the case of the Canadians in Ortona, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Berlin, both military forces considered evacuating civilians only to find it impractical.[16]When Russian forces attacked Grozny in 1999, they conducted a massive artillery and air bombardment campaign in an attempt to smash the city into submission. The Russian Army handled the issue of civilian casualties by issuing an ultimatum urging citizens to leave or be destroyed without mercy.[17] Leaflets dropped on the city read: 'You are surrounded, all roads to Grozny are blocked...Persons who stay in the city will be considered terrorists and bandits and will be destroyed by artillery and aviation. There will be no further negotiations. Everyone who does not leave the city will be destroyed '.[18][17]Manila, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945Fighting in an urban environment can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to guerrilla fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often,[19] and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble.Ferroconcrete structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is very difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended. Soviet forces had to fight room by room while defending the Red October Steel Factory during the Battle of Stalingrad, and in 1945, during the race to capture the Reichstag, despite heavy bombardment with artillery at point blank range (including 203 mm howitzers).[20]It is also difficult to destroy underground or heavily fortified structures such as bunkers and utility tunnels; during the Siege of Budapest in 1944 fighting broke out in the sewers, as both Axis and Soviet troops used them for troop movements.[21]Analysts debate the scope and size of urban battles in the modern day, as they are unlikely to match the scale of battles in the Second World War. For example, professor Michael C. Desch states that while \"enormous forces engaged on both sides in those battles may never be seen in high-intensity urban battles again\", that \"the large numbers of killed and wounded underline the basic fact that such conflict is extremely lethal\", referencing the battles of Stalingrad and Berlin.[22] An article by the Modern War Institute states that while lessons may be taken from Stalingrad, ultimately \"Stalingrad took place in a theater with a large number of army groups with a total of a million soldiers involved on each side; modern armies are unlikely to fight with these numbers.\"[23]Many analysts, such as former American army general and Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, Charles C. Krulak, and retired military officer and chairman of the urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute, John Spencer have predicted urban warfare to become the norm in wars.[24][25] Spencer confirmed this to be true in an article in 2024, providing a list of numerous urban battles in the recent decades of the 21st century alone, those being Fallujah, Sadr City, Mosul, Raqqa, Marawi, and now Bakhmut, Mariupol, and Khan Yunis in the 2020s.[25] In 2023, analyst Mikael Weissmann claimed that it is widely agreed upon that urban warfare will be the \"battlefields of tomorrow\".[3]","title":"Urban operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JP_03-06_Urban_Terrain.PNG"},{"link_name":"urban terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_terrain"},{"link_name":"sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage"},{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tunnel warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare"},{"link_name":"sniping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniping"},{"link_name":"booby traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"ambushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lokajski_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Home Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Army"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"La Libération de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"street fighting in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1941._%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_participation_in_the_Eastern_Front"},{"link_name":"Stalino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"}],"text":"Urban warfare is fought within the constraints of the urban terrain.The characteristics of an average city include tall buildings, narrow alleys, sewage tunnels and possibly a subway system. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed local knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings and means of travel not shown on maps.[citation needed]See also: Tunnel warfareThe buildings can provide excellent sniping posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting booby traps. Defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using tunnels and spring ambushes.[26]Meanwhile, the attackers tend to become more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders' secret and hidden routes. During a house to house search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets.[citation needed]Home Army soldiers assault a fortified house in downtown Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFilm \"La Libération de Paris\" shot by the French Resistance of street fighting in Paris, August 1944\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tItalian soldiers street fighting in Stalino, October 1941","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bexar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_B%C3%A9xar"},{"link_name":"mouse hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse-holing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDishman2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2012]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E&#91;%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2012)%22%3Epage&nbsp;needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E&#93;%3C/sup%3E-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Monterrey, Mexico","text":"The Battle of Monterrey was the U.S. Army's first major encounter with urban warfare. It occurred in September 1846 when the U.S. Army under Zachary Taylor invaded the town. The U.S. Army had no prior training in urban warfare and the Mexican defenders hid on rooftops, shot through loopholes, and stationed cannons in the middle of the city's streets. The houses at Monterrey were made of thick adobe, with strong double doors and few windows. The rooftops were lined with a two-foot-tall wall that acted as a parapet for the defending soldiers. Each home was a fort unto itself.[27]On September 21, 1846, the U.S. Army which included some of its best soldiers, recent West Point graduates, marched down the city's streets and were cut down by the Mexican defenders. They could not see the men hidden behind walls, loopholes, or rooftops. They tried to march straight down the street until the intense fire drove them to hide in adjacent buildings. Taylor tried to move artillery into the city but it could not hit the well-hidden defenders any better than the U.S. soldiers could. Two days later the US again assaulted the city from two sides and this time they fought differently.[28]Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the 21st, General William Jenkins Worth listened to his Texan advisers. These men had fought in Mexican cities before at the Battle of Mier in 1842 and the Battle of Bexar in 1835. They understood that the army needed to \"mouse hole\" through each house and root out the defenders in close combat.[29][30]Worth's men used pick axes to chip holes in the adobe walls of the homes, in the roof of the house from where the soldiers could drop in, or used ladders to climb to the top of a rooftop and assault the Mexican defenders in hand-to-hand combat. The typical assault on a home would include one man who would run to the door of the house and chip the door away with a pick axe under covering fire. Once the door showed signs of weakening, 3–4 other soldiers would run to the door and barge in with revolvers blazing. Worth lost few men on the 23rd using these new urban warfare techniques.[30]","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:202-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-34"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-23"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Stalingrad","text":"The Battle of Stalingrad is largely seen as the defining battle of urban warfare, with the battle commonly studied and referenced in studies of urban warfare. The battle was the single largest and costliest urban battle ever, with it being seen as the worst and most extreme case of urban warfare.[31][23] The Battle of Stalingrad saw all types of MOUT combat techniques.[32] Historian Iain MacGregor states that the \"evolution of urban, house-to-house fighting and defending these buildings and built-up areas was seemingly born in Stalingrad in the winter of 1942\".[33] The battle \"occupies a famous, notorious place in the history of war, particularly urban warfare. It seems to encapsulate and personify it, to provide an instinctive yardstick by which urban warfare can be examined, understood, defined, and assessed\" according to military historian Stephen Walsh.[34]The Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within.[23] In addition, Soviet urban warfare relied on 20-to-50-man-assault groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, and buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire.","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin,_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(building)"},{"link_name":"assault groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireteam"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002317-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destruction_in_a_Berlin_street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kreuzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzberg_(Tempelhofer_Berge)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakashKruse200844%E2%80%9346-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadd199899%E2%80%93102-40"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002316%E2%80%93319-42"},{"link_name":"panzerfausts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerfaust"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Volkssturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkssturm"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002316%E2%80%93319-42"},{"link_name":"rode the tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_desant"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002316%E2%80%93319-42"},{"link_name":"blasting holes through the walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse-holing"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002316%E2%80%93319-42"},{"link_name":"Flamethrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002316%E2%80%93319-42"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Berlin","text":"The Reichstag after its capture in 1945A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men, divided into assault groups of six to eight men, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of house to house fighting that the Soviets had been forced to develop and refine at each Festungsstadt (fortress city) they had encountered from Stalingrad to Berlin.[35]A devastated street in Berlin's city centre on July 3, 1945The German tactics in the battle of Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that the Germans had gained during five years of war; the physical characteristics of Berlin; and the tactics used by the Soviets.Most of the central districts of Berlin consisted of city blocks with straight wide roads, intersected by several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. The terrain was predominantly flat but there were some low hills like that of Kreuzberg that is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level.[36][37][38][39]Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high, built around a courtyard which could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to take a horse and cart or small trucks used to deliver coal. In many places these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each one reached through the outer courtyards by a ground-level tunnel similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive flats faced the street and the smaller, less expensive ones were found around the inner courtyards.\n[40][nb 1]Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The Waffen-SS did not use the makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets.[41] Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and the roofs – a safer deployment as the Soviet tanks could not elevate their guns that high. They also put men armed with panzerfausts in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the Hitler Youth and the First World War Volkssturm veterans.[41]To counter these tactics, Soviet submachine gunners rode the tanks and sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. The other solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against defenders posted on the higher floors.[41]Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars blasting holes through the walls of adjacent buildings (for which the Soviets found abandoned German panzerfausts were very effective), while others fought across the roof tops and through the attics.[41]These tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks. Flamethrowers and grenades were very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated these tactics inevitably killed many civilians.[41]","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Grozny (1994–95)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%9395)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace in Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Grozny"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"fire teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_team"},{"link_name":"RPG-7s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-7"},{"link_name":"RPG-18s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-18"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-43"},{"link_name":"Budapest in 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Battle of Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Budapest"},{"link_name":"self-propelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"ZSU-23-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZSU-23-4"},{"link_name":"2K22M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K22M"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"First Chechen War","text":"See also: Battle of Grozny (1994–95)A Chechen separatist near the Presidential Palace in Grozny, January 1995During the First Chechen War most of the Chechen fighters had been trained in the Soviet armed forces. They were divided into combat groups consisting of 15 to 20 personnel, subdivided into three or four-man fire teams. A fire team consisted of an antitank gunner, usually armed with a Russian made RPG-7s or RPG-18s, a machine gunner and a sniper. The team would be supported by ammunition runners and assistant gunners. To destroy Russian armoured vehicles in Grozny, five or six hunter-killer fire teams deployed at ground level, in second and third stories, and in basements. The snipers and machine gunners would pin down the supporting infantry while the antitank gunners would engage the armoured vehicle aiming at the top, rear and sides of vehicles.[42]Initially, the Russians were taken by surprise. Their armoured columns that were supposed to take the city without difficulty as Soviet forces had taken Budapest in 1956 were decimated in fighting more reminiscent of the Battle of Budapest in late 1944. As in the Soviet assault on Berlin, as a short term measure, they deployed self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (ZSU-23-4 and 2K22M) to engage the Chechen combat groups, as their tank's main gun did not have the elevation and depression to engage the fire teams and an armoured vehicle's machine gun could not suppress the fire of half a dozen different fire teams simultaneously.[42]In the long term, the Russians brought in more infantry and began a systematic advance through the city, house by house and block by block, with dismounted Russian infantry moving in support of armour. In proactive moves, the Russians started to set up ambush points of their own and then move armour towards them to lure the Chechen combat groups into ambushes.[42]As with the Soviet tank crews in Berlin in 1945, who attached bedsprings to the outside of their turrets to reduce the damage done by German panzerfausts, some of the Russian armour was fitted quickly with a cage of wire mesh mounted some 25–30 centimetres away from the hull armour to defeat the shaped charges of the Chechen RPGs.[42][43]","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Kfir_Brigade_IDF_Officers_Practice_Urban_Warfare_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kfir Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfir_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Operation Defensive Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"suicide bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks"},{"link_name":"Palestinian factions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence"},{"link_name":"usage of human shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shields_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejpress.org-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Union_2014-46"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus"},{"link_name":"Paratroopers Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Golani Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golani_Brigade"},{"link_name":"armour force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"combat engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Engineering_Corps"},{"link_name":"armoured Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9"},{"link_name":"bulldozers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jenin (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF-D9L003.jpg"},{"link_name":"IDF Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9"},{"link_name":"armoured bulldozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_bulldozer"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"booby-trapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"attack helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Operation Defensive Shield","text":"Israeli soldiers of the Kfir Brigade during an exercise simulating the takeover of a hostile urban areaOperation Defensive Shield was a counter-terrorism military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces in April 2002 as a response to a wave of suicide bombings by Palestinian factions which claimed the lives of hundreds of Israeli civilians. It was in part characterized by alleged usage of human shields by both IDF and Palestinian militants.[44][45]The two major battles were held in Nablus and Jenin.See also: Battle of NablusIn Nablus, the Paratroopers Brigade and the Golani Brigade, backed by reservist armour force and combat engineers with armoured Caterpillar D9 bulldozers, entered to Nablus, killing 70 militants and arresting hundreds, while sustaining only one fatality. The forces deployed many small teams, advancing in non-linear manner from many directions, using snipers and air support. The battle ended quickly with a decisive Israeli victory.[citation needed]See also: Battle of Jenin (2002)An IDF Caterpillar D9L armoured bulldozerIn Jenin the battle was much harder and fierce. Unlike in Nablus, the forces who fought in Jenin were mainly reserve forces. The Palestinian militants booby-trapped the city and the refugee camp with thousands of explosive charges, some were very large and most were concealed in houses and on the streets.[citation needed] After 13 Israeli soldiers were killed in an ambush combined with booby traps, snipers and suicide bombers, the IDF changed its tactics from slow advancing infantry soldiers backed by attack helicopters to a heavy use of armoured bulldozers. The heavily armoured bulldozers began by clearing booby traps and ended with razing many houses, mainly in the center of the refugee camp. The armoured bulldozers were unstoppable and impervious to Palestinian attacks and by razing booby-trapped houses and buildings which used as gun posts they forced the militants in Jenin to surrender. In total, 56 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle of Jenin.[citation needed]","title":"Urban warfare tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_101210-N-4044H-153_A_Navy_special_warfare_specialist_(SEAL)_assigned_to_Seal_Team_17,_a_unit_comprised_of_both_active_and_reserve_component.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Clemente Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente_Island"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"macromanagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromanagement"},{"link_name":"armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"micromanagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromanagement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bulletproof vests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletproof_vest"},{"link_name":"night vision devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_goggles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tactics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Simulated city used for training on San Clemente IslandThe term close-quarter battle refers to fighting methods within buildings, streets, narrow alleys and other places where visibility and manoeuvrability are limited.[46]Both close-quarters-battle (CQB) and urban operations (UO) are related to urban warfare, but while UO refers mainly to the macromanagement factor (i.e. sending troops, using of heavy armoured fighting vehicles, battle management), CQB refers to the micromanagement factor—namely: how a small squad of infantry troops should fight in urban environments and/or inside buildings in order to achieve its goals with minimal casualties.[citation needed]As a doctrine, CQB concerns topics such as:Weapons and ammunition most suitable for the mission[citation needed]\nExtra gear, such as bulletproof vests and night vision devices[citation needed]\nAccurate explosives[citation needed]\nRoutines and drills for engaging the enemy, securing a perimeter, clearing a room, etc.[citation needed]\nTeam maneuvers[citation needed]\nMethods and tactics[citation needed]Military CQB doctrine is different from police CQB doctrine, mainly because the military usually operates in hostile areas while the police operates within docile populations.[citation needed]Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in CQB doctrine. While training will vary, it generally will focus on what proficiencies each unit possess. This is in opposition to what units may lack in either strength or weapons capabilities. \nThe fundamentals of muzzle awareness and weapons safety are of the utmost importance given the propensity for fratricide due to the confined spaces, as well as the limited avenues of approach.[47]","title":"Close-quarters battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambraniyah_Training_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orogrande, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogrande,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Stanford Battle Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Battle_Area"},{"link_name":"CENZUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENZUB"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"invasion of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Imber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imber"},{"link_name":"Copehill Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copehill_Down"}],"text":"Zambraniyah Training Village in Orogrande, New Mexico, United StatesArmed forces seek to train their units for those circumstances in which they are to fight: built up, urban areas are no exception. Several countries have created simulated urban training zones. The British Army has established an \"Afghan village\" within its Stanford Battle Area and the French Army has built several urban training areas in its CENZUB facility.During World War II, as preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy, the population of the English village of Imber was evacuated compulsorily to provide an urban training area for United States forces. The facility has been retained, despite efforts by the displaced people to recover their homes, and was used for British Army training for counter-insurgency operations in Northern Ireland. A newer purpose-built training area has been created at Copehill Down, some 3 miles from Imber.","title":"Urban warfare training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Rent-barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement#Berlin"}],"text":"^ The poorer tenement blocks were known as \"Rent-barracks\" (Mietskasernen)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2002_1-0"},{"link_name":"Pike 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPike2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The City Is Not Neutral: Why Urban Warfare Is So Hard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mwi.westpoint.edu/city-not-neutral-urban-warfare-hard/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/book/45784/chapter/400599318"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7153-9477-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-9477-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-final-battle-for-basra-is-near-says-iraqi-general-798409.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-553-38528-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38528-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"FOFO.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Singapore/Guards/Training/FOFO.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160207194756/http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Singapore/Guards/Training/FOFO.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idf.il/en/minisites/training-and-preparation/urban-warfare-training-center-simulating-the-modern-battle-field/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//yle.fi/uutiset/3-7397991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"War in the Urban Jungles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1298urban/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Hanson, Victor Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1541674103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Ortona\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080109192120/http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Ortona"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Ortona"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Stacey 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStacey1966"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002318_16-0"},{"link_name":"Beevor 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeevor2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-apgrozny_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-apgrozny_17-1"},{"link_name":"\"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220302220409/https://apnews.com/article/02b63bc318b64ac6893a700769d75158"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apnews.com/article/02b63bc318b64ac6893a700769d75158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_staff1999Russia_will_pay_for_Chechnya_18-0"},{"link_name":"BBC staff 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBBC_staff1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A \"Conventional War\" In 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Terrain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/52"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_23-2"},{"link_name":"\"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mwi.westpoint.edu/urban-warfare-project-case-study-1-battle-of-stalingrad/"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"The City Is the Battlefield of the 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Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 24, 2024.\n\n^ a b Weissmann, Mikael (2023). \"Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield\". academic.oup.com. Retrieved February 21, 2024.\n\n^ War in the Streets. The Story of Urban Combat from Calais to Khafji. by Colonel Michael. Dewar Hardcover – January 1, 1992 (ISBN 978-0-7153-9477-9)\n\n^ Wahlman, Alec (2015). Storming the City: U.S. Military Performance in Urban Warfare from World War II to Vietnam. University of North Texas Press. p. 99.\n\n^ Bowyer, Richard (2004). Dictionary of Military Terms (3 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 162.\n\n^ Sengupta, Kim (March 24, 2008). \"The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general\". The Independent. London. Retrieved April 11, 2008.\n\n^ Hunter, Chris (2009) [2007], Eight Lives Down: The Most Dangerous Job in the World in the Most Dangerous Place in the World (Delta Trade Paperback ed.), Random House, p. 204, ISBN 978-0-553-38528-1\n\n^ FOFO. Archived February 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 7, 2007.\n\n^ \"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field\". idf.il. October 26, 2011.\n\n^ YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta (in Finnish)\n\n^ Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998). \"War in the Urban Jungles\". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2024.\n\n^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1541674103.\n\n^ \"Ortona\". canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008.\n\n^ \"In spite of the severe fighting ... great crowds of (Dutch) civilians thronged the streets (of Groningen) — apparently more excited than frightened by the sound of nearby rifle and machine-gun fire. Out of regard for these civilians, the Canadians did not shell or bomb the city, thereby accepting the possibility of delay and additional casualties\" (Stacey 1966, Chapter XX: The Rhine Crossing and the 2nd Corps' Advance to the North Sea March 23-April 22, 1945)\n\n^ Beevor 2002, p. 318.\n\n^ a b Bagrov, Yuri. \"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.\n\n^ BBC staff 1999, Russia will pay for Chechnya.\n\n^ Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003). \"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A \"Conventional War\" In Iraq\". Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006.\n\n^ Beevor 2002, p. 354,355.\n\n^ \"World War II: Siege of Budapest\". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2024.\n\n^ Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001). \"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain\". Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs. US Army War College Press.\n\n^ a b c Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021). \"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Spencer, John (July 19, 2017). \"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future\". WSJ. Retrieved February 28, 2024.\n\n^ a b Spencer, John (February 9, 2024). \"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 21, 2024.\n\n^ Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022). \"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved April 1, 2024.\n\n^ Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023). \"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years\". smallwarsjournal.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024.\n\n^ Urban Warfare – Battle of Monterrey.com Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Dishman 2009, p. [page needed].\n\n^ a b Dishman 2010, p. [page needed]\n\n^ Intrec Inc (1974). \"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1\". Technical Report – via DTIC.\n\n^ McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987). \"Modern Experience in City Combat\". Technical Memorandum – via DTIC.\n\n^ MacGregor, Iain (2022). The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle. New York: Scribner. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-9821-6358-7.\n\n^ Walsh, Stephen (2020). \"The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942\". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). A History of Modern Urban Operations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-030-27088-9.\n\n^ Beevor 2002, p. 317.\n\n^ Prakash & Kruse 2008, pp. 44–46.\n\n^ \"A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main streets should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet.\" (McDonnald 1951, p. 720)\n\n^ \"The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city\" (Siepen 2011, p. 7).\n\n^ \"The highest hill in the ridge was the Kreuzberg, which stood at 217 feet (66 m). It became the site of a from the Schinkel-designed monument erected in 1821 and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts\" (Urban Land Institute 2006, p. 88).\n\n^ Ladd 1998, pp. 99–102.\n\n^ a b c d e Beevor 2002, pp. 316–319.\n\n^ a b c d Grau 1997\n\n^ \"Then, they went in again for festooning their vehicles with bedsprings and other metal to make the panzerfausts explode prematurely\" (Beevor 2002, p. 317)\n\n^ \"EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire'\". Archived December 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, European Jewish Press, July 22, 2014.\n\n^ \"European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm\". Archived April 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz, July 22, 2014.\n\n^ Military.com. \"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)\". Military.com. Retrieved September 28, 2016.\n\n^ FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)","title":"Citations"}]
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October 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/training-and-preparation/urban-warfare-training-center-simulating-the-modern-battle-field/","url_text":"\"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field\""}]},{"reference":"Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998). \"War in the Urban Jungles\". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1298urban/","url_text":"\"War in the Urban Jungles\""}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Victor Davis (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1541674103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson","url_text":"Hanson, Victor Davis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103","url_text":"978-1541674103"}]},{"reference":"\"Ortona\". canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080109192120/http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Ortona","url_text":"\"Ortona\""},{"url":"http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Ortona","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bagrov, Yuri. \"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220302220409/https://apnews.com/article/02b63bc318b64ac6893a700769d75158","url_text":"\"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya\""},{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/02b63bc318b64ac6893a700769d75158","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003). \"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A \"Conventional War\" In Iraq\". Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060613032538/http://www.emergency.com/2003/urban_warfare_considerations.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A \"Conventional War\" In Iraq\""},{"url":"http://www.emergency.com/2003/urban_warfare_considerations.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World War II: Siege of Budapest\". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-siege-of-budapest/","url_text":"\"World War II: Siege of Budapest\""}]},{"reference":"Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001). \"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain\". Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs. US Army War College Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/52","url_text":"\"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain\""}]},{"reference":"Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021). \"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mwi.westpoint.edu/urban-warfare-project-case-study-1-battle-of-stalingrad/","url_text":"\"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, John (July 19, 2017). \"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future\". WSJ. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-city-is-the-battlefield-of-the-future-1500500905?mod=e2two","url_text":"\"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, John (February 9, 2024). \"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mwi.westpoint.edu/war-books-the-urban-battlefield-of-the-future/","url_text":"\"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022). \"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare\". Modern War Institute. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mwi.westpoint.edu/defending-the-city-an-overview-of-defensive-tactics-from-the-modern-history-of-urban-warfare/","url_text":"\"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare\""}]},{"reference":"Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023). \"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years\". smallwarsjournal.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/monterrey-1846-still-offering-urban-combat-lessons-after-all-these-years","url_text":"\"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years\""}]},{"reference":"Intrec Inc (1974). \"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1\". Technical Report – via DTIC.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB001990","url_text":"\"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1\""}]},{"reference":"McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987). \"Modern Experience in City Combat\". Technical Memorandum – via DTIC.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA180999","url_text":"\"Modern Experience in City Combat\""}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Iain (2022). The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle. New York: Scribner. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-9821-6358-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-6358-7","url_text":"978-1-9821-6358-7"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Stephen (2020). \"The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942\". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). A History of Modern Urban Operations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-030-27088-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27088-9","url_text":"978-3-030-27088-9"}]},{"reference":"Military.com. \"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)\". Military.com. Retrieved September 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military.com/video/forces/seal-teams/seal-close-quarter-battle-cqb/662512654001","url_text":"\"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)\""}]},{"reference":"BBC staff (December 7, 1999). \"Russia will pay for Chechnya\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/553304.stm","url_text":"\"Russia will pay for Chechnya\""}]},{"reference":"Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. pp. 316–319. ISBN 0-670-03041-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor","url_text":"Beevor, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin:_The_Downfall_1945","url_text":"Berlin: The Downfall 1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03041-4","url_text":"0-670-03041-4"}]},{"reference":"Dishman, Chris (August 2009). \"Street Fight in Monterrey\". Military Heritage Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dishman, Christopher (2010). A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4140-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4140-4","url_text":"978-0-8061-4140-4"}]},{"reference":"Grau, Lester W. (January 1997). \"Chechen Anti-armor Techniques\". Russian-Manufactured Armoured Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience. Red Thrust Star. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100430184415/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rusav/rusav.htm","url_text":"\"Chechen Anti-armor Techniques\""},{"url":"http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rusav/rusav.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ladd, Brian (1998). The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape (illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 99–102. ISBN 978-0-226-46762-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T4RDOfb3XgQC&pg=PA99","url_text":"99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46762-7","url_text":"978-0-226-46762-7"}]},{"reference":"McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 6. Americana Corporationn. p. 720.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pike, John (September 16, 2002). \"Military Operations on Urban Terrain [MOUT]\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved July 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/mout.htm","url_text":"\"Military Operations on Urban Terrain [MOUT]\""}]},{"reference":"Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008). The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-691-13343-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rDGd7HDMFp4C&pg=PA44","url_text":"44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13343-0","url_text":"978-0-691-13343-0"}]},{"reference":"Siepen, Edith (2011). Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-86403-134-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j4gTGOMAOyEC&pg=PA7","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86403-134-2","url_text":"978-3-86403-134-2"}]},{"reference":"Stacey, C.P. (1966). Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/index.html","url_text":"Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945"}]},{"reference":"Urban Land Institute (2006). Urban Land. 65 (9–12). Urban Land Institute: 88.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yourka_Reserve
Yourka Reserve
["1 Landscape and vegetation","2 Fauna","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 17°56′35″S 145°24′11″E / 17.943°S 145.403°E / -17.943; 145.403Australian nature reserve Yourka Reserve is a 43,500–hectare nature reserve in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is a former cattle station in the Einasleigh Uplands bioregion on the western edge of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Site, 130 km south of Cairns, with the nearest town being Ravenshoe. It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), by which it was purchased in 2007. Landscape and vegetation Yourka has a diverse topography and soils, ranging in altitude from 500 to 900 m asl with the highest and wettest land in the eastern part of the reserve. Its vegetation includes wet eucalypt forest communities in the east, changing to drier eucalypt woodlands in the west. The upper Herbert River and various creeks flow through the property. A huge fire raged through the reserve in December 2019 as part of the particularly severe 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, destroying a lot of vegetation, but it had helped to reduce dense tree foliage which had prevented the growth of native grasses such as cockatoo grass and kangaroo grass. Cool burning is conducted regularly in the reserve to help maintain the native grasses and other plants. Fauna Threatened mammal species likely to be found on the property include the rufous bettong and the greater glider. Birds include masked owl and red goshawk. A major management issue is the need to control feral animals. The Mareeba rock-wallaby has staged a comeback after the December 2019 fire. References ^ a b c BHA: Yourka Reserve ^ a b Sexton-McGrath, Kristy (24 June 2020). "Mareeba rock-wallabies bounce back after bushfire - and now there's been a baby boom". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 June 2020. External links Bush Heritage Australia 17°56′35″S 145°24′11″E / 17.943°S 145.403°E / -17.943; 145.403 vteBush Heritage Australia reserves Beringa Bon Bon Boolcoomatta Brogo Burrin Burrin Carnarvon Station Charles Darwin Chereninup Creek Cravens Peak Currumbin Valley Edgbaston Ethabuka Eurardy Fan Palm Friendly Beaches Goonderoo John Colahan Griffin Kojonup Liffey Valley Monjebup Nameless Sylvan Nardoo Hills Reedy Creek Scottsdale South Esk Pine Tarcutta Hills Yarrabee Wesfarmers Yourka
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Sexton-McGrath, Kristy (24 June 2020). \"Mareeba rock-wallabies bounce back after bushfire - and now there's been a baby boom\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-24/mareeba-rock-wallaby-bounces-back-after-bushfire/12388830","url_text":"\"Mareeba rock-wallabies bounce back after bushfire - and now there's been a baby boom\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_(mine)
Ontario silver mine
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
Mine near Park City, Utah Ontario Silver Mine geologic map The Ontario silver mine is a mine that was active starting in 1872, and is located near Park City, Utah, United States. History The lode was discovered by accident on 19 January 1872 by Herman Budden, Rector Steen (Pike), John Kain, and Gus McDowell. The mine was purchased by George Hearst through R. C. Chambers from the prospectors for $27,000 on 24 August 1872. Hearst and his business partners James Ben Ali Haggin and Lloyd Tevis owned this mine and constructed the necessary infrastructure to make it productive, including hoists and stamp mill. The mine was not profitable for its first three years. According to legend, expenses of development substantially drained Hearst's financial resources. As a result of his straitened circumstances, Hearst sold his home and horses, and even dismissed his servants and enrolled his son William Randolph Hearst in public school. Chambers, who had been retained as manager, brought the bonanza ore body into production by the late 1870s. It eventually produced fifty million dollars' worth of silver and lead. By the time of Hearst's death in 1891, the Ontario mine had paid him more than $12 million in dividends. This was only one of the four big mines he had bought shares in and that were located in the West, including the Ophir on the Comstock Lode, the Homestake Mine (South Dakota), and the Anaconda Copper Mine (Montana). The mine also made manager Chambers one of Utah's Bonanza Kings. The Ontario mine was credited as being more consistent in yielding annual dividends during the late nineteenth century than any other mine in Utah. The Ontario company's mill was also the birthplace of two significant hydrometallurgical processes, the Russell Process and the Cyanide Process. Edward H Russell (Yale 1878) developed his process for working low grade silver ores by a leaching process, 1883–1884, and young Louis Janin (UC Berkeley) experimented with cyanide on the ores, filing a caveat to patent a cyanide process in 1886. Between 1874 and 1964, the Ontario Mine produced 41,289 ounces of gold, 55,710,608 ounces of silver, 164,231,209 pounds of lead, 210,350,684 pounds of zinc, and 3,911,102 pounds of copper. Primary ores included argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite-tennantite with pyrite and quartz gangue. The Ontario mine reopened as a tourist attraction in 1995, only to close again after a few years. See also Ontario Hot Springs References ^ "Utah-Mines". www.miningartifacts.org. ^ "Historic Park City". Utah.com. ^ Boutwell, John (1912). "GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS OF THE PARK CITY DISTRICT, UTAH, USGS Professional Paper 77" (PDF). USGS. pp. 20, 136. Retrieved 4 July 2020. ^ Loe, Nancy E. (2005). William Randolph Hearst : an illustrated biography ( ed.). Aramark. ISBN 0944197779. OCLC 62219743. ^ Union Pacific Railroad Company (1905). Resources of the state of Utah. E. L. Lomax for the Union Pacific Railroad Co. ^ Barnes, Marvin; Simos, John (1968). Ridge, John (ed.). Ore Deposits of the Park City District with a Contribution on the Mayflower Lode, in Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967. New York: The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum engineers, Inc. pp. 1102–1127. ^ A Look Back: Ontario Silver Mine in Park City. The Salt Lake Tribune, July 17, 2015.
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[{"title":"Ontario Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hot_Springs"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Yamz
Fetty Wap discography
["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Compilation albums","1.3 Mixtapes","2 EPs","3 Singles","3.1 As lead artist","3.2 As featured artist","3.3 Promotional singles","4 Other charted songs","5 Guest appearances","6 Notes","7 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fetty Wap discography" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fetty Wap discographyFetty Wap performing in 2015Studio albums3EPs2Singles67Mixtapes12 American rapper Fetty Wap has released three studio albums, two extended plays, twelve mixtapes, 68 singles (including twenty-eight as a featured artist), and six promotional singles. Albums Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications US USR&B/HH AUS CAN FRA IRE NL NZ SWI UK Fetty Wap Released: September 25, 2015 (US) Label: RGF, 300 Format: CD, LP, digital download 1 1 13 13 57 56 73 30 81 15 US: 300,000 RIAA: 2× Platinum BPI: Gold The Butterfly Effect Released: October 22, 2021 Label: RGF, 300 Formats: Digital download, streaming — — — — — — — — — — King Zoo Released: November 24, 2023 Label: RGF, 300 Formats: Digital download, streaming — — — — — — — — — — Compilation albums Title Album details Peak chart positions US US R&B US Rap RGF Island, Vol. 1(with RGF) Released: June 17, 2016 Label: RGF Productions Format: CD, digital download 198 40 39 Mixtapes List of mixtapes, with selected details Titles Details Up Next(with DJ Louie Styles) Released: July 31, 2014 Format: Digital download Zoo Style(with DJ Louie Styles) Released: February 22, 2015 Format: Digital download Coke Zoo(with French Montana) Released: October 26, 2015 Format: Digital download Zoo '16 Released: February 2, 2016 Format: Digital download Money, Hoes & Flows(with PnB Rock) Released: July 12, 2016 Format: Digital download Zoovier Released: November 21, 2016 Format: Digital download For My Fans 2 Released: October 15, 2017 Format: Digital download For My Fans 3: The Final Chapter Released: January 19, 2018 Format: Digital download Bruce Wayne Released: June 7, 2018 Format: Digital download Skinny wit the Zoo (with Skinnyfromthe9) Released: June 28, 2019 Formats: Digital download Trap & B Released: February 14, 2020 Format: Digital download Big Zoovie Released: June 30, 2020 Format: Digital download You Know the Vibes Released: December 12, 2020 Format: Digital download EPs Title Details For My Fans Released: December 1, 2015 Format: Digital download Lucky No. 7 Released: June 7, 2017 Format: Digital download Singles As lead artist Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B/HH AUS CAN DEN IRE NL NZ SWI UK "Trap Queen" 2014 2 2 25 11 8 26 36 13 55 8 RIAA: Diamond FIMI: Gold ARIA: Platinum BPI: 2× Platinum IFPI DEN: Platinum RMNZ: Platinum Fetty Wap "679"(featuring Remy Boyz) 2015 4 3 19 15 — 41 67 12 65 20 RIAA: 6× Platinum ARIA: Gold BPI: 2× Platinum FIMI: Gold RMNZ: Platinum "My Way"(featuring Monty) 7 5 94 32 — — — — — 80 RIAA: 3× Platinum BPI: Silver "Again" 33 12 63 71 — — — 37 — 79 RIAA: 3× Platinum BPI: Gold "Merry Xmas"(featuring Monty) — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Jimmy Choo" 2016 65 19 — — — — — — — — "Wake Up" 50 15 — — — — — — — — RIAA: Platinum "My Environment" — — — — — — — — — — "Queen of the Zoo" — — — — — — — — — — "Westside"(featuring Snoop Dogg) — — — — — — — — — — "Different Now" — — — — — — — — — — "Make You Feel Good" — — — — — — — — — — "Like a Star"(featuring Nicki Minaj) — — — 86 — — — — — — "With You" 2017 — — — — — — — — — — "Way You Are"(featuring Monty) — — — — — — — — — — "Flip Phone" — — — — — — — — — — "Aye" — — — — — — — — — — "Got a Thang" — — — — — — — — — — Lucky No. 7 "Dont Know What to Do" — — — — — — — — — — "There She Go"(featuring Monty) — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Keke"(with 6ix9ine and A Boogie wit da Hoodie) 2018 43 24 — 37 — — — — — 98 RIAA: Gold Day69 "KissWowie" — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Love The Way" — — — — — — — — — — For My Fans 3: The Final Chapter "Westin" — — — — — — — — — — Bruce Wayne "Trap God" 2019 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Trippin Baby" — — — — — — — — — — "Hold On" — — — — — — — — — — "Thug Lovin" — — — — — — — — — — "Birthday"(featuring Monty) — — — — — — — — — — "Zoo"(featuring Tee Grizzley) — — — — — — — — — — "Brand New" — — — — — — — — — — "Fresh N Clean" — — — — — — — — — — "Everyday" 2020 — — — — — — — — — — "Pretty Thang" — — — — — — — — — — "Speed" — — — — — — — — — — You Know the Vibes "Way Past 12"(featuring Monty) — — — — — — — — — — "Klassic" 2021 — — — — — — — — — — "Leck"(with Imanbek and Morgenshtern featuring KDDK) — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "Sweet Yamz" 2022 — 48 — — — — — — — — King Zoo "Tonight" 2023 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album single "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. As featured artist Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B/HH AUS CAN DEN IRE NL NZ SWI UK "That Work"(Dylie Dollas featuring Fetty Wap) 2014 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Roll Up"(Steve Stylez featuring Fetty Wap and Mike Rosa) — — — — — — — — — — "Lit"(Steve Stylez featuring Fetty Wap, Mike Rosa, and D Millz) — — — — — — — — — — "Ice Cream"(Audrey Rose featuring Remy Ma and Fetty Wap) 2015 — — — — — — — — — — "Dope Boy"(DJ SpinKing featuring Cash Out and Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — The Connect "Buddy"(J.Y. featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Promises"(Baauer featuring Fetty Wap and Dubbel Dutch) — — — — — — — — — — "Keep It 100"(Rich The Kid featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — Flexxin on Purpose "Around the World"(Natalie La Rose featuring Fetty Wap) — 30 — — — 85 — — — 14 Non-album singles "Candy Land"(Justina Valentine featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — "Nobody's Better"(Z featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — "Over Night"(Monty featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — "Worry Bout It"(Kirko Bangz featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — Fallin' Up Mix "Save Dat Money"(Lil Dicky featuring Fetty Wap and Rich Homie Quan) 71 23 — 54 — — — — — — RIAA: 2× Platinum Professional Rapper "Walk"(Kwabs featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — BPI: Gold Non-album single "Gold Slugs"(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, August Alsina, and Fetty Wap) — 49 — — — — — — — — RIAA: Gold ARIA: Gold I Changed a Lot "When I See Ya"(Ty Dolla Sign featuring Fetty Wap) — — — — — — — — — — Free TC "Bang My Head"(David Guetta featuring Sia and Fetty Wap) 76 — 21 51 38 87 19 17 18 18 RIAA: Gold BPI: Gold IFPI SWI: Gold Listen Again "1Hunnid"(K Camp featuring Fetty Wap) — 36 — — — — — — — — RIAA: Gold Only Way Is Up "Classic"(The Knocks featuring Fetty Wap and POWERS) — — — — — — — — — — 55 "Promise"(Kid Ink featuring Fetty Wap) 57 19 78 86 — — — — — — RIAA: Platinum BPI: Silver Summer in the Winter "All in My Head (Flex)"(Fifth Harmony featuring Fetty Wap) 2016 24 — 19 21 — 27 42 8 — 25 RIAA: Platinum ARIA: Platinum BPI: Gold RMNZ: Gold 7/27 "The Mack"(Nevada featuring Mark Morrison and Fetty Wap) — — 9 79 — 14 46 7 66 14 ARIA: 2× Platinum BPI: Platinum RMNZ: Gold Non-album single "Text Ur Number"(DJ Envy featuring Fetty Wap and DJ Sliink) 2017 — — — — — — — — — — Just A Kid From Queens "Feels Great" (Cheat Codes featuring Fetty Wap and CVBZ) — — 39 — — — — 37 — — RIAA: Gold ARIA: Platinum RMNZ: Gold Non-album singles "100k"(Just Chase featuring Fetty Wap) 2019 — — — — — — — — — — "Firefly"(Drax Project featuring Fetty Wap and AACACIA) 2020 — — — — — — — 27 — — RMNZ: Platinum "Got Me"(Rhino! featuring Fetty Wap) 2021 — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Promotional singles Title Year Peak chartpositions Certifications Album US USR&B/HH "Spaceship"Nikosi(featuring Fetty Wap and North Maine) 2014 — — Non-album single "RGF Island" 2015 57 19 RIAA: Platinum Fetty Wap "Jugg"(featuring Monty) 86 32 RIAA: Gold "High Thoughts" 2017 — — Non-album singles "Air It Out" 2018 — — "Bruce Wayne" — — Bruce Wayne Other charted songs Title Year Peak chart positions Album US USR&B/HH "How We Do Things"(featuring Monty) 2015 — 50 Fetty Wap "D.A.M." — — "No Days Off"(featuring Monty) — — Guest appearances Title Year Artist(s) Album "Tonight" (Remix) 2014 Choo Biggz, 50 Cent, Tank none "Spaceship" 2014 Nikosi Fetty Wap, North Maine none "Somebody" (Remix) 2015 Natalie La Rose, Jeremih, Sage the Gemini, Troy Ave "Pretty Girl Dance, Pt. 2" Yalee "Still Selling Dope" Gucci Mane King Gucci "Young Niggas" Gucci Mane, Jadakiss Trapology "Money" Lil Silk, DC Young Fly Son of a Hustler 2 "Rollin Dank" Project Pat, Big Trill Pistol and a Scale "I Think I Love Her" Fat Trel Georgetown "Flicka Da Wrist" (Remix) Chedda Da Connect, Yo Gotti, Boosie Badazz, Boston George Chedda World: The Album "Valet" Eric Bellinger, 2 Chainz Cuffing Season Part 2 "Body on Me" (Remix) Rita Ora, Chris Brown none "Your Number" (Remix) Ayo Jay "Like Me" (Remix) Lil Durk, Jeremih, Lil Wayne "Tell Me" Yo Gotti The Return "Hell of a Night" Chris Brown, French Montana Before the Party "Andale" Masika Kalysha none "Same Old Love" (Remix) Selena Gomez "When I See Ya" Ty Dolla Sign Free TC "Not Poppin'" Monty Monty Zoo "6 AM" "Beat It" 2016 Migos none "I Got It" Sophie Beem Sophie Beem - EP "Asking 4 It" Gwen Stefani This Is What the Truth Feels Like "The Agreement" The Lox, Dyce Payne Filthy America... It's Beautiful "Make You Smile" Bleek Blaze none "Right Back" Monty Monty Zoo II "Nun Else" none "Fetti" Yung Ralph, Young Thug, Lil Uzi Vert I Am Juugman 2 "Losing Control" 2017 Farruko TrapXficante "Jackpot" 2018 Red Cafe, Fabolous Less Talk More Hustle "F.L.Y." De La Ghetto none "With U" 2019 Meg Donnelly Notes ^ Sales as of 2016. ^ "Like a Star" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. ^ "Sweet Yamz" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "Sweet Yamz" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart. ^ "Around the World" did not enter the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "Gold Slugs" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "1Hunnid" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "How We Do Things" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. ^ "D.A.M." did not enter the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. ^ "No Days Off" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. References ^ "Fetty Wap – Chart history: Billboard 200". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. ^ "Fetty Wap – Chart history: Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. ^ a b c "Discography Fetty Wap". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. "Again": Ryan, Gavin (August 29, 2015). "ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1". Noise11. Retrieved August 29, 2015. "My Way": Ryan, Gavin (August 22, 2015). "ARIA Singles: Delta Goodrem 'Wings' Spends Second Week on Top of Australian Chart". Noise11. Retrieved August 22, 2015. ^ "Fetty Wap – Chart history: Canadian Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. ^ "Discographie Fetty Wap". Lescharts.com. Retrieved July 16, 2016. ^ a b c "Discography Fetty Wap". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. ^ a b c "Diccografie Fetty Wap". Dutch Charts Portal. Hung Medien. ^ a b c "Discography Fetty Wap". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. ^ a b c "Fetty Wap" (select "Charts" tab). swisscharts.com (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 30, 2015. ^ a b c "Artist search > Fetty Wap". Officialcharts.com/. Official Charts Company. ^ "Fetty Wap's Debut Album is Releasing on September 25". Fashionably-Early. August 13, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Charts Don't Lie: March 2". hotnewhiphop.com. March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "American certifications – Fetty Wap". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "British certifications – Fetty Wap". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved February 11, 2024. Type Fetty Wap in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ Goddard, Kevin (January 19, 2018). "Stream Fetty Wap's "For My Fans 3: The Final Chapter"". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved January 19, 2018. ^ India, Lindsey (June 7, 2018). "Fetty Wap Drops 'Bruce Wayne' Mixtape - XXL". XXL Mag. Retrieved June 15, 2018. ^ Mahadevan, Tara C. (February 15, 2020). "Listen to Fetty Wap's Project 'Trap & B'". Complex. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ Goddard, Kevin (June 7, 2017). "Fetty Wap - Lucky No. 7 - Download & Listen ". Hot New Hip Hop. Retrieved June 7, 2017. ^ a b c "Fetty Wap – Chart history: The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ a b c "Fetty Wap – Chart history: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ a b "Fetty Wap – Chart history: Billboard Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ a b "Discography Fetty Wap". Danish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. ^ "Italian single certifications – Fetty Wap – Trap Queen" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 22, 2014. Select "Tutti gli anni" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Trap Queen" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione". ^ Ryan, Gavin (November 7, 2015). "ARIA Singles: Adele Earns Platinum Status with 'Hello' at No 1". Noise11. Retrieved November 7, 2015. ^ "Danish single certifications – Fetty Wap". IFPI Danmark. ^ "New Zealand single certifications". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 25, 2015. ^ Ryan, Gavin (November 28, 2015). "ARIA Singles: 'Hello' Is No 1 Again". Noise11. Retrieved November 28, 2015. ^ "Italian single certifications – Fetty Wap – 679" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 12, 2018. Select "Tutti gli anni" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "679" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione". ^ "New Zealand single certifications". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Merry Xmas (feat. Monty) - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. Apple. December 21, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "My Environment - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. Apple. June 3, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Queen of the Zoo - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. Apple. June 3, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Westside (feat. Snoop Dogg) - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. Apple. June 3, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Different Now - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. August 19, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Make You Feel Good - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. August 26, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Like a Star (feat. Nicki Minaj) - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. December 9, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Chart Search for Fetty Wap (Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles) | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved December 22, 2016. ^ "Way You Are (feat. Monty) - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. February 3, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ "Flip Phone - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes". iTunes Store. February 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Craighead, Olivia. "Fetty Wap Releases New Video For "Aye"". The FADER. Retrieved May 12, 2017. ^ India, Lindsey (August 18, 2017). "Listen to Fetty Wap's New Song 'There She Go' - XXL". XXL Mag. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ "KEKE - Single by 6ix9ine, Fetty Wap & A Boogie wit da Hoodie on Apple Music". iTunes. January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ "Fetty Wap Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ "Billboard Chart Archive" (To access, type "Fetty Wap" in the artist bar, then select "The Billboard Hot 100"). Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "Billboard Chart Archive" (To access, type "Fetty Wap" in the artist bar, then select "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs"). Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "That Work (feat. Fetty Wap) – Single by Dylie Dollas". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ "Roll Up (feat. Fetty Wap & Mike Rosa) – Single by Steve Stylez". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ "Lit (feat. Fetty Wap, Mike Rosa & D Millz) – Single by Steve Stylez". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. November 18, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ "Ice Cream (feat. Remy Ma & Fetty Wap) – Single by Audrey Rose". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ "Dope Boy Ft. Cash Out & Fetty Wap by Dj SpinKing". SoundCloud. February 9, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Buddy (feat. Fetty Wap) – Single by JY". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Promises (feat. Fetty Wap & Dubbel Dutch) #songsfromscratch by Baauer". SoundCloud. March 31, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Rich The Kid - Keep It 100 Ft. Fetty Wap (Prod. By Zaytoven) by Rich The Kid". SoundCloud. April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015. ^ "Natalie La Rose - Around The World Feat. Fetty Wap New Song". hotnewhiphop. June 2, 2015. ^ "Natalie La Rose – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ "Justina Valentine Ft. Fetty Wap- "Candy Land"". Hip-Hop News, Rumors, Rap Music & Videos |AllHipHop. July 7, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Nobody's Better (feat. Fetty Wap) - Single by Z". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ "Monty & Fetty Wap - OverNight (Remy Boyz) 2015". SoundCloud. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "New Music: DJ Khaled ft. August Alsina, Chris Brown, & Fetty Wap – Gold Slugs". RnB X Hip-Hop. October 12, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ "DJ Khaled – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2022 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 1, 2022. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Bang My Head')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "K Camp – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ Roth, Madeline (April 28, 2016). "Fifth Harmony's Track List is Here — And So Are Some Intimate Studio Pics". MTV. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ^ "Fifth Harmony - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ "CHART WATCH #388". auspOp. October 1, 2016. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016. ^ "New Zealand single certifications". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 4, 2016. ^ "ARIA CHART WATCH #414". auspOp. April 1, 2017. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Nevada feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap – The Mack". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 23, 2016. ^ "Feels Great (feat. Fetty Wap & CVBZ) - Single by Cheat Codes on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved September 12, 2017. ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #463". auspOp. March 10, 2018. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Cheat Codes feat. Fetty Wap and CVBZ – Feels Great". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021. ^ "Got Me (feat. Fetty Wap) – Single by Rhino!". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Nikosi ft. Fetty Wap & North Maine - Spaceship by SeeGold Entertainment". SoundCloud. October 28, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Spaceship (feat. Fetty Wap & North Maine) – Single by Nikosi". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. February 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "New Music: Fetty Wap – 'RGF Island'". Rap-Up. September 16, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015. ^ "Fetty Wap – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2013. ^ "Tonight (featuring Fetty Wap..." 7digital. September 9, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Nikosi". Spotify. November 9, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2015. ^ Elliott, James (April 8, 2015). "Premiere: Natalie La Rose Enlists Jeremih, Fetty Wap, Sage The Gemini and Troy Ave For the "Somebody" Remix". Complex. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ "Pretty Girl Dance Pt. 2 (featuring Fetty Wap) – Single by Yalee". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. March 30, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. ^ Rose Lilah (May 20, 2015). "Gucci Mane - Still Selling Dope Feat. Fetty Wap (Prod. By Metro Boomin) - Download & Listen ". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 30, 2016. ^ "Trapology (Deluxe) by Gucci Mane on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ "Lil Silk - Money (Feat DC Young Fly & Fetty Wap)". Soundcloud. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "Project Pat Recruits Fetty Wap And Big Trill For "Rollin Dank"". The Fader. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "15 - Fat Trel - I Think I Love Her (Feat. Fetty Wap)". Soundcloud. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "Chedda Da Connect Grabs Boosie Badazz, Yo Gotti, Fetty Wap, and Boston George For the "Flicka Da Wrist" Remix". Complex. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "Valet (feat. Fetty Wap & 2 Chainz) - Single". Apple Music. Retrieved April 24, 2020. ^ "Your Number (feat. Fetty Wap)". iTunes. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ "Fetty Wap Teams with Selena Gomez on 'Same Old Love' Remix: Listen". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2016. ^ "Meg Donnelly Connects With Fetty Wap for Bubbly New Single 'With U': Premiere". www.billboard.com. Retrieved June 26, 2021. vteFetty WapDiscographyStudio albums Fetty Wap Mixtapes Coke Zoo Singles "Trap Queen" "679" "My Way" "Again" "Jimmy Choo" "Wake Up" "Keke" Featured singles "Around the World "Save Dat Money" "Walk" "Gold Slugs" "Bang My Head" "Same Old Love" (Remix) "Promise" "All in My Head (Flex)" "The Mack" Other songs "Asking 4 It"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fetty Wap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetty_Wap"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_albums"},{"link_name":"extended plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"mixtapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtape"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"}],"text":"American rapper Fetty Wap has released three studio albums, two extended plays, twelve mixtapes, 68 singles (including twenty-eight as a featured artist), and six promotional singles.","title":"Fetty Wap discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EPs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As lead artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As featured artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Promotional singles","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other charted songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Guest appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2016Sales_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BubblingR&B-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USBBU100-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ Sales as of 2016.\n\n^ \"Like a Star\" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[37]\n\n^ \"Sweet Yamz\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[43]\n\n^ \"Sweet Yamz\" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number six on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.[44]\n\n^ \"Around the World\" did not enter the US Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[56]\n\n^ \"Gold Slugs\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[61]\n\n^ \"1Hunnid\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[64]\n\n^ \"How We Do Things\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 14 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[80]\n\n^ \"D.A.M.\" did not enter the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[citation needed]\n\n^ \"No Days Off\" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[citation needed]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/6407961/fetty-wap/chart?f=305","url_text":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/6407961/fetty-wap/chart?f=333","url_text":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Fetty+Wap","url_text":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (August 29, 2015). \"ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1\". Noise11. Retrieved August 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-calvin-harris-how-deep-is-your-love-is-no-1-20150829","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles: Calvin Harris 'How Deep Is Your Love' Is No 1\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (August 22, 2015). \"ARIA Singles: Delta Goodrem 'Wings' Spends Second Week on Top of Australian Chart\". Noise11. Retrieved August 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-singles-delta-goodrem-wings-spends-second-week-on-top-of-australian-chart-20150822","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles: Delta Goodrem 'Wings' Spends Second Week on Top of Australian Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Canadian Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/6407961/fetty-wap/chart?f=309","url_text":"\"Fetty Wap – Chart history: Canadian Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Discographie Fetty Wap\". Lescharts.com. Retrieved July 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Fetty+Wap","url_text":"\"Discographie Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Fetty+Wap","url_text":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diccografie Fetty Wap\". Dutch Charts Portal. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Fetty+Wap","url_text":"\"Diccografie Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Fetty+Wap","url_text":"\"Discography Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fetty Wap\" (select \"Charts\" tab). swisscharts.com (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/artist/Fetty_Wap","url_text":"\"Fetty Wap\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist search > Fetty Wap\". Officialcharts.com/. Official Charts Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/fetty%20wap/","url_text":"\"Artist search > Fetty Wap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Fetty Wap's Debut Album is Releasing on September 25\". Fashionably-Early. August 13, 2015. 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IFPI Danmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=28&y=2015&list=t40","url_text":"\"Danish single certifications – Fetty Wap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4158","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (November 28, 2015). \"ARIA Singles: 'Hello' Is No 1 Again\". Noise11. Retrieved November 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/music-news-aria-singles-hello-is-no-1-again-20151128","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles: 'Hello' Is No 1 Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italian single certifications – Fetty Wap – 679\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. 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Monty) - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"My Environment - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes\". iTunes Store. Apple. June 3, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/my-environment-single/id1118089151","url_text":"\"My Environment - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen of the Zoo - Single by Fetty Wap on iTunes\". iTunes Store. Apple. June 3, 2016. 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Fetty Wap & Mike Rosa) – Single by Steve Stylez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Lit (feat. Fetty Wap, Mike Rosa & D Millz) – Single by Steve Stylez\". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. November 18, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/lit-feat.-fetty-wap-mike-rosa/id943472731","url_text":"\"Lit (feat. Fetty Wap, Mike Rosa & D Millz) – Single by Steve Stylez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Cream (feat. Remy Ma & Fetty Wap) – Single by Audrey Rose\". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved February 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/ice-cream-feat.-remy-ma-fetty/id962826559","url_text":"\"Ice Cream (feat. Remy Ma & Fetty Wap) – Single by Audrey Rose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Dope Boy Ft. Cash Out & Fetty Wap by Dj SpinKing\". SoundCloud. February 9, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/dj-spinking/dope-boy-ft-cash-out-fetty-wap","url_text":"\"Dope Boy Ft. Cash Out & Fetty Wap by Dj SpinKing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud","url_text":"SoundCloud"}]},{"reference":"\"Buddy (feat. Fetty Wap) – Single by JY\". iTunes Store. United States: Apple. Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/buddy-feat.-fetty-wap-single/id984751467","url_text":"\"Buddy (feat. 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Retrieved April 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pretty-girl-dance-pt.-2-feat./id981354804","url_text":"\"Pretty Girl Dance Pt. 2 (featuring Fetty Wap) – Single by Yalee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"Rose Lilah (May 20, 2015). \"Gucci Mane - Still Selling Dope Feat. Fetty Wap (Prod. By Metro Boomin) - Download & Listen [New Song]\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved April 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/gucci-mane-still-selling-dope-feat-fetty-wap-prod-by-metro-boomin-new-song.1964544.html","url_text":"\"Gucci Mane - Still Selling Dope Feat. Fetty Wap (Prod. By Metro Boomin) - Download & Listen [New Song]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trapology (Deluxe) by Gucci Mane on Apple Music\". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved June 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/trapology-deluxe/id1062094349","url_text":"\"Trapology (Deluxe) by Gucci Mane on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Silk - Money (Feat DC Young Fly & Fetty Wap)\". Soundcloud. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/lilsilk/09-lil-silk-money-feat-dc","url_text":"\"Lil Silk - Money (Feat DC Young Fly & Fetty Wap)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project Pat Recruits Fetty Wap And Big Trill For \"Rollin Dank\"\". The Fader. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/11/project-pat-fetty-wap-big-trill-rollin-dank","url_text":"\"Project Pat Recruits Fetty Wap And Big Trill For \"Rollin Dank\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"15 - Fat Trel - I Think I Love Her (Feat. Fetty Wap)\". Soundcloud. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/reup-6/15-fat-trel-i-think-i-love-her","url_text":"\"15 - Fat Trel - I Think I Love Her (Feat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Grandjean
Silvia Grandjean
["1 Results","2 References","3 External links"]
Swiss pairs skater Silvia GrandjeanFigure skating careerCountry Switzerland Medal record Representing  Switzerland Pairs' Figure skating World Championships 1954 Oslo Pairs European Championships 1954 Bolzano Pairs Silvia Grandjean (born 27 August 1934) is a Swiss pairs skater. She had the following placements at major international championships in the early 1950s: 1951 World Championships (7th place); 1952 World Championships (6th place); 1953 World Championships (4th place); 1954 World Championships (World Runner-up); 1951 European Championships (4th place); 1952 European Championships (4th place); 1954 European Championships (European champion). Results (pairs with Michel Grandjean) Event 1951 1952 1953 1954 Winter Olympic Games 7th World Championships 7th 6th 4th 2nd European Championships 4th 4th 1st Swiss Championships 1st 1st 1st References ^ "Silvia Grandjean". Olympedia. Retrieved 3 July 2020. External links 1952 Olympics vteEuropean figure skating champions (pairs) 1930: Olga Orgonista & Sándor Szalay 1931: Olga Orgonista & Sándor Szalay 1932: Andrée Brunet & Pierre Brunet 1933: Idi Papez & Karl Zwack 1934: Emília Rotter & László Szollás 1935: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier 1936: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier 1937: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier 1938: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier 1939: Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier 1947: Micheline Lannoy & Pierre Baugniet 1948: Andrea Kékesy & Ede Király 1949: Andrea Kékesy & Ede Király 1950: Marianne Nagy & Lászlo Nagy 1951: Ria Baran & Paul Falk 1952: Ria Baran & Paul Falk 1953: Jennifer Nicks & John Nicks 1954: Silvia Grandjean & Michel Grandjean 1955: Marianne Nagy & Lászlo Nagy 1956: Sissy Schwarz & Kurt Oppelt 1957: Věra Suchánková & Zdeněk Doležal 1958: Věra Suchánková & Zdeněk Doležal 1959: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1960: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1961: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1962: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1963: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1964: Marika Kilius & Hans-Jürgen Bäumler 1965: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov 1966: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov 1967: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov 1968: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov 1969: Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulanov 1970: Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulanov 1971: Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulanov 1972: Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulanov 1973: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1974: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1975: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1976: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1977: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1978: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1979: Marina Cherkasova & Sergei Shakhrai 1980: Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev 1981: Irina Vorobieva & Igor Lisovski 1982: Sabine Baeß & Tassilo Thierbach 1983: Sabine Baeß & Tassilo Thierbach 1984: Elena Valova & Oleg Vasiliev 1985: Elena Valova & Oleg Vasiliev 1986: Elena Valova & Oleg Vasiliev 1987: Larisa Selezneva & Oleg Makarov 1988: Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov 1989: Larisa Selezneva & Oleg Makarov 1990: Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov 1991: Natalia Mishkutenok & Artur Dmitriev 1992: Natalia Mishkutenok & Artur Dmitriev 1993: Marina Eltsova & Andrei Bushkov 1994: Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov 1995: Mandy Wötzel & Ingo Steuer 1996: Oksana Kazakova & Artur Dmitriev 1997: Marina Eltsova & Andrei Bushkov 1998: Elena Berezhnaya & Anton Sikharulidze 1999: Maria Petrova & Alexei Tikhonov 2000: Maria Petrova & Alexei Tikhonov 2001: Elena Berezhnaya & Anton Sikharulidze 2002: Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin 2003: Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin 2004: Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin 2005: Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin 2006: Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin 2007: Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy 2008: Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy 2009: Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy 2010: Yuko Kavaguti & Alexander Smirnov 2011: Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy 2012: Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov 2013: Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov 2014: Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov 2015: Yuko Kavaguti & Alexander Smirnov 2016: Tatiana Volosozhar & Maxim Trankov 2017: Evgenia Tarasova & Vladimir Morozov 2018: Evgenia Tarasova & Vladimir Morozov 2019: Vanessa James & Morgan Ciprès 2020: Aleksandra Boikova & Dmitrii Kozlovskii 2022: Anastasia Mishina & Aleksandr Galliamov 2023: Sara Conti & Niccolò Macii 2024: Lucrezia Beccari & Matteo Guarise This article about a Swiss figure skater is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BibleCode_Sundays
The BibleCode Sundays
["1 History","2 Line up","3 Discography","4 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The BibleCode Sundays" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "The BibleCode Sundays" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The BibleCode SundaysAlso known asSlainteGenresCeltic rockYears active2006 (2006)–presentMembersPaddy FranklinEnda MulloyAndy NolanKian ChanterJoe CotterillPast membersCarlton Hunt (deceased) Joe Moran Ronan MacManus Adam Brown The BibleCode Sundays are a London-based band often described as Celtic rock, folk music or rock music. Their sound fuses influences from a mixture of traditional Irish instruments and contemporary rock back line. History The band was originally named Slainte. In 2006, they released an album called BibleCodeSundays of traditional Irish songs. The album's name refers to the Bible code and other conspiracy theories they discussed in the drink-fuelled conversations regularly held after Sunday gigs. Slainte was voted "Best Band on the London Circuit" 2006 in The Irish World awards. The band later changed its name to The BibleCode Sundays. In 2007, the band recorded a second album, of original material at Panic Studios, Park Royal, called Ghosts of our past. They signed to the Cosmic Trigger label in New York while on tour there promoting the album, and had several tours to the US afterwards. In 2008, the band recorded Boots or no Boots, touring extensively in Europe and the US to promote the album. Following the success of both albums, the band played at the Glastonbury Festival, at Celtic Park in Glasgow before several Glasgow Celtic F.C. matches and was the guest band on Sky Sports Soccer Saturday Christmas Special in a spoof of the X Factor programme called the Y Factor. The band supported The Dropkick Murphy's at their homecoming gig in Boston on St. Patrick's Day in 2009. The band supported Van Morrison and Thin Lizzy at the London Feis in June 2011. In 2011, the band released the EP The Pittsburgh Kid, followed on 22 November 2013, by a third album, New Hazardous Design. In spring 2014, they recorded Live Near Abbey Road. "Count Your Blessings", a track from the New Hazardous Design album, was used on the Epix TV series Get Shorty and "Boys of Queens" was used as an epilogue in the US TV series Unforgettable. In 2015, the band twice supported PiL at the O2 Indigo Arena in London. In September 2017, the band released Walk Like Kings with special guests including Ronan MacManus's half-brother Elvis Costello, Russell Crowe and Matt McManamon (the Dead 60's and the Specials). Other guests include Lorraine O'Reilly, Elly O'Keeffe and Keelta Higgins on vocals, with Tony Rico Richardson, Brian Kelly and Patrick Cassidy as guest musicians. The album is described as an "accidental album" as the band used up a collection of old songs and a number of new ones to complete the project. It is described in style as an eclectic group of songs driven by the different musical tastes within the band. Carlton Hunt died suddenly on 3 November 2017. On 14 January 2019, the band announced that the lead singer, Ronan MacManus, was leaving the band to pursue a "quieter more family-orientated life". Line up Paddy Franklin – fiddle Enda Mulloy – bass guitar and vocals Andy Nolan – accordion Kian Chanter – lead guitar and vocals Joe Cotterill – drums Discography Ghosts of our Past – 2006 Boots or No Boots – 2007 The Pittsburgh Kid EP – 2011 New Hazardous Design 2013 Live Near Abbey Road 2014 Walk Like Kings 2017 References ^ "The Irish World : Awards". The Irish World. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2007. ^ "Carlton Hunt: Drummer of London Irish band BibleCode Sundays passes away". Irish Post. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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Their sound fuses influences from a mixture of traditional Irish instruments and contemporary rock back line.","title":"The BibleCode Sundays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bible code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_code"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Irish World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_World_(London)"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Park Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Celtic F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dropkick Murphy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropkick_Murphy%27s"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"Feis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feis"},{"link_name":"Epix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epix"},{"link_name":"Get Shorty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Shorty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Unforgettable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgettable_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"PiL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiL"},{"link_name":"O2 Indigo Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Russell Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Matt McManamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_McManamon"},{"link_name":"Dead 60's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_60%27s"},{"link_name":"the Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Specials"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The band was originally named Slainte. In 2006, they released an album called BibleCodeSundays of traditional Irish songs. The album's name refers to the Bible code and other conspiracy theories they discussed in the drink-fuelled conversations regularly held after Sunday gigs. Slainte was voted \"Best Band on the London Circuit\"[1] 2006 in The Irish World awards. The band later [when?] changed its name to The BibleCode Sundays.In 2007, the band recorded a second album, of original material at Panic Studios, Park Royal, called Ghosts of our past. They signed to the Cosmic Trigger label in New York while on tour there promoting the album, and had several tours to the US afterwards. In 2008, the band recorded Boots or no Boots, touring extensively in Europe and the US to promote the album.Following the success of both albums, the band played at the Glastonbury Festival, at Celtic Park in Glasgow before several Glasgow Celtic F.C. matches and was the guest band on Sky Sports Soccer Saturday Christmas Special in a spoof of the X Factor programme called the Y Factor. The band supported The Dropkick Murphy's at their homecoming gig in Boston on St. Patrick's Day in 2009. The band supported Van Morrison and Thin Lizzy at the London Feis in June 2011.In 2011, the band released the EP The Pittsburgh Kid, followed on 22 November 2013, by a third album, New Hazardous Design. In spring 2014, they recorded Live Near Abbey Road.\"Count Your Blessings\", a track from the New Hazardous Design album, was used on the Epix TV series Get Shorty and \"Boys of Queens\" was used as an epilogue in the US TV series Unforgettable.In 2015, the band twice supported PiL at the O2 Indigo Arena in London.In September 2017, the band released Walk Like Kings with special guests including Ronan MacManus's half-brother Elvis Costello, Russell Crowe and Matt McManamon (the Dead 60's and the Specials). Other guests include Lorraine O'Reilly, Elly O'Keeffe and Keelta Higgins on vocals, with Tony Rico Richardson, Brian Kelly and Patrick Cassidy as guest musicians. The album is described[by whom?] as an \"accidental album\" as the band used up a collection of old songs and a number of new ones to complete the project. It is described[by whom?] in style as an eclectic group of songs driven by the different musical tastes within the band.Carlton Hunt died suddenly on 3 November 2017.[2]On 14 January 2019, the band announced that the lead singer, Ronan MacManus, was leaving the band to pursue a \"quieter more family-orientated life\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"}],"text":"Paddy Franklin – fiddle\nEnda Mulloy – bass guitar and vocals\nAndy Nolan – accordion\nKian Chanter – lead guitar and vocals\nJoe Cotterill – drums","title":"Line up"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ghosts of our Past – 2006\nBoots or No Boots – 2007\nThe Pittsburgh Kid EP – 2011\nNew Hazardous Design 2013\nLive Near Abbey Road 2014\nWalk Like Kings 2017","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercates
Hercates
["1 References"]
The Hercates or Hergates were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome in 175 BCE. (Liv. xli. 19.) References Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1857), s.v. Ligures vteLigures Apuani Bagienni Binbelli Bivelli Briniates Catuci Deciates Eguiturii Epanterii Euburiates Friniates Garuli Genuates Hercates Iadatini Iemerii Ilvates Ingauni Intimilii Laevi Lapicini Libici Ligauni Ligues Maielli Marici Matici Nearchi Nerusii Orobii Oxybii Reii Roudelli Salyes Segobrigii Statielli Taurini Tigulli Veaminii Vediantii Viturii Langenses This article about ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunia
Bunia
["1 Climate","2 Transport","3 Demographics","4 Other features","5 Higher education","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250Not to be confused with Bunya. Provincial capital and city in Ituri, Democratic Republic of the CongoBuniaProvincial capital and cityVille de BuniaBunia from the air, looking north toward the Nyakasanza districtBuniaLocation in Democratic Republic of the CongoCoordinates: 1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250Country Democratic Republic of the CongoProvinceIturiGovernment • MayorFerdinand Fimbo LebilyeArea • City576 km2 (222 sq mi) • Urban53 km2 (20 sq mi)Elevation1,277 m (4,190 ft)Population (2015) • City900,666 • Density1,600/km2 (4,000/sq mi) • Urban486,000 • Urban density9,200/km2 (24,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time)ClimateAfNational languageSwahili Bunia is the capital city of Ituri Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It was part of the Orientale Province until that province's dissolution. It lies at an elevation of 1,275 metres or 4,180 feet on a plateau about 30 kilometres or 19 miles west of Lake Albert in the Albertine Rift, and about 25 kilometres or 16 miles east of the Ituri Rainforest. The city is at the center of the Ituri conflict between the Lendu and Hema. In the Second Congo War the city and district were the scene of much fighting and many civilian deaths from this conflict, and related clashes between militias and Uganda-based forces. Consequently, the city is the base of one of the largest United Nations peace-keeping forces in Africa, and its headquarters in northeastern DRC. The area's natural resources include gold mines over which militias and foreign forces have been fighting. Climate Bunia has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with warm, humid and wet conditions prevailing year-round. Although rainfall is reduced substantially between December and February, those months still average over 130 millimetres or 5 inches of rain. For the rest of the year, rainfall is very heavy with over 230 millimetres or 9.1 inches for nine months of the year. Climate data for Bunia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.4(84.9) 28.9(84.0) 28.9(84.0) 28.3(82.9) 27.2(81.0) 26.1(79.0) 25.6(78.1) 26.1(79.0) 27.2(81.0) 27.2(81.0) 27.2(81.0) 28.3(82.9) 27.5(81.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8(73.0) 22.8(73.0) 22.8(73.0) 22.8(73.0) 22.2(72.0) 20.8(69.4) 20.6(69.1) 20.6(69.1) 21.1(70.0) 21.4(70.5) 21.1(70.0) 22.0(71.6) 21.8(71.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.1(61.0) 16.7(62.1) 16.7(62.1) 17.2(63.0) 17.2(63.0) 15.6(60.1) 15.6(60.1) 15.0(59.0) 15.0(59.0) 15.6(60.1) 15.0(59.0) 15.6(60.1) 15.9(60.6) Average rainfall mm (inches) 139.7(5.50) 172.7(6.80) 238.8(9.40) 269.3(10.60) 317.5(12.50) 266.7(10.50) 309.9(12.20) 393.7(15.50) 243.8(9.60) 274.3(10.80) 304.8(12.00) 165.1(6.50) 3,096.3(121.9) Source: Transport This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The main dirt highways connecting north-eastern DR Congo with Kisangani to the west and Butembo and Goma to the south pass through Bunia, but have fallen into disrepair and are virtually impassable, especially after the frequent rains. Bunia is only 40 kilometres or 25 miles from the Ugandan border running down Lake Albert, but there are no road connections across the Great Rift Valley to the closest Ugandan towns of Toro and Fort Portal. Instead a dirt highway going north-east reaches Arua and Gulu north of the lake. Before the war made the route impassable, this was the chief trade route between the DRC and Uganda, as well between the DRC and Juba in South Sudan, and Bunia was an important market city, for cross-border trade as well as internal trade. The supposed route of the Lagos-Mombasa Highway passes just to the south of Bunia, emphasising its potential as a centre of trade, but that transnational highway does not exist as a viable route through the DRC. Bunia is linked to the small port of Kasenyi on Lake Albert by a 60 kilometres (37 mi) dirt track via Bogoro, which has a spectacular and dangerous 600-metre descent of the western escarpment of the Great Rift Valley. Kasenyi has a 155 metres (509 ft) jetty from which boat transport can link with Mahagi-Port at the north end of the lake, and with Butiaba and Ntoroko on the Eastern Lake Albert Shore (Ugandan side) and Pakwach on the Albert Nile. Given the poor state of the roads, and the total lack of railway transport, Bunia Airport is of prime importance. Demographics Projected to be the eighth fastest growing city on the African continent between 2020 and 2025, with a 5.63% growth. Other features Bunia from the air. Mount Hoyo is 35 kilometres or 22 miles south-west of Bunia. The Shari River flows along the northwestern outskirts of the city. The Ituri River flows around 35 km west of Bunia. The confluence of the Shari and Ituri is about 45 kilometres or 28 miles south-southwest of Bunia. Although Bunia is about 170 kilometres or 110 miles north of the Equator, the city was featured in the BBC television travel documentary Equator made in 2006, since it was one of the few places near the Equator in eastern DRC where the safety of the TV crew could be assured, by the presence of the large UN peace-keeping force. Higher education Bunia has a number of universities, the largest being the University of Bunia (UNIBU) followed by the private Université Shalom de Bunia (USB) which offers the largest library in Bunia (about 40,000 volumes) with an online catalog. References ^ "Ituri : les chefs de quartiers et des avenues achèvent un atelier de formation sur la gouvernance participative". ACP Média Public (in French). ACP. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019. ^ "Cellule d'Analyses des Indicateurs de Développement". Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ "Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo Population (2024) - Population Stat". populationstat.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024. ^ "Congo (Dem. Rep.): largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 21 January 2009. ^ ZA Bunia globalbioclimatics.org ^ "Ranked: The World's Fastest Growing Cities". virtual capitalist. 13 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Google Earth —measurements and directions checked. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bunia. Detailed Map of Bunia Map of tribal areas of Ituri Congo's battle with disarmament, BBC, 9 June 2005 Watch Equator, the BBC TV program featuring Bunia vteCapitals of the provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Bandundu (Kwilu) Boende (Tshuapa) Bukavu (Sud-Kivu) Bunia (Ituri) Buta (Bas-Uele) Gbadolite (Nord-Ubangi) Gemena (Sud-Ubangi) Goma (Nord-Kivu) Inongo (Mai-Ndombe) Isiro (Haut-Uele) Kabinda (Lomami) Kalemie (Tanganyika) Kamina (Haut-Lomami) Kananga (Kasai-Central) Kenge (Kwango) Kindu (Maniema) Kisangani (Tshopo) Kolwezi (Lualaba) Lisala (Mongala) Lubumbashi (Haut‑Katanga) Lusambo (Sankuru) Matadi (Kongo Central) Mbandaka (Équateur) Mbuji-Mayi (Kasaï Oriental) Tshikapa (Kasaï) Flag of the Democratic Republic of the CongoProvinces are shown between brackets Authority control databases: National Germany 1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunya_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ituri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Province"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Orientale Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientale_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lake Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"Albertine Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift"},{"link_name":"Ituri Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Ituri conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict"},{"link_name":"Lendu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendu"},{"link_name":"Hema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hema_people"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"United Nations peace-keeping forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUC"},{"link_name":"gold mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mine"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Bunya.Provincial capital and city in Ituri, Democratic Republic of the CongoBunia is the capital city of Ituri Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It was part of the Orientale Province until that province's dissolution.[4]It lies at an elevation of 1,275 metres or 4,180 feet on a plateau about 30 kilometres or 19 miles west of Lake Albert in the Albertine Rift, and about 25 kilometres or 16 miles east of the Ituri Rainforest.The city is at the center of the Ituri conflict between the Lendu and Hema. In the Second Congo War the city and district were the scene of much fighting and many civilian deaths from this conflict, and related clashes between militias and Uganda-based forces. Consequently, the city is the base of one of the largest United Nations peace-keeping forces in Africa, and its headquarters in northeastern DRC. The area's natural resources include gold mines over which militias and foreign forces have been fighting.","title":"Bunia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bunia has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with warm, humid and wet conditions prevailing year-round. Although rainfall is reduced substantially between December and February, those months still average over 130 millimetres or 5 inches of rain. For the rest of the year, rainfall is very heavy with over 230 millimetres or 9.1 inches for nine months of the year.Climate data for Bunia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n139.7(5.50)\n\n172.7(6.80)\n\n238.8(9.40)\n\n269.3(10.60)\n\n317.5(12.50)\n\n266.7(10.50)\n\n309.9(12.20)\n\n393.7(15.50)\n\n243.8(9.60)\n\n274.3(10.80)\n\n304.8(12.00)\n\n165.1(6.50)\n\n3,096.3(121.9)\n\n\nSource: [5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kisangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani"},{"link_name":"Butembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butembo"},{"link_name":"Goma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma"},{"link_name":"Fort Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Portal"},{"link_name":"Arua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arua"},{"link_name":"Gulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu"},{"link_name":"Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba,_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Lagos-Mombasa Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos-Mombasa_Highway"},{"link_name":"Kasenyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasenyi,_Ituri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetty"},{"link_name":"Mahagi-Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahagi-Port&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Butiaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butiaba"},{"link_name":"Ntoroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoroko"},{"link_name":"Pakwach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakwach"},{"link_name":"Albert Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nile"},{"link_name":"Bunia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunia_Airport"}],"text":"The main dirt highways connecting north-eastern DR Congo with Kisangani to the west and Butembo and Goma to the south pass through Bunia, but have fallen into disrepair and are virtually impassable, especially after the frequent rains.Bunia is only 40 kilometres or 25 miles from the Ugandan border running down Lake Albert, but there are no road connections across the Great Rift Valley to the closest Ugandan towns of Toro and Fort Portal. Instead a dirt highway going north-east reaches Arua and Gulu north of the lake. Before the war made the route impassable, this was the chief trade route between the DRC and Uganda, as well between the DRC and Juba in South Sudan, and Bunia was an important market city, for cross-border trade as well as internal trade.The supposed route of the Lagos-Mombasa Highway passes just to the south of Bunia, emphasising its potential as a centre of trade, but that transnational highway does not exist as a viable route through the DRC.Bunia is linked to the small port of Kasenyi on Lake Albert by a 60 kilometres (37 mi) dirt track via Bogoro, which has a spectacular and dangerous 600-metre descent of the western escarpment of the Great Rift Valley. Kasenyi has a 155 metres (509 ft) jetty from which boat transport can link with Mahagi-Port at the north end of the lake, and with Butiaba and Ntoroko on the Eastern Lake Albert Shore (Ugandan side) and Pakwach on the Albert Nile.Given the poor state of the roads, and the total lack of railway transport, Bunia Airport is of prime importance.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Projected to be the eighth fastest growing city on the African continent between 2020 and 2025, with a 5.63% growth.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Over_Bunia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ituri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BBC television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_television"},{"link_name":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator_(BBC_TV_series)"}],"text":"Bunia from the air.Mount Hoyo is 35 kilometres or 22 miles south-west of Bunia. The Shari River flows along the northwestern outskirts of the city. The Ituri River flows around 35 km west of Bunia. The confluence of the Shari and Ituri is about 45 kilometres or 28 miles south-southwest of Bunia.[7]Although Bunia is about 170 kilometres or 110 miles north of the Equator, the city was featured in the BBC television travel documentary Equator made in 2006, since it was one of the few places near the Equator in eastern DRC where the safety of the TV crew could be assured, by the presence of the large UN peace-keeping force.","title":"Other features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Université Shalom de Bunia (USB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unishabunia.org"},{"link_name":"online catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblio.unishabunia.org"}],"text":"Bunia has a number of universities, the largest being the University of Bunia (UNIBU) followed by the private Université Shalom de Bunia (USB) which offers the largest library in Bunia (about 40,000 volumes) with an online catalog.","title":"Higher education"}]
[{"image_text":"Bunia from the air.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Over_Bunia.jpg/300px-Over_Bunia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ituri : les chefs de quartiers et des avenues achèvent un atelier de formation sur la gouvernance participative\". ACP Média Public (in French). ACP. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190807162859/https://acpcongo.com/ituri-les-chefs-de-quartiers-et-des-avenues-achevent-un-atelier-de-formation-sur-la-gouvernance-participative/","url_text":"\"Ituri : les chefs de quartiers et des avenues achèvent un atelier de formation sur la gouvernance participative\""},{"url":"https://acpcongo.com/ituri-les-chefs-de-quartiers-et-des-avenues-achevent-un-atelier-de-formation-sur-la-gouvernance-participative/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cellule d'Analyses des Indicateurs de Développement\". Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-bunia/?domaine=fiche","url_text":"\"Cellule d'Analyses des Indicateurs de Développement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo Population (2024) - Population Stat\". populationstat.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://populationstat.com/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/bunia","url_text":"\"Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo Population (2024) - Population Stat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congo (Dem. Rep.): largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 21 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46","url_text":"\"Congo (Dem. Rep.): largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranked: The World's Fastest Growing Cities\". virtual capitalist. 13 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174630/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/","url_text":"\"Ranked: The World's Fastest Growing Cities\""},{"url":"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bunia&params=1_34_N_30_15_E_region:CD_type:city","external_links_name":"1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bunia&params=1_34_N_30_15_E_region:CD_type:city(900666)","external_links_name":"1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250"},{"Link":"http://www.unishabunia.org/","external_links_name":"Université Shalom de Bunia (USB)"},{"Link":"http://biblio.unishabunia.org/","external_links_name":"online catalog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190807162859/https://acpcongo.com/ituri-les-chefs-de-quartiers-et-des-avenues-achevent-un-atelier-de-formation-sur-la-gouvernance-participative/","external_links_name":"\"Ituri : les chefs de quartiers et des avenues achèvent un atelier de formation sur la gouvernance participative\""},{"Link":"https://acpcongo.com/ituri-les-chefs-de-quartiers-et-des-avenues-achevent-un-atelier-de-formation-sur-la-gouvernance-participative/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-bunia/?domaine=fiche","external_links_name":"\"Cellule d'Analyses des Indicateurs de Développement\""},{"Link":"https://populationstat.com/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/bunia","external_links_name":"\"Bunia, Democratic Republic of the Congo Population (2024) - Population Stat\""},{"Link":"http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-46","external_links_name":"\"Congo (Dem. Rep.): largest cities and towns and statistics of their population\""},{"Link":"https://globalbioclimatics.org/station/za-bunia.htm","external_links_name":"ZA Bunia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174630/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/","external_links_name":"\"Ranked: The World's Fastest Growing Cities\""},{"Link":"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://earth.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Earth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060929210247/http://www.monuc.org/downloads/Bunia.pdf","external_links_name":"Detailed Map of Bunia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050414115842/http://www.monuc.org/downloads/Map_IturiTRIBES.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of tribal areas of Ituri"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4073862.stm","external_links_name":"Congo's battle with disarmament"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/equator/4797757.stm","external_links_name":"Watch Equator, the BBC TV program featuring Bunia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4314490-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bunia&params=1_34_N_30_15_E_region:CD_type:city","external_links_name":"1°34′N 30°15′E / 1.567°N 30.250°E / 1.567; 30.250"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrick
Rastrick
["1 History","2 Governance","3 Geography","4 Community facilities","5 Landmarks","6 Transport","7 Education","8 Religious sites","9 Sport","10 Notable people","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°41′32″N 1°47′18″W / 53.6921°N 1.7883°W / 53.6921; -1.7883Village in West Yorkshire, England For other uses, see Rastrick (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandRastrickSt Matthew's Church on Church StreetRastrickShow map of CalderdaleRastrickLocation within West YorkshireShow map of West YorkshirePopulation11,351 (Ward. 2011 census)OS grid referenceSE140217Metropolitan boroughCalderdaleMetropolitan countyWest YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBRIGHOUSEPostcode districtHD6Dialling code01484PoliceWest YorkshireFireWest YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire UK ParliamentCalder Valley List of places UK England Yorkshire 53°41′32″N 1°47′18″W / 53.6921°N 1.7883°W / 53.6921; -1.7883 Rastrick is a village in the county of West Yorkshire, England, between Halifax, 5 miles (8 km) north-east and Huddersfield, 4 miles (7 km) south. The population of the Calderdale Civil Ward at the 2011 census was 11,351. It is perhaps best known for its association, along with its neighbour Brighouse, 1 mile (2 km) north-east, with the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band. Along with Brighouse, it is part of Calderdale, but shares a Huddersfield postcode and phone number. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the village is on an incline facing north-east, the Parish Church, is vertically in the middle. The area around the Parish Church is known as "Top o' t'Town" and the area around the Junction public house is known as "Bottom o' t'Town", this reflects the days when Rastrick had its own governance in the form of a Town Board whose Offices and lock-up were situated halfway between the two, on Ogden Lane. Remains of a fort have been found at Castle Hill, just below Top o' Town. History The name Rastrick is thought to be Viking in origin, with the "..ick" formation being common to many Norwegian Viking placenames, including "Jorvick", the Viking name for York. Rastrick is well known for its pubs and the "Rastrick Run" is a popular pub crawl. Rastrick, and the variation Raistrick are English surnames, originating from the area of the town. Governance Rastrick is a village and a ward of Calderdale, a metropolitan borough within the ceremonial county of West Yorkshire in England. The parish of Rastrick was recorded on 1 July 1837 as part of the Halifax Registration District. It was abolished as a distinct parish on 1 April 1937 and merged with the neighbouring parish of Brighouse as part of the Borough of Brighouse. On 1 April 1938 the borough was transferred to the neighbouring registration district of 'Calder' and in 1974 it was abolished as part of the creation of Calderdale. Rastrick became a ward of Calderdale, with boundaries similar to those of the original parish. Geography The ward of Rastrick is bordered to the north by the River Calder, which separates it from the ward of Brighouse. To the east and south the border with the Kirklees ward of Ashbrow roughly follows the M62 motorway. The traditional north western boundary between Elland and Rastrick was the edge of the escarpment, but the Elland Ward boundary is further east, encompassing parts of the old parish of Rastrick as far as Dewsbury Road and the crossroads with New Hey Road. The village is neighboured by the towns of Brighouse to the north and Elland to the west. The village of Fixby is to the south east and Ainley Top is to the south west. Community facilities Rastrick has its own library which can be found on Crowtrees Lane and a doctors surgery at Rastrick Health Centre which is on Chapel Croft. A second doctors surgery is situated at the junction of Castle Avenue and Field Top Road. Landmarks The highest point in the village is Round Hill which is adjacent to the grounds of Rastrick Cricket Club. This appears to be man made but is thought to be of natural origin. The Clough House Inn, on Clough Lane, is easily seen from the nearby M62. It was originally the White Lion Inn which was built in 1824, and is named as such on the 1835 and 1850 maps. Transport The local railway station is named Brighouse but is in fact in Rastrick. An extensive bus service is provided by several operators, including First West Yorkshire, Team Pennine and South Pennine Community Transport, under the guidance of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority (brand name Metro). Education Rastrick has several primary schools, including Carr Green Junior, Infant and Nursery School, Field Lane Primary School, Longroyde Primary School, and Woodhouse Primary School. Rastrick High School is the secondary school for the area. Highbury School is a specialist school on Lower Edge Road, and The William Henry Smith School is a non-maintained residential school located on Boothroyd Lane. Rastrick Independent School was a private school located in the village that closed in 2019. Religious sites St John the Divine, built 1913 There are two Anglican churches in the village. St Matthew's Church, which is used jointly by the Anglicans and the Methodists and is situated on Church Street. Across the road from this Church is Rastrick Parish Centre, the church hall for St Matthew's Church. The Church of St John the Divine is located off Gooder Lane close to Brighouse railway station and was designed by Nicholson and Corlette in 1913. Both St Matthew's and St John's share the same Church of England vicar. The non-denominational New Road Family Church is located on New Hey Road and operated as a church from 1837 until 2021. It began as a Sunday school, and continued to accommodate a school until 1912. In 1872 a Band of Hope Society was formed, and operated intermittently until the 1980s. During the Second World War the church housed a British Restaurant. Declining congregations in the 21st century, saw the church close in 2021. Upper Edge Baptist Church is located on Dewsbury Road. The church traces its history to "Rossendale Church", which consisted of many Independent congregations located across the Rossendale Valley. Individual congregations became separate churches by about 1720. In 1837 a non-sectarian Sunday School was founded at Elland Edge, and the first school was built in 1841. The Upper Edge Church as founded on 19 October 1863. Sport The cricket club in Rastrick, Rastrick Cricket Club, is found next to Round Hill, the highest point in Rastrick. Round Hill is a popular playing area for children in the area. A second cricket club, Badger Hill Cricket Club, formerly New Road Cricket Club, played on the field off New Hey Road. Rastrick Bowling Club is situated at the bottom of Toothill Bank which has many local bowling teams and entertainment nights, and is also a good venue for parties. Rastrick Constitutional Club (also known as Top Club) has been situated on Church Street since 1886 and is known for its snooker teams. Notable people Rastrick was the birthplace of religious writer Margaret Barber who wrote under the pseudonym Michael Fairless, and the eccentric inventor Wilf Lunn. Acclaimed travel writer, photographer, and adventure motorcyclist Christopher Paul Baker attended Rastrick Grammar School (1966–73). See also Listed buildings in Rastrick References ^ a b UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Rastrick Ward (as of 2011) (E05001381)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ "Rastrick". 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "HALIFAX REGISTRATION DISTRICT". 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "West Yorkshire Geological Trust: Round Hill, Rastrick" (PDF). August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2013. ^ "Geograph:: Rastrick - Calderdale District - West Yorkshire - Part 1". www.geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ "History > St. John the Divine, Rastrick". www.stjohnsrastrick.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2017. ^ Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, Monday 7 April 1913 p.8 col.6: "New church at Rastrick" ^ Newton, Grace (11 October 2021). "Historic Yorkshire school that served as a British Restaurant during World War Two to be closed and sold off for the first time since Queen Victoria's reign". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 February 2023. ^ "Welcome to our church". Upper Edge Baptist Church. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ https://www.uebc.org.uk/Groups/335879/Pre_1863_roots.aspx ^ Rastrick Constitutional Club Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine The history of Brighouse, Rastrick, and Hipperholme; with manorial notes on Coley, Lightcliffe, Northowram, Shelf, Fixby, Clifton and Kirklees (1893), Turner, J. Horsfall (Joseph Horsfall) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rastrick. Calderdale Companion: Rastrick Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rastrick (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrick_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-1"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse_and_Rastrick_Brass_Band"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"Calderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderdale"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"postcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcode"},{"link_name":"phone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_number"},{"link_name":"Historically part of the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"}],"text":"Village in West Yorkshire, EnglandFor other uses, see Rastrick (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandRastrick is a village in the county of West Yorkshire, England, between Halifax, 5 miles (8 km) north-east and Huddersfield, 4 miles (7 km) south.The population of the Calderdale Civil Ward at the 2011 census was 11,351.[1] It is perhaps best known for its association, along with its neighbour Brighouse, 1 mile (2 km) north-east, with the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band. \nAlong with Brighouse, it is part of Calderdale, but shares a Huddersfield postcode and phone number.Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the village is on an incline facing north-east, the Parish Church, is vertically in the middle.The area around the Parish Church is known as \"Top o' t'Town\" and the area around the Junction public house is known as \"Bottom o' t'Town\", this reflects the days when Rastrick had its own governance in the form of a Town Board whose Offices and lock-up were situated halfway between the two, on Ogden Lane.Remains of a fort have been found at Castle Hill, just below Top o' Town.","title":"Rastrick"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The name Rastrick is thought to be Viking in origin, with the \"..ick\" formation being common to many Norwegian Viking placenames, including \"Jorvick\", the Viking name for York.Rastrick is well known for its pubs and the \"Rastrick Run\" is a popular pub crawl.Rastrick, and the variation Raistrick are English surnames, originating from the area of the town.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Calderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderdale"},{"link_name":"metropolitan borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough"},{"link_name":"ceremonial county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_county"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rastrick is a village and a ward of Calderdale, a metropolitan borough within the ceremonial county of West Yorkshire in England.[2] The parish of Rastrick was recorded on 1 July 1837 as part of the Halifax Registration District. It was abolished as a distinct parish on 1 April 1937 and merged with the neighbouring parish of Brighouse as part of the Borough of Brighouse.[3] On 1 April 1938 the borough was transferred to the neighbouring registration district of 'Calder' and in 1974 it was abolished as part of the creation of Calderdale. Rastrick became a ward of Calderdale, with boundaries similar to those of the original parish.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Kirklees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees"},{"link_name":"M62 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_motorway"},{"link_name":"Elland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland"},{"link_name":"Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighouse"},{"link_name":"Elland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland"},{"link_name":"Fixby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixby"},{"link_name":"Ainley Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainley_Top"}],"text":"The ward of Rastrick is bordered to the north by the River Calder, which separates it from the ward of Brighouse. To the east and south the border with the Kirklees ward of Ashbrow roughly follows the M62 motorway. The traditional north western boundary between Elland and Rastrick was the edge of the escarpment, but the Elland Ward boundary is further east, encompassing parts of the old parish of Rastrick as far as Dewsbury Road and the crossroads with New Hey Road.\nThe village is neighboured by the towns of Brighouse to the north and Elland to the west. The village of Fixby is to the south east and Ainley Top is to the south west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rastrick has its own library which can be found on Crowtrees Lane and a doctors surgery at Rastrick Health Centre which is on Chapel Croft. A second doctors surgery is situated at the junction of Castle Avenue and Field Top Road.","title":"Community facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The highest point in the village is Round Hill which is adjacent to the grounds of Rastrick Cricket Club. This appears to be man made but is thought to be of natural origin.[4] The Clough House Inn, on Clough Lane, is easily seen from the nearby M62. It was originally the White Lion Inn which was built in 1824, and is named as such on the 1835 and 1850 maps.[5]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The local railway station is named Brighouse but is in fact in Rastrick. An extensive bus service is provided by several operators, including First West Yorkshire, Team Pennine and South Pennine Community Transport, under the guidance of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority (brand name Metro).","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rastrick Independent School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrick_Independent_School"},{"link_name":"private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Rastrick has several primary schools, including Carr Green Junior, Infant and Nursery School, Field Lane Primary School, Longroyde Primary School, and Woodhouse Primary School. Rastrick High School is the secondary school for the area. Highbury School is a specialist school on Lower Edge Road, and The William Henry Smith School is a non-maintained residential school located on Boothroyd Lane.Rastrick Independent School was a private school located in the village that closed in 2019.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_St_John_the_Divine,_Rastrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56395.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"St Matthew's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Rastrick"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Nicholson and Corlette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Nicholson,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"Band of Hope Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_UK"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rossendale Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossendale_Valley"},{"link_name":"Sunday School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_School"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"St John the Divine, built 1913There are two Anglican churches in the village. St Matthew's Church, which is used jointly by the Anglicans and the Methodists and is situated on Church Street. Across the road from this Church is Rastrick Parish Centre, the church hall for St Matthew's Church. The Church of St John the Divine is located off Gooder Lane close to Brighouse railway station and was designed by Nicholson and Corlette in 1913.[6][7] Both St Matthew's and St John's share the same Church of England vicar.The non-denominational New Road Family Church is located on New Hey Road and operated as a church from 1837 until 2021. It began as a Sunday school, and continued to accommodate a school until 1912. In 1872 a Band of Hope Society was formed, and operated intermittently until the 1980s. During the Second World War the church housed a British Restaurant. Declining congregations in the 21st century, saw the church close in 2021.[8]Upper Edge Baptist Church is located on Dewsbury Road.[9] The church traces its history to \"Rossendale Church\", which consisted of many Independent congregations located across the Rossendale Valley. Individual congregations became separate churches by about 1720. In 1837 a non-sectarian Sunday School was founded at Elland Edge, and the first school was built in 1841. The Upper Edge Church as founded on 19 October 1863.[10]","title":"Religious sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The cricket club in Rastrick, Rastrick Cricket Club, is found next to Round Hill, the highest point in Rastrick. Round Hill is a popular playing area for children in the area. A second cricket club, Badger Hill Cricket Club, formerly New Road Cricket Club, played on the field off New Hey Road.Rastrick Bowling Club is situated at the bottom of Toothill Bank which has many local bowling teams and entertainment nights, and is also a good venue for parties. Rastrick Constitutional Club (also known as Top Club) has been situated on Church Street since 1886 and is known for its snooker teams.[11]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Barber"},{"link_name":"Wilf Lunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilf_Lunn"},{"link_name":"travel writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_writer"},{"link_name":"Christopher Paul Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Paul_Baker"},{"link_name":"Rastrick Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrick_Grammar_School"}],"text":"Rastrick was the birthplace of religious writer Margaret Barber who wrote under the pseudonym Michael Fairless, and the eccentric inventor Wilf Lunn.Acclaimed travel writer, photographer, and adventure motorcyclist Christopher Paul Baker attended Rastrick Grammar School (1966–73).","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"St John the Divine, built 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Church_of_St_John_the_Divine%2C_Rastrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56395.jpg/220px-Church_of_St_John_the_Divine%2C_Rastrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56395.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Listed buildings in Rastrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Rastrick"}]
[{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Rastrick Ward (as of 2011) (E05001381)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E05001381","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Rastrick Ward (as of 2011) (E05001381)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Rastrick\". 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapit.mysociety.org/area/8878.html","url_text":"\"Rastrick\""}]},{"reference":"\"HALIFAX REGISTRATION DISTRICT\". 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/reg/districts/halifax.html","url_text":"\"HALIFAX REGISTRATION DISTRICT\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Yorkshire Geological Trust: Round Hill, Rastrick\" (PDF). August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wyorksgeologytrust.org/lgssheets/calderdale/Round%20Hill,%20Rastrick.pdf","url_text":"\"West Yorkshire Geological Trust: Round Hill, Rastrick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geograph:: Rastrick - Calderdale District - West Yorkshire - Part 1\". www.geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/article/Rastrick---West-Yorkshire---Part-1","url_text":"\"Geograph:: Rastrick - Calderdale District - West Yorkshire - Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"History > St. John the Divine, Rastrick\". www.stjohnsrastrick.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stjohnsrastrick.org.uk/history","url_text":"\"History > St. John the Divine, Rastrick\""}]},{"reference":"Newton, Grace (11 October 2021). \"Historic Yorkshire school that served as a British Restaurant during World War Two to be closed and sold off for the first time since Queen Victoria's reign\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/historic-school-that-served-as-british-restaurant-during-ww2-to-be-sold-off-3414547","url_text":"\"Historic Yorkshire school that served as a British Restaurant during World War Two to be closed and sold off for the first time since Queen Victoria's reign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to our church\". Upper Edge Baptist Church. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uebc.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to our church\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto_Auto_Works
Kanto Auto Works
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese car manufacturer See also: List of Toyota manufacturing facilities § Japan Kanto Auto Works Co., Ltd.Native name関東自動車工業株式会社 (Kantō jidōsha kōgyō kabushiki gaisha)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryAutomotiveFoundedApril 25, 1946 (1946-04-25) DefunctJuly 1, 2012 (2012-07-01)SuccessorToyota Motor East JapanHeadquarters237-8585, Taura minato-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanRevenue ¥504,127 million (March 2011)Net income ¥−1,965 million (March 2011)ParentToyotaWebsitewww.kanto-aw.co.jp/en Kanto Auto Works (Japanese: 関東自動車工業, Hepburn: Kantō jidōsha kōgyō) was a Japanese car manufacturer. It was a member of the Toyota Group. In July 2012, Kanto Auto Works and two other Toyota subsidiaries were merged to form Toyota Motor East Japan. History In April 1946, Kanto Auto Works was established in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, as an independent company called Kanto Electric Motor Works which focused on repairing cars, assembling electric vehicles and producing bus bodies. In early 1948, it became a Toyota contractor, producing auto bodies. During its early years, the company also assembled some cars for Toyota (Toyota SB, Toyota Master, Toyota Crown). The company also diversified into other products such as yachts and prefabricated homes. In 1950, it adopted the Kanto Auto Works name. In 1960, the company became a permanent car assembler through a new Yokosuka plant. Later, the company replaced Yokosuka for car assembly with the Higashi-Fuji (established in 1968) and Iwate (established in 1993) plants. Kanto Auto Works was a public company until the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Toyota announced it would make it a wholly owned subsidiary. On July 1, 2012, Kanto Auto Works and two other Toyota subsidiaries (Central Motors and Toyota Motors Tohoku) were combined into a single company called Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. Facilities Former Kanto Auto Works headquarters, pictured in 2010 Head Office, Kanagawa, Yokosuka Higashi Fuji Research and Development Center, Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture Higashi Fuji Manufacturing Plant, 1200 Onyado Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture Iwate Manufacturing Plant, Kanegasaki, Iwate Prefecture Fujiko Manufacturing Plant, Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture Japan portalCompanies portal References ^ "History of KANTO AUTO WORKS". Kanto Auto Works. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ "Company Profile". Kanto Auto Works. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011. ^ a b c Jacobs, A.J. (2015). The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects. Lexington Books. pp. 105–106, 108, 115. ISBN 9780739188262. ^ a b "History of Kanto Auto Works". Toyota Motor East Japan. Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Wimmer, Engelbert (2011). Motoring the Future: VW and Toyota Vying for Pole Position. Springer. p. 167. ISBN 9780230307810. ^ Brooks, Glenn (24 August 2012). "Aisin Seiki motors for new Toyota Porte & Spade". Just-auto.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015. 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FX-1 FXV FXV-II FXS GTV HC-CV Hybrid X i-foot i-real i-swing i-unit IMV 0 / Rangga / Tamaraw Marinetta Marinetta 10 Motor Triathlon Race Car MP-1 NLSV PM Pod Prius c Concept Prius Custom Plus Concept Project Go Publica Sports RiN RSC RV-1 RV-2 RV-5 Sportivo Coupe Sports 800 Gas Turbine Hybrid Sports X Street Affair SV-1 SV-2 SV-3 TAC3 Ultra-Compact BEV VM180 Zagato Winglet X X-Runner By year 1935–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 MotorsportsCurrent Toyota Gazoo Racing Toyota Racing Development TOM'S Toyota Racing Series Toyota Finance 86 Championship Toyota Team Europe Defunct Formula Toyota Toyota Team Australia Toyota in Formula One Other Toyota Group List vehicles engines transmissions manufacturing facilities model codes Dealerships (Japan) Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyota bZ series Toyota New Global Architecture G-Book telematics Entune Telematics TTC Toyota flowers Lunar Cruiser 1A brand of GAC Toyota 2A brand of FAW Toyota 3Defunct companies merged into Toyota Motor East Japan Category Commons vteToyota's subcontracting subsidiaries for vehicle assembly in JapanCurrent Toyota Auto Body Gifu Auto Body Toyota Motor East Japan Toyota Motor Kyushu Former Araco1 Central Motors2 Kanto Auto Works2 Related Daihatsu Hino Motors Toyota Industries 1Merged into Toyota Auto Body 2Merged into Toyota Motor East Japan Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan This article about an industrial corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Toyota manufacturing facilities § Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toyota_manufacturing_facilities#Japan"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"car manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"Toyota Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Group"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motor East Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_East_Japan"}],"text":"See also: List of Toyota manufacturing facilities § JapanKanto Auto Works (Japanese: 関東自動車工業, Hepburn: Kantō jidōsha kōgyō) was a Japanese car manufacturer. It was a member of the Toyota Group. In July 2012, Kanto Auto Works and two other Toyota subsidiaries were merged to form Toyota Motor East Japan.","title":"Kanto Auto Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Toyota SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_SB"},{"link_name":"Toyota Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Master"},{"link_name":"Toyota Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Crown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOOK2-3"},{"link_name":"yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"prefabricated homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated_home"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOOK2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-4"},{"link_name":"public company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company"},{"link_name":"2011 Tohoku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tohoku_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Central Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Motors"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motors Tohoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motors_Tohoku"},{"link_name":"Toyota Motor East Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motor_East_Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOOK2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-6"}],"text":"In April 1946, Kanto Auto Works was established in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, as an independent company called Kanto Electric Motor Works which focused on repairing cars, assembling electric vehicles and producing bus bodies. In early 1948, it became a Toyota contractor, producing auto bodies. During its early years, the company also assembled some cars for Toyota (Toyota SB, Toyota Master, Toyota Crown).[3] The company also diversified into other products such as yachts and prefabricated homes.[4] In 1950, it adopted the Kanto Auto Works name. In 1960, the company became a permanent car assembler through a new Yokosuka plant.[3] Later, the company replaced Yokosuka for car assembly with the Higashi-Fuji (established in 1968) and Iwate (established in 1993) plants.[4]Kanto Auto Works was a public company until the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Toyota announced it would make it a wholly owned subsidiary.[5] On July 1, 2012, Kanto Auto Works and two other Toyota subsidiaries (Central Motors and Toyota Motors Tohoku) were combined into a single company called Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc.[3][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanto_Auto_Works,_Ltd_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Susono, Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susono,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Kanegasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanegasaki,_Iwate"},{"link_name":"Iwate Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"link_name":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"}],"text":"Former Kanto Auto Works headquarters, pictured in 2010Head Office, Kanagawa, Yokosuka\nHigashi Fuji Research and Development Center, Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture\nHigashi Fuji Manufacturing Plant, 1200 Onyado Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture\nIwate Manufacturing Plant, Kanegasaki, Iwate Prefecture\nFujiko Manufacturing Plant, Susono, Shizuoka PrefectureJapan portalCompanies portal","title":"Facilities"}]
[{"image_text":"Former Kanto Auto Works headquarters, pictured in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kanto_Auto_Works%2C_Ltd_1.JPG/220px-Kanto_Auto_Works%2C_Ltd_1.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"History of KANTO AUTO WORKS\". Kanto Auto Works. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727164024/http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/","url_text":"\"History of KANTO AUTO WORKS\""},{"url":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Profile\". Kanto Auto Works. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810182548/http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/corporate/profile/","url_text":"\"Company Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/corporate/profile/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, A.J. (2015). The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects. Lexington Books. pp. 105–106, 108, 115. ISBN 9780739188262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hTrCgAAQBAJ&q=Kanto+Auto+Works+history&pg=PA115","url_text":"The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739188262","url_text":"9780739188262"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Kanto Auto Works\". Toyota Motor East Japan. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toyota-ej.co.jp/english/company/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Kanto Auto Works\""}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Engelbert (2011). Motoring the Future: VW and Toyota Vying for Pole Position. Springer. p. 167. ISBN 9780230307810.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7KP6NMfBcSwC&q=KantoAuto+Works&pg=PT199","url_text":"Motoring the Future: VW and Toyota Vying for Pole Position"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230307810","url_text":"9780230307810"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Glenn (24 August 2012). \"Aisin Seiki motors for new Toyota Porte & Spade\". Just-auto.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150227162343/http://www.just-auto.com/news/aisin-seiki-motors-for-new-toyota-porte-spade_id126224.aspx","url_text":"\"Aisin Seiki motors for new Toyota Porte & Spade\""},{"url":"http://www.just-auto.com/news/aisin-seiki-motors-for-new-toyota-porte-spade_id126224.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en","external_links_name":"www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727164024/http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/","external_links_name":"\"History of KANTO AUTO WORKS\""},{"Link":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810182548/http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/corporate/profile/","external_links_name":"\"Company Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en/corporate/profile/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hTrCgAAQBAJ&q=Kanto+Auto+Works+history&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects"},{"Link":"http://www.toyota-ej.co.jp/english/company/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Kanto Auto Works\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7KP6NMfBcSwC&q=KantoAuto+Works&pg=PT199","external_links_name":"Motoring the Future: VW and Toyota Vying for Pole Position"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150227162343/http://www.just-auto.com/news/aisin-seiki-motors-for-new-toyota-porte-spade_id126224.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Aisin Seiki motors for new Toyota Porte & Spade\""},{"Link":"http://www.just-auto.com/news/aisin-seiki-motors-for-new-toyota-porte-spade_id126224.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kanto-aw.co.jp/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/258704791","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00286457","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanto_Auto_Works&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanto_Auto_Works&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Court_railway_station
Temple Court railway station
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 31°45′50″S 150°49′35″E / 31.7638°S 150.8265°E / -31.7638; 150.8265 (Temple Court railway station (closed))Former railway station in New South Wales, Australia Temple CourtGeneral informationLocationMurrurundi, New South WalesAustraliaCoordinates31°45′50″S 150°49′35″E / 31.7638°S 150.8265°E / -31.7638; 150.8265 (Temple Court railway station (closed))Operated byPublic Transport CommissionLine(s)Main NorthDistance353.611 kilometres from CentralPlatforms1Tracks1ConstructionStructure typeGroundOther informationStatusDemolishedHistoryOpenedApril 1878Closed20 February 1975Services Preceding station Former Services Following station Ardglentowards Wallangarra Main North Line Murrurunditowards Sydney Temple Court is the site of a closed railway station platform on the Main North railway line on the outskirts of the Hunter Region town of Murrurundi in New South Wales, Australia. The station was opened in late April 1878 and closed in 1975. No trace of it remains. A kerosene shale deposit had been located in early 1862, but the difficult terrain of the Liverpool Ranges provided transport problems. In 1871 a shale mine was started north of the area at Mount Temi. However, it was only from 1905 that significant progress was made to develop the deposit. A loop siding, north of Temple Court, was constructed in 1910, as was a short rail line from Temple Court to the site of the shale oil retorts that were operated by the British Australian Oil Company from late 1911 to early 1915. While the retorts operated, the line carried crude shale oil destined for the company's refinery at Hamilton. It was lifted in 1931. A part of the branch railway's formation, between the existing Main North railway and Pages River, is still discernible, as a curved embankment. Another part of the old railway route is Elizabeth Street in Murrurundi. References ^ "Advertising". The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. NSW. 27 April 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 27 September 2015 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Bozier, Rolfe. "Temple Court Platform". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 15 September 2014. ^ Pells, P. J. N; Hammon, Philip J (2009), The burning mists of time : a technological and social history of mining in Katoomba, WriteLight, pp. 45–47, ISBN 978-0-9775639-6-8 ^ a b Eardley, Gifford H. (Gifford Henry); Stephens, Eric M. (2015), The shale railways of New South Wales, Redfern, NSW Australian Railway Historical Society New South Wales Division, pp. 211–222, ISBN 978-0-9807721-8-0 ^ "ARHS NSW Railway Luncheon Club. Notes for the tour to Murrurundi" (PDF). Australian Railway Historical Society. November 2015. pp. 37–39. ^ "Satellite View - near former Temple Court railway station". Google Maps. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "The Shale Mine - THE ERECTION OF RAILWAY LINE". Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette. 6 December 1907. p. 2. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main North railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_North_railway_line,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Hunter Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Region"},{"link_name":"Murrurundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrurundi,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kerosene shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_shale"},{"link_name":"British Australian Oil Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Australian_Oil_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-5"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Pages River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pages_River"},{"link_name":"embankment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-7"}],"text":"Former railway station in New South Wales, AustraliaTemple Court is the site of a closed railway station platform on the Main North railway line on the outskirts of the Hunter Region town of Murrurundi in New South Wales, Australia. The station was opened in late April 1878[1] and closed in 1975. No trace of it remains.[2]A kerosene shale deposit had been located in early 1862, but the difficult terrain of the Liverpool Ranges provided transport problems. In 1871 a shale mine was started north of the area at Mount Temi. However, it was only from 1905 that significant progress was made to develop the deposit. A loop siding, north of Temple Court, was constructed in 1910, as was a short rail line from Temple Court to the site of the shale oil retorts that were operated by the British Australian Oil Company from late 1911 to early 1915.[3][4][5] While the retorts operated, the line carried crude shale oil destined for the company's refinery at Hamilton. It was lifted in 1931.[4] A part of the branch railway's formation, between the existing Main North railway and Pages River, is still discernible, as a curved embankment.[6] Another part of the old railway route is Elizabeth Street in Murrurundi.[7]","title":"Temple Court railway station"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Advertising\". The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. NSW. 27 April 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 27 September 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18832935","url_text":"\"Advertising\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maitland_Mercury_and_Hunter_River_General_Advertiser","url_text":"The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Bozier, Rolfe. \"Temple Court Platform\". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 15 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Temple+Court&line=NSW:main_north:0%20Temple%20Court%20station","url_text":"\"Temple Court Platform\""}]},{"reference":"Pells, P. J. N; Hammon, Philip J (2009), The burning mists of time : a technological and social history of mining in Katoomba, WriteLight, pp. 45–47, ISBN 978-0-9775639-6-8","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34156005","url_text":"The burning mists of time : a technological and social history of mining in Katoomba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9775639-6-8","url_text":"978-0-9775639-6-8"}]},{"reference":"Eardley, Gifford H. (Gifford Henry); Stephens, Eric M. (2015), The shale railways of New South Wales, Redfern, NSW Australian Railway Historical Society New South Wales Division, pp. 211–222, ISBN 978-0-9807721-8-0","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21357633","url_text":"The shale railways of New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9807721-8-0","url_text":"978-0-9807721-8-0"}]},{"reference":"\"ARHS NSW Railway Luncheon Club. Notes for the tour to Murrurundi\" (PDF). Australian Railway Historical Society. November 2015. pp. 37–39.","urls":[{"url":"https://arhsnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1511MurrurundiTourNotes.pdf","url_text":"\"ARHS NSW Railway Luncheon Club. Notes for the tour to Murrurundi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Satellite View - near former Temple Court railway station\". Google Maps. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/@-31.7615927,150.8236654,502m/data=!3m1!1e3","url_text":"\"Satellite View - near former Temple Court railway station\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Shale Mine - THE ERECTION OF RAILWAY LINE\". Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette. 6 December 1907. p. 2. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article111274952","url_text":"\"The Shale Mine - THE ERECTION OF RAILWAY LINE\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Adams_(politician)
Stephen Adams (politician)
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Last years","4 References","5 Sources"]
American politician Stephen AdamsUnited States Senatorfrom MississippiIn officeMarch 17, 1852 – March 3, 1857Preceded byJohn J. McRaeSucceeded byJefferson DavisMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Mississippi's at-large districtIn officeMarch 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847Preceded byWilliam H. HammettSucceeded byno at-large seatMember of the Mississippi House of RepresentativesIn office1850 Personal detailsBorn(1807-10-17)October 17, 1807Pendleton, South Carolina, United StatesDiedMay 11, 1857(1857-05-11) (aged 49)Memphis, Tennessee, United StatesPolitical partyDemocratic Stephen Adams (October 17, 1807 – May 11, 1857) was a United States Representative (1845 to 1847) and Senator (1852 to 1857) from Mississippi. Early years Adams was born to David Adams, a Baptist clergyman, in Pendleton, South Carolina; he moved with his parents to Franklin County, Tennessee in 1812. He attended the public schools, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1829, practiced in Franklin County. He was an slaveowner. Career He was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1833 to 1834, when he removed to Aberdeen, Mississippi and commenced the practice of law. He was circuit court judge from 1837 to 1846, and was elected as a Democratic representative to the Twenty-ninth Congress, serving from March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1847. He again became a judge of the circuit court in 1848, was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1850, and was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1851. Adams was elected to the U.S. Senate on February 19, 1852, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jefferson Davis and served from March 17, 1852 to March 3, 1857; while in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Retrenchment (Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses). Last years At the close of his term he removed to Memphis, Tennessee and resumed the practice of law until he died there of smallpox on May 11, 1857 and was interred in Elmwood Cemetery. References ^ a b c d e f g Johnson 1906, p. 55 ^ "Congress slaveowners", The Washington Post, January 13, 2022, retrieved January 14, 2022 ^ "Monroe County - Stephen Adams". co-directors. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2020. ^ The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for the Year 1858 Sources Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1906). "Adams, Stephen". The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 55. Retrieved October 28, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. United States Congress. "Stephen Adams (id: A000048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam H. Hammett Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Mississippi's at-large congressional district 1845 – 1847 Succeeded byno at-large seat U.S. Senate Preceded byJohn J. McRae U.S. senator (Class 1) from Mississippi March 17, 1852 – March 3, 1857 Served alongside: Walker Brooke and Albert G. Brown Succeeded byJefferson Davis vteUnited States senators from MississippiClass 1 Leake Holmes Ellis Reed Ellis Black Trotter T. Hickman Williams Henderson Speight Davis McRae S. Adams Davis Ames Pease Bruce George Money J. Williams Stephens Bilbo Stennis Lott Wicker Class 2 T. Hill Williams Reed R. Adams Poindexter Walker Chalmers Foote Brooke Brown Revels Alcorn Lamar Walthall McLaurin Walthall Sullivan McLaurin Gordon Percy Vardaman Harrison Eastland Doxey Eastland Cochran Hyde-Smith Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"}],"text":"Stephen Adams (October 17, 1807 – May 11, 1857) was a United States Representative (1845 to 1847) and Senator (1852 to 1857) from Mississippi.","title":"Stephen Adams (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Pendleton, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Adams was born to David Adams, a Baptist clergyman, in Pendleton, South Carolina; he moved with his parents to Franklin County, Tennessee in 1812.[1] He attended the public schools, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1829, practiced in Franklin County.[1] He was an slaveowner.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennessee Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Senate"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"circuit court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Twenty-ninth Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"State constitutional convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"Thirty-third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-third_Congress"},{"link_name":"Thirty-fourth Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Congress"}],"text":"He was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1833 to 1834, when he removed to Aberdeen, Mississippi[1] and commenced the practice of law. He was circuit court judge from 1837 to 1846, and was elected as a Democratic representative to the Twenty-ninth Congress,[1] serving from March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1847. He again became a judge of the circuit court in 1848, was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1850, and was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1851.[1]Adams was elected to the U.S. Senate on February 19, 1852, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jefferson Davis[1] and served from March 17, 1852 to March 3, 1857; while in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Retrenchment (Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDA1906-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Elmwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)"}],"text":"At the close of his term he removed to Memphis, Tennessee and resumed the practice of law[1] until he died there of smallpox[3] on May 11, 1857[4] and was interred in Elmwood Cemetery.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson, Rossiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiter_Johnson"},{"link_name":"\"Adams, Stephen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Adams,_Stephen"},{"link_name":"The Biographical Dictionary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Stephen Adams (id: A000048)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000048"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"United States senators from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Leake"},{"link_name":"Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holmes_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Buck_Reed"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Black_(U.S._senator)"},{"link_name":"Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Trotter"},{"link_name":"T. Hickman Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hickman_Williams"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henderson_(Mississippi_politician)"},{"link_name":"Speight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Speight"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McRae"},{"link_name":"S. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert_Ames"},{"link_name":"Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R._Pease"},{"link_name":"Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Bruce"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Z._George"},{"link_name":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Money"},{"link_name":"J. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams"},{"link_name":"Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_D._Stephens"},{"link_name":"Bilbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo"},{"link_name":"Stennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Stennis"},{"link_name":"Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott"},{"link_name":"Wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wicker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg"},{"link_name":"T. Hill Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Williams"},{"link_name":"Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Buck_Reed"},{"link_name":"R. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Adams"},{"link_name":"Poindexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Poindexter"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Walker"},{"link_name":"Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Foote"},{"link_name":"Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Brooke"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G._Brown"},{"link_name":"Revels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels"},{"link_name":"Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Alcorn"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Walthall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall"},{"link_name":"McLaurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin"},{"link_name":"Walthall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Walthall"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_V._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"McLaurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_J._McLaurin"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(Mississippi_politician)"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_Percy"},{"link_name":"Vardaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Vardaman"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eastland"},{"link_name":"Doxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Doxey"},{"link_name":"Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eastland"},{"link_name":"Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Hyde-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545567#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1568053/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000041689431"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/58740215"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4mWbDH6jk7mhJTY7T73"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001096783"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000048"}],"text":"Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1906). \"Adams, Stephen\". The Biographical Dictionary of America. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 55. Retrieved October 28, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.United States Congress. \"Stephen Adams (id: A000048)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.vteUnited States senators from MississippiClass 1\nLeake\nHolmes\nEllis\nReed\nEllis\nBlack\nTrotter\nT. Hickman Williams\nHenderson\nSpeight\nDavis\nMcRae\nS. Adams\nDavis\nAmes\nPease\nBruce\nGeorge\nMoney\nJ. Williams\nStephens\nBilbo\nStennis\nLott\nWicker\nClass 2\nT. Hill Williams\nReed\nR. Adams\nPoindexter\nWalker\nChalmers\nFoote\nBrooke\nBrown\nRevels\nAlcorn\nLamar\nWalthall\nMcLaurin\nWalthall\nSullivan\nMcLaurin\nGordon\nPercy\nVardaman\nHarrison\nEastland\nDoxey\nEastland\nCochran\nHyde-SmithAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alla
Mualla
["1 History","2 Population","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 12°47′22.85″N 45°0′23.21″E / 12.7896806°N 45.0064472°E / 12.7896806; 45.0064472 District in Aden, YemenAl-Mu'alla District مُدِيْرِيَّة ٱلْمُعَلَّا Al-Ma'alla DistrictDistrictMualla and Jazirat Al-'UmalAl-Mu'alla DistrictLocation in YemenShow map of YemenAl-Mu'alla DistrictAl-Mu'alla District (Middle East)Show map of Middle EastAl-Mu'alla DistrictAl-Mu'alla District (Asia)Show map of AsiaCoordinates: 12°47′22.85″N 45°0′23.21″E / 12.7896806°N 45.0064472°E / 12.7896806; 45.0064472Country YemenGovernorateAdenPopulation (2003) • Total49,891Time zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time) Al-Muʿallā (Arabic: ٱلْمُعَلَّا) or Al-Maʿallā (ٱلْمَعَلَّا) is a district in Aden Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 49,891 inhabitants. History Mualla's earlier history was notable for its association with dhow building. Later in the nineteenth century Mualla grew to be a port for sailing ships and small steam vessels and number of stores of goods were built along the sidewalks. In the early 1950s the face of the city changed completely by colonial Britain. A large sea area was reclaimed and longest street was built along with modern buildings to absorb the families of British troops. Population Its population in 2004 is about 69,842. References ^ a b "Districts of Yemen". Statoids. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010. External links vte Aden GovernorateCapital: AdenDistricts Al Buraiqeh District Al Mansura District Al Mualla District Ash Shaikh Outhman District Attawahi District Crater District Dar Sad District Khormaksar District This article about a location in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_and_Shiver
Burn and Shiver
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
2002 studio album by Azure RayBurn and ShiverStudio album by Azure RayReleasedApril 9, 2002RecordedNovember 2001Athens, GeorgiaGenreIndie rockLength42:13LabelWARMProducerEric BachmannAzure Ray chronology Azure Ray(2001) Burn and Shiver(2002) Hold on Love(2003) Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic(70/100) Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Pitchfork(6.8/10) Burn and Shiver is the third release by Azure Ray (and second full-length album), released by WARM in 2002. Track listing All tracks by Azure Ray "Favorite Cities" – 3:44 "The New Year" – 3:44 "Seven Days" – 3:35 "Home" – 3:13 "How You Remember" – 4:14 "Trees Keep Growing" – 3:16 "A Thousand Years" – 2:39 "Your Weak Hands" – 4:57 "While I'm Still Young" – 3:14 "We Exchanged Words" – 2:45 "Raining in Athens" – 4:10 "Rest Your Eyes" – 2:39 Personnel Eric Bachmann – Arranger, Multi Instruments, Producer, Mixing, Audio Enhancement David Barbe – Mixing Chris Bilheimer – Art Direction Brian Causey – Art Direction Jacqueline Ferguson – Piano Orenda Fink – Guitar, Trumpet, Keyboards, Vocals, Melodica John Golden – Mastering Lou Kregel – Illustrations Alex McManus – Trombone, Euphonium Maria Taylor – Guitar, Piano, Keyboards, Vocals References ^ "Burn and Shiver". Metacritic. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ Anderson, Jason. "Burn and Shiver - Azure Ray". Allmusic. Retrieved 31 December 2011. ^ Adickes, Kevin (28 May 2002). "Azure Ray: Burn and Shiver". Pitchfork. Retrieved 31 December 2011. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Burn and Shiver\". Metacritic. Retrieved 31 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/burn-and-shiver","url_text":"\"Burn and Shiver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jason. \"Burn and Shiver - Azure Ray\". Allmusic. Retrieved 31 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/r582507","url_text":"\"Burn and Shiver - Azure Ray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Adickes, Kevin (28 May 2002). \"Azure Ray: Burn and Shiver\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 31 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/399-burn-and-shiver/","url_text":"\"Azure Ray: Burn and Shiver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroden_Main_Line
Hiroden Main Line
["1 Stations","2 References","3 See also"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (April 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|広島電鉄本線}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.Tram line in Hiroshima, Japan The Main Line (本線, Honsen) is a streetcar line of Hiroshima Electric Railway (Hiroden) in Hiroshima, Japan. The line has been operated since 1912. The total distance of the line is 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi). Routes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 operate on the line. The line has 20 stations, numbered M1 through M19 (two stations at Kamiyachō are both numbered M9). Stations No. Station Routes Connections M1 Hiroshima Station JR lines at JR Hiroshima Station█ JR Sanyo Shinkansen█ JR Sanyo Main Line█ JR Kure Line█ JR Kabe Line█ JR Geibi Line M2 Enkobashi-cho M3/H3 Matoba-cho █ Hiroden Hijiyama Line M4 Inari-machi M5 Kanayama-cho M6 Ebisu-cho M7/W1 Hatchobori █ Hiroden Hakushima Line M8 Tate-machi M9 Kamiya-cho-higashi █ Hiroden Ujina Line█ Astram Line (at Kencho-mae or Hondori Station)★ (Hiroshima Bus Center) M9 Kamiya-cho-nishi M10 Genbaku Dome-mae(Atomic Bomb Dome) ★ (Hiroshima Peace Memorial)★ (Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park)★ (Sightseeing boats) M11 Honkawa-cho M12/Y1 Tokaichi-machi █ Hiroden Yokogawa Line M13 Dobashi █ Hiroden Eba Line M14 Koami-cho M15 Tenma-cho M16 Kanon-machi M17 Nishi-kanon-machi M18 Fukushima-cho M19 Hiroden-nishi-hiroshima █ Hiroden Miyajima Line█ JR Sanyo Main Line (at JR Nishi-Hiroshima Station) References ^ Shoji, Kenichi; Killeen, Bruce J. (2001-01-01). "Diversification Strategy of the 'Minor' Private Railway Companies in Japan". Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydney. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) See also vteHiroden Streetcar Lines and RoutesLines Main Ujina Eba Hakushima Hijiyama (Minami) Yokogawa Miyajima Routes #1 Hiroshima Station–Hiroshima Port #2 Hiroshima Station–Hiroden-miyajima-guchi #3 Hiroden-nishi-hiroshima–Hiroshima Port #5 Hiroshima Station–(via Hijiyama-shita)–Hiroshima Port #6 Hiroshima Station–Eba #7 Yokogawa Station–Hiroden-honsha-mae #8 Yokogawa Station–Eba #9 Hatchōbori–Hakushima This article about a Japanese railway line–related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This tram-, streetcar-, or light rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnuts_park
Chestnuts Park
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°34′57″N 0°05′24″W / 51.58250°N 0.09000°W / 51.58250; -0.09000Not to be confused with Chestnut Park, Trenton, New Jersey. Exterior of community centre located in the park. Chestnuts Park is a park between the West Green, St. Ann's and Harringay neighbourhoods in the London Borough of Haringey. It is 5 hectares (12 acres) in size and is located on St. Ann's Road and Black Boy Lane (now La Rose Lane),close to St. Ann's Hospital. It contains a café, community centre and tennis courts. The park is protected in perpetuity as a site for public recreation with Fields in Trust, as part of the Queen Elizabeth II Fields Challenge scheme, and it received the Green Flag Award in May 2008. References ^ a b "Chestnuts Park". Retrieved 1 April 2016. ^ "Chestnuts Park, St Anns Road, Haringey". Fields in Trust. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II Fields Challenge". The Royal Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017. 51°34′57″N 0°05′24″W / 51.58250°N 0.09000°W / 51.58250; -0.09000 This London location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Copa_do_Brasil
1994 Copa do Brasil
["1 Format","2 Participating teams","3 Competition stages","4 References"]
Football tournament season 1994 Copa do BrasilCopa do Brasil 1994Tournament detailsCountry BrazilDatesFebruary 18 - August 10Teams32Final positionsChampionsGrêmio (RS)Runner-upCeará (CE)Tournament statisticsMatches played62Goals scored149 (2.4 per match)Top goal scorer(s)Paulinho McLaren (6)← 19931995 → The Copa do Brasil 1994 was the 6th staging of the Copa do Brasil. The competition started on February 18, 1994, and concluded on August 10, 1994, with the second leg of the final, held at the Estádio Olímpico Monumental in Porto Alegre, in which Grêmio lifted the trophy for the second time with a 1-0 victory over Ceará. Paulinho McLaren, of Internacional, with 6 goals, was the competition's topscorer. Format The competition was disputed by 32 clubs in a knock-out format where all rounds were played in two legs and the away goals rule was used. Participating teams 4 de Julho (PI) ABC (RN) América (MG) Ariquemes (RO) Atlético (MG) Bahia (BA) Campinense (PB) Ceará (CE)   Comercial (MS) Corinthians (SP) CRB (AL) Criciúma (SC) Fluminense (RJ) Grêmio (RS) Independência (AC) Internacional (RS)   Kaburé (TO) Linhares (ES) Maranhão (MA) Nacional (AM) Palmeiras (SP) Paraná (PR) Paysandu (PA) Remo (PA)   Santa Cruz (PE) São José (AP) Sergipe (SE) Sorriso (MT) Taguatinga (DF) Vasco (RJ) Vila Nova (GO) Vitória (BA) Competition stages 1st Round 2nd Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals                1 Vitória (BA) 4 1 32 Sorriso (MT) 0 1 Vitória (BA) 2 3 Ariquemes (RO) 0 0 17 Ariquemes (RO) 0 2 16 Independência (AC) 1 0 Vitória (BA) 0 0 Grêmio (RS) 1 1 9 CRB (AL) 0 1 24 Corinthians (SP) 1 3 Corinthians (SP) 0 2 Grêmio (RS) 2 2 25 Criciúma (SC) 2 1 8 Grêmio (RS) 2 2 Grêmio (RS) 0 2 Vasco (RJ) 0 1 5 Atlético (MG) 4 2 28 Vila Nova (GO) 3 0 Remo (PA) 2 0 Atlético (MG) 1 2 21 Remo (PA) 1 3 12 Maranhão (MA) 1 0 Vasco (RJ) 3 4 Atlético (MG) 1 3 13 Sergipe (SE) 1 1 (pen: 2) 20 Santa Cruz (PE) 1 1 (pen: 4) Santa Cruz (PE) 1 1 Vasco (RJ) 0 3 29 ABC (RN) 0 1 4 Vasco (RJ) 2 1 Grêmio (RS) 0 1 Ceará (CE) 0 0 3 Fluminense (RJ) 2 1 30 Linhares (ES) 2 1 Linhares (ES) 0 3 São José (AP) 0 2 19 Nacional (AM) 1 1 14 São José (AP) 2 2 Linhares (ES) 1 1 Comercial (MS) 0 1 11 Paysandu (PA) 0 0 (pen: 5) 22 Comercial (MS) 0 0 (pen: 6) Comercial (MS) 2 2 Kaburé (TO) 0 0 27 Kaburé (TO) 2 0 6 América (MG) 0 1 Linhares (ES) 0 0 Ceará (CE) 1 0 7 Internacional (RS) 1 1 26 Paraná (PR) 1 0 Internacional (RS) 1 4 Bahia (BA) 0 5 23 Taguatinga (DF) 0 1 10 Bahia (BA) 2 2 Ceará (CE) 1 1 Internacional (RS) 0 2 15 Ceará (CE) 2 1 18 Campinense (PB) 0 2 Ceará (CE) 0 1 Palmeiras (SP) 0 1 31 4 de Julho (PI) 1 2 2 Palmeiras (SP) 3 5 Copa do Brasil1994 Winners GrêmioSecond Title References Copa do Brasil 1994 at RSSSF vteCopa do BrasilSeasons 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Finals 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Winning teams Winning managers Top scorers CBF ranking
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haytham_Kenway
Haytham Kenway
["1 Creation and conception","2 Fictional character biography","3 Other appearances","4 Reception","5 Analysis","6 References"]
Fictional character in Assassin's Creed franchiseAn editor has nominated this article for deletion.You are welcome to participate in the deletion discussion, which will decide whether or not to retain it.Feel free to improve the article, but do not remove this notice before the discussion is closed. For more information, see the guide to deletion.Find sources: "Haytham Kenway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR%5B%5BWikipedia%3AArticles+for+deletion%2FHaytham+Kenway%5D%5DAFD The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Haytham Kenway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character Haytham E. KenwayAssassin's Creed characterFirst gameAssassin's Creed III (2012)Created byUbisoft MontrealPortrayed byAdrian HoughIn-universe informationOriginLondon, England, Kingdom of Great BritainNationalityBritish Haytham E. Kenway is a character in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed video game franchise. He is introduced as the false protagonist of Assassin's Creed III (2012), in which players control him for the game's initial chapters, before being revealed as the true antagonist. Haytham also serves as a supporting character in Assassin's Creed Rogue (2014), which takes place between his playable chapters in Assassin's Creed III and the latter part of the game, and his backstory is further explored in the novel Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. In the games, he is portrayed by actor Adrian Hough through performance capture. Within the series' alternate historical setting, Haytham was born in 1725 as the son of Edward Kenway, one of the leading members of the British Brotherhood of Assassins and the protagonist of the prequel game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (2013). Following his father's murder in 1735, he is manipulated into joining the Templar Order, the Assassins' arch-enemies, and eventually becomes one of the Order's leading members as the Grand Master of the North American colonial rite. Under Haytham's leadership, the Templars exterminate most of the Colonial Assassins, becoming the dominant force on the continent, and later attempt to build a new nation under their rule by influencing the American Revolution. During this time, Haytham sires a son, Ratonhnaké:ton / Connor, with a Native American woman, who in turn joins the Assassins and undoes most of his father's work. Though Haytham and Connor briefly become allies and consider unifying their orders, they both ultimately realise that peace between the Assassins and Templars is impossible, and their conflict culminates with Haytham's death at Connor's hands in 1781. Prior to Assassin's Creed III's release, Haytham was not advertised as a playable character in order to surprise players. The twist that players were actually controlling a Templar during the first third of the game was praised for its cleverness and for being the first time in the series that players got to experience the Templars' point of view in the storyline, although some criticized the inclusion of Haytham's sequences for hurting the game's pacing. Unlike his son Connor, who had a divisive reception, Haytham was well-received for his charm and complexity, and is considered one of the best villains in the franchise. Creation and conception Haytham's inclusion as a playable character was kept secret from the press and was only known to the development team, with all advertisement solely focusing on Connor. Looking back on the game in 2019, Alex Hutchinson, the Creative Director of Assassin's Creed III, named the decision to make Haytham the surprise protagonist of the first third of the game as an effective idea to draw players into the narrative. It also offers a fresh perspective on the conflict between Assassins and Templars, as Haytham is the first playable Templar in the series. However, he noted that his character arc was far too long because there was no time for extensive product testing, which led to some backlash from players. According to series writer Susan Patrick, in Assassin's Creed Rogue, the emphasis of his role was placed on him being a role model for Assassin-turned-Templar Shay Patrick Cormac, because they both had similar backgrounds, while one of the main objectives of the game was to show the missing chapters in Haytham's life. Adrian Hough, the actor who performed Haytham's voice and motion capture, noted that the writing was very good for the character, and acknowledged that the development team gave him artistic freedom to make the character his own, ultimately considering him a product of his performance as well as writing and animation. Darby McDevitt, the narrative director of the 2020 series installment Assassin's Creed Valhalla, found an opportunity to include a reference to Haytham in the game. Recalling that some fans had given feedback that Haytham sounded like an Arabic name, McDevitt suggested "Haytham or Hytham" for the name of a supporting character who brings the Hidden Ones back to England during the events of Valhalla, which serves as an in-universe basis for Edward Kenway's likely decision to name his son. Fictional character biography This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (August 2023) Born in 1725 in London to former pirate-turned-Assassin Edward Kenway and his second wife Tessa, Haytham belonged to the British nobility and was raised secluded from other children, being trained to be an Assassin from an early age. However, this changed in 1735, when Edward was killed by mercenaries who broke into their home to steal a journal containing Edward's research of the First Civilization. During the attack, Haytham was forced to kill for the first time to save his mother, but was unable to rescue his half-sister Jennifer, who was kidnapped by the mercenaries. Edward's acquaintance Reginald Birch, secretly a Templar and the one responsible for the attack, was appointed Haytham's legal guardian and took him on an unsuccessful quest throughout Europe to find Jennifer, during which Haytham was trained in the ways of the Templars, eventually joining the Order in 1744. In 1754, after retrieving the key to the Grand Temple, a First Civilization site, from the Assassins, Haytham was sent by Birch to the Thirteen Colonies to find and access the Temple, as well as establish a permanent presence for the Order in North America as the new Grand Master of the Colonial Rite. Recruiting Charles Lee, William Johnson, Thomas Hickey, Benjamin Church, and John Pitcairn, Haytham was successful in establishing a new base for the Templars after killing his former associate Edward Braddock. However, his mission to locate the Grand Temple proved unsuccessful. During this time, he had a brief relationship with a Native American woman, Kaniehtí꞉io, but was eventually forced to leave her to focus on his Templar affairs. Haytham returned to Europe in 1757 to resume his search for Jennifer, which eventually led him to the Ottoman Empire, where he recovered her from slavers. After she informed him that Birch was behind their family's demise, the siblings led an attack on his estate, during which Birch was killed and Haytham was gravely injured. While recovering, Haytham considered leaving the Templars due to Birch's actions, but ultimately concluded that the Order's goals were righteous, even if its methods were flawed. In 1758, Haytham returned to the colonies to extend the Templars' influence, and inducted former Assassin Shay Patrick Cormac into the Order. After being informed by Shay about several First Civilization sites that could lead to devastating earthquakes, he worked with him to prevent the Assassins from accessing them, wiping out most of the Colonial Assassin Brotherhood in the process. In 1760, a final confrontation in the Arctic saw the last of the Colonial Assassins eliminated, although Shay convinced Haytham to spare their leader, Achilles Davenport. After making the Templars the dominant force in North America, Haytham's main goal over the next two decades was to remove British colonial rule and establish a new state where Templar ideals would become law. However, his attempts to influence the American Revolution to this end were thwarted by Connor, his son with Kaniehtí꞉io, who had been trained as an Assassin by Achilles to take vengeance on the Templars, whom Connor blamed for his mother's death. Haytham was shocked to learn about Kaniehtí꞉io's death and the existence of his son, which had been hidden from him by his fellow Templars, and became torn between his loyalty to the Order and his newfound sense of paternal responsibility. When Connor was later framed by the Templars for a plot to assassinate George Washington, Haytham, not wanting to have his son's death on his conscience, secretly saved him from his execution. In 1778, Haytham and Connor formally met and formed an uneasy alliance to eliminate former Templar Benjamin Church and further the Revolution. Realizing his son could become an important asset if converted to his cause, Haytham took this opportunity to try and convince him about the Templars' goals and motives. However, their alliance fell through after Connor discovered that Washington was responsible for Kaniehtí꞉io's death—a fact Haytham had deliberately kept hidden from him—and angrily cut ties with his father. Eventually admitting that he would not be able to reconcile with his son and realizing the threat he posed, Haytham decided to personally deal with him. In 1781, correctly predicting that Connor would target Charles Lee, who was residing in Fort George, Haytham sent the latter away and stayed behind to confront his son, who ultimately killed him after a lengthy battle. Sometime after Haytham's death, Connor recovered his journal, in which the former revealed that he did not expect to survive his final confrontation with Connor and that he wanted his son to have his journal, so that he would better understand his point of view and maybe forgive him, implying that Haytham let Connor kill him. Other appearances Aside from Assassin's Creed III and Rogue, Haytham has made cameo appearances in several other games in the series. In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, which stars his father Edward, he appears as a young child in a post-credits scene, while the fictional video games subsidiary of Abstergo Industries considers him suited as a video game protagonist advocating the Templars' ideals, due to him being regarded as one of the greatest Templars in history. This idea has materialized in Assassin's Creed Unity, where the fictional video game The Lone Eagle, starring him, can be seen at the start. Alongside multiple other Templar characters from the series, Haytham appears in the 2014 online role-playing collectible card game Assassin's Creed Memories. Reception Haytham was well-received as a character and often contrasted with the divisiveness of his son, Connor. In a contemporary review of Assassin's Creed III for PC Gamer, Chris Thursten called Haytham a good villain but also observed that "the writers seem to like more than they do their ostensible lead ." However, a lot of contemporary reviewers refused to give a detailed account on Haytham, in order to not spoil the plot twist that he, a Templar, is the game's first protagonist. Alex Hutchinson, Creative Director of Assassin's Creed noted that the character faced some backlash as a surprise protagonist due to his arc being too long, but pointed out that he remains a fan favorite, making his way into other installments and selling a lot of action figures, whereas GamesRadar+ lauded this move as "bold" in a list of gaming's most satisfying character switches. IGN described Haytham among the best new video game characters of 2012, claiming that "no man is as cunning, conniving, and sassy as Haytham Kenway". In 2020, IGN Brasil ranked Haytham as the second best villain in the franchise. In a ranking of all Assassin's Creed characters by PC Gamer, Haytham was ranked much higher than Connor (who finished last) and also eclipsed his father Edward, with the reviewer comparing him favorably to James Bond, noting that "his ruthlessness make him a joy to play as", in contrast to Connor. Frank Martin of DualShockers described Haythem as one of the best villain in Assassin's Creed and said that its "a very peculiar character given how likable he is. "His story is such a unique one that it should definitely be explored more in the Assassin's Creed universe." He was also described as one of the greatest protagonist in the franchises by German outlet GamePro, who noted that his moral ambiguity and complexity made players reflect on the nature of the Templar Order for the first time in the series' history. Likewise, GameRevolution featured Haytham in a list of "video game villains who were actually right", especially in regards to his vision of an ideal state. Adrian Hough, the voice actor who portrayed Haytham, was nominated for a BAFTA Games Award in the "Performer" category at the 9th British Academy Games Awards ceremony for his portrayal. In an interview, the actor noted the positive fan response his character had received, especially in regards to cosplay. While discussing which characters should be included in a future Netflix series based on the video games, Matthew Aguilar of Comicbook.com opted for Haytham, noting his charm and backstory, calling him one of the most interesting villains in the series. Analysis Writing for Heavy, Paul Meekin observed that the Templar Order seeks control of governments, finances, and the day-to-day lives of individuals they view as "too dangerous to themselves to be trusted" because they believe that this is the best solution for humanity's supposedly self-destructive nature; he highlighted a quote by Haytham from Assassin's Creed III where the character posits that it is within humanity's nature to be told what to believe and how to believe it. Nick Dinicola from PopMatters noted that while the Templars can produce good leaders, in truth their true goal is to consolidate power for personal gain: Haytham himself is "sympathetic to the plights of those beneath him, but he’s among terrible company: two tyrants and a slave trader". With regards to his position and legacy within his Order, Dinicola drew attention to in-game Templar propaganda presented in Rogue which contends that Haytham was “slain by the ungrateful son who could not appreciate the wisdom of his pragmatic, race-blind approach to politics and personal life” as an example of how the Templars use their position of power to rewrite history and promote themselves in a more favorable light. References ^ a b Makuch, Eddie (19 March 2019). ""We just couldn't do everything in the time we had left": Assassin's Creed 3's Creative Director looks back on the makings of a franchise black sheep". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ^ Makuch, Eddie (20 August 2014). "Assassin's Creed Rogue's Hero Is "Brash and Arrogant," But Also Has a Conscience". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ^ Dyce, Adrew (13 August 2014). "'Assassin's Creed Rogue' To Finish The Final Chapter of 'The Kenway Saga'". GameRant. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ^ a b Steinlage, Tate (28 December 2012). "'Interview: Talking with Adrian Hough, Assassin's Creed 3's Haytham Kenway". Gamezone. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ Zwiezen, Zack (2 February 2011). "How Assassin's Creed Valhalla's Creators Snuck In Connections To Older Games". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 7. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 1. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 3. ^ a b Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 4. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 33. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 35. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 36. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Ubisoft Sofia (11 October 2014). Assassin's Creed Rogue (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 4. ^ Ubisoft Sofia (11 October 2014). Assassin's Creed Rogue (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 6. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 40. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 9. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 10. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 11. ^ Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 49. ISBN 9783833226106. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (29 October 2013). Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Post-credits. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (29 October 2013). Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. ^ Ubisoft Montreal (11 November 2014). Assassin's Creed Unity (Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Stadia). Ubisoft. Scene: Prologue. ^ Ubisoft (21 August 2014). Assassin's Creed Memories (iOS). Ubisoft. ^ "Assassin's Creed III Review". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012. ^ Gregory, Joel (October 30, 2012). "Assassin's Creed 3 PS3 review – struggling to break the shackles of the old world". PlayStation Official Magazine (UK). Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012. ^ Webb, Morgan. "Assassin's Creed 3 Review for Xbox 360". G4TV. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012. ^ Kietzmann, Ludwig (October 30, 2012). "Assassin's Creed 3 review: Declination of independence". Joystiq. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2012. ^ Roberts, David (December 16, 2015). "Watch gaming's most satisfying character switches". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Nix, Marc (December 4, 2012). "The Best New Video Game Characters of 2012". IGN. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Diego Lima; Bruno Yonezawa (6 May 2020). "Assassin's Creed: Ranqueamos os melhores vilões". IGN Brazil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Kelly, Andy (January 28, 2021). "The assassins of Assassin's Creed, ranked from worst to best". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ "10 Best Assassin's Creed Villains, Ranked". 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ Wobker, Nele (30 December 2020). "Assassin's Creed: Alle Charaktere im Ranking – Welcher ist der beste?". GamePro (in German). Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ Lozada, David (9 October 2018). "Video Game Villains Who Are Actually Right". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ "Games 2013". BAFTA. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Kelly, Andy (November 25, 2020). "Netflix's Assassin's Creed: Which Assassin Should the New Series Feature?". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ Paul Meekin (26 October 2017). "How Assassin's Creed Is About The Nature of Humanity". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. ^ Nick Dinicola (29 July 2014). "The Assassins' Propaganda". Pop Matters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. vteAssassin's CreedUbisoftVideo gamesMain series Assassin's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III The Tyranny of King Washington IV: Black Flag Freedom Cry Rogue Unity Syndicate Jack the Ripper Origins Odyssey Legacy of the First Blade Valhalla Mirage Shadows Other games Altaïr's Chronicles Bloodlines II: Discovery III: Liberation Identity Chronicles Nexus VR Other mediaPrint Novels The Fall The Chain Brahman Assassin's Creed Blade of Shao Jun Film Lineage Embers Assassin's Creed Music Assassin's Creed (soundtrack) "Mirage" Characters Desmond Miles Ezio Auditore da Firenze Ratonhnhaké꞉ton / Connor Haytham Kenway Aveline de Grandpré Edward Kenway Arno Dorian Frye twins Bayek of Siwa Alexios and Kassandra Related Alamut Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Soulcalibur V Brawlhalla Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed"},{"link_name":"false protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_protagonist"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"supporting character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_character"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rogue"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)"},{"link_name":"performance capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"alternate historical setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"Edward Kenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kenway"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag"},{"link_name":"Templar Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_master_(order)"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_bodies"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ratonhnaké:ton / Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratonhnhak%C3%A9:ton"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Fictional character in Assassin's Creed franchiseFictional characterHaytham E. Kenway is a character in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed video game franchise. He is introduced as the false protagonist of Assassin's Creed III (2012), in which players control him for the game's initial chapters, before being revealed as the true antagonist. Haytham also serves as a supporting character in Assassin's Creed Rogue (2014), which takes place between his playable chapters in Assassin's Creed III and the latter part of the game, and his backstory is further explored in the novel Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. In the games, he is portrayed by actor Adrian Hough through performance capture.Within the series' alternate historical setting, Haytham was born in 1725 as the son of Edward Kenway, one of the leading members of the British Brotherhood of Assassins and the protagonist of the prequel game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (2013). Following his father's murder in 1735, he is manipulated into joining the Templar Order, the Assassins' arch-enemies, and eventually becomes one of the Order's leading members as the Grand Master of the North American colonial rite. Under Haytham's leadership, the Templars exterminate most of the Colonial Assassins, becoming the dominant force on the continent, and later attempt to build a new nation under their rule by influencing the American Revolution. During this time, Haytham sires a son, Ratonhnaké:ton / Connor, with a Native American woman, who in turn joins the Assassins and undoes most of his father's work. Though Haytham and Connor briefly become allies and consider unifying their orders, they both ultimately realise that peace between the Assassins and Templars is impossible, and their conflict culminates with Haytham's death at Connor's hands in 1781.Prior to Assassin's Creed III's release, Haytham was not advertised as a playable character in order to surprise players. The twist that players were actually controlling a Templar during the first third of the game was praised for its cleverness and for being the first time in the series that players got to experience the Templars' point of view in the storyline, although some criticized the inclusion of Haytham's sequences for hurting the game's pacing. Unlike his son Connor, who had a divisive reception, Haytham was well-received for his charm and complexity, and is considered one of the best villains in the franchise.","title":"Haytham Kenway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Kenway"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"product testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_testing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-1"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rogue"},{"link_name":"role model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_model"},{"link_name":"Shay Patrick Cormac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Patrick_Cormac"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamespot-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"motion capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterviewHough-4"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Valhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Valhalla"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku-5"}],"text":"Haytham's inclusion as a playable character was kept secret from the press and was only known to the development team, with all advertisement solely focusing on Connor. Looking back on the game in 2019, Alex Hutchinson, the Creative Director of Assassin's Creed III, named the decision to make Haytham the surprise protagonist of the first third of the game as an effective idea to draw players into the narrative. It also offers a fresh perspective on the conflict between Assassins and Templars, as Haytham is the first playable Templar in the series. However, he noted that his character arc was far too long because there was no time for extensive product testing, which led to some backlash from players.[1] According to series writer Susan Patrick, in Assassin's Creed Rogue, the emphasis of his role was placed on him being a role model for Assassin-turned-Templar Shay Patrick Cormac, because they both had similar backgrounds,[2] while one of the main objectives of the game was to show the missing chapters in Haytham's life.[3] Adrian Hough, the actor who performed Haytham's voice and motion capture, noted that the writing was very good for the character, and acknowledged that the development team gave him artistic freedom to make the character his own, ultimately considering him a product of his performance as well as writing and animation.[4]Darby McDevitt, the narrative director of the 2020 series installment Assassin's Creed Valhalla, found an opportunity to include a reference to Haytham in the game. Recalling that some fans had given feedback that Haytham sounded like an Arabic name, McDevitt suggested \"Haytham or Hytham\" for the name of a supporting character who brings the Hidden Ones back to England during the events of Valhalla, which serves as an in-universe basis for Edward Kenway's likely decision to name his son.[5]","title":"Creation and conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Edward Kenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kenway"},{"link_name":"British nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nobility"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Reginald Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Reginald_Birch"},{"link_name":"legal guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)"},{"link_name":"William Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Johnson,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hickey_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(physician)"},{"link_name":"John Pitcairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitcairn"},{"link_name":"Edward Braddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Braddock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Kaniehtí꞉io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Kanieht%C3%AD%EA%9E%89io"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shay Patrick Cormac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Patrick_Cormac"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Achilles Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Achilles_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratonhnhak%C3%A9:ton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fort George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Born in 1725 in London to former pirate-turned-Assassin Edward Kenway and his second wife Tessa, Haytham belonged to the British nobility and was raised secluded from other children, being trained to be an Assassin from an early age. However, this changed in 1735, when Edward was killed by mercenaries who broke into their home to steal a journal containing Edward's research of the First Civilization. During the attack, Haytham was forced to kill for the first time to save his mother, but was unable to rescue his half-sister Jennifer, who was kidnapped by the mercenaries.[6] Edward's acquaintance Reginald Birch, secretly a Templar and the one responsible for the attack, was appointed Haytham's legal guardian and took him on an unsuccessful quest throughout Europe to find Jennifer, during which Haytham was trained in the ways of the Templars, eventually joining the Order in 1744.[7]In 1754, after retrieving the key to the Grand Temple, a First Civilization site, from the Assassins, Haytham was sent by Birch to the Thirteen Colonies to find and access the Temple, as well as establish a permanent presence for the Order in North America as the new Grand Master of the Colonial Rite.[8] Recruiting Charles Lee, William Johnson, Thomas Hickey, Benjamin Church, and John Pitcairn, Haytham was successful in establishing a new base for the Templars after killing his former associate Edward Braddock. However, his mission to locate the Grand Temple proved unsuccessful.[9] During this time, he had a brief relationship with a Native American woman, Kaniehtí꞉io, but was eventually forced to leave her to focus on his Templar affairs.[10]Haytham returned to Europe in 1757 to resume his search for Jennifer, which eventually led him to the Ottoman Empire, where he recovered her from slavers.[11] After she informed him that Birch was behind their family's demise, the siblings led an attack on his estate, during which Birch was killed and Haytham was gravely injured.[12] While recovering, Haytham considered leaving the Templars due to Birch's actions, but ultimately concluded that the Order's goals were righteous, even if its methods were flawed.[13]In 1758, Haytham returned to the colonies to extend the Templars' influence, and inducted former Assassin Shay Patrick Cormac into the Order.[14] After being informed by Shay about several First Civilization sites that could lead to devastating earthquakes, he worked with him to prevent the Assassins from accessing them, wiping out most of the Colonial Assassin Brotherhood in the process. In 1760, a final confrontation in the Arctic saw the last of the Colonial Assassins eliminated, although Shay convinced Haytham to spare their leader, Achilles Davenport.[15]After making the Templars the dominant force in North America, Haytham's main goal over the next two decades was to remove British colonial rule and establish a new state where Templar ideals would become law. However, his attempts to influence the American Revolution to this end were thwarted by Connor, his son with Kaniehtí꞉io, who had been trained as an Assassin by Achilles to take vengeance on the Templars, whom Connor blamed for his mother's death.[10] Haytham was shocked to learn about Kaniehtí꞉io's death and the existence of his son, which had been hidden from him by his fellow Templars, and became torn between his loyalty to the Order and his newfound sense of paternal responsibility. When Connor was later framed by the Templars for a plot to assassinate George Washington, Haytham, not wanting to have his son's death on his conscience, secretly saved him from his execution.[16]In 1778, Haytham and Connor formally met and formed an uneasy alliance to eliminate former Templar Benjamin Church and further the Revolution.[17] Realizing his son could become an important asset if converted to his cause, Haytham took this opportunity to try and convince him about the Templars' goals and motives. However, their alliance fell through after Connor discovered that Washington was responsible for Kaniehtí꞉io's death—a fact Haytham had deliberately kept hidden from him—and angrily cut ties with his father.[18] Eventually admitting that he would not be able to reconcile with his son and realizing the threat he posed, Haytham decided to personally deal with him. In 1781, correctly predicting that Connor would target Charles Lee, who was residing in Fort George, Haytham sent the latter away and stayed behind to confront his son, who ultimately killed him after a lengthy battle.[19] Sometime after Haytham's death, Connor recovered his journal, in which the former revealed that he did not expect to survive his final confrontation with Connor and that he wanted his son to have his journal, so that he would better understand his point of view and maybe forgive him, implying that Haytham let Connor kill him.[20]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag"},{"link_name":"post-credits scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-credits_scene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Abstergo Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstergo_Industries"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Unity"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"collectible card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Aside from Assassin's Creed III and Rogue, Haytham has made cameo appearances in several other games in the series. In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, which stars his father Edward, he appears as a young child in a post-credits scene,[21] while the fictional video games subsidiary of Abstergo Industries considers him suited as a video game protagonist advocating the Templars' ideals, due to him being regarded as one of the greatest Templars in history.[22] This idea has materialized in Assassin's Creed Unity, where the fictional video game The Lone Eagle, starring him, can be seen at the start.[23] Alongside multiple other Templar characters from the series, Haytham appears in the 2014 online role-playing collectible card game Assassin's Creed Memories.[24]","title":"Other appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGAMER-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opmuk_review-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC3_G4-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-1"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"voice actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Games Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"9th British Academy Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"cosplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterviewHough-4"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Haytham was well-received as a character and often contrasted with the divisiveness of his son, Connor. In a contemporary review of Assassin's Creed III for PC Gamer, Chris Thursten called Haytham a good villain but also observed that \"the writers seem to like [Haytham] more than they do their ostensible lead [Connor].\"[25] However, a lot of contemporary reviewers refused to give a detailed account on Haytham, in order to not spoil the plot twist that he, a Templar, is the game's first protagonist.[26][27][28] Alex Hutchinson, Creative Director of Assassin's Creed noted that the character faced some backlash as a surprise protagonist due to his arc being too long, but pointed out that he remains a fan favorite, making his way into other installments and selling a lot of action figures,[1] whereas GamesRadar+ lauded this move as \"bold\" in a list of gaming's most satisfying character switches.[29]IGN described Haytham among the best new video game characters of 2012, claiming that \"no man is as cunning, conniving, and sassy as Haytham Kenway\".[30] In 2020, IGN Brasil ranked Haytham as the second best villain in the franchise.[31] In a ranking of all Assassin's Creed characters by PC Gamer, Haytham was ranked much higher than Connor (who finished last) and also eclipsed his father Edward, with the reviewer comparing him favorably to James Bond, noting that \"his ruthlessness make him a joy to play as\", in contrast to Connor.[32] Frank Martin of DualShockers described Haythem as one of the best villain in Assassin's Creed and said that its \"a very peculiar character given how likable he is. \"His story is such a unique one that it should definitely be explored more in the Assassin's Creed universe.\"[33] He was also described as one of the greatest protagonist in the franchises by German outlet GamePro, who noted that his moral ambiguity and complexity made players reflect on the nature of the Templar Order for the first time in the series' history.[34] Likewise, GameRevolution featured Haytham in a list of \"video game villains who were actually right\", especially in regards to his vision of an ideal state.[35]Adrian Hough, the voice actor who portrayed Haytham, was nominated for a BAFTA Games Award in the \"Performer\" category at the 9th British Academy Games Awards ceremony for his portrayal.[36] In an interview, the actor noted the positive fan response his character had received, especially in regards to cosplay.[4]While discussing which characters should be included in a future Netflix series based on the video games, Matthew Aguilar of Comicbook.com opted for Haytham, noting his charm and backstory, calling him one of the most interesting villains in the series.[37]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_(website)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heavy-38"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pop-39"}],"text":"Writing for Heavy, Paul Meekin observed that the Templar Order seeks control of governments, finances, and the day-to-day lives of individuals they view as \"too dangerous to themselves to be trusted\" because they believe that this is the best solution for humanity's supposedly self-destructive nature; he highlighted a quote by Haytham from Assassin's Creed III where the character posits that it is within humanity's nature to be told what to believe and how to believe it.[38] Nick Dinicola from PopMatters noted that while the Templars can produce good leaders, in truth their true goal is to consolidate power for personal gain: Haytham himself is \"sympathetic to the plights of those beneath him, but he’s among terrible company: two tyrants and a slave trader\". With regards to his position and legacy within his Order, Dinicola drew attention to in-game Templar propaganda presented in Rogue which contends that Haytham was “slain by the ungrateful [Assassin] son who could not appreciate the wisdom of his pragmatic, race-blind approach to politics and personal life” as an example of how the Templars use their position of power to rewrite history and promote themselves in a more favorable light.[39]","title":"Analysis"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (19 March 2019). \"\"We just couldn't do everything in the time we had left\": Assassin's Creed 3's Creative Director looks back on the makings of a franchise black sheep\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/we-just-couldnt-do-everything-in-the-time-we-had-left-assassins-creed-3s-creative-director-looks-back-on-the-makings-of-a-franchise-black-sheep/","url_text":"\"\"We just couldn't do everything in the time we had left\": Assassin's Creed 3's Creative Director looks back on the makings of a franchise black sheep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109082704/https://www.gamesradar.com/we-just-couldnt-do-everything-in-the-time-we-had-left-assassins-creed-3s-creative-director-looks-back-on-the-makings-of-a-franchise-black-sheep/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Makuch, Eddie (20 August 2014). \"Assassin's Creed Rogue's Hero Is \"Brash and Arrogant,\" But Also Has a Conscience\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-rogues-hero-is-brash-and-arrogant-/1100-6421830/","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed Rogue's Hero Is \"Brash and Arrogant,\" But Also Has a Conscience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613215039/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-rogues-hero-is-brash-and-arrogant-/1100-6421830/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dyce, Adrew (13 August 2014). \"'Assassin's Creed Rogue' To Finish The Final Chapter of 'The Kenway Saga'\". GameRant. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-rogue-haytham-kenway-story/","url_text":"\"'Assassin's Creed Rogue' To Finish The Final Chapter of 'The Kenway Saga'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160904052014/http://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-rogue-haytham-kenway-story/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinlage, Tate (28 December 2012). \"'Interview: Talking with Adrian Hough, Assassin's Creed 3's Haytham Kenway\". Gamezone. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/originals/interview-talking-with-adrian-hough-assassin-s-creed-3-s-haytham-kenway/","url_text":"\"'Interview: Talking with Adrian Hough, Assassin's Creed 3's Haytham Kenway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023044/https://www.gamezone.com/originals/interview-talking-with-adrian-hough-assassin-s-creed-3-s-haytham-kenway/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zwiezen, Zack (2 February 2011). \"How Assassin's Creed Valhalla's Creators Snuck In Connections To Older Games\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-valhallas-devs-told-us-how-they-sneak-i-1846178174","url_text":"\"How Assassin's Creed Valhalla's Creators Snuck In Connections To Older Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514204611/https://kotaku.com/assassins-creed-valhallas-devs-told-us-how-they-sneak-i-1846178174","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 9783833226106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)","url_text":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833226106","url_text":"9783833226106"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 7. ISBN 9783833226106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)","url_text":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833226106","url_text":"9783833226106"}]},{"reference":"Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Montreal","url_text":"Ubisoft Montreal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III","url_text":"Assassin's Creed III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3","url_text":"PS3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360","url_text":"Xbox 360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U","url_text":"Wii U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","url_text":"Windows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4","url_text":"PS4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One","url_text":"Xbox One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch","url_text":"Switch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft","url_text":"Ubisoft"}]},{"reference":"Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. 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Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 36. ISBN 9783833226106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)","url_text":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833226106","url_text":"9783833226106"}]},{"reference":"Ubisoft Sofia (11 October 2014). Assassin's Creed Rogue (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Sofia","url_text":"Ubisoft Sofia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rogue","url_text":"Assassin's Creed Rogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3","url_text":"PS3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360","url_text":"Xbox 360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U","url_text":"Wii U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","url_text":"Windows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4","url_text":"PS4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One","url_text":"Xbox One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch","url_text":"Switch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft","url_text":"Ubisoft"}]},{"reference":"Ubisoft Sofia (11 October 2014). Assassin's Creed Rogue (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. Scene: Chapter 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft_Sofia","url_text":"Ubisoft Sofia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rogue","url_text":"Assassin's Creed Rogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3","url_text":"PS3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360","url_text":"Xbox 360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U","url_text":"Wii U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","url_text":"Windows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4","url_text":"PS4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One","url_text":"Xbox One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch","url_text":"Switch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft","url_text":"Ubisoft"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Oliver (2012). Assassin's Creed: Forsaken. Penguin Books. pp. Chapter 40. ISBN 9783833226106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(book_series)#Forsaken_(2012)","url_text":"Assassin's Creed: Forsaken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833226106","url_text":"9783833226106"}]},{"reference":"Ubisoft Montreal (30 October 2012). Assassin's Creed III (PS3, Xbox 360, Wii U, Windows, PS4, Xbox One, Switch). Ubisoft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgazak_cave
Kurgazak cave
[]
Coordinates: 55°08′19″N 58°43′34″E / 55.13861°N 58.72611°E / 55.13861; 58.72611Cave in the Chelyabinsk oblast, Russia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kurgazak cave" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kurgazak CaveКургазакская пещераLocationChelyabinsk oblast, RussiaCoordinates55°08′19″N 58°43′34″E / 55.13861°N 58.72611°E / 55.13861; 58.72611Typekarst and limestone caveLength530 m (1,739 ft)Height20 m (66 ft)Site notesExcavation dates18th centuryArchaeologistsPeter Simon Pallas Kurgazak Cave (Russian: Кургазакская пещера) is a cave in the Ural Mountains, in the Ay River valley. Located in the Chelyabinsk oblast, Russia, and between the villages Mezhevoy Alexeevka is a natural monument. The first mention of the cave belongs to the second half of the 18th century, when it was described by Peter Simon Pallas academician. The cave entrance is located at an altitude of about 20 meters, 150 meters from the Ay River. Length - 530 m, depth - 16 m. The cave is formed in the Devonian strata of limestone and karst cavity represents the main-corridor-type, consisting of three large halls interconnected passageways. Kurgazak cave Inside the Kurgazak cave
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Harland
Maurice Harland
["1 Early life","2 Marries and begins ministry","3 Career progresses","4 Retirement","5 Notes","6 References"]
20th-century English Anglican bishop The Right ReverendMaurice HarlandBishop of DurhamDioceseDiocese of DurhamIn office1956–1966 (retired)PredecessorMichael RamseySuccessorIan RamseyOther post(s)Bishop suffragan of Croydon (1942–1947)Archdeacon of Croydon (1946–1947)Bishop of Lincoln (11 July 1947 {confirmed}–7 July 1956 {translated})OrdersOrdination1922 (deacon) 1923 (priest)Consecration1942Personal detailsBorn(1896-04-17)17 April 1896Malton, North Riding of YorkshireDied29 September 1986(1986-09-29) (aged 90)Chichester, West SussexNationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanParentsWilliam & Elizabeth HarlandSpouseAgnes Harland MBE (née Winckley)Childrentwo daughtersProfessionairmanEducationSt Peter's School, YorkAlma materExeter College, OxfordLeeds Clergy School Maurice Henry Harland (17 April 1896 – 29 September 1986) was a 20th-century Anglican bishop, his most significant appointment being Bishop of Durham from 1956 to 1966. He was one of nine Diocesan bishops in England in the 1950s who had served as combatants in the Great War Early life Harland was born on 17 April 1896, the son of the Revd William George and Clara Elizabeth Harland and educated at St Peter's School, York. He went straight from school in 1914 as a volunteer to the West Yorkshire Regiment soon after the First World War broke out. He joined the Royal Field Artillery as a lieutenant in France in 1915, and transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917. He was a Flying Officer Observer from June 1917, then a Flying Officer and from April 1918 a Lieutenant. He was on anti-submarine patrol duties in August 1918, and was with No. 212 Squadron RAF when he was demobilised in 1919. Marries and begins ministry On demobilisation he went to Exeter College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1922, MA 1927. After a period of study at Leeds Clergy School he became a curate at St Peter's Leicester, during which time he married Agnes Winckley. They had two daughters. Career progresses After five years he was appointed successively priest in charge of St Anne's Conventional District, Perpetual Curate of St Matthew's Holbeck, Leeds, Vicar of St Mary's, Windermere and Rural Dean of Ambleside. Harland's reputation in Windermere was considerable and, with the support of the influential Bishop of Carlisle, he was considered for the Diocesan bishopric of Blackburn before his appointment as suffragan Bishop of Croydon In 1946, Archbishop Fisher named him as his second choice for the vacancy at Bristol but George Cockin (Fisher's third choice) was appointed In 1947, Fisher pressed the case for Harland to go to Lincoln whose recent bishops had proved fragile in health. Harland, noted Fisher, was physically strong although not a scholar in the Lincoln tradition. Harland, therefore, was surprised to be offered the post. 'I have seen the Archbishop today and he has been so kind as to make it clear that I must accept your proposal to submit my name to the King for the Bishopric of Lincoln', he wrote to the Prime Minister. He was even more surprised to be offered Durham in 1956 since traditionally the post had been filled by a scholar who could comfortably blend with the University. The post had been offered to Kenneth Warner DSO, bishop of Edinburgh and, like Harland, a Great War combatant but Warner refused it. Harland wrote again that he had been pressed to accept the post by Archbishop Fisher. Harland made no secret of his limitations in a letter to the diocese. 'The announcement of my prospective translation comes as a quite staggering surprise to my wife and me. It fills me with trepidation.' He noted that Durham had a long history of bishops famous 'for saintliness, scholarship and learning. I am afraid I am quite outside that tradition' Harland suffered a curious habit of easily forgetting names which did not endear him to his clergy. But he excelled at being a 'layman's bishop'. Administratively and managerially competent, and admired for his pastoral work, he was a contrast to his successor, the dynamic, charismatic academic but rather disorderly Ian Ramsey. He was alone amongst the episcopate in opposing the abolition of the death penalty for murder in debate in the House of Lords. This was his conclusion having spent many last nights with condemned men while at Lincoln. Retirement Harland resigned his see in 1966 and retired to West Wittering, living another 20 years before dying on 29 September 1986. Notes ^ Made Honorary Fellow in 1950 ^ Unlike other universities this is essentially the same degree, a period of time and a small payment securing the higher degree ^ She was awarded the MBE in 1967 ^ When a new parish was created from a larger rectoral or vicarious parish, the incumbent, or parish priest was styled a “perpetual curate". References Christianity portal ^ The Times, Thursday, 19 July 1956; p. 6; Issue 53587; col A Introduced as Bishop of Durham ^ 'What did you do in the Great War, Bishop?' by Tom Scherb in Stand To!, number 99, Western Front Association. ^ "Harland, Rt. Rev Maurice Henry". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 1920–2014 (April 2014 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 17 September 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ The Times obituary, 1 October 1986. The Times Digital Archive. Accessed 23 July 2012. ^ TNA AIR76/210/5 ^ Leicester Churches ^ Faith, History and Practice of the Church of England, Eaton, W.A. (London, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1954 rpnt 1972 p. 37, ISBN 0-340-00718-4 ^ TNA PREM5/262. According to a file note, Bishop Williams was regularly consulted by Churchill on church business and PMs were the key figures in episcopal appointments at that time. ^ Lambeth Palace Library. W. Temple 17 ^ Lambeth Palace Library. Fisher 13 ^ TNA PREM5/259 ^ TNA PREM5/473 ^ University of Durham Library. DDR/DA/PUB/6/16. The Bishoprick, April, 1956 ^ 'Memories' you CHG Hopkins, D Brown and Sons, p89 ^ 'The Improbable Bishop' by John S Peart- Binns, Memoir Club, 2010 Church of England titles Preceded byWilliam Anderson Bishop of Croydon 1942–1947 Succeeded byCuthbert Bardsley Preceded byLeslie Owen Bishop of Lincoln 1947–1956 Succeeded byKenneth Riches Preceded byMichael Ramsey Bishop of Durham 1956–1966 Succeeded byIan Ramsey vteBishops of CroydonCanterbury suffragans Henry Pereira Edward Woods William Anderson Maurice Harland Cuthbert Bardsley John Hughes Stuart Snell (continued in Southwark) Southwark suffragans Stuart Snell Wilfred Wood (became first area bishop) Southwark area bishops Wilfred Wood Nick Baines Jonathan Clark Rosemarie Mallett vteBishops of LincolnLeicester Cuthwine Wilfrid Headda Aldwine Torhthelm Eadbeorht Unwona Wernbeorht Hræthhun Ealdred Ceobred see removed to Dorchester Dorchester Harlardus Wigmund Coenwulf Wynsige Æthelwold Oscytel united see: Leofwine Alnothus Æscwig Ælfhelm Eadnoth (I) Æthelric Eadnoth (II) Ulfus Normanus Wulfwig Remigius de Fécamp High Medieval Remigius de Fécamp Robert Bloet Alexander Robert de Chesney Geoffrey Plantagenet Walter de Coutances Hugh of Avalon William de Blois Hugh of Wells Robert Grosseteste Henry of Lexington Richard of Gravesend Oliver Sutton Late Medieval John Dalderby Anthony Bek Henry Burghersh Thomas Bek John Gynwell John Bokyngham Henry Beaufort Philip Repyngdon Richard Fleming William Grey William Alnwick Marmaduke Lumley John Chadworth Thomas Rotherham John Russell Early modern William Smyth Thomas Wolsey William Atwater John Longland Henry Holbeach John Taylor John White Thomas Watson Nicholas Bullingham Thomas Cooper William Wickham William Chaderton William Barlow Richard Neile George Montaigne John Williams Thomas Winniffe Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Robert Sanderson Benjamin Lany William Fuller Thomas Barlow Thomas Tenison James Gardiner William Wake Edmund Gibson Richard Reynolds John Thomas John Green Thomas Thurlow Late modern George Pretyman (later Pretyman Tomline) George Pelham John Kaye John Jackson Christopher Wordsworth Edward King Edward Hicks William Swayne Nugent Hicks Aylmer Skelton Leslie Owen Maurice Harland Kenneth Riches Simon Phipps Bob Hardy John Saxbee Christopher Lowson Stephen Conway, Bishop of Ely (acting) David Court (acting) Stephen Conway vteBishops of DurhamBishops of Lindisfarne Aidan Finan Colmán Tuda United to York Eata Cuthbert Eadberht Eadfrith Æthelwold Cynewulf Higbald Egbert Heathwred Ecgred Eanbert Eardulf Bishops of Chester-le-Street Eardulf Cutheard Tilred Wigred Uhtred Sexhelm Ealdred Ælfsige Aldhun High Medieval Bishops of Durham Aldhun Edmund Eadred Æthelric Æthelwine High Medieval Bishopsrulers of the County Palatine of Durham Walcher William de St-Calais Ranulf Flambard Geoffrey Rufus William Cumin William of St. Barbara Hugh de Puiset Philip of Poitou Richard Poore John de Gray Morgan Richard Marsh William Scot Richard Poore Thomas de Melsonby Nicholas Farnham Walter of Kirkham Robert Stitchill Robert of Holy Island Antony Bek Late Medieval Bishopsrulers of the County Palatine of Durham Richard Kellaw Lewis de Beaumont Richard de Bury Thomas Hatfield John Fordham Walter Skirlaw Thomas Langley Robert Neville Lawrence Booth William Dudley John Sherwood Richard Foxe Early modern Bishopsrulers of the County Palatine of Durham William Senhouse Christopher Bainbridge Thomas Ruthall Thomas Wolsey Cuthbert Tunstall James Pilkington Richard Barnes Matthew Hutton Tobias Matthew William James Richard Neile George Montaigne John Howson Thomas Morton Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) John Cosin Nathaniel Crew William Talbot Edward Chandler Joseph Butler Richard Trevor John Egerton Thomas Thurlow Shute Barrington William Van Mildert Late modern Bishops Edward Maltby Charles Longley Henry Montagu Villiers Charles Baring J. B. Lightfoot Brooke Foss Westcott Handley Moule Hensley Henson Alwyn Williams Michael Ramsey Maurice Harland Ian Ramsey John Habgood David Jenkins Michael Turnbull N. T. Wright Justin Welby Paul Butler
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Maurice Henry Harland (17 April 1896 – 29 September 1986) was a 20th-century Anglican bishop, his most significant appointment being Bishop of Durham from 1956 to 1966.[1] He was one of nine Diocesan bishops in England in the 1950s who had served as combatants in the Great War[2]","title":"Maurice Harland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Peter's School, York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-3"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"No. 212 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._212_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Harland was born on 17 April 1896, the son of the Revd William George and Clara Elizabeth Harland and educated at St Peter's School, York.[3] He went straight from school in 1914 as a volunteer to the West Yorkshire Regiment soon after the First World War broke out. He joined the Royal Field Artillery as a lieutenant in France in 1915, and transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917.[4] He was a Flying Officer Observer from June 1917, then a Flying Officer and from April 1918 a Lieutenant. He was on anti-submarine patrol duties in August 1918, and was with No. 212 Squadron RAF when he was demobilised in 1919.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demobilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilisation"},{"link_name":"Exeter College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Leeds Clergy School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Clergy_School"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On demobilisation he went to Exeter College, Oxford,[a] graduating BA in 1922, MA 1927.[b] After a period of study at Leeds Clergy School he became a curate at St Peter's Leicester, during which time he married Agnes Winckley.[c] They had two daughters.","title":"Marries and begins ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priest in charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_in_charge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_curate"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Holbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbeck"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere"},{"link_name":"Rural Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Dean"},{"link_name":"Ambleside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambleside"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"After five years he was appointed successively priest in charge of St Anne's Conventional District,[6] Perpetual Curate[d] of St Matthew's Holbeck, Leeds, Vicar of St Mary's, Windermere and Rural Dean of Ambleside. Harland's reputation in Windermere was considerable and, with the support of the influential Bishop of Carlisle,[8] he was considered for the Diocesan bishopric of Blackburn before his appointment as suffragan Bishop of Croydon[9] In 1946, Archbishop Fisher named him as his second choice for the vacancy at Bristol but George Cockin (Fisher's third choice) was appointed[10] In 1947, Fisher pressed the case for Harland to go to Lincoln whose recent bishops had proved fragile in health. Harland, noted Fisher, was physically strong although not a scholar in the Lincoln tradition. Harland, therefore, was surprised to be offered the post.'I have seen the Archbishop today and he has been so kind as to make it clear that I must accept your proposal to submit my name to the King for the Bishopric of Lincoln', he wrote to the Prime Minister.[11]He was even more surprised to be offered Durham in 1956 since traditionally the post had been filled by a scholar who could comfortably blend with the University. The post had been offered to Kenneth Warner DSO, bishop of Edinburgh and, like Harland, a Great War combatant but Warner refused it. Harland wrote again that he had been pressed to accept the post by Archbishop Fisher.[12] Harland made no secret of his limitations in a letter to the diocese.'The announcement of my prospective translation comes as a quite staggering surprise to my wife and me. It fills me with trepidation.' He noted that Durham had a long history of bishops famous 'for saintliness, scholarship and learning. I am afraid I am quite outside that tradition'[13]Harland suffered a curious habit of easily forgetting names which did not endear him to his clergy. But he excelled at being a 'layman's bishop'.[14] Administratively and managerially competent, and admired for his pastoral work, he was a contrast to his successor, the dynamic, charismatic academic but rather disorderly Ian Ramsey.[15]He was alone amongst the episcopate in opposing the abolition of the death penalty for murder in debate in the House of Lords. This was his conclusion having spent many last nights with condemned men while at Lincoln.","title":"Career progresses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Wittering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wittering"}],"text":"Harland resigned his see in 1966 and retired to West Wittering, living another 20 years before dying on 29 September 1986.","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"^ Made Honorary Fellow in 1950\n\n^ Unlike other universities this is essentially the same degree, a period of time and a small payment securing the higher degree\n\n^ She was awarded the MBE in 1967\n\n^ When a new parish was created from a larger rectoral or vicarious parish, the incumbent, or parish priest was styled a “perpetual curate\".[7]","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9_Lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9
1970 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
["1 Teams","2 Route","3 General classification","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Cycling race 1970 Critérium du Dauphiné LibéréRace detailsDates19–25 May 1970Stages6 + PrologueDistance1,274 km (791.6 mi)Winning time32h 11' 08"Results  Winner  Luis Ocaña (ESP) (Bic)  Second  Roger Pingeon (FRA) (Peugeot–BP–Michelin)  Third  Herman Van Springel (BEL) (Dr. Mann–Grundig) Points  Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL) (Flandria–Mars) Mountains  Jean-Claude Genty (FRA) (Bic)  Team Bic ← 1969 1971 → The 1970 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, also known as the 1970 Criterium of the Six Provinces, was the 22nd edition of the cycle race and was held from 19 May to 25 May 1970. The race started in Terrenoire  and finished in Avignon. The race was won by Luis Ocaña of the Bic team. Teams Ten teams, containing a total of 99 riders, participated in the race: Batavus–Alcina–Continental  Bic Laurens–Caballero Fagor–Mercier–Hutchinson Frimatic–de Gribaldy Dr. Mann–Grundig Flandria–Mars Peugeot–BP–Michelin Sonolor–Lejeune Willem II–Gazelle Route Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner P 19 May Terrenoire  to Rochetaillée  5 km (3.1 mi) Individual time trial  Raymond Delisle (FRA) 1 20 May Roanne to Chalon-sur-Saône 225 km (140 mi)  Daniel Van Ryckeghem (BEL) 2a 21 May Chalon-sur-Saône to Lons-le-Saunier 62 km (39 mi)  Wim Schepers (NED) 2b 21 May Lons-le-Saunier to Lyon 143 km (89 mi)  Wim Schepers (NED) 3 22 May Lyon to Sallanches 237 km (147 mi)  Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL) 4 23 May Sallanches to Grenoble 192 km (119 mi)  Jean-Claude Genty (FRA) 5a 24 May Grenoble to Privas 146 km (91 mi)  Jaak De Boever (BEL) 5b 24 May Privas to Vals-les-Bains 34 km (21 mi) Individual time trial  Luis Ocaña (ESP) 6a 25 May Aubenas to Cairanne 125 km (78 mi)  Georges Pintens (BEL) 6b 25 May Cairanne to Avignon 105 km (65 mi)  Gerard Vianen (NED) General classification Final general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1  Luis Ocaña (ESP) Bic 32h 11' 08" 2  Roger Pingeon (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin + 1' 36" 3  Herman Van Springel (BEL) Dr. Mann–Grundig + 2' 06" 4  Roger De Vlaeminck (BEL) Flandria–Mars + 2' 43" 5  Raymond Delisle (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin + 3' 47" 6  Georges Pintens (BEL) Dr. Mann–Grundig + 4' 08" 7  Joop Zoetemelk (NED) Flandria–Mars + 4' 29" 8  Willy Van Neste (BEL) Dr. Mann–Grundig + 5' 12" 9  Jan Janssen (NED) Bic + 5' 46" 10  Désiré Letort (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin + 6' 43" References ^ "Critérium du Dauphiné (World Tour), France". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ a b c d "22ème Dauphiné Libéré 1970". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 23 April 2004. ^ "1970 Critérium du Dauphiné". First Cycling. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Further reading "Vuelta Ciclista a las Seis Provincias" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 20 May 1970. p. 28. "Ocana tras el maillot de lider de las "Seis Provincias"" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 21 May 1970. p. 21. "Ciclismo" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 22 May 1970. p. 20. "Ocana, lider en "Las Seis Provincias"" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 23 May 1970. p. 23. "Nuevo cambio en "Las Seis Provincias"" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 24 May 1970. p. 19. "Luis Ocana, otra ve lider de las "Seis Provincias"" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 May 1970. p. 31. "Ocana, un campeon de raza, domino las "Seis Provincias"" (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 27 May 1970. p. 23. vteCritérium du Dauphiné 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1970 Super Prestige Pernod Paris–Nice Milan–San Remo Tour of Flanders Paris–Roubaix La Flèche Wallonne Vuelta a España Rund um den Henninger Turm Four Days of Dunkirk Giro d'Italia Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré Grand Prix du Midi Libre Tour de France Paris–Luxembourg World Championships Bordeaux–Paris Paris–Tours Giro di Lombardia Grand Prix des Nations This cycling race article related to French cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix du Midi Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Grand_Prix_du_Midi_Libre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Paris–Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Paris%E2%80%93Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_race"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Bordeaux%E2%80%93Paris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Paris%E2%80%93Tours"},{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix des Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Grand_Prix_des_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USDOT_highway_sign_bicycle_symbol_-_white_on_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9_Lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:France-cycling-race-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:France-cycling-race-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France-cycling-race-stub"}],"text":"\"Vuelta Ciclista a las Seis Provincias\" [Cyclist Tour to the Six Provinces] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 20 May 1970. p. 28.\n\"Ocana tras el maillot de lider de las \"Seis Provincias\"\" [Ocana after the leader jersey of the \"Six Provinces\"] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 21 May 1970. p. 21.\n\"Ciclismo\" [Cycling] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 22 May 1970. p. 20.\n\"Ocana, lider en \"Las Seis Provincias\"\" [Ocana, leader in \"The Six Provinces\"] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 23 May 1970. p. 23.\n\"Nuevo cambio en \"Las Seis Provincias\"\" [New change in \"The Six Provinces\"] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 24 May 1970. p. 19.\n\"Luis Ocana, otra ve lider de las \"Seis Provincias\"\" [Luis Ocana, another leader of the \"Six Provinces\"] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 May 1970. p. 31.\n\"Ocana, un campeon de raza, domino las \"Seis Provincias\"\" [Ocana, a race champion, dominated the \"Six Provinces\"] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 27 May 1970. p. 23.vteCritérium du Dauphiné\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024vte1970 Super Prestige Pernod\nParis–Nice\nMilan–San Remo\nTour of Flanders\nParis–Roubaix\nLa Flèche Wallonne\nVuelta a España\nRund um den Henninger Turm\nFour Days of Dunkirk\nGiro d'Italia\nCritérium du Dauphiné Libéré\nGrand Prix du Midi Libre\nTour de France\nParis–Luxembourg\nWorld Championships\nBordeaux–Paris\nParis–Tours\nGiro di Lombardia\nGrand Prix des NationsThis cycling race article related to French cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgrading
High grading
["1 Forestry","2 Fishing","3 Mining","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "High grading" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In forestry, fishing and mining, high grading refers to the selective harvesting of goods to keep only the most valuable items. The term is frequently associated with fraud, especially in mining. Forestry In forestry, high grading, also sometimes referred to as selective logging, is a selective type of timber harvesting that removes the highest grade of timber (i.e. the most merchantable stems) in an area of forest. It is sometimes described by the phrase “cut the best and leave the rest”, and should not be confused with selection cutting. Over time, high grading gives rise to forest stands containing stems of lower timber quality. The reduced income from timber can make it harder to fund good silvicultural practices, thereby impacting the economy of non-timber forest products and other activities such as hunting, wildlife watching or hiking. The practice also has an ecological cost, with a direct impact in terms of biodiversity, genetic diversity and species mix. Finally, it may cause forest to become unsafe due to an excessive amount of unmanaged trees at risk falling in a storm. High grading can also be a form of fraud on the owner of the trees. Indeed, stumpage rates (the amount paid per a certain volume of wood) are based on the average quality of the wood. By taking only the best timber, the wood cutter obtains wood more valuable than average at the price of average wood. The opposite of this practice is low grading, where the lower quality trees are periodically harvested, making the genetic stock faster growing and of better timber quality. Such stems might well be taken by use of thinning methods as part of a thinning régime, especially via the thinning from below method. Fishing High grading is a practice of selectively harvesting fish so that only the best quality fish are brought ashore. The practice is popular in situations under individual fishing quotas where only a limited number of fish are allowed to be harvested. Following the letter, but not the spirit of the law, fish are caught, and if not considered optimal, thrown back into the ocean. The practice of high grading allows fishers to get higher prices for their limited catch but is environmentally destructive because many of the fish returned to the water die. This was an issue with the EU regulation of fisheries. Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, a celebrity chef, led a campaign against this with a TV show called Hugh´s Fish Fight, which successfully lobbied for a change in EU law to reduce the waste (discards) from thrown back fish in sea fishery. Mining In mining, high grading refers to mining out the portions of the orebody that has the highest grade of material to be mined. However, it may also refer to the concealment and theft of valuable gold or silver ore by miners for personal profit. Common in the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century, high graders would usually conceal the highest grades of ore they encountered during their work day in a pocket or lunch pail, or within the body, and later attempt to fence it on the black market. As mining companies became more aware of the growing problem, they built changing stations where they forced the miners to shower after their shift in the mines, making it easier to foil attempts at theft. “HIGH GRADING AT TONOPAH.” The arrest of four men for high grading took place at Tonopah last Friday morning as the men were coming off shift at the McNamara mine. The men arrested are William Turner, vice president of the Tonopah miners' union; Tom Conifrey, Tom Cunningham and Patrick Flanigan. They were caught with the rich ore concealed upon their persons, and it is said that nearly a wagonload of ore was recovered from the residences of the high graders. These men have been suspected for a long time, and Friday morning the entire shift was held up and searched. All were lodged in the county jail, and two of them have since given bail. It is announced that they will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.— Rhyolite Herald, October 28, 1908 See also Cherry picking (disambiguation) Ecoforestry References ^ Silviculture Concepts and Applications Ralph D. Nyland, Chapter 23 Other Partial Cuttings 2002 ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2015-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "The Fish Fight Story". Fish Fight. ^ Willoughby, Tim (10 December 2010). "High-grading: Stealthily stealing silver". Aspen Times Weekly. External links History of highgrading in California (mining) vteForestry Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology andmanagement Arboriculture Controlled burn Debris coarse driftwood large log jam slash Dendrology Ecological thinning Even-aged management Fire ecology Forest dynamics informatics IPM inventory governance law old-growth pathology protection restoration secondary stand transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Formally designated Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i-Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmentaltopics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecosystem services Forest degradation Forest dieback Forest fragmentation Ghost forest High grading Illegal logging timber mafia Invasive species wilding REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash-and-burn slash-and-char svedjebruk Timber recycling Tree hugging Wildfire Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany spruce-pine-fir teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer WikiProject Plants portal Trees portal Category Outline
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The term is frequently associated with fraud, especially in mining.","title":"High grading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"selection cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_cutting"},{"link_name":"non-timber forest products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"wildlife watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_observation"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windthrow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"low grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_grading&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"thinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinning"}],"text":"In forestry, high grading, also sometimes referred to as selective logging, is a selective type of timber harvesting that removes the highest grade of timber (i.e. the most merchantable stems) in an area of forest. It is sometimes described by the phrase “cut the best and leave the rest”, and should not be confused with selection cutting.Over time, high grading gives rise to forest stands containing stems of lower timber quality. The reduced income from timber can make it harder to fund good silvicultural practices, thereby impacting the economy of non-timber forest products and other activities such as hunting, wildlife watching or hiking. The practice also has an ecological cost, with a direct impact in terms of biodiversity, genetic diversity and species mix. Finally, it may cause forest to become unsafe due to an excessive amount of unmanaged trees at risk falling in a storm.[1]High grading can also be a form of fraud on the owner of the trees. Indeed, stumpage rates (the amount paid per a certain volume of wood) are based on the average quality of the wood. By taking only the best timber, the wood cutter obtains wood more valuable than average at the price of average wood.The opposite of this practice is low grading, where the lower quality trees are periodically harvested, making the genetic stock faster growing and of better timber quality. Such stems might well be taken by use of thinning methods as part of a thinning régime, especially via the thinning from below method.","title":"Forestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"individual fishing quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota"},{"link_name":"environmentally destructive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_destruction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall"},{"link_name":"celebrity chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_chef"},{"link_name":"discards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"High grading is a practice of selectively harvesting fish so that only the best quality fish are brought ashore. The practice is popular in situations under individual fishing quotas where only a limited number of fish are allowed to be harvested. Following the letter, but not the spirit of the law, fish are caught, and if not considered optimal, thrown back into the ocean. The practice of high grading allows fishers to get higher prices for their limited catch but is environmentally destructive because many of the fish returned to the water die.[2] This was an issue with the EU regulation of fisheries. Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, a celebrity chef, led a campaign against this with a TV show called Hugh´s Fish Fight, which successfully lobbied for a change in EU law to reduce the waste (discards) from thrown back fish in sea fishery.[3]","title":"Fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore"},{"link_name":"miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"TONOPAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonopah,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"wagonload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_jail"},{"link_name":"bail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail"},{"link_name":"prosecuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecute"},{"link_name":"Rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite,_Nevada"}],"text":"In mining, high grading refers to mining out the portions of the orebody that has the highest grade of material to be mined. However, it may also refer to the concealment and theft of valuable gold or silver ore by miners for personal profit. Common in the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century,[4] high graders would usually conceal the highest grades of ore they encountered during their work day in a pocket or lunch pail, or within the body, and later attempt to fence it on the black market.As mining companies became more aware of the growing problem, they built changing stations where they forced the miners to shower after their shift in the mines, making it easier to foil attempts at theft.“HIGH GRADING AT TONOPAH.” The arrest of four men for high grading took place at Tonopah last Friday morning as the men were coming off shift at the McNamara mine. The men arrested are William Turner, vice president of the Tonopah miners' union; Tom Conifrey, Tom Cunningham and Patrick Flanigan. They were caught with the rich ore concealed upon their persons, and it is said that nearly a wagonload of ore was recovered from the residences of the high graders. These men have been suspected for a long time, and Friday morning the entire shift was held up and searched. All were lodged in the county jail, and two of them have since given bail. It is announced that they will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.— Rhyolite Herald, October 28, 1908","title":"Mining"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cherry picking (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Ecoforestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoforestry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Spain)
Ministry of Industry (Spain)
["1 History","1.1 Early period","1.2 Late period","2 Organization chart","3 List of Industry Ministers","3.1 Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1928–1931)","3.2 Second Republic (1931–1939)","3.3 Franco (1936–1975)","3.4 Reign of Juan Carlos I","3.5 Reign of Felipe VI (2014-present)","3.6 Name","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 External links"]
Ministry of Industry and TourismMinisterio de Industria y TurismoThe current headquarters in the Nuevos Ministerios complex.Agency overviewFormed4 November 1928; 95 years ago (1928-11-04) (as Ministry of National Economy)Preceding agencyMinistry of Agriculture, Industry and TradeTypeMinistryJurisdictionGovernment of SpainHeadquarters160 Paseo de la CastellanaMadrid, SpainEmployees3,133 (2019)Annual budget€ 10.1 billion, 2023Minister responsibleJordi Hereu, MinisterAgency executivesXiana Margarida Méndez Bértolo, Secretary of State for TradeIsabel María Oliver, Secretary of State for TourismRaül Blanco Díaz, Secretary General for Industry and SMEsChild agenciesICEXTurespañaSEGITTURSpanish Metrology CenterSpanish Patent and Trademark OfficeWebsiteMinistry of Industry, Trade and Tourism(in Spanish) The Ministry of Industry and Tourism (MINCOTUR) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for the proposal and execution of the government policy on industry, trade and tourism, including among its competences the industrial development and of the SMEs, the promotion and defense of the industrial property, as well as the politics of tourism and the rest of competences and attributions that the legal system attributes to it. Likewise, in coordination with the Foreign Ministry is responsible for the international cooperation on this matters. The Industry Ministry, along with the Defence Ministry, has an important presence in the military industry. The MINCOTUR supervises the imports and exports of military materials through the Interministerial Regulatory Board on Foreign Trade of Defense Material and Dual Purpose (JIMDDU) of the Secretariat of State for Trade. Likewise, the Ministry of Industry regularly grants loans to state-owned enterprises for the promotion of this industry and the realization of military projects. The MINCOTUR is headed by the Minister of Industry, Trade and Tourism, who is appointed by the Monarch at request of the Prime Minister, after hearing the Council of Ministers. The minister, currently Héctor Gómez Hernández, is assisted by four main officials, the Secretary of State for Tourism, the Secretary of State for Trade, the Secretary General for Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises and the Under Secretary of Industry, Trade and Tourism. History Early period Government action in the field of Industry within the historical limits of Spanish constitutionalism, can be traced to the early 19th century. In 9 November 1832 the Ministry of Development was created and among other responsibilities, it had the domestic and foreign trade; industry, arts, crafts and manufactures. The linkage of the industry to the Development Ministry was maintained until 1922. Even during the period 1900–1905, the Department was named Agriculture, Industry, Trade and Public Works. On the other hand, in 1910 the Directorate-General for Trade, Industry and Labour was created. Between 1922 and 1928 the newly created the Ministry of Labour assumed the powers over Industry and Commerce. Late period José Franchy y Roca, first Minister of Industry in 1933. The end of the Military Directorate in 1925, the restoration of the ministerial regime and the economic circumstances led to the creation of the Ministry of National Economy by Royal Decree-Law of 3 November 1928, in response to public opinion that this affairs required to be placed under one direction only, both in terms of production, trade and consumption; and that to date they were dispersed among the rest of the government departments. The National Economy Council depended on the new Economy Ministry, although slightly modified, continuing with its work of collecting and contrasting the realities of the country around each and every one of the sectors of his economic life. The Ministry was also integrated by the following organisms: The Ministry of Development transferred to it the Directorate-General for Agriculture, with the agricultural chambers, agronomic council and association of Cattle Ranchers and the services of Hygiene and Animal Health. The Office of the Prime Minister transferred to it the National Economy Council and Directorate-General for Tariffs and Valuations, whose holder was the vice president of the council. From the Ministries of Labor and Interior, it were transferred respectively the responsibilities on Commerce and Supply, which met in the same Directorate-General for Trade and Supply. The Ministry of Labour also transferred to it the Directorate-General for Industry, with the School of Industrial Engineers, as well as provincial inspectorates. During this period, its headquarters were in the same building as the Ministry of Development, with the exception of the National Economy Council, which was located on Magdalena Street, 12 in Madrid. By Decree of 16 December 1931, the department was renamed as Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade. The National Economy Council was transformed into the National Economy Planning Council. In 1933, during the premiership of Manuel Azaña, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade split in two and while the responsibilities on industry and commerce stayed in this department, agriculture affairs were transferred to the new Ministry of Agriculture. This ministry was structured through three departments: the Directorate-General for Industry, the Directorate-General for Trade and the Directorate-General for Mines and Fuel. This structure was maintained until 1951 when because of the growth of the commercial activity, in which —according to the dictator— made inexcusable a greater attention of the States, especially in its two most important aspects, of supplies and foreign currency, reached such extension that completely absorbed the activity of one Ministry, given the dimensions and complexity of the problems in which the Administration was obliged to intervene; and the industrial development of Spain and the forced promotion of mining and production of energy and basic materials, contained in itself more than enough field to absorb all the activities of a single ministerial department, forced the government to split the Ministry of Industry and Trade in two. Since the approval of the Constitution in 1978, the Industry Ministry was renamed Ministry of Industry and Energy with responsibilities on the industrial and energy policies and, since 1988, for the first time, it assumed competences over technological development and innovation because of «the accession of Spain to the Treaty of Rome and the measures of application of the Single European Act » which required «an effort to increase the competitiveness of Spanish industry». Also, the Government considered necessary for "emphasize those elements that will determine the competitive position of industrial companies in the immediate future: the development and application of new technologies in the industry, and care for design and product quality industrial".Reyes Maroto, Industry Minister from 2018 to 2023.In 2000 the Ministry was suppressed and its components were divided between the Ministry of Economy (mining and energy) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (industry and technology). This last Ministry, considered the direct successor, in words of its minister Anna Birulés in her speech before Congress in 21 June 2000 «the Department is responsible for the challenge but also the opportunity to make the decisive process of promoting the culture of innovation in our country a reality in the time horizon of this legislature». This was reverted in 2004 when the new government recovered the Ministry but not only with the industrial responsibilities but with its historical trade responsibilities and tourism and telecoms ones. In 2012, the ministry lost again its trade responsibilities that were assumed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Again in 2016, the ministry lost its autonomy after being merged in the Economy Ministry and the responsibilities on energy, telecoms and tourism got their own ministry. The new Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez recovered the Ministry in 2018 with competencies on industrial affairs, trade and tourism sector. However, the telecoms powers remained in the Ministry of Economy and, for the first time, the recovered Ministry of Environment (renamed for the Ecological Transition) assumed the powers on energy. On 20 November 2023, the commerce affairs were transferred to the Ministry of Economy. Organization chart The current structure of the Ministry is the following: The Secretariat of State for Industry The Directorate-General for Industrial Strategy and Small and Medium Enterprises The Directorate-General for Industrial Programs The Special Commissioner for the Agri-Food Sector The Special Commissioner for Industrial Decarbonization The Secretariat of State for Tourism The Directorate-General for Tourism Policies The Undersecretariat of Industry, Trade and Tourism The Technical General Secretariat The Deputy Directorate-General for the Administrative Office and Financial Administration The Deputy Directorate-General for Information and Communication Technologies The Budget Office. The Deputy Directorate-General for the General Inspectorate of Services and Relationship with Citizens The Deputy Directorate-General for Planning List of Industry Ministers Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1928–1931) (November 1928 – January 1930) Francisco Moreno Zuleta (13). (January 1930 – January 1930) Sebastián Castedo Palero (13). (February 1930 – August 1930) Julio Wais San Martín (13). (August 1930 – February 1931) Luis Rodríguez de Viguri (13). (February 1931 – April 1931) Gabino Bugallal (13). Second Republic (1931–1939) (December 1931 – June 1933) Marcelino Domingo Sanjuán (12). (June 1933 – September 1933) José Roca Franchy and (9). (September 1933 – 10 1933) Laureano Gómez Paratcha (9). (October 1933 – December 1933) Felix Gordon de Ordaz (9). (December 1933 – April 1934) Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (9). (April 1934 – October 1934) Vicente Iranzo Enguita (9). (October 1934 – April 1935) Andres Orozco Batista (9). (April 1935 – May 1935) Manuel Marraco Ramon (9). (May 1935 – September 1935) Rafael Aizpún Santafé (9). (September 1935 – October 1935) José Martínez de Velasco (11). (October 1935 – December 1935) John Usabiaga Lasquivar (11). (December 1935 – December 1935) Joaquín de Pablo-Blanco Torres (11). (December 1935 – February 1936) José María Álvarez Mendizábal (November). (February 1935 – September 1936) Plácido Alvarez-Buylla and Lozana (9). (September 1936 – November 1936) Anastasio de Gracia Villarrubia (9). (November 1936 – May 1937) Joan Peiro Belis (7). (November 1936 – May 1937) Juan López Sánchez (8). Franco (1936–1975) (October 1936 – January 1938) Joaquín Bau (9). (January 1938 – August 1939) Juan Antonio Suances (9). (August 1939 – October 1940): Luis Alarcón de la Lastra (9). (October 1940 – July 1945) Demetrio Carceller Segura (9). (July 1945 – July 1951) Juan Antonio Suances (9). (July 1951 – July 1962) Joaquín Planell (7). (July 1951 – February 1957) Manuel Arburúa de la Miyar (8). (February 1957 – July 1965) Alberto Ullastres (8). (July 1962 – 10 1969) Gregorio López-Bravo (7). (July 1965 – 10 1969) Faustino Garcia-Moncada Fernández (8). (October 1969 – January 1974) José María López de Letona (7). (October 1969 – June 1973) Enrique Fontana Codina (8). (June 1973 – January 1974) Agustín Cotorruelo (8). (January 1974 – March 1975) Alfredo Santos Blanco (7). (January 1974 – March 1975) Nemesio Fernández-Cuesta (8). (March 1975 – December 1975) Alfonso Álvarez Miranda (7). (March 1975 – December 1975) José Luis Cerón Ayuso (8). (March 1975 – December 1975) León Herrera Esteban (September). Reign of Juan Carlos I Preconstitutional Period (December 1975 – July 1977) Carlos Pérez de Bricio (7). (December 1975 – July 1976) Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (8). (July 1976 – July 1977) José Lladó Fernández-Urrutia (8). Constituent Assembly (1977–1979) (August 1977 – February 1978) Alberto Oliart Saussol, UCD (7) (August 1977 – April 1979) Juan Antonio García Díez, UCD (8) (February 1978 – April 1979) Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, UCD (3) I Legislature (1979–1982) (April 1979 – May 1980) Juan Antonio García Díez, UCD (8) (April 1979 – May 1980) Carlos Bustelo García del Real UCD (7) (May 1980 – December 1982) Ignacio Bayón Mariné UCD (3) (December 1981 – December 1982): Luis Gámir, UCD (6). II Legislature (1982–1986) (December 1982 – July 1985) Carlos Solchaga Catalan, PSOE (3) (July 1985 – July 1986) Joan Majó, PSOE (3) III Legislature (1986–1989) (July 1986 – July 1988): Luis Carlos Croissier Batista, PSOE (3) (July 1988 – 1989) Claudio Aranzadi, PSOE (3). IV Legislature (1989–1993) (1989 – July 1993) Claudio Aranzadi, PSOE (3), (5) V Legislature (1993–1996) (July 1993 – May 1996) Juan Manuel Eguiagaray, PSOE (3) (July 1993 – May 1996) Javier Gómez-Navarro, PSOE (4) VI Legislature (1996–2000) (May 1996 – April 2000) Josep Piqué, PP (3) Seventh Legislature (2000–2004) (April 2000 – July 2002 Anna Birulés, PP (2) (July 2002 – September 2003 Josep Piqué, PP (2) (September 2003 – April 2004 Juan Costa, PP (2) VIII Legislature (2004–2008) (April 2004 – September 2006) José Montilla, PSOE (1) (September 2006 – April 2008) Joan Clos, PSOE (1) IX Legislature (2008–2011) (April 2008 – December 2011): Miguel Sebastián, PSOE (1) X Legislature (2011–2015) (December 2011–15 April 2016): José Manuel Soria, PP (14) Reign of Felipe VI (2014-present) Beginning End Name Party 15 April 2016 7 March 2018 Luis de Guindos (14)(15) PP 7 March 2018 7 June 2018 Román Escolano (15) 7 June 2018 28 March 2023 Reyes Maroto (16) PSOE 28 March 2023 21 November 2023 Héctor Gómez (16) 21 November 2023 Incumbent Jordi Hereu (17) PSC Name (1) Industry, Tourism and Trade. (2) Science and Technology. (3) Industry and Energy. (4) Trade and Tourism. (5) Industry, Trade and Tourism. (6) Trade and Tourism. (7) Industry. (8) Trade. (9) Industry and Trade. (10) Industry, Commerce and Supplies. (11) Industry, Commerce and Agriculture. (12) Agriculture, Trade and Industry. (13) National Economy (14) Industry, Energy and Tourism (15) Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (16) Industry, Trade and Tourism (17) Industry and Tourism See also Comisión Nacional de Energía (Spain) IDAE Notes and references ^ Ministry of Territorial Policy and Civil Service (2018). Statistical Bulletin of the personnel at the service of the Public Administrations (PDF). pp. 32 and 48. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ "2023 State Budget" (PDF). www.boe.es. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023. ^ "Royal Decree 998/2018, of August 3, by which the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism is developed". boe.es. Retrieved 21 January 2019. ^ "Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo – Conceptos". www.comercio.gob.es. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ Infodefensa.com, Revista Defensa (30 November 2019). "El Gobierno aprueba un préstamo de 1.638 millones a Navantia para las F110 – Noticias Infodefensa España". Infodefensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "Industria presta a Hispasat 750 millones para dos satélites gubernamentales". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ Barrero García, Ana María (2006). The administrative matter and its management in the reign of Fernando VII (PDF). ^ Ortúñez Goicolea, Pedro Pablo (2011). Reducción de competencias, mantenimiento del gasto (1914–1936) (PDF) (in Spanish). University of Valladolid. ^ "Decree renaming the Ministry of National Economy as Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade" (PDF). ^ a b "Decree providing that the current Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce is divided into two, which will be called Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Industry and Commerce, respectively" (PDF). ^ "Decree-Law of July 19, 1951 by which the Central Administration of the State is reorganized" (PDF). ^ "Royal Decree 1270/1988, of October 28, by which the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Energy is determined". www.boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ "Royal Decree 562/2004, of April 19, approving the basic organizational structure of the ministerial departments". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ "Royal Decree 415/2016, of November 3, by which the ministerial departments are restructured". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ "Royal Decree 355/2018, of June 6, by which the ministerial departments are restructured". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ Barreira, Ana (3 July 2018). "Spain to lead the energy transition in Europe?". euractiv.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ S.L, EDICIONES PLAZA. "Calviño asume Comercio y tratará de articular mejor la atracción de inversiones estratégicas". Valencia Plaza (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2023. ^ "Royal Decree 409/2024, of April 23, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Tourism". boe.es. Retrieved 24 April 2024. External links Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade of Spain. vteDepartments and agencies of the Government of SpainCabinet President of the Government of Spain First Vice President of the Government of Spain Second Vice President of the Government of Spain Third Vice President of the Government of Spain Office of the Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes Ministry of Defence Minister of Finance Ministry of the Interior Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility Minister of Education, Vocational Training and Sports Minister of Labour and Social Economy Minister of Industry and Tourism Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Minister of Territorial Policy and Democratic Memory Minister for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge Minister of Housing and Urban Agenda Ministry of Culture Minister of Economy, Trade and Business Ministry of Health Minister of Social Rights, Consumer Affairs and 2030 Agenda Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities Ministry of Equality Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration Ministry for the Digital Transformation and of the Civil Service Ministry of Youth and Children Spokesperson of the Government Inactive Fourth Vice President of the Government of Spain Ministry of Supply Ministry of Communications Ministry of Overseas Ministry of Information and Tourism Ministry of Consumer Affairs Ministry of Economy and Finance Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda Ministry of Justice Ministry of the Presidency Ministry of Trade Ministry of Transport Ministry of Universities Agencies Bank of Spain National Intelligence Centre National Cryptologic Center Spanish National Research Council National Statistics Institute National Securities Market Commission National Transplant Organization State Meteorological Agency State Vehicle Fleet Spanish Data Protection Agency Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation Spanish Tax Agency National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation Boletín Oficial del Estado Railway Safety Agency Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency Evaluation and Quality Agency State Research Agency Spanish Anti-Doping Agency Department of Homeland Security Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime Maritime Safety and Rescue Society National Sports Council Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition Food Information and Control Agency Tourism Institute of Spain National Institute for Aerospace Technology Directorate-General for Traffic Labour and Social Security Inspectorate National Institute for Safety and Health at Work Spanish Patent and Trademark Office Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies Centre for Sociological Research Patrimonio Nacional Instituto Cervantes National Parks Autonomous Agency Institute for the Elderly and Social Services Institute of Youth Carlos III Health Institute Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research Institute of Women Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility Nuclear Safety Council Institute of Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Spanish Space Agency National Commission on Markets and Competition Spanish Executive Resolution Authority Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_government_departments"},{"link_name":"Government of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"industrial development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_development"},{"link_name":"SMEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises"},{"link_name":"industrial property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_property"},{"link_name":"Foreign Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOE-3"},{"link_name":"Defence Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"military industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Héctor Gómez Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_G%C3%B3mez_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Tourism"}],"text":"The Ministry of Industry and Tourism (MINCOTUR) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for the proposal and execution of the government policy on industry, trade and tourism, including among its competences the industrial development and of the SMEs, the promotion and defense of the industrial property, as well as the politics of tourism and the rest of competences and attributions that the legal system attributes to it. Likewise, in coordination with the Foreign Ministry is responsible for the international cooperation on this matters.[3]The Industry Ministry, along with the Defence Ministry, has an important presence in the military industry. The MINCOTUR supervises the imports and exports of military materials through the Interministerial Regulatory Board on Foreign Trade of Defense Material and Dual Purpose (JIMDDU) of the Secretariat of State for Trade.[4] Likewise, the Ministry of Industry regularly grants loans to state-owned enterprises for the promotion of this industry and the realization of military projects.[5][6]The MINCOTUR is headed by the Minister of Industry, Trade and Tourism, who is appointed by the Monarch at request of the Prime Minister, after hearing the Council of Ministers. The minister, currently Héctor Gómez Hernández, is assisted by four main officials, the Secretary of State for Tourism, the Secretary of State for Trade, the Secretary General for Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises and the Under Secretary of Industry, Trade and Tourism.","title":"Ministry of Industry (Spain)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_trade"},{"link_name":"foreign trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector"},{"link_name":"crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"manufactures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early period","text":"Government action in the field of Industry within the historical limits of Spanish constitutionalism, can be traced to the early 19th century. In 9 November 1832 the Ministry of Development was created and among other responsibilities, it had the domestic and foreign trade; industry, arts, crafts and manufactures.[7]The linkage of the industry to the Development Ministry was maintained until 1922. Even during the period 1900–1905, the Department was named Agriculture, Industry, Trade and Public Works. On the other hand, in 1910 the Directorate-General for Trade, Industry and Labour was created. Between 1922 and 1928 the newly created the Ministry of Labour assumed the powers over Industry and Commerce.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Franchy_y_Roca-retrato_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"Military Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Office of the Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Ministries of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Manuel Azaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"supplies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_(economics)"},{"link_name":"foreign currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_currency"},{"link_name":"Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_State_Administration"},{"link_name":"industrial development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_development"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"basic materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_materials"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_constitution_of_1978"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy"},{"link_name":"energy policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Single European Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reyes_Maroto_2018_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Reyes Maroto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyes_Maroto"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"telecoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Competitiveness"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy,_Tourism_and_Digital_Agenda"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Late period","text":"José Franchy y Roca, first Minister of Industry in 1933.The end of the Military Directorate in 1925, the restoration of the ministerial regime and the economic circumstances led to the creation of the Ministry of National Economy by Royal Decree-Law of 3 November 1928, in response to public opinion that this affairs required to be placed under one direction only, both in terms of production, trade and consumption; and that to date they were dispersed among the rest of the government departments. The National Economy Council depended on the new Economy Ministry, although slightly modified, continuing with its work of collecting and contrasting the realities of the country around each and every one of the sectors of his economic life.The Ministry was also integrated by the following organisms:The Ministry of Development transferred to it the Directorate-General for Agriculture, with the agricultural chambers, agronomic council and association of Cattle Ranchers and the services of Hygiene and Animal Health.\nThe Office of the Prime Minister transferred to it the National Economy Council and Directorate-General for Tariffs and Valuations, whose holder was the vice president of the council.\nFrom the Ministries of Labor and Interior, it were transferred respectively the responsibilities on Commerce and Supply, which met in the same Directorate-General for Trade and Supply.\nThe Ministry of Labour also transferred to it the Directorate-General for Industry, with the School of Industrial Engineers, as well as provincial inspectorates.During this period, its headquarters were in the same building as the Ministry of Development, with the exception of the National Economy Council, which was located on Magdalena Street, 12 in Madrid.By Decree of 16 December 1931, the department was renamed as Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade.[9] The National Economy Council was transformed into the National Economy Planning Council.In 1933, during the premiership of Manuel Azaña, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade split in two and while the responsibilities on industry and commerce stayed in this department, agriculture affairs were transferred to the new Ministry of Agriculture.[10] This ministry was structured through three departments: the Directorate-General for Industry, the Directorate-General for Trade and the Directorate-General for Mines and Fuel.[10]This structure was maintained until 1951 when because of the growth of the commercial activity, in which —according to the dictator— made inexcusable a greater attention of the States, especially in its two most important aspects, of supplies and foreign currency, reached such extension that completely absorbed the activity of one Ministry, given the dimensions and complexity of the problems in which the Administration was obliged to intervene; and the industrial development of Spain and the forced promotion of mining and production of energy and basic materials, contained in itself more than enough field to absorb all the activities of a single ministerial department, forced the government to split the Ministry of Industry and Trade in two.[11]Since the approval of the Constitution in 1978, the Industry Ministry was renamed Ministry of Industry and Energy with responsibilities on the industrial and energy policies and, since 1988, for the first time, it assumed competences over technological development and innovation because of «the accession of Spain to the Treaty of Rome and the measures of application of the Single European Act » which required «an effort to increase the competitiveness of Spanish industry». Also, the Government considered necessary for \"emphasize those elements that will determine the competitive position of industrial companies in the immediate future: the development and application of new technologies in the industry, and care for design and product quality industrial\".[12]Reyes Maroto, Industry Minister from 2018 to 2023.In 2000 the Ministry was suppressed and its components were divided between the Ministry of Economy (mining and energy) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (industry and technology). This last Ministry, considered the direct successor, in words of its minister Anna Birulés in her speech before Congress in 21 June 2000 «the Department is responsible for the challenge but also the opportunity to make the decisive process of promoting the culture of innovation in our country a reality in the time horizon of this legislature». This was reverted in 2004 when the new government recovered the Ministry but not only with the industrial responsibilities but with its historical trade responsibilities and tourism and telecoms ones.[13]In 2012, the ministry lost again its trade responsibilities that were assumed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Again in 2016, the ministry lost its autonomy after being merged in the Economy Ministry and the responsibilities on energy, telecoms and tourism got their own ministry.[14]The new Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez recovered the Ministry in 2018[15] with competencies on industrial affairs, trade and tourism sector. However, the telecoms powers remained in the Ministry of Economy and, for the first time, the recovered Ministry of Environment (renamed for the Ecological Transition) assumed the powers on energy.[16]On 20 November 2023, the commerce affairs were transferred to the Ministry of Economy.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State for Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Tourism"}],"text":"The current structure of the Ministry is the following:[18]The Secretariat of State for Industry\nThe Directorate-General for Industrial Strategy and Small and Medium Enterprises\nThe Directorate-General for Industrial Programs\nThe Special Commissioner for the Agri-Food Sector\nThe Special Commissioner for Industrial Decarbonization\nThe Secretariat of State for Tourism\nThe Directorate-General for Tourism Policies\nThe Undersecretariat of Industry, Trade and Tourism\nThe Technical General Secretariat\nThe Deputy Directorate-General for the Administrative Office and Financial Administration\nThe Deputy Directorate-General for Information and Communication Technologies\nThe Budget Office.\nThe Deputy Directorate-General for the General Inspectorate of Services and Relationship with Citizens\nThe Deputy Directorate-General for Planning","title":"Organization chart"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Moreno Zuleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Moreno_Zuleta"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Castedo Palero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A1n_Castedo_Palero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julio Wais San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Wais_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Luis Rodríguez de Viguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Viguri"},{"link_name":"Gabino Bugallal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabino_Bugallal"}],"sub_title":"Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1928–1931)","text":"(November 1928 – January 1930) Francisco Moreno Zuleta (13).\n(January 1930 – January 1930) Sebastián Castedo Palero (13).\n(February 1930 – August 1930) Julio Wais San Martín (13).\n(August 1930 – February 1931) Luis Rodríguez de Viguri (13).\n(February 1931 – April 1931) Gabino Bugallal (13).","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcelino Domingo Sanjuán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelino_Domingo_Sanju%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Roca Franchy and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Roca_Franchy_and&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laureano Gómez Paratcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laureano_G%C3%B3mez_Paratcha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felix Gordon de Ordaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix_Gordon_de_Ordaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Samper Ibáñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Samper_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Vicente Iranzo Enguita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Iranzo_Enguita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andres Orozco Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andres_Orozco_Batista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Marraco Ramon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marraco_Ramon"},{"link_name":"Rafael Aizpún Santafé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Aizp%C3%BAn_Santaf%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Martínez de Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Usabiaga Lasquivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Usabiaga_Lasquivar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joaquín de Pablo-Blanco Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Pablo-Blanco_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María Álvarez Mendizábal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal"},{"link_name":"Plácido Alvarez-Buylla and Lozana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pl%C3%A1cido_Alvarez-Buylla_and_Lozana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anastasio de Gracia Villarrubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_de_Gracia_Villarrubia"},{"link_name":"Joan Peiro Belis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Peir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Juan López Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_L%C3%B3pez_S%C3%A1nchez"}],"sub_title":"Second Republic (1931–1939)","text":"(December 1931 – June 1933) Marcelino Domingo Sanjuán (12).\n(June 1933 – September 1933) José Roca Franchy and (9).\n(September 1933 – 10 1933) Laureano Gómez Paratcha (9).\n(October 1933 – December 1933) Felix Gordon de Ordaz (9).\n(December 1933 – April 1934) Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (9).\n(April 1934 – October 1934) Vicente Iranzo Enguita (9).\n(October 1934 – April 1935) Andres Orozco Batista (9).\n(April 1935 – May 1935) Manuel Marraco Ramon (9).\n(May 1935 – September 1935) Rafael Aizpún Santafé (9).\n(September 1935 – October 1935) José Martínez de Velasco (11).\n(October 1935 – December 1935) John Usabiaga Lasquivar (11).\n(December 1935 – December 1935) Joaquín de Pablo-Blanco Torres (11).\n(December 1935 – February 1936) José María Álvarez Mendizábal (November).\n(February 1935 – September 1936) Plácido Alvarez-Buylla and Lozana (9).\n(September 1936 – November 1936) Anastasio de Gracia Villarrubia (9).\n(November 1936 – May 1937) Joan Peiro Belis (7).\n(November 1936 – May 1937) Juan López Sánchez (8).","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joaquín Bau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Suances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Suances"},{"link_name":"Luis Alarcón de la Lastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alarc%C3%B3n_de_la_Lastra"},{"link_name":"Demetrio Carceller Segura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Carceller_Segura"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Suances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Suances"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Planell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Planell"},{"link_name":"Manuel Arburúa de la Miyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Arbur%C3%BAa_de_la_Miyar"},{"link_name":"Alberto Ullastres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Ullastres"},{"link_name":"Gregorio López-Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_L%C3%B3pez-Bravo"},{"link_name":"Faustino Garcia-Moncada Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faustino_Garcia-Moncada_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José María López de Letona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_Letona"},{"link_name":"Enrique Fontana Codina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Fontana_Codina"},{"link_name":"Agustín Cotorruelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Cotorruelo"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Santos Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Santos_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Nemesio Fernández-Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesio_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Álvarez Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_%C3%81lvarez_Miranda"},{"link_name":"José Luis Cerón Ayuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cer%C3%B3n_Ayuso"},{"link_name":"León Herrera Esteban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Herrera_Esteban"}],"sub_title":"Franco (1936–1975)","text":"(October 1936 – January 1938) Joaquín Bau (9).\n(January 1938 – August 1939) Juan Antonio Suances (9).\n(August 1939 – October 1940): Luis Alarcón de la Lastra (9).\n(October 1940 – July 1945) Demetrio Carceller Segura (9).\n(July 1945 – July 1951) Juan Antonio Suances (9).\n(July 1951 – July 1962) Joaquín Planell (7).\n(July 1951 – February 1957) Manuel Arburúa de la Miyar (8).\n(February 1957 – July 1965) Alberto Ullastres (8).\n(July 1962 – 10 1969) Gregorio López-Bravo (7).\n(July 1965 – 10 1969) Faustino Garcia-Moncada Fernández (8).\n(October 1969 – January 1974) José María López de Letona (7).\n(October 1969 – June 1973) Enrique Fontana Codina (8).\n(June 1973 – January 1974) Agustín Cotorruelo (8).\n(January 1974 – March 1975) Alfredo Santos Blanco (7).\n(January 1974 – March 1975) Nemesio Fernández-Cuesta (8).\n(March 1975 – December 1975) Alfonso Álvarez Miranda (7).\n(March 1975 – December 1975) José Luis Cerón Ayuso (8).\n(March 1975 – December 1975) León Herrera Esteban (September).","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Pérez de Bricio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P%C3%A9rez_de_Bricio"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Calvo-Sotelo"},{"link_name":"José Lladó Fernández-Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Llad%C3%B3_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Urrutia"},{"link_name":"Alberto Oliart Saussol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Oliart"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio García Díez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_D%C3%ADez"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sahag%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio García Díez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_D%C3%ADez"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Bustelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Bustelo"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Bayón Mariné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Bay%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Luis Gámir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_G%C3%A1mir"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Solchaga Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Solchaga_Catalan"},{"link_name":"PSOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Joan Majó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Maj%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Luis Carlos Croissier Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Croissier_Batista"},{"link_name":"Claudio Aranzadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Aranzadi"},{"link_name":"Claudio Aranzadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Aranzadi"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Eguiagaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Eguiagaray"},{"link_name":"Javier Gómez-Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_G%C3%B3mez-Navarro"},{"link_name":"Josep Piqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Piqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Anna Birulés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Birul%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Josep Piqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Piqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Juan Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Costa"},{"link_name":"José Montilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Montilla"},{"link_name":"Joan Clos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Clos"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Soria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Soria"}],"sub_title":"Reign of Juan Carlos I","text":"Preconstitutional Period\n(December 1975 – July 1977) Carlos Pérez de Bricio (7).\n(December 1975 – July 1976) Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (8).\n(July 1976 – July 1977) José Lladó Fernández-Urrutia (8).\nConstituent Assembly (1977–1979)\n(August 1977 – February 1978) Alberto Oliart Saussol, UCD (7)\n(August 1977 – April 1979) Juan Antonio García Díez, UCD (8)\n(February 1978 – April 1979) Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, UCD (3)\nI Legislature (1979–1982)\n(April 1979 – May 1980) Juan Antonio García Díez, UCD (8)\n(April 1979 – May 1980) Carlos Bustelo García del Real UCD (7)\n(May 1980 – December 1982) Ignacio Bayón Mariné UCD (3)\n(December 1981 – December 1982): Luis Gámir, UCD (6).\nII Legislature (1982–1986)\n(December 1982 – July 1985) Carlos Solchaga Catalan, PSOE (3)\n(July 1985 – July 1986) Joan Majó, PSOE (3)\nIII Legislature (1986–1989)\n(July 1986 – July 1988): Luis Carlos Croissier Batista, PSOE (3)\n(July 1988 – 1989) Claudio Aranzadi, PSOE (3).\nIV Legislature (1989–1993)\n(1989 – July 1993) Claudio Aranzadi, PSOE (3), (5)\nV Legislature (1993–1996)\n(July 1993 – May 1996) Juan Manuel Eguiagaray, PSOE (3)\n(July 1993 – May 1996) Javier Gómez-Navarro, PSOE (4)\nVI Legislature (1996–2000)\n(May 1996 – April 2000) Josep Piqué, PP (3)\nSeventh Legislature (2000–2004)\n(April 2000 – July 2002 Anna Birulés, PP (2)\n(July 2002 – September 2003 Josep Piqué, PP (2)\n(September 2003 – April 2004 Juan Costa, PP (2)\nVIII Legislature (2004–2008)\n(April 2004 – September 2006) José Montilla, PSOE (1)\n(September 2006 – April 2008) Joan Clos, PSOE (1)\nIX Legislature (2008–2011)\n(April 2008 – December 2011): Miguel Sebastián, PSOE (1)\nX Legislature (2011–2015)\n(December 2011–15 April 2016): José Manuel Soria, PP (14)","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reign of Felipe VI (2014-present)","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Name","text":"(1) Industry, Tourism and Trade.\n(2) Science and Technology.\n(3) Industry and Energy.\n(4) Trade and Tourism.\n(5) Industry, Trade and Tourism.\n(6) Trade and Tourism.\n(7) Industry.\n(8) Trade.\n(9) Industry and Trade.\n(10) Industry, Commerce and Supplies.\n(11) Industry, Commerce and Agriculture.\n(12) Agriculture, Trade and Industry.\n(13) National Economy\n(14) Industry, Energy and Tourism\n(15) Economy, Industry and Competitiveness\n(16) Industry, Trade and Tourism\n(17) Industry and Tourism","title":"List of Industry Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Territorial Policy and Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Territorial_Administrations"},{"link_name":"Statistical Bulletin of the personnel at the service of the Public Administrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hacienda.gob.es/CDI/Empleo_Publico/Boletin_rcp/bol_semestral_201901_completo.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"2023 State 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estratégicas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//valenciaplaza.com/calvino-asume-comercio-foco-articular-mejor-atraccion-inversiones-estrategicas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Decree 409/2024, of April 23, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Tourism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193"}],"text":"^ Ministry of Territorial Policy and Civil Service (2018). Statistical Bulletin of the personnel at the service of the Public Administrations (PDF). pp. 32 and 48. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)\n\n^ \"2023 State Budget\" (PDF). www.boe.es. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 998/2018, of August 3, by which the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism is developed\". boe.es. Retrieved 21 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo – Conceptos\". www.comercio.gob.es. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\n\n^ Infodefensa.com, Revista Defensa (30 November 2019). \"El Gobierno aprueba un préstamo de 1.638 millones a Navantia para las F110 – Noticias Infodefensa España\". Infodefensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.\n\n^ \"Industria presta a Hispasat 750 millones para dos satélites gubernamentales\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.\n\n^ Barrero García, Ana María (2006). The administrative matter and its management in the reign of Fernando VII (PDF).\n\n^ Ortúñez Goicolea, Pedro Pablo (2011). Reducción de competencias, mantenimiento del gasto (1914–1936) (PDF) (in Spanish). University of Valladolid.\n\n^ \"Decree renaming the Ministry of National Economy as Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Trade\" (PDF).\n\n^ a b \"Decree providing that the current Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce is divided into two, which will be called Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Industry and Commerce, respectively\" (PDF).\n\n^ \"Decree-Law of July 19, 1951 by which the Central Administration of the State is reorganized\" (PDF).\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 1270/1988, of October 28, by which the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Energy is determined\". www.boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 562/2004, of April 19, approving the basic organizational structure of the ministerial departments\". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 415/2016, of November 3, by which the ministerial departments are restructured\". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 355/2018, of June 6, by which the ministerial departments are restructured\". boe.es. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n\n^ Barreira, Ana (3 July 2018). \"Spain to lead the energy transition in Europe?\". euractiv.com. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n\n^ S.L, EDICIONES PLAZA. \"Calviño asume Comercio y tratará de articular mejor la atracción de inversiones estratégicas\". Valencia Plaza (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Royal Decree 409/2024, of April 23, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Tourism\". boe.es. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"José Franchy y Roca, first Minister of Industry in 1933.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jos%C3%A9_Franchy_y_Roca-retrato_1925.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Franchy_y_Roca-retrato_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reyes Maroto, Industry Minister from 2018 to 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Reyes_Maroto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reyes_Maroto_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Luis_de_Guindos_2017b_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-Luis_de_Guindos_2017b_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rom%C3%A1n_Escolano_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-Rom%C3%A1n_Escolano_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reyes_Maroto_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-Reyes_Maroto_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/H%C3%A9ctor_G%C3%B3mez_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-H%C3%A9ctor_G%C3%B3mez_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jordi_Hereu_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/79px-Jordi_Hereu_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Comisión Nacional de Energía (Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Energ%C3%ADa_(Spain)"},{"title":"IDAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDAE"}]
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Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://valenciaplaza.com/calvino-asume-comercio-foco-articular-mejor-atraccion-inversiones-estrategicas","url_text":"\"Calviño asume Comercio y tratará de articular mejor la atracción de inversiones estratégicas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Decree 409/2024, of April 23, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Tourism\". boe.es. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8193","url_text":"\"Royal Decree 409/2024, of April 23, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Industry and Tourism\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._A._Payutto
P. A. Payutto
["1 Early life","2 A scholarly monk","3 Defending the Pali Canon","4 Achievements","5 International awards and recognitions","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
P. A. Payuttoป.อ. ปยุตฺโตPersonalBornPrayudh Aryankuraประยุทธ์ อารยางกูร (1938-01-12) 12 January 1938 (age 86)Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province, ThailandReligionBuddhismSchoolTheravādaDharma namesPayuttoปยุตฺโตMonastic nameSomdet Phra Buddhaghosacariyaสมเด็จพระพุทธโฆษาจารย์OrganizationOrderMahā NikāyaSenior postingOrdination24 July 1961, aged 23(62 years ago)Wat Phra KaewPostAbbot of Wat Nyanavesakavan(since 1994) P. A. Payutto (Thai: ป.อ. ปยุตฺโต; born 12 January 1938), also known by his current monastic title, Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (Thai: สมเด็จพระพุทธโฆษาจารย์), is a well-known Thai Buddhist monk, an intellectual, and a prolific writer. Payutto has lectured and written extensively about a variety of topics related to Buddhism, including the position of women in Buddhism and the relationship between Buddhism and the environment. He was awarded the 1994 UNESCO Prize for Peace Education. Because changes in Thai monastic title involve adding or changing monastic names, Payutto has been known by, and published under, a variety of different names over his career. Previously, he was known as Phra Rajavaramuni, Phra Debvedhi, Phra Dhammapitaka, and Phra Bhramagunabhorn. Upon his appointment to the Sangha Supreme Council in 2016, his current title is Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya. Early life Payutto was born as the fifth child of Samran and Chunkee Aryankura on 12 January 1938 in Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province, Thailand.: 1987  Payutto received his early education in Suphan Buri. During his childhood, Payutto suffered a lot of illnesses, some of which involved him in surgeries and many have followed him until today. Poor health made it difficult for him to commit to school and formal education. Discouraged by his health, Payutto came back to Suphanburi after completing junior high school at Pathum Khongkha School in Bangkok in 1950. Being assured that he could continue his education without having to get involved physically, as is the case in school, he entered the monastery, with the family's support, to seek religious education, being ordained as a novice (samanera) at the age of 13. He began the study of Pali and received training in Vipassanā. Under his father's encouragement, he moved to Wat Phra Piren in Bangkok and went on to achieve the highest-level (ninth-level) studies in the Pali language while still a samanera, for which he was granted a royal ordination ceremony into the monkhood at Wat Phra Kaew on 24 July 1961.: 1988  He embraced the monastic name "Payutto", literally "a person with unrelenting efforts". Payutto received a bachelor's degree in Buddhist studies from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University in 1962. A scholarly monk After securing instructor qualifications, Payutto was appointed Associate Dean of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and had maintained this position for the following ten years. He played an important role in modernizing Sangha's education by relating knowledge in Buddhism to contemporary social issues. Payutto assumed the post of Deputy Abbot of Wat Phra Piren in 1973, but resigned three years later to dedicate himself to academic work. He published a number of books and articles, and regularly attended academic seminars and conferences, surrounding himself with contemporary scholars and intellectuals. He authored Buddhadhamma, recognized as a masterpiece among Buddhist scholars. He received honorary degrees from more than ten universities, both domestic and foreign. When he received UNESCO's Prize for Peace Education, he donated all the funds received to the Ministry of Education of Thailand for the establishing of Phra Dhampitaka Education for Peace Foundation. Payutto is currently serving as Abbot of Nyanavesakavan Temple (Wat Nyanavesakavan), located in Tambon Bang Krathuek, Amphoe Sam Phran, Nakhon Pathom Province. Defending the Pali Canon Payutto strongly believes in strict interpretation of Pali Canon, very much in line with the Theravada tradition. He went public in many occasions in defense of the Pali Canon whenever its integrity was challenged. For example, in the mid-1990s, Payutto published a book called The Case of Dhammakaya (Thai: กรณีธรรมกาย), in which he discussed the controversy related to the concepts dhammakaya and Nibbana as interpreted by the Dhammakaya Movement. Payutto reviewed the essence of the Pali Canon, cited Pali texts he believed were misinterpreted by the temple, and came up with counterarguments in the context of the Pali Canon. He argued that the term Dhammakaya was not correctly interpreted, and claimed that if the temple continued to uphold false interpretations, it could not do so any longer under the umbrella of Theravada Buddhism. Wat Phra Dhammakaya replied in several ways. One assistant-abbot of the temple, Luang phi Thanavuddho, wrote an essay in which he defended the temple's views. He compared discussing the nature of Nirvana with the well-known metaphor of blind people feeling an elephant and getting in a fight about what it is they are feeling. This metaphor is also mentioned in the Pali Canon. He also referred to interpretations of Pali scholars C.A.F. Rhys Davids and I.B. Horner, but Payutto dismissed these as incorrect. Achievements Payutto has published a number of books that examine contemporary social issues, such as abortion, from a viewpoint of Buddhism. He regularly expresses Buddhist viewpoints on areas as diverse as education, law, social sciences and natural sciences. Payutto stresses the Buddhist approach of middle path as the inevitable way to achieve peace and sustainable development. He argues that Buddhism is the eventual aggregation of natural laws and that it forms a basis of modern sciences. Payutto also points to Buddhism as the indispensable path to happiness. International awards and recognitions 1994 UNESCO Prize for Peace Education 1995 Appointed to a post of Tipitaka Acharaya, as a scholar well versed in the Pali Canon, by Nava Nalanda Institute 2005 Awarded the Most Eminent Scholar as a guru of Theravada Buddhism by The World Buddhist University References ^ Where women stand by Bhikkhu Prayudh Payutto – Dharmaweb Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ Buddhism :: Ecology :: Wheel of Life ^ Faces and Lives of Prayudh Payutto, Ven ^ "Sangha Act set to pass - The Nation". The Nation. Retrieved 21 November 2017. ^ "Buddhists welcome promotion of Phra Payutto". Asean Breaking News. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ a b Payutto, P. A. (2021). Buddhadhamma: The Laws of Nature and Their Benefits to Life (PDF) (4th ed.). Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021. ^ a b c d "Wat Nyanavesakavan". Wat Nyanavesakavan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008. ^ a b พระธรรมปิฎก (ป. อ. ปยุตฺโต) (1996). กรณีธรรมกาย : เอกสารเพื่อพระธรรมวินัย. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิพุทธธรรม. ISBN 974-575-455-2. (in Thai) ^ Thanavuddho, Phra Somchai (1999). นิพพานเป็นอัตตาหรืออนัตตา. Bangkok: ประดิพัทธ์. ISBN 974-7308-18-5. ^ Ireland, John D. "Tittha Sutta: Sectarians (1) (Ud 6.4)". Access To Insight. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition). Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Scott, Rachelle M. (2009), Nirvana for Sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple in Contemporary Thailand, Albany: State University of New York Press, p.149, ISBN 9781441624109 ^ พระราชวรมุนี (1996). การพัฒนาที่ยั่งยืน. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิโกมลคีมทอง. ISBN 974-7092-09-3. (in Thai) ^ พระเทพเวที (1992). พุทธศาสนาในฐานะเป็นรากฐานของวิทยาศาสตร์. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิพุทธธรรม. ISBN 974-565-556-2. (in Thai) ^ พระพรหมคุณาภรณ์ (2004). สุขภาวะองค์รวมแนวพุทธ. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์อักษรสัมพันธ์. (in Thai) Further reading Olson, Grant Allan (1989). A Person-Centered Ethnography of Thai Buddhism: The Life of Phra Rajavaramuni ( Prayudh Payutto), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Seeger, Martin (2005). Phra Dhammapitaka und die Pali-Kanon-Debatte in Thailand: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des modernen Buddhismus. PhD thesis, Hamburg: Universität Hamburg External links Selected Books of Ven. P. A. Payutto Selected Audio-Files / Audio-Teachings of Ven. P. A. Payutto Buddhadhamma A Constitution for Living: Buddhist Principles for a Fruitful and Harmonious Life (BP620S)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"monastic title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_peerage_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sangha Supreme Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha_Supreme_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"P. A. Payutto (Thai: ป.อ. ปยุตฺโต; born 12 January 1938), also known by his current monastic title, Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (Thai: สมเด็จพระพุทธโฆษาจารย์), is a well-known Thai Buddhist monk, an intellectual, and a prolific writer.Payutto has lectured and written extensively about a variety of topics related to Buddhism, including the position of women in Buddhism[1] and the relationship between Buddhism and the environment.[2] He was awarded the 1994 UNESCO Prize for Peace Education.[3]Because changes in Thai monastic title involve adding or changing monastic names, Payutto has been known by, and published under, a variety of different names over his career. Previously, he was known as Phra Rajavaramuni, Phra Debvedhi, Phra Dhammapitaka, and Phra Bhramagunabhorn. Upon his appointment to the Sangha Supreme Council in 2016, his current title is Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya.[4][5]","title":"P. A. Payutto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Si Prachan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Prachan_district"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buddhadhamma-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prawat-7"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"samanera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanera"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"Vipassanā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"samanera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanera"},{"link_name":"Wat Phra Kaew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buddhadhamma-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prawat-7"},{"link_name":"Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University"}],"text":"Payutto was born as the fifth child of Samran and Chunkee Aryankura on 12 January 1938 in Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province, Thailand.[6]: 1987 [7]\nPayutto received his early education in Suphan Buri. During his childhood, Payutto suffered a lot of illnesses, some of which involved him in surgeries and many have followed him until today. Poor health made it difficult for him to commit to school and formal education. Discouraged by his health, Payutto came back to Suphanburi after completing junior high school at Pathum Khongkha School in Bangkok in 1950. Being assured that he could continue his education without having to get involved physically, as is the case in school, he entered the monastery, with the family's support, to seek religious education, being ordained as a novice (samanera) at the age of 13. He began the study of Pali and received training in Vipassanā. Under his father's encouragement, he moved to Wat Phra Piren in Bangkok and went on to achieve the highest-level (ninth-level) studies in the Pali language while still a samanera, for which he was granted a royal ordination ceremony into the monkhood at Wat Phra Kaew on 24 July 1961.[6]: 1988 [7] He embraced the monastic name \"Payutto\", literally \"a person with unrelenting efforts\". Payutto received a bachelor's degree in Buddhist studies from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University in 1962.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Amphoe Sam Phran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Sam_Phran"},{"link_name":"Nakhon Pathom Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province"}],"text":"After securing instructor qualifications, Payutto was appointed Associate Dean of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and had maintained this position for the following ten years. He played an important role in modernizing Sangha's education by relating knowledge in Buddhism to contemporary social issues. Payutto assumed the post of Deputy Abbot of Wat Phra Piren in 1973, but resigned three years later to dedicate himself to academic work. He published a number of books and articles, and regularly attended academic seminars and conferences, surrounding himself with contemporary scholars and intellectuals. He authored Buddhadhamma, recognized as a masterpiece among Buddhist scholars. He received honorary degrees from more than ten universities, both domestic and foreign. When he received UNESCO's Prize for Peace Education, he donated all the funds received to the Ministry of Education of Thailand for the establishing of Phra Dhampitaka Education for Peace Foundation.Payutto is currently serving as Abbot of Nyanavesakavan Temple (Wat Nyanavesakavan), located in Tambon Bang Krathuek, Amphoe Sam Phran, Nakhon Pathom Province.","title":"A scholarly monk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theravada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada"},{"link_name":"Pali Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhammakaya-8"},{"link_name":"dhammakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmakaya"},{"link_name":"Nibbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibbana"},{"link_name":"Dhammakaya Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammakaya_Movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhammakaya-8"},{"link_name":"Wat Phra Dhammakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Dhammakaya"},{"link_name":"metaphor of blind people feeling an elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_men_and_an_elephant"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"C.A.F. Rhys Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A.F._Rhys_Davids"},{"link_name":"I.B. Horner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Horner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Payutto strongly believes in strict interpretation of Pali Canon, very much in line with the Theravada tradition. He went public in many occasions in defense of the Pali Canon whenever its integrity was challenged. For example, in the mid-1990s, Payutto published a book called The Case of Dhammakaya (Thai: กรณีธรรมกาย),[8] in which he discussed the controversy related to the concepts dhammakaya and Nibbana as interpreted by the Dhammakaya Movement. Payutto reviewed the essence of the Pali Canon, cited Pali texts he believed were misinterpreted by the temple, and came up with counterarguments in the context of the Pali Canon. He argued that the term Dhammakaya was not correctly interpreted, and claimed that if the temple continued to uphold false interpretations, it could not do so any longer under the umbrella of Theravada Buddhism.[8]Wat Phra Dhammakaya replied in several ways. One assistant-abbot of the temple, Luang phi Thanavuddho, wrote an essay in which he defended the temple's views. He compared discussing the nature of Nirvana with the well-known metaphor of blind people feeling an elephant and getting in a fight about what it is they are feeling.[9] This metaphor is also mentioned in the Pali Canon.[10] He also referred to interpretations of Pali scholars C.A.F. Rhys Davids and I.B. Horner, but Payutto dismissed these as incorrect.[11]","title":"Defending the Pali Canon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"middle path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"natural laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_laws"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Payutto has published a number of books that examine contemporary social issues, such as abortion, from a viewpoint of Buddhism. He regularly expresses Buddhist viewpoints on areas as diverse as education, law, social sciences and natural sciences. Payutto stresses the Buddhist approach of middle path as the inevitable way to achieve peace and sustainable development.[12] He argues that Buddhism is the eventual aggregation of natural laws and that it forms a basis of modern sciences.[13] Payutto also points to Buddhism as the indispensable path to happiness.[14]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Pali Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_Canon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prawat-7"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prawat-7"}],"text":"1994 UNESCO Prize for Peace Education\n1995 Appointed to a post of Tipitaka Acharaya, as a scholar well versed in the Pali Canon, by Nava Nalanda Institute[7]\n2005 Awarded the Most Eminent Scholar as a guru of Theravada Buddhism by The World Buddhist University[7]","title":"International awards and recognitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phra Dhammapitaka und die Pali-Kanon-Debatte in Thailand: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des modernen Buddhismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2005/2342/"}],"text":"Olson, Grant Allan (1989). A Person-Centered Ethnography of Thai Buddhism: The Life of Phra Rajavaramuni ( Prayudh Payutto), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University\nSeeger, Martin (2005). Phra Dhammapitaka und die Pali-Kanon-Debatte in Thailand: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des modernen Buddhismus. PhD thesis, Hamburg: Universität Hamburg","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sangha Act set to pass - The Nation\". The Nation. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30303058","url_text":"\"Sangha Act set to pass - The Nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buddhists welcome promotion of Phra Payutto\". Asean Breaking News. 10 December 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aseanbreakingnews.com/2016/12/buddhists-welcome-promotion-of-phra-payutto/","url_text":"\"Buddhists welcome promotion of Phra Payutto\""}]},{"reference":"Payutto, P. A. (2021). Buddhadhamma: The Laws of Nature and Their Benefits to Life (PDF) (4th ed.). Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://buddhadhamma.github.io/includes/docs/Buddhadhamma.pdf","url_text":"Buddhadhamma: The Laws of Nature and Their Benefits to Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911100011/https://buddhadhamma.github.io/includes/docs/Buddhadhamma.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wat Nyanavesakavan\". Wat Nyanavesakavan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101120626/http://www.watnyanaves.net/papayutto/index.htm#prawat","url_text":"\"Wat Nyanavesakavan\""},{"url":"http://www.watnyanaves.net/papayutto/index.htm?#prawat","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"พระธรรมปิฎก (ป. อ. ปยุตฺโต) (1996). กรณีธรรมกาย : เอกสารเพื่อพระธรรมวินัย. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิพุทธธรรม. ISBN 974-575-455-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-575-455-2","url_text":"974-575-455-2"}]},{"reference":"Thanavuddho, Phra Somchai (1999). นิพพานเป็นอัตตาหรืออนัตตา. Bangkok: ประดิพัทธ์. ISBN 974-7308-18-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib.vu.ac.th/ULIB/dublin.php?ID=12799","url_text":"นิพพานเป็นอัตตาหรืออนัตตา"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7308-18-5","url_text":"974-7308-18-5"}]},{"reference":"Ireland, John D. \"Tittha Sutta: Sectarians (1) (Ud 6.4)\". Access To Insight. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition). Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.6.04.irel.html","url_text":"\"Tittha Sutta: Sectarians (1) (Ud 6.4)\""}]},{"reference":"พระราชวรมุนี (1996). การพัฒนาที่ยั่งยืน. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิโกมลคีมทอง. ISBN 974-7092-09-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7092-09-3","url_text":"974-7092-09-3"}]},{"reference":"พระเทพเวที (1992). พุทธศาสนาในฐานะเป็นรากฐานของวิทยาศาสตร์. กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิพุทธธรรม. ISBN 974-565-556-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-565-556-2","url_text":"974-565-556-2"}]},{"reference":"พระพรหมคุณาภรณ์ (2004). สุขภาวะองค์รวมแนวพุทธ. กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์อักษรสัมพันธ์.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dharmaweb.org/index.php/Where_women_stand_by_Bhikkhu_Prayudh_Payutto","external_links_name":"Where women stand by Bhikkhu Prayudh Payutto – Dharmaweb"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609100839/http://www.dharmaweb.org/index.php/Where_women_stand_by_Bhikkhu_Prayudh_Payutto","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ratnaghosa.fwbo.net/choiceone.html","external_links_name":"Buddhism :: Ecology :: Wheel of Life"},{"Link":"http://www.dharmaavenue.com/faces-lives/prayudh-payutto-ven.htm","external_links_name":"Faces and Lives of Prayudh Payutto, Ven"},{"Link":"http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/30303058","external_links_name":"\"Sangha Act set to pass - The Nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.aseanbreakingnews.com/2016/12/buddhists-welcome-promotion-of-phra-payutto/","external_links_name":"\"Buddhists welcome promotion of Phra Payutto\""},{"Link":"https://buddhadhamma.github.io/includes/docs/Buddhadhamma.pdf","external_links_name":"Buddhadhamma: The Laws of Nature and Their Benefits to Life"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911100011/https://buddhadhamma.github.io/includes/docs/Buddhadhamma.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101120626/http://www.watnyanaves.net/papayutto/index.htm#prawat","external_links_name":"\"Wat Nyanavesakavan\""},{"Link":"http://www.watnyanaves.net/papayutto/index.htm?#prawat","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lib.vu.ac.th/ULIB/dublin.php?ID=12799","external_links_name":"นิพพานเป็นอัตตาหรืออนัตตา"},{"Link":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.6.04.irel.html","external_links_name":"\"Tittha Sutta: Sectarians (1) (Ud 6.4)\""},{"Link":"https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2005/2342/","external_links_name":"Phra Dhammapitaka und die Pali-Kanon-Debatte in Thailand: Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des modernen Buddhismus"},{"Link":"https://book.watnyanaves.net/index.php?floor=other-language","external_links_name":"Selected Books of Ven. P. A. Payutto"},{"Link":"https://sound.watnyanaves.net/album.php?cat01=PA08","external_links_name":"Selected Audio-Files / Audio-Teachings of Ven. P. A. Payutto"},{"Link":"https://buddhadhamma.github.io/#the-laws-of-nature-and-their-benefits-to-life","external_links_name":"Buddhadhamma"},{"Link":"https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp620s","external_links_name":"A Constitution for Living: Buddhist Principles for a Fruitful and Harmonious Life (BP620S)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolli
Bertolli
["1 History","2 Products","3 Lawsuit","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Brand of Italian food products For other uses, see Bertolli (disambiguation). BertolliBertolli Riserva extra virgin olive oilProduct typeOlive oil, pasta sauce, ready meal, spread, vinegarOwnerMizkan (brand and North American pasta sauce)Conagra Brands (frozen food)Deoleo (olive oil)Upfield (spread)Enrico (European pasta sauce)CountryItalyIntroduced1865; 159 years ago (1865)MarketsWorldwidePrevious ownersCirio Bertolli De RicaUnileverWebsitewww.bertolli.com Bertolli is a brand of Italian food products produced by multiple companies around the world with the trademark owned by Mizkan Holdings. Originating as a brand of extra-virgin olive oil, in which it was the global market leader, pasta sauces and ready meals are now sold under the brand name as well. History In 1865 (159 years ago) (1865), the Bertolli company was founded by Francesco Bertolli and his wife, Caterina, in Lucca, Tuscany, Kingdom of Italy. They began by selling produce such as wine, cheese, olives, and olive oil. The company was managed by the Bertolli family until 1972, when the company was acquired by Alimont (part of Montedison Group). Alimont was later changed its name to Alivar then taken over by Società Meridionale di Elettricità (SME), an Italian state-owned conglomerate. SME later reorganised Bertolli and other food brands into Cirio Bertolli De Rica. In 1994, Unilever acquired Bertolli from Fisvi, a financial company that previously acquired Cirio Bertolli De Rica during the breakup of SME. In 2008, Unilever sold the olive oil business to Grupo SOS (currently Grupo Deoleo), Spain’s second-largest food group, for £500m as part of its disposal of non-core businesses. The transaction included the sale of the Italian Maya, Dante, and San Giorgio olive oil and seed oil businesses, as well as the factory at Inveruno, Province of Milan, Lombardy. In August 2012, the frozen foods business under the Bertolli brand name was sold by Unilever to ConAgra Foods. On 22 May 2014, Unilever agreed to sell its North American pasta sauce business under the Ragú and Bertolli brands to Mizkan Holdings for US$2.15 billion, As part of the deal, Mizkan obtained the Bertolli brand and trademark and licensed them to ConAgra, Deoleo, and Unilever at that time. In 2018, with the spin-off of Unilever's spread business as Upfield, Bertolli spread business and licence are now managed by that company. In 2021, Unilever divested its European pasta sauce and mayonnaise business under Bertolli brand and licence to Enrico-Glasbest, a Dutch food manufacturer. Products The frozen meals sold by Bertolli are branded under "Meals for One", "Meals for Two" and "Dessert" categories. Sales fell in the 2014 year for the frozen foods brands. ConAgra also focused in 2015 on growth in private-label products that retailers sell under their own brand. Bertolli's market share in pasta sauce in 2015 was 7.2% behind Ragú and Prego. Lawsuit Some controversy emerged in 2010 when Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil was identified as one of the olive oils mislabeled as extra virgin in a study by University of California, Davis. In 2018, parent company Deoleo agreed to pay a US$7 million settlement to resolve a class action lawsuit which had alleged that the company had misrepresented Bertolli olive oil, and committed to undertake several actions to correct such misrepresentation. The suit had alleged that it was misleading for Bertolli to advertise its olive oil as being "Imported from Italy" when the oils actually came from olives grown and pressed in Greece, Chile, Spain, Australia, Turkey, and Tunisia, and had merely been mixed and bottled in Italy. Deoleo removed the phrase "Imported from Italy" from its products and committed not to use similar phrasing in the future unless the oil is derived entirely from olives grown and pressed in Italy. Additionally, the suit alleged that the clear bottles used by Bertolli for its oil were inadequate to protect them from sunlight and temperature extremes, such that the olive oil would not meet the "extra virgin" quality standard by the time it reached consumers. As part of this settlement, Deoleo implemented several new practices to help ensure that its oil would meet the "extra virgin" standard at the time of sale and use: using dark green bottles to protect its extra-virgin olive oil from photooxidation implementing stricter testing protocols disclosing on the bottle the harvest date of the olives used to make the oil shortening the “Best by” period indicated on the bottle On 15 November 2018, parent company Deoleo was granted an injunction against Natural Solutions Magazine, preventing the magazine from continuing false and misleading statements against Bertolli and one of Deoleo's other brands Carapelli. See also Deoleo Olive oil Notes ^ Trademarks related to Bertolli were reassigned from Unilever PLC to R&B Foods, Inc., a special-purpose company owned by Mizkan America, Inc. and today assigned to Mizkan America, Inc. References ^ a b "Enrico-Glasbest acquires Bertolli from Unilever » Enrico". Enrico. Retrieved 2022-01-05. ^ "Search for a trade mark - Intellectual Property Office". trademarks.ipo.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-05. ^ "Search Results | IP Australia | Trade Mark Search". search.ipaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-01-05. ^ "Unilever enters olive oil market with clever packaging". Food Production Daily. 13 December 2004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-16. ^ "Bertolli Looks to Restore Luster to Olive Oil's Reputation". brandchannel. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2019-08-21. ^ a b Bray, Chad (22 May 2014). "Unilever to Sell Ragu and Bertolli Brands". The New York Times. ^ "Bertolli Olive Oil Brings 150 Years of Expertise". Bertolli. 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-24. ^ "Anche l'olio Bertolli è diventato spagnolo - Il Tirreno". Archivio - Il Tirreno (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-01-09. ^ "Unilever disposes Bertolli Olive Oil to Grupo SOS". Unilever. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-07-28. ^ "ConAgra Foods Inc Completes Acquisition of Bertolli and P.F. Chang's Frozen Meals Businesses from Unilever PLC". ConArgaFoods.com. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ "Consumer goods major Unilever sells Ragu and Bertolli brands". Japan Herald. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-22. ^ "Our spreads & Gennaro Contaldo's Pasta Recipes | Bertolli UK". Upfield. Retrieved 2022-01-09. ^ "Handelsbedrijf Enrico-Glasbest neemt Bertolli-sauzen over van Unilever". NU (in Dutch). 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-19. ^ "Frozen Meals". Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-23. ^ "UPDATE 2-ConAgra says recovery in private-label business to take longer". Reuters. 2014-12-18. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-23. ^ "Ragu, Bertolli Make Agency Change Under New Ownership". 22 June 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-23. ^ "Tests indicate that imported "extra virgin"olive oil often fails international and USDA standards". Olive Center, University of California, Davis. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ a b Siegner, Cathy (November 28, 2018). "Olive oil producer claims victory in mislabeling and false claims lawsuits". Food Dive. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ^ a b c Bucher, Anne (6 April 2018). "Bertolli Olive Oil Class Action Lawsuit Settled for $7M". Top Class Actions. Retrieved 2018-04-25. ^ a b Colman, Tracy (8 August 2017). "Deoleo Inc. Charged with Mislabeling Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil". Top Class Actions. Retrieved 2018-04-25. External links Official website vteConagra BrandsBrands and divisions Act II Andy Capp's Angie's Kettle Corn Armour Star Banquet Bertolli 1 Birds Eye 2 Blue Bonnet Chef Boyardee Crunch 'n Munch David Sunflower Seeds Del Monte 3 Egg Beaters Fiddle Faddle Gulden's Healthy Choice Hebrew National Hunt's Hunt's Snack Pack Jiffy Pop Kid Cuisine La Choy Libby's Manwich Marie Callender's Orville Redenbacher's P.F. Chang's PAM Parkay Poppycock Reddi-Wip Ro-Tel Ry-Krisp Slim Jim Swanson 1 Swiss Miss Thanasi Foods Van Camp's Wolf Brand Chili Acquisitions Beatrice Foods International Home Foods Lincoln Snacks Company Pinnacle Foods Ralcorp Thanasi Foods 1 Frozen foods only 2 U.S. only 3 Canada and Mexico Category vteUpfieldBrands Becel Bertolli (spreads) Blue Band Brummel & Brown Country Crock Flora I Can't Believe It's Not Butter! Planta Spry Vegetable Shortening Stork Related Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Unilever
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertolli (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolli_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Italian food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Mizkan Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizkan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"extra-virgin olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-virgin_olive_oil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce"},{"link_name":"ready meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepackaged_meal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bertolli (disambiguation).Bertolli is a brand of Italian food products produced by multiple companies around the world with the trademark owned by Mizkan Holdings.[1][2][3] Originating as a brand of extra-virgin olive oil, in which it was the global market leader,[4] pasta sauces and ready meals are now sold under the brand name as well.[5][6]","title":"Bertolli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Deoleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoleo"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Inveruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveruno"},{"link_name":"Province of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"frozen foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_food"},{"link_name":"ConAgra Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConAgra_Foods"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ragú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaucesSold-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Upfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upfield_(company)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"In 1865 (159 years ago) (1865), the Bertolli company was founded by Francesco Bertolli and his wife, Caterina, in Lucca, Tuscany, Kingdom of Italy. They began by selling produce such as wine, cheese, olives, and olive oil.[7]The company was managed by the Bertolli family until 1972, when the company was acquired by Alimont (part of Montedison Group). Alimont was later changed its name to Alivar then taken over by Società Meridionale di Elettricità (SME), an Italian state-owned conglomerate. SME later reorganised Bertolli and other food brands into Cirio Bertolli De Rica.[citation needed]In 1994, Unilever acquired Bertolli from Fisvi, a financial company that previously acquired Cirio Bertolli De Rica during the breakup of SME.[8]In 2008, Unilever sold the olive oil business to Grupo SOS (currently Grupo Deoleo), Spain’s second-largest food group, for £500m as part of its disposal of non-core businesses. The transaction included the sale of the Italian Maya, Dante, and San Giorgio olive oil and seed oil businesses, as well as the factory at Inveruno, Province of Milan, Lombardy.[9]In August 2012, the frozen foods business under the Bertolli brand name was sold by Unilever to ConAgra Foods.[10]On 22 May 2014, Unilever agreed to sell its North American pasta sauce business under the Ragú and Bertolli brands to Mizkan Holdings for US$2.15 billion,[6][11] As part of the deal, Mizkan obtained the Bertolli brand and trademark and licensed them to ConAgra, Deoleo, and Unilever at that time.[a]In 2018, with the spin-off of Unilever's spread business as Upfield, Bertolli spread business and licence are now managed by that company.[12]In 2021, Unilever divested its European pasta sauce and mayonnaise business under Bertolli brand and licence to Enrico-Glasbest, a Dutch food manufacturer.[13][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ragú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Prego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prego"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The frozen meals sold by Bertolli are branded under \"Meals for One\", \"Meals for Two\" and \"Dessert\" categories.[14] Sales fell in the 2014 year for the frozen foods brands. ConAgra also focused in 2015 on growth in private-label products that retailers sell under their own brand.[15]Bertolli's market share in pasta sauce in 2015 was 7.2% behind Ragú and Prego.[16]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mislabeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil_regulation_and_adulteration"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Deoleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoleo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bucher2018-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colman2017-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bucher2018-20"},{"link_name":"\"extra virgin\" quality standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil#Commercial_grades"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colman2017-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bucher2018-20"},{"link_name":"photooxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photooxidation"},{"link_name":"Carapelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapelli"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-false-19"}],"text":"Some controversy emerged in 2010 when Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil was identified as one of the olive oils mislabeled as extra virgin in a study by University of California, Davis.[17]In 2018, parent company Deoleo agreed to pay a US$7 million settlement[18] to resolve a class action lawsuit which had alleged that the company had misrepresented Bertolli olive oil, and committed to undertake several actions to correct such misrepresentation.[19]The suit had alleged that it was misleading for Bertolli to advertise its olive oil as being \"Imported from Italy\" when the oils actually came from olives grown and pressed in Greece, Chile, Spain, Australia, Turkey, and Tunisia, and had merely been mixed and bottled in Italy.[20]Deoleo removed the phrase \"Imported from Italy\" from its products and committed not to use similar phrasing in the future unless the oil is derived entirely from olives grown and pressed in Italy.[19] Additionally, the suit alleged that the clear bottles used by Bertolli for its oil were inadequate to protect them from sunlight and temperature extremes, such that the olive oil would not meet the \"extra virgin\" quality standard by the time it reached consumers.[20]As part of this settlement, Deoleo implemented several new practices to help ensure that its oil would meet the \"extra virgin\" standard at the time of sale and use:[19]using dark green bottles to protect its extra-virgin olive oil from photooxidation\nimplementing stricter testing protocols\ndisclosing on the bottle the harvest date of the olives used to make the oil\nshortening the “Best by” period indicated on the bottleOn 15 November 2018, parent company Deoleo was granted an injunction against Natural Solutions Magazine, preventing the magazine from continuing false and misleading statements against Bertolli and one of Deoleo's other brands Carapelli.[18]","title":"Lawsuit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Trademarks related to Bertolli were reassigned from Unilever PLC to R&B Foods, Inc., a special-purpose company owned by Mizkan America, Inc. and today assigned to Mizkan America, Inc.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Deoleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoleo"},{"title":"Olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"}]
[{"reference":"\"Enrico-Glasbest acquires Bertolli from Unilever » Enrico\". Enrico. Retrieved 2022-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enrico.nl/en/news/news/enrico-glasbest-acquires-bertolli-from-unilever/","url_text":"\"Enrico-Glasbest acquires Bertolli from Unilever » Enrico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search for a trade mark - Intellectual Property Office\". trademarks.ipo.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmowner/page/search?id=452214&domain=1&app=0&mark=UK00001087743","url_text":"\"Search for a trade mark - Intellectual Property Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results | IP Australia | Trade Mark Search\". search.ipaustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/search/quick/result?fs=REGISTERED&q=Bertolli#_491279","url_text":"\"Search Results | IP Australia | Trade Mark Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unilever enters olive oil market with clever packaging\". Food Production Daily. 13 December 2004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060211234631/http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=56735-unilever-enters-olive","url_text":"\"Unilever enters olive oil market with clever packaging\""},{"url":"http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=56735-unilever-enters-olive","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bertolli Looks to Restore Luster to Olive Oil's Reputation\". brandchannel. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brandchannel.com/2017/05/19/bertolli-oilive-oil-051917/","url_text":"\"Bertolli Looks to Restore Luster to Olive Oil's Reputation\""}]},{"reference":"Bray, Chad (22 May 2014). \"Unilever to Sell Ragu and Bertolli Brands\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/unilever-to-sell-ragu-and-bertolli-brands/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","url_text":"\"Unilever to Sell Ragu and Bertolli Brands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Bertolli Olive Oil Brings 150 Years of Expertise\". Bertolli. 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://essentials.bertolli.com/expert-olive-oil-brand/","url_text":"\"Bertolli Olive Oil Brings 150 Years of Expertise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anche l'olio Bertolli è diventato spagnolo - Il Tirreno\". Archivio - Il Tirreno (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ricerca.gelocal.it/iltirreno/archivio/iltirreno/2008/07/22/LH2PO_LH201.html","url_text":"\"Anche l'olio Bertolli è diventato spagnolo - Il Tirreno\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unilever disposes Bertolli Olive Oil to Grupo SOS\". Unilever. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303104833/http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/pressreleases/2008/UnileverdisposesBertolliOliveOiltoGrupoSOS.aspx","url_text":"\"Unilever disposes Bertolli Olive Oil to Grupo SOS\""},{"url":"http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/pressreleases/2008/UnileverdisposesBertolliOliveOiltoGrupoSOS.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ConAgra Foods Inc Completes Acquisition of Bertolli and P.F. Chang's Frozen Meals Businesses from Unilever PLC\". ConArgaFoods.com. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conagrafoods.com/news-room/news-ConAgra-Foods-Announces-Agreement-to-Acquire-Bertolli-and-PF-Changs-Frozen-Meals-Businesses-From-Unilever-PLC-1719917","url_text":"\"ConAgra Foods Inc Completes Acquisition of Bertolli and P.F. Chang's Frozen Meals Businesses from Unilever PLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer goods major Unilever sells Ragu and Bertolli brands\". Japan Herald. Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523034556/http://www.japanherald.com/index.php/sid/222240113/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Consumer-goods-major-Unilever-sells-Ragu-and-Bertolli-brands","url_text":"\"Consumer goods major Unilever sells Ragu and Bertolli brands\""},{"url":"http://www.japanherald.com/index.php/sid/222240113/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Consumer-goods-major-Unilever-sells-Ragu-and-Bertolli-brands","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our spreads & Gennaro Contaldo's Pasta Recipes | Bertolli UK\". Upfield. Retrieved 2022-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bertolli.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Our spreads & Gennaro Contaldo's Pasta Recipes | Bertolli UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Handelsbedrijf Enrico-Glasbest neemt Bertolli-sauzen over van Unilever\". NU (in Dutch). 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nu.nl/economie/6100086/handelsbedrijf-enrico-glasbest-neemt-bertolli-sauzen-over-van-unilever.html","url_text":"\"Handelsbedrijf Enrico-Glasbest neemt Bertolli-sauzen over van Unilever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frozen Meals\". Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724071718/http://www.villabertolli.com/product-category/frozen-meals","url_text":"\"Frozen Meals\""},{"url":"http://www.villabertolli.com/product-category/frozen-meals","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE 2-ConAgra says recovery in private-label business to take longer\". Reuters. 2014-12-18. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/conagra-foods-results-idUSL3N0U240Y20141218","url_text":"\"UPDATE 2-ConAgra says recovery in private-label business to take longer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072429/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/18/conagra-foods-results-idUSL3N0U240Y20141218","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ragu, Bertolli Make Agency Change Under New Ownership\". 22 June 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/agency-news/ragu-bertolli-make-agency-change-ownership/299153/","url_text":"\"Ragu, Bertolli Make Agency Change Under New Ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tests indicate that imported \"extra virgin\"olive oil often fails international and USDA standards\". Olive Center, University of California, Davis. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2014-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926232735/http://olivecenter.ucdavis.edu/research/files/oliveoilfinal071410updated.pdf/view","url_text":"\"Tests indicate that imported \"extra virgin\"olive oil often fails international and USDA standards\""},{"url":"http://olivecenter.ucdavis.edu/research/files/oliveoilfinal071410updated.pdf/view","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siegner, Cathy (November 28, 2018). \"Olive oil producer claims victory in mislabeling and false claims lawsuits\". Food Dive. Retrieved May 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fooddive.com/news/olive-oil-producer-claims-victory-in-mislabeling-and-false-claims-lawsuits/543062/","url_text":"\"Olive oil producer claims victory in mislabeling and false claims lawsuits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Dive","url_text":"Food Dive"}]},{"reference":"Bucher, Anne (6 April 2018). \"Bertolli Olive Oil Class Action Lawsuit Settled for $7M\". Top Class Actions. Retrieved 2018-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/841500-bertolli-olive-oil-class-action-lawsuit-settled-7m/","url_text":"\"Bertolli Olive Oil Class Action Lawsuit Settled for $7M\""}]},{"reference":"Colman, Tracy (8 August 2017). \"Deoleo Inc. Charged with Mislabeling Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil\". Top Class Actions. Retrieved 2018-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/814809-deoleo-inc-charged-mislabeling-bertolli-extra-virgin-olive-oil/","url_text":"\"Deoleo Inc. Charged with Mislabeling Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.bertolli.com/","external_links_name":"www.bertolli.com"},{"Link":"https://www.enrico.nl/en/news/news/enrico-glasbest-acquires-bertolli-from-unilever/","external_links_name":"\"Enrico-Glasbest acquires Bertolli from Unilever » Enrico\""},{"Link":"https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmowner/page/search?id=452214&domain=1&app=0&mark=UK00001087743","external_links_name":"\"Search for a trade mark - Intellectual Property Office\""},{"Link":"https://search.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/search/quick/result?fs=REGISTERED&q=Bertolli#_491279","external_links_name":"\"Search Results | IP Australia | Trade Mark Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060211234631/http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=56735-unilever-enters-olive","external_links_name":"\"Unilever enters olive oil market with clever packaging\""},{"Link":"http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=56735-unilever-enters-olive","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.brandchannel.com/2017/05/19/bertolli-oilive-oil-051917/","external_links_name":"\"Bertolli Looks to Restore Luster to Olive Oil's Reputation\""},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/unilever-to-sell-ragu-and-bertolli-brands/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Unilever to Sell Ragu and Bertolli Brands\""},{"Link":"https://essentials.bertolli.com/expert-olive-oil-brand/","external_links_name":"\"Bertolli Olive Oil Brings 150 Years of Expertise\""},{"Link":"https://ricerca.gelocal.it/iltirreno/archivio/iltirreno/2008/07/22/LH2PO_LH201.html","external_links_name":"\"Anche l'olio Bertolli è diventato spagnolo - Il Tirreno\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303104833/http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/pressreleases/2008/UnileverdisposesBertolliOliveOiltoGrupoSOS.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Unilever disposes Bertolli Olive Oil to Grupo SOS\""},{"Link":"http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/pressreleases/2008/UnileverdisposesBertolliOliveOiltoGrupoSOS.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.conagrafoods.com/news-room/news-ConAgra-Foods-Announces-Agreement-to-Acquire-Bertolli-and-PF-Changs-Frozen-Meals-Businesses-From-Unilever-PLC-1719917","external_links_name":"\"ConAgra Foods Inc Completes Acquisition of Bertolli and P.F. Chang's Frozen Meals Businesses from Unilever PLC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523034556/http://www.japanherald.com/index.php/sid/222240113/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Consumer-goods-major-Unilever-sells-Ragu-and-Bertolli-brands","external_links_name":"\"Consumer goods major Unilever sells Ragu and Bertolli brands\""},{"Link":"http://www.japanherald.com/index.php/sid/222240113/scat/c4f2dd8ca8c78044/ht/Consumer-goods-major-Unilever-sells-Ragu-and-Bertolli-brands","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bertolli.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Our spreads & Gennaro Contaldo's Pasta Recipes | Bertolli UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.nu.nl/economie/6100086/handelsbedrijf-enrico-glasbest-neemt-bertolli-sauzen-over-van-unilever.html","external_links_name":"\"Handelsbedrijf Enrico-Glasbest neemt Bertolli-sauzen over van Unilever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724071718/http://www.villabertolli.com/product-category/frozen-meals","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Meals\""},{"Link":"http://www.villabertolli.com/product-category/frozen-meals","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/conagra-foods-results-idUSL3N0U240Y20141218","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE 2-ConAgra says recovery in private-label business to take longer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072429/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/18/conagra-foods-results-idUSL3N0U240Y20141218","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://adage.com/article/agency-news/ragu-bertolli-make-agency-change-ownership/299153/","external_links_name":"\"Ragu, Bertolli Make Agency Change Under New Ownership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926232735/http://olivecenter.ucdavis.edu/research/files/oliveoilfinal071410updated.pdf/view","external_links_name":"\"Tests indicate that imported \"extra virgin\"olive oil often fails international and USDA standards\""},{"Link":"http://olivecenter.ucdavis.edu/research/files/oliveoilfinal071410updated.pdf/view","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fooddive.com/news/olive-oil-producer-claims-victory-in-mislabeling-and-false-claims-lawsuits/543062/","external_links_name":"\"Olive oil producer claims victory in mislabeling and false claims lawsuits\""},{"Link":"https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/841500-bertolli-olive-oil-class-action-lawsuit-settled-7m/","external_links_name":"\"Bertolli Olive Oil Class Action Lawsuit Settled for $7M\""},{"Link":"https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/814809-deoleo-inc-charged-mislabeling-bertolli-extra-virgin-olive-oil/","external_links_name":"\"Deoleo Inc. Charged with Mislabeling Bertolli Extra Virgin Olive Oil\""},{"Link":"http://www.bertolli.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_166
Illinois Route 166
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References","5 External links"]
Route map: State highway in southern Illinois, US Illinois Route 166IL 166 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by IDOTLength14.43 mi (23.22 km)Existed1924–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 45 in New BurnsideNorth end IL 13 in Pittsburg LocationCountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountiesJohnson, Williamson Highway system Illinois State Highway System Interstate US State Tollways Scenic ← IL 165→ IL 167 Illinois Route 166 (IL 166) is a 14.43-mile-long (23.22 km) north–south state road in southern Illinois, United States. The route runs from its southern terminus at U.S. Route 45 in New Burnside to its northern terminus at Illinois Route 13 east of Marion. Route 166 serves the counties of Johnson and Williamson. It is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). Route description Route 166 begins at a 3-way intersection with U.S. Route 45 on the east side of New Burnside. The route heads north from New Burnside, passing through rural Johnson County before crossing into Williamson County. In Williamson County, the highway turns west and passes through Creal Springs. Route 166 turns north after passing through Creal Springs and continues through farmland until it reaches its northern terminus at a traffic light-controlled intersection with Illinois 13, a four-lane divided highway. Illinois 166 is an undivided two-lane road for its entire length. History A road connecting Marion to New Burnside was first marked on Illinois highway maps in 1922. Route 166 was designated along its current route in 1924 as a paved road 9 feet (2.7 m) wide connecting New Burnside and Creal Springs. The route was first marked between Route 13 and Creal Springs on the 1929 state highway map; at this point, it had not been paved. By 1931, Route 166 was completed to New Burnside and paved between Route 13 and Caneyville, a community north of Creal Springs. The 1931 map marked the route as Illinois Route 156 in error. The remainder of the route was paved by 1934. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes JohnsonNew Burnside0.00.0 US 45 Williamson​14.423.2 IL 13 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References ^ a b Illinois Technology Transfer Center (2006). "T2 GIS Data". Retrieved November 8, 2007. ^ Johnson County General Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Illinois Department of Transportation. 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ Williamson County General Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Illinois Department of Transportation. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ a b Google (March 7, 2011). "Overview map of Route 166 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ "1922 Map Showing Marked Through Routes in Illinois". Illinois Digital Archives. Illinois State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ Illinois Blue Book, 1923–1924. State of Illinois. 1923. p. 267. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ "1929 Official Illinois Highway Map". Illinois Digital Archives. Illinois State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ "1931 Official Illinois Highway Map". Illinois Digital Archives. Illinois State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2011. ^ "1934 Illinois Road Map". Illinois Digital Archives. Illinois State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2011. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Illinois Route 166KML is from Wikidata Illinois Highways Page: Routes 161 thru 180 Illinois Highway Ends – Illinois Route 166
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(disambiguation)
Family Matters (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Family Matters is an American sitcom that originally aired from 1989 to 1998. Family Matters may also refer to: Family Matters, journal of the Australian Institute of Family Studies Family Matters (1993 film), a film directed by Susanne Bier Family Matters, a Philippine family drama film Family Matters (novel), 2002 Family Matters (Singaporean TV series), 2006–present "Family Matters" (song), a 2024 diss track by Drake "Family Matters" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural Jo Frost: Family Matters, a British television talk show "Family Matters", a 1990 episode of the TV series In the Heat of the Night Family Matters, a 2006 novel by Ira Berkowitz See also A Family Matter (disambiguation) Sociology of the family Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Family Matters.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Family_Studies#Publications"},{"link_name":"Family Matters (1993 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Family Matters (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Family Matters (Singaporean TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(Singaporean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"\"Family Matters\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(song)"},{"link_name":"\"Family Matters\" (Supernatural)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(Supernatural)"},{"link_name":"Jo Frost: Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Frost:_Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"In the Heat of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ira Berkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Berkowitz"}],"text":"Family Matters may also refer to:Family Matters, journal of the Australian Institute of Family Studies\nFamily Matters (1993 film), a film directed by Susanne Bier\nFamily Matters, a Philippine family drama film\nFamily Matters (novel), 2002\nFamily Matters (Singaporean TV series), 2006–present\n\"Family Matters\" (song), a 2024 diss track by Drake\n\"Family Matters\" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural\nJo Frost: Family Matters, a British television talk show\n\"Family Matters\", a 1990 episode of the TV series In the Heat of the Night\nFamily Matters, a 2006 novel by Ira Berkowitz","title":"Family Matters (disambiguation)"}]
[]
[{"title":"A Family Matter (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Family_Matter_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Sociology of the family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Family_Matters_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Family_Matters_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schepers
John Schepers
["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian former soccer player (born 1943) John SchepersPersonal informationFull name John SchepersDate of birth (1943-02-27) February 27, 1943 (age 81)Place of birth Tiel, NetherlandsHeight 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1959–1962 Winnipeg AN&AF Scottish FC 1963–1966 Regina Concordia SC 1967–1968 Calgary Buffalo Kickers 1969–1971 Regina Concordia SC 1971 Toronto Metros 3 (1)1972–1976 Winnipeg Thistle FC 1977–1983 Regina Concordia SC *Club domestic league appearances and goals John Schepers (27 February 1943) is a Canadian former soccer player. He was a national champion with Winnipeg AN&AF Scottish (1962) and a three-time Western Canada Soccer League winner with Regina Concordia (1963, 1964) and Calgary Buffalo Kickers (1968). At the international level, Schepers first represented Canada in 1960 on a tour of the Soviet Union and Britain. In 1971, he made 10 international "B" appearances with Canada's Olympic team in Olympic Qualifiers and the 1971 Pan American Games in Colombia. As a teenager in 1962, he scored four goals in the Canada Soccer Championship final as Winnipeg AN&AF Scottish won 6–0 over Edmonton Edelweiss. Personal life While Schepers was born in Netherlands, he was just 10 years old when his family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was just 15 years old when he started playing senior soccer in Winnipeg. He worked as a teacher and vice-principal in Regina for 30 years. References ^ "Canada Soccer". canadasoccer.com. ^ Unknown (24 September 1962). "Winnipeg crushes Edelweiss". Google. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ McCormick, Murray (22 March 2019). "Regina's John Schepers honoured". Regina Leader-Post. Retrieved 10 May 2019. External links John Schepers at the Canadian Soccer Association / Canada Soccer Hall of Fame John Schepers NASL stats This biographical article relating to Canadian soccer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1971 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1971_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Canada Soccer Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winnipeg_crush_Edelweiss-2"}],"text":"John Schepers (27 February 1943) is a Canadian former soccer player. He was a national champion with Winnipeg AN&AF Scottish (1962) and a three-time Western Canada Soccer League winner with Regina Concordia (1963, 1964) and Calgary Buffalo Kickers (1968).At the international level, Schepers first represented Canada in 1960 on a tour of the Soviet Union and Britain.[1] In 1971, he made 10 international \"B\" appearances with Canada's Olympic team in Olympic Qualifiers and the 1971 Pan American Games in Colombia.As a teenager in 1962, he scored four goals in the Canada Soccer Championship final as Winnipeg AN&AF Scottish won 6–0 over Edmonton Edelweiss.[2]","title":"John Schepers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regina's_John_Schepers_honoured-3"}],"text":"While Schepers was born in Netherlands, he was just 10 years old when his family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was just 15 years old when he started playing senior soccer in Winnipeg. He worked as a teacher and vice-principal in Regina for 30 years.[3]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Canada Soccer\". canadasoccer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://canadasoccer.com/?t=project.tpl&sid=31","url_text":"\"Canada Soccer\""}]},{"reference":"Unknown (24 September 1962). \"Winnipeg crushes Edelweiss\". Google. Retrieved 5 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pgFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NIINAAAAIBAJ&pg=2281%2C4087549","url_text":"\"Winnipeg crushes Edelweiss\""}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Murray (22 March 2019). \"Regina's John Schepers honoured\". Regina Leader-Post. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://leaderpost.com/sports/soccer/reginas-john-schepers-honoured-by-canadian-soccer-hall-of-fame-induction","url_text":"\"Regina's John Schepers honoured\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_del_Valle
Arroyo Valle
["1 History","2 Watershed and Course","3 Ecology","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°39′43″N 121°54′22″W / 37.66194°N 121.90611°W / 37.66194; -121.90611River in California, United StatesArroyo ValleArroyo De Los TaunaminesArroyo del Valle in Pleasanton, CaliforniaLocation of the mouth of Arroyo Valle in CaliforniaLocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaRegionSanta Clara CountyCityPleasanton, CaliforniaPhysical characteristicsSourceConfluence of San Antonio Creek and Arroyo Bayo • coordinates37°23′08″N 121°34′21″W / 37.38556°N 121.57250°W / 37.38556; -121.57250 • elevation1,808 ft (551 m) MouthConfluence with Arroyo de la Laguna • coordinates37°39′43″N 121°54′22″W / 37.66194°N 121.90611°W / 37.66194; -121.90611 • elevation302 ft (92 m)Basin featuresTributaries  • leftPino Creek, Sycamore Creek (Santa Clara County), Trout Creek (Santa Clara County) • rightSpring Canyon Creek, Sulphur Gulch, Colorado Creek, Dry Creek, Eylar Canyon Creek, Lang Canyon Creek Detail The arroyo in Pleasanton Arroyo Valle or Arroyo Del Valle is a 36.4-mile-long (58.6 km) westward-flowing stream that begins in northeastern Santa Clara County, California, and flows northwesterly into Alameda County where it is dammed to form Lake Del Valle. After that Arroyo Valle is a tributary to Arroyo de la Laguna which in turn flows into Alameda Creek and thence to San Francisco Bay. In the past, the Arroyo Valle had a significant steelhead migration; however, degradation of the stream in the latter half of the 20th century has decimated this anadromous fish population. History Arroyo Valle was also once known as Arroyo De Los Taunamines (Stream of the Taunamines), for the Costanoan Taunamines people who lived there. In 1853 it was renamed Arroyo del Valle (Stream of the Valley). Watershed and Course The Arroyo Valle watershed drains 147 square miles (380 km2). The upper reaches of Arroyo Valle stretch into northeastern Santa Clara County where the mainstem is formed by the confluence of San Antonio Creek and Arroyo Bayo. San Antonio Creek's origin is on the western slope of 3,804 feet (1,159 m) Mount Stakes, west of the Santa Clara-Stanislaus County border, about 32 miles (51 km) southeast of Livermore. San Antonio Creek traverses the San Antonio Valley as it heads west to Arroyo Valle. Arroyo Bayo also has its origin on Mount Stakes southwestern slope and traverses Upper San Antonio Valley as it also heads west to Arroyo Valle. Arroyo Valle is dammed by the Del Valle Dam, which forms the reservoir Lake Del Valle in southeastern Alameda County. Downstream from the reservoir, Arroyo Valle drains much of the southern portion of the city of Livermore, and it also flows through and drains a considerable fraction of the city of Pleasanton, both in the Livermore Valley. The stream is a tributary to Arroyo de la Laguna, which is in turn tributary to Alameda Creek, which ultimately reaches San Francisco Bay at Fremont, California. Ecology Water quality measurements in Arroyo Valle in the Livermore Valley indicate a pH level of 7.0, or neutral with respect to acidity; phosphate levels were not detectable. In the middle reaches of Arroyo Valle south of Livermore, there has been considerable historic grazing use. Depth to groundwater in this reach of the watershed typically ranges from 50 feet (15 m) to 100 feet (30 m) and flows to the west. Subsequent to this reach, the Arroyo del Valle flows down the moderately sloping hills to enter gravel pits, where extraction (but not processing) has historically been conducted by Lone Star Industries. Historically, Arroyo Valle was connected to Tulare Lake, a lagoon in the Livermore-Amador Valley, and thus to the Alameda Creek watershed. There are historical records of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Arroyo Valle although now the Lake Del Valle Dam is an impassable barrier to spawning runs. See also List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area Arroyo de la Laguna Alameda Creek References ^ a b c "Arroyo Valle". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Arroyo Valle ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 15, 2011 ^ Arroyo del Valle Creekwatch Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ Page Mosier & Dan Mosier (1986). Alameda County Place Names. Fremont, California: Mines Road Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-889064-02-4. Retrieved March 12, 2016. ^ a b Charles H. Hanson; Janet Sowers; Allen Pastron (August 2004). Evaluation of the Potential Historical and Current Occurrence of Steelhead within the Livermore-Amador Valley (PDF) (Report). Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District - Zone 7. Retrieved April 30, 2021. ^ "Arroyo Bayo". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ Water Quality Testing in Arroyo del Valle Archived March 9, 2005, at the Wayback Machine ^ Environmental Site Assessment, Murdell Lane, Unincorporated Alameda County, EMI Report 10202, September 29, 1989 External links Arroyo Valle northern watershed map at Oakland Museum of California Current conditions for Arroyo Valle at US Geological Survey; shows current and historical gage height, discharge rate, and temperature
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arroyo_del_Valle_April_2010_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:File-Arroyo_del_Valle_April_2010_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-3"},{"link_name":"stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Alameda County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Lake Del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Arroyo de la Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_de_la_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Alameda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Creek"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"steelhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"anadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadromous"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"River in California, United StatesDetailThe arroyo in PleasantonArroyo Valle or Arroyo Del Valle[2] is a 36.4-mile-long (58.6 km)[3] westward-flowing stream that begins in northeastern Santa Clara County, California, and flows northwesterly into Alameda County where it is dammed to form Lake Del Valle. After that Arroyo Valle is a tributary to Arroyo de la Laguna which in turn flows into Alameda Creek and thence to San Francisco Bay. In the past, the Arroyo Valle had a significant steelhead migration; however, degradation of the stream in the latter half of the 20th century has decimated this anadromous fish population.[4]","title":"Arroyo Valle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costanoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanoan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arroyo Valle was also once known as Arroyo De Los Taunamines (Stream of the Taunamines), for the Costanoan Taunamines people who lived there. In 1853 it was renamed Arroyo del Valle (Stream of the Valley).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trout-6"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Creek_(Santa_Clara_County)"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Bayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Bayo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mount Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_County"},{"link_name":"Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermore,_California"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Lake Del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Alameda County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County"},{"link_name":"Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermore,_California"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"Livermore Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermore_Valley"},{"link_name":"Arroyo de la Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_de_la_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Alameda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fremont, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California"}],"text":"The Arroyo Valle watershed drains 147 square miles (380 km2).[6] The upper reaches of Arroyo Valle stretch into northeastern Santa Clara County where the mainstem is formed by the confluence of San Antonio Creek and Arroyo Bayo.[7] San Antonio Creek's origin is on the western slope of 3,804 feet (1,159 m) Mount Stakes, west of the Santa Clara-Stanislaus County border, about 32 miles (51 km) southeast of Livermore. San Antonio Creek traverses the San Antonio Valley as it heads west to Arroyo Valle. Arroyo Bayo also has its origin on Mount Stakes southwestern slope and traverses Upper San Antonio Valley as it also heads west to Arroyo Valle.Arroyo Valle is dammed by the Del Valle Dam, which forms the reservoir Lake Del Valle in southeastern Alameda County.Downstream from the reservoir, Arroyo Valle drains much of the southern portion of the city of Livermore, and it also flows through and drains a considerable fraction of the city of Pleasanton, both in the Livermore Valley. The stream is a tributary to Arroyo de la Laguna, which is in turn tributary to Alameda Creek, which ultimately reaches San Francisco Bay at Fremont, California.","title":"Watershed and Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"acidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Industries"},{"link_name":"Tulare Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulare_Lake_(Alameda_County)"},{"link_name":"steelhead trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead_trout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trout-6"}],"text":"Water quality measurements in Arroyo Valle in the Livermore Valley indicate a pH level of 7.0, or neutral with respect to acidity; phosphate levels were not detectable.[8]In the middle reaches of Arroyo Valle south of Livermore, there has been considerable historic grazing use. Depth to groundwater in this reach of the watershed typically ranges from 50 feet (15 m) to 100 feet (30 m) and flows to the west.[9] Subsequent to this reach, the Arroyo del Valle flows down the moderately sloping hills to enter gravel pits, where extraction (but not processing) has historically been conducted by Lone Star Industries.Historically, Arroyo Valle was connected to Tulare Lake, a lagoon in the Livermore-Amador Valley, and thus to the Alameda Creek watershed. There are historical records of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Arroyo Valle although now the Lake Del Valle Dam is an impassable barrier to spawning runs.[6]","title":"Ecology"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_%E2%80%93_Drama_Series
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
["1 Winners and nominations","1.1 1950s","1.2 1960s","1.3 1970s","1.4 1980s","1.5 1990s","1.6 2000s","1.7 2010s","1.8 2020s","2 Programs with multiple wins","3 Programs with multiple nominations","4 Performers with multiple wins","5 Performers with multiple nominations","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
Award for lead actress in a television drama series For the Daytime Emmy Awards, see Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama SeriesThe 2024 recipient: Sarah SnookAwarded forOutstanding Lead Actress in a Drama SeriesCountryUnited StatesPresented byAcademy of Television Arts & SciencesFirst awarded1954Currently held bySarah Snook, Succession (2024)Websiteemmys.com The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award presented annually in the U.S. by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television drama series for the primetime network season. The award was first presented at the 6th Primetime Emmy Awards on February 11, 1954. The acting awards presented during the inaugural years were not genre-specific, with actresses in either drama or comedy series receiving nominations and awards. While Eve Arden was the first winner in the female acting category, Loretta Young was the first actress to win for a lead performance in a drama series. By 1966, the acting awards were split into drama and comedy categories, undergoing several name changes until settling with the current title. Since its inception, the award has been given to 157 actresses, with 31 winning for performances in a drama series. Tyne Daly and Michael Learned hold the record for most wins in the category, with four each. Angela Lansbury is the most nominated actress in the category, with twelve nominations, though she never won. In 2015, Viola Davis became the first African-American woman to win, for her performance as Annalise Keating on How to Get Away with Murder. In 2020, Zendaya became the youngest winner, at age 24, for Euphoria. She won again in 2022, becoming the first African-American to win twice. As of 2024, Sarah Snook is the most recent winner, receiving the award for her work on Succession. Winners and nominations Listed below are the winners of the award for each year, as well as the other nominees. Key Meaning Indicates the winning actress # Indicates a performance in a miniseries or television film, prior to the category's creation § Indicates a performance as a guest performer, prior to the category's creation 1950s Year Actress Role Program Network Best Female Star of a Regular Series 1954(6th) Eve Arden Connie Brooks Our Miss Brooks CBS Lucille Ball Lucy Ricardo I Love Lucy CBS Imogene Coca Various characters Your Show of Shows NBC Dinah Shore Herself The Dinah Shore Show Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show Best Actress Starring in a Regular Series 1955(7th) Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show NBC Gracie Allen Gracie Allen The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show CBS Eve Arden Connie Brooks Our Miss Brooks Lucille Ball Lucy Ricardo I Love Lucy Ann Sothern Susie McNamara Private Secretary Best Actress – Continuing Performance 1956(8th) Lucille Ball Lucy Ricardo I Love Lucy CBS Gracie Allen Gracie Allen The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show CBS Eve Arden Connie Brooks Our Miss Brooks Jean Hagen Margaret Williams Make Room for Daddy ABC Ann Sothern Susie McNamara Private Secretary CBS Best Continuing Performance by an Actress 1957(9th) Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show NBC Jan Clayton Ellen Miller Lassie CBS Ida Lupino Various characters Four Star Playhouse Peggy Wood Mama Mama Jane Wyman Various characters Jane Wyman Theatre NBC Best Continuing Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series 1958(10th) Jane Wyatt Margaret Anderson Father Knows Best NBC Eve Arden Liza Hammond The Eve Arden Show CBS Spring Byington Lily Ruskin December Bride Jan Clayton Ellen Miller Lassie Ida Lupino Eve Drake Mr. Adams and Eve Best Actress in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series 1959(11th) Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show NBC Phyllis Kirk Nora Charles The Thin Man NBC June Lockhart Ruth Martin Lassie CBS Jane Wyman Various characters The Jane Wyman Show NBC 1960s Year Actress Role Program Network Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead or Support) 1960(12th) Jane Wyatt Margaret Anderson Father Knows Best CBS Donna Reed Donna Stone The Donna Reed Show ABC Teresa Wright Margaret Bourke-White NBC Sunday Showcase NBC Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead) 1961(13th) Barbara Stanwyck Various characters The Barbara Stanwyck Show NBC Donna Reed Donna Stone The Donna Reed Show ABC Loretta Young Various characters The Loretta Young Show NBC Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead) 1962(14th) Shirley Booth Hazel Burke Hazel NBC Gertrude Berg Sarah Green The Gertrude Berg Show CBS Donna Reed Donna Stone The Donna Reed Show ABC Mary Stuart Joanne Gardner Search for Tomorrow CBS Cara Williams Gladys Porter Pete and Gladys 1963(15th) Shirley Booth Hazel Burke Hazel NBC Lucille Ball Lucy Carmichael The Lucy Show CBS Shirl Conway Liz Thorpe The Nurses Mary Tyler Moore Laura Petrie The Dick Van Dyke Show Irene Ryan Granny The Beverly Hillbillies 1964(16th) Mary Tyler Moore Laura Petrie The Dick Van Dyke Show CBS Shirley Booth Hazel Burke Hazel NBC Patty Duke Cathy Lane The Patty Duke Show ABC Irene Ryan Granny The Beverly Hillbillies CBS Inger Stevens Katy Holstrum The Farmer's Daughter ABC Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment – Actors and Performers 1965(17th) Leonard Bernstein Conductor New York Philharmonic Young People's Concerts with Leonard Bernstein CBS Lynn Fontanne Fanny Bowditch Holmes Hallmark Hall of Fame: "The Magnificent Yankee" NBC Alfred Lunt Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Barbra Streisand Herself My Name Is Barbra CBS Dick Van Dyke Rob Petrie The Dick Van Dyke Show Julie Andrews Herself The Andy Williams Show: "November 30, 1964" NBC Johnny Carson Host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Gladys Cooper Margaret St. Clair The Rogues Robert Coote Timmy St. Clair Richard Crenna James Slattery Slattery's People CBS Julie Harris Florence Nightingale Hallmark Hall of Fame: "The Holy Terror" NBC Bob Hope Himself Chrysler Presents A Bob Hope Comedy Special Dean Jagger Principal Albert Vane Mr. Novak Danny Kaye Host The Danny Kaye Show CBS David McCallum Illya Kuryakin The Man from U.N.C.L.E. NBC Red Skelton Himself The Red Skelton Hour CBS Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series 1966(18th) Barbara Stanwyck Victoria Barkley The Big Valley ABC Anne Francis Honey West Honey West ABC Barbara Parkins Betty Anderson Cord Peyton Place 1967(19th) Barbara Bain Cinnamon Carter Mission: Impossible CBS Diana Rigg Emma Peel The Avengers ABC Barbara Stanwyck Victoria Barkley The Big Valley 1968(20th) Barbara Bain Cinnamon Carter Mission: Impossible CBS Diana Rigg Emma Peel The Avengers ABC Barbara Stanwyck Victoria Barkley The Big Valley 1969(21st) Barbara Bain Cinnamon Carter Mission: Impossible CBS Joan Blondell Lottie Hatfield Here Come the Brides ABC Peggy Lipton Julie Barnes The Mod Squad 1970s Year Actress Role Program Network Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series 1970(22nd) Susan Hampshire # Fleur Mont The Forsyte Saga NET Joan Blondell Lottie Hatfield Here Come the Brides ABC Peggy Lipton Julie Barnes The Mod Squad 1971(23rd) Susan Hampshire # Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough The First Churchills PBS Linda Cristal Victoria Montoya The High Chaparral NBC Peggy Lipton Julie Barnes The Mod Squad ABC 1972(24th) Glenda Jackson # Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth R PBS Peggy Lipton Julie Barnes The Mod Squad ABC Susan Saint James Sally McMillian McMillan & Wife NBC Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (Drama Series - Continuing) 1973(25th) Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS Lynda Day George Lisa Casey Mission: Impossible CBS Susan Saint James Sally McMillian McMillan & Wife NBC Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series 1974(26th) Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS Jean Marsh Rose Buck Upstairs, Downstairs PBS Jeanette Nolan Sally Fergus Dirty Sally CBS Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series 1975(27th) Jean Marsh Rose Buck Upstairs, Downstairs PBS Angie Dickinson Sgt. Leann Anderson Police Woman NBC Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS 1976(28th) Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS Angie Dickinson Sgt. Leann Anderson Police Woman NBC Anne Meara Kate McShane Kate McShane CBS Brenda Vaccaro Sara Yarnell Sara 1977(29th) Lindsay Wagner Jaime Sommers The Bionic Woman ABC Angie Dickinson Sgt. Leann Anderson Police Woman NBC Kate Jackson Sabrina Duncan Charlie's Angels ABC Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS Sada Thompson Kate Lawrence Family ABC 1978(30th) Sada Thompson Kate Lawrence Family ABC Melissa Sue Anderson Mary Ingalls Little House on the Prairie NBC Fionnula Flanagan Aunt Molly Culhane How the West Was Won ABC Kate Jackson Sabrina Duncan Charlie's Angels Michael Learned Olivia Walton The Waltons CBS Susan Sullivan Julie Farr Having Babies ABC 1979(31st) Mariette Hartley § Carolyn Fields The Incredible Hulk CBS Barbara Bel Geddes Miss Ellie Ewing Dallas CBS Rita Moreno § Rita Capkovick The Rockford Files NBC Sada Thompson Kate Lawrence Family ABC 1980s Year Actress Role Program Network 1980(32nd) Barbara Bel Geddes Miss Ellie Ewing Dallas CBS Lauren Bacall § Kendall Warren The Rockford Files NBC Mariette Hartley § Althea Morgan Kristy McNichol Buddy Lawrence Family ABC Sada Thompson Kate Lawrence 1981(33rd) Barbara Babcock § Grace Gardner Hill Street Blues NBC Barbara Bel Geddes Miss Ellie Ewing Dallas CBS Linda Gray Sue Ellen Ewing Veronica Hamel Joyce Davenport Hill Street Blues NBC Michael Learned Mary Benjamin Nurse CBS Stefanie Powers Jennifer Hart Hart to Hart ABC 1982(34th) Michael Learned Mary Benjamin Nurse CBS Debbie Allen Lydia Grant Fame NBC Veronica Hamel Joyce Davenport Hill Street Blues Michele Lee Karen Fairgate Knots Landing CBS Stefanie Powers Jennifer Hart Hart to Hart ABC 1983(35th) Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Debbie Allen Lydia Grant Fame NBC Linda Evans Krystle Carrington Dynasty ABC Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Veronica Hamel Joyce Davenport Hill Street Blues NBC 1984(36th) Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Debbie Allen Lydia Grant Fame Syndicated Joan Collins Alexis Colby Dynasty ABC Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Veronica Hamel Joyce Davenport Hill Street Blues NBC 1985(37th) Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Debbie Allen Lydia Grant Fame Syndicated Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Veronica Hamel Joyce Davenport Hill Street Blues NBC Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote CBS 1986(38th) Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote Cybill Shepherd Maddie Hayes Moonlighting ABC Alfre Woodard Roxanne Turner St. Elsewhere NBC 1987(39th) Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Susan Dey Grace Van Owen L.A. Law NBC Jill Eikenberry Ann Kelsey Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote CBS 1988(40th) Tyne Daly Mary Beth Lacey Cagney & Lacey CBS Susan Dey Grace Van Owen L.A. Law NBC Jill Eikenberry Ann Kelsey Sharon Gless Chris Cagney Cagney & Lacey CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote 1989(41st) Dana Delany Colleen McMurphy China Beach ABC Susan Dey Grace Van Owen L.A. Law NBC Jill Eikenberry Ann Kelsey Linda Hamilton Catherine Chandler Beauty and the Beast CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote 1990s Year Actress Role Program Episode Submission Network 1990(42nd) Patricia Wettig Nancy Krieger-Weston Thirtysomething "The Other Shoe" ABC Jill Eikenberry Ann Kelsey L.A. Law — NBC Dana Delany Colleen McMurphy China Beach — ABC Piper Laurie Catherine Martell Twin Peaks — Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote — CBS 1991(43rd) Patricia Wettig Nancy Krieger-Weston Thirtysomething "Guns and Roses" ABC Dana Delany Colleen McMurphy China Beach "Fever" ABC Sharon Gless Rosie O'Neill The Trials of Rosie O'Neill "When I'm 44" CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "Thursday's Child" 1992(44th) Dana Delany Colleen McMurphy China Beach "Through and Through" ABC Sharon Gless Rosie O'Neill The Trials of Rosie O'Neill "Heartbreak Hotel" CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "Night Fears" Shirley Knight § Melanie Currants Law & Order "The Wages of Love" NBC Regina Taylor Lilly Harper I'll Fly Away "Coming Home" Kate Nelligan § Sydney Carver Road to Avonlea "After the Honeymoon" Disney Channel 1993(45th) Kathy Baker Jill Brock Picket Fences "Thanksgiving" CBS Swoosie Kurtz Alex Reed Sisters "Mirror, Mirror" NBC Regina Taylor Lilly Harper I'll Fly Away "Comfort and Joy" Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "Night of the Coyote" CBS Janine Turner Maggie O'Connell Northern Exposure "Love's Labour Mislaid" 1994(46th) Sela Ward Teddy Reed Sisters "Land of the Lost Children" NBC Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "A Killing in Cork" CBS Jane Seymour Michaela Quinn Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman "Best Friends" Kathy Baker Jill Brock Picket Fences "Guns 'R' Us" Swoosie Kurtz Alex Reed Sisters "Protective Measures" NBC 1995(47th) Kathy Baker Jill Brock Picket Fences "Frogman Returns" CBS Claire Danes Angela Chase My So-Called Life "Pilot" ABC Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "Dear Deadly" CBS Sherry Stringfield Susan Lewis ER "Motherhood" NBC Cicely Tyson Carrie Grace Battle Sweet Justice "In the Name of the Sun" 1996(48th) Kathy Baker Jill Brock Picket Fences "Bottled" CBS Gillian Anderson Dana Scully The X-Files "Piper Maru" Fox Christine Lahti Kate Austin Chicago Hope "Transplanted Affection" CBS Angela Lansbury Jessica Fletcher Murder, She Wrote "Death by Demographics" Sherry Stringfield Susan Lewis ER "Take These Broken Wings" NBC 1997(49th) Gillian Anderson Dana Scully The X-Files "Memento Mori" Fox Roma Downey Monica Touched by an Angel "Missing in Action" CBS Christine Lahti Kate Austin Chicago Hope "Back to the Future" Julianna Margulies Carol Hathaway ER "The Long Way Around" NBC Sherry Stringfield Susan Lewis "Fear of Flying" 1998(50th) Christine Lahti Kate Austin Chicago Hope "Cabin Fever" CBS Gillian Anderson Dana Scully The X-Files "All Souls" Fox Roma Downey Monica Touched by an Angel "The Spirit of Liberty Moon" CBS Julianna Margulies Carol Hathaway ER "Carter's Choice" NBC Jane Seymour Michaela Quinn Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman "Point Blank" CBS 1999(51st) Edie Falco Carmela Soprano The Sopranos "College" HBO Gillian Anderson Dana Scully The X-Files "Milagro" Fox Lorraine Bracco Jennifer Melfi The Sopranos "The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti" HBO Christine Lahti Kate Austin Chicago Hope "Karmic Relief" CBS Julianna Margulies Carol Hathaway ER "The Storm (Part II)" NBC 2000s Year Actress Role Program Episode Submission Network 2000(52nd) Sela Ward Lily Manning Once and Again "Pilot" ABC Lorraine Bracco Jennifer Melfi The Sopranos "Big Girls Don't Cry" HBO Edie Falco Carmela Soprano "Full Leather Jacket" Amy Brenneman Amy Gray Judging Amy "The Wee Hours" CBS Julianna Margulies Carol Hathaway ER "Great Expectations" NBC 2001(53rd) Edie Falco Carmela Soprano The Sopranos "Second Opinion" HBO Amy Brenneman Amy Gray Judging Amy "The Undertow" CBS Marg Helgenberger Catherine Willows CSI: Crime Scene Investigation "Justice Is Served" Lorraine Bracco Jennifer Melfi The Sopranos "Employee of the Month" HBO Sela Ward Lily Manning Once and Again "Second Time Around" ABC 2002(54th) Allison Janney C. J. Cregg The West Wing "The Women of Qumar" NBC Amy Brenneman Amy Gray Judging Amy "Tidal Wave" CBS Frances Conroy Ruth Fisher Six Feet Under "Pilot" HBO Rachel Griffiths Brenda Chenowith "The Secret" Jennifer Garner Sydney Bristow Alias "Truth Be Told" ABC 2003(55th) Edie Falco Carmela Soprano The Sopranos "Whitecaps" HBO Jennifer Garner Sydney Bristow Alias "Phase One" ABC Frances Conroy Ruth Fisher Six Feet Under "Nobody Sleeps" HBO Allison Janney C. J. Cregg The West Wing "The Long Goodbye" NBC Marg Helgenberger Catherine Willows CSI: Crime Scene Investigation "Lady Heather's Box" CBS 2004(56th) Allison Janney C. J. Cregg The West Wing "Access" NBC Edie Falco Carmela Soprano The Sopranos "All Happy Families..." HBO Jennifer Garner Sydney Bristow Alias "The Two" ABC Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Control" NBC Amber Tamblyn Joan Girardi Joan of Arcadia "Pilot" CBS 2005(57th) Patricia Arquette Allison DuBois Medium "In Sickness and Adultery" NBC Glenn Close Monica Rawling The Shield "Hurt" FX Frances Conroy Ruth Fisher Six Feet Under "Coming and Going" HBO Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Charisma" NBC Jennifer Garner Sydney Bristow Alias "Before the Flood" ABC 2006(58th) Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "911" NBC Frances Conroy Ruth Fisher Six Feet Under "Everyone's Waiting" HBO Geena Davis Mackenzie Allen Commander in Chief "Pilot" ABC Allison Janney C. J. Cregg The West Wing "Institutional Memory" NBC Kyra Sedgwick Brenda Leigh Johnson The Closer "Fantasy Date" TNT 2007(59th) Sally Field Nora Walker Brothers & Sisters "Mistakes Were Made (Part 2)" ABC Patricia Arquette Allison DuBois Medium "Be Kind, Rewind" NBC Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Florida" Minnie Driver Dahlia Malloy The Riches "Pilot" FX Edie Falco Carmela Soprano The Sopranos "The Second Coming" HBO Kyra Sedgwick Brenda Leigh Johnson The Closer "Slippin'" TNT 2008(60th) Glenn Close Patty Hewes Damages "Get Me a Lawyer" FX Sally Field Nora Walker Brothers & Sisters "History Repeating" ABC Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Undercover" NBC Holly Hunter Grace Hanadarko Saving Grace "Tacos, Tulips, Duck, and Spices" TNT Kyra Sedgwick Brenda Leigh Johnson The Closer "Manhunt" 2009(61st) Glenn Close Patty Hewes Damages "Trust Me" FX Sally Field Nora Walker Brothers & Sisters "A Father Dreams" ABC Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "PTSD" NBC Holly Hunter Grace Hanadarko Saving Grace "Have a Seat, Earl" TNT Kyra Sedgwick Brenda Leigh Johnson The Closer "Cherry Bomb" Elisabeth Moss Peggy Olson Mad Men "Meditations in an Emergency" AMC 2010s Year Actress Role Program Episode Submission Network 2010(62nd) Kyra Sedgwick Brenda Leigh Johnson The Closer "Maternal Instincts" TNT Connie Britton Tami Taylor Friday Night Lights "After the Fall" DirecTV Glenn Close Patty Hewes Damages "Your Secrets Are Safe" FX Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Perverted" NBC January Jones Betty Draper Mad Men "The Gypsy and the Hobo" AMC Julianna Margulies Alicia Florrick The Good Wife "Threesome" CBS 2011(63rd) Julianna Margulies Alicia Florrick The Good Wife "In Sickness" CBS Kathy Bates Harriet Korn Harry's Law "Innocent Man" NBC Connie Britton Tami Taylor Friday Night Lights "Always" DirecTV Mireille Enos Sarah Linden The Killing "Missing" AMC Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Law & Order: Special Victims Unit "Rescue" NBC Elisabeth Moss Peggy Olson Mad Men "The Suitcase" AMC 2012(64th) Claire Danes Carrie Mathison Homeland "The Vest" Showtime Kathy Bates Harriet Korn Harry's Law "Onward and Upward" NBC Glenn Close Patty Hewes Damages "I've Done Way Too Much for This Girl" DirecTV Michelle Dockery Lady Mary Crawley Downton Abbey "Episode Seven" PBS Julianna Margulies Alicia Florrick The Good Wife "Parenting Made Easy" CBS Elisabeth Moss Peggy Olson Mad Men "The Other Woman" AMC 2013(65th) Claire Danes Carrie Mathison Homeland "Q&A" Showtime Connie Britton Rayna Jaymes Nashville "Pilot" ABC Michelle Dockery Lady Mary Crawley Downton Abbey "Episode One" PBS Vera Farmiga Norma Bates Bates Motel "First You Dream, Then You Die" A&E Elisabeth Moss Peggy Olson Mad Men "The Better Half" AMC Kerry Washington Olivia Pope Scandal "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" ABC Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 10" Netflix 2014(66th) Julianna Margulies Alicia Florrick The Good Wife "The Last Call" CBS Lizzy Caplan Virginia E. Johnson Masters of Sex "Pilot" Showtime Claire Danes Carrie Mathison Homeland "The Star" Michelle Dockery Lady Mary Crawley Downton Abbey "Episode One" PBS Kerry Washington Olivia Pope Scandal "The Fluffer" ABC Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 26" Netflix 2015(67th) Viola Davis Annalise Keating How to Get Away with Murder "Freakin' Whack-a-Mole" ABC Claire Danes Carrie Mathison Homeland "From A to B and Back Again" Showtime Taraji P. Henson Cookie Lyon Empire "Pilot" Fox Tatiana Maslany Various characters Orphan Black "Certain Agony of the Battlefield" BBC America Elisabeth Moss Peggy Olson Mad Men "Person to Person" AMC Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 32" Netflix 2016(68th) Tatiana Maslany Various characters Orphan Black "The Antisocialism of Sex" BBC America Claire Danes Carrie Mathison Homeland "Super Powers" Showtime Viola Davis Annalise Keating How to Get Away with Murder "There's My Baby" ABC Taraji P. Henson Cookie Lyon Empire "Rise by Sin" Fox Keri Russell Elizabeth Jennings The Americans "The Magic of David Copperfield V: The Statue of Liberty Disappears" FX Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 49" Netflix 2017(69th) Elisabeth Moss June Osborne / Offred The Handmaid's Tale "Night" Hulu Viola Davis Annalise Keating How to Get Away with Murder "Wes" ABC Claire Foy Queen Elizabeth II The Crown "Assassins" Netflix Keri Russell Elizabeth Jennings The Americans "Dyatkovo" FX Evan Rachel Wood Dolores Abernathy Westworld "The Bicameral Mind" HBO Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 65" Netflix 2018(70th) Claire Foy Queen Elizabeth II The Crown "Dear Mrs. Kennedy" Netflix Tatiana Maslany Various characters Orphan Black "To Right the Wrongs of Many" BBC America Elisabeth Moss June Osborne / Offred The Handmaid's Tale "The Last Ceremony" Hulu Sandra Oh Eve Polastri Killing Eve "I Have a Thing About Bathrooms" BBC America Keri Russell Elizabeth Jennings The Americans "The Summit" FX Evan Rachel Wood Dolores Abernathy Westworld "Reunion" HBO 2019(71st) Jodie Comer Villanelle Killing Eve "I Hope You Like Missionary!" BBC America Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Game of Thrones "The Last of the Starks" HBO Viola Davis Annalise Keating How to Get Away with Murder "He Betrayed Us Both" ABC Laura Linney Wendy Byrde Ozark "One Way Out" Netflix Mandy Moore Rebecca Pearson This Is Us "The Graduates" NBC Sandra Oh Eve Polastri Killing Eve "You're Mine" BBC America Robin Wright Claire Underwood House of Cards "Chapter 70" Netflix 2020s Year Actress Role Program Episode submission Network 2020(72nd) Zendaya Ruby "Rue" Bennett Euphoria "Made You Look" HBO Jodie Comer Villanelle Killing Eve "Are You From Pinner?" BBC America Sandra Oh Eve Polastri "Are You Leading or Am I?" Jennifer Aniston Alex Levy The Morning Show "In the Dark Night of the Soul It's Always 3:30 in the Morning" Apple TV+ Olivia Colman Queen Elizabeth II The Crown "Cri de Coeur" Netflix Laura Linney Wendy Byrde Ozark "Fire Pink" 2021(73rd) Olivia Colman Queen Elizabeth II The Crown "48:1" Netflix Emma Corrin Diana, Princess of Wales The Crown "Fairytale" Netflix Uzo Aduba Dr. Brooke Taylor In Treatment "Brooke — Week 5" HBO Elisabeth Moss June Osborne The Handmaid's Tale "Home" Hulu Michaela Jaé Rodriguez Blanca Rodriguez Pose "Series Finale" FX Jurnee Smollett Letitia "Leti" Lewis Lovecraft Country "Holy Ghost" HBO 2022(74th) Zendaya Ruby "Rue" Bennett Euphoria "Stand Still Like the Hummingbird" HBO Jodie Comer Villanelle Killing Eve "Don't Get Eaten" BBC America Sandra Oh Eve Polastri "Making Dead Things Look Nice" Laura Linney Wendy Byrde Ozark "Pound of Flesh and Still Kickin'" Netflix Melanie Lynskey Shauna Sadecki Yellowjackets "Doomcoming" Showtime Reese Witherspoon Bradley Jackson The Morning Show "Confirmations" Apple TV+ 2024(75th) Sarah Snook Shiv Roy Succession "Tailgate Party" HBO Sharon Horgan Eva Garvey Bad Sisters "Saving Grace" Apple TV+ Melanie Lynskey Shauna Sadecki Yellowjackets "Burial" Showtime Elisabeth Moss June Osborne The Handmaid's Tale "Safe" Hulu Bella Ramsey Ellie The Last of Us "When We Are in Need" HBO Keri Russell Kate Wyler The Diplomat "Lambs in the Dark" Netflix Programs with multiple wins 6 wins Cagney & Lacey (consecutive) 3 wins The Loretta Young Show Mission: Impossible (consecutive) Picket Fences (2 consecutive) The Sopranos The Waltons (2 consecutive) 2 wins China Beach The Crown Damages Euphoria Father Knows Best The Good Wife Hazel Homeland (consecutive) Thirtysomething The West Wing Programs with multiple nominations 12 nominations Cagney & Lacey Murder, She Wrote (consecutive) 9 nominations The Sopranos 8 nominations Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 7 nominations ER Killing Eve L.A. Law 6 nominations Hill Street Blues House of Cards The Loretta Young Show Mad Men The Waltons 5 nominations The Closer The Crown Family Homeland Six Feet Under 4 nominations Alias Chicago Hope China Beach Dallas Damages Fame The Good Wife The Handmaid's Tale How to Get Away with Murder Mission: Impossible The Mod Squad Picket Fences The X-Files The West Wing 3 nominations The Americans The Big Valley Brothers & Sisters The Donna Reed Show Downton Abbey Hazel I Love Lucy Lassie Orphan Black Our Miss Brooks Ozark Police Woman The Rockford Files Sisters 2 nominations The Avengers The Beverly Hillbillies Charlie's Angels CSI: Crime Scene Investigation The Dick Van Dyke Show Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Dynasty Empire Euphoria Father Knows Best Fireside Theatre Friday Night Lights The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show Harry's Law Hart to Hart Here Come the Brides I'll Fly Away Judging Amy McMillan & Wife Medium The Morning Show Nurse Once and Again Private Secretary Saving Grace Scandal Thirtysomething Touched by an Angel The Trials of Rosie O'Neill Upstairs, Downstairs Westworld Yellowjackets Performers with multiple wins 4 wins Tyne Daly (3 consecutive) Michael Learned (2 consecutive) 3 wins Barbara Bain (consecutive) Kathy Baker (2 consecutive) Edie Falco Loretta Young 2 wins Glenn Close (consecutive) Claire Danes (consecutive) Dana Delany Sharon Gless (consecutive) Susan Hampshire (consecutive) Allison Janney Julianna Margulies Barbara Stanwyck Sela Ward Patricia Wettig (consecutive) Jane Wyatt Zendaya Performers with multiple nominations 12 nominations Angela Lansbury (consecutive) 9 nominations Elisabeth Moss 8 nominations Sharon Gless Mariska Hargitay (consecutive) Michael Learned Julianna Margulies 6 nominations Tyne Daly Claire Danes Edie Falco Robin Wright Loretta Young 5 nominations Glenn Close Veronica Hamel Kyra Sedgwick 4 nominations Debbie Allen Gillian Anderson Kathy Baker Frances Conroy Viola Davis Dana Delany Jill Eikenberry Jennifer Garner Allison Janney Christine Lahti Peggy Lipton Sandra Oh Keri Russell Barbara Stanwyck Sada Thompson 3 nominations Barbara Bain Barbara Bel Geddes Lorraine Bracco Amy Brenneman Connie Britton Jan Clayton Jodie Comer Susan Dey Angie Dickinson Michelle Dockery Sally Field Laura Linney Tatiana Maslany Sherry Stringfield Sela Ward 2 nominations Patricia Arquette Kathy Bates Joan Blondell Olivia Colman Roma Downey Claire Foy Susan Hampshire Marg Helgenberger Taraji P. Henson Holly Hunter Kate Jackson Swoosie Kurtz Melanie Lynskey Jean Marsh Stefanie Powers Diana Rigg Susan Saint James Jane Seymour Regina Taylor Kerry Washington Patricia Wettig Evan Rachel Wood Jane Wyman Jane Wyatt Zendaya See also Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama Notes ^ Due to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes, the ceremony was postponed from its initial date in September 2023, until January 2024, making 2023 the first calendar year since the Emmy's inception in 1949 that it was not presented. 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Retrieved 12 July 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Early Emmy ceremonies did not have genre-specific acting categories vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series1954–1975 Loretta Young (1954) Loretta Young (1956) Loretta Young (1959) Barbara Stanwyck (1961) Barbara Stanwyck (1966) Barbara Bain (1967) Barbara Bain (1968) Barbara Bain (1969) Susan Hampshire (1970) Susan Hampshire (1971) Glenda Jackson (1972) Michael Learned (1973) Michael Learned (1974) Jean Marsh (1975) 1976–2000 Michael Learned (1976) Lindsay Wagner (1977) Sada Thompson (1978) Mariette Hartley (1979) Barbara Bel Geddes (1980) Barbara Babcock (1981) Michael Learned (1982) Tyne Daly (1983) Tyne Daly (1984) Tyne Daly (1985) Sharon Gless (1986) Sharon Gless (1987) Tyne Daly (1988) Dana Delany (1989) Patricia Wettig (1990) Patricia Wettig (1991) Dana Delany (1992) Kathy Baker (1993) Sela Ward (1994) Kathy Baker (1995) Kathy Baker (1996) Gillian Anderson (1997) Christine Lahti (1998) Edie Falco (1999) Sela Ward (2000) 2001–present Edie Falco (2001) Allison Janney (2002) Edie Falco (2003) Allison Janney (2004) Patricia Arquette (2005) Mariska Hargitay (2006) Sally Field (2007) Glenn Close (2008) Glenn Close (2009) Kyra Sedgwick (2010) Julianna Margulies (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Claire Danes (2013) Julianna Margulies (2014) Viola Davis (2015) Tatiana Maslany (2016) Elisabeth Moss (2017) Claire Foy (2018) Jodie Comer (2019) Zendaya (2020) Olivia Colman (2021) Zendaya (2022) Sarah Snook (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award categoriesPrograms Comedy Series Drama Series Limited or Anthology Series Television Movie Reality Competition Program Talk Series Scripted Variety Series Animated Program Documentary or Nonfiction Series Documentary or Nonfiction Special Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking Game Show Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special Short Form Comedy, Drama or Variety Series Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series Structured Reality Program Unstructured Reality Program Variety Special (Live) Variety Special (Pre-Recorded) Performance Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Lead Actor in a Drama Series Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lead Actress in a Drama Series Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Guest Actor in a Drama Series Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Guest Actress in a Drama Series Performer in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Character Voice-Over Performance Host for a Game Show Host for a Reality or Competition Program Narrator Directing Directing for a Comedy Series Directing for a Drama Series Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Directing for a Variety Series Directing for a Variety Special Directing for a Documentary/Nonfiction Program Directing for a Reality Program Writing Writing for a Comedy Series Writing for a Drama Series Writing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Writing for a Variety Series Writing for a Variety Special Writing for a Nonfiction Programming Animation Individual Achievement in Animation Casting Casting for a Comedy Series Casting for a Drama Series Casting for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Casting for a Reality Program Choreography Choreography for Scripted Programming Choreography for Variety and Reality Programming Cinematography Cinematography for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Cinematography for a Nonfiction Program Cinematography for a Reality Program Cinematography for a Series (Half-Hour) Cinematography for a Series (One Hour) Commercials Commercial Costume Design Contemporary Costumes Fantasy/Sci-Fi Costumes Period Costumes Costumes for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Programming Hairstyling Contemporary Hairstyling Hairstyling for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Program Period and/or Character Hairstyling Lighting Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special Main Title / Motion Design Main Title Design Motion Design Makeup Contemporary Makeup (Non-Prosthetic) Makeup for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Program Period and/or Character Makeup (Non-Prosthetic) Prosthetic Makeup Music Music Composition for a Documentary Series or Special Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special Music Composition for a Series Music Direction Music Supervision Original Main Title Theme Music Original Music and Lyrics Picture Editing Picture Editing for a Multi-Camera Comedy Series Picture Editing for a Single-Camera Comedy Series Picture Editing for a Drama Series Picture Editing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program Picture Editing for a Structured or Competition Reality Program Picture Editing for an Unstructured Reality Program Picture Editing for Variety Programming Production Design Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program (One Hour or More) Production Design for a Narrative Period or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More) Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less) Production Design for a Variety or Reality Series Production Design for a Variety Special Sound Editing Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour) Sound Editing for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special Sound Editing for a Nonfiction or Reality Program (Single or Multi-Camera) Sound Mixing Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour) Sound Mixing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie Sound Mixing for a Nonfiction Program (Single or Multi-Camera) Sound Mixing for a Reality Program (Single or Multi-Camera) Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special Special Effects Special Visual Effects in a Season or a Movie / Special and Visual Effects in a Single Episode Stunts Stunt Coordination Stunt Performance Technical Direction Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Series Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control for a Special Engineering Engineering Philo T. Farnsworth Award Retired Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series Children's Program Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series Costumes for a Series Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Interactive Program Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic) New Series Program of the Year Short Form Animated Program Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Short Form Variety Series Super Emmy Variety Series Voice-Over Performance Emmy categories Primetime Daytime International Sports Children's and Family
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"6th Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Eve Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Arden"},{"link_name":"Loretta Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Young"},{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"Michael Learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Learned"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Viola Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Davis"},{"link_name":"Annalise Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalise_Keating"},{"link_name":"How to Get Away with Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Zendaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendaya"},{"link_name":"Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sarah Snook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Snook"},{"link_name":"Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_(TV_series)"}],"text":"For the Daytime Emmy Awards, see Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award presented annually in the U.S. by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television drama series for the primetime network season.The award was first presented at the 6th Primetime Emmy Awards on February 11, 1954. The acting awards presented during the inaugural years were not genre-specific, with actresses in either drama or comedy series receiving nominations and awards. While Eve Arden was the first winner in the female acting category, Loretta Young was the first actress to win for a lead performance in a drama series. By 1966, the acting awards were split into drama and comedy categories, undergoing several name changes until settling with the current title.Since its inception, the award has been given to 157 actresses, with 31 winning for performances in a drama series. Tyne Daly and Michael Learned hold the record for most wins in the category, with four each. Angela Lansbury is the most nominated actress in the category, with twelve nominations, though she never won. In 2015, Viola Davis became the first African-American woman to win, for her performance as Annalise Keating on How to Get Away with Murder. In 2020, Zendaya became the youngest winner, at age 24, for Euphoria. She won again in 2022, becoming the first African-American to win twice. As of 2024, Sarah Snook is the most recent winner, receiving the award for her work on Succession.","title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Listed below are the winners of the award for each year, as well as the other nominees.","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1950s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1960s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"Winners and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cagney & Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey"},{"link_name":"The Loretta Young Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loretta_Young_Show"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(1966_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Picket Fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picket_Fences"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons"},{"link_name":"China Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Beach"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Father Knows Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Knows_Best"},{"link_name":"The Good Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thirtysomething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtysomething"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"}],"text":"6 wins\nCagney & Lacey (consecutive)\n3 wins\nThe Loretta Young Show\nMission: Impossible (consecutive)\nPicket Fences (2 consecutive)\nThe Sopranos\nThe Waltons (2 consecutive)\n\n\n\n\n2 wins\nChina Beach\nThe Crown\nDamages\nEuphoria\nFather Knows Best\nThe Good Wife\nHazel\nHomeland (consecutive)\nThirtysomething\nThe West Wing","title":"Programs with multiple wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cagney & Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey"},{"link_name":"Murder, She Wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Killing Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Eve"},{"link_name":"L.A. Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Law"},{"link_name":"Hill Street Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues"},{"link_name":"House of Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Cards_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Loretta Young Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loretta_Young_Show"},{"link_name":"Mad Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Men"},{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons"},{"link_name":"The Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closer"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(1976_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope"},{"link_name":"China Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Beach"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Good Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Wife"},{"link_name":"The Handmaid's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"How to Get Away with Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(1966_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mod Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mod_Squad"},{"link_name":"Picket Fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picket_Fences"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"The Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americans"},{"link_name":"The Big Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Valley"},{"link_name":"Brothers & Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_%26_Sisters_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Donna Reed Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Donna_Reed_Show"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"I Love Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Lassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie_(1954_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Orphan Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_Black"},{"link_name":"Our Miss Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Miss_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Ozark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Police Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Woman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Rockford Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rockford_Files"},{"link_name":"Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels"},{"link_name":"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"The Dick Van Dyke Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show"},{"link_name":"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Father Knows Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Knows_Best"},{"link_name":"Fireside Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireside_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Friday Night Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Burns_and_Gracie_Allen_Show"},{"link_name":"Harry's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Hart to Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_to_Hart"},{"link_name":"Here Come the Brides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Come_the_Brides"},{"link_name":"I'll Fly Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Fly_Away_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Judging Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judging_Amy"},{"link_name":"McMillan & Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_%26_Wife"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Morning Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Show_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Once and Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_and_Again"},{"link_name":"Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Secretary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Saving Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Grace_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thirtysomething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtysomething"},{"link_name":"Touched by an Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel"},{"link_name":"The Trials of Rosie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trials_of_Rosie_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Upstairs, Downstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(1971_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Westworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Yellowjackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjackets_(TV_series)"}],"text":"12 nominations\nCagney & Lacey\nMurder, She Wrote (consecutive)\n9 nominations\nThe Sopranos\n8 nominations\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit\n7 nominations\nER\nKilling Eve\nL.A. Law\n6 nominations\nHill Street Blues\nHouse of Cards\nThe Loretta Young Show\nMad Men\nThe Waltons\n5 nominations\nThe Closer\nThe Crown\nFamily\nHomeland\nSix Feet Under\n\n\n\n\n4 nominations\nAlias\nChicago Hope\nChina Beach\nDallas\nDamages\nFame\nThe Good Wife\nThe Handmaid's Tale\nHow to Get Away with Murder\nMission: Impossible\nThe Mod Squad\nPicket Fences\nThe X-Files\nThe West Wing\n3 nominations\nThe Americans\nThe Big Valley\nBrothers & Sisters\nThe Donna Reed Show\nDownton Abbey\nHazel\nI Love Lucy\nLassie\nOrphan Black\nOur Miss Brooks\nOzark\nPolice Woman\nThe Rockford Files\nSisters\n\n\n\n\n2 nominations\nThe Avengers\nThe Beverly Hillbillies\nCharlie's Angels\nCSI: Crime Scene Investigation\nThe Dick Van Dyke Show\nDr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\nDynasty\nEmpire\nEuphoria\nFather Knows Best\nFireside Theatre\nFriday Night Lights\nThe George Burns and Gracie Allen Show\nHarry's Law\nHart to Hart\nHere Come the Brides\nI'll Fly Away\nJudging Amy\nMcMillan & Wife\nMedium\nThe Morning Show\nNurse\nOnce and Again\nPrivate Secretary\nSaving Grace\nScandal\nThirtysomething\nTouched by an Angel\nThe Trials of Rosie O'Neill\nUpstairs, Downstairs\nWestworld\nYellowjackets","title":"Programs with multiple nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"Michael Learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Learned"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bain"},{"link_name":"Kathy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Baker"},{"link_name":"Edie Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Falco"},{"link_name":"Loretta Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Young"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Claire Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes"},{"link_name":"Dana Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Delany"},{"link_name":"Sharon Gless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Gless"},{"link_name":"Susan Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Allison Janney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Janney"},{"link_name":"Julianna Margulies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_Margulies"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Sela Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Ward"},{"link_name":"Patricia Wettig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wettig"},{"link_name":"Jane Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Zendaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendaya"}],"text":"4 wins\nTyne Daly (3 consecutive)\nMichael Learned (2 consecutive)\n\n\n\n\n3 wins\nBarbara Bain (consecutive)\nKathy Baker (2 consecutive)\nEdie Falco\nLoretta Young\n\n\n\n\n2 wins\nGlenn Close (consecutive)\nClaire Danes (consecutive)\nDana Delany\nSharon Gless (consecutive)\nSusan Hampshire (consecutive)\nAllison Janney\nJulianna Margulies\nBarbara Stanwyck\nSela Ward\nPatricia Wettig (consecutive)\nJane Wyatt\nZendaya","title":"Performers with multiple wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Moss"},{"link_name":"Sharon Gless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Gless"},{"link_name":"Mariska Hargitay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariska_Hargitay"},{"link_name":"Michael Learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Learned"},{"link_name":"Julianna Margulies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_Margulies"},{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"Claire Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes"},{"link_name":"Edie Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Falco"},{"link_name":"Robin Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Wright"},{"link_name":"Loretta Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Young"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Veronica Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Hamel"},{"link_name":"Kyra Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Debbie Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Allen"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Kathy Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Baker"},{"link_name":"Frances Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Conroy"},{"link_name":"Viola Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Davis"},{"link_name":"Dana Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Delany"},{"link_name":"Jill Eikenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Eikenberry"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Garner"},{"link_name":"Allison Janney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Janney"},{"link_name":"Christine Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lahti"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lipton"},{"link_name":"Sandra Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Oh"},{"link_name":"Keri Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Russell"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Sada Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bain"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bel Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Bracco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Bracco"},{"link_name":"Amy Brenneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Brenneman"},{"link_name":"Connie Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Britton"},{"link_name":"Jan Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Jodie Comer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Comer"},{"link_name":"Susan Dey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dey"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Michelle Dockery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Dockery"},{"link_name":"Sally Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Field"},{"link_name":"Laura Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Linney"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Maslany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Maslany"},{"link_name":"Sherry Stringfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield"},{"link_name":"Sela Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_Ward"},{"link_name":"Patricia Arquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Arquette"},{"link_name":"Kathy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Bates"},{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"Olivia Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Colman"},{"link_name":"Roma Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Downey"},{"link_name":"Claire Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Foy"},{"link_name":"Susan Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Marg Helgenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg_Helgenberger"},{"link_name":"Taraji P. Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson"},{"link_name":"Holly Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Kate Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Swoosie Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoosie_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"Melanie Lynskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Lynskey"},{"link_name":"Jean Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Powers"},{"link_name":"Diana Rigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Rigg"},{"link_name":"Susan Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"Jane Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Regina Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Kerry Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Washington"},{"link_name":"Patricia Wettig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wettig"},{"link_name":"Evan Rachel Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Rachel_Wood"},{"link_name":"Jane Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Jane Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Zendaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendaya"}],"text":"12 nominations\nAngela Lansbury (consecutive)\n9 nominations\nElisabeth Moss\n8 nominations\nSharon Gless\nMariska Hargitay (consecutive)\nMichael Learned\nJulianna Margulies\n6 nominations\nTyne Daly\nClaire Danes\nEdie Falco\nRobin Wright\nLoretta Young\n5 nominations\nGlenn Close\nVeronica Hamel\nKyra Sedgwick\n\n\n\n\n4 nominations\nDebbie Allen\nGillian Anderson\nKathy Baker\nFrances Conroy\nViola Davis\nDana Delany\nJill Eikenberry\nJennifer Garner\nAllison Janney\nChristine Lahti\nPeggy Lipton\nSandra Oh\nKeri Russell\nBarbara Stanwyck\nSada Thompson\n\n\n\n\n3 nominations\nBarbara Bain\nBarbara Bel Geddes\nLorraine Bracco\nAmy Brenneman\nConnie Britton\nJan Clayton\nJodie Comer\nSusan Dey\nAngie Dickinson\nMichelle Dockery\nSally Field\nLaura Linney\nTatiana Maslany\nSherry Stringfield\nSela Ward\n\n\n\n\n2 nominations\nPatricia Arquette\nKathy Bates\nJoan Blondell\nOlivia Colman\nRoma Downey\nClaire Foy\nSusan Hampshire\nMarg Helgenberger\nTaraji P. Henson\nHolly Hunter\nKate Jackson\nSwoosie Kurtz\nMelanie Lynskey\nJean Marsh\nStefanie Powers\nDiana Rigg\nSusan Saint James\nJane Seymour\nRegina Taylor\nKerry Washington\nPatricia Wettig\nEvan Rachel Wood\nJane Wyman\nJane Wyatt\nZendaya","title":"Performers with multiple nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"2023 Hollywood labor disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hollywood_labor_disputes"},{"link_name":"calendar year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_year"},{"link_name":"Emmy's inception in 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"}],"text":"^ Due to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes, the ceremony was postponed from its initial date in September 2023, until January 2024, making 2023 the first calendar year since the Emmy's inception in 1949 that it was not presented.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Comedy_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie"},{"title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie"},{"title":"Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"title":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Television_Series_Drama"},{"title":"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"title":"TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Individual_Achievement_in_Drama"}]
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Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1955/best-actress","url_text":"\"7th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Actress Starring in a Regular Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022230/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1955/best-actress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"8th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Actress – Continuing Performance\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1956/best-actress","url_text":"\"8th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Actress – Continuing Performance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072128/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1956/best-actress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"9th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Continuing Performance by an Actress\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1957/best-actress","url_text":"\"9th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Continuing Performance by an Actress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021756/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1957/best-actress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"10th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Continuing Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1958/best-actress","url_text":"\"10th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Continuing Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021856/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1958/best-actress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"11th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Actress in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. 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Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1963/best-actress","url_text":"\"15th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072000/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1963/best-actress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"16th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series (Lead)\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. 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Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1970/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"22nd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071834/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1970/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"23rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1971/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"23rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022201/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1971/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"24th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1972/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"24th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022140/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1972/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"25th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (Drama Series – Continuing)\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1973/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"25th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (Drama Series – Continuing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021717/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1973/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"26th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Lead Actress in a Drama\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1974/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"26th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Best Lead Actress in a Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021740/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1974/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"27th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1975/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"27th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022205/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1975/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"28th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1976/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"28th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022149/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1976/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"29th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1977/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"29th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071803/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1977/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"30th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1978/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"30th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022102/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1978/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"31st Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1979/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"31st Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071948/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1979/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"32nd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1980/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"32nd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022242/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1980/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"33rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1981/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"33rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002100017/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1981/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"34th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1982/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"34th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002101727/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1982/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"35th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1983/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"35th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022218/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1983/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"36th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1984/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"36th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071920/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1984/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"37th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1985/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"37th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002093111/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1985/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"38th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1986/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"38th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071935/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1986/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"39th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1987/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"39th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022114/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1987/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1988/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"40th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071816/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1988/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"41st Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1989/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"41st Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022137/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1989/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"42nd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1990/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"42nd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072152/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1990/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"43rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1991/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"43rd Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022316/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1991/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"44th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1992/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"\"44th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022042/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1992/outstanding-lead-actress-in-a-drama-series","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"45th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners – Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Shire_Council
Shire of Burke
["1 History","2 Towns and localities","3 Escott","4 Amenities","5 Chairmen and mayors","6 Population","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 17°44′10″S 139°32′56″E / 17.73611°S 139.54889°E / -17.73611; 139.54889 Local government area in Queensland, AustraliaShire of BurkeQueenslandLocation within QueenslandPopulation352 (2018) • Density0.008870/km2 (0.02297/sq mi)Established1885Area39,684 km2 (15,322.1 sq mi)MayorErnie CampCouncil seatBurketownRegionNorth West QueenslandState electorate(s)TraegerFederal division(s)KennedyWebsiteShire of Burke LGAs around Shire of Burke: Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Carpentaria DoomadgeeMornington Roper Gulf (NT) Shire of Burke Carpentaria Barkly (NT) Mount Isa Cloncurry The Shire of Burke is a local government area in North West Queensland, Australia. The shire lies on the south coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria and abuts the border with the Northern Territory. It covers an area of 39,864 square kilometres (15,391.6 sq mi), and has existed as a local government entity since 1885. The major town and administrative centre of the shire is Burketown. The shire and town are named in honour of ill-fated explorer Robert O'Hara Burke. The Gangalidda name for Burketown is Mungibi meaning ‘little Island’ for the fact that flooding in the wet season often isolates the town. From the months of August to November, a rare meteorological phenomenon known as "Morning Glory" – long, tubular clouds, some up to 1000 km in length – are often observed in the skies above Burke Shire. The shire contains Boodjamulla National Park (formerly called Lawn Hill National Park) and the World Heritage Site Riversleigh fossil fields. The Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee lies inside Burke Shire to the west of Burketown. It also includes Gregory Downs. History Yukulta (also known as Ganggalida) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yukulta language region is the Gulf Country including the local government areas of the Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee and Shire of Mornington. Yulluna (also known as Yalarnga, Yalarrnga, Jalanga, Jalannga, Wonganja, Gunggalida, Jokula) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yulluna language region includes the local government boundaries of the Shire of Cloncurry and other areas near the Gulf of Carpentaria. Garrwa (also known as Garawa) is a language of the Gulf region, taking in the localities of Borroloola and Westmoreland. The Garrwa language region takes in the landscape of the Roper Gulf Regional Council and the Doomadgee Shire Council.Map of Burke Division, March 1902 The Doonmunya Division was created on 11 November 1879 as one of 74 divisions around Queensland under the Divisional Boards Act 1879 with a population of 396. However, the divisional board appeared to be completely inactive, perhaps because the division was so large (being the area surrounding the southern part of the Gulf of Carpentaria) and was very sparsely settled. Nonetheless some of the citizens were unhappy about this. Consequently, on 11 January 1883, the Doonmunya Division was abolished and a new Carpentaria Division was created to replace it. However, once the Carpentaria Divisional Board became operational, the residents of the Burketown area became concerned that their rates were likely to be spent on the Normanton area rather than their own and began to agitate for their own division west of the Leichhardt River. On 30 January 1885, the Burke Division was created from lands formerly within the Carpentaria Division with some adjustments to the Cloncurry Division. On 31 March 1903, Burke Division became the Shire of Burke. Towns and localities The Shire of Burke includes the following settlements: Burketown Gidya Gregory Lawn Hill Nicholson Escott Escott Station derives its name from its 1869 ownership by the English, Scottish, Australian Pastoral Co. In 1942, an American Liberator bomber crashed at Moonlight Creek, which was then a part of Escott. As the cattle station became less viable in the 1970s, it was opened up to tourists, and the Escott Barramundi Lodge was established in 1979. The homestead is located at 17°43'59"S, 139°25'0"E, and there is an airstrip. It no longer functions as tourist accommodation. Amenities The Burke Shire Council operate public library in Burketown. Chairmen and mayors This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2017) 1927: F. T. Webber 2008–2012: Annie Clarke 2012–present : Ernest J (Ernie) Camp Population The populations below exclude the Aboriginal community of Doomadgee, which hovered between 800-1000 residents for most of the period under consideration. Year Population 1933 355 1947 250 1954 248 1961 361 1966 291 1971 384 1976 413 1981 466 1986 511 1991 513 1996 660 2001 1,010 2006 1,145 2011 514 2016 328 References ^ a b "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Local Government Area (ASGS 2018), 2017 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018. ^ "Burketown (entry 5355)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 13 September 2015. ^ ABC Australia, August 2003, Soaring the Glory Accessed 12 December 2006. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Yukulta". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Yulluna". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Indigenous languages map of Queensland". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 11 November 1879. p. 25:1007. ^ "Local Government Practically Applied". The Queenslander. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 15 January 1881. p. 71. Retrieved 4 October 2013. ^ "NORMANTON". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 12 January 1883. p. 6. Retrieved 4 October 2013. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 13 January 1883. p. 32:98. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 13 January 1883. p. 32:98. ^ "Agency ID 556, Carpentaria Divisional Board". Queensland State Archives. Retrieved 12 September 2013. ^ "BURKETOWN". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 26 September 1884. p. 6. Retrieved 5 October 2013. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:328-329. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:328. ^ "Proclamation ". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:327-328. ^ "Agency ID 546, Burke Shire Council". Queensland State Archives. Retrieved 5 October 2013. ^ "History of Escott Station, North Queensland". Dropbears. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "A Dude in the Outback". The New York Times. 22 June 1986. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Escott, Burke, State of Queensland, Australia". Mindat.org. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Escott, Queensland, Australia (AU)". Airport Codes. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Escott Lodge". This Adventurous Age. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Burke Shire Council". Public Libraries Connect. State Library of Queensland. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018. ^ Pugh, Theophilus Parsons (1927). Pugh's Almanac for 1927. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ "2008 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary". 31 August 2010. Electoral Commission of Queensland. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "2012 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "Mayor and Councillor Profiles". Burke Shire Council. Burke Shire Council. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ "2016 Burke Shire Council - Mayoral Election - Election Summary". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 19 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ "2020 Local Government Elections: Saturday, 28 March 2020". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020. External links "Burke Shire". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland. vteTowns and localities in the Shire of Burke, Queensland Burketown Gidya Gregory Lawn Hill Nicholson Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland vteLocal government areas of QueenslandSouth East Brisbane Gold Coast Ipswich Lockyer Valley Logan Moreton Bay Noosa Redland Scenic Rim Somerset Sunshine Coast Wide Bay–Burnett Bundaberg Cherbourg Fraser Coast Gympie North Burnett South Burnett Darling Downs Goondiwindi Southern Downs Toowoomba Western Downs Central Banana Central Highlands Gladstone Isaac Livingstone Mackay Rockhampton Whitsunday Woorabinda North Burdekin Charters Towers Hinchinbrook Palm Island Townsville Far North Aurukun Cairns Cassowary Coast Cook Douglas Hope Vale Kowanyama Lockhart River Mapoon Mareeba Napranum Northern Peninsula Area Pormpuraaw Tablelands Torres Torres Strait Island Weipa Wujal Wujal Yarrabah North West Burke Carpentaria Cloncurry Croydon Doomadgee Etheridge Flinders Mckinlay Mornington Mount Isa Richmond Central West Barcaldine Barcoo Blackall-Tambo Boulia Diamantina Longreach Winton South West Balonne Bulloo Maranoa Murweh Paroo Quilpie 17°44′10″S 139°32′56″E / 17.73611°S 139.54889°E / -17.73611; 139.54889
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"North West Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Burketown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burketown,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Robert O'Hara Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_O%27Hara_Burke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gangalidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangalidda"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Morning Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_glory_cloud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Boodjamulla National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodjamulla_National_Park"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Riversleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Fossil_Mammal_Sites_(Riversleigh)"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Doomadgee"},{"link_name":"Gregory Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Downs,_Queensland"}],"text":"Local government area in Queensland, AustraliaThe Shire of Burke is a local government area in North West Queensland, Australia. The shire lies on the south coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria and abuts the border with the Northern Territory. It covers an area of 39,864 square kilometres (15,391.6 sq mi), and has existed as a local government entity since 1885. The major town and administrative centre of the shire is Burketown.The shire and town are named in honour of ill-fated explorer Robert O'Hara Burke.[2] The Gangalidda name for Burketown is Mungibi meaning ‘little Island’ for the fact that flooding in the wet season often isolates the town.[citation needed]From the months of August to November, a rare meteorological phenomenon known as \"Morning Glory\" – long, tubular clouds, some up to 1000 km in length – are often observed in the skies above Burke Shire.[3]The shire contains Boodjamulla National Park (formerly called Lawn Hill National Park) and the World Heritage Site Riversleigh fossil fields. The Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee lies inside Burke Shire to the west of Burketown. It also includes Gregory Downs.","title":"Shire of Burke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukulta_language"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Gulf Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Country"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Doomadgee"},{"link_name":"Shire of Mornington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Mornington_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yulluna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulluna_language"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Shire of Cloncurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Cloncurry"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Garrwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garawa_language"},{"link_name":"Roper Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Gulf_Region"},{"link_name":"Doomadgee Shire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Doomadgee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burke_Division,_March_1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doonmunya Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonmunya_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dba1879-7"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carpentaria Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentaria_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cd-12"},{"link_name":"Normanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Leichhardt River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichhardt_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Burke Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Division"},{"link_name":"Carpentaria Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentaria_Division"},{"link_name":"Cloncurry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloncurry_Division"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Yukulta (also known as Ganggalida) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yukulta language region is the Gulf Country including the local government areas of the Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee and Shire of Mornington.[4]Yulluna (also known as Yalarnga, Yalarrnga, Jalanga, Jalannga, Wonganja, Gunggalida, Jokula) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The Yulluna language region includes the local government boundaries of the Shire of Cloncurry and other areas near the Gulf of Carpentaria.[5]Garrwa (also known as Garawa) is a language of the Gulf region, taking in the localities of Borroloola and Westmoreland. The Garrwa language region takes in the landscape of the Roper Gulf Regional Council and the Doomadgee Shire Council.[6]Map of Burke Division, March 1902The Doonmunya Division was created on 11 November 1879 as one of 74 divisions around Queensland under the Divisional Boards Act 1879 with a population of 396.[7] However, the divisional board appeared to be completely inactive, perhaps because the division was so large (being the area surrounding the southern part of the Gulf of Carpentaria) and was very sparsely settled.[8] Nonetheless some of the citizens were unhappy about this.[9] Consequently, on 11 January 1883, the Doonmunya Division was abolished and a new Carpentaria Division was created to replace it.[10][11][12]However, once the Carpentaria Divisional Board became operational, the residents of the Burketown area became concerned that their rates were likely to be spent on the Normanton area rather than their own and began to agitate for their own division west of the Leichhardt River.[13] On 30 January 1885, the Burke Division was created from lands formerly within the Carpentaria Division with some adjustments to the Cloncurry Division.[14][15][16]On 31 March 1903, Burke Division became the Shire of Burke.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burketown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burketown,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gidya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidya,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Lawn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_Hill,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholson,_Queensland"}],"text":"The Shire of Burke includes the following settlements:Burketown\nGidya\nGregory\nLawn Hill\nNicholson","title":"Towns and localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberator bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"cattle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_station"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Escott Station derives its name from its 1869 ownership by the English, Scottish, Australian Pastoral Co. In 1942, an American Liberator bomber crashed at Moonlight Creek, which was then a part of Escott. As the cattle station became less viable in the 1970s, it was opened up to tourists, and the Escott Barramundi Lodge was established in 1979.[18][19] The homestead is located at 17°43'59\"S, 139°25'0\"E,[20] and there is an airstrip.[21] It no longer functions as tourist accommodation.[22]","title":"Escott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burketown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burketown,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Burke Shire Council operate public library in Burketown.[23]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pughs1927-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"1927: F. T. Webber [24]\n2008–2012: Annie Clarke[25]\n2012–present : Ernest J (Ernie) Camp[26][27][28][29]","title":"Chairmen and mayors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doomadgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomadgee,_Queensland"}],"text":"The populations below exclude the Aboriginal community of Doomadgee, which hovered between 800-1000 residents for most of the period under consideration.","title":"Population"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Burke Division, March 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Burke_Division%2C_March_1902.jpg/220px-Burke_Division%2C_March_1902.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Local Government Area (ASGS 2018), 2017 to 2018\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18","url_text":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18: Population Estimates by Local Government Area (ASGS 2018), 2017 to 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Burketown (entry 5355)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 13 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Burketown&types=0&place=Burketown5355","url_text":"\"Burketown (entry 5355)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Yukulta\". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/170","url_text":"\"Yukulta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Yulluna\". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/171?embed=true","url_text":"\"Yulluna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous languages map of Queensland\". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/58?embed=true","url_text":"\"Indigenous languages map of Queensland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Doonmunya Division]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 11 November 1879. p. 25:1007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Practically Applied\". The Queenslander. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 15 January 1881. p. 71. Retrieved 4 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20704522","url_text":"\"Local Government Practically Applied\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queenslander","url_text":"The Queenslander"}]},{"reference":"\"NORMANTON\". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 12 January 1883. p. 6. Retrieved 4 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3413838","url_text":"\"NORMANTON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Doonmunya Division abolished]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 13 January 1883. p. 32:98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Carpentaria Division constituted]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 13 January 1883. p. 32:98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Agency ID 556, Carpentaria Divisional Board\". Queensland State Archives. Retrieved 12 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/AgencyDetails.aspx?AgencyId=556","url_text":"\"Agency ID 556, Carpentaria Divisional Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_Archives","url_text":"Queensland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"BURKETOWN\". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 26 September 1884. p. 6. Retrieved 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3434504","url_text":"\"BURKETOWN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Burke Division constituted]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:328-329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Carpentaria Division amended]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation [Cloncurry Division amended]\". Queensland Government Gazette. 31 January 1885. p. 36:327-328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Queensland Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Agency ID 546, Burke Shire Council\". Queensland State Archives. Retrieved 5 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/AgencyDetails.aspx?AgencyId=546","url_text":"\"Agency ID 546, Burke Shire Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_Archives","url_text":"Queensland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Escott Station, North Queensland\". Dropbears. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dropbears.com/australia/morning-glory/escott-history.htm","url_text":"\"History of Escott Station, North Queensland\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Dude in the Outback\". The New York Times. 22 June 1986. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/22/travel/a-dude-in-the-outback.html","url_text":"\"A Dude in the Outback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escott, Burke, State of Queensland, Australia\". Mindat.org. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://zh.mindat.org/feature-2071866.html","url_text":"\"Escott, Burke, State of Queensland, Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escott, Queensland, Australia (AU)\". Airport Codes. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://airportsbase.org/Australia/Queensland/Escott","url_text":"\"Escott, Queensland, Australia (AU)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escott Lodge\". This Adventurous Age. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thisadventurousage.com/tag/escott-lodge/","url_text":"\"Escott Lodge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burke Shire Council\". Public Libraries Connect. State Library of Queensland. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/networking/directory-of-public-libraries/services/burke","url_text":"\"Burke Shire Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180205134906/http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/networking/directory-of-public-libraries/services/burke","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Theophilus Parsons (1927). Pugh's Almanac for 1927. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.textqueensland.com.au/pughs-almanac","url_text":"Pugh's Almanac for 1927"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\". 31 August 2010. Electoral Commission of Queensland. Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/local/LG2008/BurkeShireCouncil/results/mayoral/summary.html","url_text":"\"2008 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Queensland","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/local/LG2012/BurkeShireCouncil/results/mayoral/summary.html","url_text":"\"2012 Burke Shire - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Queensland","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor and Councillor Profiles\". Burke Shire Council. Burke Shire Council. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804044800/http://www.burke.qld.gov.au/councillors_mayor_profiles","url_text":"\"Mayor and Councillor Profiles\""},{"url":"http://www.burke.qld.gov.au/councillors_mayor_profiles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Burke Shire Council - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 19 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/local/LG2016/BurkeShireCouncil/results/mayoral/summary.html","url_text":"\"2016 Burke Shire Council - Mayoral Election - Election Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Queensland","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Local Government Elections: Saturday, 28 March 2020\". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://prodresults.elections.qld.gov.au/lga2020","url_text":"\"2020 Local Government Elections: Saturday, 28 March 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Queensland","url_text":"Electoral Commission of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Burke Shire\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.queenslandplaces.com.au/burke-shire","url_text":"\"Burke Shire\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_Pass
Nez Perce Pass
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°43.0′N 114°30.2′W / 45.7167°N 114.5033°W / 45.7167; -114.5033Nez Perce PassLocation in Idaho, on the border with MontanaElevation6,587 ft (2,008 m)Traversed byUnpaved roadLocationIdaho County, Idaho / Ravalli County, Montana,United StatesRangeBitterroot MountainsRocky MountainsCoordinates45°43.0′N 114°30.2′W / 45.7167°N 114.5033°W / 45.7167; -114.5033Topo mapNez Perce Peak Quad Nez Perce Pass is a mountain pass in the Bitterroot Mountains on the border between the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana. The pass is at an elevation of 6,587 feet (2,008 m) above sea level. The Nez Perce Pass Trailhead offers access to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and the Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness. The pass is located "between Wildernesses nearly twice as large as the combined states of Delaware and Rhode Island," on what is "probably one of the wildest roads in the United States." To the north is the 1.2-million-acre Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and to the south the 2.2-million-acre Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness. These areas comprise over 11% of the Congressionally established Wilderness area in the 48 contiguous states. A sign honoring Doris Milner of Hamilton, Montana, "graces the Montana side" of the pass. "A sign honoring Idaho Senator Frank Church identifies the Idaho side ... Both Milner and Church helped add thousands of square miles of Montana and Idaho forest to the nation's wilderness system." Forest Road 468, Nez Perce Road, also known as Magruder Corridor Road, crosses the pass. It is unpaved, and has no services for 117 miles. "The road has changed little since its construction by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the 1930s. It has been known by several names, such as The Southern Nez Perce Trail, The Elk City to Darby Road, The Montana Road, and The Parker Trail." "The landscape is much the same as when the Nez Perce and early travelers crossed the area." "From Darby, Montana travel south 4.3 miles on Highway 93, turn south on the West Fork Road and proceed for approximately 14.3 miles. Turn west (right) on Forest Road 468, Nez Perce Road and travel for approximately 16.1 miles" to Nez Perce Pass trailhead." The paved parking area at the pass has a helicopter pad. Nez Perce Pass marks a change in time zone, from Pacific time in northern Idaho to Mountain time in Montana. See also Mountain passes in Montana References ^ "Nez Perce Pass". Montana's Passes and Summits by Bicycle. 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ a b "Bitterroot National Forest - Nez Perce Pass Trailhead". Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ a b "The Magruder Road Corridor" (PDF), US Forest Service, retrieved 2013-12-01 ^ Lundquist, Laura (2011-06-19). "Hamilton's Doris Milner honored for wilderness contribution". Ravalli Republic. Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ a b "Magruder Road Guide" (PDF), US Forest Service, retrieved 2013-12-01 ^ "Hamilton, Montana to McCall, Idaho with visits to Nez Perce Pass, Magruder Corridor, Frank Church/River of No Return and Selway-Bitterroot Wildernesses ..." Mountain Mouse Land. Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ "National Wilderness Areas in Idaho". Sangres.com. Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ "Idaho's Magruder Corridor Wilderness Road". Retrieved 2013-12-01. ^ "Nez Perce Pass Trailhead : Trailhead Information". SummitPost. Retrieved 2013-12-01. External links "Nez Perce Pass USGS Nez Perce Peak Quad, ID, MT, Topographic Map". Topo Zone. Retrieved 2013-12-01. Preliminary Geologic Map of the Nez Perce Pass 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southwestern Montana, 1996 vteState of MontanaHelena (capital)Topics Index Climate change Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols The Last Best Place Transportation Tourist attractions Society Abortion Cannabis Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone Montana portal Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bitterroot Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selway-Bitterroot_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Church%E2%80%94River_of_No_Return_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NezPercePassTrailhead-2"},{"link_name":"Wildernesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Wilderness area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagruderRoadCorridor-3"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Frank Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagruderRoadGuide-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagruderRoadGuide-5"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagruderRoadCorridor-3"},{"link_name":"Darby, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Highway 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NezPercePassTrailhead-2"},{"link_name":"helicopter pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helipad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"Pacific time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Mountain time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone"}],"text":"Nez Perce Pass is a mountain pass in the Bitterroot Mountains on the border between the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana. The pass is at an elevation of 6,587 feet (2,008 m) above sea level.[1] The Nez Perce Pass Trailhead offers access to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and the Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness.[2]The pass is located \"between Wildernesses nearly twice as large as the combined states of Delaware and Rhode Island,\" on what is \"probably one of the wildest roads in the United States.\"To the north is the 1.2-million-acre Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness and to the south the 2.2-million-acre Frank\nChurch-River of No Return Wilderness. These areas comprise over 11% of the Congressionally established Wilderness area in the 48 contiguous states.[3]A sign honoring Doris Milner of Hamilton, Montana, \"graces the Montana side\" of the pass. \"A sign honoring Idaho Senator Frank Church identifies the Idaho side ... Both Milner and Church helped add thousands of square miles of Montana and Idaho forest to the nation's wilderness system.\"[4]Forest Road 468, Nez Perce Road, also known as Magruder Corridor Road, crosses the pass. It is unpaved, and has no services for 117 miles.[5][6][7][8] \"The road has changed little since its construction by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the 1930s. It has been known by several names, such as The Southern Nez Perce Trail, The Elk City to Darby Road, The Montana Road, and The Parker Trail.\"[5] \"The landscape is much the same as\nwhen the Nez Perce and early travelers crossed the area.\"[3]\"From Darby, Montana travel south 4.3 miles on Highway 93, turn south on the West Fork Road and proceed for approximately 14.3 miles. Turn west (right) on Forest Road 468, Nez Perce Road and travel for approximately 16.1 miles\" to Nez Perce Pass trailhead.\"[2] The paved parking area at the pass has a helicopter pad.[9]Nez Perce Pass marks a change in time zone, from Pacific time in northern Idaho to Mountain time in Montana.","title":"Nez Perce Pass"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mountain passes in Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Montana_(M-Z)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Fellowships
Watson Foundation
["1 Thomas J. Watson Fellowship","1.1 Background","1.2 Selection criteria","1.3 Notable Watson Fellows","1.4 Directors of the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship","2 Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship","2.1 Selection criteria","2.2 Eligible institutions","2.3 History","2.4 Directors the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship","3 References","4 External links"]
Charitable trust honoring Thomas J. Watson Thomas J. Watson FoundationFounded1961; 63 years ago (1961)FoundersJeannette K. WatsonLocationWoolworth Building, New York, New York, U.S.Websitewatson.foundation The Thomas J. Watson Foundation is a charitable trust formed 1961 in honor of former chairman and CEO of IBM, Thomas J. Watson. The Foundation's stated vision is to empower students “to expand their vision, test and develop their potential, and gain confidence and perspective to do so for others.” The Watson Foundation operates two programs, the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship and the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship. The two programs were based in Providence and New York City, but in 2006 the two fellowships were united in New York. In 2018 the Watson Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary. The Foundation moved into its new offices in New York's Woolworth Building that same year. Thomas J. Watson Fellowship The Thomas J. Watson Fellowship is a grant that enables graduating seniors to pursue a year of independent study outside the United States. 1968 was the Fellowship's first year, providing graduates with a year to "explore with thoroughness a particular interest, test their aspirations and abilities, view their lives and American society in greater perspective and, concomitantly, develop a more informed sense of international concern". In 2018, the fellowship celebrated its 50th anniversary. In that time, over 42,000 students submitted applications, and nearly 2,000 fellowships were awarded, making the fellowship similarly selective to the Rhodes or Marshall Scholarships. Unlike those programs, only undergraduates in their senior year at 41 colleges are eligible to apply. Background The fellowship itself grants recipients money to spend one year traveling in pursuit of their projects. Recipients are forbidden from reentering the United States and their home country for one year. Projects are not academically oriented, as the fellowship is intended to encourage exploration and new experiences rather than formal research. Currently the award is $36,000 per fellow or $46,000 for a fellow traveling with a spouse or dependent. The stipend also provides student loan repayment for the duration of the fellowship. The Watson Foundation emphasizes that the grant is an investment in a person rather than a project. During their travels the Fellows remain unaffiliated with a college or university, instead planning and administering their projects themselves. They are barred from working on a paying job, and are discouraged from joining organized volunteer projects for substantial periods of time. Selection criteria Qualities sought in fellows include: Leadership, Imagination, Independence, Emotional Maturity, Courage, Integrity, Resourcefulness, and Responsibility. Institutions eligible to nominate Watson Fellows are 41 select small liberal arts colleges with an undergraduate population of fewer than 3,000 students. Notable Watson Fellows Layla AbdelRahim, comparatist anthropologist and author David Abram, cultural ecologist and philosopher Jay Allison, independent public radio producer Nancy Bekavac, former president of Scripps College Iram Parveen Bilal, filmmaker and entrepreneur Kai Bird, Pulitzer Prize–winning author and columnist Lynn J. Bush, American federal senior judge Gloria Borger, CNN political commentator Ian Boyden, painter Roberto Castillo, novelist, short fiction writer, translator and essayist Peter Child, professor of music at MIT and composer in residence with the New England Philharmonic Tom Cole, U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma Darron Collins, President, College of the Atlantic Nicolas Collins, composer of mostly electronic music Howard Fineman, Huffington Post and MSNBC political analyst John Garang, late Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army and Vice-President of Sudan Yishay Garbasz, artist and activist. David Grann, American journalist and best-selling author Aracelis Girmay, American poet Alia Gurtov, American paleoanthropologist Dan Hammer, environmental economist and winner of the inaugural Pritzker Award Tori Haring-Smith, former president of Washington & Jefferson College Corey Harris, blues and reggae musician and MacArthur Fellow. Garrett Hongo, Pulitzer-nominated poet and academic Barbara Higbie, jazz and traditional musician Edward Hirsch, poet, president of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Jackie Diamond Hyman, American novelist and reporter Pat Irwin, composer, musician, and former member of the B-52s Cleveland Johnson, director, National Music Museum Mat Johnson, writer Ian Kerner, New York Times bestselling author Raffi Khatchadourian, American journalist Verlyn Klinkenborg, author and Guggenheim Fellow Jimmy J. Kolker, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2002-5) and Burkina Faso (1999-2002) Chris Kratt, host of Wild Kratts and other educational nature shows Edwin M. Lee, mayor of San Francisco Joe Lewis, former dean of UC Irvine Claire Trevor School of the Arts Jason Mantzoukas, actor and writer Mark Stephen Meadows, American artist and entrepreneur Jonathan Meiburg, lead singer and principal songwriter for the band Shearwater Michael Noer, executive news editor at Forbes Dan O'Brien, playwright and poet John Payton, civil rights attorney Peggy Pettitt, American actor, dancer, and storyteller Steve Raichlen, BBQ chef, author, and PBS cooking show host Eric Rosengren, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Suzanne Seriff, folklorist, cultural anthropologist, museum curator Caroline Shaw, 2013 Pulitzer Prize for music David Shipley, The New York Times Op-Ed Editor John Siceloff, American television producer Alan Solomont, U.S. Ambassador to Spain (2009 - 2013) Julie Taymor, Oscar-nominated, Emmy- and Tony Award-winning director Francisco Valero-Cuevas, engineer and scientist Reetika Vazirani, American/Indian poet Madhuri Vijay, novelist, author of The Far Field Eileen Wilson-Oyelaran, former president of Kalamazoo College Directors of the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Chris Kasabach, 2011-Present Cleveland Johnson, 2008-2011 Rosemary Macedo, 2006-2008 Beverly J. Larson, 2003-2006 Norv Brasch, 2001-2003 Tori Haring-Smith, 1999-2001 Noreen C. Tuross, 1997-1999 William F. L. Moses, 1995-1997 James A. Lehman, 1993-1995 Mary E. Brooner, 1991-1993 Steven V. Licata, 1989-1991 Martin A. Brody, 1987-1989 Nancy Y. Bekavac, 1985-1987 Joseph V. Long III, 1883-1985 Jeanne C. Olivier, 1981-1983 David C. Summers, 1979-1981 John C. Elder, 1977-1979 Daniel L. Arnaud, 1972-1977 Robert O. Schulze, Founding Director, 1968-1972 Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship In 1999, the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship was created to expose undergraduate students to work through three successive summer internships and mentorship. The fellowship is a competitive academic grant made each year to fifteen undergraduates nominated by 12 affiliated New York City colleges which provides successive summer experiences for three years, stipends, mentoring, seminars, and discovery fund. The fellowship is named after Jeannette K. Watson, the first female member of the IBM Board of Directors, and wife of Thomas J. Watson. During their first summer, Jeannette K. Watson Fellows intern at a New York City based partner, while the second and third summers can be in New York City, anywhere else in the United States, or overseas. Over the three year fellowship, fellows must go overseas at least once. Fellows are awarded three successive annual grants of $5,500, $6,500, $7,000 in addition to a $2,000 discovery fund. Fellows have gone on to win prestigious awards like the Harry S. Truman Scholarship, the Fulbright Program, and The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans. They have also gone on to graduate school at the University of Oxford, Harvard University, and the University of California, Los Angeles. Selection criteria Qualities sought include high standards, ambition, openness, desire to explore diverse cultures and new professional fields, willingness to act on feedback, leadership, ability to work in groups, integrity and accountability, and a strong academic record. The following 12 partnering colleges nominate up to four candidates to be considered in a citywide selections process. Eligible institutions Baruch College Brooklyn College City College of New York College of Staten Island Hunter College John Jay College Lehman College Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus Marymount Manhattan College Pace University Manhattan St. John's University Queens College History The Fellowship was established by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation in 1999. Its founding Director, the late Alice Stone Ilchman, former President of Sarah Lawrence College and Elizabeth Buckner, former Board of Advisors member, developed the original idea for the Fellowship and began working with eight colleges. Frank Wolf, its second director, served from 2006 until his retirement in 2012. Dean Emeritus of the School of Continuing Education at Columbia University, Wolf extended participation to four additional New York City colleges and expanded substantially the Fellowship's internships in the for-profit sector. In 2012 the Foundation combined the directorships of its two programs with the appointment of Chris Kasabach as the Executive Director of the Thomas J. Watson Foundation. Directors the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship Sara Nolfo, 2016–present Frank Wolf, 2006-2012 Alice Ilchman, Founding Director, 1999-2006 References ^ a b c d e "About Us - Vision - The Foundation". Watson Foundation. ^ Gup, Ted. "Adventures (and misadventures) of Watson Fellows". Smithsonian, September 1994, Vol. 25 Issue 6, p 68. ^ Stephanie Rosenbloom (August 15, 2001). "BULLETIN BOARD; Four Get Summer Fellowships". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2018. ^ “Appleton's Wallenfang Awarded $22,000 Fellowship for “Wanderjahr” to China, India”, ‘‘Lawrence University’’, March 17, 2003. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ a b c Schram, Lauren Elkies “As 50th Anniversary Approaches, Nonprofit Signs Deal to Move to Woolworth Building”, ‘‘Commercial Observer’’, November 27, 2017. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ "Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Overview". ^ Kasabach, Chris. "50 Years of Discovery". ^ "Former Osceola Student Awarded Watson Fellowship". The Sun. Osceola Sun. Retrieved April 18, 2020. ^ "Thomas J. Watson Fellowship". Berea College. ^ "Watson Fellowship". Bates College Watson Fellowship. ^ "Watson Fellowship". Pitzer College Watson Fellowship. ^ "Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Program". Vassar College Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. ^ "Two Carleton Seniors Earn Prestigious Watson Fellowships". Carleton Seniors Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. ^ "Thomas J Watson Fellowship". ^ "Connecticut College Partners with Watson Foundation". Connecticut College Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. ^ DT Summit 2012 “Design Thinking In Business: Chris Kasabach”, ‘‘DT Summit 2012’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ BWW News Desk “Morris Museum Announces Appointment of Cleveland T. Johnson as Executive Director”, ‘‘Broadway World’’, October 3, 2017. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Equity Research “Rosemary Macedo”, ‘‘Equity Research’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Bard News “TWO BARD SENIORS RECEIVE PRESTIGIOUS AND HIGHLY SELECTIVE WATSON TRAVEL GRANTS”, ‘‘Bard News’’, March 15, 2006. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Steindorf, Sara “Here's $22,000. Now go explore the world”, ‘‘The Christian Science Monitor’’, April 23, 2002. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Overland Park, KS Resident Awarded Prestigious Watson Fellowship”, ‘‘Claremont McKenna College’’, April 13, 2000. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Foster, Holly “Two Hamilton College Seniors awarded prestigious Watson Fellowships”, ‘‘Hamilton College’’, March 31, 1999. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Bowdoin Senior Nahyon Lee '97 Awarded Watson Fellowship”, ‘‘Bowdoin College’’, May 15, 1997. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Knox Senior Receives Watson Fellowship”, ‘‘Knox College’’, May 31, 2000. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Brooner, Mary “African Development Foundation: A New Approach to Bilateral Assistance to Africa”, ‘‘Journal of Legislation’’, January 1, 1978. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Steven V. Licata”, ‘‘Keynote Seminars’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Nancy Y. Bekavac”, ‘‘RIT Kosovo’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Jeanne C. Olivier”, ‘‘The Center for Media and Democracy’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Reuther, David “The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project”, ‘‘The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs’’, July 26, 2012. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “John Elder”, ‘‘Middlebury College’’, July 26, 2012. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Monrovia Student Wins Fellowship at Pomona”, ‘‘Arcadia Tribute’’, April 4, 1976. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ “Local Students Awarded Fellowships to Study Abroad”, ‘‘Montclair Tribute’’, April 6, 1972. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Pittner, Bryen Farrell “Voices: How I went from a small town in Pennsylvania to living in South Africa”, ‘‘USA Today’’, June 28, 2017. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ "Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship". Marymount Manhattan College. ^ "The Ultimate Summer Fellowship Experience: Stephanie Kozofsky On The Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship". ^ "Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship". ^ "Selection Criteria". ^ "Alice S. Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies". ^ "Our People". ^ “Government and Politics Student Wins Second Prestigious Award”, St. John's University, March 28, 2017. Retrieved 2018-04-27. ^ “Executive Director”, ‘‘The New York Times’’. Retrieve 2018-04-27. ^ Fox, Margalit “Alice S. Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies”, ‘‘The New York Times’’, August 16, 2006. Retrieve 2018-04-27. External links Official Site
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-vision-fdn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-vision-fdn-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_K._Watson_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commercialobserver.com-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commercialobserver.com-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commercialobserver.com-5"}],"text":"The Thomas J. Watson Foundation is a charitable trust formed 1961 in honor of former chairman and CEO of IBM, Thomas J. Watson.[1] The Foundation's stated vision is to empower students “to expand their vision, test and develop their potential, and gain confidence and perspective to do so for others.”[1] The Watson Foundation operates two programs, the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship and the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship.[2][3]The two programs were based in Providence and New York City, but in 2006 the two fellowships were united in New York.[4][5]In 2018 the Watson Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary.[5] The Foundation moved into its new offices in New York's Woolworth Building that same year.[5]","title":"Watson Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-amherstoverview-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-vision-fdn-1"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Thomas J. Watson Fellowship is a grant that enables graduating seniors to pursue a year of independent study outside the United States.[6] 1968 was the Fellowship's first year, providing graduates with a year to \"explore with thoroughness a particular interest, test their aspirations and abilities, view their lives and American society in greater perspective and, concomitantly, develop a more informed sense of international concern\".[1] In 2018, the fellowship celebrated its 50th anniversary. In that time, over 42,000 students submitted applications, and nearly 2,000 fellowships were awarded, making the fellowship similarly selective to the Rhodes or Marshall Scholarships.[7] Unlike those programs, only undergraduates in their senior year at 41 colleges are eligible to apply.[8]","title":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-berea-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-bates-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-pitzer-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-vassar-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-carleton-13"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The fellowship itself grants recipients money to spend one year traveling in pursuit of their projects.[9] Recipients are forbidden from reentering the United States and their home country for one year. Projects are not academically oriented, as the fellowship is intended to encourage exploration and new experiences rather than formal research.[10] Currently the award is $36,000 per fellow or $46,000 for a fellow traveling with a spouse or dependent.[11] The stipend also provides student loan repayment for the duration of the fellowship.[12] The Watson Foundation emphasizes that the grant is an investment in a person rather than a project.[13] During their travels the Fellows remain unaffiliated with a college or university, instead planning and administering their projects themselves. They are barred from working on a paying job, and are discouraged from joining organized volunteer projects for substantial periods of time.","title":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tjw-conn-partners-15"}],"sub_title":"Selection criteria","text":"Qualities sought in fellows include: Leadership, Imagination, Independence, Emotional Maturity, Courage, Integrity, Resourcefulness, and Responsibility.[14] Institutions eligible to nominate Watson Fellows are 41 select small liberal arts colleges with an undergraduate population of fewer than 3,000 students.[15]","title":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Layla AbdelRahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_AbdelRahim"},{"link_name":"David Abram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Abram"},{"link_name":"Jay Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Allison"},{"link_name":"Nancy Bekavac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Bekavac"},{"link_name":"Iram Parveen Bilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iram_Parveen_Bilal"},{"link_name":"Kai Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Bird"},{"link_name":"Lynn J. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_J._Bush"},{"link_name":"senior judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_judge"},{"link_name":"Gloria Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger"},{"link_name":"Ian Boyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Boyden"},{"link_name":"Roberto Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Castillo_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Peter Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Child"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Tom Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cole"},{"link_name":"Darron Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darron_Collins"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Collins"},{"link_name":"Howard Fineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Fineman"},{"link_name":"John Garang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garang"},{"link_name":"Yishay Garbasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishay_Garbasz"},{"link_name":"David Grann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grann"},{"link_name":"Aracelis Girmay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracelis_Girmay"},{"link_name":"Alia Gurtov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Gurtov"},{"link_name":"paleoanthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropologist"},{"link_name":"Dan Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Tori Haring-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Haring-Smith"},{"link_name":"Corey Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Harris"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellow.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"Garrett Hongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hongo"},{"link_name":"Barbara Higbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Higbie"},{"link_name":"Edward Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hirsch"},{"link_name":"Jackie Diamond Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Diamond_Hyman"},{"link_name":"Pat Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Irwin"},{"link_name":"B-52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_B-52%27s"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mat Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ian Kerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kerner"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Raffi Khatchadourian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_Khatchadourian"},{"link_name":"Verlyn Klinkenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Jimmy J. Kolker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_J._Kolker"},{"link_name":"Chris Kratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kratt"},{"link_name":"Wild Kratts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Kratts"},{"link_name":"Edwin M. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_M._Lee"},{"link_name":"Joe Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lewis_(artist)"},{"link_name":"UC Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Claire Trevor School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Trevor_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Jason Mantzoukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mantzoukas"},{"link_name":"Mark Stephen Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stephen_Meadows"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Meiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meiburg"},{"link_name":"Michael Noer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Noer_(editor)"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"Dan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_O%27Brien_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"John Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Payton"},{"link_name":"Peggy Pettitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Pettitt"},{"link_name":"Steve Raichlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Raichlen"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Eric Rosengren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Rosengren"},{"link_name":"Caroline Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Shaw"},{"link_name":"David Shipley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shipley"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"John Siceloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Siceloff"},{"link_name":"Alan Solomont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Solomont"},{"link_name":"Julie Taymor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Taymor"},{"link_name":"Francisco Valero-Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Valero-Cuevas"},{"link_name":"Reetika Vazirani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reetika_Vazirani"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Vijay"},{"link_name":"Eileen Wilson-Oyelaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Wilson-Oyelaran"}],"sub_title":"Notable Watson Fellows","text":"Layla AbdelRahim, comparatist anthropologist and author\nDavid Abram, cultural ecologist and philosopher\nJay Allison, independent public radio producer\nNancy Bekavac, former president of Scripps College\nIram Parveen Bilal, filmmaker and entrepreneur\nKai Bird, Pulitzer Prize–winning author and columnist\nLynn J. Bush, American federal senior judge\nGloria Borger, CNN political commentator\nIan Boyden, painter\nRoberto Castillo, novelist, short fiction writer, translator and essayist\nPeter Child, professor of music at MIT and composer in residence with the New England Philharmonic\nTom Cole, U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma\nDarron Collins, President, College of the Atlantic\nNicolas Collins, composer of mostly electronic music\nHoward Fineman, Huffington Post and MSNBC political analyst\nJohn Garang, late Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army and Vice-President of Sudan\nYishay Garbasz, artist and activist.\nDavid Grann, American journalist and best-selling author\nAracelis Girmay, American poet\nAlia Gurtov, American paleoanthropologist\nDan Hammer, environmental economist and winner of the inaugural Pritzker Award\nTori Haring-Smith, former president of Washington & Jefferson College\nCorey Harris, blues and reggae musician and MacArthur Fellow.\nGarrett Hongo, Pulitzer-nominated poet and academic\nBarbara Higbie, jazz and traditional musician\nEdward Hirsch, poet, president of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation\nJackie Diamond Hyman, American novelist and reporter\nPat Irwin, composer, musician, and former member of the B-52s\nCleveland Johnson, director, National Music Museum\nMat Johnson, writer\nIan Kerner, New York Times bestselling author\nRaffi Khatchadourian, American journalist\nVerlyn Klinkenborg, author and Guggenheim Fellow\nJimmy J. Kolker, U.S. Ambassador to Uganda (2002-5) and Burkina Faso (1999-2002)\nChris Kratt, host of Wild Kratts and other educational nature shows\nEdwin M. Lee, mayor of San Francisco\nJoe Lewis, former dean of UC Irvine Claire Trevor School of the Arts\nJason Mantzoukas, actor and writer\nMark Stephen Meadows, American artist and entrepreneur\nJonathan Meiburg, lead singer and principal songwriter for the band Shearwater\nMichael Noer, executive news editor at Forbes\nDan O'Brien, playwright and poet\nJohn Payton, civil rights attorney\nPeggy Pettitt, American actor, dancer, and storyteller\nSteve Raichlen, BBQ chef, author, and PBS cooking show host\nEric Rosengren, President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston\nSuzanne Seriff, folklorist, cultural anthropologist, museum curator\nCaroline Shaw, 2013 Pulitzer Prize for music\nDavid Shipley, The New York Times Op-Ed Editor\nJohn Siceloff, American television producer\nAlan Solomont, U.S. Ambassador to Spain (2009 - 2013)\nJulie Taymor, Oscar-nominated, Emmy- and Tony Award-winning director\nFrancisco Valero-Cuevas, engineer and scientist\nReetika Vazirani, American/Indian poet\nMadhuri Vijay, novelist, author of The Far Field\nEileen Wilson-Oyelaran, former president of Kalamazoo College","title":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tori Haring-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Haring-Smith"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nancy Y. Bekavac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Y._Bekavac"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Directors of the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship","text":"Chris Kasabach, 2011-Present[16]\nCleveland Johnson, 2008-2011[17]\nRosemary Macedo, 2006-2008[18]\nBeverly J. Larson, 2003-2006[19]\nNorv Brasch, 2001-2003[20]\nTori Haring-Smith, 1999-2001[21]\nNoreen C. Tuross, 1997-1999[22]\nWilliam F. L. Moses, 1995-1997[23]\nJames A. Lehman, 1993-1995[24]\nMary E. Brooner, 1991-1993[25]\nSteven V. Licata, 1989-1991[26]\nMartin A. Brody, 1987-1989\nNancy Y. Bekavac, 1985-1987[27]\nJoseph V. Long III, 1883-1985\nJeanne C. Olivier, 1981-1983[28]\nDavid C. Summers, 1979-1981[29]\nJohn C. Elder, 1977-1979[30]\nDaniel L. Arnaud, 1972-1977[31]\nRobert O. Schulze, Founding Director, 1968-1972[32]","title":"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-vision-fdn-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-mm-34"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watson-vision-fdn-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-pace-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-profellow-stipend-36"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paul_%26_Daisy_Soros_Fellowships_for_New_Americans"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"In 1999, the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship was created to expose undergraduate students to work through three successive summer internships and mentorship.[1][33] The fellowship is a competitive academic grant made each year to fifteen undergraduates nominated by 12 affiliated New York City colleges which provides successive summer experiences for three years, stipends, mentoring, seminars, and discovery fund.[34]The fellowship is named after Jeannette K. Watson, the first female member of the IBM Board of Directors, and wife of Thomas J. Watson.[1]During their first summer, Jeannette K. Watson Fellows intern at a New York City based partner, while the second and third summers can be in New York City, anywhere else in the United States, or overseas.[35] Over the three year fellowship, fellows must go overseas at least once. Fellows are awarded three successive annual grants of $5,500, $6,500, $7,000 in addition to a $2,000 discovery fund.[36] Fellows have gone on to win prestigious awards like the Harry S. Truman Scholarship, the Fulbright Program, and The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans. They have also gone on to graduate school at the University of Oxford, Harvard University, and the University of California, Los Angeles.","title":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-criteria-37"}],"sub_title":"Selection criteria","text":"Qualities sought include high standards, ambition, openness, desire to explore diverse cultures and new professional fields, willingness to act on feedback, leadership, ability to work in groups, integrity and accountability, and a strong academic record.[37] The following 12 partnering colleges nominate up to four candidates to be considered in a citywide selections process.","title":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baruch College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_College"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"College of Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"John Jay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_College"},{"link_name":"Lehman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_College"},{"link_name":"Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University"},{"link_name":"Marymount Manhattan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_Manhattan_College"},{"link_name":"Pace University Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_University"},{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College"}],"sub_title":"Eligible institutions","text":"Baruch College\nBrooklyn College\nCity College of New York\nCollege of Staten Island\nHunter College\nJohn Jay College\nLehman College\nLong Island University, Brooklyn Campus\nMarymount Manhattan College\nPace University Manhattan\nSt. John's University\nQueens College","title":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Stone Ilchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Stone_Ilchman"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lawrence College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-sarah-ilchman-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkw-frank-wolf-39"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The Fellowship was established by the Thomas J. Watson Foundation in 1999. Its founding Director, the late Alice Stone Ilchman, former President of Sarah Lawrence College and Elizabeth Buckner, former Board of Advisors member, developed the original idea for the Fellowship and began working with eight colleges.[38] Frank Wolf, its second director, served from 2006 until his retirement in 2012.[39] Dean Emeritus of the School of Continuing Education at Columbia University, Wolf extended participation to four additional New York City colleges and expanded substantially the Fellowship's internships in the for-profit sector. In 2012 the Foundation combined the directorships of its two programs with the appointment of Chris Kasabach as the Executive Director of the Thomas J. Watson Foundation.","title":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Directors the Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship","text":"Sara Nolfo, 2016–present[40]\nFrank Wolf, 2006-2012[41]\nAlice Ilchman, Founding Director, 1999-2006[42]","title":"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"About Us - Vision - The Foundation\". Watson Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://watson.foundation/about/history","url_text":"\"About Us - Vision - The Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Stephanie Rosenbloom (August 15, 2001). \"BULLETIN BOARD; Four Get Summer Fellowships\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/15/nyregion/bulletin-board-four-get-summer-fellowships.html","url_text":"\"BULLETIN BOARD; Four Get Summer Fellowships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/support/fellowships/national/watson","url_text":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Kasabach, Chris. \"50 Years of Discovery\".","urls":[{"url":"https://watson.foundation/WAT50N","url_text":"\"50 Years of Discovery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Osceola Student Awarded Watson Fellowship\". The Sun. Osceola Sun. Retrieved April 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osceolasun.com/news/former-osceola-student-awarded-watson-fellowship/article_30ebe538-7e60-11ea-96f6-83741dad5a80.html","url_text":"\"Former Osceola Student Awarded Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship\". Berea College.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berea.edu/cie/thomas-j-watson-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watson Fellowship\". Bates College Watson Fellowship.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bates.edu/fellowships/thomas-j-watson-fellowships/","url_text":"\"Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watson Fellowship\". Pitzer College Watson Fellowship.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pitzer.edu/fellowships/watson-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Program\". Vassar College Thomas J. Watson Fellowship.","urls":[{"url":"https://fellowships.vassar.edu/fellowships/seniors/watson/","url_text":"\"Thomas J. Watson Fellowship Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Carleton Seniors Earn Prestigious Watson Fellowships\". Carleton Seniors Thomas J. Watson Fellowship.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.carleton.edu/now/stories/?story_id=826978","url_text":"\"Two Carleton Seniors Earn Prestigious Watson Fellowships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas J Watson Fellowship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://watson.foundation/fellowships/tj","url_text":"\"Thomas J Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Connecticut College Partners with Watson Foundation\". Connecticut College Thomas J. Watson Fellowship.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conncoll.edu/news/news-archive/2019/conn-partners-with-watson-foundation/","url_text":"\"Connecticut College Partners with Watson Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\". Marymount Manhattan College.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmm.edu/academics/jeannette-k-watson-fellowship.php","url_text":"\"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ultimate Summer Fellowship Experience: Stephanie Kozofsky On The Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profellow.com/fellowships/the-ultimate-summer-fellowship-experience-stephanie-kozofsky-on-the-jeannette-k-watson-fellowship/=ProFellow","url_text":"\"The Ultimate Summer Fellowship Experience: Stephanie Kozofsky On The Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profellow.com/fellowship/jeannette-k-watson-fellowship/","url_text":"\"Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selection Criteria\".","urls":[{"url":"https://watson.foundation/fellowships/jk","url_text":"\"Selection Criteria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice S. Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/nyregion/16ilchman.html","url_text":"\"Alice S. Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nycwf.org/about_people.html","url_text":"\"Our People\""}]}]
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Johnson as Executive Director”"},{"Link":"https://www.qsinvestors.com/who-we-are/our-team/filter/equity-research","external_links_name":"“Rosemary Macedo”"},{"Link":"http://www.bard.edu/news/releases/pr/fstory.php?id=1015","external_links_name":"“TWO BARD SENIORS RECEIVE PRESTIGIOUS AND HIGHLY SELECTIVE WATSON TRAVEL GRANTS”"},{"Link":"https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0423/p21s01-lehl.html","external_links_name":"“Here's $22,000. Now go explore the world”"},{"Link":"http://www.cmc.edu/news/overland-park-ks-resident-awarded-prestigious-watson-fellowship/10190","external_links_name":"“Overland Park, KS Resident Awarded Prestigious Watson Fellowship”"},{"Link":"https://www.hamilton.edu/news/story/two-hamilton-college-seniors-awarded-prestigious-watson-fellowships","external_links_name":"“Two Hamilton College Seniors awarded prestigious Watson Fellowships”"},{"Link":"http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/archives/1bowdoincampus/000438.shtml","external_links_name":"“Bowdoin Senior Nahyon Lee '97 Awarded Watson Fellowship”"},{"Link":"http://departments.knox.edu/newsarchive/news_events/2000/Arrington_Watson.html","external_links_name":"“Knox Senior Receives Watson Fellowship”"},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi","external_links_name":"“African Development Foundation: A New Approach to Bilateral Assistance to Africa”"},{"Link":"http://www.keynoteseminars.net/facilitators_keynotes_seminars.html","external_links_name":"“Steven V. 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Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.nycwf.org/about_people.html","external_links_name":"\"Our People\""},{"Link":"https://www.stjohns.edu/about/news/2017-03-28/government-and-politics-student-wins-second-prestigious-award","external_links_name":"“Government and Politics Student Wins Second Prestigious Award”"},{"Link":"http://www.nycwf.org/about_people.html","external_links_name":"“Executive Director”"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/nyregion/16ilchman.html","external_links_name":"“Alice S. Ilchman, 71, Economist Who Headed Sarah Lawrence, Dies”"},{"Link":"https://watson.foundation/fellowships/jk","external_links_name":"Official Site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horden_Colliery_Welfare_F.C.
Horden Community Welfare F.C.
["1 History","2 Honours","3 Records","4 Former players","5 References"]
Coordinates: 54°45′51.88″N 1°19′1.94″W / 54.7644111°N 1.3172056°W / 54.7644111; -1.3172056Association football club in England Football clubHorden Community WelfareFull nameHorden Community Welfare Football ClubNickname(s)The MarrasFounded1907 (as Horden Athletic)2017 (as Horden Community Welfare)GroundWelfare ParkChairmanChris CainManagerJonny PayneLeagueNorthern League Division Two2023–24Northern League Division Two, 5th of 22 Home colours Horden Community Welfare Football Club is a football club based in Horden, County Durham, England. The club was formed as Horden Athletic in 1907, changing its name to Horden Welfare in 1928, and joined the North Eastern League in 1935, reaching the second round of the FA Cup in the 1938–39 season. After the assets of the original Colliery Welfare were transferred to a new club in Darlington in 2016, Community Welfare was formed in 2017 and has regained the former club's place in the Northern League. They are currently members of the Northern League Division Two and play at Welfare Park in Horden. The ground has one stand, which consists of mainly seating, however below this there is some terracing as well. History As Horden Athletic, the club's key successes were winning the Wearside League in 1911–12, 1912–13, and 1913–14, and the Monkwearmouth Charity Cup in 1912–13 and 1922–23. On a national scale, the club reached the first round of the FA Cup in 1925–26, losing 3–2 at home to Football League second division side Darlington. Horden Colliery Welfare joined the North Eastern League in 1935, winning it in 1938. When that league collapsed in 1958 they spent several years with brief periods in a number of leagues: the Midland League, the Northern Counties League, the reformed North Eastern League (which they won in 1964), and the Wearside League, before being elected to the Northern League in 1975. Horden finished third in the Northern League Division One in 1980 and 1983 and in 1984 beat Blyth Spartans in the League Cup final under former Middlesbrough coach John Coddington. There was a great FA cup tradition at Welfare Park, a run to the second round in 1938–1939 when they lost 3–2 at home to Newport County, and five further first round appearances. All brought narrow defeats against Southport F.C. (1948, 1–2), Accrington Stanley (1952, 1–2), Wrexham F.C. (1953, 0–1), Scunthorpe United (1954, 0–1) and Blackpool F.C. (1981, 0–1). In 1985 Horden CW faced the biggest challenge of their history when the club was relegated and around the same time Horden Colliery closed. The impact of the pit closure on the community and the loss of the club's main sponsor meant that Horden CW found life a struggle, but in the late 1990s under the management of Peter Todd and later Kevin Taylor things started to look up. Still, Horden spent all but 5 seasons from 1986 to 2013 in the second division of the Northern League, which they won once in 2009. On 21 July 2010, Martin Wilson, a 24-year-old businessman, took over the club. He was believed to be the youngest chairman in the Football Pyramid. Under the new direction of Wilson, the club aimed to re-brand itself in an attempt to make the club more appealing to younger supporters. However, in November 2010 Mr Wilson left the club leaving, and previous owner Norman Stephens regained his place as chairman of the club once again. Horden were later relegated to the Wearside League in 2013. In 2016, Horden Parish Council demanded that the club vacate their ground at Horden Welfare Park (where the club has been based since their inception in 1908) for unknown reasons. On 29 January of that year, a court case upheld the council's decision and the club was ordered to vacate by 25 February 2016 as well as awarding them legal costs. In October 2016, it was announced that Horden would move 30 miles to Darlington to become the reserve team of National League North club Darlington. The changed their name to Darlington 1883 Reserves and played on the 4G Surface at Eastbourne Sports Complex in Darlington. Horden chairman Norman Stephens said "If the move had not have happened, Horden would have been dead by Xmas". Norman Stephens and some of the playing staff were retained by Darlington who took Horden's place in the Wearside League. They played their first game under the new name on 6 October in a 1–0 away defeat to Boldon C.A. and played their first home game against Annfield Plain on 15 October at Eastbourne Sports Complex. Following the loss of the original club, Horden Community Welfare were formed in 2017 to bring football back to Welfare Park in the village. Upon their formation, the club were placed into the Durham Alliance League, winning promotion to the Wearside League in their first season. In 2021, the club was admitted into the Northern League Division Two. Honours North Eastern League Champions: 1937–38, 1963–64 Northern Football League Division Two Champions: 2008–09 Runners-up: 2002–03 Runners-up 2022–23 Records FA Cup Second Round 1938–39 FA Trophy First Round 1970–71, 1972–73, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85 FA Vase Fourth Round 2022–23 Former players 1. Players who have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league). 2. Players with full international caps. 3. Players who hold a club record or have captained the club. Tom Baker John Hodgson References ^ a b "A nursery for young players". Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail: 5. 9 December 1930. ^ British Pathé. "FA Cup 2nd Round – Horden CW vs Newport County". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010. ^ "Sports review". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette: 14. 5 May 1933. ^ "Horden's fight". Athletic News: 8. 30 November 1925. ^ a b c d e "HORDEN COLLIERY WELFARE". FCHD. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Hartlepool Mail. "Horden CW name dies as club becomes Darlington 1883 Reserves". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ Connor Lamb. "Boldon CA v Darlington 1883 Reserves". Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ "Horden Community Welfare F.C." Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ^ "National League System club allocations – steps 5/6, season 2021–22" (.pdf). The Football Association. Retrieved 22 May 2021. 54°45′51.88″N 1°19′1.94″W / 54.7644111°N 1.3172056°W / 54.7644111; -1.3172056 vteNorthern League2023–24clubsDivision One Birtley Town Bishop Auckland Boro Rangers Carlisle City Crook Town Guisborough Town Heaton Stannington Newcastle Benfield North Shields Northallerton Town Penrith Redcar Athletic Seaham Red Star Shildon Sunderland Ryhope CA Tow Law Town West Allotment Celtic West Auckland Town Whickham Whitley Bay Division Two Bedlington Terriers Billingham Synthonia Billingham Town Blyth Town Boldon Community Association Brandon United Chester-le-Street Town Chester-le-Street United Easington Colliery Esh Winning FC Hartlepool Horden Community Welfare Jarrow Newcastle Blue Star Newcastle University Prudhoe Youth Club Redcar Town Ryton & Crawcrook Albion Sunderland West End Thornaby Washington Yarm & Eaglescliffe Seasons 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Horden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_nursery_for_young_players-1"},{"link_name":"North Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a new club in Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League"}],"text":"Association football club in EnglandFootball clubHorden Community Welfare Football Club is a football club based in Horden, County Durham, England. The club was formed as Horden Athletic in 1907, changing its name to Horden Welfare in 1928,[1] and joined the North Eastern League in 1935, reaching the second round of the FA Cup in the 1938–39 season.[2] After the assets of the original Colliery Welfare were transferred to a new club in Darlington in 2016, Community Welfare was formed in 2017 and has regained the former club's place in the Northern League.They are currently members of the Northern League Division Two and play at Welfare Park in Horden. The ground has one stand, which consists of mainly seating, however below this there is some terracing as well.","title":"Horden Community Welfare F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_nursery_for_young_players-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1925–26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"North Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-5"},{"link_name":"Midland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Football_League_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Northern Counties League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Counties_League"},{"link_name":"Wearside League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearside_League"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_(football)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-5"},{"link_name":"Northern League Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_League_Division_One"},{"link_name":"Blyth Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Southport F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport_F.C."},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Wrexham F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United"},{"link_name":"Blackpool F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-5"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wearside League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearside_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Annfield Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annfield_Plain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wearside League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearside_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As Horden Athletic, the club's key successes were winning the Wearside League in 1911–12, 1912–13, and 1913–14, and the Monkwearmouth Charity Cup in 1912–13 and 1922–23.[1][3] On a national scale, the club reached the first round of the FA Cup in 1925–26, losing 3–2 at home to Football League second division side Darlington.[4]Horden Colliery Welfare joined the North Eastern League in 1935, winning it in 1938.[5] When that league collapsed in 1958 they spent several years with brief periods in a number of leagues: the Midland League, the Northern Counties League, the reformed North Eastern League (which they won in 1964), and the Wearside League, before being elected to the Northern League in 1975.[5] Horden finished third in the Northern League Division One in 1980 and 1983 and in 1984 beat Blyth Spartans in the League Cup final under former Middlesbrough coach John Coddington.There was a great FA cup tradition at Welfare Park, a run to the second round in 1938–1939 when they lost 3–2 at home to Newport County, and five further first round appearances. All brought narrow defeats against Southport F.C. (1948, 1–2), Accrington Stanley (1952, 1–2), Wrexham F.C. (1953, 0–1), Scunthorpe United (1954, 0–1) and Blackpool F.C. (1981, 0–1). In 1985 Horden CW faced the biggest challenge of their history when the club was relegated and around the same time Horden Colliery closed. The impact of the pit closure on the community and the loss of the club's main sponsor meant that Horden CW found life a struggle, but in the late 1990s under the management of Peter Todd and later Kevin Taylor things started to look up. Still, Horden spent all but 5 seasons from 1986 to 2013 in the second division of the Northern League, which they won once in 2009.[5]On 21 July 2010, Martin Wilson, a 24-year-old businessman, took over the club. He was believed to be the youngest chairman in the Football Pyramid. Under the new direction of Wilson, the club aimed to re-brand itself in an attempt to make the club more appealing to younger supporters. However, in November 2010 Mr Wilson left the club leaving, and previous owner Norman Stephens regained his place as chairman of the club once again. Horden were later relegated to the Wearside League in 2013.In 2016, Horden Parish Council demanded that the club vacate their ground at Horden Welfare Park (where the club has been based since their inception in 1908) for unknown reasons. On 29 January of that year, a court case upheld the council's decision and the club was ordered to vacate by 25 February 2016 as well as awarding them legal costs. In October 2016, it was announced that Horden would move 30 miles to Darlington to become the reserve team of National League North club Darlington.[6] The changed their name to Darlington 1883 Reserves and played on the 4G Surface at Eastbourne Sports Complex in Darlington. Horden chairman Norman Stephens said \"If the move had not have happened, Horden would have been dead by Xmas\". Norman Stephens and some of the playing staff were retained by Darlington who took Horden's place in the Wearside League. They played their first game under the new name on 6 October in a 1–0 away defeat to Boldon C.A.[7] and played their first home game against Annfield Plain on 15 October at Eastbourne Sports Complex.Following the loss of the original club, Horden Community Welfare were formed in 2017 to bring football back to Welfare Park in the village. Upon their formation, the club were placed into the Durham Alliance League, winning promotion to the Wearside League in their first season.[8] In 2021, the club was admitted into the Northern League Division Two.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-5"},{"link_name":"Northern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_League"}],"text":"North Eastern League[5]\nChampions: 1937–38, 1963–64\nNorthern Football League Division Two\nChampions: 2008–09\nRunners-up: 2002–03\nRunners-up 2022–23","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-5"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"}],"text":"FA Cup[5]\nSecond Round 1938–39\nFA Trophy\nFirst Round 1970–71, 1972–73, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85\nFA Vase\nFourth Round 2022–23","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tom Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baker_(footballer,_born_1905)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"John Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodgson_(footballer,_born_1900)"}],"text":"1. Players who have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).\n2. Players with full international caps.\n3. Players who hold a club record or have captained the club.Tom Baker\n John Hodgson","title":"Former players"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"A nursery for young players\". Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail: 5. 9 December 1930.","urls":[]},{"reference":"British Pathé. \"FA Cup 2nd Round – Horden CW vs Newport County\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611050506/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=21017","url_text":"\"FA Cup 2nd Round – Horden CW vs Newport County\""},{"url":"http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=21017","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports review\". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette: 14. 5 May 1933.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Horden's fight\". Athletic News: 8. 30 November 1925.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"HORDEN COLLIERY WELFARE\". FCHD. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fchd.info/HORDENCW.HTM","url_text":"\"HORDEN COLLIERY WELFARE\""}]},{"reference":"Hartlepool Mail. \"Horden CW name dies as club becomes Darlington 1883 Reserves\". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071413/https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/local/horden-cw-name-dies-as-club-becomes-darlington-1883-reserves-1-8166359","url_text":"\"Horden CW name dies as club becomes Darlington 1883 Reserves\""},{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/sport/football/local/horden-cw-name-dies-as-club-becomes-darlington-1883-reserves-1-8166359","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Connor Lamb. \"Boldon CA v Darlington 1883 Reserves\". Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://connorsfootball.wordpress.com/2016/10/05/boldon-ca-vs-darlington-1883-reserves/","url_text":"\"Boldon CA v Darlington 1883 Reserves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horden Community Welfare F.C.\" Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195300/https://upthemarras.com/","url_text":"\"Horden Community Welfare F.C.\""},{"url":"https://upthemarras.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National League System club allocations – steps 5/6, season 2021–22\" (.pdf). The Football Association. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefa.com/-/media/thefacom-new/files/competitions/2021-22/nls-5-to-6-club-allocations-2021-22-final.ashx","url_text":"\"National League System club allocations – steps 5/6, season 2021–22\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliches_Bauhaus
Bauhaus
["1 Terms and concepts","2 Bauhaus and German modernism","2.1 Bauhaus and Vkhutemas","3 History of the Bauhaus","3.1 Weimar","3.2 Dessau","3.3 Berlin","4 Architectural output","5 Impact","5.1 The White City","5.2 Centenary year, 2019","5.3 The New European Bauhaus","6 Bauhaus staff and students","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 Explanatory footnotes","10 Citations","11 General and cited references","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
German art school and art movement For other uses, see Bauhaus (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hebrew. (May 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|he|באוהאוס}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Bauhaus and its sites in Weimar, Dessau and BernauUNESCO World Heritage SiteThe Bauhaus building in Dessau was designed by Walter Gropius. It was the longest-serving of the three Bauhaus locations (1925–1932).LocationGermanyCriteriaCultural: ii, iv, viReference729Inscription1996 (20th Session)Area8.1614 ha (20.167 acres)Buffer zone59.26 ha (146.4 acres)WeimarDessauBernau The Bauhaus emblem, designed by Oskar Schlemmer, was adopted in 1921. Typography by Herbert Bayer above the entrance to the workshop block of the Bauhaus Dessau, 2005 The Staatliches Bauhaus (German: ⓘ), commonly known as the Bauhaus (German for 'building house'), was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts. The school became famous for its approach to design, which attempted to unify individual artistic vision with the principles of mass production and emphasis on function. Along with the doctrine of functionalism, the Bauhaus initiated the conceptual understanding of architecture and design. The Bauhaus was founded by architect Walter Gropius in Weimar. It was grounded in the idea of creating a Gesamtkunstwerk ("comprehensive artwork") in which all the arts would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, modernist architecture, and architectural education. The Bauhaus movement had a profound influence on subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography. Staff at the Bauhaus included prominent artists such as Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Gunta Stölzl, and László Moholy-Nagy at various points. Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius (1883–1969) The school existed in three German cities—Weimar, from 1919 to 1925; Dessau, from 1925 to 1932; and Berlin, from 1932 to 1933—under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928; Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930; and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime, having been painted as a centre of communist intellectualism. Internationally, former key figures of Bauhaus were successful in the United States and became known as the avant-garde for the International Style. The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. For example, the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it. Terms and concepts Several specific features are identified in the Bauhaus forms and shapes: simple geometric shapes like rectangles and spheres, without elaborate decorations. Buildings, furniture, and fonts often feature rounded corners, sometimes rounded walls, or curved chrome pipes. Some buildings are characterized by rectangular features, for example protruding balconies with flat, chunky railings facing the street, and long banks of windows. Some outlines can be defined as a tool for creating an ideal form, which is the basis of the architectural concept. Bauhaus and German modernism After Germany's defeat in World War I and the establishment of the Weimar Republic, a renewed liberal spirit allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts, which had been suppressed by the old regime. Many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Such influences can be overstated: Gropius did not share these radical views, and said that Bauhaus was entirely apolitical. Just as important was the influence of the 19th-century English designer William Morris (1834–1896), who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function. Thus, the Bauhaus style, also known as the International Style, was marked by the absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design. However, the most important influence on Bauhaus was modernism, a cultural movement whose origins lay as early as the 1880s, and which had already made its presence felt in Germany before the World War, despite the prevailing conservatism. The design innovations commonly associated with Gropius and the Bauhaus—the radically simplified forms, the rationality and functionality, and the idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit—were already partly developed in Germany before the Bauhaus was founded. The German national designers' organization Deutscher Werkbund was formed in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius to harness the new potentials of mass production, with a mind towards preserving Germany's economic competitiveness with England. In its first seven years, the Werkbund came to be regarded as the authoritative body on questions of design in Germany, and was copied in other countries. Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1,870 members (by 1914). Poster for the Bauhausaustellung (1923) German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen. Beginning in June 1907, Peter Behrens' pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale. He designed consumer products, standardized parts, created clean-lined designs for the company's graphics, developed a consistent corporate identity, built the modernist landmark AEG Turbine Factory, and made full use of newly developed materials such as poured concrete and exposed steel. Behrens was a founding member of the Werkbund, and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period. The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the German zeitgeist had turned from emotional Expressionism to the matter-of-fact New Objectivity. An entire group of working architects, including Erich Mendelsohn, Bruno Taut and Hans Poelzig, turned away from fanciful experimentation and towards rational, functional, sometimes standardized building. Beyond the Bauhaus, many other significant German-speaking architects in the 1920s responded to the same aesthetic issues and material possibilities as the school. They also responded to the promise of a "minimal dwelling" written into the new Weimar Constitution. Ernst May, Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, among others, built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin. The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns, well-attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate, films, and sometimes fierce public debate. Bauhaus and Vkhutemas Main article: Vkhutemas The Vkhutemas, the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, has been compared to Bauhaus. Founded a year after the Bauhaus school, Vkhutemas has close parallels to the German Bauhaus in its intent, organization and scope. The two schools were the first to train artist-designers in a modern manner. Both schools were state-sponsored initiatives to merge traditional craft with modern technology, with a basic course in aesthetic principles, courses in color theory, industrial design, and architecture. Vkhutemas was a larger school than the Bauhaus, but it was less publicised outside the Soviet Union and consequently, is less familiar in the West. With the internationalism of modern architecture and design, there were many exchanges between the Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus. The second Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer attempted to organise an exchange between the two schools, while Hinnerk Scheper of the Bauhaus collaborated with various Vkhutein members on the use of colour in architecture. In addition, El Lissitzky's book Russia: an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas/Vkhutein projects there. History of the Bauhaus Weimar The main building of the Bauhaus-University Weimar. Built between 1904 and 1911 and designed by Henry van de Velde to house the sculptors' studio at the Grand Ducal Saxon Art School, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar on 1 April 1919, as a merger of the Grand-Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Art and the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts for a newly affiliated architecture department. Its roots lay in the arts and crafts school founded by the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1906, and directed by Belgian Art Nouveau architect Henry van de Velde. When van de Velde was forced to resign in 1915 because he was Belgian, he suggested Gropius, Hermann Obrist, and August Endell as possible successors. In 1919, after delays caused by World War I and a lengthy debate over who should head the institution and the socio-economic meanings of a reconciliation of the fine arts and the applied arts (an issue which remained a defining one throughout the school's existence), Gropius was made the director of a new institution integrating the two called the Bauhaus. In the pamphlet for an April 1919 exhibition entitled Exhibition of Unknown Architects, Gropius, still very much under the influence of William Morris and the British Arts and Crafts Movement, proclaimed his goal as being "to create a new guild of craftsmen, without the class distinctions which raise an arrogant barrier between craftsman and artist." Gropius's neologism Bauhaus references both building and the Bauhütte, a premodern guild of stonemasons. The early intention was for the Bauhaus to be a combined architecture school, crafts school, and academy of the arts. Swiss painter Johannes Itten, German-American painter Lyonel Feininger, and German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, along with Gropius, comprised the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1919. By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor, and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theatre workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky. A tumultuous year at the Bauhaus, 1922 also saw the move of Dutch painter Theo van Doesburg to Weimar to promote De Stijl ("The Style"), and a visit to the Bauhaus by Russian Constructivist artist and architect El Lissitzky. From 1919 to 1922 the school was shaped by the pedagogical and aesthetic ideas of Johannes Itten, who taught the Vorkurs or "preliminary course" that was the introduction to the ideas of the Bauhaus. Itten was heavily influenced in his teaching by the ideas of Franz Cižek and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. He was also influenced in respect to aesthetics by the work of the Der Blaue Reiter group in Munich, as well as the work of Austrian Expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. The influence of German Expressionism favoured by Itten was analogous in some ways to the fine arts side of the ongoing debate. This influence culminated with the addition of Der Blaue Reiter founding member Wassily Kandinsky to the faculty and ended when Itten resigned in late 1923. Itten was replaced by the Hungarian designer László Moholy-Nagy, who rewrote the Vorkurs with a leaning towards the New Objectivity favoured by Gropius, which was analogous in some ways to the applied arts side of the debate. Although this shift was an important one, it did not represent a radical break from the past so much as a small step in a broader, more gradual socio-economic movement that had been going on at least since 1907, when van de Velde had argued for a craft basis for design while Hermann Muthesius had begun implementing industrial prototypes. Mechanical Stage Design by Joost Schmidt, 1925 Gropius was not necessarily against Expressionism, and in the same 1919 pamphlet proclaiming this "new guild of craftsmen, without the class snobbery", described "painting and sculpture rising to heaven out of the hands of a million craftsmen, the crystal symbol of the new faith of the future." By 1923, however, Gropius was no longer evoking images of soaring Romanesque cathedrals and the craft-driven aesthetic of the "Völkisch movement", instead declaring "we want an architecture adapted to our world of machines, radios and fast cars." Gropius argued that a new period of history had begun with the end of the war. He wanted to create a new architectural style to reflect this new era. His style in architecture and consumer goods was to be functional, cheap and consistent with mass production. To these ends, Gropius wanted to reunite art and craft to arrive at high-end functional products with artistic merit. The Bauhaus issued a magazine called Bauhaus and a series of books called "Bauhausbücher". Since the Weimar Republic lacked the number of raw materials available to the United States and Great Britain, it had to rely on the proficiency of a skilled labour force and an ability to export innovative and high-quality goods. Therefore, designers were needed and so was a new type of art education. The school's philosophy stated that the artist should be trained to work with the industry. Weimar was in the German state of Thuringia, and the Bauhaus school received state support from the Social Democrat-controlled Thuringian state government. The school in Weimar experienced political pressure from conservative circles in Thuringian politics, increasingly so after 1923 as political tension rose. One condition placed on the Bauhaus in this new political environment was the exhibition of work undertaken at the school. This condition was met in 1923 with the Bauhaus' exhibition of the experimental Haus am Horn. The Ministry of Education placed the staff on six-month contracts and cut the school's funding in half. The Bauhaus issued a press release on 26 December 1924, setting the closure of the school for the end of March 1925. At this point it had already been looking for alternative sources of funding. After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, a school of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar. This school was eventually known as the Technical University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, and in 1996 changed its name to Bauhaus-University Weimar. Chair by Erich Dieckmann , 1925 Dessau Main article: Bauhaus Dessau The Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 and new facilities there were inaugurated in late 1926. Gropius's design for the Dessau facilities was a return to the futuristic Gropius of 1914 that had more in common with the International style lines of the Fagus Factory than the stripped down Neo-classical of the Werkbund pavilion or the Völkisch Sommerfeld House. During the Dessau years, there was a remarkable change in direction for the school. According to Elaine Hoffman, Gropius had approached the Dutch architect Mart Stam to run the newly founded architecture program, and when Stam declined the position, Gropius turned to Stam's friend and colleague in the ABC group, Hannes Meyer. Meyer became director when Gropius resigned in February 1928, and brought the Bauhaus its two most significant building commissions, both of which still exist: five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau, and the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin. Meyer favoured measurements and calculations in his presentations to clients, along with the use of off-the-shelf architectural components to reduce costs. This approach proved attractive to potential clients. The school turned its first profit under his leadership in 1929. But Meyer also generated a great deal of conflict. As a radical functionalist, he had no patience with the aesthetic program and forced the resignations of Herbert Bayer, Marcel Breuer, and other long-time instructors. Even though Meyer shifted the orientation of the school further to the left than it had been under Gropius, he didn't want the school to become a tool of left-wing party politics. He prevented the formation of a student communist cell, and in the increasingly dangerous political atmosphere, this became a threat to the existence of the Dessau school. Dessau mayor Fritz Hesse fired him in the summer of 1930. The Dessau city council attempted to convince Gropius to return as head of the school, but Gropius instead suggested Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Mies was appointed in 1930 and immediately interviewed each student, dismissing those that he deemed uncommitted. He halted the school's manufacture of goods so that the school could focus on teaching, and appointed no new faculty other than his close confidant Lilly Reich. By 1931, the Nazi Party was becoming more influential in German politics. When it gained control of the Dessau city council, it moved to close the school. Wassily Chairs by Marcel Breuer (1925–1926) Berlin In late 1932, Mies rented a derelict factory in Berlin (Birkbusch Street 49) to use as the new Bauhaus with his own money. The students and faculty rehabilitated the building, painting the interior white. The school operated for ten months without further interference from the Nazi Party. In 1933, the Gestapo closed down the Berlin school. Mies protested the decision, eventually speaking to the head of the Gestapo, who agreed to allow the school to re-open. However, shortly after receiving a letter permitting the opening of the Bauhaus, Mies and the other faculty agreed to voluntarily shut down the school. Although neither the Nazi Party nor Adolf Hitler had a cohesive architectural policy before they came to power in 1933, Nazi writers like Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg had already labelled the Bauhaus "un-German" and criticized its modernist styles, deliberately generating public controversy over issues like flat roofs. Increasingly through the early 1930s, they characterized the Bauhaus as a front for communists and social liberals. Indeed, when Meyer was fired in 1930, a number of communist students loyal to him moved to the Soviet Union. Even before the Nazis came to power, political pressure on Bauhaus had increased. The Nazi movement, from nearly the start, denounced the Bauhaus for its "degenerate art", and the Nazi regime was determined to crack down on what it saw as the foreign, probably Jewish, influences of "cosmopolitan modernism". Despite Gropius's protestations that as a war veteran and a patriot his work had no subversive political intent, the Berlin Bauhaus was pressured to close in April 1933. Emigrants did succeed, however, in spreading the concepts of the Bauhaus to other countries, including the "New Bauhaus" of Chicago: Mies decided to emigrate to the United States for the directorship of the School of Architecture at the Armour Institute (now Illinois Institute of Technology) in Chicago and to seek building commissions. The simple engineering-oriented functionalism of stripped-down modernism, however, did lead to some Bauhaus influences living on in Nazi Germany. When Hitler's chief engineer, Fritz Todt, began opening the new autobahns (highways) in 1935, many of the bridges and service stations were "bold examples of modernism", and among those submitting designs was Mies van der Rohe. Architectural output The paradox of the early Bauhaus was that, although its manifesto proclaimed that the aim of all creative activity was building, the school did not offer classes in architecture until 1927. During the years under Gropius (1919–1927), he and his partner Adolf Meyer observed no real distinction between the output of his architectural office and the school. The built output of Bauhaus architecture in these years is the output of Gropius: the Sommerfeld house in Berlin, the Otte house in Berlin, the Auerbach house in Jena, and the competition design for the Chicago Tribune Tower, which brought the school much attention. The definitive 1926 Bauhaus building in Dessau is also attributed to Gropius. Apart from contributions to the 1923 Haus am Horn, student architectural work amounted to un-built projects, interior finishes, and craft work like cabinets, chairs and pottery. In the next two years under Meyer, the architectural focus shifted away from aesthetics and towards functionality. There were major commissions: one from the city of Dessau for five tightly designed "Laubenganghäuser" (apartment buildings with balcony access), which are still in use today, and another for the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin. Meyer's approach was to research users' needs and scientifically develop the design solution. He intended to place emphasis on Gropius' objective analysis of the properties determining an object's use value, known as Wesensforschung. Gropius believed that it was possible to design exemplary products of universal validity that should be standardized. Mies van der Rohe repudiated Meyer's politics, his supporters, and his architectural approach. As opposed to Gropius's "study of essentials", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a "spatial implementation of intellectual decisions", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics. Neither Mies van der Rohe nor his Bauhaus students saw any projects built during the 1930s. The Bauhaus movement was not focused on developing worker housing. Only two projects, the apartment building project in Dessau and the Törten row housing fall into the worker housing category. It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May, as the city architects of Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt respectively, who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany. The housing Taut built in south-west Berlin during the 1920s, close to the U-Bahn stop Onkel Toms Hütte, is still occupied. Impact An Olivetti Studio 42 typewriter, designed by Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky in 1936 The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in Western Europe, Canada, the United States and Israel in the decades following its demise, as many of the artists involved fled, or were exiled by the Nazi regime. In 1996, four of the major sites associated with Bauhaus in Germany were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (with two more added in 2017). In 1928, the Hungarian painter Alexander Bortnyik founded a school of design in Budapest called Műhely, which means "the studio". Located on the seventh floor of a house on Nagymezo Street, it was meant to be the Hungarian equivalent to the Bauhaus. The literature sometimes refers to it—in an oversimplified manner—as "the Budapest Bauhaus". Bortnyik was a great admirer of László Moholy-Nagy and had met Walter Gropius in Weimar between 1923 and 1925. Moholy-Nagy himself taught at the Műhely. Victor Vasarely, a pioneer of op art, studied at this school before establishing in Paris in 1930. Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv Further information: New Objectivity (architecture) Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Moholy-Nagy re-assembled in Britain during the mid-1930s and lived and worked in the Isokon housing development in Lawn Road in London before the war caught up with them. Gropius and Breuer went on to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and worked together before their professional split. Their collaboration produced, among other projects, the Aluminum City Terrace in New Kensington, Pennsylvania and the Alan I W Frank House in Pittsburgh. The Harvard School was enormously influential in America in the late 1920s and early 1930s, producing such students as Philip Johnson, I. M. Pei, Lawrence Halprin and Paul Rudolph, among many others. In the late 1930s, Mies van der Rohe re-settled in Chicago, enjoyed the sponsorship of the influential Philip Johnson, and became one of the world's pre-eminent architects. Moholy-Nagy also went to Chicago and founded the New Bauhaus school under the sponsorship of industrialist and philanthropist Walter Paepcke. This school became the Institute of Design, part of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Printmaker and painter Werner Drewes was also largely responsible for bringing the Bauhaus aesthetic to America and taught at both Columbia University and Washington University in St. Louis. Herbert Bayer, sponsored by Paepcke, moved to Aspen, Colorado in support of Paepcke's Aspen projects at the Aspen Institute. In 1953, Max Bill, together with Inge Aicher-Scholl and Otl Aicher, founded the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm) in Ulm, Germany, a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus. The school is notable for its inclusion of semiotics as a field of study. The school closed in 1968, but the "Ulm Model" concept continues to influence international design education. Another series of projects at the school were the Bauhaus typefaces, mostly realized in the decades afterward. The influence of the Bauhaus on design education was significant. One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology, and this approach was incorporated into the curriculum of the Bauhaus. The structure of the Bauhaus Vorkurs (preliminary course) reflected a pragmatic approach to integrating theory and application. In their first year, students learnt the basic elements and principles of design and colour theory, and experimented with a range of materials and processes. This approach to design education became a common feature of architectural and design school in many countries. For example, the Shillito Design School in Sydney stands as a unique link between Australia and the Bauhaus. The colour and design syllabus of the Shillito Design School was firmly underpinned by the theories and ideologies of the Bauhaus. Its first year foundational course mimicked the Vorkurs and focused on the elements and principles of design plus colour theory and application. The founder of the school, Phyllis Shillito, which opened in 1962 and closed in 1980, firmly believed that "A student who has mastered the basic principles of design, can design anything from a dress to a kitchen stove". In Britain, largely under the influence of painter and teacher William Johnstone, Basic Design, a Bauhaus-influenced art foundation course, was introduced at Camberwell School of Art and the Central School of Art and Design, whence it spread to all art schools in the country, becoming universal by the early 1960s. One of the most important contributions of the Bauhaus is in the field of modern furniture design. The characteristic Cantilever chair and Wassily Chair designed by Marcel Breuer are two examples. (Breuer eventually lost a legal battle in Germany with Dutch architect/designer Mart Stam over patent rights to the cantilever chair design. Although Stam had worked on the design of the Bauhaus's 1923 exhibit in Weimar, and guest-lectured at the Bauhaus later in the 1920s, he was not formally associated with the school, and he and Breuer had worked independently on the cantilever concept, leading to the patent dispute.) The most profitable product of the Bauhaus was its wallpaper. The physical plant at Dessau survived World War II and was operated as a design school with some architectural facilities by the German Democratic Republic. This included live stage productions in the Bauhaus theater under the name of Bauhausbühne ("Bauhaus Stage"). After German reunification, a reorganized school continued in the same building, with no essential continuity with the Bauhaus under Gropius in the early 1920s. In 1979 Bauhaus-Dessau College started to organize postgraduate programs with participants from all over the world. This effort has been supported by the Bauhaus-Dessau Foundation which was founded in 1974 as a public institution. Later evaluation of the Bauhaus design credo was critical of its flawed recognition of the human element, an acknowledgment of "the dated, unattractive aspects of the Bauhaus as a projection of utopia marked by mechanistic views of human nature…Home hygiene without home atmosphere." Subsequent examples which have continued the philosophy of the Bauhaus include Black Mountain College, Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm and Domaine de Boisbuchet. A Bauhaus-style building with "thermometer" windows on Pines Street in Tel Aviv The White City Further information: White City (Tel Aviv) The White City (Hebrew: העיר הלבנה‎, refers to a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in the Bauhaus or International Style in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s architecture. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as "an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century." The citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city. Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv organizes regular architectural tours of the city, and the Bauhaus Foundation offers Bauhaus exhibits. Centenary year, 2019 As the centenary of the founding of Bauhaus, several events, festivals, and exhibitions were held around the world in 2019. The international opening festival at the Berlin Academy of the Arts from 16 to 24 January concentrated on "the presentation and production of pieces by contemporary artists, in which the aesthetic issues and experimental configurations of the Bauhaus artists continue to be inspiringly contagious". Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition at the Berlinische Galerie (6 September 2019 to 27 January 2020) presented 1,000 original artefacts from the Bauhaus-Archive's collection and recounted the history behind the objects. The Bauhaus Museum Dessau also opened in September 2019, operated by the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and funded by the State of Saxony-Anhalt and the German Federal government. It is set to be the permanent home of the second largest Bauhaus collection at 49,000 objects, while paying homage to its strong influence in the city when Bauhaus arrived in 1925. The New European Bauhaus In September 2020, President of the European Commission Ursula Von der Leyen introduced the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative during her State of the Union address. The NEB is a creative and interdisciplinary movement that connects the European Green Deal to everyday life. It is a platform for experimentation aiming to unite citizens, experts, businesses and institutions in imagining and designing a sustainable, aesthetic and inclusive future. Sport and physical activity were an essential part of the original Bauhaus approach. Hannes Meyer, the second director of Bauhaus Dessau, ensured that one day a week was solely devoted to sport and gymnastics. 1 In 1930, Meyer employed two physical education teachers. The Bauhaus school even applied for public funds to enhance its playing field. The inclusion of sport and physical activity in the Bauhaus curriculum had various purposes. First, as Meyer put it, sport combatted a “one-sided emphasis on brainwork.” In addition, Bauhaus instructors believed that students could better express themselves if they actively experienced the space, rhythms and movements of the body. The Bauhaus approach also considered physical activity an important contributor to wellbeing and community spirit. Sport and physical activity were essential to the interdisciplinary Bauhaus movement that developed revolutionary ideas and continues to shape our environments today. Bauhaus staff and students People who were educated, or who taught or worked in other capacities, at the Bauhaus. Further information: Category:Academic staff of the Bauhaus Further information: Category:Bauhaus alumni Further information: Women of the Bauhaus Gallery A stage in the Festsaal, Dessau Ceiling with light fixtures for stage in the Festsaal, Dessau Dormitory balconies in the residence, Dessau Mechanically opened windows, Dessau The Mensa (cafeteria), Dessau Gropius' Expressionist Monument to the March Dead (1921–1922) A Bauhaus style building in Chemnitz The Molitor Grapholux lamp, by Christian Dell (1922–1925) Heinrich Neuy's children's chair Clock designed by Erich Dieckmann (1931) See also Art Deco architecture Bauhaus Archive Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv Bauhaus Dessau Foundation Bauhaus Museum, Tel Aviv Bauhaus Museum, Weimar Bauhaus World Heritage Site Constructivist architecture Expressionist architecture Form follows function Haus am Horn IIT Institute of Design International style (architecture) Lucia Moholy Max-Liebling House, Tel Aviv Modern architecture Neues Sehen (New Vision) New Objectivity (architecture) Swiss Style (design) Ulm School of Design Vkhutemas Women of the Bauhaus Explanatory footnotes a The closure, and the response of Mies van der Rohe, is fully documented in Elaine Hochman's Architects of Fortune. 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OCLC 754734489.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Evans, Richard J. The Coming of the Third Reich, p. 416 ^ Funk and Wagnall's New Encyclopaedia, Vol 5, p. 348 ^ a b (in Russian) Great Soviet Encyclopedia; Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, Вхутемас ^ Wood, Paul (1999) The Challenge of the Avant-Garde. New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-07762-9, p. 244 ^ Tony Fry (October 1999). A New Design Philosophy: An Introduction to Defuturing. UNSW Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-86840-753-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ Colton, Timothy J. (1995) Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-58749-9; p. 215 ^ Uhrig, Nicole (2020). Zukunftsfähige Perspektiven in der Landschaftsarchitektur für Gartenstädte: City – Country – Life. Wiesbaden: Springer-Verlag. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-658-28940-9. ^ Gorman, Carma (2003). The Industrial Design Reader. New York: Allworth Press. p. 98. ISBN 1-58115-310-4. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus, ed. (1999). 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"1923: The Bauhaus … holds its first public exhibition in Weimar, Germany". Art Since 1900: Volume 1 – 1900 to 1944. Rosalind Krauss, Yve-Alain Bois, Benjamin Buchloh. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 185–189. ISBN 978-0-500-28534-3. ^ Curtis, William (1987). "Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 309–316. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8. ^ "The Bauhaus, 1919–1933". The MET. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Bauhaus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Ackermann et al., Bauhaus (Cologne: Könemann, 1999), 406. ^ Michael Baumgartner and Josef Helfenstein At the Bauhaus in Weimar, 1921–1924 Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, at Zentrum Paul Klee ^ Droste, Magdalena (2002) . Bauhaus, 1919–1933. Taschen. p. 113. ISBN 9783822821053. ^ Curtis, William (2000). "Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8. ^ Richard A. Etlin (2002). Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich. University of Chicago Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-226-22086-4. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ a b David Spaeth (1985). Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Rizzoli New York. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-0-8478-0563-1. ^ Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee. Rizzoli Intl Pubns, p. 22 ^ , Richard J Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 325 ^ Gropius, Walter (April 1919). "Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus". BauhausManifesto.com. ^ James-Chakraborty, Kathleen (2022). Bauhaus Effects in Art, Architecture, and Design. Routledge. p. 82. ^ "Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2 July 2022. ^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Late Modern: The Visual Arts Since 1945, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976, p. 164. ^ a b Gaston Diehl, Vasarely, New York: Crown, 1972, p. 12 ^ Jean Luc Daval, History of Abstract Painting, Paris: Hazan, 1989, p. 199. ^ See: William Chapin Seitz, Marla Price, Art in the Age of Aquarius, Smithsonian Inst Press, 1992, p. 92; Edward Lucie-Smith, Late Modern: The Visual Arts Since 1945, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976, p. 164; Jean Louis Ferrier, Yann Le Pichon, Art of our century: the story of western art, 1900 to the present 1990, London : Longman, p. 521. ^ Guitemie Maldonaldo, "Une réception différée et relayée. L'Atelier d'art abstrait et le "modèle-Bauhaus", 1950–1953", in: Martin Schieder, Isabelle Ewig, In die Freiheit geworfen: Positionen zur deutsch-französischen Kunstgeschichte nach 1945, Oldenbourg Verlag, 22 Nov 2006, p. 100. ^ Jean Louis Ferrier, Yann Le Pichon, Art of Our Century: The Story of Western Art, 1900 to the Present, 1990, London: Longman, p. 521. ^ Ulm, Ulmer Museum/HfG-Archiv. "HfG-Archiv Ulm – The HfG Ulm". www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008. ^ Bayer, H., Gropius, W., & Gropius, I. (Eds.). (1975). Bauhaus 1919–1928. London: Secker& Warburg. ^ Itten, J. (1963). Design and Form: The Basic Course at the Bauhaus and Later (Revised edition, 1975). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ^ O'Connor, Z. (2013). "The Shillito Design School: Australia's link with the Bauhaus". The International Journal of Design in Society, 6(3), 149–159. ^ "Bauhaus Dessau". ^ Schjeldahl, Peter, "Bauhaus Rules," The New Yorker, 16 November 2009 ^ "Interview with Mathias Schwartz-Clauss, Boisbuchet´s director and program curator". Domaine de Boisbuchet. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019. ^ "UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009". ^ "About". Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ Weber, Micholas Fox, The Bauhaus at 100: science by design, Nature, 6 August 2019 (with pdf link) ^ "100 years Bauhaus: the opening festival". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. ^ "Bauhaus in pictures: The architects exiled by Nazis". BBC News. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019. ^ "Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition". Berlinische Galerie. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019. ^ a b Baker, Sam. "Bauhaus' 100th Anniversary Opens Museum Doors". Forbes. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "Foundation - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "Bauhaus Museum Dessau". Apollo Magazine. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "Chronology - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "Physical Education at The Bauhaus 1919 33 | PDF". Scribd. Retrieved 16 February 2022. ^ "100th Anniversary of Bauhaus Doodle". Google Doodles. 12 April 2019. General and cited references Oskar Schlemmer (1972). Tut Schlemmer (ed.). The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer. Translated by Krishna Winston. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-4047-1. Stefan Boness (2012). Tel Aviv – The White City. Berlin: Jovis. ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4. Magdalena Droste, Peter Gossel, ed. (2005). Bauhaus. Taschen America LLC. ISBN 3-8228-3649-4. Marty Bax (1991). Bauhaus Lecture Notes 1930–1933. Theory and practice of architectural training at the Bauhaus, based on the lecture notes made by the Dutch ex-Bauhaus student and architect J.J. van der Linden of the Mies van der Rohe curriculum. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura. ISBN 90-71570-04-5. Anja Baumhoff (2001). The Gendered World of the Bauhaus. The Politics of Power at the Weimar Republic's Premier Art Institute, 1919–1931. Frankfurt, New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-37945-5. Boris Friedewald (2009). Bauhaus. Munich, London, New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-4200-9. Catherine Weill-Rochant (2008). Rita H. Gans (ed.). Bauhaus: Architektur in Tel Aviv (in French and German). Zurich: Kiriat Yearim. Catherine Weill-Rochant (April 2009). The Tel-Aviv School : a constrained rationalism. DOCOMOMO journal (Documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement). Peder Anker (2010). From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3551-8. Kirsten Baumann (2007). Bauhaus Dessau: Architecture Design Concept. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939633-11-2. Monika Markgraf, ed. (2007). Archaeology of Modernism: Renovation Bauhaus Dessau. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-83-0. Torsten Blume / Burghard Duhm (Eds.) (2008). Bauhaus.Theatre.Dessau: Change of Scene. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-81-6. Eric Cimino (2003). Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919–1933 (M.A.). Boston: UMass-Boston. Olaf Thormann: Bauhaus Saxony. arnoldsche Art Publishers 2019, ISBN 978-3-89790-553-5. Further reading Edwards, M. Jean (September 2019). "Lessons of the Bauhaus". Journal of Interior Design. 44 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1111/joid.12158. ISSN 1071-7641. S2CID 201241249. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bauhaus. Look up Bauhaus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Library resources about Bauhaus Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Bauhaus Everywhere — Google Arts & Culture Bauhaus at Curlie "Germany celebrates the Bauhaus Centenary". Bauhaus Kooperation. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2019. "100 years of Bauhaus". Bauhaus Kooperation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2019. "Glossary definition for Bauhaus". Tate art. Retrieved 12 April 2019. Gropius, Walter. "Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus". Design Museum of Chicago. Retrieved 12 April 2019. "Fostinum: Photographs and art from the Bauhaus". The Fostinum. Retrieved 12 April 2019. "Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus student work, 1919–1933". J. Paul Getty Trust. hdl:10020/cifa850514. Retrieved 12 April 2019. "Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus typography collection, 1919–1937". J. Paul Getty Trust. hdl:10020/cifa850513. Retrieved 12 April 2019. Collection: Artists of the Bauhaus from the University of Michigan Museum of Art vteGenres of modern architectureAlphabetically Art Deco Art Nouveau Bauhaus Blobitecture Brutalism Bowellism Constructivism Contemporary Critical regionalism De Stijl Deconstructivism Expressionism Functionalism Futurism Googie High-tech International style Metabolism Mid-Century modern Modernisme Monumentalism Neo-Futurism Neomodern New Classical New Objectivity Organicism Postconstructivism Postmodernism PWA Moderne Prairie School Rationalist-Fascist Rondocubism Stalinist Streamline Moderne Stripped Classicism Structuralism Sustainable Tropical By start year /decade Modernisme (1888–1911) Art Nouveau (1890–1910) Prairie School (1890s–1920s) Expressionism (1910–) Stripped Classicism (1913–) De Stijl (1917–1931) Bauhaus (1919–1933) Constructivism (1920–1932) Rondocubism (1921–1929) New Objectivity (1922–1933) Streamline Moderne (1925–1950) Rationalist-Fascist (1920s–1930s) International style (1920s–) Functionalism (1920s–1970s) Futurism (1920s–) Organicism (1920s–) Art Deco (1910–1939) Postconstructivism (1930s) PWA Moderne (1933–1944) Stalinist (1930s–1950s) Googie (1930s–1970) Mid-century modern (1933–1969) Brutalism (1940s–late 1970s) Tropical (1958–) Structuralism (1959–) Metabolism (1959–) Postmodernism (1960s–) Blobitecture (1960s–) Neo-futurism (1960s–) High-tech (1970s–) Critical regionalism (1980s–) Deconstructivism (1980s–) Neomodern (1990s–) New Classical (1990s–) Contemporary (2000s–) Architecture portal Related articles vteAvant-garde movementsVisual art Abstract expressionism Art Nouveau Art & Language Conceptual art Constructivism Proto-Cubism Cubism Functionalism Bauhaus Grosvenor School Devětsil Divisionism Fauvism Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Color Field Incoherents Lyrical Abstraction Mail art Minimalism Mir iskusstva Multidimensional art Neoplasticism De Stijl Neue Slowenische Kunst Nonconformism Nouveau réalisme Orphism Performance art Pop art Process art Purism Rayonism Suprematism Temporary art Vorticism Literatureand poetry Acmeism Angry Penguins Asemic writing Conceptual poetry Cyberpunk Ego-Futurism Experimental literature Flarf poetry Hungry generation Imaginism Imagism Language poets Neoavanguardia Neoteric Nouveau roman Oberiu Oulipo Slam poetry Ultraísmo Visual poetry Zaum MusicBy style Funk Jazz Free funk Yass Pop Rock Prog Punk Metal Others Aleatoric music Ars nova Ars subtilior Atonal music Electroacoustic music Electronic music Industrial music Experimental pop Free jazz Free improvisation Futurism Microtonal music Minimal music Drone music Music theatre Musique concrète New Complexity No wave Noise music Post-rock Rock in Opposition Second Viennese School Serialism Spectral music Stochastic music Textural music Totalism Twelve-tone technique Cinemaand theatre Cinéma pur Dogme 95 Drop Art Epic theatre Experimental film Experimental theatre Modernist film Poetic realism Postdramatic theatre Remodernist film Structural film Theatre of the Absurd Theatre of Cruelty General Constructivism Dada Expressionism Fluxus Futurism Russian Futurism Cubo-Futurism Lettrism Modernism Minimalism Postminimalism Neo-minimalism Neo-Dada Neoism Postmodernism Postmodernist film Late modernism Primitivism Situationist International Social realism Socialist realism Surrealism Symbolism Russian symbolism vteWestern, Modern and Contemporary art movementsList of art movements / PeriodsPremodern(Western)Ancient Thracian Dacian Nuragic Aegean Cycladic Minoan Minyan ware Mycenaean Greek Sub-Mycenaean Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Archaic Black-figure Red-figure Severe style Classical Kerch style Hellenistic "Baroque" Indo-Greek Greco-Buddhist Neo-Attic Etruscan Scythian Iberian Gaulish Roman Republican Gallo-Roman Julio-Claudian Pompeian Styles Trajanic Severan Medieval Late antique Early Christian Coptic Ethiopian Migration Period Anglo-Saxon Hunnic Insular Lombard Visigothic Donor portrait Pictish Mozarabic Repoblación Viking Byzantine Iconoclast Macedonian Palaeologan Italo-Byzantine Frankish Merovingian Carolingian Pre-Romanesque Ottonian Romanesque Mosan Spanish Norman Norman-Sicilian Opus Anglicanum Gothic International Gothic International Gothic art in Italy Lucchese School Crusades Novgorod School Duecento Sienese School Mudéjar Medieval cartography Italian school Majorcan school Mappa mundi Renaissance Italian Renaissance Trecento Proto-Renaissance Florentine School Pittura infamante Quattrocento Ferrarese School Forlivese School Venetian School Di sotto in sù Cinquecento High Renaissance Bolognese School Mannerism Counter-Maniera Northern Renaissance Early Netherlandish World landscape Ghent-Bruges school Northern Mannerism German Renaissance Cologne School Danube school Dutch and Flemish Renaissance Antwerp Mannerism Romanism Still life English Renaissance Tudor court Cretan School Turquerie Fontainebleau School Art of the late 16th century in Milan 17th century Baroque Flemish Baroque Caravaggisti in Utrecht Tenebrism Quadratura Louis XIII style Lutheran Baroque Stroganov School Animal painting Guild of Romanists Dutch Golden Age Delft School Capriccio Heptanese School Classicism Louis XIV style Poussinists and Rubenists 18th century Rococo Rocaille Louis XV style Frederician Chinoiserie Fête galante Neoclassicism Goût grec Louis XVI style Adam style Directoire style Picturesque Colonial art Art of the African diaspora African-American Caribbean Haitian Colonial Asian art Arts in the Philippines Letras y figuras Tipos del País Colonial Asian Baroque Company style Latin American art Casta painting Indochristian art Chilote School Cusco School Quito School Latin American Baroque Art borrowingWestern elements Islamic Moorish Manichaean Mughal Qajar Qing handicrafts Western influence in Japan Akita ranga Uki-e Transitionto modern(c. 1770–1862) Romanticism Fairy painting Danish Golden Age Troubadour style Nazarene movement Purismo Shoreham Ancients Düsseldorf School Pre-Raphaelites Hudson River School American luminism Orientalism Norwich School Empire style Historicism Revivalism Biedermeier Realism Barbizon school Costumbrismo Verismo Macchiaioli Academic art Munich School in Greece Neo-Grec Etching revival Modern(1863–1944)1863–1899 Neo-romanticism National romanticism Yōga Nihonga Japonisme Anglo-Japanese style Beuron School Hague School Peredvizhniki Impressionism American Hoosier Group Boston School Amsterdam Canadian Heidelberg School Aestheticism Arts and Crafts Art pottery Tonalism Decadent movement Symbolism Romanian Russian Volcano School Incoherents Post-Impressionism Neo-Impressionism Luminism Divisionism Pointillism Pont-Aven School Cloisonnism Synthetism Les Nabis American Barbizon school California Tonalism Costumbrismo 1900–1914 Art Nouveau Primitivism California Impressionism Secessionism School of Paris Munich Secession Vienna Secession Berlin Secession Sonderbund Pennsylvania Impressionism Mir iskusstva Ten American Painters Fauvism Expressionism Die Brücke Der Blaue Reiter Noucentisme Deutscher Werkbund American Realism Ashcan School Cubism Proto-Cubism Orphism A Nyolcak Neue Künstlervereinigung München Futurism Cubo-Futurism Art Deco Metaphysical Rayonism Productivism Synchromism Vorticism 1915–1944 Sosaku-hanga Suprematism School of Paris Crystal Cubism Constructivism Latin American Universal Constructivism Dada Shin-hanga Neoplasticism De Stijl Purism Return to order Novecento Italiano Figurative Constructivism Stupid Cologne Progressives Arbeitsrat für Kunst November Group Australian tonalism Dresden Secession Social realism Functionalism Bauhaus Kinetic art Anthropophagy Mingei Group of Seven New Objectivity Grosvenor School Neues Sehen Surrealism Iranian Latin American Mexican muralism Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Aeropittura Asso Scuola Romana Cercle et Carré Harlem Renaissance Kapists Regionalism California Scene Painting Heroic realism Socialist realism Nazi art Streamline Moderne Concrete art Abstraction-Création The Ten Dimensionism Boston Expressionism Leningrad School Contemporaryand Postmodern(1945–present)1945–1959 International Typographic Style Abstract expressionism Washington Color School Visionary art Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Spatialism Color field Lyrical abstraction Tachisme Arte Informale COBRA Nuagisme Generación de la Ruptura Jikken Kōbō Metcalf Chateau Mono-ha Nanyang Style Action painting American Figurative Expressionism in New York New media art New York School Hard-edge painting Bay Area Figurative Movement Les Plasticiens Gutai Art Association Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai Pop art Situationist International Soviet Nonconformist Ukrainian underground Lettrism Letterist International Ultra-Lettrist Florida Highwaymen Cybernetic art Antipodeans 1960–1969 Otra Figuración Afrofuturism Nueva Presencia ZERO Happening Neo-Dada Neo-Dada Organizers Op art Nouveau réalisme Nouvelle tendance Capitalist realism Art & Language Arte Povera Black Arts Movement The Caribbean Artists Movement Chicano art movement Conceptual art Land art Systems art Video art Minimalism Fluxus Generative art Post-painterly abstraction Intermedia Psychedelic art Nut Art Photorealism Environmental art Performance art Process art Institutional critique Light and Space Street art Feminist art movement in the US Saqqakhaneh movement The Stars Art Group Tropicália Yoru no Kai Artificial intelligence art 1970–1999 Post-conceptual art Installation art Artscene Postminimalism Endurance art Sots Art Moscow Conceptualists Pattern and Decoration Pliontanism Punk art Neo-expressionism Transavantgarde Saint Soleil School Guerrilla art Lowbrow art Telematic art Appropriation art Neo-conceptual art New European Painting Tunisian collaborative painting Memphis Group Cyberdelic Neue Slowenische Kunst Scratch video Retrofuturism Young British Artists Superfiction Taring Padi Superflat New Leipzig School Artist-run initiative Artivism The Designers Republic Grunge design Verdadism 2000–present Amazonian pop art Altermodern Art for art Art game Art intervention Brandalism Classical Realism Contemporary African art Africanfuturism Contemporary Indigenous Australian art Crypto art Cyborg art Excessivism Fictive art Flat design Corporate Memphis Hypermodernism Hyperrealism Idea art Internet art Post-Internet iPhone art Kitsch movement Lightpainting Massurrealism Modern European ink painting Neo-futurism Neomodern Neosymbolism Passionism Post-YBAs Relational art Skeuomorphism Software art Sound art Stuckism Superflat SoFlo Superflat Superstroke Toyism Unilalianism Walking Artists Network Related topics History of art Abstract art Asemic writing Anti-art Avant-garde Ballets Russes Christian art Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Catholic art Icon Lutheran art Digital art Fantastic art Folk art Hierarchy of genres Genre painting History painting Illuminated manuscript Illustration Interactive art Jewish art Kitsch Landscape painting Modernism Modern sculpture Late modernism Naïve art Outsider art Portrait Prehistoric European art Queer art Realism Shock art Trompe-l'œil Western painting Category vteWorld Heritage Sites in GermanyFor official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Germany.Northern ADGB Trade Union School Berlin Modernism Housing Estates Bremen Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace Fagus Factory in Alfeld Hedeby and the Danevirke Archaeological Border Complex St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church at Hildesheim Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin Hanseatic City of Lübeck Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus in Hamburg Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar Central Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm Dresden Elbe Valley (delisted in 2009) Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region1 Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski2 Naumburg Cathedral Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg Wartburg Castle Classical Weimar Western Aachen Cathedral Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe Cologne Cathedral Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey Upper Middle Rhine Valley Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier Speyer Cathedral ShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz Great Spa Towns of Europe8 Völklingen Ironworks Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen Southern Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Augsburg Water Management System Town of Bamberg Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt Frontiers of the Roman Empire in Bavaria7 Frontiers of the Roman Empire:3 Upper Germanic & Rhaetian Limes Maulbronn Monastery Complex Margravial Opera House Monastic Island of Reichenau Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof Pilgrimage Church of Wies Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps4 Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square Natural Messel Pit Fossil Site Ancient Beech Forests5 Wadden Sea6 1 Shared with the Czech Republic 2 Shared with Poland 3 Shared with the United Kingdom 4 Shared with Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland 5 Shared with Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine 6 Shared with the Netherlands and Denmark 7 Shared with Austria and Slovakia 8 Shared with France, Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Italy, UK Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists Museum of Modern Art ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bauhaus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus-Signet.svg"},{"link_name":"emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem"},{"link_name":"Oskar Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BauhausType.jpg"},{"link_name":"Typography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bayer"},{"link_name":"[ˈʃtaːtlɪçəs ˈbaʊˌhaʊs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Staatliches_Bauhaus.oga/Staatliches_Bauhaus.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staatliches_Bauhaus.oga"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"art school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_school"},{"link_name":"crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafts"},{"link_name":"fine arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artists_2009_pp._64-66-1"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_follows_function"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artists_2009_pp._64-66-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekaterina-2"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Gesamtkunstwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk"},{"link_name":"modernist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archdic-3"},{"link_name":"industrial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"typography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Gunta Stölzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WalterGropius-1919.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Hannes Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"International Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Hannes Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Meyer"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bauhaus (disambiguation).The Bauhaus emblem, designed by Oskar Schlemmer, was adopted in 1921.Typography by Herbert Bayer above the entrance to the workshop block of the Bauhaus Dessau, 2005The Staatliches Bauhaus (German: [ˈʃtaːtlɪçəs ˈbaʊˌhaʊs] ⓘ), commonly known as the Bauhaus (German for 'building house'), was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts.[1] The school became famous for its approach to design, which attempted to unify individual artistic vision with the principles of mass production and emphasis on function.[1] Along with the doctrine of functionalism, the Bauhaus initiated the conceptual understanding of architecture and design.[2]The Bauhaus was founded by architect Walter Gropius in Weimar. It was grounded in the idea of creating a Gesamtkunstwerk (\"comprehensive artwork\") in which all the arts would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, modernist architecture, and architectural education.[3] The Bauhaus movement had a profound influence on subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.[4] Staff at the Bauhaus included prominent artists such as Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Gunta Stölzl, and László Moholy-Nagy at various points.Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius (1883–1969)The school existed in three German cities—Weimar, from 1919 to 1925; Dessau, from 1925 to 1932; and Berlin, from 1932 to 1933—under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928; Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930; and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime, having been painted as a centre of communist intellectualism.[5] Internationally, former key figures of Bauhaus were successful in the United States and became known as the avant-garde for the International Style.[6]The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. For example, the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it.","title":"Bauhaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekaterina-2"}],"text":"Several specific features are identified in the Bauhaus forms and shapes: simple geometric shapes like rectangles and spheres, without elaborate decorations. Buildings, furniture, and fonts often feature rounded corners, sometimes rounded walls, or curved chrome pipes. Some buildings are characterized by rectangular features, for example protruding balconies with flat, chunky railings facing the street, and long banks of windows. Some outlines can be defined as a tool for creating an ideal form, which is the basis of the architectural concept.[2]","title":"Terms and concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Werkbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund"},{"link_name":"Hermann Muthesius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joost_Schmidt_Bauhausausstellung_1923.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neues Bauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Peter Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Behrens"},{"link_name":"industrial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"AEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG_(German_company)"},{"link_name":"AEG Turbine Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG_Turbine_Factory"},{"link_name":"Adolf Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(architect)"},{"link_name":"zeitgeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity"},{"link_name":"Erich Mendelsohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn"},{"link_name":"Bruno Taut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut"},{"link_name":"Hans Poelzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Poelzig"},{"link_name":"Weimar Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Ernst May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_May"},{"link_name":"Martin Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wagner_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Weissenhof Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate"}],"text":"After Germany's defeat in World War I and the establishment of the Weimar Republic, a renewed liberal spirit allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts, which had been suppressed by the old regime. Many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Such influences can be overstated: Gropius did not share these radical views, and said that Bauhaus was entirely apolitical.[7] Just as important was the influence of the 19th-century English designer William Morris (1834–1896), who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.[8] Thus, the Bauhaus style, also known as the International Style, was marked by the absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design.However, the most important influence on Bauhaus was modernism, a cultural movement whose origins lay as early as the 1880s, and which had already made its presence felt in Germany before the World War, despite the prevailing conservatism. The design innovations commonly associated with Gropius and the Bauhaus—the radically simplified forms, the rationality and functionality, and the idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit—were already partly developed in Germany before the Bauhaus was founded. The German national designers' organization Deutscher Werkbund was formed in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius to harness the new potentials of mass production, with a mind towards preserving Germany's economic competitiveness with England. In its first seven years, the Werkbund came to be regarded as the authoritative body on questions of design in Germany, and was copied in other countries. Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1,870 members (by 1914).Poster for the Bauhausaustellung (1923)German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen. Beginning in June 1907, Peter Behrens' pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale. He designed consumer products, standardized parts, created clean-lined designs for the company's graphics, developed a consistent corporate identity, built the modernist landmark AEG Turbine Factory, and made full use of newly developed materials such as poured concrete and exposed steel. Behrens was a founding member of the Werkbund, and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period.The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the German zeitgeist had turned from emotional Expressionism to the matter-of-fact New Objectivity. An entire group of working architects, including Erich Mendelsohn, Bruno Taut and Hans Poelzig, turned away from fanciful experimentation and towards rational, functional, sometimes standardized building. Beyond the Bauhaus, many other significant German-speaking architects in the 1920s responded to the same aesthetic issues and material possibilities as the school. They also responded to the promise of a \"minimal dwelling\" written into the new Weimar Constitution. Ernst May, Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, among others, built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin. The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns, well-attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate, films, and sometimes fierce public debate.","title":"Bauhaus and German modernism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-9"},{"link_name":"color theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fry1999-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"El Lissitzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lissitzky"}],"sub_title":"Bauhaus and Vkhutemas","text":"The Vkhutemas, the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, has been compared to Bauhaus. Founded a year after the Bauhaus school, Vkhutemas has close parallels to the German Bauhaus in its intent, organization and scope. The two schools were the first to train artist-designers in a modern manner.[9] Both schools were state-sponsored initiatives to merge traditional craft with modern technology, with a basic course in aesthetic principles, courses in color theory, industrial design, and architecture.[9] Vkhutemas was a larger school than the Bauhaus,[10] but it was less publicised outside the Soviet Union and consequently, is less familiar in the West.[11]With the internationalism of modern architecture and design, there were many exchanges between the Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus.[12] The second Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer attempted to organise an exchange between the two schools, while Hinnerk Scheper of the Bauhaus collaborated with various Vkhutein members on the use of colour in architecture. In addition, El Lissitzky's book Russia: an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas/Vkhutein projects there.","title":"Bauhaus and German modernism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of the Bauhaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus_weimar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus-University Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus-University_Weimar"},{"link_name":"Henry van de Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grand-Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Saxon_Grand_Ducal_Art_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ernest,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Henry van de Velde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hermann Obrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Obrist"},{"link_name":"August Endell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Endell"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"fine arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"applied arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_art"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frampton_1992_124-16"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"neologism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"premodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premodern"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Itten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Itten"},{"link_name":"Lyonel Feininger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Marcks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Marcks"},{"link_name":"Oskar Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Theo van Doesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg"},{"link_name":"De Stijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl"},{"link_name":"El Lissitzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lissitzky"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-18"},{"link_name":"Johannes Itten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Itten"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frampton_1992_124-16"},{"link_name":"Franz Cižek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ci%C5%BEek"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel"},{"link_name":"Der Blaue Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kokoschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Der Blaue Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"Hermann Muthesius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joost-schmidt-mechanical-stage-design-1925-1926-ink-and-tempera-on-paper-64-x-44-cm1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joost Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Romanesque cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_characteristics_of_Romanesque_architecture#Romanesque_architecture,_regional_characteristics"},{"link_name":"Völkisch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Social Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Haus am Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_am_Horn"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus-University Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus-University_Weimar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erich_dieckmann,_banco_per_bambini,_1925_ca._01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Erich Dieckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Dieckmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Dieckmann"}],"sub_title":"Weimar","text":"The main building of the Bauhaus-University Weimar. Built between 1904 and 1911 and designed by Henry van de Velde to house the sculptors' studio at the Grand Ducal Saxon Art School, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.The school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar on 1 April 1919,[13] as a merger of the Grand-Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Art and the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts for a newly affiliated architecture department.[14] Its roots lay in the arts and crafts school founded by the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1906, and directed by Belgian Art Nouveau architect Henry van de Velde.[15] When van de Velde was forced to resign in 1915 because he was Belgian, he suggested Gropius, Hermann Obrist, and August Endell as possible successors. In 1919, after delays caused by World War I and a lengthy debate over who should head the institution and the socio-economic meanings of a reconciliation of the fine arts and the applied arts (an issue which remained a defining one throughout the school's existence), Gropius was made the director of a new institution integrating the two called the Bauhaus.[16] In the pamphlet for an April 1919 exhibition entitled Exhibition of Unknown Architects, Gropius, still very much under the influence of William Morris and the British Arts and Crafts Movement, proclaimed his goal as being \"to create a new guild of craftsmen, without the class distinctions which raise an arrogant barrier between craftsman and artist.\" Gropius's neologism Bauhaus references both building and the Bauhütte, a premodern guild of stonemasons.[17] The early intention was for the Bauhaus to be a combined architecture school, crafts school, and academy of the arts. Swiss painter Johannes Itten, German-American painter Lyonel Feininger, and German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, along with Gropius, comprised the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1919. By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor, and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theatre workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky. A tumultuous year at the Bauhaus, 1922 also saw the move of Dutch painter Theo van Doesburg to Weimar to promote De Stijl (\"The Style\"), and a visit to the Bauhaus by Russian Constructivist artist and architect El Lissitzky.[18]From 1919 to 1922 the school was shaped by the pedagogical and aesthetic ideas of Johannes Itten, who taught the Vorkurs or \"preliminary course\" that was the introduction to the ideas of the Bauhaus.[16] Itten was heavily influenced in his teaching by the ideas of Franz Cižek and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. He was also influenced in respect to aesthetics by the work of the Der Blaue Reiter group in Munich, as well as the work of Austrian Expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. The influence of German Expressionism favoured by Itten was analogous in some ways to the fine arts side of the ongoing debate. This influence culminated with the addition of Der Blaue Reiter founding member Wassily Kandinsky to the faculty and ended when Itten resigned in late 1923. Itten was replaced by the Hungarian designer László Moholy-Nagy, who rewrote the Vorkurs with a leaning towards the New Objectivity favoured by Gropius, which was analogous in some ways to the applied arts side of the debate. Although this shift was an important one, it did not represent a radical break from the past so much as a small step in a broader, more gradual socio-economic movement that had been going on at least since 1907, when van de Velde had argued for a craft basis for design while Hermann Muthesius had begun implementing industrial prototypes.[18]Mechanical Stage Design by Joost Schmidt, 1925Gropius was not necessarily against Expressionism, and in the same 1919 pamphlet proclaiming this \"new guild of craftsmen, without the class snobbery\", described \"painting and sculpture rising to heaven out of the hands of a million craftsmen, the crystal symbol of the new faith of the future.\" By 1923, however, Gropius was no longer evoking images of soaring Romanesque cathedrals and the craft-driven aesthetic of the \"Völkisch movement\", instead declaring \"we want an architecture adapted to our world of machines, radios and fast cars.\"[19] Gropius argued that a new period of history had begun with the end of the war. He wanted to create a new architectural style to reflect this new era. His style in architecture and consumer goods was to be functional, cheap and consistent with mass production. To these ends, Gropius wanted to reunite art and craft to arrive at high-end functional products with artistic merit. The Bauhaus issued a magazine called Bauhaus and a series of books called \"Bauhausbücher\". Since the Weimar Republic lacked the number of raw materials available to the United States and Great Britain, it had to rely on the proficiency of a skilled labour force and an ability to export innovative and high-quality goods. Therefore, designers were needed and so was a new type of art education. The school's philosophy stated that the artist should be trained to work with the industry.[20][21]Weimar was in the German state of Thuringia, and the Bauhaus school received state support from the Social Democrat-controlled Thuringian state government. The school in Weimar experienced political pressure from conservative circles in Thuringian politics, increasingly so after 1923 as political tension rose. One condition placed on the Bauhaus in this new political environment was the exhibition of work undertaken at the school. This condition was met in 1923 with the Bauhaus' exhibition of the experimental Haus am Horn.[22] The Ministry of Education placed the staff on six-month contracts and cut the school's funding in half. The Bauhaus issued a press release on 26 December 1924, setting the closure of the school for the end of March 1925.[23][24] At this point it had already been looking for alternative sources of funding. After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, a school of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar. This school was eventually known as the Technical University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, and in 1996 changed its name to Bauhaus-University Weimar.Chair by Erich Dieckmann [de], 1925","title":"History of the Bauhaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau"},{"link_name":"International style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Fagus Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_Factory"},{"link_name":"Neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture#Regional_trends"},{"link_name":"Völkisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mart Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Stam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artists_2009_pp._64-66-1"},{"link_name":"Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADGB_Trade_Union_School"},{"link_name":"Bernau bei Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernau_bei_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bayer"},{"link_name":"Marcel Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etlin2002-26"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Lilly Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Reich"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mies-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus_building_-_Wassily_Chairs_by_Marcel_Breuer_(1925_26)_(3925088681).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marcel Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"}],"sub_title":"Dessau","text":"The Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 and new facilities there were inaugurated in late 1926. Gropius's design for the Dessau facilities was a return to the futuristic Gropius of 1914 that had more in common with the International style lines of the Fagus Factory than the stripped down Neo-classical of the Werkbund pavilion or the Völkisch Sommerfeld House.[25] During the Dessau years, there was a remarkable change in direction for the school. According to Elaine Hoffman, Gropius had approached the Dutch architect Mart Stam to run the newly founded architecture program, and when Stam declined the position, Gropius turned to Stam's friend and colleague in the ABC group, Hannes Meyer.Meyer became director when Gropius resigned in February 1928,[1] and brought the Bauhaus its two most significant building commissions, both of which still exist: five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau, and the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin. Meyer favoured measurements and calculations in his presentations to clients, along with the use of off-the-shelf architectural components to reduce costs. This approach proved attractive to potential clients. The school turned its first profit under his leadership in 1929.But Meyer also generated a great deal of conflict. As a radical functionalist, he had no patience with the aesthetic program and forced the resignations of Herbert Bayer, Marcel Breuer, and other long-time instructors. Even though Meyer shifted the orientation of the school further to the left than it had been under Gropius, he didn't want the school to become a tool of left-wing party politics. He prevented the formation of a student communist cell, and in the increasingly dangerous political atmosphere, this became a threat to the existence of the Dessau school. Dessau mayor Fritz Hesse fired him in the summer of 1930.[26] The Dessau city council attempted to convince Gropius to return as head of the school, but Gropius instead suggested Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Mies was appointed in 1930 and immediately interviewed each student, dismissing those that he deemed uncommitted. He halted the school's manufacture of goods so that the school could focus on teaching, and appointed no new faculty other than his close confidant Lilly Reich. By 1931, the Nazi Party was becoming more influential in German politics. When it gained control of the Dessau city council, it moved to close the school.[27]Wassily Chairs by Marcel Breuer (1925–1926)","title":"History of the Bauhaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mies-27"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"degenerate art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artists_2009_pp._64-66-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_fn_1a"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Fritz Todt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Todt"},{"link_name":"autobahns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Berlin","text":"In late 1932, Mies rented a derelict factory in Berlin (Birkbusch Street 49) to use as the new Bauhaus with his own money. The students and faculty rehabilitated the building, painting the interior white. The school operated for ten months without further interference from the Nazi Party. In 1933, the Gestapo closed down the Berlin school. Mies protested the decision, eventually speaking to the head of the Gestapo, who agreed to allow the school to re-open. However, shortly after receiving a letter permitting the opening of the Bauhaus, Mies and the other faculty agreed to voluntarily shut down the school.[when?][27]Although neither the Nazi Party nor Adolf Hitler had a cohesive architectural policy before they came to power in 1933, Nazi writers like Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg had already labelled the Bauhaus \"un-German\" and criticized its modernist styles, deliberately generating public controversy over issues like flat roofs. Increasingly through the early 1930s, they characterized the Bauhaus as a front for communists and social liberals. Indeed, when Meyer was fired in 1930, a number of communist students loyal to him moved to the Soviet Union.Even before the Nazis came to power, political pressure on Bauhaus had increased. The Nazi movement, from nearly the start, denounced the Bauhaus for its \"degenerate art\", and the Nazi regime was determined to crack down on what it saw as the foreign, probably Jewish, influences of \"cosmopolitan modernism\".[1] Despite Gropius's protestations that as a war veteran and a patriot his work had no subversive political intent, the Berlin Bauhaus was pressured to close in April 1933. Emigrants did succeed, however, in spreading the concepts of the Bauhaus to other countries, including the \"New Bauhaus\" of Chicago:[28] Mies decided to emigrate to the United States for the directorship of the School of Architecture at the Armour Institute (now Illinois Institute of Technology) in Chicago and to seek building commissions.[a] The simple engineering-oriented functionalism of stripped-down modernism, however, did lead to some Bauhaus influences living on in Nazi Germany. When Hitler's chief engineer, Fritz Todt, began opening the new autobahns (highways) in 1935, many of the bridges and service stations were \"bold examples of modernism\", and among those submitting designs was Mies van der Rohe.[29]","title":"History of the Bauhaus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Adolf Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Meyer_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune_Tower"},{"link_name":"Haus am Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_am_Horn"},{"link_name":"Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADGB_Trade_Union_School"},{"link_name":"Bernau bei Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernau_bei_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Bruno Taut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut"},{"link_name":"Hans Poelzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Poelzig"},{"link_name":"Ernst May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_May"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Weimar Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Germany"},{"link_name":"Onkel Toms Hütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Toms_H%C3%BCtte_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"}],"text":"The paradox of the early Bauhaus was that, although its manifesto proclaimed that the aim of all creative activity was building,[30] the school did not offer classes in architecture until 1927. During the years under Gropius (1919–1927), he and his partner Adolf Meyer observed no real distinction between the output of his architectural office and the school. The built output of Bauhaus architecture in these years is the output of Gropius: the Sommerfeld house in Berlin, the Otte house in Berlin, the Auerbach house in Jena, and the competition design for the Chicago Tribune Tower, which brought the school much attention. The definitive 1926 Bauhaus building in Dessau is also attributed to Gropius. Apart from contributions to the 1923 Haus am Horn, student architectural work amounted to un-built projects, interior finishes, and craft work like cabinets, chairs and pottery.In the next two years under Meyer, the architectural focus shifted away from aesthetics and towards functionality. There were major commissions: one from the city of Dessau for five tightly designed \"Laubenganghäuser\" (apartment buildings with balcony access), which are still in use today, and another for the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin. Meyer's approach was to research users' needs and scientifically develop the design solution. He intended to place emphasis on Gropius' objective analysis of the properties determining an object's use value, known as Wesensforschung. Gropius believed that it was possible to design exemplary products of universal validity that should be standardized.[31]Mies van der Rohe repudiated Meyer's politics, his supporters, and his architectural approach. As opposed to Gropius's \"study of essentials\", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a \"spatial implementation of intellectual decisions\", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics. Neither Mies van der Rohe nor his Bauhaus students saw any projects built during the 1930s.The Bauhaus movement was not focused on developing worker housing. Only two projects, the apartment building project in Dessau and the Törten row housing fall into the worker housing category. It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May, as the city architects of Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt respectively, who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany. The housing Taut built in south-west Berlin during the 1920s, close to the U-Bahn stop Onkel Toms Hütte, is still occupied.","title":"Architectural output"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivetti-schawinsky-bauhaus-typewriter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti"},{"link_name":"typewriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"Xanti Schawinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanti_Schawinsky"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-32"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bortnyik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Bortnyik"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaston_Diehl_1972,_p._12-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaston_Diehl_1972,_p._12-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Victor Vasarely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Vasarely"},{"link_name":"op art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Foundation_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity (architecture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Marcel Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Isokon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokon"},{"link_name":"Harvard Graduate School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Aluminum City Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_City_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Alan I W Frank House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_I_W_Frank_House"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"I. M. Pei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Pei"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Halprin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Halprin"},{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"New Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Walter Paepcke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Paepcke"},{"link_name":"Institute of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Design_IIT"},{"link_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Werner Drewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Drewes"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bayer"},{"link_name":"Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Aspen Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Institute"},{"link_name":"Max Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bill"},{"link_name":"Inge Aicher-Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Scholl"},{"link_name":"Otl Aicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otl_Aicher"},{"link_name":"Ulm School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"semiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus typefaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itten_1963-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"modern furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_furniture"},{"link_name":"Cantilever chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_chair"},{"link_name":"Wassily Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Chair"},{"link_name":"Marcel Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Mart Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Stam"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_College"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tel-Aviv_PinesStreet31_T53.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"}],"text":"An Olivetti Studio 42 typewriter, designed by Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky in 1936The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in Western Europe, Canada, the United States and Israel in the decades following its demise, as many of the artists involved fled, or were exiled by the Nazi regime. In 1996, four of the major sites associated with Bauhaus in Germany were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (with two more added in 2017).[32]In 1928, the Hungarian painter Alexander Bortnyik founded a school of design in Budapest called Műhely,[33] which means \"the studio\".[34] Located on the seventh floor of a house on Nagymezo Street,[34] it was meant to be the Hungarian equivalent to the Bauhaus.[35] The literature sometimes refers to it—in an oversimplified manner—as \"the Budapest Bauhaus\".[36] Bortnyik was a great admirer of László Moholy-Nagy and had met Walter Gropius in Weimar between 1923 and 1925.[37] Moholy-Nagy himself taught at the Műhely. Victor Vasarely, a pioneer of op art, studied at this school before establishing in Paris in 1930.[38]Bauhaus Foundation, Tel AvivFurther information: New Objectivity (architecture)Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Moholy-Nagy re-assembled in Britain during the mid-1930s and lived and worked in the Isokon housing development in Lawn Road in London before the war caught up with them. Gropius and Breuer went on to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and worked together before their professional split. Their collaboration produced, among other projects, the Aluminum City Terrace in New Kensington, Pennsylvania and the Alan I W Frank House in Pittsburgh. The Harvard School was enormously influential in America in the late 1920s and early 1930s, producing such students as Philip Johnson, I. M. Pei, Lawrence Halprin and Paul Rudolph, among many others.In the late 1930s, Mies van der Rohe re-settled in Chicago, enjoyed the sponsorship of the influential Philip Johnson, and became one of the world's pre-eminent architects. Moholy-Nagy also went to Chicago and founded the New Bauhaus school under the sponsorship of industrialist and philanthropist Walter Paepcke. This school became the Institute of Design, part of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Printmaker and painter Werner Drewes was also largely responsible for bringing the Bauhaus aesthetic to America and taught at both Columbia University and Washington University in St. Louis. Herbert Bayer, sponsored by Paepcke, moved to Aspen, Colorado in support of Paepcke's Aspen projects at the Aspen Institute. In 1953, Max Bill, together with Inge Aicher-Scholl and Otl Aicher, founded the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm) in Ulm, Germany, a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus. The school is notable for its inclusion of semiotics as a field of study. The school closed in 1968, but the \"Ulm Model\" concept continues to influence international design education.[39] Another series of projects at the school were the Bauhaus typefaces, mostly realized in the decades afterward.The influence of the Bauhaus on design education was significant. One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology, and this approach was incorporated into the curriculum of the Bauhaus. The structure of the Bauhaus Vorkurs (preliminary course) reflected a pragmatic approach to integrating theory and application. In their first year, students learnt the basic elements and principles of design and colour theory, and experimented with a range of materials and processes.[40][41] This approach to design education became a common feature of architectural and design school in many countries. For example, the Shillito Design School in Sydney stands as a unique link between Australia and the Bauhaus. The colour and design syllabus of the Shillito Design School was firmly underpinned by the theories and ideologies of the Bauhaus. Its first year foundational course mimicked the Vorkurs and focused on the elements and principles of design plus colour theory and application. The founder of the school, Phyllis Shillito, which opened in 1962 and closed in 1980, firmly believed that \"A student who has mastered the basic principles of design, can design anything from a dress to a kitchen stove\".[42] In Britain, largely under the influence of painter and teacher William Johnstone, Basic Design, a Bauhaus-influenced art foundation course, was introduced at Camberwell School of Art and the Central School of Art and Design, whence it spread to all art schools in the country, becoming universal by the early 1960s.One of the most important contributions of the Bauhaus is in the field of modern furniture design. The characteristic Cantilever chair and Wassily Chair designed by Marcel Breuer are two examples. (Breuer eventually lost a legal battle in Germany with Dutch architect/designer Mart Stam over patent rights to the cantilever chair design. Although Stam had worked on the design of the Bauhaus's 1923 exhibit in Weimar, and guest-lectured at the Bauhaus later in the 1920s, he was not formally associated with the school, and he and Breuer had worked independently on the cantilever concept, leading to the patent dispute.) The most profitable product of the Bauhaus was its wallpaper.The physical plant at Dessau survived World War II and was operated as a design school with some architectural facilities by the German Democratic Republic. This included live stage productions in the Bauhaus theater under the name of Bauhausbühne (\"Bauhaus Stage\"). After German reunification, a reorganized school continued in the same building, with no essential continuity with the Bauhaus under Gropius in the early 1920s.[43] In 1979 Bauhaus-Dessau College started to organize postgraduate programs with participants from all over the world. This effort has been supported by the Bauhaus-Dessau Foundation which was founded in 1974 as a public institution.Later evaluation of the Bauhaus design credo was critical of its flawed recognition of the human element, an acknowledgment of \"the dated, unattractive aspects of the Bauhaus as a projection of utopia marked by mechanistic views of human nature…Home hygiene without home atmosphere.\"[44]Subsequent examples which have continued the philosophy of the Bauhaus include Black Mountain College, Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm and Domaine de Boisbuchet.[45]A Bauhaus-style building with \"thermometer\" windows on Pines Street in Tel Aviv","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White City (Tel Aviv)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)"},{"link_name":"The White City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"International Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"German Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jewish"},{"link_name":"British Mandate of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Cultural Heritage site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Center_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Foundation_Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"The White City","text":"Further information: White City (Tel Aviv)The White City (Hebrew: העיר הלבנה‎, refers to a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in the Bauhaus or International Style in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s architecture. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as \"an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century.\"[46] The citation recognized the unique adaptation of modern international architectural trends to the cultural, climatic, and local traditions of the city. Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv organizes regular architectural tours of the city, and the Bauhaus Foundation offers Bauhaus exhibits.[47]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Berlin Academy of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus Museum Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Museum_Dessau"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus Dessau Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Dessau_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Centenary year, 2019","text":"As the centenary of the founding of Bauhaus, several events, festivals, and exhibitions were held around the world in 2019.[48] The international opening festival at the Berlin Academy of the Arts from 16 to 24 January concentrated on \"the presentation and production of pieces by contemporary artists, in which the aesthetic issues and experimental configurations of the Bauhaus artists continue to be inspiringly contagious\".[49][50] Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition at the Berlinische Galerie (6 September 2019 to 27 January 2020) presented 1,000 original artefacts from the Bauhaus-Archive's collection and recounted the history behind the objects.[51] The Bauhaus Museum Dessau also opened in September 2019,[52] operated by the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and funded by the State of Saxony-Anhalt and the German Federal government.[53] It is set to be the permanent home of the second largest Bauhaus collection at 49,000 objects,[52][54] while paying homage to its strong influence in the city when Bauhaus arrived in 1925.[55]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Ursula Von der Leyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen"},{"link_name":"New European Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//europa.eu/new-european-bauhaus/index_en"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"The New European Bauhaus","text":"In September 2020, President of the European Commission Ursula Von der Leyen introduced the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative during her State of the Union address. The NEB is a creative and interdisciplinary movement that connects the European Green Deal to everyday life. It is a platform for experimentation aiming to unite citizens, experts, businesses and institutions in imagining and designing a sustainable, aesthetic and inclusive future.Sport and physical activity were an essential part of the original Bauhaus approach. Hannes Meyer, the second director of Bauhaus Dessau, ensured that one day a week was solely devoted to sport and gymnastics. 1 In 1930, Meyer employed two physical education teachers. The Bauhaus school even applied for public funds to enhance its playing field. The inclusion of sport and physical activity in the Bauhaus curriculum had various purposes. First, as Meyer put it, sport combatted a “one-sided emphasis on brainwork.”[56] In addition, Bauhaus instructors believed that students could better express themselves if they actively experienced the space, rhythms and movements of the body. The Bauhaus approach also considered physical activity an important contributor to wellbeing and community spirit. Sport and physical activity were essential to the interdisciplinary Bauhaus movement that developed revolutionary ideas and continues to shape our environments today.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Academic staff of the Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Category:Bauhaus alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bauhaus_alumni"},{"link_name":"Women of the Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_of_the_Bauhaus"}],"text":"People who were educated, or who taught or worked in other capacities, at the Bauhaus.Further information: Category:Academic staff of the BauhausFurther information: Category:Bauhaus alumniFurther information: Women of the Bauhaus","title":"Bauhaus staff and students"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus-Dessau_Festsaal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus-Dessau_Festsaal_B%C3%BChnenbeleuchtung.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus-Dessau_Wohnheim_Balkone.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus-Dessau_Fensterfront.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mensa_Bauhaus_Dessau.PNG"},{"link_name":"cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_March_dead.jpg"},{"link_name":"Expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Monument to the March Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_March_Dead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bauhaus_Chemnitz_hb.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chemnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian-dell_molitor-office-work-lamp-light.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Neu_Kinderstuhl_1930.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dieckmann_erich_buffetuhr_fuer_bamberger_otto_lichtenfels_1931.png"}],"text":"A stage in the Festsaal, Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCeiling with light fixtures for stage in the Festsaal, Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDormitory balconies in the residence, Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMechanically opened windows, Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Mensa (cafeteria), Dessau\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGropius' Expressionist Monument to the March Dead (1921–1922)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Bauhaus style building in Chemnitz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Molitor Grapholux lamp, by Christian Dell (1922–1925)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeinrich Neuy's children's chair\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClock designed by Erich Dieckmann (1931)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_fn_1a"},{"link_name":"Google Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"a The closure, and the response of Mies van der Rohe, is fully documented in Elaine Hochman's Architects of Fortune.\nGoogle honored Bauhaus for its 100th anniversary on 12 April 2019 with a Google Doodle.[57]","title":"Explanatory footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Artists_2009_pp._64-66_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Artists_2009_pp._64-66_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Artists_2009_pp._64-66_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Artists_2009_pp._64-66_1-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-953294-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-953294-X"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekaterina_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekaterina_2-1"},{"link_name":"Vasileva E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Vasileva_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Ideal and utilitarian in the international style system: subject and object in the design concept of the 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/374443683_Vasileva_E_2016_Ideal_and_utilitarian_in_the_international_style_system_subject_and_object_in_the_design_concept_of_the_20th_century_International_Journal_of_Cultural_Research_4_25_72-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-archdic_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-051323-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051323-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Bauhaus Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bauhaus-movement.com/en/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7148-3542-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Routledge international handbook of participatory design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/754734489"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-69440-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69440-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"754734489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/754734489"},{"link_name":"cite 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Dessau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/institution/chronology/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Physical Education at The Bauhaus 1919 33 | PDF\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/document/330743705/Physical-Education-at-the-Bauhaus-1919-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"100th Anniversary of Bauhaus Doodle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doodles.google/doodle/100th-anniversary-of-bauhaus/"}],"text":"^ a b c d Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), ISBN 0-19-953294-X, pp. 64–66\n\n^ a b Vasileva E. (2016) Ideal and utilitarian in the international style system: subject and object in the design concept of the 20th century // International Journal of Cultural Research, 4 (25), 72–80.\n\n^ Pevsner, Nikolaus, ed. (1999). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback). Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (5th ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-14-051323-3.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus Movement\". Rethinking the world Art and Technology – A new Unity.\n\n^ Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3542-6.\n\n^ Routledge international handbook of participatory design. Jesper Simonsen, Toni Robertson. New York: Routledge. 2013. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-415-69440-7. OCLC 754734489.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ Evans, Richard J. The Coming of the Third Reich, p. 416\n\n^ Funk and Wagnall's New Encyclopaedia, Vol 5, p. 348\n\n^ a b (in Russian) Great Soviet Encyclopedia; Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, Вхутемас\n\n^ Wood, Paul (1999) The Challenge of the Avant-Garde. New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-07762-9, p. 244\n\n^ Tony Fry (October 1999). A New Design Philosophy: An Introduction to Defuturing. UNSW Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-86840-753-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.\n\n^ Colton, Timothy J. (1995) Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-58749-9; p. 215\n\n^ Uhrig, Nicole (2020). Zukunftsfähige Perspektiven in der Landschaftsarchitektur für Gartenstädte: City – Country – Life. Wiesbaden: Springer-Verlag. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-658-28940-9.\n\n^ Gorman, Carma (2003). The Industrial Design Reader. New York: Allworth Press. p. 98. ISBN 1-58115-310-4.\n\n^ Pevsner, Nikolaus, ed. (1999). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback). Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (5th ed.). Penguin Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.\n\n^ a b Frampton, Kenneth (1992). \"The Bauhaus: Evolution of an Idea 1919–32\". Modern Architecture: A Critical History (3rd ed. rev. ed.). New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-500-20257-9.\n\n^ Whitford, Frank, ed. (1992). The Bauhaus: Masters & Students by Themselves. London: Conran Octopus. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-85029-415-3. He invented the name 'Bauhaus' not only because it specifically referred to Bauen ('building', 'construction')—but also because of its similarity to the word Bauhütte, the medieval guild of builders and stonemasons out of which Freemasonry sprang. The Bauhaus was to be a kind of modern Bauhütte, therefore, in which craftsmen would work on common projects together, the greatest of which would be buildings in which the arts and crafts would be combined.\n\n^ a b Hal Foster, ed. (2004). \"1923: The Bauhaus … holds its first public exhibition in Weimar, Germany\". Art Since 1900: Volume 1 – 1900 to 1944. Rosalind Krauss, Yve-Alain Bois, Benjamin Buchloh. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 185–189. ISBN 978-0-500-28534-3.\n\n^ Curtis, William (1987). \"Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus\". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 309–316. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8.\n\n^ \"The Bauhaus, 1919–1933\". The MET. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 June 2016.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 June 2016.\n\n^ Ackermann et al., Bauhaus (Cologne: Könemann, 1999), 406.\n\n^ Michael Baumgartner and Josef Helfenstein At the Bauhaus in Weimar, 1921–1924 Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, at Zentrum Paul Klee\n\n^ Droste, Magdalena (2002) [1990]. Bauhaus, 1919–1933. Taschen. p. 113. ISBN 9783822821053.\n\n^ Curtis, William (2000). \"Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus\". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8.\n\n^ Richard A. Etlin (2002). Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich. University of Chicago Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-226-22086-4. Retrieved 15 May 2011.\n\n^ a b David Spaeth (1985). Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Rizzoli New York. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-0-8478-0563-1.\n\n^ Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee. Rizzoli Intl Pubns, p. 22\n\n^ , Richard J Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 325\n\n^ Gropius, Walter (April 1919). \"Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus\". BauhausManifesto.com.\n\n^ James-Chakraborty, Kathleen (2022). Bauhaus Effects in Art, Architecture, and Design. Routledge. p. 82.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2 July 2022.\n\n^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Late Modern: The Visual Arts Since 1945, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976, p. 164.\n\n^ a b Gaston Diehl, Vasarely, New York: Crown, 1972, p. 12\n\n^ Jean Luc Daval, History of Abstract Painting, Paris: Hazan, 1989, p. 199.\n\n^ See: William Chapin Seitz, Marla Price, Art in the Age of Aquarius, Smithsonian Inst Press, 1992, p. 92; Edward Lucie-Smith, Late Modern: The Visual Arts Since 1945, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976, p. 164; Jean Louis Ferrier, Yann Le Pichon, Art of our century: the story of western art, 1900 to the present 1990, London : Longman, p. 521.\n\n^ Guitemie Maldonaldo, \"Une réception différée et relayée. L'Atelier d'art abstrait et le \"modèle-Bauhaus\", 1950–1953\", in: Martin Schieder, Isabelle Ewig, In die Freiheit geworfen: Positionen zur deutsch-französischen Kunstgeschichte nach 1945, Oldenbourg Verlag, 22 Nov 2006, p. 100.\n\n^ Jean Louis Ferrier, Yann Le Pichon, Art of Our Century: The Story of Western Art, 1900 to the Present, 1990, London: Longman, p. 521.\n\n^ Ulm, Ulmer Museum/HfG-Archiv. \"HfG-Archiv Ulm – The HfG Ulm\". www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.\n\n^ Bayer, H., Gropius, W., & Gropius, I. (Eds.). (1975). Bauhaus 1919–1928. London: Secker& Warburg.\n\n^ Itten, J. (1963). Design and Form: The Basic Course at the Bauhaus and Later (Revised edition, 1975). New York: John Wiley & Sons.\n\n^ O'Connor, Z. (2013). \"The Shillito Design School: Australia's link with the Bauhaus\". The International Journal of Design in Society, 6(3), 149–159.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus Dessau\".\n\n^ Schjeldahl, Peter, \"Bauhaus Rules,\" The New Yorker, 16 November 2009\n\n^ \"Interview with Mathias Schwartz-Clauss, Boisbuchet´s director and program curator\". Domaine de Boisbuchet. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.\n\n^ \"UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009\".\n\n^ \"About\". Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv. Retrieved 7 May 2024.\n\n^ Weber, Micholas Fox, The Bauhaus at 100: science by design, Nature, 6 August 2019 (with pdf link)\n\n^ \"100 years Bauhaus: the opening festival\". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus in pictures: The architects exiled by Nazis\". BBC News. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition\". Berlinische Galerie. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.\n\n^ a b Baker, Sam. \"Bauhaus' 100th Anniversary Opens Museum Doors\". Forbes. Retrieved 21 April 2024.\n\n^ \"Foundation - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024.\n\n^ \"Bauhaus Museum Dessau\". Apollo Magazine. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2024.\n\n^ \"Chronology - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024.\n\n^ \"Physical Education at The Bauhaus 1919 33 | PDF\". Scribd. Retrieved 16 February 2022.\n\n^ \"100th Anniversary of Bauhaus Doodle\". Google Doodles. 12 April 2019.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lettersdiariesof0000schl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8195-4047-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-4047-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-939633-75-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-75-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8228-3649-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-3649-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-71570-04-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-71570-04-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-631-37945-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37945-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7913-4200-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-4200-9"},{"link_name":"From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pxCFWUWvHE4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-3551-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3551-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-939633-11-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-11-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-936314-83-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936314-83-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-936314-81-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936314-81-6"},{"link_name":"Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919–1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/27783104"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89790-553-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89790-553-5"}],"text":"Oskar Schlemmer (1972). Tut Schlemmer (ed.). The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer. Translated by Krishna Winston. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-4047-1.\nStefan Boness (2012). Tel Aviv – The White City. Berlin: Jovis. ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4.\nMagdalena Droste, Peter Gossel, ed. (2005). Bauhaus. Taschen America LLC. ISBN 3-8228-3649-4.\nMarty Bax (1991). Bauhaus Lecture Notes 1930–1933. Theory and practice of architectural training at the Bauhaus, based on the lecture notes made by the Dutch ex-Bauhaus student and architect J.J. van der Linden of the Mies van der Rohe curriculum. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura. ISBN 90-71570-04-5.\nAnja Baumhoff (2001). The Gendered World of the Bauhaus. The Politics of Power at the Weimar Republic's Premier Art Institute, 1919–1931. Frankfurt, New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-37945-5.\nBoris Friedewald (2009). Bauhaus. Munich, London, New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-4200-9.\nCatherine Weill-Rochant (2008). Rita H. Gans (ed.). Bauhaus: Architektur in Tel Aviv (in French and German). Zurich: Kiriat Yearim.\nCatherine Weill-Rochant (April 2009). The Tel-Aviv School : a constrained rationalism. DOCOMOMO journal (Documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement).\nPeder Anker (2010). From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3551-8.\nKirsten Baumann (2007). Bauhaus Dessau: Architecture Design Concept. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939633-11-2.\nMonika Markgraf, ed. (2007). Archaeology of Modernism: Renovation Bauhaus Dessau. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-83-0.\nTorsten Blume / Burghard Duhm (Eds.) (2008). Bauhaus.Theatre.Dessau: Change of Scene. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-81-6.\nEric Cimino (2003). Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919–1933 (M.A.). Boston: UMass-Boston.\nOlaf Thormann: Bauhaus Saxony. arnoldsche Art Publishers 2019, ISBN 978-3-89790-553-5.","title":"General and cited references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lessons of the Bauhaus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/joid.12158"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/joid.12158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoid.12158"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1071-7641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1071-7641"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"201241249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201241249"}],"text":"Edwards, M. Jean (September 2019). \"Lessons of the Bauhaus\". Journal of Interior Design. 44 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1111/joid.12158. ISSN 1071-7641. S2CID 201241249.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Bauhaus emblem, designed by Oskar Schlemmer, was adopted in 1921.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bauhaus-Signet.svg/220px-Bauhaus-Signet.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Typography by Herbert Bayer above the entrance to the workshop block of the Bauhaus Dessau, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BauhausType.jpg/220px-BauhausType.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius (1883–1969)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WalterGropius-1919.jpg/150px-WalterGropius-1919.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for the Bauhausaustellung (1923)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Joost_Schmidt_Bauhausausstellung_1923.jpg/200px-Joost_Schmidt_Bauhausausstellung_1923.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main building of the Bauhaus-University Weimar. Built between 1904 and 1911 and designed by Henry van de Velde to house the sculptors' studio at the Grand Ducal Saxon Art School, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bauhaus_weimar.jpg/220px-Bauhaus_weimar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mechanical Stage Design by Joost Schmidt, 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Joost-schmidt-mechanical-stage-design-1925-1926-ink-and-tempera-on-paper-64-x-44-cm1.jpg/220px-Joost-schmidt-mechanical-stage-design-1925-1926-ink-and-tempera-on-paper-64-x-44-cm1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chair by Erich Dieckmann [de], 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Erich_dieckmann%2C_banco_per_bambini%2C_1925_ca._01.JPG/220px-Erich_dieckmann%2C_banco_per_bambini%2C_1925_ca._01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wassily Chairs by Marcel Breuer (1925–1926)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bauhaus_building_-_Wassily_Chairs_by_Marcel_Breuer_%281925_26%29_%283925088681%29.jpg/220px-Bauhaus_building_-_Wassily_Chairs_by_Marcel_Breuer_%281925_26%29_%283925088681%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Olivetti Studio 42 typewriter, designed by Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Olivetti-schawinsky-bauhaus-typewriter.jpg/220px-Olivetti-schawinsky-bauhaus-typewriter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg/250px-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bauhaus-style building with \"thermometer\" windows on Pines Street in Tel Aviv","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tel-Aviv_PinesStreet31_T53.jpg/220px-Tel-Aviv_PinesStreet31_T53.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus, ed. (1999). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback). Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (5th ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-14-051323-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051323-3","url_text":"978-0-14-051323-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus Movement\". Rethinking the world Art and Technology – A new Unity.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bauhaus-movement.com/en/","url_text":"\"Bauhaus Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3542-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3542-6","url_text":"978-0-7148-3542-6"}]},{"reference":"Routledge international handbook of participatory design. Jesper Simonsen, Toni Robertson. New York: Routledge. 2013. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-415-69440-7. OCLC 754734489.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754734489","url_text":"Routledge international handbook of participatory design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69440-7","url_text":"978-0-415-69440-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/754734489","url_text":"754734489"}]},{"reference":"Tony Fry (October 1999). A New Design Philosophy: An Introduction to Defuturing. UNSW Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-86840-753-1. Retrieved 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEc7UGv2xQEC","url_text":"A New Design Philosophy: An Introduction to Defuturing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-753-1","url_text":"978-0-86840-753-1"}]},{"reference":"Uhrig, Nicole (2020). Zukunftsfähige Perspektiven in der Landschaftsarchitektur für Gartenstädte: City – Country – Life. Wiesbaden: Springer-Verlag. p. 113. ISBN 978-3-658-28940-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-28940-9","url_text":"978-3-658-28940-9"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Carma (2003). The Industrial Design Reader. New York: Allworth Press. p. 98. ISBN 1-58115-310-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-310-4","url_text":"1-58115-310-4"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus, ed. (1999). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback). Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (5th ed.). Penguin Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9","url_text":"978-0-19-860678-9"}]},{"reference":"Frampton, Kenneth (1992). \"The Bauhaus: Evolution of an Idea 1919–32\". Modern Architecture: A Critical History (3rd ed. rev. ed.). New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-500-20257-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20257-9","url_text":"978-0-500-20257-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitford, Frank, ed. (1992). The Bauhaus: Masters & Students by Themselves. London: Conran Octopus. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-85029-415-3. He invented the name 'Bauhaus' not only because it specifically referred to Bauen ('building', 'construction')—but also because of its similarity to the word Bauhütte, the medieval guild of builders and stonemasons out of which Freemasonry sprang. The Bauhaus was to be a kind of modern Bauhütte, therefore, in which craftsmen would work on common projects together, the greatest of which would be buildings in which the arts and crafts would be combined.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85029-415-3","url_text":"978-1-85029-415-3"}]},{"reference":"Hal Foster, ed. (2004). \"1923: The Bauhaus … holds its first public exhibition in Weimar, Germany\". Art Since 1900: Volume 1 – 1900 to 1944. Rosalind Krauss, Yve-Alain Bois, Benjamin Buchloh. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 185–189. ISBN 978-0-500-28534-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artsince1900mode0000unse_u8t1/page/185","url_text":"\"1923: The Bauhaus … holds its first public exhibition in Weimar, Germany\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artsince1900mode0000unse_u8t1/page/185","url_text":"185–189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28534-3","url_text":"978-0-500-28534-3"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, William (1987). \"Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus\". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 309–316. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-586694-8","url_text":"978-0-13-586694-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bauhaus, 1919–1933\". The MET. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bauh/hd_bauh.htm","url_text":"\"The Bauhaus, 1919–1933\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bauhaus","url_text":"\"Bauhaus\""}]},{"reference":"Droste, Magdalena (2002) [1990]. Bauhaus, 1919–1933. Taschen. p. 113. ISBN 9783822821053.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXB8rX5AsgUC","url_text":"Bauhaus, 1919–1933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822821053","url_text":"9783822821053"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, William (2000). \"Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus\". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-13-586694-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-586694-8","url_text":"978-0-13-586694-8"}]},{"reference":"Richard A. Etlin (2002). Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich. University of Chicago Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-226-22086-4. Retrieved 15 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTYQuQ2g36MC","url_text":"Art, culture, and media under the Third Reich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22086-4","url_text":"978-0-226-22086-4"}]},{"reference":"David Spaeth (1985). Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Rizzoli New York. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-0-8478-0563-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0563-1","url_text":"978-0-8478-0563-1"}]},{"reference":"Gropius, Walter (April 1919). \"Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus\". BauhausManifesto.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://bauhausmanifesto.com/","url_text":"\"Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus\""}]},{"reference":"James-Chakraborty, Kathleen (2022). Bauhaus Effects in Art, Architecture, and Design. Routledge. p. 82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729","url_text":"\"Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau\""}]},{"reference":"Ulm, Ulmer Museum/HfG-Archiv. \"HfG-Archiv Ulm – The HfG Ulm\". www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004220616/http://www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de/english/the_hfg_ulm/","url_text":"\"HfG-Archiv Ulm – The HfG Ulm\""},{"url":"http://www.hfg-archiv.ulm.de/english/the_hfg_ulm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus Dessau\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/","url_text":"\"Bauhaus Dessau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Mathias Schwartz-Clauss, Boisbuchet´s director and program curator\". Domaine de Boisbuchet. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boisbuchet.org/interview-with-mathias-schwartz-clauss-boisbuchets-director-and-program-curator/","url_text":"\"Interview with Mathias Schwartz-Clauss, Boisbuchet´s director and program curator\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009\".","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/718","url_text":"\"UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bauhaus.org.il/about","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus_Foundation_Tel_Aviv","url_text":"Bauhaus Foundation, Tel Aviv"}]},{"reference":"\"100 years Bauhaus: the opening festival\". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726164457/https://www.bauhausfestival.de/en/info/translate-to-english-grusswort/","url_text":"\"100 years Bauhaus: the opening festival\""},{"url":"https://www.bauhausfestival.de/en/info/translate-to-english-grusswort/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus in pictures: The architects exiled by Nazis\". BBC News. 16 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116162301/https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-46863364","url_text":"\"Bauhaus in pictures: The architects exiled by Nazis\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-46863364","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition\". Berlinische Galerie. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190903115033/https://www.berlinischegalerie.de/en/home/","url_text":"\"Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition\""},{"url":"https://www.berlinischegalerie.de/en/home/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Sam. \"Bauhaus' 100th Anniversary Opens Museum Doors\". Forbes. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthabaker1/2019/05/19/bauhaus-100th-anniversary-opens-museum-doors/","url_text":"\"Bauhaus' 100th Anniversary Opens Museum Doors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foundation - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/institution/foundation/","url_text":"\"Foundation - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauhaus Museum Dessau\". Apollo Magazine. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apollo-magazine.com/art-diary/bauhaus-museum-dessau/","url_text":"\"Bauhaus Museum Dessau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\" (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/institution/chronology/","url_text":"\"Chronology - Institution - Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau\""}]},{"reference":"\"Physical Education at The Bauhaus 1919 33 | PDF\". Scribd. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/330743705/Physical-Education-at-the-Bauhaus-1919-33","url_text":"\"Physical Education at The Bauhaus 1919 33 | PDF\""}]},{"reference":"\"100th Anniversary of Bauhaus Doodle\". Google Doodles. 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://doodles.google/doodle/100th-anniversary-of-bauhaus/","url_text":"\"100th Anniversary of Bauhaus Doodle\""}]},{"reference":"Oskar Schlemmer (1972). Tut Schlemmer (ed.). The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer. Translated by Krishna Winston. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-4047-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lettersdiariesof0000schl","url_text":"The Letters and Diaries of Oskar Schlemmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-4047-1","url_text":"0-8195-4047-1"}]},{"reference":"Stefan Boness (2012). Tel Aviv – The White City. Berlin: Jovis. ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-75-4","url_text":"978-3-939633-75-4"}]},{"reference":"Magdalena Droste, Peter Gossel, ed. (2005). Bauhaus. Taschen America LLC. ISBN 3-8228-3649-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-3649-4","url_text":"3-8228-3649-4"}]},{"reference":"Marty Bax (1991). Bauhaus Lecture Notes 1930–1933. Theory and practice of architectural training at the Bauhaus, based on the lecture notes made by the Dutch ex-Bauhaus student and architect J.J. van der Linden of the Mies van der Rohe curriculum. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura. ISBN 90-71570-04-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-71570-04-5","url_text":"90-71570-04-5"}]},{"reference":"Anja Baumhoff (2001). The Gendered World of the Bauhaus. The Politics of Power at the Weimar Republic's Premier Art Institute, 1919–1931. Frankfurt, New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-37945-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37945-5","url_text":"3-631-37945-5"}]},{"reference":"Boris Friedewald (2009). Bauhaus. Munich, London, New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-4200-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-4200-9","url_text":"978-3-7913-4200-9"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Weill-Rochant (2008). Rita H. Gans (ed.). Bauhaus: Architektur in Tel Aviv (in French and German). Zurich: Kiriat Yearim.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Catherine Weill-Rochant (April 2009). The Tel-Aviv School : a constrained rationalism. DOCOMOMO journal (Documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peder Anker (2010). From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3551-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pxCFWUWvHE4C","url_text":"From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3551-8","url_text":"978-0-8071-3551-8"}]},{"reference":"Kirsten Baumann (2007). Bauhaus Dessau: Architecture Design Concept. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939633-11-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-11-2","url_text":"978-3-939633-11-2"}]},{"reference":"Monika Markgraf, ed. (2007). Archaeology of Modernism: Renovation Bauhaus Dessau. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-83-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936314-83-0","url_text":"978-3-936314-83-0"}]},{"reference":"Torsten Blume / Burghard Duhm (Eds.) (2008). Bauhaus.Theatre.Dessau: Change of Scene. Berlin: JOVIS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936314-81-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936314-81-6","url_text":"978-3-936314-81-6"}]},{"reference":"Eric Cimino (2003). Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919–1933 (M.A.). Boston: UMass-Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/27783104","url_text":"Student Life at the Bauhaus, 1919–1933"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, M. Jean (September 2019). \"Lessons of the Bauhaus\". Journal of Interior Design. 44 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1111/joid.12158. ISSN 1071-7641. S2CID 201241249.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/joid.12158","url_text":"\"Lessons of the Bauhaus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoid.12158","url_text":"10.1111/joid.12158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1071-7641","url_text":"1071-7641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201241249","url_text":"201241249"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany celebrates the Bauhaus Centenary\". Bauhaus Kooperation. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200620092755/https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-centenary/","url_text":"\"Germany celebrates the Bauhaus Centenary\""},{"url":"https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-centenary","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"100 years of Bauhaus\". Bauhaus Kooperation. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027112352/https://www.bauhausfestival.de/en/info/","url_text":"\"100 years of Bauhaus\""},{"url":"https://www.bauhausfestival.de/en/info","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary definition for Bauhaus\". Tate art. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/b/bauhaus","url_text":"\"Glossary definition for Bauhaus\""}]},{"reference":"Gropius, Walter. \"Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus\". Design Museum of Chicago. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://bauhausmanifesto.com/","url_text":"\"Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fostinum: Photographs and art from the Bauhaus\". The Fostinum. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fostinum.org/bauhaus.html","url_text":"\"Fostinum: Photographs and art from the Bauhaus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus student work, 1919–1933\". J. Paul Getty Trust. hdl:10020/cifa850514. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifa850514","url_text":"\"Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus student work, 1919–1933\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10020%2Fcifa850514","url_text":"10020/cifa850514"}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus typography collection, 1919–1937\". J. Paul Getty Trust. hdl:10020/cifa850513. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifa850513","url_text":"\"Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus typography collection, 1919–1937\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10020%2Fcifa850513","url_text":"10020/cifa850513"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Story_Begins:_New_and_Selected_Stories
Our Story Begins: New and Selected Stories
["1 Selected Stories","2 New Stories","3 Critical reception","4 References"]
2008 collection of short stories by Tobias Wolff Our Story Begins: New and Selected Stories is a collection of thirty-one short stories by Tobias Wolff published in 2008. The collection is divided into two sections: Selected Stories and New Stories. It also contains a brief preface titled "A Note from the Author" in which Wolff defends his decision to edit some of the previously published stories. Selected Stories The Selected Stories section contains twenty-one previously published stories. The table of contents in the collection just lists the story titles. Below, these are given as well as the volume in which they were previously published or collected: From In the Garden of the North American Martyrs: "In the Garden of the North American Martyrs" "Next Door" "Hunters in the Snow" "The Liar" From Back in the World (1985) "Soldier's Joy" "The Rich Brother" "Leviathan" "Desert Breakdown" "Say Yes" From The Night in Question (1996): "Mortals" "Flyboys" "Sanity" "The Other Miller" "Two Boys and a Girl" "The Chain" "Smorgasbord" "Lady's Dream" "Powder" "The Night in Question" "Firelight" "Bullet in the Brain" New Stories The New Stories section contains ten stories: "That Room" "Awaiting Orders" (from The New Yorker, July 25, 2005) "A White Bible" "Her Dog" (from The Walrus, November 2006) "A Mature Student" "The Deposition" (from The New Yorker, January 29, 2006) "Down to Bone" "Nightingale" (from The New Yorker, January 6, 1997) "The Benefit of the Doubt" (from The New Yorker, July 6, 2003) "Deep Kiss" Critical reception In "Eyes Wide Open", Liesl Schillinger, writing for the New York Times, said of the collection "In these and other stories about husbands and wives, rich kids and poor kids, military men and working mothers, compromised academics and callous businessmen, all brought by circumstance to some crux of moral reckoning Wolff's voice is unfailingly authentic, while his embrace of the variety of American experience is knowing, forgiving and all-encompassing." The Kirkus review spoke of the "impressive range" of Wolff's subjects which are "distilled into crisp, urgent little dramas." The reviewer identified "Richard Yates, Raymond Carver and Robert Stone" as contemporary writers whose work Wolff's most resembles, saying "Like their best work, his own exhibits classic richness and depth" References ^ "Eyes Wide Open". New York Times. March 30, 2008. ^ "Our Story Begins". Kirkus Reviews. March 1, 2008.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Eyes Wide Open\". New York Times. March 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/books/review/Schillinger-t.html","url_text":"\"Eyes Wide Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Story Begins\". Kirkus Reviews. March 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tobias-wolff/our-story-begins/","url_text":"\"Our Story Begins\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Woolley
Ken Woolley
["1 Architectural career","2 Notable projects","3 Significant projects","4 Architecture awards","5 Personal Achievements","6 Architecture competition winning schemes","7 Exhibitions","8 Publications","9 Writings","10 See also","11 Notes","12 External links"]
Sydney based Australian architect Ken WoolleyBornKenneth Frank Charles Woolley(1933-05-29)29 May 1933Died25 November 2015(2015-11-25) (aged 82)Sydney, AustraliaNationalityAustralianOccupationArchitectKnown forPettit & Sevitt houses, Ancher Mortlock Woolley architecture firm and the Sydney School DNA-inspired helical staircase, part of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research building designed by Ken Woolley Kenneth Frank Charles Woolley AM, BArch, Hon DSc Arch Sydney LFRAIA, FTSE, (29 May 1933 – 25 November 2015) was an Australian architect. In a career spanning 60 years, he is best known for his contributions to project housing with Pettit and Sevitt, four time Wilkinson Award-winning architect, including three times for his own house, the first being the 1962 Woolley House in Mosman, and his longstanding partnership with Sydney Ancher and Bryce Mortlock. He is regarded as being a prominent figure in the development of the Sydney School movement and Australian vernacular building. Architectural career Ken Woolley was born in Sydney on 29 May 1933. He attended Sydney Boys High School and studied architecture at the University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning, graduating in 1955. On graduation, he worked in the Government Architects Branch of the New South Wales Public Works Department. During this time he was the design architect for the Fisher Library at the University of Sydney and the State Office Block on Macquarie Street (now demolished). He joined Ancher Mortlock Murray & Woolley in 1964, just prior to Ancher's retirement. This practice has received all the major architectural awards and created numerous outstanding buildings which include the Australian Embassy in Bangkok, Town Hall House Sydney, the Park Hyatt at Campbell's Cove, the ABC Radio and Orchestra Centre at Ultimo, the Victorian State Library, the Control Tower at Sydney Airport, the Olympics and RAS Dome Exhibition and Indoor Sports Halls, the Olympic Hockey Stadium, the Sydney Convention Centre, Darling Harbour and the refurbishment of the Queen Victoria Building. The most recent recognition was to the State Library of Victoria with the 2006 Lachlan Macquarie Award for Heritage Architecture. Notable projects A Pettit and Sevitt project house designed by Ken Woolley. Woolley took on a growing number of outside projects while still working with the Government Architect. He generated a reputation in the field of housing, winning a low cost competition for an exhibition house with Michael Dysart, in 1958. Consequently, both architects were invited to submit designs for a display village of model project houses in Carlingford, in 1961, proving to be a successful event that signalled the architect designed project house to be a welcome alternative to the individually designed and standard range houses of the time. He began a working relationship with the project housing company, Pettit and Sevitt, the same year, creating house types of high quality design and construction. "Split Level", "Lowline" and other early forms incorporated design principles through simple lines, natural features and an emphasis on functionalism. They were widely affordable due to the standardised usage of materials: brick veneer construction, Gyprock plasterboard interior wall cladding, Monier concrete tiles and Stegbar aluminium windows. They often used basic grids, rectangular planes, and flat roofs, and were always firmly grounded with room to be easily adapted to various sites and terrains. These sophisticated types underwent various levels of modifications as they were marketed through display villages and later sold to individual buyers, who had a consultation with the architect to discuss the interior and exterior details, as a part of the service. Through these modifications based on the clients' needs and clever marketing, these houses gained an unprecedented popularity with prominent architects worldwide. An axonometric drawing detailing the sidestepping walls of the Woolley House in Mosman. At the completion of his own home, the Woolley House in Mosman in 1962, a work he would become most famous for, Ken Woolley emerged as a leading figure in a regional romantic movement often referred to as Sydney School. This evolving movement combined the influence of organic architecture, brutalism and the arts and crafts movement together with elements of the International Style, and came to embody the harmonious relationships between man and nature as intimate domestic spaces in the Australian bushland. The basis of the Woolley House design was derived from a series of garden terraces, most of which were covered by sections of timber roof sloping parallel to the land. A geometric order was applied to the plan as a series of 12-foot square units that combine to make up the main central space. Natural materials were exploited, with neutral colour schemes of dark tiles, western red cedar boarding and panelling, and painted bricks, creating a feeling of warmth in the house. The open plan living spaces were connected with volumes containing variations of ceiling height and changes in direction, enabling floor areas to be narrow but for the feeling of space to still be maximised. The house won RAIA’s Wilkinson Award the same year it was completed. The house was gifted to the University of NSW in 2016 by the Hesketh family. Woolley joined the existing partnership of Sydney Ancher, Bryce Mortlock and Stuart Murray in 1964, and with Murray leaving the practice in 1975, as Ancher Mortlock & Woolley, the team went on to establish a reputation in the design of special purpose buildings. Notable examples are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Ultimo Centre, the RAS Dome and Exhibition Hall and the Olympic Hockey Stadium at Homebush. The Penthouses, New Beach Road, Darling Point, 1968. In addition, Ken Woolley worked on notable concrete buildings (Newcastle University Union building and Macquarie University Union building), multi-housing projects (The Penthouses, Darling Point 1967) and buildings of structure and technology (Town Hall House and the Guided Missile Launching System Repair Facility), with many of them picking up various esteemed awards over the following two decades. Among his many notable buildings in Sydney are the headquarters of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Ultimo, the Garvan Institute of Medical Research building in Darlinghurst (featuring an iconic DNA-inspired helical staircase), University of Sydney's Fisher Library, the Park Hyatt Sydney, the former State Office Block, Sydney Airport Air Traffic Control Tower and buildings at Sydney Olympic Park. He also worked on stages of State Library Victoria and the Australian Embassy in Bangkok. Woolley was awarded the highest architectural honour in Australia when he received the RAIA Gold Medal in 1993. Significant projects Design Architect, Government Architect's Office 1955 St. Margaret’s Hospital Chapel, Crown Street, Darlinghurst 1956 Chemistry School, University of Sydney, with H.Rembert & P.Webber 1957–1962 Fisher Library, University of Sydney 1960–1965 State Office Block, Macquarie Street, completed 1967 1962 Lidcombe State Hospital Recreation Hall & Chapel Professional practice with Ancher Mortlock and Woolley 1962 Woolley House, Mosman 1962–1977 3500 Pettit & Sevitt houses 1965–1988 Student Unions at Macquarie, Newcastle and Sydney Universities 1968 The Penthouses, Rushcutters Bay 1971 Town Hall House, Sydney, and Sydney Square collaboration 1972 Government Housing, Canberra, 600 houses 1972–1982 1973 New Australian Embassy, Bangkok. Completed 1978 1977 Port Vila, Vanuatu, & Honiara, Solomon Islands, Radio Broadcasting Stations 1979 Institute of Criminology Canberra, (competition winner). Unbuilt 1980 Woolley House, Cooper Street, Paddington 1980–1983 GMLS Assembly and Overhaul Building, Garden Island 1982 Australian Federal Police Headquarters, Canberra. Unbuilt 1983 National Archives Headquarters, Canberra. Unbuilt 1984 Commonwealth Law Courts, Parramatta 1984–1986 Woolley House, Palm Beach 1985 Exhibition Glass Houses, The Arc, Royal Botanic Gardens 1985 Sydney Space Theatre, Power House Museum, Sydney. Unbuilt 1986 Hotel at the Opera House, Sydney. Unbuilt 1987 Australia Pavilion, Expo 88 Brisbane 1987 Park Hyatt Hotel at Campbell’s Cove, Circular Quay, Sydney 1988 ABC Radio and Orchestra Centre, Sydney 1988 Walsh Bay Waterfront Redevelopment, Sydney. Unbuilt 1988 Australia Hellenic War Memorial, Canberra 1989 Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra, Urban Design elements 1989 Urban Design Controls Civic, Central area, City Hill, Canberra 1990 Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead 1991 Exhibition & Sports Halls for Olympics 2000 Bid, Homebush Bay 1992 Medium density tropical housing for South Pacific Forum, Nouméa 1992 Sand River Golf Club original design, Shenzhen, China 1993 Control Tower, Sydney Airport 1994 Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 1994 Heritage refurbishment and courtyard infill, Education Department, Bridge Street, Sydney 1995 Bloodbank, Parramatta 1995 Woolley House, Stewart Street, Paddington. Alterations and additions 1996 Exhibition Hall Dome & Olympic 2000 Indoor Sports halls, Homebush Bay 1997 Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre: Link Expansion, Darling Harbour 1998 Hockey Stadium, Olympics 2000, Homebush Bay 1999 Burswood International Resort Casino expansion, Perth, Western Australia 2004 Queen Victoria Building, Sydney. Refurbishment 2004 Proposal for a Sydney Music Shell in the Domain 2005 Park Hyatt Hotel, Circular Quay. Rooftop suites extension 2005 Project Housing, model houses for Landcom, Hoxton Park, Sydney 2005 Completion of State Library of Victoria, from 1985 onwards 2007 Revival of Pettit & Sevitt project houses. 3 new designs 2008 Design for Hindley Street Hotel, Adelaide, with John Diekman 2008–2014 Proposal for Large New Opera Theatre at Sydney Opera House 2009 Completion of Queen Victoria. Refurbishment 2011 Northbourne Ave, Canberra, Sydney Ancher’s 1960 housing. 2011 Refurbishment and intensification 2012 Second Proposal for a Sydney Music Shell in the Domain Monograph: Australian Architects: Ken Woolley – RAIA 1985 A.S.Hook RAIA Gold Medal Address Sydney 1994 'State of the Art' Walter Burley Griffin Memorial Lecture Canberra 1997 'Give Art a Chance' Address 'A Pitch of Magnificence' Academy of Technological Science & Engineering, 2001 Architecture awards Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture 1986, Cadets Mess, ADFA, Canberra Medallion Robin Boyd Award 1987, Woolley House, Palm Beach Lachlan Macquarie Award for Heritage Architecture 2005, State Library of Victoria, Adaptive Reuse & Infill Buildings National Award for Enduring Architecture 2022, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman (1962) New South Wales Enduring Architecture Award 2022, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman (1962) Wilkinson Award 1962, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman 1968, The Penthouses, Rushcutters Bay 1982, Woolley House, Paddington 1987, Woolley House, Palm Beach Sir John Sulman Medal 1963, Fisher Library, University of Sydney, whilst Government Design Architect – Government Architect & T.O'Mahony Joint Architects Blacket Award for Country Buildings 1967, University of Newcastle Union 1969, Staff House, University of Newcastle 1987, 'The Anchorage', Tweed Heads Chapter Award 2005, RAIA Victorian Chapter Heritage Award Civic Design Award 1978, Sydney Square, Sydney Project House Awards 1967–1977 Pettit & Sevitt, total of 14 awards Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture 1997, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Canberra 2002, RAIA Headquarters (AWM), Red Hill, Canberra (1967) 2010, F.C. Pye Field Environment Laboratory CSIRO, Canberra Merit Awards for Residential, Commercial, Public, Civic or Adaptive Reuse 1972, Wentworth Building, University of Sydney 1976, Public Housing, Macquarie Fields 1979, Sydney Town Hall Complex 1980, Gardens Restaurant, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney 1980–1983 GMLS Assembly and Overhaul Building, Garden Island 1981, Woolley House, Paddington 1981, GMLS Workshop, Garden Island, Sydney 1982, Amenities Building, Garden Island, Sydney 1982, Sydney Square (with Noel Bell-Ridley Smith) 1984, Mormon Church, Leura 1991, Park Hyatt Hotel, Campbell’s Cove, Sydney 1992, ABC Radio and Orchestral Centre, Ultimo, Sydney 1993, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead Personal Achievements 1988, Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 1993, Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal 2001, Fellow of the Academy of Technological Science and Engineering 2003, Centenary of Federation Medal for services to structural engineering Architecture competition winning schemes 1958 Taubmans Australian 'Low Cost' House Competition, with Michael Dysart 1966 Daily Telegraph House 1976 Holsworthy Village Centre, Lend Lease 1979 Institute of Criminology, Canberra, NCDC 1980 Linley Cove Lend Lease Housing Development, Lane Cove 1983 Gateway, Circular Quay, Ideas Competition 1983 National Archives, Canberra, NCDC 1986 Victorian State Library and Museum, Melbourne. 1987 Australian/Hellenic War Memorial Competition, Canberra, ACT 1987 Campbell’s Cove Hotel Competition, Circular Quay, Sydney 1988 Walsh Bay Foreshore Development, jointly 1991 Limited Competition, Royal Botanic Gardens Centre For more comprehensive project list, biography, bibliography, publications see 'Ken Woolley & Ancher Mortlock & Woolley' ISBN 1 86470 0246 The Images Publishing Group. Exhibitions 1963 Sulman and Wilkinson Awards Exhibition, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Sydney. 1964 RAIA Members Exhibition, Sydney. 1967 Australian Exhibition, Expo Montreal and 1968–1982 RAIA Awards Exhibitions, Sydney and 1987–93. 1946–1976 Ancher Mortlock Murray and Woolley, Sydney Architects. 1970 Australian Exhibition, Expo Osaka, Japan. 1976 Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney and Australian Tour, 1977. 1980 Engehurst Exhibition RAIA, Pleasures of Architecture Conference. 1983 Competition for the Quay, Sydney, Exhibition at RAIA Sydney Convention. 1983–1985 'Old Continent New Building', International Travelling Exhibition. 1985 'Australian Architects, Ken Woolley', Art Gallery of New South Wales. 1985 'Australian Built, Responding to the Place', Art Gallery of New South Wales. 1985 Triennale of World Architecture, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 1986 State Library Victoria and Museum Competition Exhibition, Melbourne. 1987 Powerhouse Museum, 'Australia by Design' Exhibition. 1989 Sydney Harbour Foreshore Development Exhibition, RAIA. 1992 Australian Design Excellence, Australian Academy of Design and Foreign Affairs Department, Manila and South East Asia. 1993 Powerhouse Museum, Design of the 50s. 2002 Drawings by Ken Woolley, New England Regional Art Museum. 2003 RAIA Gallery, Tusculum. 2009 Exhibition drawings, 'Process' University of Sydney Tinsheds Gallery. 2011 Peter Pinson Gallery. Drawings of Paris. 2012 Peter Pinson Gallery, Etchings. 2013 Simon Chan Gallery, Architects collection of drawings. 2014 Simon Chan Gallery, Architects collection of drawings. Publications Monograph: Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985 A.S.Hook RAIA Gold Medal Address,State of the Art, Sydney, 1994 Walter Burley Griffin Memorial Lecture,Give Art a Chance, Canberra, 1997 Monograph: The Master Architect Series IV Ken Woolley and Ancher Mortlock & Woolley Selected and Current Works, 1999 Address A Pitch of Magnificence Academy of Technological Science & Engineering, 2001 Architect and Artist, Drawings by Ken Woolley, published by Images, 2002 Author, Reviewing the Performance, The Design of the Sydney Opera House, Watermark Press, 2010 Author Making Marks, Drawings by Ken Woolley, Watermark Press, 2013 Writings "Monograph: The Master Architect Series IV Ken Woolley and Ancher Mortlock & Woolley Selected and Current Works 1999" "Art Works – Drawings by Ken Woolley". Published by Images, Exhibition, 2002. "Reviewing the Performance, The Design of the Sydney Opera House" Ken Woolley. Watermark Press, 2010 "Making Marks, Drawings by Ken Woolley" Watermark Press, 2013 See also Sydney Ancher Bryce Mortlock Woolley House Wilkinson Award Australian Institute of Architects Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal Member of the Order of Australia Notes ^ Ancher/Mortlock/Woolley website Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-04-14. ^ Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985. pp. 15 ^ a b Archive relating to Pettit & Sevitt project homes, 1962–1977 Retrieved 2010-04-14. ^ Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985. pp. 17 ^ Saunders, Alan (23 June 2010). "A Conversation with Ken Woolley". Interview. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 2 January 2011. ^ "Canberra House", RAIA Headquarters, 2A Mugga Way, Red Hill, Canberra, retrieved 22 May 2023 External links Ken Woolley at Ancher/Mortlock/Wooley website Our house: histories of Australian homes, Australian Heritage Council website Woolley House at Sydney Architecture website Archive relating to Pettit & Sevitt project homes, 1962–1977 at Powerhouse Museum website Baudish House Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists ULAN Other IdRef
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In a career spanning 60 years, he is best known for his contributions to project housing with Pettit and Sevitt, four time Wilkinson Award-winning architect, including three times for his own house, the first being the 1962 Woolley House in Mosman, and his longstanding partnership with Sydney Ancher and Bryce Mortlock. He is regarded as being a prominent figure in the development of the Sydney School movement and Australian vernacular building.[1]","title":"Ken Woolley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Boys High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Boys_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"School of Architecture, Design and Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney_School_of_Architecture,_Design_and_Planning"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Public_Works_Department"},{"link_name":"State Office Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Office_Block"},{"link_name":"Town Hall House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall_House"},{"link_name":"State Library of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria"}],"text":"Ken Woolley was born in Sydney on 29 May 1933. He attended Sydney Boys High School and studied architecture at the University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning, graduating in 1955. On graduation, he worked in the Government Architects Branch of the New South Wales Public Works Department. During this time he was the design architect for the Fisher Library at the University of Sydney and the State Office Block on Macquarie Street (now demolished). He joined Ancher Mortlock Murray & Woolley in 1964, just prior to Ancher's retirement. This practice has received all the major architectural awards and created numerous outstanding buildings which include the Australian Embassy in Bangkok, Town Hall House Sydney, the Park Hyatt at Campbell's Cove, the ABC Radio and Orchestra Centre at Ultimo, the Victorian State Library, the Control Tower at Sydney Airport, the Olympics and RAS Dome Exhibition and Indoor Sports Halls, the Olympic Hockey Stadium, the Sydney Convention Centre, Darling Harbour and the refurbishment of the Queen Victoria Building. The most recent recognition was to the State Library of Victoria with the 2006 Lachlan Macquarie Award for Heritage Architecture.","title":"Architectural career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woolley_project_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerhousemuseum.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powerhousemuseum.com-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woolley_mosman_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woolley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"},{"link_name":"Sydney School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_School"},{"link_name":"organic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_architecture"},{"link_name":"brutalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalism"},{"link_name":"arts and crafts movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Award"},{"link_name":"Homebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Penthouses_Darling_Point.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newcastle University Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University_Students%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvan_Institute_of_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"helical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney's Fisher Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Library"},{"link_name":"Park Hyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hyatt"},{"link_name":"Sydney Airport Air Traffic Control Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Airport_Air_Traffic_Control_Tower"},{"link_name":"State Library Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Conversation_with_Ken_Woolley-5"}],"text":"A Pettit and Sevitt project house designed by Ken Woolley.Woolley took on a growing number of outside projects while still working with the Government Architect. He generated a reputation in the field of housing, winning a low cost competition for an exhibition house with Michael Dysart, in 1958. Consequently, both architects were invited to submit designs for a display village of model project houses in Carlingford, in 1961, proving to be a successful event that signalled the architect designed project house to be a welcome alternative to the individually designed and standard range houses of the time.He began a working relationship with the project housing company, Pettit and Sevitt, the same year, creating house types of high quality design and construction.[2] \"Split Level\", \"Lowline\" and other early forms incorporated design principles through simple lines, natural features and an emphasis on functionalism. They were widely affordable due to the standardised usage of materials: brick veneer construction, Gyprock plasterboard interior wall cladding, Monier concrete tiles and Stegbar aluminium windows. They often used basic grids, rectangular planes, and flat roofs, and were always firmly grounded with room to be easily adapted to various sites and terrains.[3] These sophisticated types underwent various levels of modifications as they were marketed through display villages and later sold to individual buyers, who had a consultation with the architect to discuss the interior and exterior details, as a part of the service. Through these modifications based on the clients' needs and clever marketing, these houses gained an unprecedented popularity with prominent architects worldwide.[3]An axonometric drawing detailing the sidestepping walls of the Woolley House in Mosman.At the completion of his own home, the Woolley House in Mosman in 1962, a work he would become most famous for, Ken Woolley emerged as a leading figure in a regional romantic movement often referred to as Sydney School. This evolving movement combined the influence of organic architecture, brutalism and the arts and crafts movement together with elements of the International Style, and came to embody the harmonious relationships between man and nature as intimate domestic spaces in the Australian bushland. The basis of the Woolley House design was derived from a series of garden terraces, most of which were covered by sections of timber roof sloping parallel to the land. A geometric order was applied to the plan as a series of 12-foot square units that combine to make up the main central space. Natural materials were exploited, with neutral colour schemes of dark tiles, western red cedar boarding and panelling, and painted bricks, creating a feeling of warmth in the house. The open plan living spaces were connected with volumes containing variations of ceiling height and changes in direction, enabling floor areas to be narrow but for the feeling of space to still be maximised. The house won RAIA’s Wilkinson Award the same year it was completed. The house was gifted to the University of NSW in 2016 by the Hesketh family.Woolley joined the existing partnership of Sydney Ancher, Bryce Mortlock and Stuart Murray in 1964, and with Murray leaving the practice in 1975, as Ancher Mortlock & Woolley, the team went on to establish a reputation in the design of special purpose buildings. Notable examples are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Ultimo Centre, the RAS Dome and Exhibition Hall and the Olympic Hockey Stadium at Homebush.The Penthouses, New Beach Road, Darling Point, 1968.In addition, Ken Woolley worked on notable concrete buildings (Newcastle University Union building and Macquarie University Union building), multi-housing projects (The Penthouses, Darling Point 1967) and buildings of structure and technology (Town Hall House and the Guided Missile Launching System Repair Facility), with many of them picking up various esteemed awards over the following two decades.[4]\nAmong his many notable buildings in Sydney are the headquarters of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Ultimo, the Garvan Institute of Medical Research building in Darlinghurst (featuring an iconic DNA-inspired helical staircase), University of Sydney's Fisher Library, the Park Hyatt Sydney, the former State Office Block, Sydney Airport Air Traffic Control Tower and buildings at Sydney Olympic Park. He also worked on stages of State Library Victoria and the Australian Embassy in Bangkok.[5]Woolley was awarded the highest architectural honour in Australia when he received the RAIA Gold Medal in 1993.","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"State Office Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Office_Block"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Lidcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidcombe"},{"link_name":"Woolley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"}],"text":"Design Architect, Government Architect's Office1955 St. Margaret’s Hospital Chapel, Crown Street, Darlinghurst\n1956 Chemistry School, University of Sydney, with H.Rembert & P.Webber\n1957–1962 Fisher Library, University of Sydney\n1960–1965 State Office Block, Macquarie Street, completed 1967\n1962 Lidcombe State Hospital Recreation Hall & ChapelProfessional practice with Ancher Mortlock and Woolley1962 Woolley House, Mosman\n1962–1977 3500 Pettit & Sevitt houses\n1965–1988 Student Unions at Macquarie, Newcastle and Sydney Universities\n1968 The Penthouses, Rushcutters Bay\n1971 Town Hall House, Sydney, and Sydney Square collaboration\n1972 Government Housing, Canberra, 600 houses 1972–1982\n1973 New Australian Embassy, Bangkok. Completed 1978\n1977 Port Vila, Vanuatu, & Honiara, Solomon Islands, Radio Broadcasting Stations\n1979 Institute of Criminology Canberra, (competition winner). Unbuilt\n1980 Woolley House, Cooper Street, Paddington\n1980–1983 GMLS Assembly and Overhaul Building, Garden Island\n1982 Australian Federal Police Headquarters, Canberra. Unbuilt\n1983 National Archives Headquarters, Canberra. Unbuilt\n1984 Commonwealth Law Courts, Parramatta\n1984–1986 Woolley House, Palm Beach\n1985 Exhibition Glass Houses, The Arc, Royal Botanic Gardens\n1985 Sydney Space Theatre, Power House Museum, Sydney. Unbuilt\n1986 Hotel at the Opera House, Sydney. Unbuilt\n1987 Australia Pavilion, Expo 88 Brisbane\n1987 Park Hyatt Hotel at Campbell’s Cove, Circular Quay, Sydney\n1988 ABC Radio and Orchestra Centre, Sydney\n1988 Walsh Bay Waterfront Redevelopment, Sydney. Unbuilt\n1988 Australia Hellenic War Memorial, Canberra\n1989 Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra, Urban Design elements\n1989 Urban Design Controls Civic, Central area, City Hill, Canberra\n1990 Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead\n1991 Exhibition & Sports Halls for Olympics 2000 Bid, Homebush Bay\n1992 Medium density tropical housing for South Pacific Forum, Nouméa\n1992 Sand River Golf Club original design, Shenzhen, China\n1993 Control Tower, Sydney Airport\n1994 Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst\n1994 Heritage refurbishment and courtyard infill, Education Department, Bridge Street, Sydney\n1995 Bloodbank, Parramatta\n1995 Woolley House, Stewart Street, Paddington. Alterations and additions\n1996 Exhibition Hall Dome & Olympic 2000 Indoor Sports halls, Homebush Bay\n1997 Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre: Link Expansion, Darling Harbour\n1998 Hockey Stadium, Olympics 2000, Homebush Bay\n1999 Burswood International Resort Casino expansion, Perth, Western Australia\n2004 Queen Victoria Building, Sydney. Refurbishment\n2004 Proposal for a Sydney Music Shell in the Domain\n2005 Park Hyatt Hotel, Circular Quay. Rooftop suites extension\n2005 Project Housing, model houses for Landcom, Hoxton Park, Sydney\n2005 Completion of State Library of Victoria, from 1985 onwards\n2007 Revival of Pettit & Sevitt project houses. 3 new designs\n2008 Design for Hindley Street Hotel, Adelaide, with John Diekman\n2008–2014 Proposal for Large New Opera Theatre at Sydney Opera House\n2009 Completion of Queen Victoria. Refurbishment\n2011 Northbourne Ave, Canberra, Sydney Ancher’s 1960 housing.\n2011\t Refurbishment and intensification\n2012 Second Proposal for a Sydney Music Shell in the DomainMonograph: Australian Architects: Ken Woolley – RAIA 1985A.S.Hook RAIA Gold Medal Address Sydney 1994 'State of the Art'Walter Burley Griffin Memorial Lecture Canberra 1997 'Give Art a Chance'Address 'A Pitch of Magnificence' Academy of Technological Science & Engineering, 2001","title":"Significant projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Zelman_Cowen_Award_for_Public_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Robin Boyd Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Boyd_Award"},{"link_name":"State Library of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"National Award for Enduring Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Award_for_Enduring_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Woolley Hesketh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Enduring Architecture Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Enduring_Architecture_Award"},{"link_name":"Woolley Hesketh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Award"},{"link_name":"Woolley Hesketh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"},{"link_name":"Sir John Sulman Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Sulman_Medal"},{"link_name":"Sir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roy_Grounds_Award_for_Enduring_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture [National Award]1986, Cadets Mess, ADFA, Canberra MedallionRobin Boyd Award [National Award]1987, Woolley House, Palm BeachLachlan Macquarie Award for Heritage Architecture [National Award]2005, State Library of Victoria, Adaptive Reuse & Infill BuildingsNational Award for Enduring Architecture2022, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman (1962)New South Wales Enduring Architecture Award2022, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman (1962)Wilkinson Award [NSW State Award]1962, Woolley Hesketh House, Mosman\n1968, The Penthouses, Rushcutters Bay\n1982, Woolley House, Paddington\n1987, Woolley House, Palm BeachSir John Sulman Medal [NSW State Award]1963, Fisher Library, University of Sydney, whilst Government Design Architect – Government Architect & T.O'Mahony Joint ArchitectsBlacket Award for Country Buildings [NSW State Award]1967, University of Newcastle Union\n1969, Staff House, University of Newcastle\n1987, 'The Anchorage', Tweed HeadsChapter Award [Victoria State Award]2005, RAIA Victorian Chapter Heritage AwardCivic Design Award1978, Sydney Square, SydneyProject House Awards1967–1977 Pettit & Sevitt, total of 14 awardsSir Roy Grounds Award for Enduring Architecture [ACT Award]1997, Seventh Day Adventist Church, Canberra\n2002, RAIA Headquarters (AWM), Red Hill, Canberra (1967)[6]\n2010, F.C. Pye Field Environment Laboratory CSIRO, CanberraMerit Awards for Residential, Commercial, Public, Civic or Adaptive Reuse1972, Wentworth Building, University of Sydney\n1976, Public Housing, Macquarie Fields\n1979, Sydney Town Hall Complex\n1980, Gardens Restaurant, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney\n1980–1983 GMLS Assembly and Overhaul Building, Garden Island\n1981, Woolley House, Paddington\n1981, GMLS Workshop, Garden Island, Sydney\n1982, Amenities Building, Garden Island, Sydney\n1982, Sydney Square (with Noel Bell-Ridley Smith)\n1984, Mormon Church, Leura\n1991, Park Hyatt Hotel, Campbell’s Cove, Sydney\n1992, ABC Radio and Orchestral Centre, Ultimo, Sydney\n1993, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead","title":"Architecture awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects_Gold_Medal"}],"text":"1988, Member of the Order of Australia (AM)\n1993, Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal\n2001, Fellow of the Academy of Technological Science and Engineering\n2003, Centenary of Federation Medal for services to structural engineering","title":"Personal Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1 86470 0246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B86470%2B0246"}],"text":"1958 Taubmans Australian 'Low Cost' House Competition, with Michael Dysart\n1966 Daily Telegraph House\n1976 Holsworthy Village Centre, Lend Lease\n1979 Institute of Criminology, Canberra, NCDC\n1980 Linley Cove Lend Lease Housing Development, Lane Cove\n1983 Gateway, Circular Quay, Ideas Competition\n1983 National Archives, Canberra, NCDC\n1986 Victorian State Library and Museum, Melbourne.\n1987 Australian/Hellenic War Memorial Competition, Canberra, ACT\n1987 Campbell’s Cove Hotel Competition, Circular Quay, Sydney\n1988 Walsh Bay Foreshore Development, jointly\n1991 Limited Competition, Royal Botanic Gardens CentreFor more comprehensive project list, biography, bibliography, publications see 'Ken Woolley & Ancher Mortlock & Woolley' ISBN 1 86470 0246 The Images Publishing Group.","title":"Architecture competition winning schemes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1963 Sulman and Wilkinson Awards Exhibition, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Sydney.\n1964 RAIA Members Exhibition, Sydney.\n1967 Australian Exhibition, Expo Montreal and\n1968–1982 RAIA Awards Exhibitions, Sydney and 1987–93.\n1946–1976 Ancher Mortlock Murray and Woolley, Sydney Architects.\n1970 Australian Exhibition, Expo Osaka, Japan.\n1976 Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney and Australian Tour, 1977.\n1980 Engehurst Exhibition RAIA, Pleasures of Architecture Conference.\n1983 Competition for the Quay, Sydney, Exhibition at RAIA Sydney Convention.\n1983–1985 'Old Continent New Building', International Travelling Exhibition.\n1985 'Australian Architects, Ken Woolley', Art Gallery of New South Wales.\n1985 'Australian Built, Responding to the Place', Art Gallery of New South Wales.\n1985 Triennale of World Architecture, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.\n1986 State Library Victoria and Museum Competition Exhibition, Melbourne.\n1987 Powerhouse Museum, 'Australia by Design' Exhibition.\n1989 Sydney Harbour Foreshore Development Exhibition, RAIA.\n1992 Australian Design Excellence, Australian Academy of Design and Foreign Affairs Department, Manila and South East Asia.\n1993 Powerhouse Museum, Design of the 50s.\n2002 Drawings by Ken Woolley, New England Regional Art Museum.\n2003 RAIA Gallery, Tusculum.\n2009 Exhibition drawings, 'Process' University of Sydney Tinsheds Gallery.\n2011 Peter Pinson Gallery. Drawings of Paris.\n2012 Peter Pinson Gallery, Etchings.\n2013 Simon Chan Gallery, Architects collection of drawings.\n2014 Simon Chan Gallery, Architects collection of drawings.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Monograph: Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985\nA.S.Hook RAIA Gold Medal Address,State of the Art, Sydney, 1994\nWalter Burley Griffin Memorial Lecture,Give Art a Chance, Canberra, 1997\nMonograph: The Master Architect Series IV Ken Woolley and Ancher Mortlock & Woolley Selected and Current Works, 1999\nAddress A Pitch of Magnificence Academy of Technological Science & Engineering, 2001\nArchitect and Artist, Drawings by Ken Woolley, published by Images, 2002\nAuthor, Reviewing the Performance, The Design of the Sydney Opera House, Watermark Press, 2010\nAuthor Making Marks, Drawings by Ken Woolley, Watermark Press, 2013","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Monograph: The Master Architect Series IV Ken Woolley and Ancher Mortlock & Woolley Selected and Current Works 1999\"\n\"Art Works – Drawings by Ken Woolley\". Published by Images, Exhibition, 2002.\n\"Reviewing the Performance, The Design of the Sydney Opera House\" Ken Woolley. Watermark Press, 2010\n\"Making Marks, Drawings by Ken Woolley\" Watermark Press, 2013","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ancher/Mortlock/Woolley website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.amwarchitects.com.au/kwoolley.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110903233639/http://www.amwarchitects.com.au/kwoolley.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-powerhousemuseum.com_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-powerhousemuseum.com_3-1"},{"link_name":"Archive relating to Pettit & Sevitt project homes, 1962–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=386550&search=pettit&images=&c=&s="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_Conversation_with_Ken_Woolley_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Conversation with Ken Woolley\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/rn/bydesign/stories/2010/2930873.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Canberra House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canberrahouse.com.au/houses/raia-hq.html"}],"text":"^ Ancher/Mortlock/Woolley website Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-04-14.\n\n^ Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985. pp. 15\n\n^ a b Archive relating to Pettit & Sevitt project homes, 1962–1977 Retrieved 2010-04-14.\n\n^ Australian Architects: Ken Woolley, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, 1985. pp. 17\n\n^ Saunders, Alan (23 June 2010). \"A Conversation with Ken Woolley\". Interview. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 2 January 2011.\n\n^ \"Canberra House\", RAIA Headquarters, 2A Mugga Way, Red Hill, Canberra, retrieved 22 May 2023","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"DNA-inspired helical staircase, part of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research building designed by Ken Woolley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Garvan_Institute_Helical_Staircase.jpg/170px-Garvan_Institute_Helical_Staircase.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Pettit and Sevitt project house designed by Ken Woolley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Woolley_project_house.jpg/220px-Woolley_project_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"An axonometric drawing detailing the sidestepping walls of the Woolley House in Mosman.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Woolley_mosman_house.jpg/220px-Woolley_mosman_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Penthouses, New Beach Road, Darling Point, 1968.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Penthouses_Darling_Point.jpg/220px-The_Penthouses_Darling_Point.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Sydney Ancher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Ancher"},{"title":"Bryce Mortlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Mortlock"},{"title":"Woolley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolley_House"},{"title":"Wilkinson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Award"},{"title":"Australian Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects"},{"title":"Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects_Gold_Medal"},{"title":"Member of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"}]
[{"reference":"Saunders, Alan (23 June 2010). \"A Conversation with Ken Woolley\". Interview. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 2 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bydesign/stories/2010/2930873.htm","url_text":"\"A Conversation with Ken Woolley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canberra House\", RAIA Headquarters, 2A Mugga Way, Red Hill, Canberra, retrieved 22 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canberrahouse.com.au/houses/raia-hq.html","url_text":"\"Canberra House\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_lens
Secondary lens
["1 Lenses used in front of the primary lens","2 Lenses used behind the primary lens","2.1 Teleconverters","2.2 Cross-system adaptors","3 See also"]
"Primary lens" redirects here. For lenses with a fixed-focal length, see prime lens. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Secondary lens" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A fisheye secondary lens that attaches to a phone camera using a magnetic ring, with an example image using the lens In photography, a secondary lens or accessory lens is a lens designed to be used in conjunction with another lens, called the primary lens. A secondary lens may be designed to be used either in front of the primary lens, between it and the subject, or behind the primary lens, between it and the film. Secondary lenses are typically simpler in mechanical design than other photographic lenses. Normally but not always there is no provision for control of focus or aperture, as these are achieved by the controls on the primary lens. Lenses used in front of the primary lens Examples of secondary lenses designed to be used in front of the primary lens are: Fisheye adaptors Corrected wide angle adaptors Telephoto adaptors such as teleside converters Close-up lenses All of these lens typically mount on the filter ring of the primary lens. Front-mounting secondary lenses are commonly used to provide wide-angle and telephoto lenses for cameras which lack the facility to change the primary lens, such as consumer and "prosumer" video cameras and camcorders, bridge cameras, point-and-shoot cameras and some older consumer medium format cameras. Lenses used behind the primary lens Teleconverters Main article: teleconverter The most common secondary lens used behind the primary lens is the teleconverter. A typical teleconverter has a male and a female lens mount of the same type, to allow it to be used between a primary lens and a camera body of the matching system. The resulting combination has a greater focal length than the primary lens alone, and the same absolute aperture, so its f-number is increased accordingly. Some teleconverters are dedicated or matched to particular primary lenses, normally one or more lenses by the same manufacturer as the teleconvertor, and when used in this combination deliver quality comparable to the primary lens. Others are general-purpose, and in use typically offer less image quality then a primary lens of the same quality, but allow a camera kit to offer a wider variety of focal lengths with a smaller number of lenses, saving in both cost and weight. It is not normally possible to construct a similar wide-angle adaptor, as the angle of view of the primary lens is matched to the film format for which is designed, and unwanted light is typically stopped by baffles. Any device similar to a teleconverter designed to use the primary lens for wider angles than those for which it is designed is therefore likely to cause vignetting. Cross-system adaptors Specialised secondary lenses may be used behind the primary lens to adapt a lens of one camera system and/or film format to another. These are called active adaptors or converters. For example, a Pentax screw mount lens cannot normally be mounted on a Nikon F-mount camera, as the Nikon bayonet mount is further from the film plane than the Pentax screw mount, leaving no room for a mount adaptor. However active adaptors are available containing a (not very powerful) teleconverter, which makes the combination mechanically possible, albeit with a small amount of cropping at the image edges and loss of connection of the camera to any lens automation. The optical components of these adaptors may reduce or increase the focal length of the combination, or they may affect only the back focal distance of the combination, leaving the effective focal length for purposes of photographic composition unchanged. See also Barlow lens Convertible lens Objective (optics)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fisheye_phone_lens_collage_with_example_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens"},{"link_name":"focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(optics)"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"}],"text":"\"Primary lens\" redirects here. For lenses with a fixed-focal length, see prime lens.A fisheye secondary lens that attaches to a phone camera using a magnetic ring, with an example image using the lensIn photography, a secondary lens or accessory lens is a lens designed to be used in conjunction with another lens, called the primary lens.A secondary lens may be designed to be used either in front of the primary lens, between it and the subject, or behind the primary lens, between it and the film.Secondary lenses are typically simpler in mechanical design than other photographic lenses. Normally but not always there is no provision for control of focus or aperture, as these are achieved by the controls on the primary lens.","title":"Secondary lens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fisheye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens"},{"link_name":"wide angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle_lens"},{"link_name":"Telephoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto"},{"link_name":"teleside converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleside_converter"},{"link_name":"Close-up lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_lens"},{"link_name":"filter ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_ring"},{"link_name":"prosumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"video cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera"},{"link_name":"camcorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder"},{"link_name":"bridge cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera"},{"link_name":"point-and-shoot cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera"},{"link_name":"medium format cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format_camera"}],"text":"Examples of secondary lenses designed to be used in front of the primary lens are:Fisheye adaptors\nCorrected wide angle adaptors\nTelephoto adaptors such as teleside converters\nClose-up lensesAll of these lens typically mount on the filter ring of the primary lens.Front-mounting secondary lenses are commonly used to provide wide-angle and telephoto lenses for cameras which lack the facility to change the primary lens, such as consumer and \"prosumer\" video cameras and camcorders, bridge cameras, point-and-shoot cameras and some older consumer medium format cameras.","title":"Lenses used in front of the primary lens"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lenses used behind the primary lens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teleconverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleconverter"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"f-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number"},{"link_name":"angle of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view"},{"link_name":"film format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format"},{"link_name":"vignetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting"}],"sub_title":"Teleconverters","text":"The most common secondary lens used behind the primary lens is the teleconverter. A typical teleconverter has a male and a female lens mount of the same type, to allow it to be used between a primary lens and a camera body of the matching system. The resulting combination has a greater focal length than the primary lens alone, and the same absolute aperture, so its f-number is increased accordingly.Some teleconverters are dedicated or matched to particular primary lenses, normally one or more lenses by the same manufacturer as the teleconvertor, and when used in this combination deliver quality comparable to the primary lens. Others are general-purpose, and in use typically offer less image quality then a primary lens of the same quality, but allow a camera kit to offer a wider variety of focal lengths with a smaller number of lenses, saving in both cost and weight.It is not normally possible to construct a similar wide-angle adaptor, as the angle of view of the primary lens is matched to the film format for which is designed, and unwanted light is typically stopped by baffles. Any device similar to a teleconverter designed to use the primary lens for wider angles than those for which it is designed is therefore likely to cause vignetting.","title":"Lenses used behind the primary lens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pentax screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_screw"},{"link_name":"Nikon F-mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_F-mount"},{"link_name":"further from the film plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange_focal_distance"},{"link_name":"back focal distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_focal_distance"}],"sub_title":"Cross-system adaptors","text":"Specialised secondary lenses may be used behind the primary lens to adapt a lens of one camera system and/or film format to another. These are called active adaptors or converters. For example, a Pentax screw mount lens cannot normally be mounted on a Nikon F-mount camera, as the Nikon bayonet mount is further from the film plane than the Pentax screw mount, leaving no room for a mount adaptor. However active adaptors are available containing a (not very powerful) teleconverter, which makes the combination mechanically possible, albeit with a small amount of cropping at the image edges and loss of connection of the camera to any lens automation.The optical components of these adaptors may reduce or increase the focal length of the combination, or they may affect only the back focal distance of the combination, leaving the effective focal length for purposes of photographic composition unchanged.","title":"Lenses used behind the primary lens"}]
[{"image_text":"A fisheye secondary lens that attaches to a phone camera using a magnetic ring, with an example image using the lens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fisheye_phone_lens_collage_with_example_image.jpg/220px-Fisheye_phone_lens_collage_with_example_image.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Barlow lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_lens"},{"title":"Convertible lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible_lens"},{"title":"Objective (optics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_(optics)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Samurai
Black Samurai
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
1977 American filmBlack SamuraiTheatrical posterDirected byAl AdamsonWritten byB. ReadickStarringJim KellyCinematographyLouis HorvathEdited byJim LandisRelease date February 1977 (1977-02) Running time88 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Black Samurai is a 1977 American blaxploitation martial arts spy action adventure film directed by Al Adamson and starring Jim Kelly. Produced by BJLJ International, with Executive Producer Laurence Joachim and screenplay credited to B. Readick, with additional story ideas from Marco Joachim. The film is based on a novel of the same name, by Marc Olden. Plot Robert Sand, agent of D.R.A.G.O.N. (Defense Reserve Agency Guardian Of Nations), is playing tennis on his vacation with a beautiful black girl, when his commanding officers ask him to save a Japanese girl named Toki who happens to be Sand's girlfriend, and the daughter of a top Eastern Ambassador. The ransom for the abduction was the secret for a terrific new weapon - the freeze bomb - but the 'Warlock' behind the deed is also into the business of drug dealing and Voodoo ritual murders. The search takes him from Hong Kong to California through Miami, and plenty of action, against bad men, bad girls, and bad animals. Cast Jim Kelly as Robert Sand Bill Roy as Janicot Roberto Contreras as Chavez Marilyn Joi as Synne Essie Lin Chia as Toki Konuma Biff Yeager as Pines Charles Grant as "Bone" Jace Khan as Jace Erwin Fuller as Bodyguard Grace St. Esprit as Cleo Peter Dane as Farnsworth Felix Silla as Rheinhardt Cowboy Lang as himself Little Tokyo as himself Jerry Marin as Spiro "Shotgun Spiro" Alfonso Walters as Leopard Man Charles Walter Johnson as Leopard Man Regina Carrol as Voodoo Dancer / Party Guest (as Gina Adamson) Jesus Thillet as Martial Arts Fighter Cliff Bowen as Martial Arts Fighter D'Urville Martin (uncredited) Aldo Ray as DRAGON Chief (uncredited) See also Yasuke – a real life black samurai who lived during the Sengoku period of ancient Japanese history Afro Samurai References ^ Ray Lott, M. (January 2004). The American Martial Arts Film - M. Ray Lott. McFarland. ISBN 9780786418367. Retrieved 2015-03-28. ^ Mengel, Bradley (2009-09-16). Serial Vigilantes of Paperback Fiction: An Encyclopedia from Able Team to Z-Comm - Bradley Mengel. McFarland. ISBN 9780786454754. Retrieved 2015-03-28. ^ Locke, Brian (2012-09-18). Racial Stigma on the Hollywood Screen: The Orientalist Buddy Film - Brian Locke. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 9781137295330. Retrieved 2015-03-28. ^ Black Camelot: African-American Culture Heroes in Their Times, 1960-1980 - William L. Van Deburg. University of Chicago Press. 1997. p. 187. ISBN 9780226847160. Retrieved 2015-03-28. JIM KELLY BLACK SAMURAI. External links Black Samurai at IMDb vteFilms directed by Al Adamson Psycho A-Go-Go (1965) Blood of Dracula's Castle (1967) Satan's Sadists (1969) The Female Bunch (1969) Five Bloody Graves (1969) The Fiend with the Electronic Brain (1969) Hell's Bloody Devils (1970) Brain of Blood (1971) Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971) Blood of Ghastly Horror (1971) Angels' Wild Women (1972) Dynamite Brothers (1974) The Naughty Stewardesses (1975) Blazing Stewardesses (1975) Black Heat (1976) Black Samurai (1977) Doctor Dracula (1978) Death Dimension (1978) Carnival Magic (1983) Lost (1983)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blaxploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"action adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Al Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Adamson"},{"link_name":"Jim Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)"},{"link_name":"Marc Olden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Olden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Black Samurai is a 1977 American blaxploitation martial arts spy action adventure film directed by Al Adamson and starring Jim Kelly. Produced by BJLJ International, with Executive Producer Laurence Joachim and screenplay credited to B. Readick, with additional story ideas from Marco Joachim. The film is based on a novel of the same name, by Marc Olden.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Black Samurai"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert Sand, agent of D.R.A.G.O.N. (Defense Reserve Agency Guardian Of Nations), is playing tennis on his vacation with a beautiful black girl, when his commanding officers ask him to save a Japanese girl named Toki who happens to be Sand's girlfriend, and the daughter of a top Eastern Ambassador. The ransom for the abduction was the secret for a terrific new weapon - the freeze bomb - but the 'Warlock' behind the deed is also into the business of drug dealing and Voodoo ritual murders. The search takes him from Hong Kong to California through Miami, and plenty of action, against bad men, bad girls, and bad animals.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)"},{"link_name":"Roberto Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Contreras"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Joi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Joi"},{"link_name":"Essie Lin Chia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie_Lin_Chia"},{"link_name":"Biff Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Yeager"},{"link_name":"Felix Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Silla"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Lang"},{"link_name":"Little Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tokyo_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Regina Carrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Carrol"},{"link_name":"D'Urville Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Urville_Martin"},{"link_name":"Aldo Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Ray"}],"text":"Jim Kelly as Robert Sand\nBill Roy as Janicot\nRoberto Contreras as Chavez\nMarilyn Joi as Synne\nEssie Lin Chia as Toki Konuma\nBiff Yeager as Pines\nCharles Grant as \"Bone\"\nJace Khan as Jace\nErwin Fuller as Bodyguard\nGrace St. Esprit as Cleo\nPeter Dane as Farnsworth\nFelix Silla as Rheinhardt\nCowboy Lang as himself\nLittle Tokyo as himself\nJerry Marin as Spiro \"Shotgun Spiro\"\nAlfonso Walters as Leopard Man\nCharles Walter Johnson as Leopard Man\nRegina Carrol as Voodoo Dancer / Party Guest (as Gina Adamson)\nJesus Thillet as Martial Arts Fighter\nCliff Bowen as Martial Arts Fighter\nD'Urville Martin (uncredited)\nAldo Ray as DRAGON Chief (uncredited)","title":"Cast"}]
[]
[{"title":"Yasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuke"},{"title":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"title":"Afro Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_Samurai"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbridae
Umbridae
["1 Distribution","2 Behavior","3 Relationships","4 References"]
Family of fishes Umbridae Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Esociformes Family: Umbridae Genera † Boltyshia † Palaeoesox † Proumbra Umbra Umbridae is a family of fish in the order Esociformes, which contains pike, pickerel, and mudminnows. The single living genus, Umbra, occupies weed-choked freshwater habitats in eastern North America and eastern Europe. While the family traditionally contained the genera Umbra, Novumbra, and Dallia, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered this grouping as paraphyletic, with Novumbra and Dallia being moved to the family Esocidae. Distribution Umbridae contains three extant species, all within the genus Umbra: Umbra pygmaea, Umbra limi, and Umbra krameri. U. pygmaea can be found across the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. U. limi ranges throughout the Great Lakes region and Mississippi River basin of North America. U. krameri can be found in the Danube and Dniester River basins of Europe. Umbra spp. are most commonly found in the Atlantic coast regions of North America, along the marshy, low-oxygen areas of the Mississippi River, and in similar environments in Europe. All fossil specimens have been recovered from Europe, occupying similar niches to extant species. Behavior Like all esociformes, the extant species of Umbridae are sight-based ambush predators, with umbrids occupying the niche of a bottom-feeding generalist. Diet changes based on seasonal availability, however primarily consists of invertebrates in all extant species. Detritus is also a major stomach content throughout the year as reported in U. pygmaea. During winter months, U. limi has been observed hunting fish. Cannibalism has been observed in at least U. pygmaea. Umbrids, like Dallia and Novumbra, have an extreme tolerance for hypoxic conditions. Umbra has been observed surviving under ice in particularly cold winters, and has the ability to survive desiccation by burrowing tail-first into mud in times of drought. Umbra can breathe atmospheric air using a modified gas bladder to absorb oxygen. Relationships Umbrids have been present in Europe with fossils of the primitive genus Boltyshia dating back to the Paleocene. Following Boltyshia, fossils of Palaeoesox, another primitive genus, entered the known fossil record in the Middle Eocene. In contrast to Boltyshia, Palaeoesox had a much longer stratigraphical range, surviving until possibly the Late Miocene based on otoliths assigned to the genus, though at least the Middle Miocene based on the presence of body fossils. Palaeoesox overlaps its temporal range with Umbra; the two species coexisted within Europe for at least 10 million years, as fossils of the earliest members of the genus Umbra have been recovered during the latest Oligocene. A single species has been assigned to the genus Proumbra, which was recovered in fossil beds dating to the late Oligocene. Genetic work has reported that separation of the European and North American species in the genus Umbra occurred roughly at the end of the Late Cretaceous and earliest half of the Paleogene, at the date of 60.57 million years ago with the 95% highest probability density of 39.57-81.75. The cause of the split in the genus coincides with the separation of the European and North American continents. One of the basalmost genera, Palaeoesox, preserves depressible teeth similar to those of Esox. This trait may have been present in the last common ancestor of Esocidae before the umbrid/esocid split, and is lost today in Umbra, Dallia, and Novumbra. The following cladogram illustrates the relationship between umbrid genera. Esociformes Esocidae Umbridae †Boltyshia †Palaeoesox †Proumbra Umbra References ^ Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. Biologia 52, Suppl. 5:1-271. ^ a b Panek, Frank M.; Weis, Judith S. (March 2013). "Diet of the Eastern Mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea DeKay) from Two Geographically Distinct Populations within the North American Native Range". Northeastern Naturalist. 20 (1): 37–48. doi:10.1656/045.020.0103. ISSN 1092-6194. S2CID 86539743. ^ Jenkins, Jennifer R.; Miller, Brian A. (July 2007). "Shoaling Behavior in the Central Mudminnow (Umbra limi)". The American Midland Naturalist. 158 (1): 226–232. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2007)1582.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0031. S2CID 86075527. ^ Phillips, Gary L.; Schmid, William D.; Underhill, James C. (1982-06-05). Fishes of the Minnesota Region. University of Minnesota Press. doi:10.5749/j.cttts7tk. ISBN 978-0-8166-8169-3. ^ Currie, S.; Bagatto, B.; DeMille, M.; Learner, A.; LeBlanc, D.; Marks, C.; Ong, K.; Parker, J.; Templeman, N.; Tufts, B. L.; Wright, P. A. (January 2010). "Metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and heat shock proteins in the central mudminnow (Umbra limi), a facultative air-breathing fish living in a variable environment". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 88 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1139/z09-117. ISSN 0008-4301. ^ Gaudant, Jean (2012-02-01). "An attempt at the palaeontological history of the European mudminnows (Pisces, Teleostei, Umbridae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 263 (2): 93–109. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2012/0214. ^ Marić, Saša; Stanković, David; Wanzenböck, Josef; Šanda, Radek; Erős, Tibor; Takács, Péter; Specziár, András; Sekulić, Nenad; Bănăduc, Doru; Ćaleta, Marko; Trombitsky, Ilya (May 2017). "Phylogeography and population genetics of the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) with a time-calibrated phylogeny for the family Umbridae". Hydrobiologia. 792 (1): 151–168. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-3051-9. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 7066438. ^ Wilson, Mark V. H.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Neuman, Andrew G. (September 1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (5): 839–846. doi:10.1017/S0022336000020849. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 132270276. Taxon identifiersUmbridae Wikidata: Q917598 Wikispecies: Umbridae ADW: Umbridae BOLD: 1386 CoL: HNV EoL: 5508 EPPO: 1UMBRF Fauna Europaea: 12036 Fauna Europaea (new): 0b56afac-8878-4ef3-99ac-15c76c63af25 GBIF: 7663 iNaturalist: 58651 IRMNG: 114567 ITIS: 162146 NBN: NBNSYS0000161227 NCBI: 30950 Open Tree of Life: 175438 Paleobiology Database: 265823 WoRMS: 154211
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esociformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esociformes"},{"link_name":"Umbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbra_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Novumbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novumbra"},{"link_name":"Dallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallia"},{"link_name":"Esocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esocidae"}],"text":"Umbridae is a family of fish in the order Esociformes, which contains pike, pickerel, and mudminnows. The single living genus, Umbra, occupies weed-choked freshwater habitats in eastern North America and eastern Europe. While the family traditionally contained the genera Umbra, Novumbra, and Dallia, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered this grouping as paraphyletic, with Novumbra and Dallia being moved to the family Esocidae.","title":"Umbridae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Umbridae contains three extant species, all within the genus Umbra: Umbra pygmaea, Umbra limi, and Umbra krameri. U. pygmaea can be found across the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. U. limi ranges throughout the Great Lakes region and Mississippi River basin of North America. U. krameri can be found in the Danube and Dniester River basins of Europe.[1] Umbra spp. are most commonly found in the Atlantic coast regions of North America, along the marshy, low-oxygen areas of the Mississippi River, and in similar environments in Europe. All fossil specimens have been recovered from Europe, occupying similar niches to extant species.[citation needed]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Like all esociformes, the extant species of Umbridae are sight-based ambush predators, with umbrids occupying the niche of a bottom-feeding generalist. Diet changes based on seasonal availability, however primarily consists of invertebrates in all extant species. Detritus is also a major stomach content throughout the year as reported in U. pygmaea.[2] During winter months, U. limi has been observed hunting fish.[3] Cannibalism has been observed in at least U. pygmaea.[2]Umbrids, like Dallia and Novumbra, have an extreme tolerance for hypoxic conditions. Umbra has been observed surviving under ice in particularly cold winters, and has the ability to survive desiccation by burrowing tail-first into mud in times of drought.[4] Umbra can breathe atmospheric air using a modified gas bladder to absorb oxygen.[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boltyshia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boltyshia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaeoesox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeoesox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Proumbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proumbra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Esox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Esociformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esociformes"},{"link_name":"Esocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esocidae"},{"link_name":"Boltyshia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boltyshia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaeoesox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeoesox&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Proumbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proumbra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Umbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbra_(fish)"}],"text":"Umbrids have been present in Europe with fossils of the primitive genus Boltyshia dating back to the Paleocene. Following Boltyshia, fossils of Palaeoesox, another primitive genus, entered the known fossil record in the Middle Eocene. In contrast to Boltyshia, Palaeoesox had a much longer stratigraphical range, surviving until possibly the Late Miocene based on otoliths assigned to the genus, though at least the Middle Miocene based on the presence of body fossils. Palaeoesox overlaps its temporal range with Umbra; the two species coexisted within Europe for at least 10 million years, as fossils of the earliest members of the genus Umbra have been recovered during the latest Oligocene. A single species has been assigned to the genus Proumbra, which was recovered in fossil beds dating to the late Oligocene.[6]Genetic work has reported that separation of the European and North American species in the genus Umbra occurred roughly at the end of the Late Cretaceous and earliest half of the Paleogene, at the date of 60.57 million years ago with the 95% highest probability density of 39.57-81.75. The cause of the split in the genus coincides with the separation of the European and North American continents.[7]One of the basalmost genera, Palaeoesox, preserves depressible teeth similar to those of Esox. This trait may have been present in the last common ancestor of Esocidae before the umbrid/esocid split, and is lost today in Umbra, Dallia, and Novumbra.[8]The following cladogram illustrates the relationship between umbrid genera.Esociformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEsocidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUmbridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Boltyshia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Palaeoesox\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n†Proumbra\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUmbra","title":"Relationships"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_(Simply_Red_song)
Stars (Simply Red song)
["1 Critical reception","2 Chart performance","3 Music video","4 Track listings","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References"]
Simply Red song "Stars"Single by Simply Redfrom the album Stars B-side "Ramblin' on My Mind" "Something Got Me Started" (remix) Released18 November 1991 (1991-11-18)StudioCondulmer (Venice, Italy)Genre Soul pop Length4:08LabelEastWestSongwriter(s)Mick HucknallProducer(s)Stewart LevineSimply Red singles chronology "Something Got Me Started" (1991) "Stars" (1991) "For Your Babies" (1992) Music video"Stars" on YouTube "Stars" is a song by British soul and pop band Simply Red, released in November 1991 as the second single from their fourth album of the same name (1991). Written by lead singer Mick Hucknall and produced by Stewart Levine, it became the first single from the album to enter the UK top 10, reaching number eight in December 1991. Outside the UK, "Stars" reached the top 10 in Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, and Zimbabwe. In the United States, it climbed to number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking the band's last appearance on the listing. Q Magazine included "Stars" in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever" in 2003. The song was featured on the band's compilation albums, Greatest Hits in 1996, Simply Red 25: The Greatest Hits in 2008 and Song Book 1985–2010 in 2013. Critical reception AllMusic editor Jon O'Brien described the song as "wistful dreamy". Billboard magazine viewed it as a "midtempo crooner". Jan DeKnock from Chicago Tribune felt that the group's "move into a funkier groove" suited them well, especially on the "charmingly upbeat" "Stars" and "Something Got Me Started". Writing for CultureSonar in 2018, Ellen Fagan wrote, "This exquisite ballad references a couple who love one another but are unlikely to walk off into the sunset together for various reasons. Because of that, both are destined to walk away reeling. The video released with the song is a vintage '80s masterpiece of surrealism; the whole package emerges as a mournful tune with a yearning, otherworldly feel." A reviewer from Dundee Courier deemed it a "slowie". Dave Tianene from Milwaukee Sentinel remarked that the song features "a delicately soulful vocal". Pan-European magazine Music & Media found that it has numerous allusions, including references to Mick Hucknall's own road to fame and to the stars in the European flag. They added, "This soulful pop song confirms the position of the red-headed singer at the top, close to the galactic stars." In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue stated that Hucknall "hits those notes with perfection in the chorus, resulting in a wonderfully warm and catchy track." Karla Peterson from The Press-Courier declared it as "swooning" and "one of the most open-hearted love songs Hucknall has ever written." In 2014, Luke Turner from The Quietus remarked that the song itself "holds up wonderfully", adding that "there's not a huge amount going on, but that's what makes it work: piano, terrific drums, layers of vocals, and a load of bonus hints of chorus snuck in amongst the verses." Richard Paton from Toledo Blade complimented it as a "soulful groove". Johnny Dee from Smash Hits said it is "superb". Chart performance "Stars" became a top-10 hit in Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, where the single peaked at number eight during its third week on the UK Singles Chart. It entered the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland, as well as the top 30 in France and the top 40 in Sweden (32). On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Stars" peaked at number 19 on 18 January 1991. Outside Europe, the single reached number eight in Zimbabwe, number 17 in Canada, number 29 in Australia, number 32 in New Zealand and number 44 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In 2013, the song charted in Japan, where it peaked at number 49 on the Japan Hot 100. "Stars" received a platinum record in the United Kingdom, with sales and streams of over 600,000 units. Music video The accompanying music video for "Stars" was released in November 1991 and features Hucknall wandering around a desert surrounded by large gold stars with close-ups of him and a woman. It was directed by Zanna and edited by Marc Eskenazi. Track listings 7-inch, cassette, and mini-CD single "Stars" – 4:08 "Stars" (PM-ized mix) – 4:12 12-inch single A1. "Stars" (Comprende mix) A2. "Stars" (PM-ized mix) B1. "Ramblin' on My Mind" B2. "Something Got Me Started" (Hurley's house mix) CD single "Stars" "Ramblin' on My Mind" "Stars" (Comprende mix) "Something Got Me Started" (Hurley's house mix) 1993 mini-CD single "Stars" "Thrill Me" (Stewart Levine's club mix) Credits and personnel Credits are lifted from the Stars album booklet. Studios Recorded at Condulmer Recording Studio (Venice, Italy) Mixed at Conway Studios (Los Angeles) Mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Los Angeles) Simply Red Mick Hucknall – words, music, vocals, backing vocals, co-production Fritz McIntyre – additional vocals, keyboards Tim Kellett – keyboards Heitor Pereira – guitars Ian Kirkham – saxophone Gota Yashiki – drums, percussion, programs Shaun Ward – bass guitar Other personnel Stewart Levine – production Daren Klein – mixing, engineering Sandro Franchin – assistant engineering Marnie Riley – assistant mix engineering Bernie Grundman – mastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (1991–1992) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 29 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 18 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 16 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 17 Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) 4 Denmark (IFPI) 9 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 19 France (SNEP) 24 Germany (Official German Charts) 19 Ireland (IRMA) 13 Italy (Musica e dischi) 2 Luxembourg (Radio Luxembourg) 4 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 15 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 15 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 32 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 32 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 11 UK Singles (OCC) 8 UK Dance (Music Week) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 44 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 8 US Pop (Radio and Records) 24 Zimbabwe (ZIMA) 8 Chart (2013) Peakposition Japan (Japan Hot 100) 49 Year-end charts Chart (1991) Position UK Singles (OCC) 89 Chart (1992) Position Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) 35 Germany (Official German Charts) 65 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 35 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 600,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United Kingdom 18 November 1991 7-inch vinyl12-inch vinylCD EastWest Japan 21 December 1991 Mini-CD EastWest Japan 25 March 1993 References ^ "Q - 1001 best songs ever (2003)". ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Simply Red - 25: The Greatest Hits". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 March 2020. ^ DeKnock, Jan (14 November 1991). "Recordings". Chicago Tribune. ^ Fagan, Ellen (20 December 2018). "Holding Back Nothing: Simply Red's Top 10 Songs". CultureSonar. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ Dundee Courier. 9 January 1992. p. 12. ^ Tianene, Dave (25 October 1991). "Simply Red gambles and wins". Milwaukee Sentinel. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 30 November 1991. p. 12. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Review: "Stars" by Simply Red (CD, 1991)". Pop Rescue. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2020. ^ Peterson, Karla (10 June 1992). "Simply Red embraces soul, R 'n' B, reggae". The Press-Courier. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ^ Turner, Luke (4 August 2014). "Absolved! The Quietus Writers' 50 Favourite Guilt-Free Pleasures". The Quietus. Retrieved 21 April 2020. ^ Paton, Richard (10 November 1991). "Sounds: "Stars" Simply Red". Toledo Blade. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2020. ^ Dee, Johnny (15 April 1992). "Singles". Smash Hits. p. 52. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "Simply Red: Stars (1991)". IMDb. Retrieved 9 August 2020. ^ Stars (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626, 9031-75801-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (UK cassette single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626 C.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Japan. 1991. WMD5-4087.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ626T, 9031-75802-0.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (UK CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626 CD, 9031-76150-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Japan. 1993. AMDE-5105.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Stars (UK CD album booklet). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. 9031-75284-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Simply Red – Stars". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2054." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 6828." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 9, no. 3. 18 January 1992. p. 30. Retrieved 21 March 2018. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 9, no. 3. 18 January 1992. p. 30. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "Simply Red – Stars" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Stars". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 29 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Simply Red". ^ Radio Luxembourg Singles, 8 December 1991 ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 2, 1992" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Simply Red – Stars". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "Top 60 Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 30 November 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 28 September 2020. ^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. 14 March 1992. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "Adult Contemporary". Billboard. 21 March 1992. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1992/RR-1992-03-27.pdf ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000 ^ "Simply Red Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 23 May 2020. ^ "1991 Top 100 Singles". Music Week. 11 January 1992. p. 20. ^ "The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary tracks of 1992". RPM. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via Library and Archives Canada. ^ "Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1992" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 31 July 2019. ^ "1992 The Year in Music" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 52. 26 December 1992. p. YE-38. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "British single certifications – Simply Red – Stars". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 October 2023. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 16 November 1991. p. 21. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "スターズ | シンプリー・レッド" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "スターズ | シンプリー・レッド" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 27 January 2024. vteSimply Red singlesPicture Book "Money's Too Tight (to Mention)" "Holding Back the Years" Men and Women "The Right Thing" "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye" A New Flame "It's Only Love" "If You Don't Know Me by Now" "A New Flame" "You've Got It" Stars "Something Got Me Started" "Stars" "For Your Babies" "Thrill Me" "Your Mirror" Life "Fairground" "Remembering the First Time" "Never Never Love" "We're in This Together" Greatest Hits "Angel" Blue "Night Nurse" "Say You Love Me" "The Air That I Breathe" Love and the Russian Winter "Ain't That a Lot of Love" Home "Sunrise" "Fake" "You Make Me Feel Brand New" Simplified "Perfect Love"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Simply Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_Red"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_(Simply_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"Mick Hucknall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Hucknall"},{"link_name":"Stewart Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Levine"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Q Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Simply_Red_album)"},{"link_name":"Simply Red 25: The Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_Red_25:_The_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"Song Book 1985–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Book_1985%E2%80%932010"}],"text":"\"Stars\" is a song by British soul and pop band Simply Red, released in November 1991 as the second single from their fourth album of the same name (1991). Written by lead singer Mick Hucknall and produced by Stewart Levine, it became the first single from the album to enter the UK top 10, reaching number eight in December 1991. Outside the UK, \"Stars\" reached the top 10 in Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, and Zimbabwe. In the United States, it climbed to number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking the band's last appearance on the listing.Q Magazine included \"Stars\" in their list of the \"1001 Best Songs Ever\" in 2003.[1] The song was featured on the band's compilation albums, Greatest Hits in 1996, Simply Red 25: The Greatest Hits in 2008 and Song Book 1985–2010 in 2013.","title":"Stars (Simply Red song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Something Got Me Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Got_Me_Started"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellenfagan-4"},{"link_name":"Dundee Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_Courier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"Mick Hucknall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Hucknall"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Press-Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press-Courier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Toledo Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"AllMusic editor Jon O'Brien described the song as \"wistful dreamy\".[2] Billboard magazine viewed it as a \"midtempo crooner\". Jan DeKnock from Chicago Tribune felt that the group's \"move into a funkier groove\" suited them well, especially on the \"charmingly upbeat\" \"Stars\" and \"Something Got Me Started\".[3] Writing for CultureSonar in 2018, Ellen Fagan wrote, \"This exquisite ballad references a couple who love one another but are unlikely to walk off into the sunset together for various reasons. Because of that, both are destined to walk away reeling. The video released with the song is a vintage '80s masterpiece of surrealism; the whole package emerges as a mournful tune with a yearning, otherworldly feel.\"[4] A reviewer from Dundee Courier deemed it a \"slowie\".[5] Dave Tianene from Milwaukee Sentinel remarked that the song features \"a delicately soulful vocal\".[6]Pan-European magazine Music & Media found that it has numerous allusions, including references to Mick Hucknall's own road to fame and to the stars in the European flag. They added, \"This soulful pop song confirms the position of the red-headed singer at the top, close to the galactic stars.\"[7] In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue stated that Hucknall \"hits those notes with perfection in the chorus, resulting in a wonderfully warm and catchy track.\"[8] Karla Peterson from The Press-Courier declared it as \"swooning\" and \"one of the most open-hearted love songs Hucknall has ever written.\"[9] In 2014, Luke Turner from The Quietus remarked that the song itself \"holds up wonderfully\", adding that \"there's not a huge amount going on, but that's what makes it work: piano, terrific drums, layers of vocals, and a load of bonus hints of chorus snuck in amongst the verses.\"[10] Richard Paton from Toledo Blade complimented it as a \"soulful groove\".[11] Johnny Dee from Smash Hits said it is \"superb\".[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"platinum record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"}],"text":"\"Stars\" became a top-10 hit in Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, where the single peaked at number eight during its third week on the UK Singles Chart. It entered the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland, as well as the top 30 in France and the top 40 in Sweden (32). On the Eurochart Hot 100, \"Stars\" peaked at number 19 on 18 January 1991. Outside Europe, the single reached number eight in Zimbabwe, number 17 in Canada, number 29 in Australia, number 32 in New Zealand and number 44 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In 2013, the song charted in Japan, where it peaked at number 49 on the Japan Hot 100. \"Stars\" received a platinum record in the United Kingdom, with sales and streams of over 600,000 units.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The accompanying music video for \"Stars\" was released in November 1991 and features Hucknall wandering around a desert surrounded by large gold stars with close-ups of him and a woman. It was directed by Zanna[13][better source needed] and edited by Marc Eskenazi.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"PM-ized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.M._Dawn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ramblin' on My Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramblin%27_on_My_Mind"},{"link_name":"Something Got Me Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Got_Me_Started"},{"link_name":"Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_%22Silk%22_Hurley"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Thrill Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrill_Me_(Simply_Red_song)"},{"link_name":"Stewart Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Levine"}],"text":"7-inch, cassette, and mini-CD single[14][15][16]\n\"Stars\" – 4:08\n\"Stars\" (PM-ized mix) – 4:12\n12-inch single[17]\nA1. \"Stars\" (Comprende mix)\nA2. \"Stars\" (PM-ized mix)\nB1. \"Ramblin' on My Mind\"\nB2. \"Something Got Me Started\" (Hurley's house mix)\n\n\nCD single[18]\n\"Stars\"\n\"Ramblin' on My Mind\"\n\"Stars\" (Comprende mix)\n\"Something Got Me Started\" (Hurley's house mix)\n1993 mini-CD single[19]\n\"Stars\"\n\"Thrill Me\" (Stewart Levine's club mix)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Conway Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Recording_Studios"},{"link_name":"Bernie Grundman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Grundman"},{"link_name":"Mick Hucknall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Hucknall"},{"link_name":"Fritz McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Tim Kellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kellett"},{"link_name":"Heitor Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitor_Pereira"},{"link_name":"Ian Kirkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kirkham"},{"link_name":"Gota Yashiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_Yashiki"}],"text":"Credits are lifted from the Stars album booklet.[20]StudiosRecorded at Condulmer Recording Studio (Venice, Italy)\nMixed at Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\nMastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Los Angeles)Simply Red\n\nMick Hucknall – words, music, vocals, backing vocals, co-production\nFritz McIntyre – additional vocals, keyboards\nTim Kellett – keyboards\nHeitor Pereira – guitars\nIan Kirkham – saxophone\nGota Yashiki – drums, percussion, programs\nShaun Ward – bass guitar\n\n\nOther personnel\n\nStewart Levine – production\nDaren Klein – mixing, engineering\nSandro Franchin – assistant engineering\nMarnie Riley – assistant mix engineering\nBernie Grundman – mastering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stars_(Simply_Red_song)&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Simply_Red-21"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Simply_Red-22"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Simply_Red-23"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-24"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadaadultcontemporary_-25"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Simply_Red-28"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Simply_Red-29"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-30"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Radio Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-33"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Simply_Red-34"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Simply_Red-35"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Simply_Red-36"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Simply_Red-37"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-38"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Radio and Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_and_Records"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardjapanhot100_Simply_Red-44"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stars_(Simply_Red_song)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1991–1992)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[21]\n\n29\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[22]\n\n18\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[23]\n\n16\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[24]\n\n17\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[25]\n\n4\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[26]\n\n9\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[27]\n\n19\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[28]\n\n24\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[29]\n\n19\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[30]\n\n13\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[31]\n\n2\n\n\nLuxembourg (Radio Luxembourg)[32]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[33]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[34]\n\n15\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[35]\n\n32\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[36]\n\n32\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[37]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[38]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Dance (Music Week)[39]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[40]\n\n44\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[41]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Pop (Radio and Records)[42]\n\n24\n\n\nZimbabwe (ZIMA)[43]\n\n8\n\n\n\nChart (2013)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[44]\n\n49\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1991)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[45]\n\n89\n\n\n\nChart (1992)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[46]\n\n35\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[47]\n\n65\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[48]\n\n35","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Q - 1001 best songs ever (2003)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muzieklijstjes.nl/Q1001bestsongsever.htm","url_text":"\"Q - 1001 best songs ever (2003)\""}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Jon. \"Simply Red - 25: The Greatest Hits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/25-the-greatest-hits-mw0000805511","url_text":"\"Simply Red - 25: The Greatest Hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Fagan, Ellen (20 December 2018). \"Holding Back Nothing: Simply Red's Top 10 Songs\". CultureSonar. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culturesonar.com/holding-back-nothing-simply-reds-top-10-songs/","url_text":"\"Holding Back Nothing: Simply Red's Top 10 Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. 30 November 1991. p. 12. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-11-30.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"Stars\" by Simply Red (CD, 1991)\". Pop Rescue. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://poprescue.com/2015/10/16/pop-rescue-stars-by-simply-red-cd-1991/","url_text":"\"Review: \"Stars\" by Simply Red (CD, 1991)\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Karla (10 June 1992). \"Simply Red embraces soul, R 'n' B, reggae\". The Press-Courier. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QS5LAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"Simply Red embraces soul, R 'n' B, reggae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press-Courier","url_text":"The Press-Courier"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Luke (4 August 2014). \"Absolved! The Quietus Writers' 50 Favourite Guilt-Free Pleasures\". The Quietus. Retrieved 21 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/15896-guilt-free-pleasures-songs-list","url_text":"\"Absolved! The Quietus Writers' 50 Favourite Guilt-Free Pleasures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Paton, Richard (10 November 1991). \"Sounds: \"Stars\" Simply Red\". Toledo Blade. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ellPAAAAIBAJ","url_text":"\"Sounds: \"Stars\" Simply Red\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade","url_text":"Toledo Blade"}]},{"reference":"Dee, Johnny (15 April 1992). \"Singles\". Smash Hits. p. 52. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/49357846707/in/album-72157712591994456/","url_text":"\"Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits","url_text":"Smash Hits"}]},{"reference":"\"Simply Red: Stars (1991)\". IMDb. Retrieved 9 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0953055/?ref_=tt_ov_dr","url_text":"\"Simply Red: Stars (1991)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Stars (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626, 9031-75801-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_Red","url_text":"Simply Red"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastWest_Records","url_text":"EastWest Records"}]},{"reference":"Stars (UK cassette single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626 C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stars (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Japan. 1991. WMD5-4087.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stars (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ626T, 9031-75802-0.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stars (UK CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. YZ 626 CD, 9031-76150-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stars (Japanese mini-CD single liner notes). Simply Red. EastWest Japan. 1993. AMDE-5105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stars (UK CD album booklet). Simply Red. EastWest Records. 1991. 9031-75284-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_(Simply_Red_album)","url_text":"Stars"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 9, no. 3. 18 January 1992. p. 30. Retrieved 21 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-01-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 9, no. 3. 18 January 1992. p. 30. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-01-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_Dischi","url_text":"Musica e Dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 60 Dance Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 30 November 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-11-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 60 Dance Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. 14 March 1992. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1992-03-14/","url_text":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Contemporary\". Billboard. 21 March 1992. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-contemporary/1992-03-21/","url_text":"\"Adult Contemporary\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Top 100 Singles\". Music Week. 11 January 1992. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary tracks of 1992\". RPM. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.1824&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.1824.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.1824","url_text":"\"The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary tracks of 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1992\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 31 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1992","url_text":"\"Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 The Year in Music\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 52. 26 December 1992. p. YE-38. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-12-26.pdf","url_text":"\"1992 The Year in Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Simply Red – Stars\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/6250-666-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Simply Red – Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 16 November 1991. p. 21. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-11-16.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\" [Stars | Simply Red] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/79977/products/302683/1/","url_text":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\" [Stars | Simply Red] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/79977/products/39820/1/","url_text":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\""}]}]
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The Quietus Writers' 50 Favourite Guilt-Free Pleasures\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ellPAAAAIBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Sounds: \"Stars\" Simply Red\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/57779449@N02/49357846707/in/album-72157712591994456/","external_links_name":"\"Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0953055/?ref_=tt_ov_dr","external_links_name":"\"Simply Red: Stars (1991)\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2054&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2054.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2054","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 2054"},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6828&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6828.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6828","external_links_name":"Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 6828"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-01-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-01-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2367","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Stars","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","external_links_name":"\"Classifiche\""},{"Link":"http://www.umdmusic.com/default.asp?Lang=English&Chart=F","external_links_name":"Radio Luxembourg Singles, 8 December 1991"},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/1992/week-2","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 2, 1992"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Simply+Red&titel=Stars&cat=s","external_links_name":"Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19911214/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-11-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top 60 Dance Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1992-03-14/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/adult-contemporary/1992-03-21/","external_links_name":"\"Adult Contemporary\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1992/RR-1992-03-27.pdf","external_links_name":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1992/RR-1992-03-27.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Simply-Red/chart-history/JPN","external_links_name":"\"Simply Red Chart History (Japan Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.1824&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.1824.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.1824","external_links_name":"\"The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary tracks of 1992\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1992","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts 1992\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1992/Billboard-1992-12-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1992 The Year in Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/6250-666-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Simply Red – Stars\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-11-16.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/79977/products/302683/1/","external_links_name":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\""},{"Link":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/79977/products/39820/1/","external_links_name":"\"スターズ | シンプリー・レッド\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite_(mineral)
Samsonite (mineral)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Sulfosalt mineral Ag₄MnSb₂S₆ SamsoniteSamsonite crystal from its type locality Samson Mine, St. Andreasberg, Harz, GermanyGeneralCategorySulfosalt mineralsFormula(repeating unit)Ag4MnSb2S6Strunz classification2.GA.15Crystal systemMonoclinicCrystal classPrismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol)Space groupP21/nUnit cella = 10.3861(6) Å b = 8.1108(7) Å c = 6.663(7) Å β = 92.639(12)°; Z = 2IdentificationColorBlackMohs scale hardness2+1⁄2LusterMetallicDiaphaneityOpaqueSpecific gravity5.461 (calculated)References Samsonite is a silver manganese antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula Ag4MnSb2S6. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with a typical slender radiating prismatic habit. It is metallic black to steel black with no cleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. In thin fragments it appears reddish brown in transmitted light and also leaves a red streak. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 5.51. It was first named in 1910 after an occurrence in the Samson Vein of the Sankt Andreasberg silver mines, Harz Mountains, Germany. See also Earth sciences portal Classification of minerals List of minerals Samsonite (luggage brand) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsonite (Mineral). ^ Mindat.org ^ Webmineral data ^ Mineral Data Publishing - PDF Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 393–395 vteManganese mineralsBorates Sussexite Tusionite Carbonates Ankerite Kutnohorite Rhodochrosite Manganoan calcite OxidesSimple Hausmannite Manganite Manganosite Nsutite Pyrolusite Mixed Birnessite Bixbyite Ferrocolumbite Ferrotantalite Galaxite Jacobsite Manganotantalite Psilomelane (calvonigrite) Romanèchite Tantalite Todorokite Umber Phosphates Childrenite Graftonite Lithiophilite Natrophilite Purpurite Triplite Triploidite Zanazziite Silicates Babingtonite Braunite Brownleeite Calderite Chloritoid Eudialyte Glaucochroite Jeffersonite Knebelite Ottrelite Piemontite Pyroxferroite Rhodonite Spessartine Sugilite Tephroite Zakharovite Zircophyllite Sulfides Alabandite Hauerite Rambergite Other Axinite (borosilicate) Geigerite (arsenate) Manganese nodule (various) Samsonite (sulfosalt) Zincobotryogen (sulfate) Wolframite (tungstate) Hübnerite (tungstate) Minerals portal This article about a specific sulfide mineral is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"sulfosalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfosalt"},{"link_name":"Ag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"Mn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"Sb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"monoclinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclinic"},{"link_name":"crystal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_system"},{"link_name":"cleavage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)"},{"link_name":"conchoidal fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture"},{"link_name":"Mohs hardness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardness"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"Samson Vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Pit"},{"link_name":"Sankt Andreasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Andreasberg"},{"link_name":"Harz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Samsonite is a silver manganese antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula Ag4MnSb2S6. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with a typical slender radiating prismatic habit. It is metallic black to steel black with no cleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. In thin fragments it appears reddish brown in transmitted light and also leaves a red streak. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 5.51.It was first named in 1910 after an occurrence in the Samson Vein of the Sankt Andreasberg silver mines, Harz Mountains, Germany.","title":"Samsonite (mineral)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Earth sciences portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences"},{"title":"Classification of minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_minerals_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals"},{"title":"Samsonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-3516.html","external_links_name":"Mindat.org"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Samsonite.shtml","external_links_name":"Webmineral data"},{"Link":"http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/samsonite.pdf","external_links_name":"Mineral Data Publishing - PDF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsonite_(mineral)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Sports_World
Rendezvous Sports World
["1 Franchise history","2 References","3 External links"]
Cricket franchise in the Indian Premier League Rendezvous Sports World Private LimitedCompany typeHolding companyIndustrySportsSports servicesFounded2009FounderKisan GaikwadPushpa GaikwadPradeep GaikwadKey peopleKisan GaikwadRevenue (2020)Operating income (2020)Net income (2020)Total assets (2020)OwnerKisan GaikwadPushpa GaikwadPradeep Gaikwad(100%)Number of employees229 (2020)SubsidiariesKochi Tuskers Kerala (100%)WebsiteOfficial website Rendezvous Sports World Private Limited (RSW) was a cricket franchise in the Indian Premier League which had 100% of equity on Kochi IPL Team. Rendezvous Sports World Limited is a consortium made up of multiple companies. It had made the winning bid of USD 333 million in a global invitation to tender process called by the IPL for two new franchises from IPL season 2011. In April 2010, it threatened to sue IPL commissioner Lalit Modi for breaking confidentiality terms by disclosing details of the stakeholders in the new Kochi IPL team on the micro-blogging website Twitter. Franchise history The auction for expanding the initial eight franchises for the Indian Premier League was held on 22 March 2010. The cities involved were Pune, Ahmedabad, Kochi, Nagpur, Kanpur, Dharamsala, Visakhapatnam, Rajkot, Cuttack, Vadodara, Indore and Gwalior. Two new teams were selected out of 12 cities. Sahara Group made the highest bid in the auction and chose to base its team in Pune, at the cost of US$370m (₹1702 crore). Rendezvous Sports World made the second highest bid of US$333.2m (₹1533 crores), and elected to base its team in Kochi. The two new franchises were sold for a combined sum greater than the combined purchase price of the original eight franchises. References ^ "Indian Premier League | IPLT20 Two new franchises revealed". Iplt20.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010. ^ "Rendezvous Sports World threatens to sue Modi - Rediff.com Sports". Cricket.rediff.com. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010. ^ "Sahara Pune Warriors' IPL contract terminated by BCCI". Dnaindia.com. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2019. ^ "Pune and Kochi to join 2011 IPL". BBC. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Pune, Kochi named new IPL teams, Times of India External links Who is Rendezvous Sports World Limited Who owns Rendezvous Sports World - IPL Kochi Franchise Tharoor inspired Rendezvous Sports to bid for Kochi This article about an Indian company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kochi IPL Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_IPL_Team"},{"link_name":"invitation to tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_for_bids"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lalit Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalit_Modi"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rendezvous Sports World Private Limited (RSW) was a cricket franchise in the Indian Premier League which had 100% of equity on Kochi IPL Team. Rendezvous Sports World Limited is a consortium made up of multiple companies. It had made the winning bid of USD 333 million in a global invitation to tender process called by the IPL for two new franchises from IPL season 2011.[1]In April 2010, it threatened to sue IPL commissioner Lalit Modi for breaking confidentiality terms by disclosing details of the stakeholders in the new Kochi IPL team on the micro-blogging website Twitter.[2]","title":"Rendezvous Sports World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi,_India"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Kanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur"},{"link_name":"Dharamsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Rajkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkot"},{"link_name":"Cuttack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttack"},{"link_name":"Vadodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Sahara Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rendezvous Sports World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Sport-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_IPL-5"}],"text":"The auction for expanding the initial eight franchises for the Indian Premier League was held on 22 March 2010. The cities involved were Pune, Ahmedabad, Kochi, Nagpur, Kanpur, Dharamsala, Visakhapatnam, Rajkot, Cuttack, Vadodara, Indore and Gwalior. Two new teams were selected out of 12 cities. Sahara Group made the highest bid in the auction and chose to base its team in Pune, at the cost of US$370m (₹1702 crore).[3] Rendezvous Sports World made the second highest bid of US$333.2m (₹1533 crores), and elected to base its team in Kochi.[4] The two new franchises were sold for a combined sum greater than the combined purchase price of the original eight franchises.[5]","title":"Franchise history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Indian Premier League | IPLT20 Two new franchises revealed\". Iplt20.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725092540/http://www.iplt20.com/announcements_detail.php?id=940&cfilter=most_recent&ifilter=&offset=26&category=announcements&searchDate=&search_teams=&search_player=&celebrity=&author=&search_title=","url_text":"\"Indian Premier League | IPLT20 Two new franchises revealed\""},{"url":"http://www.iplt20.com/announcements_detail.php?id=940&cfilter=most_recent&ifilter=&offset=26&category=announcements&searchDate=&search_teams=&search_player=&celebrity=&author=&search_title=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rendezvous Sports World threatens to sue Modi - Rediff.com Sports\". Cricket.rediff.com. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/13/ipl-2010-rendezvous-sports-world-threatens-to-sue-modi.htm","url_text":"\"Rendezvous Sports World threatens to sue Modi - Rediff.com Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sahara Pune Warriors' IPL contract terminated by BCCI\". Dnaindia.com. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-sahara-pune-warriors-ipl-contract-terminated-by-bcci-1909172","url_text":"\"Sahara Pune Warriors' IPL contract terminated by BCCI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pune and Kochi to join 2011 IPL\". BBC. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8578606.stm","url_text":"\"Pune and Kochi to join 2011 IPL\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudivio_Zacchia
Laudivio Zacchia
["1 Early life","2 Ecclesiastic career","3 Bid to remove Pope Urban VIII","4 References"]
Italian Catholic Cardinal His EminenceLaudivio ZacchiaCardinal-Priest of San Pietro in VincoliChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAppointed17 September 1629Term ended30 August 1637PredecessorLuigi CapponiSuccessorAntonio Marcello BarberiniOrdersOrdination26 July 1605by Pietro AldobrandiniConsecration28 August 1605by Pietro AldobrandiniCreated cardinal19 January 1626by Pope Urban VIIIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn1565Vezzano, Kingdom of Piedmont-SardiniaDied30 August 1637 (aged 71-72)Rome, Papal StatesBuriedSanta Maria sopra MinervaParentsGaspare ZacchiaVeronica de' NobiliPrevious post(s)Bishop of Montefiascone (1605-30)Bishop of Corneto (1605-30)Prefect of the Apostolic Palace (1624-26)Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto (1626-29)Alma materUniversity of Pisa Laudivio Zacchia (1565 – 30 August 1637) was an Italian Catholic cardinal. Early life Zacchia was born in 1565 at the Castle of Vezzano, the son of Gaspare Zacchia and Veronica de' Nobili, of the signori of Vezzano. It was not Zacchia's original intention to serve an ecclesiastic life. He originally married Laura Biassa and had a son and a daughter; Felice Zacchia (mother of Cardinal Paolo Emilio Rondinini). However, after his wife died, he left Vezzano and went to Rome to aid his brother, Cardinal Paolo Emilio Zacchia. There he worked in the Roman Curia and later became pro-treasurer of the Apostolic Chamber and later its commissary-general. Ecclesiastic career On 17 August 1605 he was named bishop of Montefiascone, a bishopric which had previously been held by his brother. Both undertook works on the cathedral there. During the papacy of Pope Paul V, Zacchia was named vice-legate in Viterbo and vice-legate of the province of the Patrimony. Pope Gregory XV appointed Zacchia as nuncio to Venice, where he served from 1621 until December 1623. In 1626, Pope Urban VIII made him a cardinal in the consistory of 19 January 1626 and he was named cardinal-priest at San Sisto Vecchio the following month, then opted for the title of San Pietro in Vincoli in 1629. Between 1631 and his death in 1637, Zacchia was named crown-cardinal of the Republic of Genoa. Zacchia was one of three cardinals who did not subscribe to the condemnation of Galileo in 1633. Bid to remove Pope Urban VIII According to his contemporary John Bargrave, in 1636 members of the Spanish faction of the College of Cardinals were so horrified by the conduct of Pope Urban VIII that they conspired to have him arrested and imprisoned (or killed) so that they could replace him with a new pope; namely Zacchia. When Urban travelled to Castel Gandolfo to rest, the members of the Spanish faction met in secret and discussed ways to progress their plan. But they were discovered and the pope raced back to Rome where he immediately held a consistory and demanded to know who the new pope was. To put an end to the conspiracy, the pope decreed that all cardinal-bishops should leave Rome and return to their own churches. As it was, Zacchia died the following year, in 1637, and was buried in the chapel of Saint Domenico at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. References ^ S. Miranda: Laudivio Zacchia ^ Catholic Hierarchy: Laudivio Cardinal Zacchia ^ Achille Gennarelli, "Istruzione al vescovo di Montefiascone che nel 1621 recavasi nunzio a Venezia," Archivio storico italiano, nuova serie, Vol. 7 (1858), pp. 3-35. ^ a b Pope Alexander the Seventh and the College of Cardinals by John Bargrave, edited by James Craigie Robertson (reprint; 2009) ^ Note: Bargrave describes Zacchia as the uncle of Paolo Emilio Rondinini when in fact the younger cardinal was his grandson. Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Czech Republic Poland Vatican People Italian People Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-1"}],"text":"Laudivio Zacchia (1565 – 30 August 1637) was an Italian Catholic cardinal.[1]","title":"Laudivio Zacchia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle of Vezzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezzano_Ligure"},{"link_name":"Paolo Emilio Rondinini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Rondinini"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Paolo Emilio Zacchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Emilio_Zacchia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Chamber"},{"link_name":"commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissary"}],"text":"Zacchia was born in 1565 at the Castle of Vezzano, the son of Gaspare Zacchia and Veronica de' Nobili, of the signori of Vezzano.It was not Zacchia's original intention to serve an ecclesiastic life. He originally married Laura Biassa and had a son and a daughter; Felice Zacchia (mother of Cardinal Paolo Emilio Rondinini). However, after his wife died, he left Vezzano and went to Rome to aid his brother, Cardinal Paolo Emilio Zacchia. There he worked in the Roman Curia and later became pro-treasurer of the Apostolic Chamber and later its commissary-general.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bishop of Montefiascone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Montefiascone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"vice-legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Patrimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_patrimony"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuncio"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"cardinal-priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-priest"},{"link_name":"San Sisto Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"San Pietro in Vincoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli"},{"link_name":"crown-cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown-cardinal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"}],"text":"On 17 August 1605 he was named bishop of Montefiascone, a bishopric which had previously been held by his brother.[2] Both undertook works on the cathedral there.During the papacy of Pope Paul V, Zacchia was named vice-legate in Viterbo and vice-legate of the province of the Patrimony. Pope Gregory XV appointed Zacchia as nuncio to Venice, where he served from 1621 until December 1623.[3]In 1626, Pope Urban VIII made him a cardinal in the consistory of 19 January 1626 and he was named cardinal-priest at San Sisto Vecchio the following month, then opted for the title of San Pietro in Vincoli in 1629.Between 1631 and his death in 1637, Zacchia was named crown-cardinal of the Republic of Genoa.Zacchia was one of three cardinals who did not subscribe to the condemnation of Galileo in 1633.","title":"Ecclesiastic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bargrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bargrave"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bargrave-4"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Castel Gandolfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bargrave-4"},{"link_name":"Saint Domenico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria sopra Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva"}],"text":"According to his contemporary John Bargrave, in 1636 members of the Spanish faction of the College of Cardinals were so horrified by the conduct of Pope Urban VIII that they conspired to have him arrested and imprisoned (or killed) so that they could replace him with a new pope; namely Zacchia.[4][unreliable source?][5] When Urban travelled to Castel Gandolfo to rest, the members of the Spanish faction met in secret and discussed ways to progress their plan. But they were discovered and the pope raced back to Rome where he immediately held a consistory and demanded to know who the new pope was. To put an end to the conspiracy, the pope decreed that all cardinal-bishops should leave Rome and return to their own churches.[4]As it was, Zacchia died the following year, in 1637, and was buried in the chapel of Saint Domenico at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome.","title":"Bid to remove Pope Urban VIII"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimble-footed_mouse
Nimble-footed mouse
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Biology","4 References"]
Species of rodent Nimble-footed mouse Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Neotominae Genus: Peromyscus Species: P. levipes Binomial name Peromyscus levipesMerriam, 1898 The nimble-footed mouse (Peromyscus levipes) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in Mexico. Description The nimble-footed mouse has a typical mouse-like appearance, and closely resembles other members of the Peromyscus boylii species group, from some of which it can only be distinguished by genetic analysis. It has tawny or buff fur over most of the body, with dusky hairs and white or creamy-white under parts. There is a ring of darker fur around the eyes, and sometimes on the muzzle, and often a faint blackish line down the middle of the back. Adults range from 18 to 22 cm (7.1 to 8.7 in) in total length, a little over half of which consists of the tail, and weigh from 20 to 30 g (0.7 to 1 oz). Distribution and habitat The nimble-footed mouse is found only in Mexico, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains from Nuevo León in the north to Puebla in the south. It inhabits rocky areas such as bluffs and creeks within forests dominated by oak, pine, juniper, or sweet gum, as well as within cloud forests. Two subspecies are currently recognised: P. l. levipes - majority of range P. l. ambiguus - Neuvo León and western Tamaulipas Biology Nimble-footed mice are herbivorous and are commonly found in areas dominated by trees, with a typical population density of 16 to 41/ha (6.5 to 16.6/acre). Known predators include barn owls and mottled owls. They breed two or three times a year, probably without any distinct breeding season. References ^ Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ^ a b Castro-Arellano, I. & Vázquez, E. (2008). "Peromyscus levipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2011.old-form url ^ a b Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & González-Ruiz, N. (2009). "Peromyscus levipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae)". Mammalian Species. 824: 1–6. doi:10.1644/824.1. ^ Schimdly, D.J.; et al. (1988). "Morphometric differentiation and taxonomy of three chromosomally characterized groups of Peromyscus boylii from east-central Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 69 (3): 462–480. doi:10.2307/1381338. JSTOR 1381338. vteExtant species of subfamily Neotominae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae BaiomyiniBaiomys(Pygmy mice) Southern pygmy mouse (B. musculus) Northern pygmy mouse (B. taylori) Scotinomys(Brown mice) Alston's brown mouse (S. teguina) Chiriqui brown mouse (S. xerampelinus) NeotominiNeotoma(Pack rats) Subgenus Neotoma: White-throated woodrat (N. albigula) Tamaulipan woodrat (N. angustapalata) Bryant's woodrat (N. bryanti) Nicaraguan woodrat (N. chrysomelas) Arizona woodrat (N. devia) Eastern woodrat (N. floridana ) Goldman's woodrat (N. goldmani) Angel de la Guarda woodrat (N. insularis) Desert woodrat (N. lepida ) White-toothed woodrat (N. leucodon) Big-eared woodrat (N. macrotis) Allegheny woodrat (N. magister) Mexican woodrat (N. mexicana) Southern Plains woodrat (N. micropus) Nelson's woodrat (N. nelsoni) Bolaños woodrat(N. palatina) Stephens' woodrat (N. stephensi) Subgenus Teanopus: Sonoran woodrat (N. phenax) Subgenus Teonoma: Bushy-tailed woodrat (N. cinerea) Dusky-footed woodrat (N. fuscipes) Xenomys Magdalena rat (X. nelsoni) Hodomys Allen's woodrat (H. alleni) Nelsonia(Diminutive woodrats) Goldman's diminutive woodrat (N. goldmani) Diminutive woodrat (N. neotomodon) OchrotomyiniOchrotomys Golden mouse (O. nuttalli) ReithrodontomyiniPeromyscus(Deer mice) californicus group: California mouse (P. californicus) eremicus group: Cactus mouse (P. eremicus) Burt's deer mouse (P. caniceps) Dickey's deer mouse (P. dickeyi) Eva's desert mouse (P. eva) Northern Baja deer mouse (P. fraterculus) Angel Island mouse (P. guardia) San Lorenzo mouse (P. interparietalis) Mesquite mouse (P. merriami) False canyon mouse (P. pseudocrinitus) hooperi group: Hooper's mouse (P. hooperi) crinitus group: Canyon mouse (P. crinitus) maniculatus group: Deer mouse (P. maniculatus) Northwestern deer mouse (P. keeni) Black-eared mouse (P. melanotis) Oldfield mouse (P. polionotus) Santa Cruz mouse (P. sejugis) Slevin's mouse (P. slevini) leucopus group: White-footed mouse (P. leucopus) Cotton mouse (P. gossypinus) aztecus group: Aztec mouse (P. aztecus) Gleaning mouse (P. spicilegus) Winkelmann's mouse (P. winkelmanni) boylii group: Brush mouse (P. boylii) Texas mouse (P. attwateri) Nimble-footed mouse (P. levipes) Tres Marias Island mouse (P. madrensis) White-ankled mouse (P. pectoralis) Chihuahuan mouse (P. polius) Schmidly's deer mouse (P. schmidlyi) Nayarit mouse (P. simulus) San Esteban Island mouse (P. stephani) truei group: Pinyon mouse (P. truei) Perote mouse (P. bullatus) Zacatecan deer mouse (P. difficilis) Osgood's mouse (P. gratus) Northern rock mouse (P. nasutus) melanophrys group: Plateau mouse (P. melanophrys) Puebla deer mouse (P. mekisturus) Marsh mouse (P. perfulvus) furvus group: Blackish deer mouse (P. furvus) Maya mouse (P. mayensis) El Carrizo deer mouse (P. ochraventer) megalops group: Brown deer mouse (P. megalops) Zempoaltepec (P. melanocarpus) Black-tailed mouse (P. melanurus) mexicanus group: Mexican deer mouse (P. mexicanus) Big deer mouse (P. grandis) Guatemalan deer mouse (P. guatemalensis) Naked-eared deer mouse (P. gymnotis) Stirton's deer mouse (P. stirtoni) Yucatan deer mouse (P. yucatanicus) Chiapan deer mouse (P. zarhynchus) Reithrodontomys(New Worldharvest mice) Guerrero harvest mouse (R. bakeri) Short-nosed harvest mouse (R. brevirostris) Sonoran harvest mouse (R. burti) Volcano harvest mouse (R. chrysopsis) Chiriqui harvest mouse (R. creper) Darien harvest mouse (R. darienensis) Fulvous harvest mouse (R. fulvescens) Slender harvest mouse (R. gracilis) Hairy harvest mouse (R. hirsutus) Eastern harvest mouse (R. humulis) Western harvest mouse (R. megalotis) Mexican harvest mouse (R. mexicanus) Small-toothed harvest mouse (R. microdon) Plains harvest mouse (R. montanus) Small harvest mouse (R. musseri) Nicaraguan harvest mouse (R. paradoxus) Salt marsh harvest mouse (R. raviventris) Rodriguez's harvest mouse (R. rodriguezi) Cozumel harvest mouse (R. spectabilis) Sumichrast's harvest mouse (R. sumichrasti) Narrow-nosed harvest mouse (R. tenuirostris) Zacatecas harvest mouse (R. zacatecae) Onychomys(Grasshopper mice) Mearns's grasshopper mouse (O. arenicola) Northern grasshopper mouse (O. leucogaster) Southern grasshopper mouse (O. torridus) Neotomodon Mexican volcano mouse (N. alstoni) Podomys Florida mouse (P. floridanus) Isthmomys(Isthmus rats) Yellow isthmus rat (I. flavidus) Mount Pirri isthmus rat (I. pirrensis) Megadontomys(Giant deer mice) Oaxaca giant deer mouse (M. cryophilus) Nelson's giant deer mouse (M. nelsoni) Thomas's giant deer mouse (M. thomasi) Habromys(Deer mice) Chinanteco deer mouse (H. chinanteco) Delicate deer mouse (H. delicatulus) Ixtlán deer mouse (H. ixtlani) Zempoaltepec deer mouse (H. lepturus) Crested-tailed deer mouse (H. lophurus) Schmidly's deer mouse (H. schmidlyi) Jico deer mouse (H. simulatus) Osgoodomys Michoacan deer mouse (O. banderanus) Taxon identifiersPeromyscus levipes Wikidata: Q1768117 Wikispecies: Peromyscus levipes BOLD: 73479 CoL: 4F7KL EoL: 1180053 GBIF: 2437991 iNaturalist: 44381 IRMNG: 11004218 ITIS: 633275 IUCN: 16670 MDD: 1002305 MSW: 13000462 NCBI: 97209
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Cricetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"The nimble-footed mouse (Peromyscus levipes) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in Mexico.","title":"Nimble-footed mouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarez2009-3"}],"text":"The nimble-footed mouse has a typical mouse-like appearance, and closely resembles other members of the Peromyscus boylii species group, from some of which it can only be distinguished by genetic analysis. It has tawny or buff fur over most of the body, with dusky hairs and white or creamy-white under parts. There is a ring of darker fur around the eyes, and sometimes on the muzzle, and often a faint blackish line down the middle of the back. Adults range from 18 to 22 cm (7.1 to 8.7 in) in total length, a little over half of which consists of the tail, and weigh from 20 to 30 g (0.7 to 1 oz).[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Nuevo León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-2"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"sweet gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_gum"},{"link_name":"cloud forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly1988-4"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"}],"text":"The nimble-footed mouse is found only in Mexico, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains from Nuevo León in the north to Puebla in the south.[2] It inhabits rocky areas such as bluffs and creeks within forests dominated by oak, pine, juniper, or sweet gum, as well as within cloud forests.[4]Two subspecies are currently recognised:P. l. levipes - majority of range\nP. l. ambiguus - Neuvo León and western Tamaulipas","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"herbivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"barn owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"link_name":"mottled owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottled_Owl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarez2009-3"}],"text":"Nimble-footed mice are herbivorous and are commonly found in areas dominated by trees, with a typical population density of 16 to 41/ha (6.5 to 16.6/acre). Known predators include barn owls and mottled owls. They breed two or three times a year, probably without any distinct breeding season.[3]","title":"Biology"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Castro-Arellano, I. & Vázquez, E. (2008). \"Peromyscus levipes\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/16670/0","url_text":"\"Peromyscus levipes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. & González-Ruiz, N. (2009). \"Peromyscus levipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae)\". Mammalian Species. 824: 1–6. doi:10.1644/824.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F824.1","url_text":"\"Peromyscus levipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F824.1","url_text":"10.1644/824.1"}]},{"reference":"Schimdly, D.J.; et al. (1988). \"Morphometric differentiation and taxonomy of three chromosomally characterized groups of Peromyscus boylii from east-central Mexico\". Journal of Mammalogy. 69 (3): 462–480. doi:10.2307/1381338. JSTOR 1381338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1381338","url_text":"10.2307/1381338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381338","url_text":"1381338"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/16670/0","external_links_name":"\"Peromyscus levipes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F824.1","external_links_name":"\"Peromyscus levipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F824.1","external_links_name":"10.1644/824.1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1381338","external_links_name":"10.2307/1381338"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1381338","external_links_name":"1381338"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=73479","external_links_name":"73479"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4F7KL","external_links_name":"4F7KL"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1180053","external_links_name":"1180053"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2437991","external_links_name":"2437991"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/44381","external_links_name":"44381"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11004218","external_links_name":"11004218"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=633275","external_links_name":"633275"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/16670","external_links_name":"16670"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1002305","external_links_name":"1002305"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13000462","external_links_name":"13000462"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=97209","external_links_name":"97209"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Varadachary
G. S. Varadachary
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian film critic and journalist (1932–2022) G. S. VaradacharyBorn(1932-10-24)24 October 1932Armoor, Nizamabad district, Hyderabad State, British RajDied3 November 2022(2022-11-03) (aged 90)Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaNationalityIndianOccupation(s)film critic, journalist G. S. Varadachary (15 October 1932 – 3 November 2022) was an Indian Telugu language film critic and journalist. He was Assistant Editor of Andhra Bhoomi till his retirement in 1988. Life Varadachary was born in Armoor in Nizamabad. He started his journalism career with Andhra Janata in 1948. Varadachary was Vice President of Telugu Bhashodyama Samakhya, which fights for Telugu language usage in government. He received an honorary doctorate from Telugu University for journalism. Varadachary died following a brief illness at the KIMS Hospital in Hyderabad, on 3 November 2022, at the age of 90. Awards V R Narla Life Time Achievement Award - 2005 Bibliography Ilaagenaa Rayadam (2003) Diddubatu (2003) Mana Patrikeya Velugulu (2010) References ^ TSR A.P. Cinegoers’ awards on Nov.14 - The Hindu ^ Scribes decry government action against Sakshi – The Hindu ^ Book authored by senior journalist released – The Hindu ^ Scribes laud Sundaram ^ Demand for separate ministry for Telugu | Siasat ^ Bureau, The Hindu (3 November 2022). "Veteran Journalist G.S. Varadachari passes away". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ ":: Apuwj ::". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013. External links Profile on Telugu daily This article about an Indian journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andhra Bhoomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Bhoomi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"G. S. Varadachary (15 October 1932 – 3 November 2022) was an Indian Telugu language film critic and journalist.[1][2][3] He was Assistant Editor of Andhra Bhoomi till his retirement in 1988.[4]","title":"G. S. Varadachary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoor"},{"link_name":"Nizamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamabad_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Janata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Janata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Telugu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Varadachary was born in Armoor in Nizamabad. He started his journalism career with Andhra Janata in 1948.Varadachary was Vice President of Telugu Bhashodyama Samakhya, which fights for Telugu language usage in government.[5] He received an honorary doctorate from Telugu University for journalism.Varadachary died following a brief illness at the KIMS Hospital in Hyderabad, on 3 November 2022, at the age of 90.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"V R Narla Life Time Achievement Award - 2005[7]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ilaagenaa Rayadam (2003)\nDiddubatu (2003)\nMana Patrikeya Velugulu (2010)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tsr-ap-cinegoers-awards-on-nov14/article4069218.ece","external_links_name":"TSR A.P. Cinegoers’ awards on Nov.14 - The Hindu"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/scribes-decry-government-action-against-sakshi/article3438265.ece","external_links_name":"Scribes decry government action against Sakshi – The Hindu"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/book-authored-by-senior-journalist-released/article2914494.ece","external_links_name":"Book authored by senior journalist released – The Hindu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221141910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article440991.ece?service=print","external_links_name":"Scribes laud Sundaram"},{"Link":"http://www.siasat.com/english/news/demand-separate-ministry-telugu","external_links_name":"Demand for separate ministry for Telugu | Siasat"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103172219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-journalist-gs-varadachari-passes-away/article66092628.ece","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Journalist G.S. Varadachari passes away\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-journalist-gs-varadachari-passes-away/article66092628.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201180155/http://www.apuwj.org/News.aspx?id=23","external_links_name":"\":: Apuwj ::\""},{"Link":"http://www.apuwj.org/News.aspx?id=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://epaper.namasthetelangaana.com/Details.aspx?id=33522&boxid=114589560","external_links_name":"Profile on Telugu daily"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._S._Varadachary&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Tall_Blond_Man_with_One_Black_Shoe
The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1974 French filmThe Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black ShoeTheatrical release posterFrenchLe Retour du Grand Blond Directed byYves RobertWritten by Francis Veber Yves Robert Produced by Alain Poiré Yves Robert Starring Pierre Richard Jean Carmet Jean Rochefort Mireille Darc CinematographyRené MathelinEdited by Ghislaine Desjonquères Françoise London Music byVladimir CosmaProductioncompanies Gaumont International La Guéville Distributed byGaumontRelease date 18 December 1974 (1974-12-18) (France) Running time84 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBox office$107,502 (US) The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (French: Le Retour du Grand Blond) is a 1974 French spy comedy film directed by Yves Robert. It is the sequel to The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (1972). Veber said the film "wasn't good at all... I'm afraid I did it just for the money." Synopsis Three months after the events of The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe, Francois Perrin, the Tall Blond Man (who has been living happily with his lover Christine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), is once again pressed into service. Chief of Counter-Espionage Colonel Toulouse has a new boss—the former Minister of Agriculture has become the Minister of Interior. Captain Cambrai (who has been investigating Colonel Milan's death and who is extremely suspicious of Toulouse's involvement) intercepts a letter written by Perrin to his best friend Maurice (who has recovered from his nervous breakdown of the previous film) in which Perrin assures Maurice that he (Maurice) is not crazy and that the events causing Maurice's breakdown actually happened. When Maurice refuses to testify against Toulouse, Cambrai comes up with another plan. At Cambrai's urging, the new Minister wants to meet the supposed "super-agent". Toulouse, who can't let anybody know that the Tall Blond was really a civilian chosen at random, orders that Perrin be liquidated at once while informing the Minister and Cambrai that The Tall Blond was killed while on a mission. Attempts to assassinate Perrin in Rio are comically avoided or bungled and his funeral (held in France after a premature report of his death and with a coffin containing not enough sand) is likewise a comic failure; the Minister becomes increasingly confused by the conflicting reports and Cambrai, who had counted on the report of Perrin's death to get Maurice to testify, is equally puzzled. Eventually, Toulouse has Christine kidnapped and forces Perrin to return to Paris to act out the part of the supposed "super-spy" for the Minister. Cambrai is not fooled and in two hilarious scenes Perrin is given embarrassing information from both Toulouse and Cambrai about each of them from their private files (Toulouse's mother had wanted a daughter and made him wear dresses as a child, causing the other boys to call him "Lollipop", and Cambrai wet his bed when he was young, really hates violence and had suffered an nervous breakdown while trying to interrogate a suspect). Toulouse orchestrates a plan to make Cambrai crack again, setting up a supposedly dangerous yet cleverly stage-managed and choreographed "mission" for The Tall Blond while he is being followed by Maurice and Cambrai (who will supposedly be unable to handle the "violence"); the plot seems to work but then Cambrai learns that Perrin's gun (which Cambrai had used to shoot and "kill" an attacking thug) was really loaded with blanks. Believing Cambrai finished (and after yet another attempt to kill Perrin comically fails), Toulouse orders Christine to be released but when she, Toulouse and Perrache arrive at Perrin's apartment they find him in a compromising situation, in bed with his former lover Paulette (actually a set-up by Cambrai and Maurice). Rushing out in tears over Perrin's faithlessness, Christine is met outside by Cambrai and Maurice. That night, at a symphony concert at which Perrin is performing and which Toulouse, Perrache, Cambrai, the Minister and two of Toulouse's men (who have been instructed to kill Perrin during the performance) are attending, Cambrai informs Toulouse that should anything happen to Perrin, Maurice will testify, causing Toulouse to immediately call off his men. Christine appears again, in her usual dazzling clothes (a white backless dress, this time) and armed with a gun; she tries to shoot Francois on stage (in time to the music). Perrin is apparently killed and Maurice announces that he will testify. Toulouse, backed into a corner, attempts to take Christine hostage but then Perrin rises up-Christine's gun was also loaded with blanks. Toulouse, exposed in public, accepts his defeat with good grace and is allowed by Cambrai to commit suicide to avoid prison and disgrace. Of course, Toulouse (unknown to everyone else) fakes his suicide; he and Perrache make their escape. Cambrai gets punched out by Perrin and the film ends with Boy Getting Girl Back and Ending Happily Ever After (even though the Minister still has no idea what is going on). Cast Pierre Richard as François Perrin Jean Carmet as Maurice Lefebvre Jean Rochefort as Colonel Louis Marie Alphonse Toulouse Mireille Darc as Christine Jean Bouise as The minister Michel Duchaussoy as Captain Cambrai Paul Le Person as Perrache Colette Castel as Paulette Lefebvre Henri Guybet as Charming, a killer Herve Sand as Prince, a killer References ^ "BOX OFFICE USA DU 1er JANVIER 1976 AU 7 JANVIER 1976". ^ "'A Little Frenchman' Tries His Luck in America". Los Angeles Times. 19 January 1982. p. G4. External links The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe at IMDb The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe at AllMovie The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe at Rotten Tomatoes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Yves Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Robert"},{"link_name":"The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tall_Blond_Man_with_One_Black_Shoe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veber-2"}],"text":"The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (French: Le Retour du Grand Blond) is a 1974 French spy comedy film directed by Yves Robert. It is the sequel to The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (1972).Veber said the film \"wasn't good at all... I'm afraid I did it just for the money.\"[2]","title":"The Return of the Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tall_Blond_Man_with_One_Black_Shoe"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"}],"text":"Three months after the events of The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe, Francois Perrin, the Tall Blond Man (who has been living happily with his lover Christine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), is once again pressed into service.Chief of Counter-Espionage Colonel Toulouse has a new boss—the former Minister of Agriculture has become the Minister of Interior. Captain Cambrai (who has been investigating Colonel Milan's death and who is extremely suspicious of Toulouse's involvement) intercepts a letter written by Perrin to his best friend Maurice (who has recovered from his nervous breakdown of the previous film) in which Perrin assures Maurice that he (Maurice) is not crazy and that the events causing Maurice's breakdown actually happened. When Maurice refuses to testify against Toulouse, Cambrai comes up with another plan. At Cambrai's urging, the new Minister wants to meet the supposed \"super-agent\". Toulouse, who can't let anybody know that the Tall Blond was really a civilian chosen at random, orders that Perrin be liquidated at once while informing the Minister and Cambrai that The Tall Blond was killed while on a mission. Attempts to assassinate Perrin in Rio are comically avoided or bungled and his funeral (held in France after a premature report of his death and with a coffin containing not enough sand) is likewise a comic failure; the Minister becomes increasingly confused by the conflicting reports and Cambrai, who had counted on the report of Perrin's death to get Maurice to testify, is equally puzzled.Eventually, Toulouse has Christine kidnapped and forces Perrin to return to Paris to act out the part of the supposed \"super-spy\" for the Minister. Cambrai is not fooled and in two hilarious scenes Perrin is given embarrassing information from both Toulouse and Cambrai about each of them from their private files (Toulouse's mother had wanted a daughter and made him wear dresses as a child, causing the other boys to call him \"Lollipop\", and Cambrai [who acts tough and ruthless] wet his bed when he was young, really hates violence and had suffered an nervous breakdown while trying to interrogate a suspect). Toulouse orchestrates a plan to make Cambrai crack again, setting up a supposedly dangerous yet cleverly stage-managed and choreographed \"mission\" for The Tall Blond while he is being followed by Maurice and Cambrai (who will supposedly be unable to handle the \"violence\"); the plot seems to work but then Cambrai learns that Perrin's gun (which Cambrai had used to shoot and \"kill\" an attacking thug) was really loaded with blanks.Believing Cambrai finished (and after yet another attempt to kill Perrin comically fails), Toulouse orders Christine to be released but when she, Toulouse and Perrache arrive at Perrin's apartment they find him in a compromising situation, in bed with his former lover Paulette (actually a set-up by Cambrai and Maurice). Rushing out in tears over Perrin's faithlessness, Christine is met outside by Cambrai and Maurice. That night, at a symphony concert at which Perrin is performing and which Toulouse, Perrache, Cambrai, the Minister and two of Toulouse's men (who have been instructed to kill Perrin during the performance) are attending, Cambrai informs Toulouse that should anything happen to Perrin, Maurice will testify, causing Toulouse to immediately call off his men. Christine appears again, in her usual dazzling clothes (a white backless dress, this time) and armed with a gun; she tries to shoot Francois on stage (in time to the music). Perrin is apparently killed and Maurice announces that he will testify. Toulouse, backed into a corner, attempts to take Christine hostage but then Perrin rises up-Christine's gun was also loaded with blanks. Toulouse, exposed in public, accepts his defeat with good grace and is allowed by Cambrai to commit suicide to avoid prison and disgrace. Of course, Toulouse (unknown to everyone else) fakes his suicide; he and Perrache make their escape. Cambrai gets punched out by Perrin and the film ends with Boy Getting Girl Back and Ending Happily Ever After (even though the Minister still has no idea what is going on).","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Richard"},{"link_name":"Jean Carmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Carmet"},{"link_name":"Jean Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rochefort"},{"link_name":"Mireille Darc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Darc"},{"link_name":"Jean Bouise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bouise"},{"link_name":"Michel Duchaussoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Duchaussoy"},{"link_name":"Paul Le Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Le_Person"},{"link_name":"Colette Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colette_Castel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri Guybet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Guybet"},{"link_name":"Herve Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herve_Sand&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pierre Richard as François Perrin\nJean Carmet as Maurice Lefebvre\nJean Rochefort as Colonel Louis Marie Alphonse Toulouse\nMireille Darc as Christine\nJean Bouise as The minister\nMichel Duchaussoy as Captain Cambrai\nPaul Le Person as Perrache\nColette Castel as Paulette Lefebvre\nHenri Guybet as Charming, a killer\nHerve Sand as Prince, a killer","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Graziano
Rocky Graziano
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 Suspensions","4 Post-boxing career","5 Personal life","6 Legacy","7 Professional boxing record","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
American boxer (1919–1990) Rocky GrazianoGraziano, undatedBornThomas Rocco Barbella(1919-01-01)January 1, 1919New York City, U.S.DiedMay 22, 1990(1990-05-22) (aged 71)New York City, U.S.Resting placeLocust Valley Cemetery, Locust Valley, New YorkOther namesThe Rock / Rocky / RockabyStatisticsWeight(s)WelterweightMiddleweightHeight5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Reach68+1⁄2 in (174 cm)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights83Wins67Wins by KO52Losses10Draws6 Thomas Rocco Barbella (January 1, 1919 – May 22, 1990), better known as Rocky Graziano, was an American professional boxer and actor who held the World Middleweight title. Graziano is considered one of the greatest knockout artists in boxing history, often displaying the capacity to take his opponent out with a single punch. He was ranked 23rd on The Ring magazine list of the greatest punchers of all time. He fought many of the best middleweights of the era including Sugar Ray Robinson. He was the subject of the 1956 film, Somebody Up There Likes Me, based on his 1955 autobiography, starring Paul Newman as Graziano. Early life Graziano was the son of Ida Scinto and Nicola Barbella. The elder Barbella, nicknamed Fighting Nick Bob, was a boxer with a brief fighting record. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Rocky later moved to an Italian enclave centered on East 10th Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A in Manhattan's East Village. He grew up as a street fighter and learned to look after himself before he could read or write. He spent years in reform school, jail, and Catholic protectories. Barbella Sr., who got occasional work as a horseback rider, kept boxing gloves around the house and encouraged Rocky and his brothers to fight one another. When he was three years old, Barbella would make Rocky and his brother, Joe (three years his senior), fight almost every night. At age 18 Rocky won the Metropolitan A.A.U. welterweight championship. Despite the fame and money that professional fighting seemed to offer, Rocky did not want to become a serious prize fighter. He did not like the discipline of training any more than he liked the discipline of school or the Army. Graziano heard from a couple of his friends about a tournament going on with a gold medal for the winner. He fought four matches and ended up winning the New York Metropolitan Amateur Athletic Union Boxing Competition (1939). He sold the gold medal for $15 and decided that boxing was a good way to make cash. Graziano, undated In 1940, just weeks into his amateur fighting career, Graziano was arrested for stealing from a school. He went to Coxsackie Correctional Facility, where he spent three weeks with boyhood friend Jake LaMotta, and then he went on to the New York City Reformatory, where he spent five months. After he got out of the reformatory, he headed back to the gym to earn money, and while there met Eddie Cocco who started his professional career. He entered the ring under the name Robert Barber. A couple of weeks later, Graziano was charged with a probation violation and sent back to reform school where he was charged with starting a minor riot. He was then sent to Rikers Island. When Graziano got out of jail, he enlisted in the military but went AWOL after punching a captain. He escaped from Fort Dix in New Jersey and started his real boxing career under the name of "Rocky Graziano." He won his first couple of bouts. After gaining popularity under the name of Graziano, he was found by the military. After his fourth bout, he was called into a manager's office to speak with a couple of military personnel. Expecting to be prosecuted and sent back to the military or jail, he fled. He returned to the military a week later. In 1941, he turned himself in, was court-martialed and dishonorably discharged from the Army, then sent to the Federal Penitentiary (nicknamed the "Big Top" for its dome), founded in 1875 as a military prison (now known as USP Leavenworth). Fort Leavenworth is where Rocky Graziano started his boxing career while housed at the FCP (minimum/low) building adjacent to the main facility. Ultimately he was pardoned and given the opportunity to fight under the Army's aegis. Professional career Graziano, circa 1946 Around the time he absconded from military service, Barbella began boxing under the management of Irving Cohen, a relationship that would endure for the remainder of his professional career. Cohen arranged a debut bout and billed the young fighter under his grandfather's surname as Rocky Graziano. Despite his notoriously lax approach to training, Graziano leveraged his untutored, brawling style and powerful punching ability to win by knockout. Cohen scheduled fights against increasingly challenging opponents with the apparent goal of overmatching Graziano to teach him the value of conditioning. He even demanded a match against Sugar Ray Robinson. In March 1945 at Madison Square Garden in New York City Graziano scored a major upset over Billy Arnold, whose style was similar to that of Sugar Ray Robinson: he was a slick boxer with lightning-fast combinations and a knockout punch. The Ring magazine and various newspapers across the United States touted Arnold as the next Joe Louis or Sugar Ray Robinson. Arnold was a heavy favorite to defeat Graziano and to then fight for the world title. Graziano absorbed a beating in the early going, before going on to batter and knock Arnold out in the third round of the scheduled eight-round bout. Following his loss to Graziano, Arnold was never the same. Graziano fought three middleweight title bouts against Tony Zale, losing the first before capturing then surrendering the championship. In their first match (September 27, 1946), after flooring Graziano in the first round, Zale took a savage beating from him and was on the verge of losing the fight by TKO. However, Zale rallied and knocked him out in the sixth round to retain his title. The rematch, a year later in Chicago (July 16, 1947), was a mirror image of their first fight. The referee almost stopped the second fight in the third round because of a severe cut over Graziano's left eye, but Graziano's cutman, Morris ("Whitey") Bimstein, was able to stop the bleeding. Battered around the ring, his eye closed and appearing ready to lose by a knockout, Graziano rallied to knock Zale out in the sixth, earning the title. Their last fight was held in New Jersey June 10, 1948. Zale regained his crown, winning the match by a knockout in the third round. The knockout blows consisted of a perfect combination of a right to Graziano's body, then a left hook to his jaw, knocking him unconscious. Graziano's last shot at the middleweight title came against Sugar Ray Robinson in April 1952. He dropped Robinson to his knee with a right in the third round. Less than a minute later, Robinson KO'd him with a right to the jaw. Graziano retired after losing his very next fight, a 10-round decision to Chuck Davey. Suspensions In 1946, Graziano was suspended by the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) for failure to report a bribe attempt. In 1948 Graziano was suspended for "running out" on a scheduled December 1 bout with Ruben Shank. Abe Green, then-National Boxing Association's President, announced that they were indefinitely suspending him in all parts of the world under NBA supervision, following similar action by the California State Athletic Commission. The suspension covered all of the American States, Great Britain, the European Boxing Federation, Cuba, Mexico, and Canada. Boxing promoter Ralph Tribuani got him a license to box in Delaware, which led to his reinstatement by both the NBA and NYSAC and Rocky's return to the ring. Post-boxing career After his retirement from boxing, Graziano cohosted a short-lived series, The Henny and Rocky Show (1955) with famous comedian Henny Youngman. He was a semi-regular on The Martha Raye Show, as Raye's boyfriend. He appeared as a regular on the United Artists TV series Miami Undercover for its entire run, and appeared in several series and shows, including The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, Car 54, Where Are You?, I've Got a Secret, and Naked City. He portrayed Packy, an ex-boxer, in the 1967 film Tony Rome. In the 1960s, Graziano opened a pizza restaurant, Rocky Graziano's Pizza Ring, on Second Avenue in Kips Bay, Manhattan, creating a modest franchise for the restaurant in the New York City area. He briefly operated a bowling alley in North Babylon, New York. Personal life Graziano married Norma Unger, of German-Jewish descent, on August 10, 1943. By all accounts, the two had a very happy marriage, and they remained together until his death from cardiopulmonary failure on May 22, 1990, in New York City at age 71. According to his biographer, Graziano remained faithful to his wife during the entirety of their marriage, something which was not particularly common among celebrities. They had two children, both of whom married and had children. Graziano's funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral. He is interred at the Locust Valley Cemetery along with his wife, who died in 2009. Legacy Graziano is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Graziano was named to Ring magazine's 100 Greatest Punchers of all time. In 2007, Graziano was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame. Professional boxing record 83 fights 67 wins 10 losses By knockout 52 3 By decision 14 7 By disqualification 1 0 Draws 6 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 83 Loss 67–10–6 Chuck Davey UD 10 Sep 17, 1952 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US 82 Loss 67–9–6 Sugar Ray Robinson KO 3 (15), 1:53 Apr 16, 1952 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US For NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring middleweight titles 81 Win 67–8–6 Roy Wouters TKO 1 (10), 2:45 Mar 27, 1952 Auditorium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US 80 Win 66–8–6 Eddie O'Neill TKO 4 (10), 2:21 Feb 18, 1952 Jefferson County Armory, Louisville, Kentucky, US 79 Win 65–8–6 Tony Janiro TKO 10 (10), 2:45 Sep 19, 1951 Olympia Stadium, Detroit, Michigan, US 78 Win 64–8–6 Chuck Hunter DQ 2 (10) Aug 6, 1951 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, US 77 Win 63–8–6 Cecil Hudson TKO 3 (10) Jul 10, 1951 Municipal Auditorium, Kansas City, Missouri, US 76 Win 62–8–6 Freddie Lott KO 5 (10), 2:17 Jun 18, 1951 Coliseum, Baltimore, Maryland, US 75 Win 61–8–6 Johnny Greco KO 3 (10), 1:56 May 21, 1951 Forum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 74 Win 60–8–6 Reuben Jones KO 3 (10), 1:18 Mar 19, 1951 Miami Stadium, Miami, Florida, US 73 Win 59–8–6 Honeychile Johnson KO 4 (10), 0:48 Nov 27, 1950 Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 72 Win 58–8–6 Tony Janiro UD 10 Oct 27, 1950 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 71 Win 57–8–6 Pete Mead KO 3 (10) Oct 16, 1950 Arena, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 70 Win 56–8–6 Gene Burton KO 7 (10), 2:10 Oct 4, 1950 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US 69 Win 55–8–6 Henry Brimm KO 4 (10), 2:14 May 16, 1950 Memorial Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, US 68 Win 54–8–6 Vinnie Cidone TKO 3 (10), 3:00 May 9, 1950 Arena, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US 67 Win 53–8–6 Danny Williams KO 3 (10), 1:03 Apr 24, 1950 Arena, New Haven, Connecticut, US 66 Draw 52–8–6 Tony Janiro SD 10 Mar 31, 1950 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 65 Win 52–8–5 Joe Curcio KO 1 (10), 2:21 Mar 6, 1950 Miami Stadium, Miami, Florida, US 64 Win 51–8–5 Sonny Horne MD 10 Dec 6, 1949 Arena, Cleveland, Ohio, US 63 Win 50–8–5 Charley Fusari TKO 10 (10), 2:04 Sep 14, 1949 Polo Grounds, New York City, New York, US 62 Win 49–8–5 Joe Agosta KO 2 (10), 2:19 Jul 18, 1949 Century Stadium, West Springfield, Massachusetts, US 61 Win 48–8–5 Bobby Claus KO 2 (10), 0:46 Jun 21, 1949 Wilmington Park, Wilmington, Delaware, US 60 Loss 47–8–5 Tony Zale KO 3 (15), 1:08 Jun 10, 1948 Ruppert Stadium, Newark, New Jersey, US Lost NBA and The Ring middleweight titles 59 Win 47–7–5 Sonny Horne UD 10 Apr 5, 1948 Uline Arena, Washington, DC, US 58 Win 46–7–5 Tony Zale TKO 6 (15), 2:10 Jul 17, 1947 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, US Won NBA and The Ring middleweight titles 57 Win 45–7–5 Jerry Fiorello TKO 5 (10), 2:14 Jun 16, 1947 Swayne Field, Toledo, Ohio, US 56 Win 44–7–5 Eddie Finazzo TKO 1 (10), 2:14 Jun 10, 1947 Fairgrounds Horse Show Arena, Memphis, Tennessee, US 55 Loss 43–7–5 Tony Zale KO 6 (15), 1:43 Sep 27, 1946 Yankee Stadium, New York City, New York, US For NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring middleweight titles 54 Win 43–6–5 Marty Servo TKO 2 (10), 1:52 Mar 29, 1946 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 53 Win 42–6–5 Sonny Horne UD 10 Jan 18, 1946 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 52 Win 41–6–5 Harold Green KO 3 (10), 1:49 Sep 28, 1945 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 51 Win 40–6–5 Freddie 'Red' Cochrane KO 10 (10), 2:37 Aug 24, 1945 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 50 Win 39–6–5 Freddie 'Red' Cochrane KO 10 (10), 0:16 Jun 29, 1945 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 49 Win 38–6–5 Al 'Bummy' Davis TKO 4 (10), 0:44 May 25, 1945 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 48 Win 37–6–5 Solomon Stewart KO 4 (10) Apr 17, 1945 Uline Arena, Washington, DC, US 47 Win 36–6–5 Billy Arnold TKO 3 (8) Mar 9, 1945 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 46 Loss 35–6–5 Harold Green MD 10 Dec 22, 1944 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 45 Loss 35–5–5 Harold Green UD 10 Nov 3, 1944 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 44 Win 35–4–5 Bernie Miller KO 2 (8), 0:44 Oct 24, 1944 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 43 Draw 34–4–5 Danny Kapilow PTS 10 Oct 6, 1944 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 42 Draw 34–4–4 Frankie Terry PTS 8 Sep 15, 1944 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 41 Win 34–4–3 Jerry Fiorello SD 8 Aug 14, 1944 Queensboro Arena, New York City, New York, US 40 Win 33–4–3 Tony Reno UD 8 Jul 21, 1944 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 39 Win 32–4–3 Frankie Terry TKO 6 (8) Jun 27, 1944 Dexter Park Arena, New York City, New York, US 38 Win 31–4–3 Larney Moore TKO 2 (8) Jun 7, 1944 MacArthur Stadium, New York City, New York, US 37 Win 30–4–3 Tommy Mollis TKO 7 (10) May 29, 1944 Griffith Stadium, Washington, DC, US 36 Win 29–4–3 Freddie Graham KO 3 (8) May 9, 1944 Turner's Arena, Washington, DC, US 35 Win 28–4–3 Bobby Brown KO 5 (10) Apr 10, 1944 Turner's Arena, Washington, DC, US 34 Win 27–4–3 Ray Rovelli PTS 8 Mar 14, 1944 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 33 Win 26–4–3 Harold Gary PTS 6 Mar 8, 1944 Scott Hall, Elizabeth, New Jersey, US 32 Win 25–4–3 Leon Anthony KO 1 (8) Mar 4, 1944 Ridgewood Grove, New York City, New York, US 31 Win 24–4–3 Nick Calder KO 4 (6) Feb 24, 1944 Masonic Hall, Highland Park, New Jersey, US 30 Loss 23–4–3 Steve Riggio PTS 6 Feb 9, 1944 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 29 Win 23–3–3 Phil Enzenga TKO 5 (8) Jan 18, 1944 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, US 28 Win 22–3–3 Jerry Pittro TKO 1 (6) Jan 7, 1944 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 27 Win 21–3–3 Harold Gary PTS 8 Jan 4, 1944 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, US 26 Win 20–3–3 Milo Theodorescu TKO 1 (8) Dec 27, 1943 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, US 25 Win 19–3–3 Charley McPherson PTS 6 Dec 6, 1943 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 24 Win 18–3–3 Freddie Graham PTS 8 Nov 30, 1943 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, US 23 Loss 17–3–3 Steve Riggio PTS 6 Nov 12, 1943 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 22 Draw 17–2–3 Charley McPherson PTS 6 Oct 27, 1943 Scott Hall, Elizabeth, New Jersey, US 21 Win 17–2–2 Jimmy Williams TKO 2 (6) Oct 13, 1943 Scott Hall, Elizabeth, New Jersey, US 20 Win 16–2–2 Freddie Graham KO 1 (8) Oct 5, 1943 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 19 Win 15–2–2 George Wilson PTS 8 Sep 21, 1943 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 18 Loss 14–2–2 Joe Agosta PTS 6 Sep 10, 1943 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 17 Win 14–1–2 Tony Grey KO 6 (6) Aug 24, 1943 Queensboro Arena, New York City, New York, US 16 Win 13–1–2 Ted Apostoli PTS 4 Aug 20, 1943 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US 15 Win 12–1–2 Charley McPherson PTS 6 Aug 12, 1943 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 14 Win 11–1–2 Randy Drew KO 1 (6) Jul 27, 1943 Queensboro Arena, New York City, New York, US 13 Win 10–1–2 George Stevens KO 1 (6) Jul 22, 1943 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 12 Win 9–1–2 Johnny Atteley RTD 2 (6) Jul 8, 1943 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 11 Win 8–1–2 Frankie Falco KO 5 (6) Jun 24, 1943 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 10 Win 7–1–2 Joe Curcio TKO 4 (6) Jun 16, 1943 Twin City Bowl, Elizabeth, New Jersey, US 9 Win 6–1–2 Gilberto Ramirez Vasquez KO 1 (6) Jun 11, 1943 Fort Hamilton Arena, New York City, New York, US 8 Draw 5–1–2 Lou Miller PTS 6 May 25, 1942 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 7 Win 5–1–1 Godfrey Howell TKO 4 (4) May 12, 1942 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 6 Win 4–1–1 Eddie Lee KO 4 (4) May 4, 1942 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 5 Loss 3–1–1 Charles Ferguson PTS 4 Apr 28, 1942 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 4 Draw 3–0–1 Godfrey Howell PTS 4 Apr 20, 1942 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 3 Win 3–0 Kenny Blackmar KO 1 (4), 1:50 Apr 14, 1942 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US 2 Win 2–0 Mike Mastandrea KO 3 (4), 1:40 Apr 6, 1942 St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US 1 Win 1–0 Curtis Hightower TKO 2 (4), 0:40 Mar 31, 1942 Broadway Arena, New York City, New York, US See also List of middleweight boxing champions References ^ Alternative birth dates have been cited; however his gravestone states January 1, 1919, and his widow confirmed that this as the correct date ^ "The Lineal Middleweight Champions". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia. ^ Graziano, Rocky; Barber, Rowland (1955). Somebody Up There Likes Me. New York: Simon And Schuster. ^ a b Lardner, Rex (January 1956). "The Improbable Graziano". Sport. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011. ^ a b c d Berger, Phil (May 23, 1990). "Rocky Graziano, Ex-Ring Champion, Dead at 71". The New York Times. ^ Yablonsky, Lewis (1998). Gangsters: Fifty Years of Madness, Drugs, and Death on the Streets of America. NYU Press. p. Introduction, XV. ^ Dawson, James P. (March 10, 1945). "Arnold Is Stopped By Graziano In 3D". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2019. ^ "Billy Arnold". Philly Boxing History. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. ^ Adams, Val (November 29, 1953). "Rocky Graziano: TV Actor and Ex-Fighter". The New York Times. p. X11. Retrieved February 8, 2011. ^ Ebert, Roger. "TONY ROME". ^ Young, Dick (November 7, 1969). "Young Ideas". Daily News. New York. p. 111. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Kuban, Adam (April 28, 2011). "Is This the First-Ever 'Best Pizza in NYC' Article?". Serious Eats. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ Sussman, Jeffrey (March 8, 2018). Rocky Graziano: Fists, Fame, and Fortune. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538102626. ^ SPORTS OF THE TIMES; Leave Your Worry on The Doorstep, The New York Times, May 26, 1990. Achievements Preceded byTony Zale World Middleweight Champion July 16, 1947– June 10, 1948 Succeeded byTony Zale External links Rocky Graziano at Find a Grave Boxing record for Rocky Graziano from BoxRec (registration required) Rocky Graziano at IMDb Rocky Graziano profile at ESPN #1 Graziano Raisin Bran commercial on YouTube #2 Graziano Raisin Bran commercial on YouTube #3 Graziano Raisin Bran commercial on YouTube #4 Graziano Raisin Bran commercial on YouTube Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other NARA SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Somebody Up There Likes Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Up_There_Likes_Me_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"}],"text":"Thomas Rocco Barbella (January 1, 1919[1] – May 22, 1990), better known as Rocky Graziano, was an American professional boxer and actor who held the World Middleweight title.[2] Graziano is considered one of the greatest knockout artists in boxing history, often displaying the capacity to take his opponent out with a single punch. He was ranked 23rd on The Ring magazine list of the greatest punchers of all time. He fought many of the best middleweights of the era including Sugar Ray Robinson. He was the subject of the 1956 film, Somebody Up There Likes Me, based on his 1955 autobiography, starring Paul Newman as Graziano.","title":"Rocky Graziano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"protectories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sport-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergerP-NYT-RG-OBIT-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confidential_Magazine_cover_November_1956_-_Rocky_Graziano_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coxsackie Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackie_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"Jake LaMotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_LaMotta"},{"link_name":"Rikers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikers_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AWOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWOL#Absence_without_leave"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergerP-NYT-RG-OBIT-5"}],"text":"Graziano was the son of Ida Scinto and Nicola Barbella. The elder Barbella, nicknamed Fighting Nick Bob, was a boxer with a brief fighting record. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Rocky later moved to an Italian enclave centered on East 10th Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A in Manhattan's East Village. He grew up as a street fighter and learned to look after himself before he could read or write. He spent years in reform school, jail, and Catholic protectories.[3] Barbella Sr., who got occasional work as a horseback rider,[how?] kept boxing gloves around the house and encouraged Rocky and his brothers to fight one another. When he was three years old, Barbella would make Rocky and his brother, Joe (three years his senior), fight almost every night. At age 18 Rocky won the Metropolitan A.A.U. welterweight championship. Despite the fame and money that professional fighting seemed to offer, Rocky did not want to become a serious prize fighter. He did not like the discipline of training any more than he liked the discipline of school or the Army.[4]Graziano heard from a couple of his friends about a tournament going on with a gold medal for the winner. He fought four matches and ended up winning the New York Metropolitan Amateur Athletic Union Boxing Competition (1939). He sold the gold medal for $15 and decided that boxing was a good way to make cash.[5]Graziano, undatedIn 1940, just weeks into his amateur fighting career, Graziano was arrested for stealing from a school. He went to Coxsackie Correctional Facility, where he spent three weeks with boyhood friend Jake LaMotta, and then he went on to the New York City Reformatory, where he spent five months. After he got out of the reformatory, he headed back to the gym to earn money, and while there met Eddie Cocco who started his professional career. He entered the ring under the name Robert Barber. A couple of weeks later, Graziano was charged with a probation violation and sent back to reform school where he was charged with starting a minor riot. He was then sent to Rikers Island.[6]When Graziano got out of jail, he enlisted in the military but went AWOL after punching a captain. He escaped from Fort Dix in New Jersey and started his real boxing career under the name of \"Rocky Graziano.\" He won his first couple of bouts. After gaining popularity under the name of Graziano, he was found by the military. After his fourth bout, he was called into a manager's office to speak with a couple of military personnel. Expecting to be prosecuted and sent back to the military or jail, he fled. He returned to the military a week later. In 1941, he turned himself in, was court-martialed and dishonorably discharged from the Army, then sent to the Federal Penitentiary (nicknamed the \"Big Top\" for its dome), founded in 1875 as a military prison (now known as USP Leavenworth). Fort Leavenworth is where Rocky Graziano started his boxing career while housed at the FCP (minimum/low) building adjacent to the main facility.Ultimately he was pardoned and given the opportunity to fight under the Army's aegis.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocky_Graziano_1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sport-4"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Billy Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Arnold_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"The Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Joe Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Louis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tony Zale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Zale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergerP-NYT-RG-OBIT-5"},{"link_name":"Sugar Ray Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Chuck Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pierce_Davey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BergerP-NYT-RG-OBIT-5"}],"text":"Graziano, circa 1946Around the time he absconded from military service, Barbella began boxing under the management of Irving Cohen, a relationship that would endure for the remainder of his professional career. Cohen arranged a debut bout and billed the young fighter under his grandfather's surname as Rocky Graziano. Despite his notoriously lax approach to training, Graziano leveraged his untutored, brawling style and powerful punching ability to win by knockout. Cohen scheduled fights against increasingly challenging opponents with the apparent goal of overmatching Graziano to teach him the value of conditioning. He even demanded a match against Sugar Ray Robinson.[4]In March 1945 at Madison Square Garden in New York City Graziano scored a major upset over Billy Arnold, whose style was similar to that of Sugar Ray Robinson: he was a slick boxer with lightning-fast combinations and a knockout punch. The Ring magazine and various newspapers across the United States touted Arnold as the next Joe Louis or Sugar Ray Robinson. Arnold was a heavy favorite to defeat Graziano and to then fight for the world title. Graziano absorbed a beating in the early going, before going on to batter and knock Arnold out in the third round of the scheduled eight-round bout.[7] Following his loss to Graziano, Arnold was never the same.[8]Graziano fought three middleweight title bouts against Tony Zale, losing the first before capturing then surrendering the championship.In their first match (September 27, 1946), after flooring Graziano in the first round, Zale took a savage beating from him and was on the verge of losing the fight by TKO. However, Zale rallied and knocked him out in the sixth round to retain his title.The rematch, a year later in Chicago (July 16, 1947), was a mirror image of their first fight. The referee almost stopped the second fight in the third round because of a severe cut over Graziano's left eye, but Graziano's cutman, Morris (\"Whitey\") Bimstein, was able to stop the bleeding. Battered around the ring, his eye closed and appearing ready to lose by a knockout, Graziano rallied to knock Zale out in the sixth, earning the title.[5]Their last fight was held in New Jersey June 10, 1948. Zale regained his crown, winning the match by a knockout in the third round. The knockout blows consisted of a perfect combination of a right to Graziano's body, then a left hook to his jaw, knocking him unconscious.Graziano's last shot at the middleweight title came against Sugar Ray Robinson in April 1952. He dropped Robinson to his knee with a right in the third round. Less than a minute later, Robinson KO'd him with a right to the jaw.Graziano retired after losing his very next fight, a 10-round decision to Chuck Davey.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NYSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSAC"},{"link_name":"Ruben Shank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruben_Shank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"California State Athletic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Athletic_Commission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1946, Graziano was suspended by the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) for failure to report a bribe attempt. In 1948 Graziano was suspended for \"running out\" on a scheduled December 1 bout with Ruben Shank. Abe Green, then-National Boxing Association's President, announced that they were indefinitely suspending him in all parts of the world under NBA supervision, following similar action by the California State Athletic Commission. The suspension covered all of the American States, Great Britain, the European Boxing Federation, Cuba, Mexico, and Canada. Boxing promoter Ralph Tribuani got him a license to box in Delaware, which led to his reinstatement by both the NBA and NYSAC and Rocky's return to the ring.[citation needed]","title":"Suspensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henny Youngman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Youngman"},{"link_name":"Raye's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Raye"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt531129-9"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"Miami Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Undercover"},{"link_name":"The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pat_Boone_Chevy_Showroom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Car 54, Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_54,_Where_Are_You%3F"},{"link_name":"I've Got a Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret"},{"link_name":"Naked City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tony Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kips Bay, Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kips_Bay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After his retirement from boxing, Graziano cohosted a short-lived series, The Henny and Rocky Show (1955) with famous comedian Henny Youngman. He was a semi-regular on The Martha Raye Show, as Raye's boyfriend.[9] He appeared as a regular on the United Artists TV series Miami Undercover for its entire run, and appeared in several series and shows, including The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, Car 54, Where Are You?, I've Got a Secret, and Naked City. He portrayed Packy, an ex-boxer, in the 1967 film Tony Rome.[10]In the 1960s, Graziano opened a pizza restaurant, Rocky Graziano's Pizza Ring, on Second Avenue in Kips Bay, Manhattan, creating a modest franchise for the restaurant in the New York City area.[11][12] He briefly operated a bowling alley in North Babylon, New York.[citation needed]","title":"Post-boxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiopulmonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Locust Valley Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_Valley_Cemetery"}],"text":"Graziano married Norma Unger, of German-Jewish descent, on August 10, 1943. By all accounts, the two had a very happy marriage, and they remained together until his death from cardiopulmonary failure on May 22, 1990, in New York City at age 71. According to his biographer, Graziano remained faithful to his wife during the entirety of their marriage, something which was not particularly common among celebrities.[13] They had two children, both of whom married and had children. Graziano's funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral.[14] He is interred at the Locust Valley Cemetery along with his wife, who died in 2009.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Boxing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Ring magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)"}],"text":"Graziano is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.\nGraziano was named to Ring magazine's 100 Greatest Punchers of all time.\nIn 2007, Graziano was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}]
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[{"title":"List of middleweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_middleweight_boxing_champions"}]
[{"reference":"\"The Lineal Middleweight Champions\". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/middle.htm","url_text":"\"The Lineal Middleweight Champions\""}]},{"reference":"Graziano, Rocky; Barber, Rowland (1955). Somebody Up There Likes Me. New York: Simon And Schuster.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lardner, Rex (January 1956). \"The Improbable Graziano\". Sport. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529094656/http://www.thesportgallery.com/blog/sport-articles/the-improbable-graziano-rocky-graziano/","url_text":"\"The Improbable Graziano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_(US_magazine)","url_text":"Sport"},{"url":"http://www.thesportgallery.com/blog/sport-articles/the-improbable-graziano-rocky-graziano","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Phil (May 23, 1990). \"Rocky Graziano, Ex-Ring Champion, Dead at 71\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/obituaries/rocky-graziano-ex-ring-champion-dead-at-71.html?pagewanted=print","url_text":"\"Rocky Graziano, Ex-Ring Champion, Dead at 71\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Yablonsky, Lewis (1998). Gangsters: Fifty Years of Madness, Drugs, and Death on the Streets of America. NYU Press. p. Introduction, XV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dawson, James P. (March 10, 1945). \"Arnold Is Stopped By Graziano In 3D\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1945/03/10/archives/arnold-is-stopped-by-graziano-in-3d-a-loser-on-his-back-and-a.html","url_text":"\"Arnold Is Stopped By Graziano In 3D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Arnold\". Philly Boxing History. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605082355/http://www.phillyboxinghistory.com/boxers/boxer_arnold.htm","url_text":"\"Billy Arnold\""},{"url":"http://www.phillyboxinghistory.com/boxers/boxer_arnold.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Val (November 29, 1953). \"Rocky Graziano: TV Actor and Ex-Fighter\". The New York Times. p. X11. Retrieved February 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/29/archives/rocky-graziano-tv-actor-and-exfighter.html","url_text":"\"Rocky Graziano: TV Actor and Ex-Fighter\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"TONY ROME\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tony-rome-1967","url_text":"\"TONY ROME\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Dick (November 7, 1969). \"Young Ideas\". Daily News. New York. p. 111. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/139028086/daily-news-young-ideas/","url_text":"\"Young Ideas\""}]},{"reference":"Kuban, Adam (April 28, 2011). \"Is This the First-Ever 'Best Pizza in NYC' Article?\". Serious Eats. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229233248/https://slice.seriouseats.com/2011/04/is-this-the-first-ever-best-pizza-in-nyc-article.html","url_text":"\"Is This the First-Ever 'Best Pizza in NYC' Article?\""},{"url":"https://slice.seriouseats.com/2011/04/is-this-the-first-ever-best-pizza-in-nyc-article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sussman, Jeffrey (March 8, 2018). Rocky Graziano: Fists, Fame, and Fortune. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538102626.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Isw9DwAAQBAJ&q=norma","url_text":"Rocky Graziano: Fists, Fame, and Fortune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538102626","url_text":"978-1538102626"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Connelly_(actor)
Christopher Connelly
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later career and death","4 Partial filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor (1941–1988) For other people with a similar name, see Chris Connelly. Christopher ConnellyAs Norman Harrington, Peyton PlaceBorn(1941-09-08)September 8, 1941Wichita, Kansas, U.S.DiedDecember 7, 1988(1988-12-07) (aged 47)Burbank, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)OccupationActorYears active1963–1988Spouse Cindy Carol ​(m. 1969)​Children2 Christopher Connelly (September 8, 1941 – December 7, 1988) was an American actor, best known for his role as Norman Harrington in the successful prime time ABC soap opera Peyton Place. He stayed with the series during its entire five-year run, from 1964 to 1969. Early life Connelly graduated from Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. Career Jodie Foster and Connelly in Paper Moon in 1974 In addition to his aforementioned series-long run on ABC's Peyton Place, Connelly guest-starred in 1973 on Lorne Greene's short-lived ABC crime drama Griff, and in 1974, he starred in the television series Paper Moon, with a young Jodie Foster playing his daughter. The series was based on the film of the same name but was cancelled after only a few months. The film version starred Connelly's former Peyton Place costar Ryan O'Neal — who had played Connelly's brother in the serial — and O'Neal's daughter Tatum O'Neal. In 1964, he appeared as “Trainey”, a reform school kid in the episode “The Warden” on Gunsmoke with George Kennedy. Connelly also starred in the films Corky (1972), They Only Kill Their Masters (1972), Benji (1974) and Liar's Moon (1982). He also released a long-playing record of his singing, titled The Boy from Peyton Place on Phillips Records. Later career and death In the 1980s, Connelly made numerous appearances in Italian cult B-movies such as Lucio Fulci's Manhattan Baby, Enzo G. Castellari's 1990: The Bronx Warriors, Ruggero Deodato's The Atlantis Interceptors, and Antonio Margheriti's Jungle Raiders. He also made guest appearances on dozens of television series, such as The Brian Keith Show, the miniseries The Martian Chronicles, Martin Eden, Airwolf, CHiPs, and the television movie Return of the Rebels. Following a two-year battle with lung cancer, Connelly died at home in December 1988, and was buried at Forest Lawn in Hollywood Hills. Partial filmography The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 2 Episode 7: "Starring the Defense") as Rudy Trask Move Over, Darling (1963) as Ranking Seaman (uncredited) What a Way to Go! (1964) as Ned (uncredited) Gunsmoke (1964) Peyton Place (1964–1969) as Norman Harrington Love American Style (1969) (Segment: "Love and Mother") as Paul Corky (1972) as Billy They Only Kill Their Masters (1972) as John Benji (1974) as Henry The Invasion of Carol Enders (1974) as Adam Reston Paper Moon (1974) as "Moze" Pray (13 episodes) Hawmps! (1976), as Uriah Tibbs Quincy M.E. (1977) as Paul Colby Hawaii Five-O (1977), as Dennis Fantasy Island (1978) (Episode: "The Funny Girl/Butch and Sundance") The Norseman (1978), as Rolf Crash (1978), as Mike Tagliarino The Love Boat (1979) (Season 3 Episode 12) as Rory Daniels Earthbound (1981), as Zef Liar's Moon (1982), as Alex Peterson Manhattan Baby (1982), as Professor George Hacker 1990: The Bronx Warriors (1982), as Hot Dog The Atlantis Interceptors (1983), as Mike Ross Jungle Raiders (1985), as Captain Yankee Foxtrap (1986), as J.T. The Mines of Kilimanjaro (1986), as Professor Thomas Smith / Schmidt Operation Nam (1986), as Roger Carson The Messenger (1986), as FBI Agent Parker Strike Commando (1987), as Colonel Radek Django 2 (1987), as "El Diablo" Orlowsky Night of the Sharks (1988), as Father Mattia (final film role) References ^ "Noteworthy Alumni". missourimilitaryacademy.org. Retrieved March 31, 2019. ^ "Actor Connelly dies of cancer". Schenectady Gazette. United Press International. December 9, 1988. p. 43. ^ "'Peyton Place' star Connelly dead at 47". Press-Courier. Oxnard, California. Associated Press. December 9, 1988. p. 24. External links Biography portal Christopher Connelly at IMDb Christopher Connelly at the TCM Movie Database Christopher Connelly at AllMovie Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Connelly_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"prime time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Peyton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Place_(TV_series)"}],"text":"For other people with a similar name, see Chris Connelly.Christopher Connelly (September 8, 1941 – December 7, 1988) was an American actor, best known for his role as Norman Harrington in the successful prime time ABC soap opera Peyton Place. He stayed with the series during its entire five-year run, from 1964 to 1969.","title":"Christopher Connelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Connelly graduated from Missouri Military Academy[1] in Mexico, Missouri.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paper_Moon_television_1974.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jodie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Foster"},{"link_name":"Paper Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Moon_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lorne Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Greene"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Griff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paper Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Moon_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jodie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Foster"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Moon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ryan O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Tatum O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatum_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"George Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Corky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corky_(film)"},{"link_name":"They Only Kill Their Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Only_Kill_Their_Masters"},{"link_name":"Benji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Liar's Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar%27s_Moon"}],"text":"Jodie Foster and Connelly in Paper Moon in 1974In addition to his aforementioned series-long run on ABC's Peyton Place, Connelly guest-starred in 1973 on Lorne Greene's short-lived ABC crime drama Griff, and in 1974, he starred in the television series Paper Moon, with a young Jodie Foster playing his daughter. The series was based on the film of the same name but was cancelled after only a few months. The film version starred Connelly's former Peyton Place costar Ryan O'Neal — who had played Connelly's brother in the serial — and O'Neal's daughter Tatum O'Neal.In 1964, he appeared as “Trainey”, a reform school kid in the episode “The Warden” on Gunsmoke with George Kennedy. Connelly also starred in the films Corky (1972), They Only Kill Their Masters (1972), Benji (1974) and Liar's Moon (1982).He also released a long-playing record of his singing, titled The Boy from Peyton Place on Phillips Records.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lucio Fulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fulci"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Baby"},{"link_name":"Enzo G. Castellari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_G._Castellari"},{"link_name":"1990: The Bronx Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990:_The_Bronx_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Ruggero Deodato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Deodato"},{"link_name":"The Atlantis Interceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantis_Interceptors"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margheriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti"},{"link_name":"Jungle Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Raiders_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Brian Keith Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brian_Keith_Show"},{"link_name":"The Martian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Martin Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eden_(1979_TV_mini-series)"},{"link_name":"Airwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwolf"},{"link_name":"CHiPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHiPs"},{"link_name":"Return of the Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Rebels"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peplstco-3"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"}],"text":"In the 1980s, Connelly made numerous appearances in Italian cult B-movies such as Lucio Fulci's Manhattan Baby, Enzo G. Castellari's 1990: The Bronx Warriors, Ruggero Deodato's The Atlantis Interceptors, and Antonio Margheriti's Jungle Raiders. He also made guest appearances on dozens of television series, such as The Brian Keith Show, the miniseries The Martian Chronicles, Martin Eden, Airwolf, CHiPs, and the television movie Return of the Rebels.Following a two-year battle with lung cancer, Connelly died at home in December 1988,[2][3] and was buried at Forest Lawn in Hollywood Hills.","title":"Later career and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alfred_Hitchcock_Hour"},{"link_name":"Move Over, Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_Over,_Darling"},{"link_name":"What a Way to Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"Peyton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Place_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love American Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_American_Style"},{"link_name":"Corky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corky_(film)"},{"link_name":"They Only Kill Their Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Only_Kill_Their_Masters"},{"link_name":"Benji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Paper Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Moon_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hawmps!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawmps!"},{"link_name":"Quincy M.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_M.E."},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Island"},{"link_name":"The Norseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Norseman"},{"link_name":"Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"},{"link_name":"Earthbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthbound_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Liar's Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar%27s_Moon"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Baby"},{"link_name":"1990: The Bronx Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990:_The_Bronx_Warriors"},{"link_name":"The Atlantis Interceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantis_Interceptors"},{"link_name":"Jungle Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Raiders_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mines of Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mines_of_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"Operation Nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nam"},{"link_name":"Strike Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Commando"},{"link_name":"Django 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_2"},{"link_name":"Night of the Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Sharks"}],"text":"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 2 Episode 7: \"Starring the Defense\") as Rudy Trask\nMove Over, Darling (1963) as Ranking Seaman (uncredited)\nWhat a Way to Go! (1964) as Ned (uncredited)\nGunsmoke (1964)\nPeyton Place (1964–1969) as Norman Harrington\nLove American Style (1969) (Segment: \"Love and Mother\") as Paul\nCorky (1972) as Billy\nThey Only Kill Their Masters (1972) as John\nBenji (1974) as Henry\nThe Invasion of Carol Enders (1974) as Adam Reston\nPaper Moon (1974) as \"Moze\" Pray (13 episodes)\nHawmps! (1976), as Uriah Tibbs\nQuincy M.E. (1977) as Paul Colby\nHawaii Five-O (1977), as Dennis\nFantasy Island (1978) (Episode: \"The Funny Girl/Butch and Sundance\")\nThe Norseman (1978), as Rolf\nCrash (1978), as Mike Tagliarino\nThe Love Boat (1979) (Season 3 Episode 12) as Rory Daniels\nEarthbound (1981), as Zef\nLiar's Moon (1982), as Alex Peterson\nManhattan Baby (1982), as Professor George Hacker\n1990: The Bronx Warriors (1982), as Hot Dog\nThe Atlantis Interceptors (1983), as Mike Ross\nJungle Raiders (1985), as Captain Yankee\nFoxtrap (1986), as J.T.\nThe Mines of Kilimanjaro (1986), as Professor Thomas Smith / Schmidt\nOperation Nam (1986), as Roger Carson\nThe Messenger (1986), as FBI Agent Parker\nStrike Commando (1987), as Colonel Radek\nDjango 2 (1987), as \"El Diablo\" Orlowsky\nNight of the Sharks (1988), as Father Mattia (final film role)","title":"Partial filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Jodie Foster and Connelly in Paper Moon in 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paper_Moon_television_1974.JPG/160px-Paper_Moon_television_1974.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1271_in_England
1270s in England
["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
1270s in England Other decades 1250s | 1260s | 1270s | 1280s | 1290s Events from the 1270s in England. Incumbents Monarch – Henry III (to 16 November 1272), Edward I Events 1270 April – Parliament levies a property tax to support the Eighth Crusade. 9 September – William Chillenden elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 20 August – Prince Edward sets out on Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) with his wife Eleanor of Castile. Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey near Winchcombe in Gloucestershire (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the Blood of Christ, acquired in the Holy Roman Empire; this becomes such a magnet for pilgrimage that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale. Battle of Áth-an-Chip: The army of the Irish Kingdom of Connacht routs the English army near Carrick-on-Shannon. 1271 9 May – Prince Edward arrives in Acre, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Mamluk sultan Baibars. 1272 12 May – Lord Edward's crusade is concluded by the Treaty of Caesarea. June – an attempt is made on the life of Prince Edward at Acre; he kills the would-be assassin but receives a festering wound from a poisoned dagger. Summer – Pope Gregory X sets aside the election of William Chilldenden to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 24 September – Prince Edward leaves Acre for Sicily. 11 October – Robert Kilwardby enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 16 November – King Henry III dies; Prince Edward (at this time in Sicily) succeeds him as Edward I of England and is proclaimed king. Court of Common Pleas established as a permanent body, and receives its first chief justice (Gilbert of Preston). Worshipful Company of Cordwainers and Curriers granted rights to regulate the leather trade in the City of London; Fishmongers Company chartered. 1273 Edward, making a protracted return from Sicily, visits Pope Gregory X and pays homage to Philip III of France. 1274 2 August – Edward I returns to England from his crusade. 19 August – coronation of Edward I at Westminster Abbey. August – Merton College, Oxford, receives its statutes, the first English university college to do so. The Hundred Rolls are commissioned, enquiring into the rights of English landowners. 1275 22 April – Edward I's first parliament meets and passes the first Statute of Westminster, codifying the existing law in England, in 51 chapters of Norman French, and defining legal privileges. May – Parliament imposes the first regular customs duty on wool and leather. 11 September – an earthquake in southern England damages churches at Glastonbury and is felt across the country. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd refuses to pay homage to Edward I; Llywelyn's proxy bride Eleanor de Montfort (Edward's cousin) is captured at sea off the south-west of England and held prisoner at Windsor Castle as a bargaining counter for Llywelyn's compliance. Statute of the Jewry forbids Jews from charging interest on loans. 1276 November – Edward I invades Wales. Merton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use. 1277 9 November – Treaty of Aberconwy by which Llywelyn was to retain control of Gwynedd in return for paying homage to England while Edward was to rule the remainder of Wales. St George's Cross is first recorded in use as the national flag of England. 1278 June or July – Robert Burnell elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 7 August – Statute of Gloucester defines competences of local courts and establishes legal procedures for claiming a right to privileges. 13 October – the King allows his cousin Eleanor de Montfort to marry Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at Worcester Cathedral. 17 November – all Jews in England imprisoned on suspicion of coin clipping. 1279 January – Pope Nicholas III quashes the election of Robert Burnell to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 25 January – John Peckham enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury against the wishes of the King. The first of the Statutes of Mortmain prevents land from passing into possession of the church. December – new coinage issued, including the first groats and round farthings and a new silver halfpenny. Itinerant royal judges are ordered to inquire into confederacies against justice, thus effectively making conspiracy a crime. The Royal Mint moves to the Tower of London by this year. Further round of Hundred Rolls commissioned. Births 1270 Approximate date – Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, military leader (executed 1323) 1272 April – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I (died 1307) 1273 24 November – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I (died 1284) 1274 Approximate date – Adam Murimuth, ecclesiastic and chronicler (died 1347) 1275 15 March – Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant, daughter of King Edward I (died after 1333) 18 August – Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (died 1322) Approximate date – Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1324) 1276 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (died in battle 1322) 1278 11 March – Mary of Woodstock, daughter of King Edward I, nun (died by 1332) Approximate date – Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, politician (executed 1322) 1279 Approximate date – Marguerite of France, daughter of Philip III of France and Queen consort of Edward I of England (died 1318) Deaths 1270 18 July – Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, (born c. 1217) Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (born 1212) 1271 13 March – Henry of Almain, crusader (born 1235) Richard de Grey, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (year of birth unknown) 1272 18 March – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (born 1246) 2 April – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall (born 1209) 16 November – King Henry III (born 1207) Bartholomeus Anglicus, Franciscan friar and encyclopedia author (born before 1203) Approximate date – William of Sherwood, logician (born c.1200) 1275 26 February – Margaret of England, daughter of Henry III of England and consort of Alexander III of Scotland (born 1240) 13 April – Eleanor of England (born 1215) 24 September – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (born 1208) John of Howden, canon and poet writing in Norman French and Latin 1277 27 October – Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor and founder of Merton College, Oxford (born c. 1205) 1279 11 September – Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c. 1215) Walter Giffard, Lord Chancellor and archbishop (year of birth unknown) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 88–90. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. ^ a b c d e f g Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 146–148. ISBN 0-304-35730-8. ^ Historic England. "Hailes Abbey (328158)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 2020-09-13. ^ Baldwin, Philip Bruce (2014). Pope Gregory X and the Crusades. Boydell Press. p. 43. ^ Slack, Corliss (2009). The A to Z of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8108-6815-1. ^ "Library & Archives – History". Oxford: Merton College. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-05-08. ^ Perrin, W. G. (1922). British Flags. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ^ "Medieval English Hammered Farthings - Edward I - intro". Retrieved 2010-09-12. ^ Gillingham, John; Griffiths, Ralph A. (2000). Medieval Britain: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-285402-5. ^ "The Royal Mint at the Tower of London". Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. 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crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade"},{"link_name":"Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Robert Kilwardby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice"},{"link_name":"Gilbert of Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_of_Preston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Cordwainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Cordwainers"},{"link_name":"Curriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Curriers"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Fishmongers Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X"},{"link_name":"homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(feudal)"},{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"his crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Hundred Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Rolls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"Edward I's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Statute of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1275"},{"link_name":"Norman French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"customs duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"an earthquake in southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1275_British_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn ap Gruffudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Montfort,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Statute of the Jewry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_Jewry"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College_Library"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Aberconwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"St George's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burnell"},{"link_name":"Statute of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Montfort,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn ap Gruffudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"coin clipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_coin_debasement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III"},{"link_name":"John Peckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peckham"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Statutes of Mortmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"groats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(coin)"},{"link_name":"farthings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthing_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"halfpenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mint"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hundred Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Rolls"}],"text":"1270\nApril – Parliament levies a property tax to support the Eighth Crusade.[1]\n9 September – William Chillenden elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury.\n20 August – Prince Edward sets out on Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth)[2] with his wife Eleanor of Castile.\nEdmund, Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey near Winchcombe in Gloucestershire (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the Blood of Christ, acquired in the Holy Roman Empire; this becomes such a magnet for pilgrimage that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale.[3]\nBattle of Áth-an-Chip: The army of the Irish Kingdom of Connacht routs the English army near Carrick-on-Shannon.[1]\n1271\n9 May – Prince Edward arrives in Acre, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Mamluk sultan Baibars.[1]\n1272\n12 May – Lord Edward's crusade is concluded by the Treaty of Caesarea.[4]\nJune – an attempt is made on the life of Prince Edward at Acre; he kills the would-be assassin but receives a festering wound from a poisoned dagger.[5]\nSummer – Pope Gregory X sets aside the election of William Chilldenden to the Archbishopric of Canterbury.\n24 September – Prince Edward leaves Acre for Sicily.\n11 October – Robert Kilwardby enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.\n16 November – King Henry III dies; Prince Edward (at this time in Sicily) succeeds him as Edward I of England[2] and is proclaimed king.\nCourt of Common Pleas established as a permanent body, and receives its first chief justice (Gilbert of Preston).[1]\nWorshipful Company of Cordwainers and Curriers granted rights to regulate the leather trade in the City of London; Fishmongers Company chartered.\n1273\nEdward, making a protracted return from Sicily, visits Pope Gregory X and pays homage to Philip III of France.[1]\n1274\n2 August – Edward I returns to England from his crusade.[1]\n19 August – coronation of Edward I at Westminster Abbey.[2]\nAugust – Merton College, Oxford, receives its statutes, the first English university college to do so.[1]\nThe Hundred Rolls are commissioned, enquiring into the rights of English landowners.[2]\n1275\n22 April – Edward I's first parliament meets[1] and passes the first Statute of Westminster, codifying the existing law in England, in 51 chapters of Norman French, and defining legal privileges.[2]\nMay – Parliament imposes the first regular customs duty on wool and leather.[1]\n11 September – an earthquake in southern England damages churches at Glastonbury and is felt across the country.\nLlywelyn ap Gruffudd refuses to pay homage to Edward I;[1] Llywelyn's proxy bride Eleanor de Montfort (Edward's cousin) is captured at sea off the south-west of England and held prisoner at Windsor Castle as a bargaining counter for Llywelyn's compliance.\nStatute of the Jewry forbids Jews from charging interest on loans.[1]\n1276\nNovember – Edward I invades Wales.[1]\nMerton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use.[6]\n1277\n9 November – Treaty of Aberconwy by which Llywelyn was to retain control of Gwynedd in return for paying homage to England while Edward was to rule the remainder of Wales.[2]\nSt George's Cross is first recorded in use as the national flag of England.[7]\n1278\nJune or July – Robert Burnell elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury.\n7 August – Statute of Gloucester defines competences of local courts and establishes legal procedures for claiming a right to privileges.[1]\n13 October – the King allows his cousin Eleanor de Montfort to marry Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at Worcester Cathedral.\n17 November – all Jews in England imprisoned on suspicion of coin clipping.[8]\n1279\nJanuary – Pope Nicholas III quashes the election of Robert Burnell to the Archbishopric of Canterbury.\n25 January – John Peckham enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury against the wishes of the King.[1]\nThe first of the Statutes of Mortmain prevents land from passing into possession of the church.[2]\nDecember – new coinage issued, including the first groats and round farthings and a new silver halfpenny.[1]\nItinerant royal judges are ordered to inquire into confederacies against justice, thus effectively making conspiracy a crime.[9]\nThe Royal Mint moves to the Tower of London by this year.[10]\nFurther round of Hundred Rolls commissioned.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Harclay,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"1323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1320s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Joan of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Acre"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"1307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Alphonso, Earl of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"1284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Adam Murimuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Murimuth"},{"link_name":"1347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1340s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Badlesmere,_1st_Baron_Badlesmere"},{"link_name":"Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymer_de_Valence,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"1324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1320s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_4th_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Mary of Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Woodstock"},{"link_name":"Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Marguerite of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"1318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1310s_in_England"}],"text":"1270\nApproximate date – Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, military leader (executed 1323)\n1272\nApril – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I (died 1307)\n1273\n24 November – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I (died 1284)\n1274\nApproximate date – Adam Murimuth, ecclesiastic and chronicler (died 1347)\n1275\n15 March – Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant, daughter of King Edward I (died after 1333)\n18 August – Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (died 1322)\nApproximate date – Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1324)\n1276\nHumphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (died in battle 1322)\n1278\n11 March – Mary of Woodstock, daughter of King Edward I, nun (died by 1332)\nApproximate date – Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, politician (executed 1322)\n1279\nApproximate date – Marguerite of France, daughter of Philip III of France and Queen consort of Edward I of England (died 1318)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_4th_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"1212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Henry of Almain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Almain"},{"link_name":"1235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1230s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Richard de Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Grey"},{"link_name":"John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzalan,_7th_Earl_of_Arundel"},{"link_name":"1246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1240s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"1209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"1207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Bartholomeus Anglicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomeus_Anglicus"},{"link_name":"William of Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Margaret of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"1240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1240s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"1215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"1208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200s_in_England"},{"link_name":"John of Howden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howden_Minster#St_John_of_Howden"},{"link_name":"Walter de Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Merton"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"1205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1200s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Robert Kilwardby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"1215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1210s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Walter Giffard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Giffard"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"}],"text":"1270\n18 July – Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, (born c. 1217)\nRoger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (born 1212)\n1271\n13 March – Henry of Almain, crusader (born 1235)\nRichard de Grey, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (year of birth unknown)\n1272\n18 March – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (born 1246)\n2 April – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall (born 1209)\n16 November – King Henry III (born 1207)\nBartholomeus Anglicus, Franciscan friar and encyclopedia author (born before 1203)\nApproximate date – William of Sherwood, logician (born c.1200)\n1275\n26 February – Margaret of England, daughter of Henry III of England and consort of Alexander III of Scotland (born 1240)\n13 April – Eleanor of England (born 1215)\n24 September – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (born 1208)\nJohn of Howden, canon and poet writing in Norman French and Latin\n1277\n27 October – Walter de Merton, Lord Chancellor and founder of Merton College, Oxford (born c. 1205)\n1279\n11 September – Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c. 1215)\nWalter Giffard, Lord Chancellor and archbishop (year of birth unknown)","title":"Deaths"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 88–90. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 146–148. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will","url_text":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/146","url_text":"146–148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8","url_text":"0-304-35730-8"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Hailes Abbey (328158)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 2020-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=328158&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"Hailes Abbey (328158)\""}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Philip Bruce (2014). Pope Gregory X and the Crusades. Boydell Press. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Slack, Corliss (2009). The A to Z of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8108-6815-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6815-1","url_text":"978-0-8108-6815-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Library & Archives – History\". Oxford: Merton College. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513022654/http://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/aboutmerton/library8.shtml","url_text":"\"Library & Archives – History\""},{"url":"http://www.merton.ox.ac.uk/aboutmerton/library8.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perrin, W. G. (1922). British Flags. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169115","url_text":"British Flags"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169115/page/n55","url_text":"37"}]},{"reference":"\"Medieval English Hammered Farthings - Edward I - intro\". Retrieved 2010-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://hammered_farthings.tripod.com/edward-i-farthings/index.htm","url_text":"\"Medieval English Hammered Farthings - Edward I - intro\""}]},{"reference":"Gillingham, John; Griffiths, Ralph A. (2000). Medieval Britain: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-285402-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievalbritainv00gill_820","url_text":"Medieval Britain: a very short introduction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievalbritainv00gill_820/page/n70","url_text":"61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285402-5","url_text":"978-0-19-285402-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Mint at the Tower of London\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220202801/http://www.royalmint.gov.uk/Corporate/AboutUs/History/Toweroflondon.aspx","url_text":"\"The Royal Mint at the Tower of London\""},{"url":"http://www.royalmint.gov.uk/Corporate/AboutUs/History/Toweroflondon.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Fitzpatrick
Gabrielle Fitzpatrick
["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References","3 External links"]
Australian actress This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (April 2020) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gabrielle Fitzpatrick" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gabrielle FitzpatrickBorn (1967-02-01) 1 February 1967 (age 57)Brisbane, AustraliaOccupation(s)Actress, former modelYears active1987–present Gabrielle Fitzpatrick (born 1 February 1967) is an Australian film and television actress. She first appeared in the Italian film Via Montenapoleone directed by Carlo Vanzina, and has since starred in 11 films, her most recent involvement being in 2017's Fatties: Take Down the House directed by Bob Gordon. Fitzpatrick's television credits include Lost, 24, and NYPD Blue. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1995 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie Dulcea 1995 Blackwater Trail Sandra 1996 Offspring Maria Cassini 1997 Mr. Nice Guy Diana 1999 Inferno Rhonda Reynolds 2000 Farewell, My Love Brigit 2001 Downward Angel Gillian 2001 Buck Naked Arson Audry Gantry 2002 Clover Bend Nancy 2007 The Last Sin Eater Bletsung McLeod 2017 Fatties: Take Down the House Cassandra Video, post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1991 E Street Fiona 3 episodes 1991 Police Rescue The Waitress "Mates" 1993 G.P. Samantha "A Thousand Flowers: Part 2" 1993 Paradise Beach Brooke Bannister TV series 1995 Fire Susan "United We Stand" 1995-1996 The Man from Snowy River Montana Hale 25 episodes 1997 Roar Vorgeen "Projector" 1997-1998 NYPD Blue Naomi Reynolds Recurring role; 10 episodes 1998 Frasier Clare "Where Every Bloke Knows Your Name" 1999 Legacy Charlotte Bentley Logan Recurring role 2000 The Magicians Kiley TV film 2000 Nash Bridges Fiona Childs "Lap Dance" 2001 Providence Victoria Everdeen "Magician" 2003 Dragnet Aunt Maria "Well Endowed" 2004 24 Diana White "Day 3: 5:00 a.m.-6:00 a.m." 2004 North Shore Mrs. Farrell "Pilot" 2006-2007 Lost Lindsey "Two for the Road", "Par Avion" References ^ "That Time Mariska Hargitay Was Fired From The Power Rangers Movie". CINEMABLEND. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ "Mr. Nice Guy (Blu-ray)". DVD Talk. Retrieved 24 April 2020. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Gabrielle Fitzpatrick. Gabrielle Fitzpatrick at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Poland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikebygd
Vikebygd
["1 Media gallery","2 References"]
Coordinates: 59°35′39″N 05°35′14″E / 59.59417°N 5.58722°E / 59.59417; 5.58722This article is about the village in Vindafjord, Norway. For other uses, see Vikebygd (disambiguation). Village in Western Norway, NorwayVikebygdVillageView of the villageVikebygdLocation in Rogaland countyCoordinates: 59°35′39″N 05°35′14″E / 59.59417°N 5.58722°E / 59.59417; 5.58722CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyRogalandDistrictHaugalandetMunicipalityVindafjordElevation13 m (43 ft)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code5568 Vikebygd Vikebygd is a village in Vindafjord municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the Ålfjorden, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) straight west of the village of Ølensvåg. The village was the administrative centre of the former municipality of Vikebygd which existed from 1902 until 1964. Vikebygd is the site of Vikebygd Church. The village is a mostly agricultural area, although many residents commute to the nearby city of Haugesund, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the southwest. Media gallery View of Vikebygd Church Local farm area in Vikebygd References ^ "Vikebygd, Vindafjord (Rogaland)" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2015-02-19. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Vikebygd" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2015-03-05. This Rogaland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_House_(Heather_Small)
Hot House (British band)
["1 Discography","1.1 Singles","1.2 Albums","2 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hot House" British band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hot HouseOriginEnglandGenresR&B, dance-pop, house, soulYears active1987–1990LabelsDeConstruction BMGMusical artist Hot House (also billed as "Hot!House") were an English soul music band featuring Heather Small, Martin Colyer and Mark Pringle, who first came to the attention of the British Music Press (Record Mirror etc.) in January 1987. This was when they released the ballad "Don't Come To Stay" on the deConstruction Records label (then named as "De Construction"). The record failed to reach the UK Top 40, peaking at #74 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1987, however the record earned the band acclaim and they recorded tracks for their debut album at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. In September 1987, the band released "The Way That We Walk". However even with a number of magazine interviews the record failed to reach the UK chart. In fact the band would not enter the chart again until a re-issue of "Don't Come To Stay", re-issued via deConstruction's deal with RCA Records (BMG), eclipsed the original peak by four places in September 1988. Mark Pringle and Martin Colyer are now directors of Rock's Backpages, an online library of music journalism. Heather Small went on to greater success with M People. Discography Singles "Don't Come To Stay" (De Construction - CHEZ 1) - January 1987 - UK #74 "The Way That We Walk" (De Construction - CHEZ 2) - September 1987 "Crazy" (De Construction - PD 42114) - July 1988 "Don't Come To Stay" (reissue) (De Construction - PB 42233) - September 1988 - UK #70 "Hard As I Try" (De Construction - PB 42657 - March 1989) "Everything You Said" (De Construction - PB 42845 - May 1989) "Lose the Feeling" (De Construction - 1990) Albums South (1988) Movers and Shakers (1990) References ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 260. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. Record Mirror - 12 September 1987 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja
Naja
["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Venom","4 Taxonomy","4.1 Species","5 References","6 External links"]
Genus of snakes This article is about a genus of venomous snakes. For other uses, see Naja (disambiguation). NajaTemporal range: Miocene–Holocene Indian cobra (Naja naja), species typica of the genus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: NajaLaurenti, 1768 Type species Coluber najaLinnaeus, 1758 Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as cobras (or "true cobras"). Members of the genus Naja are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as "true" cobras. Various species occur in regions throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several other elapid species are also called "cobras", such as the king cobra and the rinkhals, but neither is a true cobra, in that they do not belong to the genus Naja, but instead each belong to monotypic genera Hemachatus (the rinkhals) and Ophiophagus (the king cobra/hamadryad). Until recently, the genus Naja had 20 to 22 species, but it has undergone several taxonomic revisions in recent years, so sources vary greatly. Wide support exists, though, for a 2009 revision that synonymised the genera Boulengerina and Paranaja with Naja. According to that revision, the genus Naja now includes 38 species. Indian cobra (Naja naja) Dissected head of Naja melanoleuca showing (A) the fangs and (B) the venom gland Etymology The origin of this genus name is from the Sanskrit nāga (with a hard "g") meaning "snake". Some hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English "snake", Germanic: *snēk-a-, Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, but Manfred Mayrhofer calls this etymology "not credible", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit nagna, "hairless" or "naked". Description Naja species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of 1.84 m (6.0 ft). Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of cobras are around 3.1 m (10 ft), with the forest cobra arguably being the longest species. All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. Fang structure is variable; all species except the Indian cobra (Naja naja) and Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana) have some degree of adaptation to spitting. Venom All species in the genus Naja are capable of delivering a fatal bite to a human. Most species have strongly neurotoxic venom, which attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, but many also have cytotoxic features that cause swelling and necrosis, and have a significant anticoagulant effect. Some also have cardiotoxic components to their venom. Several Naja species, referred to as spitting cobras, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their front fangs, instead of ejecting venom downward through an elongated discharge orifice (similar to a hypodermic needle), have a shortened, rounded opening in the front surface, which ejects the venom forward, out of the mouth. While typically referred to as "spitting", the action is more like squirting. The range and accuracy with which they can shoot their venom varies from species to species, but it is used primarily as a defense mechanism. The venom has little or no effect on unbroken skin, but if it enters the eyes, it can cause a severe burning sensation and temporary or even permanent blindness if not washed out immediately and thoroughly. A recent study showed that all three spitting cobra lineages have evolved higher pain-inducing activity through increased phospholipase A2 levels, which potentiate the algesic action of the cytotoxins present in most cobra venoms. The timing of the origin of spitting in African and Asian Naja species corresponds to the separation of the human and chimpanzee evolutionary lineages in Africa and the arrival of Homo erectus in Asia. The authors therefore hypothesise that the arrival of bipedal, tool-using primates may have triggered the evolution of spitting in cobras. The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) of Central Asia is the most venomous Naja species. According to a 2019 study by Kazemi-Lomedasht et al, the murine LD50 via intravenous injection (IV) value for Naja oxiana (Iranian specimens) was estimated to be 0.14 mg/kg (0.067-0.21 mg/kg) more potent than the sympatric Pakistani Naja naja karachiensis and Naja naja indusi found in far north and northwest India and adjacent Pakistani border areas (0.22 mg/kg), the Thai Naja kaouthia (0.2 mg/kg), and Naja philippinensis at 0.18 mg/kg (0.11-0.3 mg/kg). Latifi (1984) listed a subcutaneous value of 0.2 mg/kg (0.16-0.47 mg/kg) for N. oxiana. The crude venom of N. oxiana produced the lowest known lethal dose (LCLo) of 0.005 mg/kg, the lowest among all cobra species ever recorded, derived from an individual case of envenomation by intracerebroventricular injection. The Banded water cobra's LD50 was estimated to be 0.17 mg/kg via IV according to Christensen (1968). The Philippine cobra (N. philippinensis) has an average murine LD50 of 0.18 mg/kg IV (Tan et al, 2019). Minton (1974) reported 0.14 mg/kg IV for the Philippine cobra. The Samar cobra (Naja samarensis), another cobra species endemic to the southern islands of the Philippines, is reported to have a LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg, similar in potency to the monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) found only in Thailand and eastern Cambodia, which also have a LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg. The spectacled cobras that are sympatric with N. oxiana, in Pakistan and far northwest India, also have a high potency of 0.22 mg/kg. Other highly venomous species are the forest cobras and/or water cobras (Boulengerina subgenus). The murine intraperitoneal LD50 of Naja annulata and Naja christyi venoms were 0.143 mg/kg (range of 0.131 mg/kg to 0.156 mg/kg) and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. Christensen (1968) also listed an IV LD50 of 0.17 mg/kg for N. annulata. The Chinese cobra (N. atra) is also highly venomous. Minton (1974) listed a value of LD50 0.3 mg/kg intravenous (IV), while Lee and Tseng list a value of 0.67 mg/kg subcutaneous injection (SC). The LD50 of the Cape cobra (N. nivea) according to Minton, 1974 was 0.35 mg/kg (IV) and 0.4 mg/kg (SC). The Senegalese cobra (N. senegalensis) has a murine LD50 of 0.39 mg/kg (Tan et al, 2021) via IV. The Egyptian cobra (N. haje) of Ugandan locality had an IV LD50 of 0.43 mg/kg (0.35–0.52 mg/kg). The Naja species are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range. They range throughout Africa (including some parts of the Sahara where Naja haje can be found), Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Roughly 30% of bites by some cobra species are dry bites, thus do not cause envenomation (a dry bite is a bite by a venomous snake that does not inject venom). Brown (1973) noted that cobras with a higher rates of 'sham strikes' tend to be more venomous, while those with a less toxic venom tend to envenomate more frequently when attempting to bite. This can vary even between specimens of the same species. This is unlike related elapids, such as those species belonging to Dendroaspis (mambas) and Bungarus (kraits), with mambas tending to almost always envenomate and kraits tending to envenomate more often than they attempt 'sham strikes'. Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality among different species within the same genus. Among cobras, the cases of fatal outcome of bites in both treated and untreated victims can be quite large. For example, mortality rates among untreated cases of envenomation by the cobras as a whole group ranges from 6.5–10% for N kaouthia. to about 80% for N. oxiana. Mortality rate for Naja atra is between 15 and 20%, 5–10% for N. nigricollis, 50% for N. nivea, 20–25% for N. naja, In cases where victims of cobra bites are medically treated using normal treatment protocol for elapid type envenomation, differences in prognosis depend on the cobra species involved. The vast majority of envenomated patients treated make quick and complete recoveries, while other envenomated patients who receive similar treatment result in fatalities. The most important factors in the difference of mortality rates among victims envenomated by cobras is the severity of the bite and which cobra species caused the envenomation. The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) and the Philippine cobra (N. philippinensis) are the two cobra species with the most toxic venom based on LD50 studies on mice. Both species cause prominent neurotoxicity and progression of life-threatening symptoms following envenomation. Death has been reported in as little as 30 minutes in cases of envenomation by both species. N. philippinensis purely neurotoxic venom causes prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local tissue damage and pain and patients respond very well to antivenom therapy if treatment is administered rapidly after envenomation. Envenomation caused by N. oxiana is much more complicated. In addition to prominent neurotoxicity, very potent cytotoxic and cardiotoxic components are in this species' venom. Local effects are marked and manifest in all cases of envenomation: severe pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, and tissue necrosis. Renal damage and cardiotoxicity are also clinical manifestations of envenomation caused by N. oxiana, though they are rare and secondary. The untreated mortality rate among those envenomed by N. oxiana approaches 80%, the highest among all species within the genus Naja. Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asian cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra (N. naja) and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species' venom, massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran. Response to treatment with antivenom is generally poor among patients, so mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubation is required. As a result, mortality among those treated for N. oxiana envenomation is still relatively high (up to 30%) compared to all other species of cobra (<1%). Taxonomy Naja (Naja) Naja (Naja) naja Naja (Naja) kaouthia Naja (Naja) atra Naja (Naja) sagittifera Naja (Naja) oxiana Naja (Naja) sputatrix Naja (Naja) samarensis Naja (Naja) philippinensis Naja (Naja) mandalayensis Naja (Naja) sumatrana Naja (Naja) siamensis (Afronaja) Naja (Afronaja) pallida Naja (Afronaja) nubiae Naja (Afronaja) katiensis Naja (Afronaja) nigricollis Naja (Afronaja) ashei Naja (Afronaja) mossambica Naja (Afronaja) nigricincta (Boulengerina) Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata Naja (Boulengerina) nana Naja (Boulengerina) christyi Naja (Boulengerina) annulata Naja (Boulengerina) savannula Naja (Boulengerina) subfulva Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis Naja (Boulengerina) peroescobari Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca (Uraeus) Naja (Uraeus) nivea Naja (Uraeus) senegalensis Naja (Uraeus) haje Naja (Uraeus) arabica Naja (Uraeus) annulifera Naja (Uraeus) anchietae The genus contains several species complexes of closely related and often similar-looking species, some of them only recently described or defined. Several recent taxonomic studies have revealed species not included in the current listing in ITIS: Naja anchietae (Bocage, 1879), Anchieta's cobra, is regarded as a subspecies of N. haje by Mertens (1937) and of N. annulifera by Broadley (1995). It is regarded as a full species by Broadley and Wüster (2004). Naja arabica Scortecci, 1932, the Arabian cobra, has long been considered a subspecies of N. haje, but was recently raised to the status of species. Naja ashei Broadley and Wüster, 2007, Ashe's spitting cobra, is a newly described species found in Africa and also a highly aggressive snake; it can spit a large amount of venom. Naja nigricincta Bogert, 1940, was long regarded as a subspecies of N. nigricollis, but was recently found to be a full species (with N. n. woodi as a subspecies). Naja senegalensis Trape et al., 2009, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of N. haje. Naja peroescobari Ceríaco et al. 2017, is a new species encompassing what was previously considered the São Tomé population of N. melanoleuca. Naja guineensis Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African forest populations of N. melanoleuca. Naja savannula Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of N. melanoleuca. Naja subfulva Laurent, 1955, previously regarded as a subspecies of N. melanoleuca, was recently recognized as a full species. Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have also supported the incorporation of the species previously assigned to the genera Boulengerina and Paranaja into Naja, as both are closely related to the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca). In the most comprehensive phylogenetic study to date, 5 putative new species were initially identified, of which 3 have since been named. The controversial amateur herpetologist Raymond Hoser proposed the genus Spracklandus for the African spitting cobras. Wallach et al. suggested that this name was not published according to the Code and suggested instead the recognition of four subgenera within Naja: Naja for the Asiatic cobras, Boulengerina for the African forest, water and burrowing cobras, Uraeus for the Egyptian and Cape cobra group and Afronaja for the African spitting cobras. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature issued an opinion that it “finds no basis under the provisions of the Code for regarding the name Spracklandus as unavailable”. Asiatic cobras are believed to further be split into two groups of southeastern Asian cobras (N. siamensis, N. sumatrana, N. philippinensis, N. samarensis, N. sputatrix, and N. mandalayensis) and western and northern Asian cobras (N. oxiana, N. kaouthia, N. sagittifera, and N. atra) with Naja naja serving as a basal lineage to all species. Species Image Species Authority Subsp.* Common name Geographic range N. anchietae Bocage, 1879 0 Anchieta's cobra (Angolan Cobra) Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, eastern Zimbabwe N. annulata (Buchholz and Peters, 1876) 1 Banded water cobra Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and the province of Cabinda in Angola N. annulifera Peters, 1854 0 Snouted cobra Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe †N. antiqua Rage, 1976 0 Miocene-aged strata of Morocco N. arabica Scortecci, 1932 0 Arabian cobra Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen N. ashei Wüster and Broadley, 2007 0 Ashe's spitting cobra (giant spitting cobra) southern Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, eastern Uganda N. atra Cantor, 1842 0 Chinese cobra southern China, northern Laos, Taiwan, northern Vietnam N. christyi (Boulenger, 1904) 0 Congo water cobra the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), the Republic of Congo, and the province of Cabinda in Angola N. fuxi Shi, Vogel, Chen, & Ding, 2022 0 Brown banded cobra China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam N. guineensis Broadley, Trape, Chirio, Ineich &Wüster, 2018 0 Black forest cobra Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo N. haje Linnaeus, 1758 0 Egyptian cobra Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt †N. iberica Szyndlar, 1985 Miocene-aged strata of Spain N. kaouthia Lesson, 1831 0 Monocled cobra Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, southern China, eastern India, Laos, northwestern Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, southeastern Tibet, Vietnam N. katiensis Angel, 1922 0 Mali cobra (Katian spitting cobra) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Mali, Gambia, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo N. mandalayensis Slowinski & Wüster, 2000 0 Mandalay spitting cobra (Burmese spitting cobra) Myanmar (Burma) N. melanoleuca Hallowell, 1857 0 Central African forest cobra Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria N. mossambica Peters, 1854 0 Mozambique spitting cobra extreme southeastern Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, northeastern Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania (including Pemba Island), Zambia, Zimbabwe N. multifasciata Werner, 1902 0 Many-banded cobra Cameroon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Gabon N. naja (Linnaeus, 1758) 0 Indian cobra (spectacled cobra) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka N. nana Collet & Trape, 2020 0 Dwarf water cobra Democratic Republic of Congo N. nigricincta Bogert, 1940 1 Zebra spitting cobra Angola, Namibia, South Africa N. nigricollis Reinhardt, 1843 0 Black-necked spitting cobra Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) (except in the central region), Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Somalia, Togo, Uganda, Zambia N. nivea (Linnaeus, 1758) 0 Cape cobra (yellow cobra) Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa N. nubiae Wüster & Broadley, 2003 0 Nubian spitting cobra Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Niger, Sudan N. oxiana (Eichwald, 1831) 0 Caspian cobra Afghanistan, northwestern India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan N. pallida Boulenger, 1896 0 Red spitting cobra Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania N. peroescobari Ceríaco, Marques, Schmitz & Bauer, 2017 0 São Tomé forest cobra, cobra preta São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé) N. philippinensis Taylor, 1922 0 Philippine cobra the Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro) †N. romani (Hofstetter, 1939) 0 † Miocene-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Hungary, Greece and Ukraine. N. sagittifera Wall, 1913 0 Andaman cobra India (the Andaman Islands) N. samarensis Peters, 1861 0 Samar cobra the Philippines (Mindanao, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Camiguin) N. savannula Broadley, Trape, Chirio & Wüster, 2018 0 West African banded cobra Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo N. senegalensis Trape, Chirio & Wüster, 2009 0 Senegalese cobra Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal N. siamensis Laurenti, 1768 0 Indochinese spitting cobra Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam N. sputatrix F. Boie, 1827 0 Javan spitting cobra Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, East Timor) N. subfulva Laurent, 1955 0 Brown forest cobra Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe N. sumatrana Müller, 1887 0 Equatorial spitting cobra Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Belitung), Malaysia, the Philippines (Palawan), southern Thailand, Singapore Not including the nominate subspecies † Extinct T Type species References ^ Spawls, S; Branch, B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa (1st. ed.). Ralph Curtis Books. ISBN 9780883590294. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ a b Zhao, E; Adler, K (1993). Herpetology of China (1st ed.). Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles. p. 522. ISBN 9780916984281. OCLC 716490697. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Vogel, G (31 March 2006). 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Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. 221–228. ^ Hoser, R., 2009. Naja, Boulengerina and Paranaja. Australasian Journal of Herpetology, 7, pp.1-15. ^ "Opinion 2468 (Case 3601) – Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae) and Australasian Journal of Herpetology issues 1–24: confirmation of availability declined; Appendix A (Code of Ethics): not adopted as a formal criterion for ruling on Cases". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 78 (1): 42–45. 2021. doi:10.21805/bzn.v78.a012. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 233448875. ^ Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2020-08-18). "Phylogeny, phylogeography and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region". doi:10.22541/au.159774318.89992224. S2CID 225411032. Retrieved 2021-04-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Syromyatnikova, E.; Tesakov, A.; Titov, V. (2021). "Naja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939)(Serpentes: Elapidae) from the late Miocene of the Northern Caucasus: the last East European large cobra". Geodiversitas. 43 (19): 683–689. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a19. S2CID 238231298. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naja. Look up naja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Naja at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 13 April 2007. Taxon identifiersNaja Wikidata: Q220475 Wikispecies: Naja CoL: 5X59 EoL: 35579 EPPO: 1NAJAG GBIF: 2450142 iNaturalist: 30475 IRMNG: 1264417 ITIS: 700233 NCBI: 8638 Open Tree of Life: 630719 Paleobiology Database: 38154 uBio: 6363389
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naja (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"venomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous"},{"link_name":"elapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapid"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"king cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra"},{"link_name":"rinkhals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkhals"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Hemachatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemachatus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&B95-1"},{"link_name":"Ophiophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiophagus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z&A93-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GV06-3"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallach-6"},{"link_name":"Boulengerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulengerina"},{"link_name":"Paranaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranaja_multifasciata"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wuster18-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiancobra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cobra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naja_melanoleuca_head_dissection_A-_fang_B_-_venom_gland.jpg"}],"text":"This article is about a genus of venomous snakes. For other uses, see Naja (disambiguation).Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as cobras (or \"true cobras\"). Members of the genus Naja are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as \"true\" cobras. Various species occur in regions throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several other elapid species are also called \"cobras\", such as the king cobra and the rinkhals, but neither is a true cobra, in that they do not belong to the genus Naja, but instead each belong to monotypic genera Hemachatus (the rinkhals)[1] and Ophiophagus (the king cobra/hamadryad).[2][3]Until recently, the genus Naja had 20 to 22 species, but it has undergone several taxonomic revisions in recent years, so sources vary greatly.[4][5] Wide support exists, though, for a 2009 revision[6] that synonymised the genera Boulengerina and Paranaja with Naja. According to that revision, the genus Naja now includes 38 species.[7]Indian cobra (Naja naja)Dissected head of Naja melanoleuca showing (A) the fangs and (B) the venom gland","title":"Naja"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate_(etymology)"},{"link_name":"Proto-IE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Manfred Mayrhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayrhofer-9"}],"text":"The origin of this genus name is from the Sanskrit nāga (with a hard \"g\") meaning \"snake\". Some[who?] hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English \"snake\", Germanic: *snēk-a-, Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-,[8] but Manfred Mayrhofer calls this etymology \"not credible\", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit nagna, \"hairless\" or \"naked\".[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forest cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cobra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCH-10"},{"link_name":"Naja naja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_naja"},{"link_name":"Naja oxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_oxiana"},{"link_name":"spitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_cobra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Naja species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of 1.84 m (6.0 ft). Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of cobras are around 3.1 m (10 ft), with the forest cobra arguably being the longest species.[10] All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. Fang structure is variable; all species except the Indian cobra (Naja naja) and Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana) have some degree of adaptation to spitting.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxin"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"cardiotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity"},{"link_name":"spitting cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_cobra"},{"link_name":"front fangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteroglypha"},{"link_name":"hypodermic needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazandjian-12"},{"link_name":"chimpanzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"Homo erectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus"},{"link_name":"Caspian cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_cobra"},{"link_name":"murine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"intravenous injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ld50-13"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatry"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tan_et_al-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latifi84-15"},{"link_name":"intracerebroventricular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_system"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IJEB-16"},{"link_name":"Banded water cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulata"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C68-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wch-18"},{"link_name":"Philippine cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_cobra"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tan_et_al-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minton-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IVNP-21"},{"link_name":"Samar cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_cobra"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"monocled cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocled_cobra"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"spectacled cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cobra"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tan_et_al-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&R-23"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"Naja annulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulata"},{"link_name":"Naja christyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_christyi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_injection"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C68-17"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minton-19"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-25"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"Cape cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_cobra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minton-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M67-26"},{"link_name":"Senegalese cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_cobra"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tan_etl_al_21-27"},{"link_name":"Egyptian cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cobra"},{"link_name":"Ugandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-najahajeld50-28"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dendroaspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroaspis"},{"link_name":"Bungarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungarus"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown73-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown73-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W95-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medsnakes-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snakebite-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown73-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norris-34"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"neurotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toxicity-35"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic"},{"link_name":"cardiotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N.oxiana-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medsnakes-32"},{"link_name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Vaccine_and_Serum_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"mechanical ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation"},{"link_name":"endotracheal intubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotracheal_intubation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latifi84-15"}],"text":"All species in the genus Naja are capable of delivering a fatal bite to a human. Most species have strongly neurotoxic venom, which attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, but many also have cytotoxic features that cause swelling and necrosis, and have a significant anticoagulant effect. Some also have cardiotoxic components to their venom.Several Naja species, referred to as spitting cobras, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their front fangs, instead of ejecting venom downward through an elongated discharge orifice (similar to a hypodermic needle), have a shortened, rounded opening in the front surface, which ejects the venom forward, out of the mouth. While typically referred to as \"spitting\", the action is more like squirting. The range and accuracy with which they can shoot their venom varies from species to species, but it is used primarily as a defense mechanism. The venom has little or no effect on unbroken skin, but if it enters the eyes, it can cause a severe burning sensation and temporary or even permanent blindness if not washed out immediately and thoroughly.A recent study[12] showed that all three spitting cobra lineages have evolved higher pain-inducing activity through increased phospholipase A2 levels, which potentiate the algesic action of the cytotoxins present in most cobra venoms. The timing of the origin of spitting in African and Asian Naja species corresponds to the separation of the human and chimpanzee evolutionary lineages in Africa and the arrival of Homo erectus in Asia. The authors therefore hypothesise that the arrival of bipedal, tool-using primates may have triggered the evolution of spitting in cobras.The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) of Central Asia is the most venomous Naja species. According to a 2019 study by Kazemi-Lomedasht et al, the murine LD50 via intravenous injection (IV) value for Naja oxiana (Iranian specimens) was estimated to be 0.14 mg/kg (0.067-0.21 mg/kg)[13] more potent than the sympatric Pakistani Naja naja karachiensis and Naja naja indusi found in far north and northwest India and adjacent Pakistani border areas (0.22 mg/kg), the Thai Naja kaouthia (0.2 mg/kg), and Naja philippinensis at 0.18 mg/kg (0.11-0.3 mg/kg).[14] Latifi (1984) listed a subcutaneous value of 0.2 mg/kg (0.16-0.47 mg/kg) for N. oxiana.[15] The crude venom of N. oxiana produced the lowest known lethal dose (LCLo) of 0.005 mg/kg, the lowest among all cobra species ever recorded, derived from an individual case of envenomation by intracerebroventricular injection.[16] The Banded water cobra's LD50 was estimated to be 0.17 mg/kg via IV according to Christensen (1968).[17][18] The Philippine cobra (N. philippinensis) has an average murine LD50 of 0.18 mg/kg IV (Tan et al, 2019).[14] Minton (1974) reported 0.14 mg/kg IV for the Philippine cobra.[19][20][21] The Samar cobra (Naja samarensis), another cobra species endemic to the southern islands of the Philippines, is reported to have a LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg,[22] similar in potency to the monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) found only in Thailand and eastern Cambodia, which also have a LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg. The spectacled cobras that are sympatric with N. oxiana, in Pakistan and far northwest India, also have a high potency of 0.22 mg/kg.[14][23]Other highly venomous species are the forest cobras and/or water cobras (Boulengerina subgenus). The murine intraperitoneal LD50 of Naja annulata and Naja christyi venoms were 0.143 mg/kg (range of 0.131 mg/kg to 0.156 mg/kg) and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively.[24] Christensen (1968) also listed an IV LD50 of 0.17 mg/kg for N. annulata.[17] The Chinese cobra (N. atra) is also highly venomous. Minton (1974) listed a value of LD50 0.3 mg/kg intravenous (IV),[19] while Lee and Tseng list a value of 0.67 mg/kg subcutaneous injection (SC).[25] The LD50 of the Cape cobra (N. nivea) according to Minton, 1974 was 0.35 mg/kg (IV) and 0.4 mg/kg (SC).[19][26] The Senegalese cobra (N. senegalensis) has a murine LD50 of 0.39 mg/kg (Tan et al, 2021) via IV.[27] The Egyptian cobra (N. haje) of Ugandan locality had an IV LD50 of 0.43 mg/kg (0.35–0.52 mg/kg).[28]The Naja species are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range. They range throughout Africa (including some parts of the Sahara where Naja haje can be found), Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Roughly 30% of bites by some cobra species are dry bites, thus do not cause envenomation (a dry bite is a bite by a venomous snake that does not inject venom).[29] Brown (1973) noted that cobras with a higher rates of 'sham strikes' tend to be more venomous, while those with a less toxic venom tend to envenomate more frequently when attempting to bite. This can vary even between specimens of the same species. This is unlike related elapids, such as those species belonging to Dendroaspis (mambas) and Bungarus (kraits), with mambas tending to almost always envenomate and kraits tending to envenomate more often than they attempt 'sham strikes'.[30]Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality among different species within the same genus. Among cobras, the cases of fatal outcome of bites in both treated and untreated victims can be quite large. For example, mortality rates among untreated cases of envenomation by the cobras as a whole group ranges from 6.5–10% for N kaouthia.[30][31] to about 80% for N. oxiana.[32] Mortality rate for Naja atra is between 15 and 20%, 5–10% for N. nigricollis,[33] 50% for N. nivea,[30] 20–25% for N. naja,[34] In cases where victims of cobra bites are medically treated using normal treatment protocol for elapid type envenomation, differences in prognosis depend on the cobra species involved. The vast majority of envenomated patients treated make quick and complete recoveries, while other envenomated patients who receive similar treatment result in fatalities. The most important factors in the difference of mortality rates among victims envenomated by cobras is the severity of the bite and which cobra species caused the envenomation. The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) and the Philippine cobra (N. philippinensis) are the two cobra species with the most toxic venom based on LD50 studies on mice. Both species cause prominent neurotoxicity and progression of life-threatening symptoms following envenomation. Death has been reported in as little as 30 minutes in cases of envenomation by both species. N. philippinensis purely neurotoxic venom causes prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local tissue damage and pain[35] and patients respond very well to antivenom therapy if treatment is administered rapidly after envenomation. Envenomation caused by N. oxiana is much more complicated. In addition to prominent neurotoxicity, very potent cytotoxic and cardiotoxic components are in this species' venom. Local effects are marked and manifest in all cases of envenomation: severe pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, and tissue necrosis. Renal damage and cardiotoxicity are also clinical manifestations of envenomation caused by N. oxiana, though they are rare and secondary.[36] The untreated mortality rate among those envenomed by N. oxiana approaches 80%, the highest among all species within the genus Naja.[32] Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asian cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra (N. naja) and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species' venom, massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran. Response to treatment with antivenom is generally poor among patients, so mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubation is required. As a result, mortality among those treated for N. oxiana envenomation is still relatively high (up to 30%) compared to all other species of cobra (<1%).[15]","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) naja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_naja"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) kaouthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_kaouthia"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) atra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_atra"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) sagittifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_sagittifera"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) oxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_oxiana"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) sputatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_sputatrix"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) samarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_samarensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) philippinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_philippinensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) mandalayensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_mandalayensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) sumatrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_sumatrana"},{"link_name":"Naja (Naja) siamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_siamensis"},{"link_name":"Afronaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afronaja"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_pallida"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) nubiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nubiae"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) katiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_katiensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) nigricollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nigricollis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) ashei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_ashei"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) mossambica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_mossambica"},{"link_name":"Naja (Afronaja) nigricincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nigricincta"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) multifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_multifasciata"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nana"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) christyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_christyi"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) annulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulata"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) savannula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_savannula"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) subfulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_subfulva"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_guineensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) peroescobari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_peroescobari"},{"link_name":"Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_melanoleuca"},{"link_name":"Uraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_(Uraeus)"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) nivea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nivea"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) senegalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_senegalensis"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) haje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_haje"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_arabica"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) annulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulifera"},{"link_name":"Naja (Uraeus) anchietae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_anchietae"},{"link_name":"species complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_complex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid_33717439-37"},{"link_name":"Naja anchietae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_anchietae"},{"link_name":"Bocage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Barbosa_du_Bocage"},{"link_name":"Anchieta's cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchieta%27s_cobra"},{"link_name":"N. haje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_haje"},{"link_name":"N. annulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulifera"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW2004-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRDB-an-39"},{"link_name":"Naja arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_arabica"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trape09-40"},{"link_name":"Naja ashei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_ashei"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WB2007-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRDB-as-42"},{"link_name":"Naja nigricincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_nigricincta"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W2007-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRDB-nigc-44"},{"link_name":"Naja senegalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_senegalensis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trape09-40"},{"link_name":"Naja peroescobari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_peroescobari"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceriaco17-45"},{"link_name":"Naja guineensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_guineensis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wuster18-7"},{"link_name":"Naja savannula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_savannula"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wuster18-7"},{"link_name":"Naja subfulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_subfulva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wuster18-7"},{"link_name":"Boulengerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulengerina"},{"link_name":"Paranaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-banded_snake"},{"link_name":"forest cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cobra"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W2007-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Raymond Hoser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Hoser"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallach-6"},{"link_name":"International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Naja\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Naja)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) naja\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) kaouthia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) atra\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) sagittifera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) oxiana\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) sputatrix\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) samarensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) philippinensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) mandalayensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) sumatrana\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Naja) siamensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Afronaja)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) pallida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) nubiae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) katiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) nigricollis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) ashei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) mossambica\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Afronaja) nigricincta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Boulengerina)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) multifasciata\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) nana\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) christyi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) annulata\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) savannula\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) subfulva\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) guineensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) peroescobari\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Uraeus)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) nivea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) senegalensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) haje\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) arabica\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) annulifera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNaja (Uraeus) anchietaeThe genus contains several species complexes of closely related and often similar-looking species, some of them only recently described or defined. Several recent taxonomic studies have revealed species not included in the current listing in ITIS:[5][37]Naja anchietae (Bocage, 1879), Anchieta's cobra, is regarded as a subspecies of N. haje by Mertens (1937) and of N. annulifera by Broadley (1995). It is regarded as a full species by Broadley and Wüster (2004).[38][39]\nNaja arabica Scortecci, 1932, the Arabian cobra, has long been considered a subspecies of N. haje, but was recently raised to the status of species.[40]\nNaja ashei Broadley and Wüster, 2007, Ashe's spitting cobra, is a newly described species found in Africa and also a highly aggressive snake; it can spit a large amount of venom.[41][42]\nNaja nigricincta Bogert, 1940, was long regarded as a subspecies of N. nigricollis, but was recently found to be a full species (with N. n. woodi as a subspecies).[43][44]\nNaja senegalensis Trape et al., 2009, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of N. haje.[40]\nNaja peroescobari Ceríaco et al. 2017, is a new species encompassing what was previously considered the São Tomé population of N. melanoleuca.[45]\nNaja guineensis Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African forest populations of N. melanoleuca.[7]\nNaja savannula Broadley et al., 2018, is a new species encompassing what were previously considered to be the West African savanna populations of N. melanoleuca.[7]\nNaja subfulva Laurent, 1955, previously regarded as a subspecies of N. melanoleuca, was recently recognized as a full species.[7]Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have also supported the incorporation of the species previously assigned to the genera Boulengerina and Paranaja into Naja, as both are closely related to the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca).[43][46] In the most comprehensive phylogenetic study to date, 5 putative new species were initially identified, of which 3 have since been named.[4]The controversial amateur herpetologist Raymond Hoser proposed the genus Spracklandus for the African spitting cobras.[47] Wallach et al. suggested that this name was not published according to the Code and suggested instead the recognition of four subgenera within Naja: Naja for the Asiatic cobras, Boulengerina for the African forest, water and burrowing cobras, Uraeus for the Egyptian and Cape cobra group and Afronaja for the African spitting cobras.[6] International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature issued an opinion that it “finds no basis under the provisions of the Code for regarding the name Spracklandus as unavailable”.[48]Asiatic cobras are believed to further be split into two groups of southeastern Asian cobras (N. siamensis, N. sumatrana, N. philippinensis, N. samarensis, N. sputatrix, and N. mandalayensis) and western and northern Asian cobras (N. oxiana, N. kaouthia, N. sagittifera, and N. atra) with Naja naja serving as a basal lineage to all species.[49]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z&A93-2"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Not including the nominate subspecies† Extinct \nT Type species[2]","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[{"image_text":"Indian cobra (Naja naja)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Indiancobra.jpg/220px-Indiancobra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dissected head of Naja melanoleuca showing (A) the fangs and (B) the venom gland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Naja_melanoleuca_head_dissection_A-_fang_B_-_venom_gland.jpg/220px-Naja_melanoleuca_head_dissection_A-_fang_B_-_venom_gland.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Spawls, S; Branch, B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa (1st. ed.). Ralph Curtis Books. ISBN 9780883590294. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-dangerous-snakes-of-africa-9781472960276/","url_text":"The Dangerous Snakes of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883590294","url_text":"9780883590294"}]},{"reference":"Zhao, E; Adler, K (1993). Herpetology of China (1st ed.). Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles. p. 522. ISBN 9780916984281. OCLC 716490697. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/herpetology-of-china/oclc/716490697?loc=","url_text":"Herpetology of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916984281","url_text":"9780916984281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/716490697","url_text":"716490697"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, G (31 March 2006). Terralog: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14 (1 ed.). Frankfurt Am Main: Hollywood Import & Export. p. 148. ISBN 978-3936027938. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2091614.Terralog?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=xZLWn8Lg3O&rank=1","url_text":"Terralog: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3936027938","url_text":"978-3936027938"}]},{"reference":"von Plettenberg Laing, Anthony (2018). \"A multilocus phylogeny of the cobra clade elapids\". MSC Thesis.","urls":[{"url":"https://herpco.com/cobra-clade-phylogeny","url_text":"\"A multilocus phylogeny of the cobra clade elapids\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naja\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=700233","url_text":"\"Naja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Wallach, Van; Wüster, W; Broadley, Donald G. (2009). \"In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2236 (1): 26–36. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.2. S2CID 14702999.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02236p036.pdf","url_text":"\"In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2236.1.2","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14702999","url_text":"14702999"}]},{"reference":"Wüster, W; et al. (2018). \"Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveals unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)\". Zootaxa. 4455 (1): 68–98. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.3. PMID 30314221.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4455.1.3","url_text":"\"Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveals unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4455.1.3","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30314221","url_text":"30314221"}]},{"reference":"\"Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb\". Starling.rinet.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=2649&root=config","url_text":"\"Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb\""}]},{"reference":"Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. p. II.33. ISBN 978-3-8253-4550-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-4550-1","url_text":"978-3-8253-4550-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Naja melanoleuca - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms\". WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Queensland. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0183","url_text":"\"Naja melanoleuca - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms\""}]},{"reference":"Wüster, W; Thorpe, RS (1992b). \"Dentitional phenomena in cobras revisited: fang structure and spitting in the Asiatic species of Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae)\". Herpetologica. 48: 424–434. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228846399","url_text":"\"Dentitional phenomena in cobras revisited: fang structure and spitting in the Asiatic species of Naja (Serpentes: Elapidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Kazandjian, TD (January 2021). \"Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras\" (PDF). Science. 371 (6527): 386–390. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..386K. doi:10.1126/science.abb9303. PMC 7610493. PMID 1294479. S2CID 231666401.","urls":[{"url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/42157/1/1404468_Barlow.pdf","url_text":"\"Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...371..386K","url_text":"2021Sci...371..386K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abb9303","url_text":"10.1126/science.abb9303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610493","url_text":"7610493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1294479","url_text":"1294479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231666401","url_text":"231666401"}]},{"reference":"Kazemi-Lomedasht, F; Yamabhai, M; Sabatier, J; Behdani, M; Zareinejad, MR; Shahbazzadeh, D (5 December 2019). \"Development of a human scFv antibody targeting the lethal Iranian cobra (Naja oxiana) snake venom\". Toxicon. 171: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.006. PMID 31622638. S2CID 204772656. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622638/","url_text":"\"Development of a human scFv antibody targeting the lethal Iranian cobra (Naja oxiana) snake venom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxicon.2019.10.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622638","url_text":"31622638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204772656","url_text":"204772656"}]},{"reference":"Wong, KY; Tan, CH; Tan, NH (3 January 2019). \"Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization\". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (6): 1392–1399. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871. PMC 4889763. PMID 27022154.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4889763","url_text":"\"Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.15-0871","url_text":"10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4889763","url_text":"4889763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27022154","url_text":"27022154"}]},{"reference":"Latifi, Mahmoud (1984). Snakes of Iran. Society for the Study of Amphibians & Reptiles. 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ISBN 978-0-398-02808-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toxicologypharma0000brow/page/81","url_text":"Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toxicologypharma0000brow/page/81","url_text":"81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-02808-4","url_text":"978-0-398-02808-4"}]},{"reference":"Warrell, DA (22 August 1995). \"Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite in Asia\". Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons (1st ed.). CRC Press. pp. 493–594. doi:10.1201/9780203719442-27. ISBN 9780203719442. 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ISBN 978-9971-62-217-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-62-217-6","url_text":"978-9971-62-217-6"}]},{"reference":"Warrell, David A. \"Snake bite\" (PDF). Seminar. Lancet 2010 (volume 375, issue 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191813/http://www.medicine.wisc.edu/~williams/snake_bite_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Snake bite\""},{"url":"http://www.medicine.wisc.edu/~williams/snake_bite_2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norris MD, Robert L.; Minton, Sherman A. (10 September 2013). \"Cobra Envenomation\". Medscape. United States. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/771918-overview#a0199","url_text":"\"Cobra Envenomation\""}]},{"reference":"Watt, G.; Padre L; Tuazon L; Theakston RD; Laughlin L. (September 1988). \"Bites by the Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs\". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 39 (3): 306–11. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.306. PMID 3177741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.1988.39.306","url_text":"10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3177741","url_text":"3177741"}]},{"reference":"\"Naja oxiana\". Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0042","url_text":"\"Naja oxiana\""}]},{"reference":"Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2021). \"The phylogeny, phylogeography, and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region\". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (5): 2024–2039. doi:10.1002/ece3.7144. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7920780. 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(2004). \"A review of the southern African 'non-spitting' cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja)\". African Journal of Herpetology. 53 (2): 101–122. doi:10.1080/21564574.2004.9635504. S2CID 84853318.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21564574.2004.9635504","url_text":"10.1080/21564574.2004.9635504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84853318","url_text":"84853318"}]},{"reference":"Trape, J.-F.; Chirio, L.; Broadley, D.G.; Wüster, W. (2009). \"Phylogeography and systematic revision of the Egyptian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja haje) species complex, with the description of a new species from West Africa\". Zootaxa. 2236: 1–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2236.1.1","url_text":"\"Phylogeography and systematic revision of the Egyptian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja haje) species complex, with the description of a new species from West Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2236.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.2236.1.1"}]},{"reference":"Wüster, W.; Broadley, D.G. (2007). \"Get an eyeful of this: a new species of giant spitting cobra from eastern and north-eastern Africa (Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja)\". Zootaxa. 1532: 51–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1532.1.4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1532.1.4","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.1532.1.4"}]},{"reference":"Wüster, W.; Crookes, S.; Ineich, I.; Mane, Y.; Pook, C.E.; Trape, J.-F.; Broadley, D.G. 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Zootaxa. 4324 (1): 121–141. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.7.","urls":[{"url":"https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4324.1.7","url_text":"\"The \"Cobra-preta\" of São Tomé Island, Gulf of Guinea, is a new species of Naja Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata: Elapidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4324.1.7","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.7"}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion 2468 (Case 3601) – Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae) and Australasian Journal of Herpetology issues 1–24: confirmation of availability declined; Appendix A (Code of Ethics): not adopted as a formal criterion for ruling on Cases\". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 78 (1): 42–45. 2021. doi:10.21805/bzn.v78.a012. ISSN 0007-5167. S2CID 233448875.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioone.org/journals/the-bulletin-of-zoological-nomenclature/volume-78/issue-1/bzn.v78.a012/Opinion-2468-Case-3601--Spracklandus-Hoser-2009-Reptilia-Serpentes/10.21805/bzn.v78.a012.full","url_text":"\"Opinion 2468 (Case 3601) – Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae) and Australasian Journal of Herpetology issues 1–24: confirmation of availability declined; Appendix A (Code of Ethics): not adopted as a formal criterion for ruling on Cases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21805%2Fbzn.v78.a012","url_text":"10.21805/bzn.v78.a012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-5167","url_text":"0007-5167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233448875","url_text":"233448875"}]},{"reference":"Kazemi, Elmira; Nazarizadeh, Masoud; Fatemizadeh, Faezeh; Khani, Ali; Kaboli, Mohammad (2020-08-18). \"Phylogeny, phylogeography and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region\". doi:10.22541/au.159774318.89992224. S2CID 225411032. Retrieved 2021-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.22541/au.159774318.89992224","url_text":"\"Phylogeny, phylogeography and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22541%2Fau.159774318.89992224","url_text":"10.22541/au.159774318.89992224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225411032","url_text":"225411032"}]},{"reference":"Syromyatnikova, E.; Tesakov, A.; Titov, V. (2021). \"Naja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939)(Serpentes: Elapidae) from the late Miocene of the Northern Caucasus: the last East European large cobra\". Geodiversitas. 43 (19): 683–689. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a19. S2CID 238231298.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5628473","url_text":"\"Naja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939)(Serpentes: Elapidae) from the late Miocene of the Northern Caucasus: the last East European large cobra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5252%2Fgeodiversitas2021v43a19","url_text":"10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238231298","url_text":"238231298"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Cervi
Franco Cervi
["1 Club career","1.1 Rosario Central","1.2 Benfica","1.3 Celta de Vigo","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
Argentine footballer (born 1994) Franco Cervi Cervi playing for Benfica in 2016Personal informationFull name Franco Emanuel CerviDate of birth (1994-05-26) 26 May 1994 (age 30)Place of birth San Lorenzo, ArgentinaHeight 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Position(s) Left winger/left wing-backTeam informationCurrent team CeltaNumber 11Youth career2001–2014 Rosario CentralSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2014–2016 Rosario Central 42 (5)2016–2021 Benfica 114 (11)2021– Celta 86 (4)International career‡2018– Argentina 4 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 4 June 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 20 November 2018 Franco Emanuel Cervi (Spanish pronunciation: ; 26 May 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a left winger or left wing-back for La Liga club Celta de Vigo and the Argentina national team. Club career Rosario Central A product of Rosario Central's youth system, Cervi made his league debut on 9 November 2014 against Estudiantes in a 1–0 home win. He replaced Hernán Encina after 66 minutes. On 14 February 2015, he scored his first league goal against Racing Club. On 25 February 2016, Cervi made his debut in the Copa Libertadores against Nacional. He scored his first international goal in a 3–1 win against River Plate. Benfica On 15 September 2015, Cervi signed a six-year contract with Portuguese champions Benfica with a release clause of €60 million. He continued to play for Rosario Central until May 2016 and joined Benfica on 24 June for the pre-season. On his debut for Benfica, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Braga in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, on 7 August 2016, and was elected best player on pitch. On 29 December, Cervi became the first Benfica player to score in all Portuguese competitions in the same season – Supertaça, Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga respectively. In addition, he also scored in the UEFA Champions League. Celta de Vigo On 5 July 2021, Cervi joined Celta de Vigo. International career Cervi was selected in Argentina's 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, however he did not make the final 18-man squad for the tournament. Cervi made his international debut for Argentina in a 3–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 8 September 2018. Personal life Cervi, who is of Italian descent, possesses an Italian passport. Career statistics Club As of match played 7 March 2020 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup League cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Rosario Central 2014 Argentine Primera División 3 0 0 0 — 0 0 — 3 0 2015 27 5 4 0 — 0 0 — 31 5 2016 12 0 0 0 — 10 2 — 22 2 Total 42 5 4 0 — 10 2 — 56 7 Benfica 2016–17 Primeira Liga 26 2 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 41 7 2017–18 31 3 2 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 37 4 2018–19 20 4 2 0 2 0 14 1 — 38 5 2019–20 16 2 5 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 27 4 Total 93 11 15 3 3 1 30 4 2 1 143 20 Career total 135 16 19 3 3 1 40 6 2 1 199 27 ^ a b Appearance in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira International As of 20 November 2018 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Argentina 2018 4 1 Total 4 1 Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cervi goal. List of international goals scored by Franco Cervi No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 11 October 2018 Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia  Iraq 4–0 4–0 Friendly Honours Benfica Primeira Liga: 2016–17, 2018–19 Taça de Portugal: 2016–17 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2016, 2017 Individual 2016 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: Best Player References ^ "Estudiantes vs. Rosario Central - 9 November 2014 - Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "Racing Club vs. Rosario Central - 14 February 2015 - Soccerway". soccerway.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "River Plate vs. Rosario 1 - 3". soccerway.com. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ ""I'm very happy to come to such a big club"". S.L. Benfica. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ "Oficial: Franco Cervi assina pelo Benfica" . Maisfutebol (in Portuguese). 14 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ ""Muita vontade que esta nova fase arranque"" . S.L. Benfica (in Portuguese). 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ a b c "Supertaça: Cervi eleito melhor em campo" . Maisfutebol (in Portuguese). 7 August 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ "Cervi conseguiu feito inédito na Luz" . A Bola (in Portuguese). 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016. ^ "Franco Cervi becomes RC Celta's first signing 2021/22". Celta Vigo. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "Lista preliminar para Río", AFA, 24 May 2016 ^ "Argentina vs. Guatemala - 8 September 2018 - Soccerway". ^ "Franco Cervi, non il solito funambolo argentino" . Sportreview (in Italian). 15 September 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2019. ^ Franco Cervi at ForaDeJogo (archived). Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ a b c Franco Cervi at Soccerway. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ "Cervi, Franco". National Football Teams. Retrieved 15 October 2018. ^ "Benfica conquista 26.ª Taça de Portugal e 11.ª 'dobradinha'" . Jornal de Negócios (in Portuguese). 28 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franco Cervi. Franco Cervi at BDFutbol vteRC Celta de Vigo – current squad 2 Starfelt 3 Mingueza 4 Núñez 5 Tapia 6 Dotor 7 Pérez 8 Beltrán 9 Allende 10 Aspas 11 Cervi 12 Douvikas 13 Villar 14 de la Torre 15 Aidoo 16 Jailson 17 Bamba 18 Strand Larsen 19 Swedberg 20 Kevin 21 Ristić 22 Manquillo 23 M. Sánchez 25 Guaita Manager: Giráldez
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈfɾaŋko emaˈnwel ˈseɾβi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"left wing-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_wing-back"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Celta de Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Celta_de_Vigo"},{"link_name":"Argentina national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"}],"text":"Franco Emanuel Cervi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfɾaŋko emaˈnwel ˈseɾβi]; 26 May 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a left winger or left wing-back for La Liga club Celta de Vigo and the Argentina national team.","title":"Franco Cervi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosario Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Central"},{"link_name":"league debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Estudiantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata"},{"link_name":"Hernán Encina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Encina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_Football"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate_(Montevideo)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Rosario Central","text":"A product of Rosario Central's youth system, Cervi made his league debut on 9 November 2014 against Estudiantes in a 1–0 home win. He replaced Hernán Encina after 66 minutes.[1] On 14 February 2015, he scored his first league goal against Racing Club.[2]On 25 February 2016, Cervi made his debut in the Copa Libertadores against Nacional. He scored his first international goal in a 3–1 win against River Plate.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supercup-7"},{"link_name":"Supertaça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Benfica","text":"On 15 September 2015, Cervi signed a six-year contract with Portuguese champions Benfica with a release clause of €60 million.[4][5] He continued to play for Rosario Central until May 2016 and joined Benfica on 24 June for the pre-season.[6] On his debut for Benfica, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win over Braga in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, on 7 August 2016, and was elected best player on pitch.[7]On 29 December, Cervi became the first Benfica player to score in all Portuguese competitions in the same season – Supertaça, Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga respectively. In addition, he also scored in the UEFA Champions League.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celta de Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Celta_de_Vigo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Celta de Vigo","text":"On 5 July 2021, Cervi joined Celta de Vigo.[9]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Cervi was selected in Argentina's 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro,[10] however he did not make the final 18-man squad for the tournament.Cervi made his international debut for Argentina in a 3–0 friendly win over Guatemala on 8 September 2018.[11]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Cervi, who is of Italian descent, possesses an Italian passport.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-14"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SOC_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SOC_15-1"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 7 March 2020[13][14]^ a b Appearance in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-14"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of 20 November 2018[14]Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cervi goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-14"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supercup-7"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"2016 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supercup-7"}],"text":"Benfica[14]Primeira Liga: 2016–17, 2018–19\nTaça de Portugal: 2016–17[16]\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2016,[7] 2017Individual2016 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: Best Player[7]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Estudiantes vs. Rosario Central - 9 November 2014 - Soccerway\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/11/09/argentina/primera-division/estudiantes-de-la-plata/club-atletico-rosario-central/1696259/","url_text":"\"Estudiantes vs. Rosario Central - 9 November 2014 - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Racing Club vs. Rosario Central - 14 February 2015 - Soccerway\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/14/argentina/primera-division/racing-club-de-avellaneda/club-atletico-rosario-central/1978146/","url_text":"\"Racing Club vs. Rosario Central - 14 February 2015 - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"River Plate vs. Rosario 1 - 3\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 31 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/17/south-america/copa-libertadores/ca-river-plate/club-atletico-rosario-central/2184721/","url_text":"\"River Plate vs. Rosario 1 - 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"I'm very happy to come to such a big club\"\". S.L. Benfica. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slbenfica.pt/30/news/info/qYu04ad1EkmPzCettJX_sQ?language=en-US","url_text":"\"\"I'm very happy to come to such a big club\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oficial: Franco Cervi assina pelo Benfica\" [Official: Franco Cervi signs for Benfica]. Maisfutebol (in Portuguese). 14 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/transferencias/rosario-central/oficial-franco-cervi-assina-pelo-benfica","url_text":"\"Oficial: Franco Cervi assina pelo Benfica\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Muita vontade que esta nova fase arranque\"\" [Looking forward for this new phase to start]. S.L. Benfica (in Portuguese). 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624193650/http://www.slbenfica.pt/30/news/info/TD-4StocuUGCt-uUbTN7Hw?language=pt-PT","url_text":"\"\"Muita vontade que esta nova fase arranque\"\""},{"url":"http://www.slbenfica.pt/30/news/info/TD-4StocuUGCt-uUbTN7Hw?language=pt-PT","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Supertaça: Cervi eleito melhor em campo\" [Super Cup: Cervi elected best player on pitch]. Maisfutebol (in Portuguese). 7 August 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/benfica/sp-braga/supertaca-cervi-eleito-melhor-em-campo","url_text":"\"Supertaça: Cervi eleito melhor em campo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cervi conseguiu feito inédito na Luz\" [Cervi achieved unprecedented feat at Luz]. A Bola (in Portuguese). 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001506/http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?t=3&id=648365","url_text":"\"Cervi conseguiu feito inédito na Luz\""},{"url":"http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?t=3&id=648365","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Franco Cervi becomes RC Celta's first signing 2021/22\". Celta Vigo. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rccelta.es/en/equipo/actualidad/franco-cervi-se-convierte-en-la-primera-incorporacion-del-rc-celta-2021-22/","url_text":"\"Franco Cervi becomes RC Celta's first signing 2021/22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argentina vs. Guatemala - 8 September 2018 - Soccerway\".","urls":[{"url":"https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/08/world/friendlies/argentina/guatemala/2805437/","url_text":"\"Argentina vs. Guatemala - 8 September 2018 - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franco Cervi, non il solito funambolo argentino\" [Franco Cervi, not the usual Argentine tightrope walker]. Sportreview (in Italian). 15 September 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/franco-cervi-funambolo-argentino","url_text":"\"Franco Cervi, non il solito funambolo argentino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cervi, Franco\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/71806/Franco_Cervi.html","url_text":"\"Cervi, Franco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica conquista 26.ª Taça de Portugal e 11.ª 'dobradinha'\" [Benfica conquer 26th Taça de Portugal and 11th 'dobradinha']. Jornal de Negócios (in Portuguese). 28 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/empresas/desporto/detalhe/benfica-conquista-26-taca-de-portugal-e-11-dobradinha","url_text":"\"Benfica conquista 26.ª Taça de Portugal e 11.ª 'dobradinha'\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake
1839 Ava earthquake
["1 Tectonic setting","2 Earthquake","3 Damage and effects","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 21°54′N 96°00′E / 21.9°N 96.0°E / 21.9; 96.0Earthquake in British India 1839 Ava earthquake1839 Ava earthquake (Southeast Asia)UTC time1839-03-23 24:30Local date23 March 1839Local time04:00Magnitude7.9–8.3 MwEpicenter21°54′N 96°00′E / 21.9°N 96.0°E / 21.9; 96.0FaultSagaing FaultAreas affectedKonbaung dynasty (present–day Myanmar)Max. intensityMMI XI (Extreme)ForeshocksYes AftershocksYes Casualties300–400 dead The 1839 Ava earthquake, also known as the Amarapura earthquake or Inwa earthquake, was a disastrous seismic event that struck present-day central Myanmar on March 23. This earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude as high as 8.3, was one of the largest in the country since 1762. It was assigned a maximum of XI (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, and was felt in Rangoon and Bhamo. Damage was enormous in Ava and hundreds of people died. Tectonic setting Myanmar is wedged between four tectonic plates; the Indian, Eurasian, Sunda and Burma plates that interact due to active geological processes. Along the west coast of the Coco Islands, off the Rahkine coast, and into Bangladesh, is a highly oblique convergent boundary known as the Sunda megathrust. This large fault marks the boundary between the Indian and Burma plates. The megathrust emerges from the seafloor in Bangladesh, where it runs parallel and east of the Chin Hills. This boundary continues to north of Burma where it ends at the eastern Himalayas. The Sagaing Fault is a mostly continental transform fault that runs through Burma and connects the Andaman spreading center to the collision zone in the north. It accommodates motion between the Burma and Sunda Plates as they slide past each other at a rate of 18 to 49 mm/yr. The fault runs the entire length of the country for over 1,200 km and continues its trace into the Andaman Sea. The Sagaing Fault is Burma's largest and most active source of seismic threat, running through or close to major cities like Yangon, Nay Pyi Daw and Mandalay. Several large and damaging earthquakes have occurred on this fault in historical times. In 1946 the 180 km (110 mi) long Sagaing segment produced two major earthquakes but there are no records of its impact. Ten years later, in 1956, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck close to the city of Mandalay, re-rupturing the 1839 rupture zone for about 60 km (37 mi). Meanwhile, the 260 km (160 mi) long Meiktila segment has not experienced any major earthquake since 1839 and is considered a seismic gap. Earthquake The Meiktila and Sagaing segment of the fault ruptured during this earthquake for a length of 400 km (250 mi), corresponding to a magnitude 8.1–8.3 earthquake, although little research has been conducted to provide further constrains. On the basis for its overall lack of seismic activity, the Meiktila segment is believed to have ruptured during the earthquake. This segment runs from Nay Pyi Taw to Mandalay, a length of about 260 km (160 mi). Remote sensing and field observation revealed a maximum displacement of 5–7 m (16–23 ft) along the trace of the 1839 rupture just outside Mandalay. This would place the magnitude at 7.4–8.0+ and generate a ~300 km (190 mi) rupture. Researchers at National Taiwan University combined lidar and macroseismic data from historic accounts to estimate its magnitude at ~Mw  7.9 and rupture length to be 285–325 km (177–202 mi). The 1839 earthquake ruptured two segments; the Meiktila segment in the south and Sagaing segment in the north. They estimated 5.5 m (18 ft) of displacement on the Sagaing segment while slip on the Meiktila segment was around 3.8 m (12 ft). The felt area based on the Modified Mercalli intensity was larger than the 1912 Maymyo earthquake (Mw  7.7) and similar in area to the 2002 Denali earthquake (Mw  7.9). The maximum assigned Modified Mercalli intensity was XI (Extreme). Damage and effects The mainshock was preceded by a large foreshock in 1838 which also damaged the capital. Great damage was reported in Inwa, so severe that the formal capital was moved to nearby Amarapura. In Mingun, a stupa sustained serious damage as a result of shaking. British officials in Myanmar recorded catastrophic damage and liquefaction in Mandalay and the surrounding area. Many pagodas collapsed during the event. Chasms and fissures more than 10 ft (3.0 m) wide were seen in Amarapura and nearly every brick building was reduced to rubble. Some villages were swallowed up as a result of liquefaction. By a contemporary British estimate, about 300–400 people died. The shock also reversed the flow of the Irrawaddy River, where the currents became violent and overflowed its banks. It was felt for thousands of miles away from the epicenter, as far as Dhaka, Kolkata and Bangkok. Gallery Large cracks in the incomplete Mingun Pahtodawgyi caused by the earthquake Nan Myint Tower slightly tilted due to ground effects from the tremor The Mingun Bell resting on the ground after losing its supports to the quake, pictured in 1873 A plaque that stands beside the Mingun Bell The Hsinbyume Pagoda in 2014. Extensive restoration was done by Mindon Min in 1874 after the earthquake. The Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery after repair works Preserved ruins from the ancient capital Overgrown ruins of a stupa See also List of earthquakes in Myanmar List of historical earthquakes References ^ a b Oldham, Thomas. "A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XIX. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. ^ a b Wang, Yu (2013). Earthquake Geology of Myanmar (Ph.D.). California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/XWW2-9P26. ^ Soe Thura Tun; Ian M. Watkinson (15 November 2017). "The Sagaing Fault, Myanmar". Geological Society, London, Memoirs. 48: 413–441. doi:10.1144/M48.19. S2CID 134291037. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ a b Yu, Wang (2014). "Active Tectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Myanmar region". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (4): 3767. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.3767W. doi:10.1002/2013JB010762. hdl:10220/19774. ^ Tapponnier, Paul; Kerry, Kerry (21 January 2010). "The Catastrophe in Haiti: A Repeat Lesson for Us all" (PDF). RSIS Commentaries. Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ Thant, Htoo (7 August 2019). "Govt unveils quake preparedness plan". Myanmar Times. Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ Wang, Y.; Tapponnier, P.; Aung, T.; Tun, S. T.; Khaing, S. N.; Aung, L. T.; Sieh, K. (16 December 2014). "Morphotectonics of the Central Sagaing fault West of Mandalay: Trace of the 1839 Ava Earthquake Rupture". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2014. Bibcode:2014AGUFM.T24B..04W. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ Xinhua (25 November 2009). "Myanmar setting up global positioning system for earthquake monitoring". People's Daily Online. People's Daily Online. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ Wu, Sheng-Han (2022). Yóu dìbiǎo pòliè yǔ zhèndù jìlù chóngjiàn 1839 miǎndiàn ā wǎ dìzhèn zhī guīmó 由地表破裂與震度紀錄重建1839緬甸阿瓦地震之規模 (Masters thesis). Department of Geosciences, College of Sciences, National Taiwan University. doi:10.6342/ntu202203906. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information MYANMAR (BURMA): AVA (INNWA)". NGDC NCEI. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ a b "Some Documents of Tharrawaddy's Reign: 1837–1846, Part I". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 1. 2003. ^ a b "Burmah". The Asiatic Journal. XXX. 1839. vteEarthquakes and plate tectonics in MyanmarPre-20th century 1762 Rahkine 1839 Innwa 1858 Prome 20th century 1912 Taunggyi 1930 Bago 1930 Pyu 1931 Myitkyina 1946 Sagaing 1950 Assam–Tibet 1956 Sagaing 1975 Bagan 1976 Yunnan 1988 Myanmar–India 1988 Lancang–Gengma 1995 Menglian 1997 Chittagong 21st century 2003 Taungdwingyi 2004 Indian Ocean 2009 Coco Islands 2011 Yingjiang 2011 Tarlay 2012 Thabeikkyin 2016 Imphal 2016 Chauk 2016 Kani Fault zones and tectonic plates Sagaing Fault Kyaukkyan Fault Three Pagodas Fault West Andaman Fault Kabaw Fault Sunda megathrust Main Himalayan Thrust Main Frontal Thrust Burma Plate Sunda Plate Indian Plate Eurasian Plate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldham-1"},{"link_name":"moment magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude"},{"link_name":"1762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1762_Arakan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Modified Mercalli intensity scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"Rangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"Bhamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhamo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngdc39-2"}],"text":"Earthquake in British IndiaThe 1839 Ava earthquake, also known as the Amarapura earthquake or Inwa earthquake, was a disastrous seismic event that struck present-day central Myanmar on March 23.[1] This earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude as high as 8.3, was one of the largest in the country since 1762. It was assigned a maximum of XI (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, and was felt in Rangoon and Bhamo.[2] Damage was enormous in Ava and hundreds of people died.","title":"1839 Ava earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Sunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Plate"},{"link_name":"Burma plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Plate"},{"link_name":"geological processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"convergent boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary"},{"link_name":"Sunda megathrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_megathrust"},{"link_name":"Chin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WangThesis-3"},{"link_name":"Sagaing Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing_Fault"},{"link_name":"transform fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault"},{"link_name":"Andaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea"},{"link_name":"spreading center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundary"},{"link_name":"collision zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Plate"},{"link_name":"Sunda Plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Plate"},{"link_name":"Nay Pyi Daw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Daw"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WangThesis-3"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Sagaing_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Sagaing_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"seismic gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_gap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Myanmar is wedged between four tectonic plates; the Indian, Eurasian, Sunda and Burma plates that interact due to active geological processes. Along the west coast of the Coco Islands, off the Rahkine coast, and into Bangladesh, is a highly oblique convergent boundary known as the Sunda megathrust. This large fault marks the boundary between the Indian and Burma plates. The megathrust emerges from the seafloor in Bangladesh, where it runs parallel and east of the Chin Hills. This boundary continues to north of Burma where it ends at the eastern Himalayas.[3]The Sagaing Fault is a mostly continental transform fault that runs through Burma and connects the Andaman spreading center to the collision zone in the north. It accommodates motion between the Burma and Sunda Plates as they slide past each other at a rate of 18 to 49 mm/yr. The fault runs the entire length of the country for over 1,200 km and continues its trace into the Andaman Sea. The Sagaing Fault is Burma's largest and most active source of seismic threat, running through or close to major cities like Yangon, Nay Pyi Daw and Mandalay. Several large and damaging earthquakes have occurred on this fault in historical times.[3] In 1946 the 180 km (110 mi) long Sagaing segment produced two major earthquakes but there are no records of its impact. Ten years later, in 1956, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck close to the city of Mandalay, re-rupturing the 1839 rupture zone for about 60 km (37 mi).[4] Meanwhile, the 260 km (160 mi) long Meiktila segment has not experienced any major earthquake since 1839 and is considered a seismic gap.[5]","title":"Tectonic setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiktila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiktila"},{"link_name":"Sagaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"rupture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_rupture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University"},{"link_name":"lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"1912 Maymyo earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Maymyo_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2002 Denali earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Denali_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masters1-10"}],"text":"The Meiktila and Sagaing segment of the fault ruptured during this earthquake for a length of 400 km (250 mi), corresponding to a magnitude 8.1–8.3 earthquake, although little research has been conducted to provide further constrains.[5] On the basis for its overall lack of seismic activity, the Meiktila segment is believed to have ruptured during the earthquake. This segment runs from Nay Pyi Taw to Mandalay, a length of about 260 km (160 mi).[6][7] Remote sensing and field observation revealed a maximum displacement of 5–7 m (16–23 ft) along the trace of the 1839 rupture just outside Mandalay. This would place the magnitude at 7.4–8.0+ and generate a ~300 km (190 mi) rupture.[8][9]Researchers at National Taiwan University combined lidar and macroseismic data from historic accounts to estimate its magnitude at ~Mw  7.9 and rupture length to be 285–325 km (177–202 mi). The 1839 earthquake ruptured two segments; the Meiktila segment in the south and Sagaing segment in the north. They estimated 5.5 m (18 ft) of displacement on the Sagaing segment while slip on the Meiktila segment was around 3.8 m (12 ft). The felt area based on the Modified Mercalli intensity was larger than the 1912 Maymyo earthquake (Mw  7.7) and similar in area to the 2002 Denali earthquake (Mw  7.9). The maximum assigned Modified Mercalli intensity was XI (Extreme).[10]","title":"Earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foreshock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngdc38-11"},{"link_name":"Inwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwa"},{"link_name":"formal capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Amarapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarapura"},{"link_name":"Mingun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Pahtodawgyi"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"British officials in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldham-1"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngdc39-2"}],"text":"The mainshock was preceded by a large foreshock in 1838 which also damaged the capital.[11] Great damage was reported in Inwa, so severe that the formal capital was moved to nearby Amarapura. In Mingun, a stupa sustained serious damage as a result of shaking. British officials in Myanmar recorded catastrophic damage and liquefaction in Mandalay and the surrounding area.[12][13] Many pagodas collapsed during the event. Chasms and fissures more than 10 ft (3.0 m) wide were seen in Amarapura and nearly every brick building was reduced to rubble. Some villages were swallowed up as a result of liquefaction.[13] By a contemporary British estimate, about 300–400 people died.[1] The shock also reversed the flow of the Irrawaddy River, where the currents became violent and overflowed its banks.[12] It was felt for thousands of miles away from the epicenter, as far as Dhaka, Kolkata and Bangkok.[2]","title":"Damage and effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mingun_-_Mingun_Paya,_Myanmar_(169495939).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mingun Pahtodawgyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Pahtodawgyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watch_tower,_Innwa_Palace.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mingun_Bell_1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mingun Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Bell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mingun_Bell-Plaque.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinbyumei_Paya_d38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hsinbyume Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinbyume_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Mindon Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindon_Min"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inwa_(Ava),_Mandalay_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Aungmye_Bonzan_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruin_Ava(Innwa)_Myanmar(Burma).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stupa_ruins_in_Inwa_05.jpg"}],"text":"Large cracks in the incomplete Mingun Pahtodawgyi caused by the earthquake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNan Myint Tower slightly tilted due to ground effects from the tremor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Mingun Bell resting on the ground after losing its supports to the quake, pictured in 1873\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA plaque that stands beside the Mingun Bell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Hsinbyume Pagoda in 2014. Extensive restoration was done by Mindon Min in 1874 after the earthquake.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery after repair works\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPreserved ruins from the ancient capital\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOvergrown ruins of a stupa","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of earthquakes in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar"},{"title":"List of historical earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_earthquakes"}]
[{"reference":"Oldham, Thomas. \"A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869\". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XIX.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxpbmRpYXF1YWtlMnxneDo3ZDFmMGNmNzM3ZjJmNGRh","url_text":"\"A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869\""}]},{"reference":"National Geophysical Data Center (1972). \"Significant Earthquake Information\". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1814","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K","url_text":"10.7289/V5TD9V7K"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Yu (2013). Earthquake Geology of Myanmar (Ph.D.). California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/XWW2-9P26.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7853/","url_text":"Earthquake Geology of Myanmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"California Institute of Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7907%2FXWW2-9P26","url_text":"10.7907/XWW2-9P26"}]},{"reference":"Soe Thura Tun; Ian M. Watkinson (15 November 2017). \"The Sagaing Fault, Myanmar\". Geological Society, London, Memoirs. 48: 413–441. doi:10.1144/M48.19. S2CID 134291037. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/48/1/413/tab-figures-data","url_text":"\"The Sagaing Fault, Myanmar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FM48.19","url_text":"10.1144/M48.19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134291037","url_text":"134291037"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Wang (2014). \"Active Tectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Myanmar region\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (4): 3767. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.3767W. doi:10.1002/2013JB010762. hdl:10220/19774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260802804","url_text":"\"Active Tectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Myanmar region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRB..119.3767W","url_text":"2014JGRB..119.3767W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013JB010762","url_text":"10.1002/2013JB010762"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10220%2F19774","url_text":"10220/19774"}]},{"reference":"Tapponnier, Paul; Kerry, Kerry (21 January 2010). \"The Catastrophe in Haiti: A Repeat Lesson for Us all\" (PDF). RSIS Commentaries. Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10220/6562/1/RSIS0092010.pdf","url_text":"\"The Catastrophe in Haiti: A Repeat Lesson for Us all\""}]},{"reference":"Thant, Htoo (7 August 2019). \"Govt unveils quake preparedness plan\". Myanmar Times. Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205327/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-unveils-quake-preparedness-plan.html","url_text":"\"Govt unveils quake preparedness plan\""},{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-unveils-quake-preparedness-plan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Y.; Tapponnier, P.; Aung, T.; Tun, S. T.; Khaing, S. N.; Aung, L. T.; Sieh, K. (16 December 2014). \"Morphotectonics of the Central Sagaing fault West of Mandalay: Trace of the 1839 Ava Earthquake Rupture\". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2014. Bibcode:2014AGUFM.T24B..04W. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm14/webprogram/Paper20751.html","url_text":"\"Morphotectonics of the Central Sagaing fault West of Mandalay: Trace of the 1839 Ava Earthquake Rupture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.T24B..04W","url_text":"2014AGUFM.T24B..04W"}]},{"reference":"Xinhua (25 November 2009). \"Myanmar setting up global positioning system for earthquake monitoring\". People's Daily Online. People's Daily Online. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322200555/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6823551.html","url_text":"\"Myanmar setting up global positioning system for earthquake monitoring\""},{"url":"http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6823551.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Sheng-Han (2022). Yóu dìbiǎo pòliè yǔ zhèndù jìlù chóngjiàn 1839 miǎndiàn ā wǎ dìzhèn zhī guīmó 由地表破裂與震度紀錄重建1839緬甸阿瓦地震之規模 [Re-estimating the magnitude of 1839 Ava earthquake through geomorphic mapping and macroseismic records, central Myanmar] (Masters thesis). Department of Geosciences, College of Sciences, National Taiwan University. doi:10.6342/ntu202203906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6342%2Fntu202203906","url_text":"10.6342/ntu202203906"}]},{"reference":"\"Significant Earthquake Information MYANMAR (BURMA): AVA (INNWA)\". NGDC NCEI. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1805","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake Information MYANMAR (BURMA): AVA (INNWA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some Documents of Tharrawaddy's Reign: 1837–1846, Part I\". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 1. 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxpbmRpYXF1YWtlMnxneDozYjAzYWY4ZDNmYzAzNGY0","url_text":"\"Some Documents of Tharrawaddy's Reign: 1837–1846, Part I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burmah\". The Asiatic Journal. XXX. 1839.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxpbmRpYXF1YWtlMnxneDo3MzFhODVkNzhhNzE0ZGVh","url_text":"\"Burmah\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre_Seeberg
Sverre Seeberg
["1 References"]
Norwegian sports official (born 1950) Sverre Knutsønn Seeberg (born 3 December 1950) is a Norwegian sports official. He was an active dog sled racer, being national champion in the sport. He served as president of the Norwegian Sled Dog Racing Association, co-founded the European Sled Dog Racing Association and in 1986 became an honorary member of his local club Holmenkollen Hundekjørerklubb. From 1983 to 1988 he was the secretary-general of the Norwegian Ski Federation. In skiing, he represents the club IL Heming. Seeberg became president of the Norwegian Ski Federation in 2002 upon Jan Jensen's death, and in 2004 he also became a board member of the International Ski Federation. In 2011 he was rumored to be a candidate as president of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports, but it did not go through. He stepped down from the Norwegian Ski Federation in 2012. References ^ "Seeberg æresmedlem" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 19 February 1986. ^ "Sverre Seeberg slutter i Norges Skiforbund" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 17 August 1988. ^ Kirkebøen, Stein Erik (16 May 2007). "- Jeg er blitt syndebukken". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). ^ "Skipresidenten kan bli idrettspresident" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 26 February 2011. ^ "Røste ble ny skipresident" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 17 June 2012. Sporting positions Preceded byJan Jensen President of the Norwegian Ski Federation 2002–2012 Succeeded byErik Røste This biographical article relating to Norwegian sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_of_Magendie
Median aperture
["1 Structure","1.1 Relations","2 Eponym","3 Additional images","4 References"]
Median apertureScheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the median aperture.DetailsIdentifiersLatinapertura mediana ventriculi quartiNeuroNames641TA98A14.1.05.722TA25970FMA75015Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The median aperture (also known as the medial aperture and foramen of Magendie) is an opening of the fourth ventricle at the caudal portion of the roof of the fourth ventricle. It allows flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the fourth ventricle into the cisterna magna. The other two openings of the fourth ventricle are the lateral apertures - one on either side. Nonetheless, the median aperture accounts for most of the outflow of CSF out of the fourth ventricle. The median aperture varies in size. Structure Relations The median foramen on axial images is posterior to the pons and anterior to the caudal cerebellum. It is surrounded by the obex and gracile tubercles of the medulla, tela choroidea of the fourth ventricle and its choroid plexus, which is attached to the cerebellar vermis. Eponym The foramen of Magendie is named for François Magendie, who first described it. The term "foramen of Magendie" is commonly used, and this opening is frequently described and illustrated as a foramen in the inferior roof of the fourth ventricle. However, the opening is an aperture, rather than a foramen. CSF circulation Additional images Median aperture References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Median aperture. ^ a b Waxman, Stephen G. (2009). Clinical Neuroanatomy (26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-07-160399-7. ^ Johns, Paul (2014). "Development of the brain". Clinical Neuroscience. Elsevier. pp. 19–26. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10321-6.00002-3. ISBN 978-0-443-10321-6. The choroid plexuses are highly vascular structures that project into each of the ventricles and continuously produce cerebrospinal fluid by active secretion from the blood. CSF escapes from the fourth ventricle (to the subarachnoid space) via three openings: the single median aperture and the two lateral apertures. It is ultimately reabsorbed into the venous system via the arachnoid granulations which run along the superior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres ... correspond to the arachnoid villi, finger-like projections into a large venous channel called the superior sagittal sinus. ^ Singhal, Vasudha; Prabhakar, Hemanshu (2016). "Hydrocephalus". Complications in Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier. pp. 21–27. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804075-1.00003-1. ISBN 978-0-12-804075-1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricle. The production of CSF is not pressure regulated, and it continues to be produced even if the reabsorption mechanisms are obstructed. The circulation of CSF is as follows: Lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen of Monroe → third ventricle → aqueduct of sylvius → fourth ventricle → foramen of Magendie (median aperture)/foramen of Luschka (lateral aperture) → subarachnoid space. ^ a b Ciolkowski M.; Sharifi M.; Tarka S.; Ciszek B. (2011). "Median aperture of the fourth ventricle revisited". Folia Morphol. 70 (2): 84–90. PMID 21630228. ^ a b Spierer, Ronen (2023). "The debated neuroanatomy of the fourth ventricle". Journal of Anatomy. 243 (4): 555–563. doi:10.1111/joa.13885. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 10485575. PMID 37170923. ^ synd/2388 at Who Named It? vteVentricular system of the human brainLateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricleRoof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Fastigium Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Apertures Median/Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral/Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood–brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct Related Ventriculomegaly Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica
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[{"image_text":"CSF circulation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CSF_circulation.png/330px-CSF_circulation.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Waxman, Stephen G. (2009). Clinical Neuroanatomy (26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-07-160399-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160399-7","url_text":"978-0-07-160399-7"}]},{"reference":"Johns, Paul (2014). \"Development of the brain\". Clinical Neuroscience. Elsevier. pp. 19–26. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10321-6.00002-3. ISBN 978-0-443-10321-6. The choroid plexuses are highly vascular structures that project into each of the ventricles and continuously produce cerebrospinal fluid by active secretion from the blood. CSF escapes from the fourth ventricle (to the subarachnoid space) via three openings: the single median aperture and the two lateral apertures. It is ultimately reabsorbed into the venous system via the arachnoid granulations which run along the superior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres ... correspond to the arachnoid villi, finger-like projections into a large venous channel called the superior sagittal sinus.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-443-10321-6.00002-3","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-443-10321-6.00002-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10321-6","url_text":"978-0-443-10321-6"}]},{"reference":"Singhal, Vasudha; Prabhakar, Hemanshu (2016). \"Hydrocephalus\". Complications in Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier. pp. 21–27. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804075-1.00003-1. ISBN 978-0-12-804075-1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricle. The production of CSF is not pressure regulated, and it continues to be produced even if the reabsorption mechanisms are obstructed. The circulation of CSF is as follows: Lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen of Monroe → third ventricle → aqueduct of sylvius → fourth ventricle → foramen of Magendie (median aperture)/foramen of Luschka (lateral aperture) → subarachnoid space.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-804075-1.00003-1","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-804075-1.00003-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804075-1","url_text":"978-0-12-804075-1"}]},{"reference":"Ciolkowski M.; Sharifi M.; Tarka S.; Ciszek B. (2011). \"Median aperture of the fourth ventricle revisited\". Folia Morphol. 70 (2): 84–90. PMID 21630228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21630228","url_text":"21630228"}]},{"reference":"Spierer, Ronen (2023). \"The debated neuroanatomy of the fourth ventricle\". Journal of Anatomy. 243 (4): 555–563. doi:10.1111/joa.13885. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 10485575. PMID 37170923.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37170923/","url_text":"\"The debated neuroanatomy of the fourth ventricle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13885","url_text":"10.1111/joa.13885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7580","url_text":"1469-7580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485575","url_text":"10485575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37170923","url_text":"37170923"}]}]
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