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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoor_Zaman
|
Mansoor Zaman
|
["1 2002","2 2006","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Pakistani squash player
Mansoor ZamanCountry PakistanBorn (1980-04-14) April 14, 1980 (age 44)Peshawar, PakistanHeight1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)Turned Pro1998Coached byQamar ZamanRacquet usedE-squashMen's singlesHighest ranking11 (May, 2003)Current ranking266 (June, 2013)Title(s)5Tour final(s)17Last updated: May 15, 2009.
Mansoor Zaman (born April 14, 1980 in Peshawar) is a Pakistani professional squash player.
In 2007, Mansoor won the Governor NWFP international and then at the President PSF international 2007 when he beat his compatriot Aamir Atlas Khan.
2002
Mansoor Zaman won a silver in the individual event at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea.
2006
Zaman won a bronze medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar.
References
^ a b Asian Games: Squash players confident of reaching podium Dawn 10 November 2010 Retrieved 20 November 2010.
External links
PSA player profile
Mansoor Zaman at Squash Info
This biographical article relating to a Pakistani squash figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shoemaker
|
Jack Shoemaker
|
["1 Background","2 Publishing","3 American Buddhism","4 Awards and honors","5 Personal","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Jack ShoemakerBorn1946 (age 77–78)California, U.S.Occupation(s)Editor, publisher, booksellerOrganizationsThe Unicorn BookshopSand Dollar Booksellers & PublishersKnown forSmall Press DistributionNorth Point Press (1979–1991)Counterpoint PressSpouse(s)
Vicki Guerin
(m. 1965; div. 1991)
Jane Vandenburgh (m. 1996)
Jack Shoemaker (born 1946) is an American editor and publisher, and current editorial director and vice-president at Counterpoint Press in Berkeley, California. Shoemaker has edited and published books under several imprints, including North Point, Pantheon Books, Shoemaker & Hoard, and Counterpoint. Shoemaker has published books by Guy Davenport, Romulus Linney, Gary Snyder, Wendell Berry, Evan S. Connell, MFK Fisher, James Salter, Gina Berriault, Reynolds Price, W.S. Merwin, Michael Palmer, Donald Hall, Anne Lamott, Kay Boyle, Gary Nabhan, Jane Vandenburgh, Carole Maso, and Robert Aitken. Shoemaker supports author-driven literary publishing ventures and mindfulness and political awareness in publishing. Shoemaker was one of the first American publishers of Thich Nhat Hanh, and a major publisher of Wendell Berry.
Background
Jack Shoemaker was born in California and began his literary career as a bookseller in 1965 in Santa Barbara. During the next twenty-five years he owned or managed several influential independent literary bookshops, including The Unicorn Bookshop, Serendipity Books, and Sand Dollar Booksellers & Publishers. He allowed books to stay on the shelves longer than usual. He also corresponded with writers such as Gary Snyder, Robert Duncan, and Guy Davenport and stocked his store with titles they recommended. "I had good instincts, I had enormous presumption, and most of all I had good advisors," Shoemaker has said of that time. "I was, still am, an autodidact. I did not go to college, so for me the correspondence and reading formed my path in education."
Publishing
Jack Shoemaker moved from bookselling to publishing. An early publishing venture, Unicorn, evolved from a bookstore in Isla Vista, near the campus of University of California-Santa Barbara operated by Shoemaker from 1967 to 1968. In that capacity, Unicorn published in 1968 a book of poems, The Cry of Vietnam, by Thich Nhat Hanh at a time when he was a little known Vietnamese Buddhist priest. A second volume published by Unicorn, Hark, Hark, the Nark, was a pamphlet that instructed readers on their civil rights in the event of an arrest for drug possession. In 1969, Shoemaker co-founded Small Press Distribution, a distributor for the work of dozens of small independent American presses. Unicorn was followed by Sand Dollar Booksellers & Publishers, which began operations in 1970 from Berkeley, California, "a bookshop for poets."
Shoemaker continued his career as a bookseller until 1979, when he co-founded North Point Press with William Turnbull, a civil engineer who loved literature. North Point began with authors Shoemaker had worked with, including Berry, Snyder, Aitken, Fisher, Connell, Salter, and Davenport. Shoemaker served as the company’s editor-in-chief for the entire life of the company. It lasted 12 years and published nearly 400 works, some of which won awards.
When North Point closed in 1991, several of its authors followed Shoemaker to Pantheon, where he served as West Coast editor of the Knopf Publishing Group. Frank H. Pearl, an entrepreneur who specialized in leveraged buyouts, recruited Shoemaker to found Counterpoint Press in 1994 in Washington, D.C., and Shoemaker’s core group of authors followed him once again. In 2004 Shoemaker left Counterpoint, and with his longtime associate Trish Hoard established a new company, Shoemaker & Hoard, Publishers, to continue his work. Soon affiliated with the Avalon Publishing Group, Shoemaker & Hoard published more than 100 titles in its few years of existence. Additional writers published by Shoemaker, either at Counterpoint or at Shoemaker & Hoard, include Michael Downing, Robert Bringhurst, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nicholas Christopher, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Peter Coyote, Jay Griffiths, Robert Hass, Ann Pancake, Jed Perl, Mary Robison, Valerie Trueblood, Lawrence Wechsler, Janet Frame, and Cynthia Shearer. Later partnering with Charlie Winton, Shoemaker purchased Counterpoint Press from the Perseus Book Group, and another press, Soft Skull Press. At that time Counterpoint Press also formed an operating agreement with Sierra Club Books.
The new endeavor, consisting now of three separate imprints, operates from offices in Berkeley, California.
American Buddhism
As an editor and publisher Shoemaker has exerted influence on Buddhism in the United States, publishing notable translations of Buddhist sutras and texts, including work by Red Pine, Thomas Cleary, Norman Waddell, and David Hinton. Shoemaker has published in English great Zen masters, including Baisao, Bankei, Bassui, Bodhidharma, Dogen, Hakuin, Muso, Senzaki, and several others. Shoemaker first became interested in Zen Buddhism through the work of Gary Snyder and Kenneth Rexroth. Shoemaker was a student of Robert Aitken and published several books of Aitken's including Taking the Path of Zen, thought by many to be the best practical introductory guide to the study and practice of Zen. Later he co-edited with Aitken's senior Dharma heir, Nelson Foster, The Roaring Stream: A New Zen Reader, an anthology of Zen texts. "As a Buddhist, I’m simply a beginner," Shoemaker told an interviewer in 2005. "There are many of us trying to discover if there can be an authentic American Buddhism, oriented toward lay practitioners."
Awards and honors
Shoemaker served from 1974–1978 on the Literature Panel of the National Endowment of the Arts, serving his last eighteen months as that panel’s chairman. He has also served on the California Arts Council, the Western States Arts Foundation panel, the North Carolina Arts Council literature panel, and several other boards and awards panels devoted to literature, the visual arts, and dance.
Together with Jack Hicks and Gary Snyder, he founded The Art of the Wild, a summer program in Squaw Valley, California, devoted to the practice and study of writing related to environmental concerns and natural history. Shoemaker also serves on the advisory board of Fishtrap, a literary non-profit in Wallowa County, Oregon, that offers workshops, conferences, and residencies to develop writing talent among Western writers. In 1981 Publishers Weekly named Shoemaker the recipient of the Carey-Thomas Award for Creative Publishing. PubWest awarded him the 2013 Jack D. Rittenhouse Award for lifetime achievement and contributions to the Western book community.
Personal
Jack Shoemaker married Vicki Guerin in 1965. They had two children, Sean Shoemaker, and Demian Shoemaker. The marriage ended in divorce in 1991. In 1996 he married California novelist Jane Vandenburgh in Washington, D.C. They raised her child from a previous marriage, Eva Zimmerman. Shoemaker lives with his family in Point Richmond, California.
References
^ a b c d e Crawford, Lacey (Spring 2005). "One of the Great Independents". Narrative.
^ "SPD Factsheet". Small Press Distribution. Archived from the original on Feb 5, 2016.
^ "William Turnbull Dies at 64; Co-Founder of North Point Press". The New York Times. March 18, 1991. p. B8.
^ McDowell, Edwin (Dec 29, 1984). "A Best-Seller for Connell". Publishing. The New York Times. p. C32.
^ Edwin McDowell, "Book Notes: New Job for Executive," New York Times, May 29, 1991; C18.
^ Freedman, Samuel J. (Mar 2, 1998). "Can This Man Save Publishing?". New York.
^ Werris, Wendy (June 18, 2013). "PubWest Awards Lifetime Achievement Award to Counterpoint's Jack Shoemaker". Publishers Weekly.
^ "Board and Advisers". Fishtrap. Archived from the original on Mar 17, 2016.
^ Wendy Werris, "PubWest Award Lifetime Achievement Award to Counterpoint's Jack Shoemaker," Publishers Weekly, June 18, 2013
^ "Congratulations Jack Shoemaker". Counterpoint Press. 2013.
External links
Counterpoint Press
Fishtrap: Writing and the West
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Counterpoint Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint_Press"},{"link_name":"Pantheon Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_Books"},{"link_name":"Guy Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Romulus Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Linney_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Wendell Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Berry"},{"link_name":"Evan S. Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_S._Connell"},{"link_name":"MFK Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Fisher"},{"link_name":"James Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Salter"},{"link_name":"Gina Berriault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Berriault"},{"link_name":"Reynolds Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_Price"},{"link_name":"W.S. Merwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.S._Merwin"},{"link_name":"Michael Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palmer_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Donald Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hall"},{"link_name":"Anne Lamott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Lamott"},{"link_name":"Kay Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Gary Nabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nabhan"},{"link_name":"Jane Vandenburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Vandenburgh"},{"link_name":"Carole Maso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Maso"},{"link_name":"Robert Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken"},{"link_name":"Thich Nhat Hanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh"},{"link_name":"Wendell Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Berry"}],"text":"Jack Shoemaker (born 1946) is an American editor and publisher, and current editorial director and vice-president at Counterpoint Press in Berkeley, California. Shoemaker has edited and published books under several imprints, including North Point, Pantheon Books, Shoemaker & Hoard, and Counterpoint. Shoemaker has published books by Guy Davenport, Romulus Linney, Gary Snyder, Wendell Berry, Evan S. Connell, MFK Fisher, James Salter, Gina Berriault, Reynolds Price, W.S. Merwin, Michael Palmer, Donald Hall, Anne Lamott, Kay Boyle, Gary Nabhan, Jane Vandenburgh, Carole Maso, and Robert Aitken. Shoemaker supports author-driven literary publishing ventures and mindfulness and political awareness in publishing. Shoemaker was one of the first American publishers of Thich Nhat Hanh, and a major publisher of Wendell Berry.","title":"Jack Shoemaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Robert Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Guy Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative2005-1"}],"text":"Jack Shoemaker was born in California and began his literary career as a bookseller in 1965 in Santa Barbara. During the next twenty-five years he owned or managed several influential independent literary bookshops, including The Unicorn Bookshop, Serendipity Books, and Sand Dollar Booksellers & Publishers. He allowed books to stay on the shelves longer than usual. He also corresponded with writers such as Gary Snyder, Robert Duncan, and Guy Davenport and stocked his store with titles they recommended. \"I had good instincts, I had enormous presumption, and most of all I had good advisors,\" Shoemaker has said of that time. \"I was, still am, an autodidact. I did not go to college, so for me the correspondence and reading formed my path in education.\"[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thich Nhat Hanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative2005-1"},{"link_name":"Small Press Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Press_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative2005-1"},{"link_name":"William Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Turnbull_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Knopf Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knopf_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Counterpoint Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint_Press"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Avalon Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"Michael Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Downing_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Robert Bringhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bringhurst"},{"link_name":"Alexander Solzhenitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Ruth Prawer Jhabvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Prawer_Jhabvala"},{"link_name":"Peter Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coyote"},{"link_name":"Jay Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Robert Hass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hass"},{"link_name":"Ann Pancake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Pancake"},{"link_name":"Jed Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed_Perl"},{"link_name":"Mary Robison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robison"},{"link_name":"Valerie Trueblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Trueblood"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Wechsler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Wechsler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janet Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Frame"},{"link_name":"Perseus Book Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Book_Group"},{"link_name":"Soft Skull Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press"},{"link_name":"Sierra Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative2005-1"}],"text":"Jack Shoemaker moved from bookselling to publishing. An early publishing venture, Unicorn, evolved from a bookstore in Isla Vista, near the campus of University of California-Santa Barbara operated by Shoemaker from 1967 to 1968. In that capacity, Unicorn published in 1968 a book of poems, The Cry of Vietnam, by Thich Nhat Hanh at a time when he was a little known Vietnamese Buddhist priest. A second volume published by Unicorn, Hark, Hark, the Nark, was a pamphlet that instructed readers on their civil rights in the event of an arrest for drug possession.[1] In 1969, Shoemaker co-founded Small Press Distribution, a distributor for the work of dozens of small independent American presses.[2] Unicorn was followed by Sand Dollar Booksellers & Publishers, which began operations in 1970 from Berkeley, California, \"a bookshop for poets.\"[1]Shoemaker continued his career as a bookseller until 1979, when he co-founded North Point Press with William Turnbull, a civil engineer who loved literature. North Point began with authors Shoemaker had worked with, including Berry, Snyder, Aitken, Fisher, Connell, Salter, and Davenport. Shoemaker served as the company’s editor-in-chief for the entire life of the company. It lasted 12 years and published nearly 400 works, some of which won awards.[3][4]When North Point closed in 1991, several of its authors followed Shoemaker to Pantheon, where he served as West Coast editor of the Knopf Publishing Group.[5] Frank H. Pearl, an entrepreneur who specialized in leveraged buyouts, recruited Shoemaker to found Counterpoint Press in 1994 in Washington, D.C., and Shoemaker’s core group of authors followed him once again.[6] In 2004 Shoemaker left Counterpoint, and with his longtime associate Trish Hoard established a new company, Shoemaker & Hoard, Publishers, to continue his work. Soon affiliated with the Avalon Publishing Group, Shoemaker & Hoard published more than 100 titles in its few years of existence. Additional writers published by Shoemaker, either at Counterpoint or at Shoemaker & Hoard, include Michael Downing, Robert Bringhurst, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nicholas Christopher, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Peter Coyote, Jay Griffiths, Robert Hass, Ann Pancake, Jed Perl, Mary Robison, Valerie Trueblood, Lawrence Wechsler, Janet Frame, and Cynthia Shearer. Later partnering with Charlie Winton, Shoemaker purchased Counterpoint Press from the Perseus Book Group, and another press, Soft Skull Press. At that time Counterpoint Press also formed an operating agreement with Sierra Club Books.[1]The new endeavor, consisting now of three separate imprints, operates from offices in Berkeley, California.","title":"Publishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Red Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pine"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cleary"},{"link_name":"David Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hinton"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Bodhidharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma"},{"link_name":"Dogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogen"},{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Rexroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative2005-1"}],"text":"As an editor and publisher Shoemaker has exerted influence on Buddhism in the United States, publishing notable translations of Buddhist sutras and texts, including work by Red Pine, Thomas Cleary, Norman Waddell, and David Hinton. Shoemaker has published in English great Zen masters, including Baisao, Bankei, Bassui, Bodhidharma, Dogen, Hakuin, Muso, Senzaki, and several others. Shoemaker first became interested in Zen Buddhism through the work of Gary Snyder and Kenneth Rexroth. Shoemaker was a student of Robert Aitken and published several books of Aitken's including Taking the Path of Zen, thought by many to be the best practical introductory guide to the study and practice of Zen. Later he co-edited with Aitken's senior Dharma heir, Nelson Foster, The Roaring Stream: A New Zen Reader, an anthology of Zen texts. \"As a Buddhist, I’m simply a beginner,\" Shoemaker told an interviewer in 2005. \"There are many of us trying to discover if there can be an authentic American Buddhism, oriented toward lay practitioners.\"[1]","title":"American Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Endowment of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Arts_Council"},{"link_name":"Gary Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Squaw Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw_Valley,_Placer_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Shoemaker served from 1974–1978 on the Literature Panel of the National Endowment of the Arts, serving his last eighteen months as that panel’s chairman.[7] He has also served on the California Arts Council, the Western States Arts Foundation panel, the North Carolina Arts Council literature panel, and several other boards and awards panels devoted to literature, the visual arts, and dance.Together with Jack Hicks and Gary Snyder, he founded The Art of the Wild, a summer program in Squaw Valley, California, devoted to the practice and study of writing related to environmental concerns and natural history. Shoemaker also serves on the advisory board of Fishtrap, a literary non-profit in Wallowa County, Oregon, that offers workshops, conferences, and residencies to develop writing talent among Western writers.[8] In 1981 Publishers Weekly named Shoemaker the recipient of the Carey-Thomas Award for Creative Publishing. PubWest awarded him the 2013 Jack D. Rittenhouse Award for lifetime achievement and contributions to the Western book community.[9][10]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Vandenburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Vandenburgh"},{"link_name":"Point Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Richmond"}],"text":"Jack Shoemaker married Vicki Guerin in 1965. They had two children, Sean Shoemaker, and Demian Shoemaker. The marriage ended in divorce in 1991. In 1996 he married California novelist Jane Vandenburgh in Washington, D.C. They raised her child from a previous marriage, Eva Zimmerman. Shoemaker lives with his family in Point Richmond, California.","title":"Personal"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhar_(TV_series)
|
Chandrashekhar (TV series)
|
["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","1.3 Guest","2 References"]
|
Indian film
ChandrashekharGenreHistorical dramaStarringDev JoshiCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of episodes117ProductionProducerAnirudh PathakProduction companyWriter's Galaxy Studios Pvt LtdOriginal releaseNetworkStar BharatRelease12 March (2018-03-12) –17 July 2018 (2018-07-17)
Chandrashekhar is an Indian historical drama and biopic television series based on the life on a freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad. It premiered on 12 March 2018 on Star Bharat and is produced by Anirudh Pathak.
Cast
Main
Karan Sharma as Chandra Shekhar Azad
Dev Joshi as Teenage Chandra Shekhar Azad
Ayaan Zubair Rahmani as Young Chandra Shekhar Azad
Sneha Wagh as Jagrani Tiwari
Satyajit Sharma as Sitaram Tiwari
Rahul Singh as Ram Prasad Bismil
Arjun Singh Shekhawat as Master Manohar
Jason Shah as John Nott-Bower
Karam Rajpal as Bhagat Singh
Recurring
Chetanya Adib as Ashfaqulla Khan
Vikas Shrivastav as Sachindranath Bakshi
Nikunj Nayana as Shivaram Rajguru
Preetesh Manas as Batukeshwar Dutt
Jaya Binju Tyagi as Durgawati Devi
Ashish Kadian as Sukhdev Thapar
Pankaj Singh as Manmath Nath Gupta
Ghanshyam Garg as Tikaram
Priya Shinde as Darsi
Hridyansh Shekhawat as Chittu: Chandrashekar's friend
Guest
Swati Kapoor as Harleen Kaur
Aanjjan Srivastav as Lala Lajpat Rai
Chirag Vohra as Mahatma Gandhi
Aishwarya Sakhuja as Kamala Nehru
Ram Awana as Veermal
Prakash Ramchandani as Ramprasad's brother
Shaize Khazmi as Bharat
References
^ "Star Bharat launches biopic on freedom fighter Chandrashekhar Azad at 10pm". Best Media Info. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
^ "Star Bharat announces the launch of Chandrashekhar". Indian Television. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
^ "Star Bharat's new show to explore the life of Chandra Shekhar Azad". Television Post. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Baddhan, Raj (20 February 2018). "In Video: Promo of Star Bharat's upcoming series 'Chandrashekhar'". Biz Asia Live. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Service, Tribune News. "Chandrashekhar goes off air". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
^ "I want to break away from the image of a child actor now : Baal Veer Dev Joshi". Times of India. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
^ "This peace is the result of the sacrifice of freedom fighters like Azad: Ayaan Zubair". Times of India. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
^ "I AM TOO MUCH EXCITED FOR CHANDRASHEKHAR: WAGH". The Pioneer. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Maheswari, Neha (11 July 2018). "Sneha Wagh plays a 65-year-old on her TV show, 'Chandrashekhar'". Times of India. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
^ "I've been wanting to play Bhagat Singh: Karam Rajpal". Times of India. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Star Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Bharat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Chandrashekhar is an Indian historical drama and biopic television series based on the life on a freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad.[1] It premiered on 12 March 2018 on Star Bharat and is produced by Anirudh Pathak.[2][3][4]","title":"Chandrashekhar (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dev Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sneha Wagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneha_Wagh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rahul Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Singh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ram Prasad Bismil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil"},{"link_name":"Jason Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Shah"},{"link_name":"John Nott-Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nott-Bower"},{"link_name":"Karam Rajpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karam_Rajpal"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Karan Sharma as Chandra Shekhar Azad[5]\nDev Joshi as Teenage Chandra Shekhar Azad[6]\nAyaan Zubair Rahmani as Young Chandra Shekhar Azad[7]\nSneha Wagh as Jagrani Tiwari[8][9]\nSatyajit Sharma as Sitaram Tiwari\nRahul Singh as Ram Prasad Bismil\nArjun Singh Shekhawat as Master Manohar\nJason Shah as John Nott-Bower\nKaram Rajpal as Bhagat Singh[10]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chetanya Adib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetanya_Adib"},{"link_name":"Ashfaqulla Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan"},{"link_name":"Vikas Shrivastav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikas_Shrivastav"},{"link_name":"Sachindranath Bakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachindra_Bakshi"},{"link_name":"Shivaram Rajguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru"},{"link_name":"Batukeshwar Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Durgawati Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgawati_Devi"},{"link_name":"Sukhdev Thapar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar"},{"link_name":"Manmath Nath Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Chetanya Adib as Ashfaqulla Khan\nVikas Shrivastav as Sachindranath Bakshi\nNikunj Nayana as Shivaram Rajguru\nPreetesh Manas as Batukeshwar Dutt\nJaya Binju Tyagi as Durgawati Devi\nAshish Kadian as Sukhdev Thapar\nPankaj Singh as Manmath Nath Gupta\nGhanshyam Garg as Tikaram\nPriya Shinde as Darsi\nHridyansh Shekhawat as Chittu: Chandrashekar's friend","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swati Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swati_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Aanjjan Srivastav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanjjan_Srivastav"},{"link_name":"Lala Lajpat Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai"},{"link_name":"Chirag Vohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirag_Vohra"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Aishwarya Sakhuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Sakhuja"},{"link_name":"Kamala Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Ram Awana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Awana"}],"sub_title":"Guest","text":"Swati Kapoor as Harleen Kaur\nAanjjan Srivastav as Lala Lajpat Rai\nChirag Vohra as Mahatma Gandhi\nAishwarya Sakhuja as Kamala Nehru\nRam Awana as Veermal\nPrakash Ramchandani as Ramprasad's brother\nShaize Khazmi as Bharat","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Prinzess_Irene
|
USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)
|
["1 SS Prinzess Irene","2 USS Pocahontas","3 SS Pocahontas","4 SS Bremen","5 SS Karlsruhe","6 References","7 External links"]
|
For other ships with the same name, see USS Pocahontas and SS Princess Irene.
USS Pocahontas underway in 1919
History
German Empire
NamePrinzessin Irene
NamesakePrincess Irene of Hesse
OwnerNorddeutscher Lloyd
RouteBremen–New York City
BuilderAG Vulkan, Stettin
Launched19 June 1900
FateSeized by the United States, 1917
United States
NameUSS Pocahontas
NamesakePocahontas
AcquiredSeized, 1917
Commissioned25 July 1917
Decommissioned7 November 1919
FateReturned to owner, 1919; sold for scrap, 1932
General characteristics
Class and typeBarbarossa-class ocean liner
Displacement18,000 long tons (18,289 t)
Length564 ft (172 m)
Beam62 ft 2 in (18.95 m)
Draft28 ft 6 in (8.69 m)
Speed16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement610 officers and enlisted
Armament
4 × 6 in (150 mm) guns
2 × 3 in (76 mm) guns
3 × 1-pounder guns
1 × machine gun
Captain Frederic von Letten-Peterssen in 1911
USS Pocahontas (SP-3044) was a transport ship for the United States Navy during World War I. She was originally SS Prinzess Irene, a Barbarossa-class ocean liner built in 1899 by AG Vulcan Stettin of Stettin, Germany, for the North German Lloyd line.
At the beginning of World War I the ship was in New York and was interned by the United States. She was seized when that country entered the conflict in 1917 and converted to a troop transport. As USS Pocahontas, she carried 24,573 servicemen to Europe, and after the war returned 23,296 servicemen to the United States.
Decommissioned by the U.S. Navy, the United States Shipping Board sold her back to the North German Lloyd line, where she saw mercantile service until being scrapped in 1932.
SS Prinzess Irene
She was launched as Prinzess Irene on 19 June 1900 by Aktiengesellschaft Vulkan, Stettin, Germany for North German Lloyd Lines. On 9 September 1900, she started her maiden voyage to New York City. On 30 October 1900, she began the first of seven trips on the German Empire mail run to the Far East to Yokohama, the route she was built for.
On 30 April 1903, she went on the Genoa – Naples – New York run and stayed mainly on this service together with her sister ship König Albert and sometimes other ships of the Barbarossa class. In 1911, under Captain Frederic von Letten-Peterssen, she was stranded for eighty-three hours on the Fire Island sandbars.
Her last voyage was to New York on 9 July 1914. With the outbreak of World War I in August, she was stranded in New York since the British Royal Navy controlled the North Atlantic. She remained there until seized by the United States by Executive Order 2651 on 30 June 1917, under the authority prescribed in the Enemy Vessel Confiscation Joint Resolution passed on 12 May 1917.
USS Pocahontas
After refitting and training with the Atlantic Fleet, she was commissioned as Princess Irene on 25 July 1917. Assigned to the Cruiser-Transport Force under Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, the ship was renamed Pocahontas on 1 September 1917.
Through the rest of the war and for nearly a year after the Armistice, Pocahontas served as a troop transport, completing eighteen round trips to Europe. She carried 24,573 servicemen to Brest and St. Nazaire and returned 23,296 servicemen to the United States.
Although Pocahontas conveyed all of her passengers safely, she faced numerous dangers. The most serious incident occurred in the forenoon of 2 May 1918 when an Imperial German Navy submarine surfaced in her path and straddled her with 5.9 in (150 mm) shells. Captain Edward C. Kalbfus ordered the crew to battle stations and gave the signal to open fire. However, the U-boat was not in range of her guns. Fragments of enemy shells landed on the ship, but she was not directly hit and suffered no casualties. Captain Kalbus commenced zig-zag courses, and then at full speed drew away from the submarine, probably SM U-151, about twenty minutes after the attack began. Making a record of 16.2 knots (30.0 km/h; 18.6 mph), he kept the enemy out of range until he lost her. For his successful defense of his ship, Captain Kalfbus was awarded the Navy Cross.
Pocahontas decommissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 7 November 1919 and was handed over to the United States Shipping Board for sale.
SS Pocahontas
In 1920, SS Pocahontas was chartered to the United States Mail Steamship Company of New York and began commercial services between the United States and Italy in 1921.
Pocahontas was the subject of widespread media coverage between May and July 1921 due to mechanical problems, sabotage and mutiny. The vessel left New York on 23 May 1921 en route to Naples. On 25 May, she was anchored off Nobska Point in Vineyard Sound in need of repair. A gang of boilermakers and mechanics boarded the ship to make repairs en route to Boston. Further repairs were undertaken in the Azores in June. The vessel did not arrive in Naples until 4 July, spending 43 days at sea. It was later reported that the vessel had been subject to sabotage and that some of the crew "began to threaten the commander and to damage the machinery and the electric light apparatus and even attempt ... to sink the steamer" Just before entering Naples, the assistant engineer drowned when he jumped overboard. On arrival in Naples, the ship's captain submitted a full report to the American consul, who conducted an investigation. The crew, in turn, filed charges of cruelty against the captain with the Italian authorities. While the crew were returned to the United States, the ship was repaired in Naples. A "great deal" of cotton waste was found in the steamer's pumps, but otherwise it suffered only minor damage. Although she was due to sail for New York on 31 July, the ship was ordered to stay in port pending payment of debts incurred in relation to the repair work. The total repair bill amounted to 2,700,000 lire. Despite intervention from the American consul, the ship did not sail until 8 September. Due to frequent bunker fires, however, the ship was considered to be in worse condition "than when it was in drydock". The vessel was again laid up on 22 September, this time in Gibraltar, having suffered further damage to her machinery. Passengers were transferred to other vessels. The ship then remained inactive until she was sold in 1922.
The then future Prime Minister of Israel, Golda Meir, was on board Pocahontas in May 1921, while emigrating from the United States to Palestine. She recounts the events of the journey in her autobiography, My Life.
SS Bremen
In April 1922, the United States Shipping Board received an offer of £17,000 for the purchase of Pocahontas, which was then laid up in Malta. When the United States Mail Steamship Company went into liquidation in 1922, the ship was sold back to its original owners, North German Lloyd and renamed Bremen.
After repair and refit, SS Bremen made her first voyage from Bremen to New York in April 1923.
The Laristan a cargo ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean (45°12′N 43°12′W / 45.200°N 43.200°W / 45.200; -43.200) with the loss of 24 of her 30 crew. Survivors were rescued by Bremen.
SS Karlsruhe
She was renamed Karlsruhe in 1928 and continued to serve until 1932, before being scrapped in Germany.
References
^ Kludas, Arnold. Great Passenger Ships of the World Vol 1 1858–1912. Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 0-85059-174-0.
^ "Brings Liner Irene Safely to her Pier" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 April 1911. The North German liner Frinzess Irene arrived safely at her pier in Hoboken at 1 o'clock yesterday afternoon, under her own steam, and looked none the worse for her eighty-three-hour rest on the Fire Island sandbars. Capt. F. von Letten-Peterssen, who was in command of the liner, said that, so far as he could tell, the only damage the vessel sustained was the breaking of the frame of the rudder post.
^ a b c
"Online Library of Selected Images: USS Pocahontas (ID # 3044), 1917–1919". Naval History and Heritage Command. Department of the Navy. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
^ a b
"To Repair Pocahontas En Route" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 May 1921.
^
"Liner Pocahontas Again in Trouble" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 June 1921.
^
"Mutiny on board American ship is investigated". Miami Daily Metropolis. Miami, Florida. 7 July 1921. p. 13.
^ a b c
"Accuses Ship Crew of Sabotage at Sea" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 July 1921.
^
"Passengers at Sea 43 Days With Mutinous Crew". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine. 8 July 2010. p. 11.
^
"Pocahontas Crew to Be Sent Back" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 July 1921.
^
"Death, Fire, Flood Mark Liner's Trip" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 December 1921.
^ a b
"Pocahontas is Repaired" (PDF). The New York Times. 25 July 1921.
^
"Courts Hold Pocahontas at Naples" (PDF). The New York Times. 7 August 1921.
^
"Pocahontas May Sail Next Week" (PDF). The New York Times. New York. 3 September 1921.
^
"Pocahontas Sails Tuesday" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 August 1921.
^
"Pocahontas Allowed to Leave Naples" (PDF). The New York Times. 9 September 1921.
^
"Pocahontas Case Worse" (PDF). The New York Times. 31 August 1921.
^ a b
"The Pocahontas Again Laid Up" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 September 1921.
^
Meir, Golda (1975). My Life. New York: G.P. Putman's & Sons. pp. 71–72. ISBN 0-399-11669-9.
^
"Gets Bid for Pocahontas" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 April 1922.
^ "Feared loss of the Laristan". The Times. No. 44181. London. 28 January 1926. col D, p. 14.
^ Arnold Kludas. Great Passenger Ships of the World Vol 1 1858–1912. Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 0-85059-174-0.
External links
Prinzess Irene, on a list of ships of the North German Lloyd Line at shipslist.com
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
Photographs of Prinzess Irene/Pocahontas can be seen here and here (under the "Friday May 17, 1918" diary of George A. Morrice of the 107th Regiment.)
vteBarbarossa-class ocean liners
Friedrich der Grosse
Barbarossa
Königin Luise
Bremen
König Albert
Hamburg
Prinzess Irene
Kiautschou
Moltke
Blücher
vteShips of Norddeutscher LloydLiners
Deutschland (1866)
Weser (1867)
Donau (1868)
Elbe (1881)
Saale (1886)
Spree (1890)
Barbarossa (1896)
Friedrich der Große (1896)
Königin Luise (1896)
Bremen (1896)
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897)
Kaiser Friedrich (1898)
Großer Kurfürst (1899)
König Albert (1899)
Princess Alice (1900)
Prinzess Irene (1900)
SS Kronprinz Wilhelm (1901)
SS Kaiser Wilhelm II (1902)
Scharnhorst (1904)
Prinz Eitel Friedrich (1904)
Bülow (1906)
SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906)
Prinz Ludwig (1906)
SS Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm (1907)
Berlin (1908)
George Washington (1908)
Zeppelin (1914)
München (1923)
Columbus (1924)
Berlin III (1925)
Europa (1928)
Bremen (1928)
Neptun (1931)
Scharnhorst (1934)
Gneisenau (1935)
Potsdam (1935)
Europa (1953)
Berlin (1954)
Bremen (1957)
Cargo liners
Wittekind (1894)
Willehad (1894)
Coblenz (1897)
Köln (1899)
Main (1900)
Breslau (1901)
Rhein (1899)
Neckar (1900)
Alster (1928)
Cargo ships
Herzogin Cecilie (1902)
Locksun (1902)
Hessen (1905)
Westfalen (1905)
Falke (1909)
Pommern (1913)
Mark (1913)
Pfalz (1913)
Taube (1922)
Alk (1926)
Ganter (1927)
Donau (1929)
Akka (1930)
Ems (1937)
Hannover (1939)
Gotenland (1942)
Weserstrom (1943)
Weserwald (1943)
Weserberg (1944)
Weserstrand (1944)
Greifswald (1945)1
1. Ordered by Norddeutscher Lloyd, captured incomplete by Allied forces in 1945.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"SS Princess Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Princess_Irene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_Frederic_von_Letten-Peterssen.jpg"},{"link_name":"transport ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarossa-class_ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"AG Vulcan Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"North German Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"interned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interned"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Pocahontas and SS Princess Irene.Captain Frederic von Letten-Peterssen in 1911USS Pocahontas (SP-3044) was a transport ship for the United States Navy during World War I. She was originally SS Prinzess Irene, a Barbarossa-class ocean liner built in 1899 by AG Vulcan Stettin of Stettin, Germany, for the North German Lloyd line.[1]At the beginning of World War I the ship was in New York and was interned by the United States. She was seized when that country entered the conflict in 1917 and converted to a troop transport. As USS Pocahontas, she carried 24,573 servicemen to Europe, and after the war returned 23,296 servicemen to the United States.Decommissioned by the U.S. Navy, the United States Shipping Board sold her back to the North German Lloyd line, where she saw mercantile service until being scrapped in 1932.","title":"USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aktiengesellschaft Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettin"},{"link_name":"North German Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"König Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_K%C3%B6nig_Albert"},{"link_name":"Frederic von Letten-Peterssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_von_Letten-Peterssen"},{"link_name":"Fire Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Executive Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"2651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_2651"}],"text":"She was launched as Prinzess Irene on 19 June 1900 by Aktiengesellschaft Vulkan, Stettin, Germany for North German Lloyd Lines. On 9 September 1900, she started her maiden voyage to New York City. On 30 October 1900, she began the first of seven trips on the German Empire mail run to the Far East to Yokohama, the route she was built for.On 30 April 1903, she went on the Genoa – Naples – New York run and stayed mainly on this service together with her sister ship König Albert and sometimes other ships of the Barbarossa class. In 1911, under Captain Frederic von Letten-Peterssen, she was stranded for eighty-three hours on the Fire Island sandbars.[2]Her last voyage was to New York on 9 July 1914. With the outbreak of World War I in August, she was stranded in New York since the British Royal Navy controlled the North Atlantic. She remained there until seized by the United States by Executive Order 2651 on 30 June 1917, under the authority prescribed in the Enemy Vessel Confiscation Joint Resolution passed on 12 May 1917.","title":"SS Prinzess Irene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Atlantic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Albert Gleaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleaves"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"St. Nazaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nazaire"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Edward C. Kalbfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Kalbfus"},{"link_name":"SM U-151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-151"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"}],"text":"After refitting and training with the Atlantic Fleet, she was commissioned as Princess Irene on 25 July 1917. Assigned to the Cruiser-Transport Force under Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, the ship was renamed Pocahontas on 1 September 1917.Through the rest of the war and for nearly a year after the Armistice, Pocahontas served as a troop transport, completing eighteen round trips to Europe. She carried 24,573 servicemen to Brest and St. Nazaire and returned 23,296 servicemen to the United States.Although Pocahontas conveyed all of her passengers safely, she faced numerous dangers. The most serious incident occurred in the forenoon of 2 May 1918 when an Imperial German Navy submarine surfaced in her path and straddled her with 5.9 in (150 mm) shells. Captain Edward C. Kalbfus ordered the crew to battle stations and gave the signal to open fire. However, the U-boat was not in range of her guns. Fragments of enemy shells landed on the ship, but she was not directly hit and suffered no casualties. Captain Kalbus commenced zig-zag courses, and then at full speed drew away from the submarine, probably SM U-151, about twenty minutes after the attack began. Making a record of 16.2 knots (30.0 km/h; 18.6 mph), he kept the enemy out of range until he lost her. For his successful defense of his ship, Captain Kalfbus was awarded the Navy Cross.Pocahontas decommissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 7 November 1919 and was handed over to the United States Shipping Board for sale.","title":"USS Pocahontas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Mail Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mail_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyHistory-3"},{"link_name":"Nobska Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobska_Light"},{"link_name":"Vineyard Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard_Sound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210526-4"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210526-4"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210619-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami1921071921-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210710-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewiston19210708-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210710-7"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210710-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210711-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19211226-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210725-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210725-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210807-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210903-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210820-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210909-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210831-16"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210923-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19210923-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyHistory-3"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Golda Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Life_(Golda_Meir_autobiography)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 1920, SS Pocahontas was chartered to the United States Mail Steamship Company of New York and began commercial services between the United States and Italy in 1921.[3]Pocahontas was the subject of widespread media coverage between May and July 1921 due to mechanical problems, sabotage and mutiny. The vessel left New York on 23 May 1921 en route to Naples. On 25 May, she was anchored off Nobska Point in Vineyard Sound in need of repair.[4] A gang of boilermakers and mechanics boarded the ship to make repairs en route to Boston.[4] Further repairs were undertaken in the Azores in June.[5] The vessel did not arrive in Naples until 4 July, spending 43 days at sea. It was later reported that the vessel had been subject to sabotage and that some of the crew \"began to threaten the commander and to damage the machinery and the electric light apparatus and even attempt ... to sink the steamer\"[6] Just before entering Naples, the assistant engineer drowned when he jumped overboard.[7][8] On arrival in Naples, the ship's captain submitted a full report to the American consul, who conducted an investigation.[7] The crew, in turn, filed charges of cruelty against the captain with the Italian authorities.[7] While the crew were returned to the United States,[9][10] the ship was repaired in Naples. A \"great deal\" of cotton waste was found in the steamer's pumps, but otherwise it suffered only minor damage.[11] Although she was due to sail for New York on 31 July,[11] the ship was ordered to stay in port pending payment of debts incurred in relation to the repair work.[12] The total repair bill amounted to 2,700,000 lire.[13] Despite intervention from the American consul,[14] the ship did not sail until 8 September.[15] Due to frequent bunker fires, however, the ship was considered to be in worse condition \"than when it was in drydock\".[16] The vessel was again laid up on 22 September, this time in Gibraltar, having suffered further damage to her machinery.[17] Passengers were transferred to other vessels.[17] The ship then remained inactive until she was sold in 1922.[3]The then future Prime Minister of Israel, Golda Meir, was on board Pocahontas in May 1921, while emigrating from the United States to Palestine. She recounts the events of the journey in her autobiography, My Life.[18]","title":"SS Pocahontas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19220412-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NavyHistory-3"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"45°12′N 43°12′W / 45.200°N 43.200°W / 45.200; -43.200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Pocahontas_(ID-3044)¶ms=45_12_N_43_12_W_"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times280126a-20"}],"text":"In April 1922, the United States Shipping Board received an offer of £17,000 for the purchase of Pocahontas, which was then laid up in Malta.[19] When the United States Mail Steamship Company went into liquidation in 1922, the ship was sold back to its original owners, North German Lloyd and renamed Bremen.[3]After repair and refit, SS Bremen made her first voyage from Bremen to New York in April 1923.The Laristan a cargo ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean (45°12′N 43°12′W / 45.200°N 43.200°W / 45.200; -43.200) with the loss of 24 of her 30 crew. Survivors were rescued by Bremen.[20]","title":"SS Bremen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"She was renamed Karlsruhe in 1928 and continued to serve until 1932, before being scrapped in Germany.[21]","title":"SS Karlsruhe"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Captain Frederic von Letten-Peterssen in 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Captain_Frederic_von_Letten-Peterssen.jpg/304px-Captain_Frederic_von_Letten-Peterssen.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kludas, Arnold. Great Passenger Ships of the World Vol 1 1858–1912. Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 0-85059-174-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatpassengersh0005klud/page/18","url_text":"Great Passenger Ships of the World Vol 1 1858–1912"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatpassengersh0005klud/page/18","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-174-0","url_text":"0-85059-174-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Brings Liner Irene Safely to her Pier\" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 April 1911. The North German liner Frinzess Irene arrived safely at her pier in Hoboken at 1 o'clock yesterday afternoon, under her own steam, and looked none the worse for her eighty-three-hour rest on the Fire Island sandbars. Capt. F. von Letten-Peterssen, who was in command of the liner, said that, so far as he could tell, the only damage the vessel sustained was the breaking of the frame of the rudder post.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/04/11/104861639.pdf","url_text":"\"Brings Liner Irene Safely to her Pier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Online Library of Selected Images: USS Pocahontas (ID # 3044), 1917–1919\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Department of the Navy. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-p/id3044.htm","url_text":"\"Online Library of Selected Images: USS Pocahontas (ID # 3044), 1917–1919\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command","url_text":"Naval History and Heritage Command"}]},{"reference":"\"To Repair Pocahontas En Route\" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 May 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/05/26/98695838.pdf","url_text":"\"To Repair Pocahontas En Route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Liner Pocahontas Again in Trouble\" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 June 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/19/107017328.pdf","url_text":"\"Liner Pocahontas Again in Trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Mutiny on board American ship is investigated\". Miami Daily Metropolis. Miami, Florida. 7 July 1921. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PlQtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4342,5101047&dq=pocahontas&hl=en","url_text":"\"Mutiny on board American ship is investigated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accuses Ship Crew of Sabotage at Sea\" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 July 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/10/98710833.pdf","url_text":"\"Accuses Ship Crew of Sabotage at Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Passengers at Sea 43 Days With Mutinous Crew\". The Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine. 8 July 2010. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tKkgAAAAIBAJ&pg=4249,417517&dq=pocahontas&hl=en","url_text":"\"Passengers at Sea 43 Days With Mutinous Crew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas Crew to Be Sent Back\" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 July 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/11/98712326.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas Crew to Be Sent Back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Death, Fire, Flood Mark Liner's Trip\" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 December 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/12/26/98778366.pdf","url_text":"\"Death, Fire, Flood Mark Liner's Trip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas is Repaired\" (PDF). The New York Times. 25 July 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/25/109817625.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas is Repaired\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Courts Hold Pocahontas at Naples\" (PDF). The New York Times. 7 August 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/07/107021576.pdf","url_text":"\"Courts Hold Pocahontas at Naples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas May Sail Next Week\" (PDF). The New York Times. New York. 3 September 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/03/98728307.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas May Sail Next Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas Sails Tuesday\" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 August 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/20/98719738.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas Sails Tuesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas Allowed to Leave Naples\" (PDF). The New York Times. 9 September 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/09/109823782.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas Allowed to Leave Naples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pocahontas Case Worse\" (PDF). The New York Times. 31 August 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/31/98725138.pdf","url_text":"\"Pocahontas Case Worse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pocahontas Again Laid Up\" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 September 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/23/103565118.pdf","url_text":"\"The Pocahontas Again Laid Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Meir, Golda (1975). My Life. New York: G.P. Putman's & Sons. pp. 71–72. 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ISBN 0-85059-174-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatpassengersh0005klud/page/28","url_text":"Great Passenger Ships of the World Vol 1 1858–1912"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatpassengersh0005klud/page/28","url_text":"28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-174-0","url_text":"0-85059-174-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Halse_Rivers_Rivers
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W. H. R. Rivers
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["1 Biography","1.1 Family background","1.2 Early life","1.3 Life as a ship's surgeon","2 Beginnings of career in psychology","3 Torres Straits expedition","3.1 The Todas","4 \"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\"","4.1 Pre-war psychological work","5 The Great War","5.1 Rivers and Sassoon","5.2 Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses","6 Post war","7 Others' opinions of Rivers","7.1 Poetry","7.2 Quotations","8 In fiction","9 Bibliography","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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English psychiatrist and anthropologist (1864–1922)
For the British navy officer, see William Rivers (Royal Navy officer).
W. H. R. RiversFRS FRAIPortrait by Henry MaullBornWilliam Halse Rivers Rivers(1864-03-12)12 March 1864Chatham, Kent, EnglandDied4 June 1922(1922-06-04) (aged 58)Cambridge, EnglandAlma materSt Bartholomew's Hospital Medical CollegeKnown for1898 Torres Strait Islands expeditionExperiments on nerve regeneration with Henry HeadTreating soldiers during the First World War who had shell shockAwardsHonorary M.A from the University of Cambridge, 1897Croonian Lecturer, 1906Royal Medal, 1915Scientific careerFieldsAnthropologyethnologyneurologypsychiatrypsychologyInstitutionsUniversity College, LondonUniversity of CambridgeCraiglockhart War HospitalDoctoral studentsCharles Samuel MyersWilliam McDougallJohn LayardRobert H. ThoulessWilliam James Perry
Signature
William Halse Rivers Rivers FRS FRAI (12 March 1864 – 4 June 1922) was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock, so they could be returned to combat. Rivers' most famous patient was the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, with whom he remained close friends until his own sudden death.
During the early years of the 20th century, Rivers developed new lines of psychological research. He was the first to use a double-blind procedure in investigating physical and psychological effects of consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol and drugs. For a time he directed centres for psychological studies at two colleges, and he was made a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He also participated in the Torres Strait Islands expedition of 1898 and his consequent seminal work on the subject of kinship.
Biography
Family background
W. H. R. Rivers was born in 1864 at Constitution Hill, Chatham, Kent, son of Elizabeth (née Hunt) (16 October 1834 – 13 November 1897) and Henry Frederick Rivers (7 January 1830 – 9 December 1911).
Records from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries show the Rivers family to be solidly middle-class, with many Cambridge, Church of England and Royal Navy associations. Notable members were Gunner William Rivers and his son, Midshipman William Rivers, both of whom served aboard HMS Victory, Nelson's flagship.
HMS Victory
The senior Rivers was the master gunner aboard the Victory. He kept a commonplace book (now held in the Royal Naval Museum library in Portsmouth); it has revealed and preserved the thoughts of many of the sailors aboard the Victory.
His son Midshipman Rivers, who claimed to be "the man who shot the man who fatally wounded Lord Nelson", was a model of heroism in the Battle of Trafalgar. The seventeen-year-old midshipman nearly lost his foot when it was struck by a grenade; it was attached to him only "by a Piece of Skin abought 4 inch above the ankle". Rivers asked first for his shoes, then told the gunner's mate to look after the guns, and told Captain Hardy that he was going down to the cockpit. He endured the amputation of his leg four inches below the knee, without anaesthetic. According to legend, he did not cry out once during that nor during the consequent sealing of the wound with hot tar. When Gunner Rivers, anxious about his son's welfare, went to the cockpit to ask after him, his son called out, "Here I am, Father, nothing is the matter with me; only lost my leg and that in a good cause."
After the battle, the senior Rivers wrote a poem about his remarkable son, entitled "Lines on a Young Gentleman that lost his leg onboard the Victory in the Glorious action at Trafalgar":
May every comfort Bless thy future life,
And smooth thy cares with fond and tender wife.
Which of you all Would not have freely died,
To Save Brave Nelson There Dear Country's Pride.
Born to Lieutenant William Rivers, R.N., and his wife, stationed at Deptford, Henry Frederick Rivers followed many family traditions in being educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and entering the church. Having earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1857, he was ordained as a Church of England priest in 1858, and had a career that would span almost 50 years. In 1904, he was forced to tender his resignation due to "infirmities of sight and memory".
Image of the stained glass window of the church in Offham, Kent, where Henry Rivers was curate from 1880 to 1889
In 1863, having obtained a curacy at Chatham in addition to a chaplaincy of the Medway Union, Henry Rivers was sufficiently established to marry Elizabeth Hunt, who was living with her brother James in Hastings, not far from Chatham. He was later appointed to curacies in Kent at St Mary's, Chatham (1863–69), Tudeley (1877–80) and Offham (1880–9), and subsequently as Vicar of St Faith's, Maidstone from 1889 to 1904.
The Hunts, like the Rivers family, were established with naval and Church of England connections. One of those destined for the pulpit was Thomas (1802–1851), but some quirk of originality set him off into an unusual career. While an undergraduate at Cambridge, Thomas Hunt had a friend who stammered badly and his efforts to aid the affected student led him to leave the university without taking a degree in order to make a thorough study of speech and its defects. He built up a good practice as a speech therapist and was patronised by Sir John Forbes MD FRS. Forbes referred pupils to him for twenty-four years. Hunt's most famous case came about in 1842. George Pearson, the chief witness in a case related to an attempted attack on Queen Victoria by John Francis, was brought into court but was incapable of giving his evidence. After a fortnight's instruction from Hunt, he spoke easily, a fact certified by the sitting magistrate. Hunt died in 1851, survived by his wife Mary and their two children. His practice was passed on to his son, James.
James Hunt (1833–1869) was an exuberant character, giving to each of his ventures his boundless energy and self-confidence. Taking up his father's legacy with great zeal, by the age of 21 Hunt had published his compendious work Stammering and Stuttering, Their Nature and Treatment. This went into six editions during his lifetime and was reprinted again in 1870, just after his death, and for an eighth time in 1967 as a landmark in the history of speech therapy. In the introduction to the 1967 edition of the book, Elliot Schaffer notes that in his short lifetime, James Hunt is said to have treated over 1,700 cases of speech impediment, firstly in his father's practice and later at his own institute, Ore House near Hastings. He set up the latter with the aid of a doctorate he had purchased in 1856 from the University of Giessen in Germany.
In later, expanded editions, Stammering and Stuttering begins to reflect Hunt's growing passion for anthropology, exploring the nature of language usage and speech disorders in non-European peoples. In 1856, Hunt had joined the Ethnological Society of London and by 1859 he was its joint secretary. But many of the members disliked his attacks on the religious and humanitarian agencies represented by missionaries and the anti-slavery movement.
As a result of the antagonism, Hunt founded the Anthropological Society and became its president. Nearly 60 years later, his nephew W. He. R. Rivers was selected for this position. Hunt's efforts were integral to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) accepting anthropology in 1866 as a discipline.
Even by Victorian standards, Hunt was a decided racist. His paper "On a Negro's Place in Nature", delivered before the BAAS in 1863, was met with hisses and catcalls. What Hunt considered "a statement of the simple facts" was thought by others to be a defence of the subjection and slavery of Africans in the Americas, and support of the belief in the plurality of human species.
In addition to his extremist views, Hunt led the society to incur heavy debts. The controversies surrounding his conduct told on his health and, on 29 August 1869, Hunt died of "inflammation of the brain". He was survived by his widow, Henrietta Maria, and five children.
His speech therapy practice was passed onto Hunt's brother-in-law, Henry Rivers, who had been working with him for some time. Rivers inherited many of Hunt's established patients, most notably The Reverend Charles L. Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll), who had been a regular visitor to Ore House.
Hunt left his books to his nephew William Rivers, who refused them, thinking that they would be of no use to him.
Early life
William Halse Rivers Rivers was the oldest of four children, with his siblings being brother Charles Hay (29 August 1865 – 8 November 1939) and sisters Ethel Marian (30 October 1867 – 4 February 1943) and Katharine Elizabeth (1871–1939).
Tonbridge School where Rivers and his brother Charles were day-boys
William, known as "Willie" throughout his childhood, appears to have been named after his famous uncle of Victory fame; there was also a longstanding family tradition whereby the eldest son of every line would be baptised by that name. The origin of "Halse" is unclear. There may be some naval connection, as it has been suggested that it could have been the name of someone serving alongside his uncle. Slobodin states that it is probable that the second "Rivers" entered his name as a result of a clerical error on the baptismal certificate, but since the register is filled in by his father's hand, and his father performed the ceremony, this seems unlikely. Slobodin notes that a mistake on the registry of his birth but his name was changed from the mistaken "William False Rivers Rivers" to its later form, with "Halse" as the second name. This suggests that "Rivers" was intended as a given name as well as a surname.
Rivers had a stammer that he never fully conquered. He had no sensory memory, although he was able to visualise to an extent if dreaming, in a half-waking, half-sleeping state, or when feverish. Rivers noted that in his early life- specifically before the age of five- his visual imagery was far more definite than it became in later life. He thought it was perhaps as good as that of the average child.
At first, Rivers had concluded that his loss of visual imagery had resulted from his lack of attention and interest in it. But, as he later came to realise, while images from his later life frequently faded into obscurity, those from his infancy still remained vivid.
As Rivers notes in Instinct and the Unconscious, he was unable to visualise any part of the upper floor of the house he lived in until he was five. By contrast, Rivers was able to describe the lower floors of that particular house with far more accuracy than he had been able to with any house since. Although images of later houses were faded and incomplete, no memory since had been as inaccessible as that of the upper floor of his early home. Given evidence, Rivers came to conclude that something had happened to him on the upper floor of that house, the memory of which was entirely suppressed because it "interfered with comfort and happiness". In addition to that specific memory being inaccessible, his sensory memory in general appears to have been severely disabled from that moment.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Instinct and the Unconscious
If Rivers ever did access the veiled memory, he did not appear to make a note of it. The nature of the experience is open to conjecture. Author Pat Barker, in the second novel of her Regeneration Trilogy related to Rivers and his work, The Eye in the Door, suggested through her character Billy Prior, that Rivers's experience was traumatic enough to cause him to "put his mind's eye out".
Rivers was a highly able child. Educated first at a Brighton preparatory school and, from the age of thirteen, as a dayboy at the prestigious Tonbridge School, his academic abilities were noted from an early age. At the age of 14, he was placed a year above others of his age at school and even within this older group he was seen to excel, winning prizes for Classics and all around attainment. Rivers's younger brother Charles was also a high achiever at the school; he too was awarded with the Good Work prize. He studied and became a civil engineer. After a bad bout of malaria contracted whilst in the Torres Straits with his brother, he was encouraged by the elder Rivers to take up outdoor work.
The teenage Rivers, whilst scholarly, was also involved in other aspects of school life. As the programme for the Tonbridge School sports day notes, on 12 March 1880 – Rivers's sixteenth birthday – he ran in the mile race. The year before this he had been elected as a member of the school debating society, no mean feat for a boy who at this time had a speech impediment which was almost paralytic.
A young W. H. R. Rivers
Rivers was set to follow family tradition and take his University of Cambridge entrance exam, possibly with the aim of studying classics. But at the age of sixteen, he contracted typhoid fever and was forced to miss his final year of school. Without the scholarship, his family could not afford to send him to Cambridge. With his typical resilience, Rivers did not dwell on the disappointment.
His illness had been severe, entailing long convalescence and leaving him with effects which at times severely disabled him. As L. E. Shore notes: "he was not a strong man, and was often obliged to take a few days rest in bed and subsist on a milk diet". The severity of the sickness and the shattering of dreams might have broken lesser men but for Rivers in many ways the illness was the making of him. Whilst recovering from the fever, Rivers had formed a friendship with one of his father's speech therapy students, a young Army surgeon. His plan was formed: he would study medicine and apply for training in the Army Medical Department, later to become the Royal Army Medical Corps.
Inspired by this new resolve, Rivers studied medicine at the University of London, where he matriculated in 1882, and St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He graduated at age 22, the youngest person to do so until recent times.
Life as a ship's surgeon
After qualifying, Rivers sought to join the army but was not passed fit. This was a byproduct of typhoid fever. As Elliot Smith was later to write, as quoted in a biography of Rivers: "Rivers always had to fight against ill health: heart and blood vessels." Along with the health problems noted by Shore and Smith, Rivers struggled with "tiring easily".
His sister Katharine wrote that when he came to visit the family, he would often sleep for the first day or two. Considering the volume of work that Rivers completed in his relatively short lifetime, Seligman wrote in 1922 that "for many years he seldom worked for more than four hours a day". As Rivers's biographer Richard Slobodin says that, "among persons of extraordinary achievement, only Descartes seems to have put in as short a working day".
Rivers did not allow his drawbacks to dishearten him, and he chose to serve several terms as a ship's surgeon, travelling to Japan and North America in 1887. This was the first of many voyages; for, besides his great expeditions for work in the Torres Straits Islands, Melanesia, Egypt, India and the Solomon Islands, he took holiday voyages twice to the West Indies, three times to the Canary Islands and Madeira, to the United States, Norway, and Lisbon, as well as making numerous visits to France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, and lengthy ones to visit family in Australia.
Such voyages helped to improve his health, and possibly to prolong his life. He also took a great deal of pleasure from his experiences aboard ship. On one voyage he spent a month in the company of playwright George Bernard Shaw; he later described how he spent "many hours every day talking – the greatest treat of my life".
Beginnings of career in psychology
Back in England, Rivers earned an M.D. (London) and was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Soon after, he became house surgeon at the Chichester Infirmary (1887–1889). Although he enjoyed the town and the company of his colleagues, an appointment at Bart's and the opportunity to return to working in research in medicine was more appealing. He became house physician at St Bartholomew's in 1889 and remained there until 1890.
At Bart's, Rivers had been a physician to Samuel Gee. Those under Gee were conscious of his indifference towards, if not outright dislike of, the psychological aspects of medicine. Walter Langdon-Brown surmises that Rivers and his fellow Charles S. Myers devoted themselves to these aspects in reaction to Gee.
Rivers's interests in neurology and psychology became evident in this period. Reports and papers given by Rivers at the Abernethian Society of St Bart's indicate a growing specialisation in these fields: Delirium and its allied conditions (1889), Hysteria (1891) and Neurasthenia (1893).
Following the direction of his passion for the workings of the mind as it correlates with the workings of the body, in 1891 Rivers became house physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. Here he and Henry Head met and formed a lasting friendship.
Rivers's interest in the physiology of the nervous system and in "the mind", that is, in sensory phenomena and mental states, was further stimulated by work in 1891. He was chosen to be one of Victor Horsley's assistants in a series of investigations at University College London that explored the existence and nature of electrical currents in the mammalian brain. His selection for this work demonstrated his growing reputation as a researcher.
In the same year, Rivers joined the Neurological Society of London and presented A Case of Treadler's Cramp to a meeting of the society. The case demonstrated the ill effects of what is understood as repetitive motion injury. Such injuries sustained by factory workers, against which they had little protection or compensation, were part of the cost for millions of people of Britain's industrial supremacy.
Resigning from the National Hospital in 1892, Rivers travelled to Jena to expand his knowledge of experimental psychology. Whilst in Jena, Rivers became fluent in German and attended lectures on both psychology and philosophy. He also became deeply immersed in the culture; in a diary he kept of the journey he comments on the buildings, picture galleries, church services, and education system, showing his wide interests and critical judgement. In this diary he also wrote that: "I have during the last three weeks come to the conclusion that I should go in for insanity when I return to England and work as much as possible at psychology."
After his return to England, he became a Clinical Assistant at the Bethlem Royal Hospital. In 1893, at the request of G. H Savage, he began assisting with lectures in mental diseases at Guy's Hospital, emphasising their psychological aspect. At about the same time, invited by Professor Sully, he began to lecture on experimental psychology at University College, London.
By 1893, when he was unexpectedly invited to lecture in Cambridge on the functions of the sense organs, he was already deeply read in the subject. He had been captivated by Head's accounts of the works of Ewald Hering, and had avidly absorbed his views on colour vision and the nature of vital processes in living matter. He also prepared for this project by spending the summer working in Heidelberg with Emil Kraepelin on measuring the effects of fatigue.
The offer of a Cambridge lectureship resulted from continuing evolution within the university's Natural Science Tripos. Earlier in 1893, Professor McKendrick, of Glasgow, had examined subject and reported unfavourably on the scant knowledge of the special senses that was displayed by the candidates; to correct this, Sir Michael Foster appointed Rivers as a lecturer. He became Fellow Commoner at St John's College. He was made a Fellow of the college in 1902.
Rivers was stretched in his work, as he still had ongoing teaching commitments at Guy's hospital and at University College. In addition to these mounting responsibilities, in 1897 he was put in temporary charge of the new psychological laboratory at University College. That year Foster had assigned him a room in the Physiology Department at Cambridge for use in psychological research. As a result, Rivers is listed in the histories of experimental psychology as simultaneously the director of the first two psychological laboratories in Britain.
Rivers's work has been considered to have profound influence on Cambridge and in the scientific world in general. But, at the time, the Cambridge University Senate were wary of his appointment. Bartlett wrote: "how many times have I heard Rivers, spectacles waving in the air, his face lit by his transforming smile, tell how, in Senatorial discussion, an ancient orator described him as a 'Ridiculous Superfluity'!"
The opposition of the Senate resulted in limited support for Rivers's work in its early years. It was not until 1901, eight years after his appointment, that he was allowed the use of a small cottage for the laboratory, and budgeted thirty-five pounds annually (later increased to fifty) for purchase and upkeep of equipment. For several years Rivers continued in this way until the Moral Science Board increased support; in 1903, Rivers and his assistants and students moved to another small building in St Tibbs Row. These working spaces were characterised as "dismal", "damp, dark and ill-ventilated" but they did not discourage the Cambridge psychologists. Psychology began to thrive: "perhaps, in the early days of scientific progress, a subject often grows all the more surely if its workers have to meet difficulties, improvise their apparatus, and rub very close shoulders one with another." In 1912 a well-equipped laboratory was finally built under the directorship of Charles S. Myers, one of Rivers's earliest and ablest pupils. A wealthy man, he supplemented the university grant with his own funds.
View of St John's College, Cambridge
The Cambridge psychologists and Rivers were initially most interested in the special senses: colour vision, optical illusions, sound-reactions, and perceptual processes. In these fields, Rivers was rapidly becoming eminent. He was invited to write a chapter on vision for Schäfer's Handbook of Physiology. According to Bartlett, Rivers's chapter "still remains, from a psychological point of view, one of the best in the English Language". Rivers reviewed the work of previous investigators, incorporated his own, and critically examined the rival theories of colour vision. He noted clearly the significance of psychological factors in, for instance, the phenomena of contrast.
For his own experiments on vision, Rivers worked with graduate medical students Charles S. Myers and William McDougall. They assisted him and developed close friendships in the process of working together. Rivers also collaborated with Sir Horace Darwin, a pioneer instrument maker, to improve apparatus for recording sensations, especially those involved in vision. This collaboration also resulted in a lifelong friendship between the two men.
In this period, Rivers also investigated the influence of stimulants: tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco, and a number of other drugs, on a person's capacity for both physical and mental work. His work under Kraepelin at Heidelberg had prepared him for this work. Rivers conducted some experiments on himself, for instance for two years giving up alcoholic beverages and tobacco, neither of which he liked, but also giving up all tea, coffee and cocoa as well. Initially he intended to explore physiological incentives for consuming these products, but he quickly realized that a strong psychological influence contributed to taking the substances.
Rivers realised that part of the effects – mental and physical – that substances had were caused psychologically by the excitement of knowing that one is indulging. In order, to eliminate "all possible effects of suggestion, sensory stimulation and interest", Rivers ensured that the substances were disguised so that he could not ascertain, in any instance, whether he was taking a drug or a control substance. This was the first experiment of its kind to use this double-blind procedure. As a result of the importance attached to the study, Rivers was appointed in 1906 as Croonian Lecturer to the Royal College of Physicians.
In December 1897 Rivers's achievements were recognised by the University of Cambridge who honoured him with the degree of M.A. honoris causa and, in 1904 with the assistance of Professor James Ward, Rivers made a further mark on the world of psychological sciences, founding and subsequently editing the British Journal of Psychology.
Despite his many successes, Rivers was still a markedly reticent man in mixed company, hampered as he was by his stammer and innate shyness. In 1897, Langdon-Brown invited Rivers to come and address the Abernethian Society. The occasion was not an unqualified success. He chose "Fatigue" as his subject, and before he had finished his title was writ large on the faces of his audience. In the Cambridge physiological laboratory too he had to lecture to a large elementary class. He was rather nervous about it, and did not like it, his hesitation of speech made his style dry and he had not yet acquired the art of expressing his original ideas in an attractive form, except in private conversation.
Among two or three friends, however, the picture of Rivers is quite different. His conversations were full of interest and illumination; "he was always out to elicit the truth, entirely sincere, and disdainful of mere dialect." His insistence on veracity made him a formidable researcher, as Haddon puts it, "the keynote of Rivers was thoroughness. Keenness of thought and precision marked all his work." His research was distinguished by a fidelity to the demands of experimental method very rare in the realms which he was exploring and, although often overlooked, the work that Rivers did in this early period is of immense import as it formed the foundation of all that came later.
Torres Straits expedition
Rivers recognised in himself "the desire for change and novelty, which is one of the strongest aspects of my mental makeup" and, while fond of St John's, the staid lifestyle of his Cambridge existence showed in signs of nervous strain and led him to experience periods of depression.
The turning point came in 1898 when Alfred Cort Haddon seduced "Rivers from the path of virtue... (for psychology then was a chaste science)... into that of anthropology:" He made Rivers first choice to head an expedition to the Torres Straits. Rivers's first reaction was to decline, but he soon agreed on learning that C. S. Myers and William McDougall, two of his best former students, would participate. The other members were Sidney Ray, C. G. Seligman, and a young Cambridge graduate named Anthony Wilkin, who was asked to accompany the expedition as photographer. In April 1898, the Europeans were transported with gear and apparatus to the Torres Straits. Rivers was said to pack only a small handbag of personal effects for such field trips.
Members of the 1898 Torres Straits Expedition. Standing (from left to right): Rivers, Seligman, Ray, Wilkin. Seated: Haddon
From Thursday Island, several of the party found passage, soaked by rain and waves, on the deck of a crowded 47-foot ketch. In addition to sea sickness, Rivers had been badly sunburnt on his shins and for many days had been quite ill. On 5 May, in a bad storm nearing their first destination of Murray Island, the ship dragged anchor on the Barrier Reef and the expedition almost met disaster Later Rivers recalled the palliative effect of near shipwreck.
When the ketch dropped anchor, Rivers and Ray were at first too ill to go ashore. However the others set up a surgery to treat the native islanders and Rivers, lying in bed next-door tested the patients for colour vision: Haddon's diary noted "He is getting some interesting results." The warmth shown to the sickly Rivers by the Islanders contributed to strong positive feelings for the work and a deep concern for the welfare of Melanesians during the remainder of his life.
Rivers's first task was to examine first hand the colour vision of the islanders and compare it to that of Europeans. In the course of his examinations of the visual acuity of the natives, Rivers showed that colour-blindness did not exist or was very rare, but that the colour vision of Papuans was not the same type as that of Europeans; they possessed no word for blue, and an intelligent native found nothing unnatural in applying the same name to the brilliant blue sea or sky and to the deepest black. "Moreover", Head goes on to state in Rivers's obituary notice, "he was able to explode the old fallacy that the 'noble savage' was endowed with powers of vision far exceeding that of civilised natives. Errors of refraction are, it is true, less common, especially myopia. But, altogether the feats of the Torres Straits islanders equalled those reported by travellers from other parts of the world, they were due to the power of attending to minute details in familiar and strictly limited surrounding, and not to supernormal visual acuity."
It was at this point that Rivers began collecting family histories and constructing genealogical tables but his purpose appears to have been more biological than ethnological since such tables seem to have originated as a means of determining whether certain sensory talents or disabilities were hereditary. However, these simple tables soon took on a new prospective.
It was at once evident to Rivers that "the names applied to the various forms of blood relationship did not correspond to those used by Europeans, but belonged to what is known as a 'classificatory system'; a man's 'brothers' or 'sisters' might include individuals we should call cousins and the key to this nomenclature is to be found in forms of social organisation especially in varieties of the institution of marriage." Rivers found that relationship terms were used to imply definite duties, privileges and mutual restrictions in conduct, rather than being biologically based as Europeans' are. As Head puts it: "all these facts were clearly demonstrable by the genealogical method, a triumphant generalisation which has revolutionised ethnology."
The Torres Straits expedition was "revolutionary" in many other respects as well. For the first time, British anthropology had been removed from its "armchair" and placed into a sound empirical basis, providing the model for future anthropologists to follow. In 1916, Sir Arthur Keith stated in an address to the Royal Anthropological Institute, that the expedition had engendered "the most progressive and profitable movement in the history of British anthropology."
While the expedition was clearly productive and, in many ways, arduous for its members, it was also the foundation of lasting friendships. The team would reunite at many points and their paths would frequently converge. Of particular note is the relationship between Rivers and Haddon, the latter of whom regarded the fact he had induced Rivers to come to the Torres Straits as his claim to fame. It cannot be denied that both Rivers and Haddon were serious about their work but at the same time they were imbued with a keen sense of humour and fun. Haddon's diary from Tuesday 16 August reads thus: "Our friends and acquaintances would often be very much amused if they could see us at some of our occupations and I am afraid these would sometimes give occasion to the enemy to blaspheme – so trivial would they appear ... for example one week we were mad on cat's cradle – at least Rivers, Ray and I were – McDougall soon fell victim and even Myers eventually succumbed." It may seem to be a bizarre occupation for a group of highly qualified men of science, indeed, as Haddon states: "I can imagine that some people would think we were demented – or at least wasting our time." However, both Haddon and Rivers were to use the string trick to scientific ends and they are also credited as inventing a system of nomenclature that enabled them to be able to schematise the steps required and teach a variety of string tricks to European audiences.
The expedition ended in October 1898 and Rivers returned to England. In 1900, Rivers joined Myers and Wilkin in Egypt to run tests on the colour vision of the Egyptians; this was the last time he saw Wilkin, who died of dysentery in May 1901, aged 24.
The Todas
Rivers had already formed a career in physiology and psychology. But now he moved more definitively into anthropology. He wanted a demographically small, fairly isolated people, comparable to the island societies of the Torres Strait, where he might be able to get genealogical data on each and every individual. The Todas in the Nilgiri Hills of Southern India, with their population then about 700 plus, suited Rivers's criteria. And they had specific features of social organization, such as polyandrous marriage and a bifurcation of their society into so-called moieties that had interested historical evolutionists. Whether his fieldwork was initially so single-minded is questionable, however, since at first Rivers looked at other local communities and studied their visual perception before fixing all his attention on the Todas.
Rivers worked among the Todas for less than six months during 1901–02, communicating with his Toda informants only through interpreters and lodged in an Ootacamund hotel. Yet he assembled a stunning collection of data on the ritual and social lives of the Toda people. Almost all who have subsequently studied the Todas have been amazed at the richness and the accuracy of Rivers's data. His book The Todas, which came out in 1906, is still an outstanding contribution to Indian ethnography, "indispensable: still only to be supplemented rather than superseded", as Murray Emeneau wrote in 1971. And it is little wonder that so famous a champion of anthropological fieldwork as Dr Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) declared Rivers to be his "patron saint of field work".
In the preface to this book Rivers wrote that his work was "not merely the record of the customs and beliefs of a people, but also the demonstration of anthropological method". That method is the collection of genealogical materials for the purpose of more fully investigating other aspects of social life, notably ritual.
The first eleven chapters of The Todas represented in 1906 a novel approach to the presentation of ethnographic data, one that, under the influence of Malinowski, would later become a standard practice in British social anthropology. This is the analysis of a people's society and culture by presentation of a detailed description of a particularly significant institution. In the Toda case, it is the sacred dairy cult. But Rivers is unable to sustain this focus throughout the work, so after a brilliant opening, the book tails off somewhat. We get a good idea of the Toda dairies and the ideas of ritual purity that protect them; but then the author returns to the ready-made categories of the day: gods, magic, kinship, clanship, crime and so on, and says no more about the dairies. Moreover, he failed to discover the existence of matrilineal clans alongside the patrilineal ones. A second, and more important, limitation of his study is its failure to view Toda society as a local and specialized variant of—as A. L. Kroeber wrote—"higher Indian culture". Rivers's book has been largely responsible for the view (now not infrequently held by educated Todas themselves) that these are a people quite distinct from other South Indians.
When, in 1902, Rivers left the Nilgiri Hills and India too, he would never return. Moreover, after the publication of The Todas he wrote very little more about them.
"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division"
Upon his return to England from the Torres Strait, Rivers became aware of a series of experiments being conducted by his old friend Henry Head in conjunction with James Sherren, a surgeon at the London Hospital where they both worked. Since 1901, the pair had been forming a systematic study of nerve injuries among patients attending the hospital. Rivers, who had long been interested in the physiological consequences of nerve division, was quick to take on the role of "guide and counsellor".
It quickly became clear to Rivers, looking in on the experiment from a psycho-physical aspect, that the only way accurate results could be obtained from introspection on behalf of the patient is if the subject under investigation was himself a trained observer, sufficiently discriminative to realise if his introspection was being prejudiced by external irrelevancies or moulded by the form of the experimenter's questions, and sufficiently detached to lead a life of detachment throughout the entire course of the tests. It was in the belief that he could fulfil these requirements, that Head himself volunteered to act, as Langham puts it, "as Rivers's experimental guinea-pig".
So it was that, on 25 April 1903, the radial and external cutaneous nerves of Henry Head's arm were severed and sutured. Rivers was then to take on the role of examiner and chart the regeneration of the nerves, considering the structure and functions of the nervous system from an evolutionary standpoint through a series of "precise and untiring observations" over a period of five years.
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A human experiment in nerve division
At first observation, the day after the operation, the back of Head's hand and the dorsal surface of his thumb were seen to be "completely insensitive to stimulation with cotton wool, to pricking with a pin, and to all degrees of heat and cold." While cutaneous sensibility had ceased, deep sensibility was maintained so that pressure with a finger, a pencil or with any blunt object was appreciated without hesitation.
So that the distractions of a busy life should not interfere with Head's introspective analysis, it was decided that the experimentation should take place in Rivers's rooms. Here, as Head states, "for five happy years we worked together on week-ends and holidays in the quiet atmosphere of his rooms at St John's College." In the normal course of events, Head would travel to Cambridge on Saturday, after spending several hours on the outpatient department of the London Hospital. On these occasions, however, he would find that he was simply too exhausted to work on the Saturday evening so experimentation would have to be withheld until the Sunday. If, therefore, a long series of tests were to be carried out, Head would come to Cambridge on the Friday, returning to London on Monday morning. At some points, usually during Rivers's vacation period, longer periods could be devoted to the observations. Between the date of the operation and their last sitting on 13 December 1907, 167 days were devoted to the investigation.
Since Head was simultaneously collaborator and experimental subject, extensive precautions were taken to make sure that no outside factors influenced his subjective appreciation of what he was perceiving: "No questions were asked until the termination of a series of events; for we found it was scarcely possible... to ask even simple questions without giving a suggestion either for or against the right answer... The clinking of ice against the glass, the removal of the kettle from the hob, tended to prejudice his answers... was therefore particularly careful to make all his preparations beforehand; the iced tubes were filled and jugs of hot and cold water ranged within easy reach of his hand, so that the water of the temperature required might be mixed silently."
Moreover, although before each series of tests Head and Rivers would discuss their plan of action, Rivers was careful to vary this order to such an extent during the actual testing that Head would be unable to tell what was coming next.
Gradually during the course of the investigation, certain isolated spots of cutaneous sensibility began to appear; these spots were sensitive to heat, cold and pressure. However, the spaces between these spots remained insensitive at first, unless sensations- such as heat or cold- reached above a certain threshold at which point the feeling evoked was unpleasant and usually perceived as being "more painful" than it was if the same stimulus was applied to Head's unaffected arm. Also, although the sensitive spots were quite definitely localised, Head, who sat through the tests with his eyes closed, was unable to gain any exact appreciation of the locus of stimulation. Quite the contrary, the sensations radiated widely, and Head tended to refer them to places remote from the actual point of stimulation.
Henry Head and W. H. R. Rivers experimenting in Rivers's rooms (1903–1907)
This was the first stage of the recovery process and Head and Rivers dubbed it the "protopathic", taking its origins from the Middle Greek word protopathes, meaning "first affected". This protopathic stage seemed to be marked by an "all-or-nothing" aspect since there was either an inordinate response to sensation when compared with normal reaction or no reaction whatever if the stimulation was below the threshold.
Finally, when Head was able to distinguish between different temperatures and sensations below the threshold, and when he could recognise when two compass points were applied simultaneously to the skin, Head's arm began to enter the second stage of recovery. They named this stage the "epicritic", from the Greek epikritikos, meaning "determinative".
From an evolutionary perspective, it soon became clear to Rivers that the epicritic nervous reaction was the superior, as it suppressed and abolished all protopathic sensibility. This, Rivers found, was the case in all parts of the skin of the male anatomy except one area where protopathic sensibility is unimpeded by epicritic impulses: the glans penis. As Langham points out, with special references to "Rivers's reputed sexual proclivities", it is at this point that the experiment takes on an almost farcical aspect to the casual reader. It may not seem surprising to us that when Rivers was to apply a needle to a particularly sensitive part of the glans that "pain appeared and was so excessively unpleasant that cried out and started away"; indeed, such a test could be seen as a futility verging on the masochistic. Nor would we necessarily equate the following passage with what one might normally find in a scientific text:
"The foreskin was drawn back, and the penis allowed to hang downwards. A number of drinking glasses were prepared containing water at different temperatures. stood with his eyes closed, and gradually approached one of the glasses until the surface of the water covered the glans but did not touch the foreskin. Contact with the fluid was not appreciated; if, therefore, the temperature of the water was such that it did not produce a sensation of heat or cold, Head was unaware that anything had been done."
However, the investigations, bizarre as they may seem, did have a sound scientific basis since Rivers especially was looking at the protopathic and epicritic from an evolutionary perspective. From this standpoint it is intensely interesting to note that the male anatomy maintains one area which is "unevolved" in so much as it is "associated with a more primitive form of sensibility". Using this information about the protopathic areas of the human body, Rivers and Head then began to explore elements of man's psyche. One way in which they did this was to examine the "pilomoter reflex" (the erection of hairs). Head and Rivers noted that the thrill evoked by aesthetic pleasure is "accompanied by the erection of hairs" and they noted that this reaction was no greater in the area of skin with protopathic sensibility than it was in the area of the more evolved epicritic, making it a purely psychologically based phenomena. As Langham puts it: "The image of a man reading a poem to evoke aesthetic pleasure while a close friend meticulously studies the erection of his hairs may seem ludicrous. However, it provides a neat encapsulation of Rivers's desire to subject possibly protopathic phenomena to the discipline of rigorous investigation."
Pre-war psychological work
In 1904, with Professor James Ward and some others, Rivers founded the British Journal of Psychology of which he was at first joint editor.
From 1908 until the outbreak of the war Rivers was mainly preoccupied with ethnological and sociological problems. Already he had relinquished his official post as lecturer in Experimental Psychology in favour of Charles Samuel Myers, and now held only a lectureship on the physiology of the special senses. By degrees he became more absorbed in anthropological research. But though he was now an ethnologist rather than a psychologist he always maintained that what was of value in his work was due directly to his training in the psychological laboratory. In the laboratory he had learnt the importance of exact method; in the field he now gained vigour and vitality by his constant contact with the actual daily behaviour of human beings.
During 1907–8 Rivers travelled to the Solomon Islands, and other areas of Melanesia and Polynesia. His two-volume History of Melanesian Society (1914), which he dedicated to St Johns, presented a diffusionist thesis for the development of culture in the south-west Pacific. In the year of publication he made a second journey to Melanesia, returning to England in March 1915, to find that war had broken out.
The Great War
When Rivers returned to England in spring 1915, he had trouble at first finding a place for himself in the war effort. Following the footsteps of his former student—the current director of the Cambridge Psychology Laboratory—C. S. Myers, the 51-year-old Rivers signed up to serve as a civilian physician at the Maghull Military Hospital near Liverpool. Upon his arrival in July 1915, Rivers was appointed as a psychiatrist and thus he re-entered into the study of "insanity".
"Insanity" in this case entailed working with soldiers who had been diagnosed with any of a wide range of symptoms, which were collectively referred to as "shell shock". These soldiers were known to demonstrate symptoms such as temporary blindness, memory loss, paralysis, and uncontrollable crying. As such, by the time Rivers was assigned to Maghull War Hospital, it was known as the "centre for abnormal psychology", and many of its physicians were employing techniques such as dream interpretation, psychoanalysis and hypnosis to treat shell shock, also known as the war neuroses.
Rivers himself was a well-read psychologist and so was already quite familiar with Freud, Jung, and other psychoanalysts. In fact, Rivers was quite sympathetic to some of Freud's ideas. As such, Rivers joined the band of doctors at Maghull who devoted themselves to understanding the origins and treatment of the "war neuroses" under the guidance of R. G. Rows.
After about a year of service at Maghull War Hospital, Rivers was appointed a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and his two youthful dreams—to be an army doctor and to "go in for insanity"—were realized when he was transferred to Craiglockhart War Hospital near Edinburgh, Scotland in order to help "clean house" following a scandal. There, Rivers treated officers who had been diagnosed with "shell shock", and he also began formulating his theory regarding the origin and treatment of the war neuroses. Rivers, by pursuing a course of humane treatment, had established two principles that would be embraced by American military psychiatrists in the next war. He had demonstrated, first, that men of unquestioned bravery could succumb to overwhelming fear and, second, that the most effective motivation to overcome that fear was something stronger than patriotism, abstract principles, or hatred of the enemy. It was the love of soldiers for one another.
W. H. R. Rivers outside Craiglockhart
Rivers's methodology for treating the war neuroses are often, and somewhat unfairly, said to have stemmed from Sigmund Freud. While it is true that Rivers was aware of and was influenced by Freud's theories and by the practice of psychoanalysis, he did not blindly subscribe to all of Freud's premises. Most importantly, Rivers saw the instinct of self-preservation rather than the sexual instinct, as the driving force behind war neuroses. (Essays such as Freud and the War Neuroses: Pat Barker's "Regeneration" further compare Freud and Rivers' theories; see also the subsection on Rivers' Instinct and the Unconscious below; see also Rivers' Conflict and Dream for his own opinion on Freudian theory.)
It is on this belief regarding the origins of the war neuroses that he formed his "talking cure". Rivers' "talking cure" was primarily based on the ancient belief of catharsis: the idea that bringing repressed memories into the light of consciousness rids memories and thoughts of their power. As a result, Rivers spent most of his days talking with the officers at Craiglockhart, guiding them through a process Rivers referred to as autogonosis. Rivers' autogonosis consisted of two parts. The first part included "re-education", or educating the patient about the basics of psychology and physiology. River's method also consisted of helping a soldier comprehend that the illness he was experiencing was not "strange" nor permanent. To Rivers, the war neuroses developed from ingrained ways of reacting, feeling, or thinking: namely, the attempt to wittingly repress all memories of traumatic experiences or unacceptable emotions. Once a patient could understand the source(s) of his troubles (which could be conscious, unconscious, environmental, or a combination), Rivers could then help him contrive ways to overcome these patterns and thus free himself from and/or at least adjust to the illness.
Rivers' approach to treating the war neuroses made him a pioneer in his day; while he was not the first to advocate humane treatment methods for the war neuroses, he was one of the few to do so in a time when there was much debate over the cause and thus the "correct" treatment for shell shock. (See the Wikipedia article on Lewis Yealland and faradization for an alternative treatment method.) Furthermore, Rivers encouraged his patients to express their emotions in a time when society encouraged men to keep a "stiff upper-lip". River's method, and his deep concern for every individual he treated, made him famous among his clients. Both Siegfried Sassoon and Robert Graves wrote highly of him during this time.
Rivers and Sassoon
Sassoon came to Rivers in 1917 after publicly protesting against the war and refusing to return to his regiment, but was treated with sympathy and given much leeway until he voluntarily returned to France. For Rivers, there was a considerable dilemma involved in "curing" his patients simply in order that they could be sent back to the Western Front to die. Rivers's feelings of guilt are clearly portrayed both in fiction and in fact. Through Pat Barker's novels and in Rivers's works (particularly Conflict and Dream) we get a sense of the turmoil the doctor went through. As Sassoon wrote in a letter to Robert Graves (24 July 1918):
O Rivers please take me. And make me
Go back to the war til it break me...
Rivers did not wish to "break" his patients, but at the same time he knew that it was their duty to return to the front and his duty to send them. There is also an implication (given the pun on Rivers's name along with other factors) that Rivers was more to Sassoon than just a friend. Sassoon called him "father confessor", a point that Jean Moorcroft Wilson picks up on in her biography of Sassoon; however, Rivers's tight morals would have probably prevented a closer relationship from progressing:
Rivers's uniform was not the only constraint in their relationship. He was almost certainly homosexual by inclination and it must quickly have become clear to him that Sassoon was too. Yet neither is likely to have referred to it, though we know that Sassoon was already finding his sexuality a problem. At the same time, as an experienced psychologist Rivers could reasonably expect Sassoon to experience "transference" and become extremely fond of him. Paul Fussell suggests in The Great War and Modern Memory (ISBN 0195019180) that Rivers became the embodiment of the male "dream friend" who had been the companion of Sassoon's boyhood fantasies. Sassoon publicly acknowledged that "there was never any doubt about my liking . He made me feel safe at once, and seemed to know all about me".
But Sassoon's description of the doctor in Sherston's Progress, lingering as it does on Rivers's warm smile and endearing habits – he often sat, spectacles pushed up on forehead, with his hands clasped around one knee – suggests that it was more than liking he felt. And privately he was rather franker, telling Marsh, whom he knew would understand, that he "loved at first sight".
Not only Sassoon, but his patients as a whole, loved him and his colleague Frederic Bartlett wrote of him
Rivers was intolerant and sympathetic. He was once compared to Moses laying down the law. The comparison was an apt one, and one side of the truth. The other side of him was his sympathy. It was a sort of power of getting into another man's life and treating it as if it were his own. And yet all the time he made you feel that your life was your own to guide, and above everything that you could if you cared make something important out of it.
Sassoon described Rivers's bedside manner in his letter to Graves, written as he lay in hospital after being shot (a head wound that he had hoped would kill him – he was bitterly disappointed when it did not):
But yesterday my reasoning Rivers ran solemnly in,
With peace in the pools of his spectacled eyes and a wisely omnipotent grin;
And I fished in that steady grey stream and decided that I
after all am no longer the Worm that refuses to die.
Rivers was well known for his compassionate, effective and pioneering treatments; as Sassoon's testimony reveals, he treated his patients very much as individuals.
Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses
Following his appointment at Craiglockhart War Hospital, Rivers published the results of his experimental treatment of patients at Craiglockhart in The Lancet, "On the Repression of War Experience", and began to record interesting cases in his book Conflict and Dream, which was published a year after his death by his close friend Grafton Elliot Smith.
In the same year he published his findings in The Lancet, Rivers also composed an article on the various types of "psycho-therapeutics" in practice at the time. Rivers' personal and complete theory on the origin of the "psycho-neuroses", including the war neuroses, was not to be published until 1920 with the publication of Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses.
River's theory of the neuroses incorporates everything Rivers had researched up until this point and was designed to "consider the general biological function of the process by which experience passes into the region of the unconscious...." (pp. 5–6). In other words, Rivers' goal was to outline an umbrella theory which would both explain neuroses and neurological issues as he had encountered them (see the subsection "A Human Experiment in Nerve Division" above).
In attempting to construct such an umbrella theory, Rivers accepted that the unconscious exists and that the contents of the unconscious are entirely inaccessible to a person except through the processes of hypnosis, dreaming, or psychoanalysis. Rivers further defined the unconscious as a repository of instincts and associated experiences (i.e. memories) which are painful or not useful to the organism.
"Instincts", in this regard, are actions which an organism performs without learning and which are executed without the mediating influence of thought. As such, the action has an "all-or-none" aspect to it: it either does not occur at all or it occurs with all of its force. To this end, Rivers included the protopathic sensations, mass-reflex actions (as observed in spinal-cord injury patients), and basic emotions (i.e. anger, fear) as instincts.
Rivers further asserted that all painful or un-useful instincts are naturally kept out of conscious awareness (i.e. in the unconscious) by suppression. Suppression—in this view—is a natural and "unwitting" (unintentional) method for removing painful instincts from consciousness and confining them in the unconscious. Neuroses, therefore, develop when something in the natural process of suppression is disrupted so that a suppressed instinct and its associated emotion are released from the unconscious. Rivers cites two possible reasons for the "escape" of such instincts from the unconscious: either the instinct became too strong to contain, or the normal reserves which typically suppress it were weakened. It is important to note, however, that the etiology of war neuroses is not simply the escape of instincts from the unconscious and the ensuing conflict. More often than not, Rivers believed that the way in which such conflict is resolved (or is attempted to be resolved) also greatly influences the manifestation of the neuroses.
In regards to the war neuroses, Rivers believed that the disease's manifestation stems from the escape of the "self-preservation" or "danger instincts" from the unconscious. These "danger instincts", as Rivers conceives of them, include at least five types of reflexive reactions to danger: (i) fear as manifested by flight, (ii) aggression as manifested by fighting, (iii) the suppression of all emotion in order to complete complex tasks which leads to safety, (iv) terror as manifested by immobility, and (v) the suppression of all physical resources as manifested by collapsing. Typically, reactions i, ii, iv, and v are suppressed so that humans can remain calm in the face of fear and can complete complex actions which lead to safety. When all five "self-preservation" instincts are repeatedly aroused for long periods of time, such as during exposure to war, the instincts gain power and eventually "escape" from the unconscious. As such, the emotions of fear, aggression, and terror arise into consciousness, as do their associated responses. These emotions and their suggested actions create great conflict in the consciousness, however: "fear" and "terror" are far from socially acceptable in war. In order to deal with the conflict created by the "escaped" instincts, Rivers posited that the mind must do something to provide immediate relief. It is this attempt to achieve relief from mental conflicts that leads to war neuroses.
For example, Rivers proposed that officers and soldiers who have night terrors do so because they are trying to wittingly repress emotions and their associated instincts back into the unconscious. Repression, according to Rivers, is never adequate for removing conflict; it is only fruitful when a person can exert a conscious effort to do so. As a result, the repressed instincts, along with their associated emotions and memories, seep into consciousness when soldiers are sleeping. The result is night terrors.
In an alternative scenario, wartime hysteria can be explained as the body's suppression of normal physiological functioning in order to avoid the scenario which activates the danger instincts and releases the associated emotion of fear into consciousness. Hysterical soldiers often presented with symptoms of paralysis and diminished or lost sensory capacities, even in the absence of anxiety or depression.These physiological symptoms, although distressing in themselves, make it impossible for a soldier to be returned to the front line. Thus, the body compensates for its inability to suppress the danger instincts in the face of war by making it so that the soldier must avoid warfare altogether.
Overall, Rivers attributed the neuroses to both (i) the escape of painful instincts and their associated emotions from the unconscious and (ii) the mind's unsuccessful efforts to force such instincts and their emotions back into the conscious. While Rivers' theory contains some Freudian elements, it is not simply a restatement of psychoanalytic theory; Rivers' theory of the neuroses draws heavily on the neurological observations and conclusions Rivers and Henry Head drew from their work on nerve regeneration.
In retrospect, Rivers' particular method of treating the war neuroses and his theory of the origin of neuroses—while pioneering in their day—have failed to leave a huge mark on the history of psychology. However, the general contributions of psychiatrists treating war neuroses, in combination with the overwhelming prevalence of the neuroses during the Great War, led to a revolution in the British perspective of mental illness and its treatment.
Post war
After the war, Rivers became "another and far happier man – diffidence gave place to confidence, reticence to outspokenness, a somewhat laboured literary style to one remarkable for ease and charm". He is quoted as saying "I have finished my serious work and I shall just let myself go." In those post war years, his personality seemed to change dramatically. The man who had been most at home in his study, the laboratory, or the field now dined out a good deal, had joined clubs, went yachting and appeared to welcome rather than shun opportunities for public speaking. Always having been a voracious reader, he now began reading in philosophy, as he had not done for some years, and also in imaginative literature. Not all of his friends from former years welcomed these changes; some felt that, along with his shyness, his scientific caution and good sense may have deserted him to a degree but most people who saw how happy Rivers had become agreed that the slight alterations to his character were for the better.
Rivers had visited his college frequently during the war although, having resigned his position as lecturer, he held no official post. However, upon his return from the Royal Air Force in 1919, the college created a new office for him – "Praelector of Natural Science Studies" – and he was given a free rein to do as he pleased. As Leonard E. Shore recalled in 1923: "when I asked him if he would undertake that work... his eyes shone with a new light I had not seen before, and he paced his rooms for several minutes full of delight." He took his new position to be a mandate to get to know every science student and indeed every other student at St John's, and at other colleges. He would arrange "At Homes" in his rooms on Sunday evenings, as well as Sunday morning breakfast meetings; he also organised informal discussions and formal lectures (many of which he gave himself) in the College Hall. He formed a group called The Socratics and brought to it some of his most influential friends, including H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, Bertrand Russell and Sassoon. Sassoon (Patient B in Conflict and Dream), remained particularly friendly with Rivers and regarded him as a mentor. They shared Socialist sympathies.
Captain W. H. R. Rivers RAMC
Having already been made president of the anthropological section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1911, after the war he became president of The Folklore Society (1920), and the Royal Anthropological Institute (1921–1922). He was also awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester, St Andrews and Cambridge in 1919.
Rivers died of a strangulated hernia in the summer of 1922, shortly after being named as a Labour candidate for the 1922 general election. He had agreed to run for parliament, as he said:
because the times are so ominous, the outlook for our own country and the world so black, that if others think I can be of service in political life, I cannot refuse.
He had been taken ill suddenly in his rooms at St John's on the evening of Friday 3 June, having sent his servant home to enjoy the summer festivities. By the time he was found in the morning, it was too late and he knew it. Typically for this man who, throughout his life "displayed a complete disregard for personal gain", he was selfless to the last. There is a document granting approval for the diploma in anthropology to be awarded as of Easter term, 1922, to an undergraduate student from India. It is signed by Haddon and Rivers dated 4 June 1922. At the bottom is a notation in Haddon's handwriting:
Dr. Rivers signed the report on this examination on the morning of the day he died. It was his last official act. A.C.H
Rivers signed the papers as he lay dying in the Evelyn Nursing Home following an unsuccessful emergency operation. He had an extravagant funeral at St John's in accordance with his wishes as he was an expert on funeral rites and his cremated remains were interred in Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in a grave with a large stone cross. Sassoon was deeply saddened by the death of his father figure and collapsed at his funeral. His loss prompted him to write two poignant poems about the man he had grown to love: "To A Very Wise Man" and "Revisitation".
Others' opinions of Rivers
Poetry
In the poem The Red Ribbon Dream, written by Robert Graves not long after Rivers's death, he touches on the peace and security he felt in Rivers's rooms:
For that was the place where I longed to be
And past all hope where the kind lamp shone.
An anonymously written poem Anthropological Thoughts can be found in the Rivers collection of the Haddon archives at Cambridge. There is a reference that indicates that these lines were written by Charles Elliot Fox, missionary and ethnographer friend of Rivers.
Quotations
In Sassoon's autobiography (under the guise of The Memoirs of George Sherston) Rivers is one of the few characters to retain their original names. There is a whole chapter devoted to Rivers and he is immortalised by Sassoon as a near demi-god who saved his life and his soul. Sassoon wrote:
I would very much like to meet Rivers in the next life. It is difficult to believe that such a man as he could be extinguished.— preface to Medicine, Magic and Religion
Rivers was much loved and admired, not just by Sassoon. Bartlett wrote of his experiences of Rivers in one of his obituaries, as well as in many other articles, as the man had a profound influence on his life:
On June 3 last year I was walking through the grounds of St John's College, here in Cambridge, when I met Dr. Rivers returning from a stroll. He was full of energy and enthusiasm, and began at once to talk about certain new courses of lectures which he proposed to deliver at the Psychological Laboratory during the present year. On the evening of the next day I heard that he was dangerously ill. As I approached the College on the morning of June 5 I saw the flag at half mast. He had, in fact, died in the early afternoon of the preceding day. Never have I known so deep a gloom settle upon the College as fell upon it at that time. There was hardly a man – young or old – who did not seem to be intimately and personally affected. Rivers knew nearly everybody. As Praelector of Natural Sciences at St John's he interviewed all the science freshmen when they came first into residence and, in an amazing number of cases, he kept in close touch with them throughout their Cambridge career. Everybody who came into contact with him was stimulated and helped to a degree which those who are acquainted only with his published works can never fully realise... it is of Rivers as a man that we think; of his eager and unconquerable optimism, and of his belief in the possible greatness of all things human. Whatever may be the verdict of the years upon his published works, the influence of his vivid personality will remain for all who knew him as one of the best things that have ever entered their lives.
Rivers's legacy continues even today in the form of The Rivers Centre, which treats patients with posttraumatic stress disorder using the same famously humane methods as Rivers had. There is also a Rivers Memorial Medal, founded in 1923, which is rewarded each year to an anthropologist who has made a significant impact in his or her field. Appropriately, Haddon was the first to receive this award in 1924.
In fiction
He was a very humane, a very compassionate person who was tormented really by the suffering he saw, and very sceptical about the war, but at the same time he didn't feel he could go the whole way and say no, stop.— Pat Barker
Sassoon writes about Rivers in the third part of The Memoirs of George Sherston, Sherston's Progress. There is a chapter named after the doctor and Rivers appears in the book as the only character to retain his factual name, giving him a position as a sort of demi-god in Sassoon's semi-fictitious memoirs.
The life of W. H. R. Rivers and his encounter with Sassoon was fictionalised by Pat Barker in the Regeneration Trilogy, a series of three books including Regeneration (1991), The Eye in the Door (1993) and The Ghost Road (1995). The trilogy was greeted with considerable acclaim, with The Ghost Road being awarded the Booker Prize in the year of its publication. Regeneration was filmed in 1997 with Jonathan Pryce in the role of Rivers.
The first book, Regeneration deals primarily with Rivers's treatment of Sassoon at Craiglockhart. In the novel we are introduced to Rivers as a doctor for whom healing patients comes at price. The dilemmas faced by Rivers are brought to the fore and the strain leads him to become ill; on sick leave he visits his brother and the Heads and we learn more about his relationships outside of hospital life. We are also introduced in the course of the novel to the Canadian doctor Lewis Yealland, another factual figure who used electric shock treatment to "cure" his patients. The juxtaposition of the two very different doctors highlights the unique, or at least unconventional, nature of Rivers' methods and the humane way in which he treated his patients (even though Yealland's words, and his own guilt and modesty lead him to think otherwise).
The Eye in the Door concentrates, for the most part, on Rivers' treatment of the fictional character of Prior. Although Prior's character may not have existed, the facts that he makes Rivers face up to did – that something happened to him on the first floor of his house that caused him to block all visual memory and begin to stammer. We also learn of Rivers' treatment of officers in the airforce and of his work with Head. Sassoon too plays a role in the book- Rivers visits him in hospital where he finds him to be a different, if not broken, man, his attempt at 'suicide' having failed. This second novel in the trilogy, both implicitly and directly, addresses the issue of Rivers' possible homosexuality and attraction to Sassoon. From Rivers' reaction to finding out that Sassoon is in hospital to the song playing in the background ('You Made Me Love You') and Ruth Head's question to her husband, "Do you think he's in love with him?" we get a strong impression of the author's opinions on Rivers' sexuality.
The Ghost Road, the final part of the trilogy, shows a side of Rivers not previously seen in the novels. As well as his relationship with his sisters and father, we also learn of his feelings for Charles Dodgson- or Lewis Carroll. Carroll was the first adult Rivers met who stammered as badly as he did and yet he cruelly rejected him, preferring to lavish attention on his pretty young sisters. In this novel the reader also learns of Rivers' visit to Melanesia; feverish with Spanish Flu, the doctor is able to recount the expedition and we are provided with insight both into the culture of the island and into Rivers' very different "field trip persona".
Rivers appears briefly in The God of the Hive, the tenth novel in the Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes series by mystery writer Laurie R. King, in which he is the author of a medical letter, written during the war, concerning one of that novel's characters.
Rivers appears in Francois Smith's 2014 Afrikaans novel Kamphoer (The Camp Whore), based on a true story, as inspiration to the protagonist - an Afrikaans girl who was raped by British soldiers during the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, for his treatment of soldiers by applying psychological methods and humane support to heal their psychological scars. Rivers' methodology also helped the protagonist, who became a psychiatric nurse herself, to overcome her trauma. In a twist of events, she treats one of the soldiers who had raped her some years earlier when she was a teenager.
Bibliography
Main article: W. H. R. Rivers bibliography
"A Modification of Aristotle's Experiment" (Mind, New Series, Vol. 3, No. 12, Oct. 1894, pp. 583–584)
"Review of O. Külpe's 'Grundriss d. Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'" (Mind, New Series, 3, pp. 413–17)
"Review of H. Maudsley's 'Pathology of Mind', and E. Kräpelin's 'Psychologische Arbeiten'" (Mind, New Series, 4, pp. 400–3)
"On the apparent size of objects" (Mind, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 17, Jan. 1896, pp. 71–80)
"The senses of primitive man" (Abstract in Science, New Series, 11, pp. 740–1, and trans. 'Über die Sinne d. primitiven Menschen'in Umschau, 25)
"On the function of the maternal uncle in Torres Straits" (Man, Vol. 1, 1901, pp. 171–172)
"The Todas". Map, illus., 22 cm. London
"Review of Sex and Society by W. I. Thomas" (Man, Vol. 7, 1907, pp. 111–111)
"A human experiment in nerve division" (with H. Head) (Brain, XXXI., pp. 323–450)
The illusion of compared horizontal and vertical lines (with G.D. Hicks), and The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work (with H.N. Webber) (Br. J. Psychol., II., pp. 252–5)
"Medicine, Magic and Religion" (Fitzpatrick Lects. 1915) (originally published in stages. Lancet XCIV., pp. 59–65, 117–23)
"The Repression of War Experience" (Lancet, XCVI., pp. 513–33)
"Psychiatry and the War" (Science, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 1268 (18 Apr 1919), pp. 367–369)
Conflict and Dream (edit. G. Elliot Smith). London, 1923.
See also
Ernest Jones
Gustave Le Bon
J. A. Hadfield
Wilfred Bion
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Richard Slobodin (1997). W. H. R. Rivers: Pioneer Anthropologist and Psychiatrist of the "Ghost Road" (2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1490-4.
^ a b c d e Tim Clayton; Phil Craig (2004). Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm. Hodder.
^ The Council of St Faith's Church, Maidstone, Kent (1904). Minutes of Council Meeting. Maidstone, Kent, Centre for Kentish Studies.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900 – A Cambridge Alumni Database (ACAD)
^ a b c Boase, G. C.; Hutchins, Roger (revised) (2004). "Thomas Perkins Lowman Hunt (1802–1851)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14208. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ James Hunt (1861). Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment. London.
^ James Hunt; Elliot Schaffer (1967). Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment (8th ed.). New York: Hafner Publishing Co.
^ a b c d e f g Brock, W. H. (2020) . "James Hunt (1833–1869)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14194. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ian Langham (1981). The building of British social anthropology: W. H. R. Rivers and his Cambridge disciples in the development of kinship studies. London: Reidel.
^ James Hunt (1863). On a negro's place in nature. London: Trübner.
^ Katharine Rivers (1976). Memories of Lewis Carroll. Hamilton, Ontario: University Library Press, McMaster University. OCLC 2319358.
^ W. H. R. Rivers (with an introduction by Grafton Elliot Smith) (1926). Psychology and Ethnology. London.
^ Copy of Rivers's baptismal certificate
^ Birth Register of "William False Rivers Rivers"
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q W. H. R. Rivers (1919). Instinct and the Unconscious. British Psychological Society.
^ Pat Barker (1994). The Eye in the Door. Penguin Books.
^ The Tonbridge school magazine – The Tonbridgian – from October 1878 notes that him to be in the IV form, usually reserved for 15 and 16 year olds, when he was just 14
^ a b Tonbridge School (October 1878). "Skinners' Day". The Tonbridgian: 334–335.
^ Tonbridge School (July 1879). "Debating Society". The Tonbridgian: 59.
^ a b c d e f g h i j L. E. Shore (1922). "W. H. R. Rivers". The Eagle: 2–12.
^ a b C. G. Seligman (August 1922). "Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers". The Geographical Journal. 60: 162–163.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Bevan, Michael; MacClancy, Jeremy (2015) . "Rivers, William Halse Rivers (1864–1922)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37898. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d e f g h i Walter Langdon-Brown (November 1936). ""To a Very Wise Man": W. H. R. Rivers". St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal: 29–30.
^ a b c d e f Henry Head (June 1922). "Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.: An Appreciation". St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal: 1–3.
^ a b c d From C. S. Myers's "Presidential Address" (1922), to the Psychology Section of the British Association. The address is included in Rivers's posthumously published Psychology and Politics (1923).
^ A "Fellow Commoner" is a student, or, in this case, lecturer, at the University of Cambridge who is given the right to "common", or dine, at the Fellow's table.
^ "Rivers, William Halse Rivers (RVRS893WH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ a b c d e f Bartlett, F. C. (1937). "Cambridge, England, 1887–1937". American Journal of Psychology. 50 (1/4): 97–110. doi:10.2307/1416623. JSTOR 1416623. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005.
^ Edwin Boring (1957). A History of Experimental Psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
^ a b c d e f Haddon, A. C.; Bartlett, F. C. (July 1922). "William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4, 1922". Man. 22: 97–104.
^ a b c Rivers, W. H. R.; Webber, H. N. (1906). "The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work". The British Journal of Psychology. 2: 261–280.
^ Owing to the distinctive taste of alcohol, it was necessary for the control mixture to be able to disguise the taste. The mixture used was one containing capsicum, cardamoms, chloroform and peppermint.
^ a b Bartlett, F. C. (1923). "William Halse Rivers Rivers, 1864–1922". American Journal of Psychology (abridged). 34 (2): 275–7. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007.
^ a b Rivers, W. H.; Smith, Grafton Elliot (1923). Conflict and Dreams. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. ISBN 1-4179-8019-2. OCLC 1456588.
^ a b Rivers, W. H. R. (1914). The History of Melanesian Society. Cambridge University Press.
^ From a speech made after Haddon had been presented with the first Rivers Medal by the Royal Anthropological Institute on 27 January 1925 – quoted in Langham, 1981
^ Instinct and the Unconscious: "Not only may an injury occurring in the presence of danger fail wholly to be perceived, but the pain already present may completely disappear, even if it depends upon definite organic changes. On one occasion I was in imminent danger of shipwreck while suffering from severe inflammation of the skin over the shin-bones, consequent upon sun-burn, which made every movement painful. So long as the danger was present I moved about freely, quite oblivious to the state of my legs, and wholly free from pain. There was also striking absence of the fear I should have expected the incident to produce."
^ J.L Myers (January–June 1923). "W. H. R. Rivers". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 53: 14–17. doi:10.2307/2843748. JSTOR 2843748.
^ a b c d e f g h Henry Head (January–June 1922). "W. H. R. Rivers". Obituary Notices from the Proceedings of the Royal Society.
^ A.C Haddon (June 1922). "Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, F.R.S". Nature. 109 (2746): 786–787. Bibcode:1922Natur.109..786H. doi:10.1038/109786a0.
^ A. H. Quiggin; E. S. Fegan (1940). "Alfred Cort Haddon". Man.
^ Rivers saw string figures as throwing light on protopathic, as opposed to epicritic, mental processes (for more on this, see Rivers's review of String Figures by Caroline Jayne in Folklore 18 – 1907). For Haddon, producing string figures became an unequalled means of winning the confidence of informants. As his daughter Kathleen wrote, "who would suspect the guile of a man who sits among the children playing with a piece of string?"(Langham, 1981)
^ Rivers and Haddon established the Wilkin Studentship at Cambridge in the young man's honour
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rivers, W. H. R.; Head, Henry (1908). "A Human Experiment in Nerve Division" . Brain. 31 (3): 323–450. doi:10.1093/brain/31.3.323.
^ Langham also finds it of interest, in lieu of Rivers's sexual leanings, that the only internal area of protopathic sensitivity the investigators were to find was that of the lower alimentary canal (see Head, Rivers and Sherren, "The Afferent Nervous System from a New Aspect", Brain 28- 1905)
^ Merriman, John; Winter, Jay, eds. (2006). "War Neuroses". Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Vol. 5. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2699–2705.
^ a b Jones, Edgar (July 2010). "Shell Shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: Models of Psychological Medicine in the UK" (PDF). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 65 (3): 368–95. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrq006. PMID 20219728. S2CID 2353339. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ Arthur Anderson (25 March 2006). "Anxiety and Panic History 1900 — 1930". Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ Raitt, Suzanne (Autumn 2004). "Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic History Workshop Journal" (58): 63–85. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b c d e f g h W. H. Rivers (2 February 1918). "The Repression of War Experience". The Lancet. 11 (Sect Psych): 1–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)23233-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 2066211. PMID 19980290.
^ a b c Hemmings, Robert (2008). "Witnessing and survival: The challenge of 'autogonosis' in the interwar years". Modern nostalgia: Siegfried Sassoon, trauma and the Second World War I. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 54–55.
^ Report of the War Office Committee of enquiry into "shell shock (2004 ed.). London: Imperial War Museum. 1922.
^ Egremont, Max (2005). Siegfried Sassoon: a Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-26375-2.
^ Bartlett, F. C. (1922). "Obituary notice of W. H. R. Rivers". The Eagle: 2–14.
^ Letter to Robert Graves, 1917, The War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, Faber and Faber.
^ Michael Duffy (9 February 2003). "Feature Articles: The Repression of War Experience by W. H. Rivers". Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ Rivers, W. H. R. (1919). "Psycho-therapuetics". In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: Picts-Sacraments. Vol. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 433–440.
^ a b W. H. R. Rivers: A Founding Father Worth Remembering
^ Myers 1922
^ "The English Folk-Lore Society". The Journal of American Folklore. 34 (132): 221–222. April–June 1921. doi:10.2307/535136. JSTOR 535136.
^ "human-nature.com".
^ Revisitation Siegfried Sassoon – Wikiquote at en.wikiquote.org
^ "Everything is Relatives: William Rivers"
^ The Rivers Centre
^ Prior Recipients Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
W. H. R. Rivers
Wikiquote has quotations related to Rivers and shell shock.
Works by W. H. R. Rivers at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about W. H. R. Rivers at Internet Archive
"Everything is Relatives: William Rivers"
Cambridge Museum of Anthropology
The Rivers Centre
Torres Straits Essay
"W H R Rivers and the hazards of interpretation"
Historicism
Viewing Notes for "Everything is Relatives"
Sound files from the Torres Straits
"The Ethnographer's Eye"
W. H. R. Rivers at Find a Grave
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Rivers (Royal Navy officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rivers_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"neurologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologist"},{"link_name":"ethnologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologist"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"war poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_poet"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Sassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon"},{"link_name":"double-blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blind"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands"},{"link_name":"seminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seminal"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"}],"text":"For the British navy officer, see William Rivers (Royal Navy officer).William Halse Rivers Rivers FRS FRAI (12 March 1864 – 4 June 1922) was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock, so they could be returned to combat. Rivers' most famous patient was the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, with whom he remained close friends until his own sudden death.During the early years of the 20th century, Rivers developed new lines of psychological research. He was the first to use a double-blind procedure in investigating physical and psychological effects of consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol and drugs. For a time he directed centres for psychological studies at two colleges, and he was made a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He also participated in the Torres Strait Islands expedition of 1898 and his consequent seminal work on the subject of kinship.","title":"W. H. R. Rivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Gunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"Nelson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgar-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgar-2"},{"link_name":"Captain Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgar-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgar-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trafalgar-2"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faith's-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offham_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Offham, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoaseODNB-5"},{"link_name":"Sir John Forbes MD FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoaseODNB-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoaseODNB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stammer-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Elliot Schaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Schaffer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schaffer-7"},{"link_name":"University of Giessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Giessen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Ethnological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"Anthropological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-negro-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrockODNB-8"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kath-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PsychEth-12"}],"sub_title":"Family background","text":"W. H. R. Rivers was born in 1864 at Constitution Hill, Chatham, Kent, son of Elizabeth (née Hunt) (16 October 1834 – 13 November 1897) and Henry Frederick Rivers (7 January 1830 – 9 December 1911).Records from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries show the Rivers family to be solidly middle-class, with many Cambridge, Church of England and Royal Navy associations.[1] Notable members were Gunner William Rivers and his son, Midshipman William Rivers, both of whom served aboard HMS Victory, Nelson's flagship.[1]HMS VictoryThe senior Rivers was the master gunner aboard the Victory. He kept a commonplace book (now held in the Royal Naval Museum library in Portsmouth); it has revealed and preserved the thoughts of many of the sailors aboard the Victory.[2]His son Midshipman Rivers, who claimed to be \"the man who shot the man who fatally wounded Lord Nelson\",[1] was a model of heroism in the Battle of Trafalgar. The seventeen-year-old midshipman nearly lost his foot when it was struck by a grenade; it was attached to him only \"by a Piece of Skin abought 4 inch above the ankle\".[2] Rivers asked first for his shoes, then told the gunner's mate to look after the guns, and told Captain Hardy that he was going down to the cockpit.[2] He endured the amputation of his leg four inches below the knee, without anaesthetic. According to legend, he did not cry out once during that nor during the consequent sealing of the wound with hot tar.[2] When Gunner Rivers, anxious about his son's welfare, went to the cockpit to ask after him, his son called out, \"Here I am, Father, nothing is the matter with me; only lost my leg and that in a good cause.\"[2]After the battle, the senior Rivers wrote a poem about his remarkable son, entitled \"Lines on a Young Gentleman that lost his leg onboard the Victory in the Glorious action at Trafalgar\":May every comfort Bless thy future life,\nAnd smooth thy cares with fond and tender wife.\nWhich of you all Would not have freely died,\nTo Save Brave Nelson There Dear Country's Pride.Born to Lieutenant William Rivers, R.N., and his wife, stationed at Deptford,[1] Henry Frederick Rivers followed many family traditions in being educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and entering the church.[1] Having earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1857, he was ordained as a Church of England priest in 1858,[1] and had a career that would span almost 50 years. In 1904, he was forced to tender his resignation due to \"infirmities of sight and memory\".[3]Image of the stained glass window of the church in Offham, Kent, where Henry Rivers was curate from 1880 to 1889In 1863, having obtained a curacy at Chatham in addition to a chaplaincy of the Medway Union, Henry Rivers was sufficiently established to marry Elizabeth Hunt, who was living with her brother James in Hastings, not far from Chatham.[1] He was later appointed to curacies in Kent at St Mary's, Chatham (1863–69), Tudeley (1877–80) and Offham (1880–9), and subsequently as Vicar of St Faith's, Maidstone from 1889 to 1904.[4]The Hunts, like the Rivers family, were established with naval and Church of England connections.[1] One of those destined for the pulpit was Thomas (1802–1851), but some quirk of originality set him off into an unusual career.[1] While an undergraduate at Cambridge, Thomas Hunt had a friend who stammered badly and his efforts to aid the affected student led him to leave the university without taking a degree in order to make a thorough study of speech and its defects.[5] He built up a good practice as a speech therapist and was patronised by Sir John Forbes MD FRS. Forbes referred pupils to him for twenty-four years.[5] Hunt's most famous case came about in 1842. George Pearson, the chief witness in a case related to an attempted attack on Queen Victoria by John Francis, was brought into court but was incapable of giving his evidence. After a fortnight's instruction from Hunt, he spoke easily, a fact certified by the sitting magistrate.[5] Hunt died in 1851, survived by his wife Mary and their two children. His practice was passed on to his son, James.[6]James Hunt (1833–1869) was an exuberant character, giving to each of his ventures his boundless energy and self-confidence.[1] Taking up his father's legacy with great zeal, by the age of 21 Hunt had published his compendious work Stammering and Stuttering, Their Nature and Treatment. This went into six editions during his lifetime and was reprinted again in 1870, just after his death, and for an eighth time in 1967 as a landmark in the history of speech therapy.[1] In the introduction to the 1967 edition of the book, Elliot Schaffer notes that in his short lifetime, James Hunt is said to have treated over 1,700 cases of speech impediment, firstly in his father's practice and later at his own institute, Ore House near Hastings.[7] He set up the latter with the aid of a doctorate he had purchased in 1856 from the University of Giessen in Germany.[8]In later, expanded editions, Stammering and Stuttering begins to reflect Hunt's growing passion for anthropology, exploring the nature of language usage and speech disorders in non-European peoples.[1] In 1856, Hunt had joined the Ethnological Society of London and by 1859 he was its joint secretary.[1] But many of the members disliked his attacks on the religious and humanitarian agencies represented by missionaries and the anti-slavery movement.[8]As a result of the antagonism, Hunt founded the Anthropological Society and became its president.[8] Nearly 60 years later, his nephew W. He. R. Rivers was selected for this position.[9] Hunt's efforts were integral to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) accepting anthropology in 1866 as a discipline.[1]Even by Victorian standards, Hunt was a decided racist.[1] His paper \"On a Negro's Place in Nature\", delivered before the BAAS in 1863, was met with hisses and catcalls.[8] What Hunt considered \"a statement of the simple facts\"[10] was thought by others to be a defence of the subjection and slavery of Africans in the Americas, and support of the belief in the plurality of human species.[8]In addition to his extremist views, Hunt led the society to incur heavy debts.[1] The controversies surrounding his conduct told on his health and, on 29 August 1869, Hunt died of \"inflammation of the brain\". He was survived by his widow, Henrietta Maria, and five children.[8]His speech therapy practice was passed onto Hunt's brother-in-law, Henry Rivers, who had been working with him for some time.[8] Rivers inherited many of Hunt's established patients, most notably The Reverend Charles L. Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll), who had been a regular visitor to Ore House.[11]Hunt left his books to his nephew William Rivers, who refused them, thinking that they would be of no use to him.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonbridge_School_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sensory memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_memory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Instinct and the Unconscious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Instinct_and_the_Unconscious"},{"link_name":"Pat Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Barker"},{"link_name":"Regeneration Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"The Eye in the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_in_the_Door"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barker2-16"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TonOct1878-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TonOct1878-18"},{"link_name":"civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Torres Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Straits"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TonOct1879-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"William Halse Rivers Rivers was the oldest of four children, with his siblings being brother Charles Hay (29 August 1865 – 8 November 1939) and sisters Ethel Marian (30 October 1867 – 4 February 1943) and Katharine Elizabeth (1871–1939).Tonbridge School where Rivers and his brother Charles were day-boysWilliam, known as \"Willie\" throughout his childhood,[1] appears to have been named after his famous uncle of Victory fame; there was also a longstanding family tradition whereby the eldest son of every line would be baptised by that name.[1] The origin of \"Halse\" is unclear. There may be some naval connection, as it has been suggested that it could have been the name of someone serving alongside his uncle.[1] Slobodin states that it is probable that the second \"Rivers\" entered his name as a result of a clerical error on the baptismal certificate, but since the register is filled in by his father's hand, and his father performed the ceremony, this seems unlikely.[13] Slobodin notes that a mistake on the registry of his birth but his name was changed from the mistaken \"William False Rivers Rivers\"[14] to its later form, with \"Halse\" as the second name. This suggests that \"Rivers\" was intended as a given name as well as a surname.Rivers had a stammer that he never fully conquered. He had no sensory memory, although he was able to visualise to an extent if dreaming, in a half-waking, half-sleeping state, or when feverish.[15] Rivers noted that in his early life- specifically before the age of five- his visual imagery was far more definite than it became in later life. He thought it was perhaps as good as that of the average child.[15]At first, Rivers had concluded that his loss of visual imagery had resulted from his lack of attention and interest in it.[15] But, as he later came to realise, while images from his later life frequently faded into obscurity, those from his infancy still remained vivid.[15]As Rivers notes in Instinct and the Unconscious, he was unable to visualise any part of the upper floor of the house he lived in until he was five. By contrast, Rivers was able to describe the lower floors of that particular house with far more accuracy than he had been able to with any house since. Although images of later houses were faded and incomplete, no memory since had been as inaccessible as that of the upper floor of his early home.[15] Given evidence, Rivers came to conclude that something had happened to him on the upper floor of that house, the memory of which was entirely suppressed because it \"interfered with [his] comfort and happiness\".[15] In addition to that specific memory being inaccessible, his sensory memory in general appears to have been severely disabled from that moment.Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nInstinct and the UnconsciousIf Rivers ever did access the veiled memory, he did not appear to make a note of it. The nature of the experience is open to conjecture. Author Pat Barker, in the second novel of her Regeneration Trilogy related to Rivers and his work, The Eye in the Door, suggested through her character Billy Prior, that Rivers's experience was traumatic enough to cause him to \"put his mind's eye out\".[16]Rivers was a highly able child. Educated first at a Brighton preparatory school and, from the age of thirteen, as a dayboy at the prestigious Tonbridge School, his academic abilities were noted from an early age.[1] At the age of 14, he was placed a year above others of his age at school[17] and even within this older group he was seen to excel, winning prizes for Classics and all around attainment.[18] Rivers's younger brother Charles was also a high achiever at the school; he too was awarded with the Good Work prize.[18] He studied and became a civil engineer. After a bad bout of malaria contracted whilst in the Torres Straits with his brother, he was encouraged by the elder Rivers to take up outdoor work.[1]The teenage Rivers, whilst scholarly, was also involved in other aspects of school life. As the programme for the Tonbridge School sports day notes, on 12 March 1880 – Rivers's sixteenth birthday – he ran in the mile race. The year before this he had been elected as a member of the school debating society, no mean feat for a boy who at this time had a speech impediment which was almost paralytic.[19]A young W. H. R. RiversRivers was set to follow family tradition and take his University of Cambridge entrance exam, possibly with the aim of studying classics.[1] But at the age of sixteen, he contracted typhoid fever and was forced to miss his final year of school.[20] Without the scholarship, his family could not afford to send him to Cambridge. With his typical resilience, Rivers did not dwell on the disappointment.His illness had been severe, entailing long convalescence and leaving him with effects which at times severely disabled him.[20] As L. E. Shore notes: \"he was not a strong man, and was often obliged to take a few days rest in bed and subsist on a milk diet\".[20] The severity of the sickness and the shattering of dreams might have broken lesser men but for Rivers in many ways the illness was the making of him. Whilst recovering from the fever, Rivers had formed a friendship with one of his father's speech therapy students, a young Army surgeon. His plan was formed: he would study medicine and apply for training in the Army Medical Department, later to become the Royal Army Medical Corps.[1]Inspired by this new resolve, Rivers studied medicine at the University of London, where he matriculated in 1882, and St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He graduated at age 22, the youngest person to do so until recent times.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geog1922-21"},{"link_name":"Richard Slobodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Slobodin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geog1922-21"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"Torres Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Straits"},{"link_name":"Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"}],"sub_title":"Life as a ship's surgeon","text":"After qualifying, Rivers sought to join the army but was not passed fit. This was a byproduct of typhoid fever. As Elliot Smith was later to write, as quoted in a biography of Rivers: \"Rivers always had to fight against ill health: heart and blood vessels.\" Along with the health problems noted by Shore and Smith, Rivers struggled with \"tiring easily\".His sister Katharine wrote that when he came to visit the family, he would often sleep for the first day or two. Considering the volume of work that Rivers completed in his relatively short lifetime, Seligman wrote in 1922 that \"for many years he seldom worked for more than four hours a day\".[21] As Rivers's biographer Richard Slobodin says that, \"among persons of extraordinary achievement, only Descartes seems to have put in as short a working day\".[citation needed]Rivers did not allow his drawbacks to dishearten him,[21] and he chose to serve several terms as a ship's surgeon, travelling to Japan and North America in 1887.[22] This was the first of many voyages; for, besides his great expeditions for work in the Torres Straits Islands, Melanesia, Egypt, India and the Solomon Islands, he took holiday voyages twice to the West Indies, three times to the Canary Islands and Madeira, to the United States, Norway, and Lisbon, as well as making numerous visits to France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, and lengthy ones to visit family in Australia.[20]Such voyages helped to improve his health, and possibly to prolong his life.[1] He also took a great deal of pleasure from his experiences aboard ship. On one voyage he spent a month in the company of playwright George Bernard Shaw; he later described how he spent \"many hours every day talking – the greatest treat of my life\".[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"house physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_house_officer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"Walter Langdon-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Langdon-Brown"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"Henry Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Head"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Victor Horsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horsley"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Neurological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_and_Chirurgical_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Bethlem Royal Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Guy's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"University College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"Ewald Hering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Hering"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Emil Kraepelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"Natural Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Science"},{"link_name":"Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripos"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist)"},{"link_name":"St John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"St Tibbs Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Tibbs_Row"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1957-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_Cross_Country_Pictures_122.jpg"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Myers"},{"link_name":"William McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Horace Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Horace_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers-Webber-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers-Webber-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivers-Webber-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Croonian Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croonian_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"},{"link_name":"honoris causa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"},{"link_name":"Professor James Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ward_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"British Journal of Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychology"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop36-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLB1936-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACH-FB1922-30"}],"text":"Back in England, Rivers earned an M.D. (London) and was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.[1] Soon after, he became house surgeon at the Chichester Infirmary (1887–1889). Although he enjoyed the town and the company of his colleagues,[1] an appointment at Bart's and the opportunity to return to working in research in medicine was more appealing. He became house physician at St Bartholomew's in 1889 and remained there until 1890.[22]At Bart's, Rivers had been a physician to Samuel Gee.[23] Those under Gee were conscious of his indifference towards, if not outright dislike of, the psychological aspects of medicine. Walter Langdon-Brown surmises that Rivers and his fellow Charles S. Myers devoted themselves to these aspects in reaction to Gee.[23]Rivers's interests in neurology and psychology became evident in this period. Reports and papers given by Rivers at the Abernethian Society of St Bart's indicate a growing specialisation in these fields: Delirium and its allied conditions (1889), Hysteria (1891) and Neurasthenia (1893).Following the direction of his passion for the workings of the mind as it correlates with the workings of the body, in 1891 Rivers became house physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic.[22] Here he and Henry Head met and formed a lasting friendship.[24]Rivers's interest in the physiology of the nervous system and in \"the mind\", that is, in sensory phenomena and mental states,[1] was further stimulated by work in 1891. He was chosen to be one of Victor Horsley's assistants in a series of investigations at University College London that explored the existence and nature of electrical currents in the mammalian brain.[1] His selection for this work demonstrated his growing reputation as a researcher.[1]In the same year, Rivers joined the Neurological Society of London and presented A Case of Treadler's Cramp to a meeting of the society. The case demonstrated the ill effects of what is understood as repetitive motion injury. Such injuries sustained by factory workers, against which they had little protection or compensation, were part of the cost for millions of people of Britain's industrial supremacy.[1]Resigning from the National Hospital in 1892,[22] Rivers travelled to Jena to expand his knowledge of experimental psychology.[24] Whilst in Jena, Rivers became fluent in German and attended lectures on both psychology and philosophy.[1] He also became deeply immersed in the culture; in a diary he kept of the journey he comments on the buildings, picture galleries, church services, and education system, showing his wide interests and critical judgement.[20] In this diary he also wrote that: \"I have during the last three weeks come to the conclusion that I should go in for insanity when I return to England and work as much as possible at psychology.\"[1]After his return to England, he became a Clinical Assistant at the Bethlem Royal Hospital. In 1893, at the request of G. H Savage, he began assisting with lectures in mental diseases at Guy's Hospital, emphasising their psychological aspect. At about the same time, invited by Professor Sully, he began to lecture on experimental psychology at University College, London.[25]By 1893, when he was unexpectedly invited to lecture in Cambridge on the functions of the sense organs, he was already deeply read in the subject.[24] He had been captivated by Head's accounts of the works of Ewald Hering, and had avidly absorbed his views on colour vision and the nature of vital processes in living matter.[24] He also prepared for this project by spending the summer working in Heidelberg with Emil Kraepelin on measuring the effects of fatigue.[22]The offer of a Cambridge lectureship resulted from continuing evolution within the university's Natural Science Tripos. Earlier in 1893, Professor McKendrick, of Glasgow, had examined subject and reported unfavourably on the scant knowledge of the special senses that was displayed by the candidates;[23] to correct this, Sir Michael Foster appointed Rivers as a lecturer. He became Fellow Commoner at St John's College.[23][26] He was made a Fellow of the college in 1902.[27]Rivers was stretched in his work, as he still had ongoing teaching commitments at Guy's hospital and at University College.[1] In addition to these mounting responsibilities, in 1897 he was put in temporary charge of the new psychological laboratory at University College. That year Foster had assigned him a room in the Physiology Department at Cambridge for use in psychological research. As a result, Rivers is listed in the histories of experimental psychology as simultaneously the director of the first two psychological laboratories in Britain.[1]Rivers's work has been considered to have profound influence on Cambridge and in the scientific world in general. But, at the time, the Cambridge University Senate were wary of his appointment. Bartlett wrote: \"how many times have I heard Rivers, spectacles waving in the air, his face lit by his transforming smile, tell how, in Senatorial discussion, an ancient orator described him as a 'Ridiculous Superfluity'!\"[28]The opposition of the Senate resulted in limited support for Rivers's work in its early years.[1] It was not until 1901, eight years after his appointment, that he was allowed the use of a small cottage for the laboratory, and budgeted thirty-five pounds annually (later increased to fifty) for purchase and upkeep of equipment.[1] For several years Rivers continued in this way until the Moral Science Board increased support;[28] in 1903, Rivers and his assistants and students moved to another small building in St Tibbs Row.[28] These working spaces were characterised as \"dismal\", \"damp, dark and ill-ventilated\"[29] but they did not discourage the Cambridge psychologists. Psychology began to thrive: \"perhaps, in the early days of scientific progress, a subject often grows all the more surely if its workers have to meet difficulties, improvise their apparatus, and rub very close shoulders one with another.\"[28] In 1912 a well-equipped laboratory was finally built under the directorship of Charles S. Myers, one of Rivers's earliest and ablest pupils. A wealthy man, he supplemented the university grant with his own funds.[1]View of St John's College, CambridgeThe Cambridge psychologists and Rivers were initially most interested in the special senses: colour vision, optical illusions, sound-reactions, and perceptual processes.[28] In these fields, Rivers was rapidly becoming eminent. He was invited to write a chapter on vision for Schäfer's Handbook of Physiology. According to Bartlett, Rivers's chapter \"still remains, from a psychological point of view, one of the best in the English Language\".[30] Rivers reviewed the work of previous investigators, incorporated his own, and critically examined the rival theories of colour vision. He noted clearly the significance of psychological factors in, for instance, the phenomena of contrast.[20]For his own experiments on vision, Rivers worked with graduate medical students Charles S. Myers and William McDougall. They assisted him and developed close friendships in the process of working together.[1] Rivers also collaborated with Sir Horace Darwin, a pioneer instrument maker, to improve apparatus for recording sensations, especially those involved in vision. This collaboration also resulted in a lifelong friendship between the two men.[1]In this period, Rivers also investigated the influence of stimulants: tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco, and a number of other drugs, on a person's capacity for both physical and mental work. His work under Kraepelin at Heidelberg had prepared him for this work. Rivers conducted some experiments on himself, for instance for two years giving up alcoholic beverages and tobacco, neither of which he liked, but also giving up all tea, coffee and cocoa as well.[20] Initially he intended to explore physiological incentives for consuming these products, but he quickly realized that a strong psychological influence contributed to taking the substances.[31]Rivers realised that part of the effects – mental and physical – that substances had were caused psychologically by the excitement of knowing that one is indulging.[31] In order, to eliminate \"all possible effects of suggestion, sensory stimulation and interest\", Rivers ensured that the substances were disguised so that he could not ascertain, in any instance, whether he was taking a drug or a control substance.[31][32] This was the first experiment of its kind to use this double-blind procedure.[1] As a result of the importance attached to the study, Rivers was appointed in 1906 as Croonian Lecturer to the Royal College of Physicians.[30]In December 1897 Rivers's achievements were recognised by the University of Cambridge who honoured him with the degree of M.A. honoris causa[30] and, in 1904 with the assistance of Professor James Ward, Rivers made a further mark on the world of psychological sciences, founding and subsequently editing the British Journal of Psychology.[33]Despite his many successes, Rivers was still a markedly reticent man in mixed company, hampered as he was by his stammer and innate shyness.[23] In 1897, Langdon-Brown invited Rivers to come and address the Abernethian Society. The occasion was not an unqualified success. He chose \"Fatigue\" as his subject, and before he had finished his title was writ large on the faces of his audience.[23] In the Cambridge physiological laboratory too he had to lecture to a large elementary class. He was rather nervous about it, and did not like it,[20] his hesitation of speech made his style dry and he had not yet acquired the art of expressing his original ideas in an attractive form, except in private conversation.[23]Among two or three friends, however, the picture of Rivers is quite different. His conversations were full of interest and illumination;[23] \"he was always out to elicit the truth, entirely sincere, and disdainful of mere dialect.\"[23] His insistence on veracity made him a formidable researcher, as Haddon puts it, \"the keynote of Rivers was thoroughness. Keenness of thought and precision marked all his work.\"[30] His research was distinguished by a fidelity to the demands of experimental method very rare in the realms which he was exploring[30] and, although often overlooked, the work that Rivers did in this early period is of immense import as it formed the foundation of all that came later.[30]","title":"Beginnings of career in psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConflictDream-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistMel-35"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cort Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Torres Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Straits"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"C. S. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Myers"},{"link_name":"William McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"Sidney Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray"},{"link_name":"C. G. Seligman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torres_Straits_1898.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seligman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray"},{"link_name":"Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon"},{"link_name":"Thursday Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Island"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketch"},{"link_name":"Murray Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"palliative effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_effect"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"colour vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_vision"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J.LMyers1923-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.C.HNature1922-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Man1940-41"},{"link_name":"cat's cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_cradle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle1922-20"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Rivers recognised in himself \"the desire for change and novelty, which is one of the strongest aspects of my mental makeup\"[34] and, while fond of St John's,[35] the staid lifestyle of his Cambridge existence showed in signs of nervous strain and led him to experience periods of depression.[20]The turning point came in 1898 when Alfred Cort Haddon seduced \"Rivers from the path of virtue... (for psychology then was a chaste science)... into that of anthropology:\"[36] He made Rivers first choice to head an expedition to the Torres Straits.[9] Rivers's first reaction was to decline, but he soon agreed on learning that C. S. Myers and William McDougall, two of his best former students, would participate.[9] The other members were Sidney Ray, C. G. Seligman, and a young Cambridge graduate named Anthony Wilkin, who was asked to accompany the expedition as photographer.[9] In April 1898, the Europeans were transported with gear and apparatus to the Torres Straits. Rivers was said to pack only a small handbag of personal effects for such field trips.[1]Members of the 1898 Torres Straits Expedition. Standing (from left to right): Rivers, Seligman, Ray, Wilkin. Seated: HaddonFrom Thursday Island, several of the party found passage, soaked by rain and waves, on the deck of a crowded 47-foot ketch. In addition to sea sickness, Rivers had been badly sunburnt on his shins and for many days had been quite ill. On 5 May, in a bad storm nearing their first destination of Murray Island, the ship dragged anchor on the Barrier Reef and the expedition almost met disaster[1] Later Rivers recalled the palliative effect of near shipwreck.[37]When the ketch dropped anchor, Rivers and Ray were at first too ill to go ashore. However the others set up a surgery to treat the native islanders and Rivers, lying in bed next-door tested the patients for colour vision: Haddon's diary noted \"He is getting some interesting results.\"[1] The warmth shown to the sickly Rivers by the Islanders contributed to strong positive feelings for the work and a deep concern for the welfare of Melanesians during the remainder of his life.[1]Rivers's first task was to examine first hand the colour vision of the islanders and compare it to that of Europeans.[9][38] In the course of his examinations of the visual acuity of the natives, Rivers showed that colour-blindness did not exist or was very rare, but that the colour vision of Papuans was not the same type as that of Europeans; they possessed no word for blue, and an intelligent native found nothing unnatural in applying the same name to the brilliant blue sea or sky and to the deepest black.[39] \"Moreover\", Head goes on to state in Rivers's obituary notice, \"he was able to explode the old fallacy that the 'noble savage' was endowed with powers of vision far exceeding that of civilised natives. Errors of refraction are, it is true, less common, especially myopia. But, altogether the feats of the Torres Straits islanders equalled those reported by travellers from other parts of the world, they were due to the power of attending to minute details in familiar and strictly limited surrounding, and not to supernormal visual acuity.\"[39]It was at this point that Rivers began collecting family histories and constructing genealogical tables[39] but his purpose appears to have been more biological than ethnological since such tables seem to have originated as a means of determining whether certain sensory talents or disabilities were hereditary.[40] However, these simple tables soon took on a new prospective.It was at once evident to Rivers that \"the names applied to the various forms of blood relationship did not correspond to those used by Europeans, but belonged to what is known as a 'classificatory system'; a man's 'brothers' or 'sisters' might include individuals we should call cousins and the key to this nomenclature is to be found in forms of social organisation especially in varieties of the institution of marriage.\"[39] Rivers found that relationship terms were used to imply definite duties, privileges and mutual restrictions in conduct, rather than being biologically based as Europeans' are. As Head puts it: \"all these facts were clearly demonstrable by the genealogical method, a triumphant generalisation which has revolutionised ethnology.\"[39]The Torres Straits expedition was \"revolutionary\" in many other respects as well. For the first time, British anthropology had been removed from its \"armchair\" and placed into a sound empirical basis, providing the model for future anthropologists to follow.[9] In 1916, Sir Arthur Keith stated in an address to the Royal Anthropological Institute, that the expedition had engendered \"the most progressive and profitable movement in the history of British anthropology.\"[9]While the expedition was clearly productive and, in many ways, arduous for its members, it was also the foundation of lasting friendships. The team would reunite at many points and their paths would frequently converge. Of particular note is the relationship between Rivers and Haddon, the latter of whom regarded the fact he had induced Rivers to come to the Torres Straits as his claim to fame.[41] It cannot be denied that both Rivers and Haddon were serious about their work but at the same time they were imbued with a keen sense of humour and fun. Haddon's diary from Tuesday 16 August reads thus: \"Our friends and acquaintances would often be very much amused if they could see us at some of our occupations and I am afraid these would sometimes give occasion to the enemy to blaspheme – so trivial would they appear ... for example one week we were mad on cat's cradle – at least Rivers, Ray and I were – McDougall soon fell victim and even Myers eventually succumbed.\"[9] It may seem to be a bizarre occupation for a group of highly qualified men of science, indeed, as Haddon states: \"I can imagine that some people would think we were demented – or at least wasting our time.\"[9] However, both Haddon and Rivers were to use the string trick to scientific ends[42] and they are also credited as inventing a system of nomenclature that enabled them to be able to schematise the steps required and teach a variety of string tricks to European audiences.[9]The expedition ended in October 1898 and Rivers returned to England.[20] In 1900, Rivers joined Myers and Wilkin in Egypt to run tests on the colour vision of the Egyptians; this was the last time he saw Wilkin, who died of dysentery in May 1901, aged 24.[1][43]","title":"Torres Straits expedition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Todas","text":"Rivers had already formed a career in physiology and psychology. But now he moved more definitively into anthropology. He wanted a demographically small, fairly isolated people, comparable to the island societies of the Torres Strait, where he might be able to get genealogical data on each and every individual. The Todas in the Nilgiri Hills of Southern India, with their population then about 700 plus, suited Rivers's criteria. And they had specific features of social organization, such as polyandrous marriage and a bifurcation of their society into so-called moieties that had interested historical evolutionists. Whether his fieldwork was initially so single-minded is questionable, however, since at first Rivers looked at other local communities and studied their visual perception before fixing all his attention on the Todas.Rivers worked among the Todas for less than six months during 1901–02, communicating with his Toda informants only through interpreters and lodged in an Ootacamund hotel. Yet he assembled a stunning collection of data on the ritual and social lives of the Toda people. Almost all who have subsequently studied the Todas have been amazed at the richness and the accuracy of Rivers's data. His book The Todas, which came out in 1906, is still an outstanding contribution to Indian ethnography, \"indispensable: still only to be supplemented rather than superseded\", as Murray Emeneau wrote in 1971. And it is little wonder that so famous a champion of anthropological fieldwork as Dr Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) declared Rivers to be his \"patron saint of field work\".In the preface to this book Rivers wrote that his work was \"not merely the record of the customs and beliefs of a people, but also the demonstration of anthropological method\". That method is the collection of genealogical materials for the purpose of more fully investigating other aspects of social life, notably ritual.The first eleven chapters of The Todas represented in 1906 a novel approach to the presentation of ethnographic data, one that, under the influence of Malinowski, would later become a standard practice in British social anthropology. This is the analysis of a people's society and culture by presentation of a detailed description of a particularly significant institution. In the Toda case, it is the sacred dairy cult. But Rivers is unable to sustain this focus throughout the work, so after a brilliant opening, the book tails off somewhat. We get a good idea of the Toda dairies and the ideas of ritual purity that protect them; but then the author returns to the ready-made categories of the day: gods, magic, kinship, clanship, crime and so on, and says no more about the dairies. Moreover, he failed to discover the existence of matrilineal clans alongside the patrilineal ones. A second, and more important, limitation of his study is its failure to view Toda society as a local and specialized variant of—as A. L. Kroeber wrote—\"higher Indian culture\". Rivers's book has been largely responsible for the view (now not infrequently held by educated Todas themselves) that these are a people quite distinct from other South Indians.When, in 1902, Rivers left the Nilgiri Hills and India too, he would never return. Moreover, after the publication of The Todas he wrote very little more about them.","title":"Torres Straits expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Head1922-24"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"A human experiment in nerve division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_human_experiment_in_nerve_division"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalSoc1922-39"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experiment_in_nerve_division_1903-1907.JPG"},{"link_name":"Henry Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Head"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"Middle Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Greek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"epicritic nervous reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_innervation#Types_of_sensory_neurons"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"glans penis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"},{"link_name":"\"pilomoter reflex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_bumps"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langham-9"}],"text":"Upon his return to England from the Torres Strait, Rivers became aware of a series of experiments being conducted by his old friend Henry Head in conjunction with James Sherren, a surgeon at the London Hospital where they both worked.[9] Since 1901, the pair had been forming a systematic study of nerve injuries among patients attending the hospital.[9] Rivers, who had long been interested in the physiological consequences of nerve division,[24] was quick to take on the role of \"guide and counsellor\".[44]It quickly became clear to Rivers, looking in on the experiment from a psycho-physical aspect, that the only way accurate results could be obtained from introspection on behalf of the patient is if the subject under investigation was himself a trained observer, sufficiently discriminative to realise if his introspection was being prejudiced by external irrelevancies or moulded by the form of the experimenter's questions, and sufficiently detached to lead a life of detachment throughout the entire course of the tests.[9] It was in the belief that he could fulfil these requirements, that Head himself volunteered to act, as Langham puts it, \"as Rivers's experimental guinea-pig\".[9]So it was that, on 25 April 1903, the radial and external cutaneous nerves of Henry Head's arm were severed and sutured.[44] Rivers was then to take on the role of examiner and chart the regeneration of the nerves, considering the structure and functions of the nervous system from an evolutionary standpoint through a series of \"precise and untiring observations\" over a period of five years.[24]Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nA human experiment in nerve divisionAt first observation, the day after the operation, the back of Head's hand and the dorsal surface of his thumb were seen to be \"completely insensitive to stimulation with cotton wool, to pricking with a pin, and to all degrees of heat and cold.\"[44] While cutaneous sensibility had ceased, deep sensibility was maintained so that pressure with a finger, a pencil or with any blunt object was appreciated without hesitation.[44]So that the distractions of a busy life should not interfere with Head's introspective analysis, it was decided that the experimentation should take place in Rivers's rooms.[44] Here, as Head states, \"for five happy years we worked together on week-ends and holidays in the quiet atmosphere of his rooms at St John's College.\"[39] In the normal course of events, Head would travel to Cambridge on Saturday, after spending several hours on the outpatient department of the London Hospital. On these occasions, however, he would find that he was simply too exhausted to work on the Saturday evening so experimentation would have to be withheld until the Sunday. If, therefore, a long series of tests were to be carried out, Head would come to Cambridge on the Friday, returning to London on Monday morning. At some points, usually during Rivers's vacation period, longer periods could be devoted to the observations.[39] Between the date of the operation and their last sitting on 13 December 1907, 167 days were devoted to the investigation.[39]Since Head was simultaneously collaborator and experimental subject, extensive precautions were taken to make sure that no outside factors influenced his subjective appreciation of what he was perceiving:[9] \"No questions were asked until the termination of a series of events; for we found it was scarcely possible... to ask even simple questions without giving a suggestion either for or against the right answer... The clinking of ice against the glass, the removal of the kettle from the hob, tended to prejudice his answers... [Rivers] was therefore particularly careful to make all his preparations beforehand; the iced tubes were filled and jugs of hot and cold water ranged within easy reach of his hand, so that the water of the temperature required might be mixed silently.\"[44]Moreover, although before each series of tests Head and Rivers would discuss their plan of action, Rivers was careful to vary this order to such an extent during the actual testing that Head would be unable to tell what was coming next.[44]Gradually during the course of the investigation, certain isolated spots of cutaneous sensibility began to appear; these spots were sensitive to heat, cold and pressure.[44] However, the spaces between these spots remained insensitive at first, unless sensations- such as heat or cold- reached above a certain threshold at which point the feeling evoked was unpleasant and usually perceived as being \"more painful\" than it was if the same stimulus was applied to Head's unaffected arm.[44] Also, although the sensitive spots were quite definitely localised, Head, who sat through the tests with his eyes closed, was unable to gain any exact appreciation of the locus of stimulation.[9] Quite the contrary, the sensations radiated widely, and Head tended to refer them to places remote from the actual point of stimulation.[44]Henry Head and W. H. R. Rivers experimenting in Rivers's rooms (1903–1907)This was the first stage of the recovery process and Head and Rivers dubbed it the \"protopathic\",[44] taking its origins from the Middle Greek word protopathes, meaning \"first affected\".[9] This protopathic stage seemed to be marked by an \"all-or-nothing\" aspect since there was either an inordinate response to sensation when compared with normal reaction or no reaction whatever if the stimulation was below the threshold.[44]Finally, when Head was able to distinguish between different temperatures and sensations below the threshold, and when he could recognise when two compass points were applied simultaneously to the skin, Head's arm began to enter the second stage of recovery.[44] They named this stage the \"epicritic\", from the Greek epikritikos, meaning \"determinative\".[9]From an evolutionary perspective, it soon became clear to Rivers that the epicritic nervous reaction was the superior, as it suppressed and abolished all protopathic sensibility.[44] This, Rivers found, was the case in all parts of the skin of the male anatomy except one area where protopathic sensibility is unimpeded by epicritic impulses: the glans penis.[44] As Langham points out, with special references to \"Rivers's reputed sexual proclivities\",[45] it is at this point that the experiment takes on an almost farcical aspect to the casual reader.[9] It may not seem surprising to us that when Rivers was to apply a needle to a particularly sensitive part of the glans that \"pain appeared and was so excessively unpleasant that [Head] cried out and started away\";[44] indeed, such a test could be seen as a futility verging on the masochistic. Nor would we necessarily equate the following passage with what one might normally find in a scientific text:\"The foreskin was drawn back, and the penis allowed to hang downwards. A number of drinking glasses were prepared containing water at different temperatures. [Head] stood with his eyes closed, and [Rivers] gradually approached one of the glasses until the surface of the water covered the glans but did not touch the foreskin. Contact with the fluid was not appreciated; if, therefore, the temperature of the water was such that it did not produce a sensation of heat or cold, Head was unaware that anything had been done.\"[44]However, the investigations, bizarre as they may seem, did have a sound scientific basis since Rivers especially was looking at the protopathic and epicritic from an evolutionary perspective.[44] From this standpoint it is intensely interesting to note that the male anatomy maintains one area which is \"unevolved\" in so much as it is \"associated with a more primitive form of sensibility\".[44] Using this information about the protopathic areas of the human body, Rivers and Head then began to explore elements of man's psyche.[9] One way in which they did this was to examine the \"pilomoter reflex\" (the erection of hairs). Head and Rivers noted that the thrill evoked by aesthetic pleasure is \"accompanied by the erection of hairs\"[44] and they noted that this reaction was no greater in the area of skin with protopathic sensibility than it was in the area of the more evolved epicritic, making it a purely psychologically based phenomena.[44] As Langham puts it: \"The image of a man reading a poem to evoke aesthetic pleasure while a close friend meticulously studies the erection of his hairs may seem ludicrous. However, it provides a neat encapsulation of Rivers's desire to subject possibly protopathic phenomena to the discipline of rigorous investigation.\"[9]","title":"\"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ward_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"British Journal of Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychology"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop36-33"},{"link_name":"Charles Samuel Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Samuel_Myers"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajop50-28"},{"link_name":"the Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistMel-35"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"}],"sub_title":"Pre-war psychological work","text":"In 1904, with Professor James Ward and some others, Rivers founded the British Journal of Psychology of which he was at first joint editor.[33]From 1908 until the outbreak of the war Rivers was mainly preoccupied with ethnological and sociological problems. Already he had relinquished his official post as lecturer in Experimental Psychology in favour of Charles Samuel Myers, and now held only a lectureship on the physiology of the special senses.[28] By degrees he became more absorbed in anthropological research. But though he was now an ethnologist rather than a psychologist he always maintained that what was of value in his work was due directly to his training in the psychological laboratory. In the laboratory he had learnt the importance of exact method; in the field he now gained vigour and vitality by his constant contact with the actual daily behaviour of human beings.During 1907–8 Rivers travelled to the Solomon Islands, and other areas of Melanesia and Polynesia. His two-volume History of Melanesian Society (1914), which he dedicated to St Johns,[35] presented a diffusionist thesis for the development of culture in the south-west Pacific.[22] In the year of publication he made a second journey to Melanesia, returning to England in March 1915, to find that war had broken out.","title":"\"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"C. S. Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Samuel_Myers"},{"link_name":"Maghull Military Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maghull_Military_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-47"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Craiglockhart War Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiglockhart_War_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"next war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rivers2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"self-preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-preservation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Freud and the War Neuroses: Pat Barker's \"Regeneration\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.freud.org.uk/education/topic/10574/subtopic/41837/"},{"link_name":"catharsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"repress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repression_(psychological)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-47"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Lewis Yealland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Yealland"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Sassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon"},{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-51"}],"text":"When Rivers returned to England in spring 1915, he had trouble at first finding a place for himself in the war effort.[25] Following the footsteps of his former student—the current director of the Cambridge Psychology Laboratory—C. S. Myers, the 51-year-old Rivers signed up to serve as a civilian physician at the Maghull Military Hospital near Liverpool.[1] Upon his arrival in July 1915, Rivers was appointed as a psychiatrist and thus he re-entered into the study of \"insanity\".[1]\"Insanity\" in this case entailed working with soldiers who had been diagnosed with any of a wide range of symptoms, which were collectively referred to as \"shell shock\". These soldiers were known to demonstrate symptoms such as temporary blindness, memory loss, paralysis, and uncontrollable crying.[46] As such, by the time Rivers was assigned to Maghull War Hospital, it was known as the \"centre for abnormal psychology\", and many of its physicians were employing techniques such as dream interpretation, psychoanalysis and hypnosis to treat shell shock, also known as the war neuroses.[1]Rivers himself was a well-read psychologist and so was already quite familiar with Freud, Jung, and other psychoanalysts.[1] In fact, Rivers was quite sympathetic to some of Freud's ideas.[25] As such, Rivers joined the band of doctors at Maghull who devoted themselves to understanding the origins and treatment of the \"war neuroses\" under the guidance of R. G. Rows.[47]After about a year of service at Maghull War Hospital, Rivers was appointed a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and his two youthful dreams—to be an army doctor and to \"go in for insanity\"—were realized when he was transferred to Craiglockhart War Hospital near Edinburgh, Scotland in order to help \"clean house\" following a scandal.[1][25] There, Rivers treated officers who had been diagnosed with \"shell shock\", and he also began formulating his theory regarding the origin and treatment of the war neuroses.Rivers, by pursuing a course of humane treatment, had established two principles that would be embraced by American military psychiatrists in the next war. He had demonstrated, first, that men of unquestioned bravery could succumb to overwhelming fear and, second, that the most effective motivation to overcome that fear was something stronger than patriotism, abstract principles, or hatred of the enemy. It was the love of soldiers for one another.[48]W. H. R. Rivers outside CraiglockhartRivers's methodology for treating the war neuroses are often, and somewhat unfairly, said to have stemmed from Sigmund Freud. While it is true that Rivers was aware of and was influenced by Freud's theories and by the practice of psychoanalysis, he did not blindly subscribe to all of Freud's premises.[1][15] Most importantly, Rivers saw the instinct of self-preservation rather than the sexual instinct, as the driving force behind war neuroses.[15][49] (Essays such as Freud and the War Neuroses: Pat Barker's \"Regeneration\" further compare Freud and Rivers' theories; see also the subsection on Rivers' Instinct and the Unconscious below; see also Rivers' Conflict and Dream for his own opinion on Freudian theory.)It is on this belief regarding the origins of the war neuroses that he formed his \"talking cure\". Rivers' \"talking cure\" was primarily based on the ancient belief of catharsis: the idea that bringing repressed memories into the light of consciousness rids memories and thoughts of their power.[50] As a result, Rivers spent most of his days talking with the officers at Craiglockhart, guiding them through a process Rivers referred to as autogonosis.[1][50][51] Rivers' autogonosis consisted of two parts. The first part included \"re-education\", or educating the patient about the basics of psychology and physiology. River's method also consisted of helping a soldier comprehend that the illness he was experiencing was not \"strange\" nor permanent.[1][50] To Rivers, the war neuroses developed from ingrained ways of reacting, feeling, or thinking: namely, the attempt to wittingly repress all memories of traumatic experiences or unacceptable emotions.[50] Once a patient could understand the source(s) of his troubles (which could be conscious, unconscious, environmental, or a combination), Rivers could then help him contrive ways to overcome these patterns and thus free himself from and/or at least adjust to the illness.[1][50][51]Rivers' approach to treating the war neuroses made him a pioneer in his day; while he was not the first to advocate humane treatment methods for the war neuroses,[47] he was one of the few to do so in a time when there was much debate over the cause and thus the \"correct\" treatment for shell shock.[52] (See the Wikipedia article on Lewis Yealland and faradization for an alternative treatment method.) Furthermore, Rivers encouraged his patients to express their emotions in a time when society encouraged men to keep a \"stiff upper-lip\". River's method, and his deep concern for every individual he treated, made him famous among his clients. Both Siegfried Sassoon and Robert Graves wrote highly of him during this time.[1][51]","title":"The Great War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Jean Moorcroft Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moorcroft_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Paul Fussell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fussell"},{"link_name":"The Great War and Modern Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Modern_Memory"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195019180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195019180"},{"link_name":"Frederic Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"bedside manner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Rivers and Sassoon","text":"Sassoon came to Rivers in 1917 after publicly protesting against the war and refusing to return to his regiment, but was treated with sympathy and given much leeway until he voluntarily returned to France.[53] For Rivers, there was a considerable dilemma involved in \"curing\" his patients simply in order that they could be sent back to the Western Front to die. Rivers's feelings of guilt are clearly portrayed both in fiction and in fact. Through Pat Barker's novels and in Rivers's works (particularly Conflict and Dream) we get a sense of the turmoil the doctor went through. As Sassoon wrote in a letter to Robert Graves (24 July 1918):O Rivers please take me. And make me\nGo back to the war til it break me...Rivers did not wish to \"break\" his patients, but at the same time he knew that it was their duty to return to the front and his duty to send them. There is also an implication (given the pun on Rivers's name along with other factors) that Rivers was more to Sassoon than just a friend. Sassoon called him \"father confessor\", a point that Jean Moorcroft Wilson picks up on in her biography of Sassoon; however, Rivers's tight morals would have probably prevented a closer relationship from progressing:Rivers's uniform was not the only constraint in their relationship. He was almost certainly homosexual by inclination and it must quickly have become clear to him that Sassoon was too. Yet neither is likely to have referred to it, though we know that Sassoon was already finding his sexuality a problem. At the same time, as an experienced psychologist Rivers could reasonably expect Sassoon to experience \"transference\" and become extremely fond of him. Paul Fussell suggests in The Great War and Modern Memory (ISBN 0195019180) that Rivers became the embodiment of the male \"dream friend\" who had been the companion of Sassoon's boyhood fantasies. Sassoon publicly acknowledged that \"there was never any doubt about my liking [Rivers]. He made me feel safe at once, and seemed to know all about me\".\nBut Sassoon's description of the doctor in Sherston's Progress, lingering as it does on Rivers's warm smile and endearing habits – he often sat, spectacles pushed up on forehead, with his hands clasped around one knee – suggests that it was more than liking he felt. And privately he was rather franker, telling Marsh, whom he knew would understand, that he \"loved [Rivers] at first sight\".Not only Sassoon, but his patients as a whole, loved him and his colleague Frederic Bartlett wrote of himRivers was intolerant and sympathetic. He was once compared to Moses laying down the law. The comparison was an apt one, and one side of the truth. The other side of him was his sympathy. It was a sort of power of getting into another man's life and treating it as if it were his own. And yet all the time he made you feel that your life was your own to guide, and above everything that you could if you cared make something important out of it.[54]Sassoon described Rivers's bedside manner in his letter to Graves, written as he lay in hospital after being shot (a head wound that he had hoped would kill him – he was bitterly disappointed when it did not):But yesterday my reasoning Rivers ran solemnly in,\nWith peace in the pools of his spectacled eyes and a wisely omnipotent grin;\nAnd I fished in that steady grey stream and decided that I\nafter all am no longer the Worm that refuses to die.[55]Rivers was well known for his compassionate, effective and pioneering treatments; as Sassoon's testimony reveals, he treated his patients very much as individuals.","title":"The Great War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Grafton Elliot Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConflictDream-34"},{"link_name":"psycho-therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-50"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instinct-15"},{"link_name":"Freudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Head"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NerveDivision-44"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"psychiatrists treating war neuroses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"mental illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Illness"}],"sub_title":"Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses","text":"Following his appointment at Craiglockhart War Hospital, Rivers published the results of his experimental treatment of patients at Craiglockhart in The Lancet, \"On the Repression of War Experience\",[50][56] and began to record interesting cases in his book Conflict and Dream, which was published a year after his death by his close friend Grafton Elliot Smith.[34]In the same year he published his findings in The Lancet, Rivers also composed an article on the various types of \"psycho-therapeutics\" in practice at the time.[1][57] Rivers' personal and complete theory on the origin of the \"psycho-neuroses\", including the war neuroses, was not to be published until 1920 with the publication of Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psycho-Neuroses.[15]River's theory of the neuroses incorporates everything Rivers had researched up until this point and was designed to \"consider the general biological function of the process by which experience passes into the region of the unconscious....\"[15] (pp. 5–6). In other words, Rivers' goal was to outline an umbrella theory which would both explain neuroses and neurological issues as he had encountered them (see the subsection \"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\" above).In attempting to construct such an umbrella theory, Rivers accepted that the unconscious exists and that the contents of the unconscious are entirely inaccessible to a person except through the processes of hypnosis, dreaming, or psychoanalysis. Rivers further defined the unconscious as a repository of instincts and associated experiences (i.e. memories) which are painful or not useful to the organism.[15]\"Instincts\", in this regard, are actions which an organism performs without learning and which are executed without the mediating influence of thought. As such, the action has an \"all-or-none\" aspect to it: it either does not occur at all or it occurs with all of its force. To this end, Rivers included the protopathic sensations,[44] mass-reflex actions (as observed in spinal-cord injury patients), and basic emotions (i.e. anger, fear) as instincts.[15]Rivers further asserted that all painful or un-useful instincts are naturally kept out of conscious awareness (i.e. in the unconscious) by suppression. Suppression—in this view—is a natural and \"unwitting\" (unintentional) method for removing painful instincts from consciousness and confining them in the unconscious. Neuroses, therefore, develop when something in the natural process of suppression is disrupted so that a suppressed instinct and its associated emotion are released from the unconscious. Rivers cites two possible reasons for the \"escape\" of such instincts from the unconscious: either the instinct became too strong to contain, or the normal reserves which typically suppress it were weakened. It is important to note, however, that the etiology of war neuroses is not simply the escape of instincts from the unconscious and the ensuing conflict. More often than not, Rivers believed that the way in which such conflict is resolved (or is attempted to be resolved) also greatly influences the manifestation of the neuroses.[15]In regards to the war neuroses, Rivers believed that the disease's manifestation stems from the escape of the \"self-preservation\" or \"danger instincts\" from the unconscious. These \"danger instincts\", as Rivers conceives of them, include at least five types of reflexive reactions to danger: (i) fear as manifested by flight, (ii) aggression as manifested by fighting, (iii) the suppression of all emotion in order to complete complex tasks which leads to safety, (iv) terror as manifested by immobility, and (v) the suppression of all physical resources as manifested by collapsing. Typically, reactions i, ii, iv, and v are suppressed so that humans can remain calm in the face of fear and can complete complex actions which lead to safety. When all five \"self-preservation\" instincts are repeatedly aroused for long periods of time, such as during exposure to war, the instincts gain power and eventually \"escape\" from the unconscious. As such, the emotions of fear, aggression, and terror arise into consciousness, as do their associated responses. These emotions and their suggested actions create great conflict in the consciousness, however: \"fear\" and \"terror\" are far from socially acceptable in war. In order to deal with the conflict created by the \"escaped\" instincts, Rivers posited that the mind must do something to provide immediate relief. It is this attempt to achieve relief from mental conflicts that leads to war neuroses.[15]For example, Rivers proposed that officers and soldiers who have night terrors do so because they are trying to wittingly repress emotions and their associated instincts back into the unconscious.[50] Repression, according to Rivers, is never adequate for removing conflict; it is only fruitful when a person can exert a conscious effort to do so. As a result, the repressed instincts, along with their associated emotions and memories, seep into consciousness when soldiers are sleeping.[15][50] The result is night terrors.In an alternative scenario, wartime hysteria can be explained as the body's suppression of normal physiological functioning in order to avoid the scenario which activates the danger instincts and releases the associated emotion of fear into consciousness. Hysterical soldiers often presented with symptoms of paralysis and diminished or lost sensory capacities, even in the absence of anxiety or depression.These physiological symptoms, although distressing in themselves, make it impossible for a soldier to be returned to the front line. Thus, the body compensates for its inability to suppress the danger instincts in the face of war by making it so that the soldier must avoid warfare altogether.[15]Overall, Rivers attributed the neuroses to both (i) the escape of painful instincts and their associated emotions from the unconscious and (ii) the mind's unsuccessful efforts to force such instincts and their emotions back into the conscious.[15] While Rivers' theory contains some Freudian elements,[1] it is not simply a restatement of psychoanalytic theory; Rivers' theory of the neuroses draws heavily on the neurological observations and conclusions Rivers and Henry Head drew from their work on nerve regeneration.[44]In retrospect, Rivers' particular method of treating the war neuroses and his theory of the origin of neuroses—while pioneering in their day—have failed to leave a huge mark on the history of psychology.[58] However, the general contributions of psychiatrists treating war neuroses, in combination with the overwhelming prevalence of the neuroses during the Great War, led to a revolution in the British perspective of mental illness and its treatment.","title":"The Great War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Leonard E. Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_E._Shore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"The Socratics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Socratics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WhrRivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"The Folklore Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folklore_Society"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Royal Anthropological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"strangulated hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulated_hernia"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1922 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-22"},{"link_name":"neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:W._H._R._Rivers"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Nursing Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Health_Cambridge_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"},{"link_name":"Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-58"},{"link_name":"To A Very Wise Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/To_A_Very_Wise_Man"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"After the war, Rivers became \"another and far happier man – diffidence gave place to confidence, reticence to outspokenness, a somewhat laboured literary style to one remarkable for ease and charm\".[59] He is quoted as saying \"I have finished my serious work and I shall just let myself go.\" In those post war years, his personality seemed to change dramatically. The man who had been most at home in his study, the laboratory, or the field now dined out a good deal, had joined clubs, went yachting and appeared to welcome rather than shun opportunities for public speaking.[1][22] Always having been a voracious reader, he now began reading in philosophy, as he had not done for some years, and also in imaginative literature. Not all of his friends from former years welcomed these changes; some felt that, along with his shyness, his scientific caution and good sense may have deserted him to a degree but most people who saw how happy Rivers had become agreed that the slight alterations to his character were for the better.[1]Rivers had visited his college frequently during the war although, having resigned his position as lecturer, he held no official post. However, upon his return from the Royal Air Force in 1919, the college created a new office for him – \"Praelector of Natural Science Studies\"[1] – and he was given a free rein to do as he pleased. As Leonard E. Shore recalled in 1923: \"when I asked him if he would undertake that work... his eyes shone with a new light I had not seen before, and he paced his rooms for several minutes full of delight.\"[1] He took his new position to be a mandate to get to know every science student and indeed every other student at St John's, and at other colleges. He would arrange \"At Homes\" in his rooms on Sunday evenings, as well as Sunday morning breakfast meetings; he also organised informal discussions and formal lectures (many of which he gave himself) in the College Hall.[1] He formed a group called The Socratics and brought to it some of his most influential friends, including H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, Bertrand Russell and Sassoon.[1] Sassoon (Patient B in Conflict and Dream), remained particularly friendly with Rivers and regarded him as a mentor. They shared Socialist sympathies.Captain W. H. R. Rivers RAMCHaving already been made president of the anthropological section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1911, after the war he became president of The Folklore Society (1920),[60] and the Royal Anthropological Institute (1921–1922).[22] He was also awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester, St Andrews and Cambridge in 1919.[22]Rivers died of a strangulated hernia in the summer of 1922, shortly after being named as a Labour candidate for the 1922 general election.[1] He had agreed to run for parliament, as he said:because the times are so ominous, the outlook for our own country and the world so black, that if others think I can be of service in political life, I cannot refuse.[61]He had been taken ill suddenly in his rooms at St John's on the evening of Friday 3 June, having sent his servant home to enjoy the summer festivities. By the time he was found in the morning, it was too late and he knew it. Typically for this man who, throughout his life \"displayed a complete disregard for personal gain\",[22] he was selfless to the last.[neutrality is disputed] There is a document granting approval for the diploma in anthropology to be awarded as of Easter term, 1922, to an undergraduate student from India. It is signed by Haddon and Rivers dated 4 June 1922. At the bottom is a notation in Haddon's handwriting:Dr. Rivers signed the report on this examination on the morning of the day he died. It was his last official act. A.C.HRivers signed the papers as he lay dying in the Evelyn Nursing Home[1] following an unsuccessful emergency operation. He had an extravagant funeral at St John's[1] in accordance with his wishes as he was an expert on funeral rites and his cremated remains were interred in Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in a grave with a large stone cross. Sassoon was deeply saddened by the death of his father figure and collapsed at his funeral.[58] His loss prompted him to write two poignant poems about the man he had grown to love: \"To A Very Wise Man\" and \"Revisitation\".[62]","title":"Post war"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Others' opinions of Rivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Charles Elliot Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Elliot_Fox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slobodin-1"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"In the poem The Red Ribbon Dream, written by Robert Graves not long after Rivers's death, he touches on the peace and security he felt in Rivers's rooms:For that was the place where I longed to be\nAnd past all hope where the kind lamp shone.An anonymously written poem Anthropological Thoughts can be found in the Rivers collection of the Haddon archives at Cambridge.[63] There is a reference that indicates that these lines were written by Charles Elliot Fox,[1] missionary and ethnographer friend of Rivers.","title":"Others' opinions of Rivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Memoirs of George Sherston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherston_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Praelector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praelector"},{"link_name":"The Rivers Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivers_Centre"},{"link_name":"posttraumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Quotations","text":"In Sassoon's autobiography (under the guise of The Memoirs of George Sherston) Rivers is one of the few characters to retain their original names. There is a whole chapter devoted to Rivers and he is immortalised by Sassoon as a near demi-god who saved his life and his soul. Sassoon wrote:I would very much like to meet Rivers in the next life. It is difficult to believe that such a man as he could be extinguished.— preface to Medicine, Magic and ReligionRivers was much loved and admired, not just by Sassoon. Bartlett wrote of his experiences of Rivers in one of his obituaries, as well as in many other articles, as the man had a profound influence on his life:On June 3 last year I was walking through the grounds of St John's College, here in Cambridge, when I met Dr. Rivers returning from a stroll. He was full of energy and enthusiasm, and began at once to talk about certain new courses of lectures which he proposed to deliver at the Psychological Laboratory during the present year. On the evening of the next day I heard that he was dangerously ill. As I approached the College on the morning of June 5 I saw the flag at half mast. He had, in fact, died in the early afternoon of the preceding day. Never have I known so deep a gloom settle upon the College as fell upon it at that time. There was hardly a man – young or old – who did not seem to be intimately and personally affected. Rivers knew nearly everybody. As Praelector of Natural Sciences at St John's he interviewed all the science freshmen when they came first into residence and, in an amazing number of cases, he kept in close touch with them throughout their Cambridge career. Everybody who came into contact with him was stimulated and helped to a degree which those who are acquainted only with his published works can never fully realise... it is of Rivers as a man that we think; of his eager and unconquerable optimism, and of his belief in the possible greatness of all things human. Whatever may be the verdict of the years upon his published works, the influence of his vivid personality will remain for all who knew him as one of the best things that have ever entered their lives.Rivers's legacy continues even today in the form of The Rivers Centre, which treats patients with posttraumatic stress disorder using the same famously humane methods as Rivers had.[64] There is also a Rivers Memorial Medal, founded in 1923, which is rewarded each year to an anthropologist who has made a significant impact in his or her field. Appropriately, Haddon was the first to receive this award in 1924.[65]","title":"Others' opinions of Rivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Memoirs of George Sherston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherston_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Sherston's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherston_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Pat Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Barker"},{"link_name":"Regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Eye in the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_in_the_Door"},{"link_name":"The Ghost Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_Road"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"filmed in 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce"},{"link_name":"electric shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"Spanish Flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"The God of the Hive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_of_the_Hive"},{"link_name":"Laurie R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_R._King"},{"link_name":"Kamphoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamphoer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Boer_War"}],"text":"He was a very humane, a very compassionate person who was tormented really by the suffering he saw, and very sceptical about the war, but at the same time he didn't feel he could go the whole way and say no, stop.— Pat BarkerSassoon writes about Rivers in the third part of The Memoirs of George Sherston, Sherston's Progress. There is a chapter named after the doctor and Rivers appears in the book as the only character to retain his factual name, giving him a position as a sort of demi-god in Sassoon's semi-fictitious memoirs.The life of W. H. R. Rivers and his encounter with Sassoon was fictionalised by Pat Barker in the Regeneration Trilogy, a series of three books including Regeneration (1991), The Eye in the Door (1993) and The Ghost Road (1995). The trilogy was greeted with considerable acclaim, with The Ghost Road being awarded the Booker Prize in the year of its publication. Regeneration was filmed in 1997 with Jonathan Pryce in the role of Rivers.The first book, Regeneration deals primarily with Rivers's treatment of Sassoon at Craiglockhart. In the novel we are introduced to Rivers as a doctor for whom healing patients comes at price. The dilemmas faced by Rivers are brought to the fore and the strain leads him to become ill; on sick leave he visits his brother and the Heads and we learn more about his relationships outside of hospital life. We are also introduced in the course of the novel to the Canadian doctor Lewis Yealland, another factual figure who used electric shock treatment to \"cure\" his patients. The juxtaposition of the two very different doctors highlights the unique, or at least unconventional, nature of Rivers' methods and the humane way in which he treated his patients (even though Yealland's words, and his own guilt and modesty lead him to think otherwise).The Eye in the Door concentrates, for the most part, on Rivers' treatment of the fictional character of Prior. Although Prior's character may not have existed, the facts that he makes Rivers face up to did – that something happened to him on the first floor of his house that caused him to block all visual memory and begin to stammer. We also learn of Rivers' treatment of officers in the airforce and of his work with Head. Sassoon too plays a role in the book- Rivers visits him in hospital where he finds him to be a different, if not broken, man, his attempt at 'suicide' having failed. This second novel in the trilogy, both implicitly and directly, addresses the issue of Rivers' possible homosexuality and attraction to Sassoon. From Rivers' reaction to finding out that Sassoon is in hospital to the song playing in the background ('You Made Me Love You') and Ruth Head's question to her husband, \"Do you think he's in love with him?\" we get a strong impression of the author's opinions on Rivers' sexuality.The Ghost Road, the final part of the trilogy, shows a side of Rivers not previously seen in the novels. As well as his relationship with his sisters and father, we also learn of his feelings for Charles Dodgson- or Lewis Carroll. Carroll was the first adult Rivers met who stammered as badly as he did and yet he cruelly rejected him, preferring to lavish attention on his pretty young sisters. In this novel the reader also learns of Rivers' visit to Melanesia; feverish with Spanish Flu, the doctor is able to recount the expedition and we are provided with insight both into the culture of the island and into Rivers' very different \"field trip persona\".Rivers appears briefly in The God of the Hive, the tenth novel in the Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes series by mystery writer Laurie R. King, in which he is the author of a medical letter, written during the war, concerning one of that novel's characters.Rivers appears in Francois Smith's 2014 Afrikaans novel Kamphoer (The Camp Whore), based on a true story, as inspiration to the protagonist - an Afrikaans girl who was raped by British soldiers during the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, for his treatment of soldiers by applying psychological methods and humane support to heal their psychological scars. Rivers' methodology also helped the protagonist, who became a psychiatric nurse herself, to overcome her trauma. In a twist of events, she treats one of the soldiers who had raped her some years earlier when she was a teenager.","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Modification of Aristotle's Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Modification_of_Aristotle%27s_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Review of O. Külpe's 'Grundriss d. Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Review_of_O._K%C3%BClpe%27s_%27Grundriss_d._Psychologie_auf_experimenteller_Grundlage_dargestellt%27"},{"link_name":"Review of H. Maudsley's 'Pathology of Mind', and E. Kräpelin's 'Psychologische Arbeiten'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Review_of_H._Maudsley%27s_%27Pathology_of_Mind%27,_and_E._Kr%C3%A4pelin%27s_%27Psychologische_Arbeiten%27"},{"link_name":"On the apparent size of objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_apparent_size_of_objects"},{"link_name":"On the function of the maternal uncle in Torres Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_function_of_the_maternal_uncle_in_Torres_Straits"},{"link_name":"The Todas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Todas"},{"link_name":"Review of Sex and Society by W. I. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Review_of_Sex_and_Society_by_W._I._Thomas"},{"link_name":"A human experiment in nerve division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_human_experiment_in_nerve_division"},{"link_name":"The Repression of War Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_The_Repression_of_War_Experience"},{"link_name":"Psychiatry and the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Psychiatry_and_the_War"}],"text":"\"A Modification of Aristotle's Experiment\" (Mind, New Series, Vol. 3, No. 12, Oct. 1894, pp. 583–584)\n\"Review of O. Külpe's 'Grundriss d. Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'\" (Mind, New Series, 3, pp. 413–17)\n\"Review of H. Maudsley's 'Pathology of Mind', and E. Kräpelin's 'Psychologische Arbeiten'\" (Mind, New Series, 4, pp. 400–3)\n\"On the apparent size of objects\" (Mind, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 17, Jan. 1896, pp. 71–80)\n\"The senses of primitive man\" (Abstract in Science, New Series, 11, pp. 740–1, and trans. 'Über die Sinne d. primitiven Menschen'in Umschau, 25)\n\"On the function of the maternal uncle in Torres Straits\" (Man, Vol. 1, 1901, pp. 171–172)\n\"The Todas\". Map, illus., 22 cm. London\n\"Review of Sex and Society by W. I. Thomas\" (Man, Vol. 7, 1907, pp. 111–111)\n\"A human experiment in nerve division\" (with H. Head) (Brain, XXXI., pp. 323–450)\nThe illusion of compared horizontal and vertical lines (with G.D. Hicks), and The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work (with H.N. Webber) (Br. J. Psychol., II., pp. 252–5)\n\"Medicine, Magic and Religion\" (Fitzpatrick Lects. 1915) (originally published in stages. Lancet XCIV., pp. 59–65, 117–23)\n\"The Repression of War Experience\" (Lancet, XCVI., pp. 513–33)\n\"Psychiatry and the War\" (Science, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 1268 (18 Apr 1919), pp. 367–369)\nConflict and Dream (edit. G. Elliot Smith). London, 1923.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"HMS Victory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/220px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image of the stained glass window of the church in Offham, Kent, where Henry Rivers was curate from 1880 to 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Offham_Church.jpg/220px-Offham_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tonbridge School where Rivers and his brother Charles were day-boys","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tonbridge_School_2008.jpg/240px-Tonbridge_School_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"A young W. H. R. Rivers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Young_Rivers.jpg/220px-Young_Rivers.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of St John's College, Cambridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Cross_Country_Pictures_122.jpg/220px-My_Cross_Country_Pictures_122.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of the 1898 Torres Straits Expedition. Standing (from left to right): Rivers, Seligman, Ray, Wilkin. Seated: Haddon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Torres_Straits_1898.jpg/220px-Torres_Straits_1898.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry Head and W. H. R. Rivers experimenting in Rivers's rooms (1903–1907)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Experiment_in_nerve_division_1903-1907.JPG"},{"image_text":"W. H. R. Rivers outside Craiglockhart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Rivers2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captain W. H. R. Rivers RAMC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/WhrRivers.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Ernest Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Jones"},{"title":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon"},{"title":"J. A. Hadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Hadfield"},{"title":"Wilfred Bion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Bion"}]
|
[{"reference":"Richard Slobodin (1997). W. H. R. Rivers: Pioneer Anthropologist and Psychiatrist of the \"Ghost Road\" (2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1490-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud,_Gloucestershire","url_text":"Stroud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Publishing","url_text":"Sutton Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1490-4","url_text":"0-7509-1490-4"}]},{"reference":"Tim Clayton; Phil Craig (2004). Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm. Hodder.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trafalgarmenbatt0000clay","url_text":"Trafalgar: The Men, The Battle, The Storm"}]},{"reference":"The Council of St Faith's Church, Maidstone, Kent (1904). Minutes of Council Meeting. Maidstone, Kent, Centre for Kentish Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone,_Kent","url_text":"Maidstone, Kent"}]},{"reference":"Boase, G. C.; Hutchins, Roger (revised) (2004). \"Thomas Perkins Lowman Hunt (1802–1851)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._C._Boase","url_text":"Boase, G. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14208","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14208"}]},{"reference":"James Hunt (1861). Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment. London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"James Hunt; Elliot Schaffer (1967). Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment (8th ed.). New York: Hafner Publishing Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stammeringandst01huntgoog","url_text":"Stammering and stuttering, their nature and treatment"}]},{"reference":"Brock, W. H. (2020) [2004]. \"James Hunt (1833–1869)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14194.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14194","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14194"}]},{"reference":"Ian Langham (1981). The building of British social anthropology: W. H. R. Rivers and his Cambridge disciples in the development of kinship studies. London: Reidel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"James Hunt (1863). On a negro's place in nature. London: Trübner.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Katharine Rivers (1976). Memories of Lewis Carroll. Hamilton, Ontario: University Library Press, McMaster University. OCLC 2319358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario","url_text":"Hamilton, Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University","url_text":"McMaster University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2319358","url_text":"2319358"}]},{"reference":"W. H. R. Rivers (with an introduction by Grafton Elliot Smith) (1926). Psychology and Ethnology. London.","urls":[]},{"reference":"W. H. R. Rivers (1919). Instinct and the Unconscious. British Psychological Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pat Barker (1994). The Eye in the Door. Penguin Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"}]},{"reference":"Tonbridge School (October 1878). \"Skinners' Day\". The Tonbridgian: 334–335.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tonbridge School (July 1879). \"Debating Society\". The Tonbridgian: 59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"L. E. Shore (1922). \"W. H. R. Rivers\". The Eagle: 2–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. G. Seligman (August 1922). \"Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers\". The Geographical Journal. 60: 162–163.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bevan, Michael; MacClancy, Jeremy (2015) [2004]. \"Rivers, William Halse Rivers (1864–1922)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37898","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37898"}]},{"reference":"Walter Langdon-Brown (November 1936). \"\"To a Very Wise Man\": W. H. R. Rivers\". St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal: 29–30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Langdon-Brown","url_text":"Walter Langdon-Brown"}]},{"reference":"Henry Head (June 1922). \"Obituary: W. H. R. Rivers, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.: An Appreciation\". St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal: 1–3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rivers, William Halse Rivers (RVRS893WH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=RVRS893WH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Rivers, William Halse Rivers (RVRS893WH)\""}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, F. C. (1937). \"Cambridge, England, 1887–1937\". American Journal of Psychology. 50 (1/4): 97–110. doi:10.2307/1416623. JSTOR 1416623. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett","url_text":"Bartlett, F. C."},{"url":"http://www.bartlett.psychol.cam.ac.uk/CambridgeEngland.htm","url_text":"\"Cambridge, England, 1887–1937\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1416623","url_text":"10.2307/1416623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416623","url_text":"1416623"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051123223834/http://www-bartlett.sps.cam.ac.uk/CambridgeEngland.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwin Boring (1957). A History of Experimental Psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haddon, A. C.; Bartlett, F. C. (July 1922). \"William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4, 1922\". Man. 22: 97–104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Man"}]},{"reference":"Rivers, W. H. R.; Webber, H. N. (1906). \"The influence of small doses of alcohol on the capacity for muscular work\". The British Journal of Psychology. 2: 261–280.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bartlett, F. C. (1923). \"William Halse Rivers Rivers, 1864–1922\". American Journal of Psychology (abridged). 34 (2): 275–7. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett","url_text":"Bartlett, F. C."},{"url":"http://www.bartlett.psychol.cam.ac.uk/WilliamHalseRivers.htm","url_text":"\"William Halse Rivers Rivers, 1864–1922\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625101203/http://www-bartlett.sps.cam.ac.uk/WilliamHalseRivers.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rivers, W. H.; Smith, Grafton Elliot (1923). Conflict and Dreams. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. ISBN 1-4179-8019-2. OCLC 1456588.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Grafton Elliot"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106714","url_text":"Conflict and Dreams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-8019-2","url_text":"1-4179-8019-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1456588","url_text":"1456588"}]},{"reference":"Rivers, W. H. R. (1914). The History of Melanesian Society. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b31362692_0001","url_text":"The History of Melanesian Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"J.L Myers (January–June 1923). \"W. H. R. Rivers\". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 53: 14–17. doi:10.2307/2843748. JSTOR 2843748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843748","url_text":"10.2307/2843748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843748","url_text":"2843748"}]},{"reference":"Henry Head (January–June 1922). \"W. H. R. Rivers\". Obituary Notices from the Proceedings of the Royal Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.C Haddon (June 1922). \"Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, F.R.S\". Nature. 109 (2746): 786–787. Bibcode:1922Natur.109..786H. doi:10.1038/109786a0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F109786a0","url_text":"\"Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, F.R.S\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922Natur.109..786H","url_text":"1922Natur.109..786H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F109786a0","url_text":"10.1038/109786a0"}]},{"reference":"A. H. Quiggin; E. S. Fegan (1940). \"Alfred Cort Haddon\". Man.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rivers, W. H. R.; Head, Henry (1908). \"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\" . Brain. 31 (3): 323–450. doi:10.1093/brain/31.3.323.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Head","url_text":"Head, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Human_Experiment_in_Nerve_Division","url_text":"\"A Human Experiment in Nerve Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F31.3.323","url_text":"10.1093/brain/31.3.323"}]},{"reference":"Merriman, John; Winter, Jay, eds. (2006). \"War Neuroses\". Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Vol. 5. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2699–2705.","urls":[{"url":"http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=68e38a773150a58e15b8ce0ae86c33fa&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3447000901&userGroupName=mlin_m_cambrls&jsid=610181483d9a5e64da4b8aa0cd26a8a5","url_text":"\"War Neuroses\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Edgar (July 2010). \"Shell Shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: Models of Psychological Medicine in the UK\" (PDF). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 65 (3): 368–95. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrq006. PMID 20219728. S2CID 2353339. Retrieved 29 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/historical/jones2010-shellshockatmagull.pdf","url_text":"\"Shell Shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: Models of Psychological Medicine in the UK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fjrq006","url_text":"10.1093/jhmas/jrq006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20219728","url_text":"20219728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2353339","url_text":"2353339"}]},{"reference":"Arthur Anderson (25 March 2006). \"Anxiety and Panic History 1900 — 1930\". Retrieved 8 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://anxiety-panic.com/history/h-1900.htm","url_text":"\"Anxiety and Panic History 1900 — 1930\""}]},{"reference":"Raitt, Suzanne (Autumn 2004). \"Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic History Workshop Journal\" (58): 63–85.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_workshop_journal/v058/58.1raitt.html","url_text":"\"Early British Psychoanalysis and the Medico-Psychological Clinic History Workshop Journal\""}]},{"reference":"W. H. Rivers (2 February 1918). \"The Repression of War Experience\". The Lancet. 11 (Sect Psych): 1–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)23233-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 2066211. PMID 19980290.","urls":[{"url":"http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/rivers.htm","url_text":"\"The Repression of War Experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2923233-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(01)23233-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736","url_text":"0140-6736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2066211","url_text":"2066211"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19980290","url_text":"19980290"}]},{"reference":"Hemmings, Robert (2008). \"Witnessing and survival: The challenge of 'autogonosis' in the interwar years\". Modern nostalgia: Siegfried Sassoon, trauma and the Second World War I. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 54–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Report of the War Office Committee of enquiry into \"shell shock (2004 ed.). London: Imperial War Museum. 1922.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egremont, Max (2005). Siegfried Sassoon: a Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-26375-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/siegfriedsassoon0000egre","url_text":"Siegfried Sassoon: a Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-26375-2","url_text":"0-374-26375-2"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, F. C. (1922). \"Obituary notice of W. H. R. Rivers\". The Eagle: 2–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(magazine)","url_text":"The Eagle"}]},{"reference":"Michael Duffy (9 February 2003). \"Feature Articles: The Repression of War Experience by W. H. Rivers\". Retrieved 8 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/rivers1.htm","url_text":"\"Feature Articles: The Repression of War Experience by W. H. Rivers\""}]},{"reference":"Rivers, W. H. R. (1919). \"Psycho-therapuetics\". In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics: Picts-Sacraments. Vol. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 433–440.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The English Folk-Lore Society\". The Journal of American Folklore. 34 (132): 221–222. April–June 1921. doi:10.2307/535136. JSTOR 535136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F535136","url_text":"10.2307/535136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/535136","url_text":"535136"}]},{"reference":"\"human-nature.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://human-nature.com/science-as-culture/whittle.html","url_text":"\"human-nature.com\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Raua
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Inca mythology
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["1 Basic beliefs","2 Inca foundation legends","3 Deities","4 Important beliefs","5 Important places","6 Inca symbols","7 Deployments","8 Animals in Inca religion","8.1 Llamas","8.2 Pumas","8.3 Condors","8.4 Dogs","8.5 Bears","8.6 Foxes","9 Pre-Inca Andean beliefs","10 See also","11 Sources"]
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Myths of the Inca civilization
Inca Empire
Inca society
Education
Religion
Mythology
Architecture
Engineering
Roads
Army
Agriculture
Ayllu
Cuisine
Inca history
Kingdom of Cusco
Inca Empire
History of Cusco
Chimor–Inca War
Invasion of Chile
Neo-Inca State
Civil War
Spanish conquest
vte
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2024)
Inca mythology is the universe of legends and collective memory of the Inca civilization, which took place in the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, incorporating in the first instance, systematically, the territories of the central highlands of Peru to the north.
Inca mythology was successful due to political, commercial, and military influence, before the conquest of the territories to the south and north of Cuzco, which later gave rise to the nascent empire. The identity of the Quechua peoples in Peru and Bolivia; and the Quichuas (Kichwa) in Ecuador; they share this spatial and religious perception that unites them through their most significant deity: the god Inti.
Inca mythology was nourished by a series of legends and myths of their own, which sustained the pantheist religion of the Inca Empire, centralized in Cusco. The Inca people worshiped their gods, as in other religions. Some names of gods were repeated or were called in the same way in different provinces of the Inca people. Later, all these gods were unified and formed what is called the true Inca pantheon.
What was applied by the Inca cosmogony in the field of beliefs should be considered as one of the most important instruments used in the process of the formation of the empire along with the economic, social, and administrative transformations.
In a general way, Inca mythology or religion includes many stories and legends that attempt to explain or symbolize Inca beliefs.
Basic beliefs
Scholarly research demonstrates that Runa (Quechua speakers) belief systems were integrated with their view of the cosmos, especially in regard to the way that the Runa observed the motions of the Milky Way and the solar system as seen from Cusco, the capital of Tawantinsuyu whose name means "rock of the owl". From this perspective, their stories depict the movements of constellations, planets, and planetary formations, which are all connected to their agricultural cycles. This was especially important for the Runa, as they relied on cyclical agricultural seasons, which were not only connected to annual cycles, but to a much wider cycle of time (every 800 years at a time). This way of keeping time was deployed in order to ensure the cultural transmission of key information, in spite of regime change or social catastrophes.
After the Spanish conquest of Peru by Francisco Pizarro, colonial officials burned the records kept by the Runa. There is currently a theory put forward by Gary Urton that the quipus could have been a binary system capable of recording phonological or logographic data. Still, to date, all that is known is based on what was recorded by priests, from the iconography on Inca pottery and architecture, and from the myths and legends that have survived among the indigenous peoples of the Andes.
Inca foundation legends
Manco Cápac was the legendary founder of the Inca Dynasty in Peru and the Cusco Dynasty at Cusco. The legends and history surrounding him are very contradictory, especially those concerning his rule at Cuzco and his origins. In one legend, he was the son of Viracocha. In another, he was brought up from the depths of Lake Titicaca by the sun god Inti. However, commoners were not allowed to speak the name of Viracocha, which is possibly an explanation for the need for three foundation legends rather than just one.
There were also many myths about Manco Cápac and his coming to power. In one myth, Manco Cápac and his brother Pacha Kamaq were sons of the sun god Inti. Manco Cápac was worshiped as the fire and sun god. In another myth, Manco Cápac was sent with Mama Ocllo (others even mention numerous siblings) to Lake Titicaca where they resurfaced and settled on the Isla Del Sol. According to this legend, Manco Cápac and his siblings were sent up to the earth by the sun god and emerged from the cave of Puma Orco at Paqariq Tampu carrying a golden staff called "tapac-yauri". They were instructed to create a Temple of the Sun in the spot where the staff sank into the earth to honor the sun god Inti, their father. During the journey, one of Manco's brothers (Ayar Cachi) was tricked into returning to Puma Urqu and sealed inside or alternatively was turned to ice, because his reckless and cruel behavior angered the tribes that they were attempting to rule. (huaca).
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote that there was a hill referred to as Tambotoco, about 33 kilometers from Cuzco, where eight men and women emerged as the original Inca's. The men were Manco Capac, Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Uchu. The women were Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Ipacura, and Mama Raua.
In another version of this legend, instead of emerging from a cave in Cuzco, the siblings emerged from the waters of Lake Titicaca. Since this was a later origin myth than that of Pacaritambo it may have been created as a ploy to bring the powerful Aymara tribes into the fold of the Tawantinsuyo.
In the Inca Virachocha legend, Manco Cápac was the son of Inca Viracocha of Paqariq Tampu which is 25 km (16 mi) south of Cuzco. He and his brothers (Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Uchu); and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua, and Mama Cura) lived near Cusco at Paqariq Tampu, and uniting their people and the ten ayllu they encountered in their travels to conquer the tribes of the Cusco Valley. This legend also incorporates the golden staff, which is thought to have been given to Manco Cápac by his father. Accounts vary, but according to some versions of the legend, the young Manco jealously betrayed his older brothers, killed them, and then became Cusco.
Deities
Supay, god of death, as interpreted in a carnival festival
Like the Romans, the Incas permitted the cultures they integrated into their empire to keep their individual religions. Below are some of the various gods worshiped by the peoples of the Inca empire, many of which have overlapping responsibilities and domains. Unless otherwise noted, it can safely be assumed these were worshipped by different ayllus or worshipped in particular former states.
Apu (Great lord) was a god or spirit of mountains. All of the important mountains have their own Apu, and some of them receive sacrifices to bring out certain aspects of their being. Some rocks and caves also are credited as having their own Apu.
Amaru (Sacred serpent) was a serpent or dragon deity often represented as a giant winged serpent, with crystalline eyes, a reddish snout, a llama head, taruka horns, and a fish tail. Depending on the variations of the Amaru, whether in the various animal features, names or tonality of its skin according to the legend told, the ophidic form of the Amaru was always present. Its symbolism is very broad: water, storms, hail, wisdom, rainbow, the Milky Way, etc. In Inca mythology, it was a symbol of wisdom, which is why the image of said totemic being was placed in the children of the Houses of Knowledge "Yachay Wasikuna". Amaru is associated with the economy of water, that irrigate the agricultural lands, symbolizing the vitality of the water that allows the existence of the Aymara people. Thus the deity Amaru symbolizes the water that runs through the irrigation canals, rivers and springs and that makes it possible for the seeds of the crop to be transformed into vegetables. Amaru is a mythical being that is also related to the underworld, the earth and earthquakes. According to the myths, the Amarus have protective or destructive behaviour. There's a myth called "Amaru Aranway" that is about two powerful Amarus fighting against each other, causing destruction and death as the fight still goes on. Then, Viracocha send the god Illapa (Lightning) and Wayra (Wind) to defeat them. The two Amarus tried to fight the gods but then they tried to escape flying to the skies, but Wayra drag them back to earth with the power of wind and Illapa fought and put the final blow to them. When the two Amarus died, they turned into the chain of mountains that are located in valle del Mantaro, Peru.
Ataguchu (a.k.a. Atagujo, Ataguju) was a god who assisted in creation myth. The legend says Ataguchu, tired due of the Cosmos loneliness, created some divine beings to be his servants, at the same time, he created Guamansuri and sent him to earth (more precisely, the Huamanchuco province). The province was inhabited by an ethnic group called Guachemines, Guamansuri as a foreigner, was at service of the group, Guachemines leaders had a sister called Cautaguan, due to her beautifulness, she was confined. However, one day Guamansuri seduced and got Cautaguan pregnant, when the leaders realized her sister was pregnant, they instantly knew Guamansuri was the culprit, so they captured and burned Guamansuri, then they scattered his ashes. Guamansuri ashes went up to the sky and stayed there with Ataguchu. The leaders put Cautaguan under strict surveillance and, in a few days, she gave birth to two eggs, she dying in childbirth. They took the eggs and put them in a dunghill where two screaming children came out of them. A servant took care of the children, they named them Catequil and Piguerao (in one version, it is stated that Piguerao was born with a weak condition and, therefore, returned to his grandfather Ataguchu when he died shortly after. In other version, he supports his brother in order to defeat the Guachemines). Catequil went to where his mother had died and brought her back to life. She gave him the slings that Guamansuri had left for him, so that he could kill the Guachemines. Catequil killed many Guachemines and expelled those he did not kill from the country. So he went to heaven and informed Ataguchu that the land was already free of the Guachemines and asked him to create the people to inhabit and work it. Ataguchu told him to go to the hill and to the high pasture lands called Guacat, upstream from the actual city of La Parilla de Santa. Once there, both brothers pulled the natives out of the land using gold and silver tools.
Auquis were deities that watched over each populated region.
Axomamma (Mother of potatoes) was a goddess of potatoes.
Catequil (A.k.a. Apocatequil, Apu Catequil) was the tutelar god of day and good. He's also the god of thunder and lightning in northern Peruvian highlands. Catequil and his twin brother Piguerao were born from hatched eggs. Catequil was considered as a regional variant of god Illapa.
Cavillace was a virgin goddess who ate a fruit, which was actually the sperm of Coniraya, the moon god and mother of the Coya, who raised the ñusta of the empire. When she gave birth to a son, she demanded that the father step forward. No one did, so she put the baby on the ground and it crawled towards Coniraya. She was ashamed because of Coniraya's low stature among the gods, and ran to the coast of Peru, where she changed herself and her son into rocks.
Ch'aska (Morning star; a.k.a. Ch'aska Quyllur) was the goddess of dawn, the twilight and dusk, as well as the goddess of beauty, virgin women and the flowers. She was considered as the "Venus star" due to her similarities shared with the Roman goddess Venus as well as her luminosity equated to the homologous planet, which is, after the Sun and the Moon, the brightest celestial object in the night sky.
Chaupiñamca is a divinity considered the feminine counterpart of the god Paryaqaqa. Like the latter, Chaupiñamca had five sisters, she being the eldest of all. She's represented as a rigid stone with five wings.
Chuychu (Rainbow; a.k.a. K'uychi) is the beautiful rainbow that was below both great gods (Punchaw and Ch'aska) and that was later elevated to the god of the nobles because it represented the beauty that was reserved for the nobles.
Coniraya was the moon deity who fashioned his sperm into a fruit, which Cavillaca then ate.
Conopa is a small, particularly shaped object worshiped at the domestic level in communities in the Andes of Peru.
Copacati was a lake goddess.
Ekeko was a god of the hearth and wealth. The ancients made dolls that represented him and placed a miniature version of their desires onto the doll; this was believed to cause the user to receive what he desired.
Huallallo Carhuincho (Yellowish mountain range; a.k.a. Huallallo Carhuancho, Wallallo Karwinchu, Qalalu Karwancho) was the god of fire and the main god of the wankas, depicted as a human with dog traits, with an evil profile and a devourer of children. Exiled to the jungles by Viracocha, he lives in solitude eating animals, although he also feeds on human flesh. One day, he meets a boy and plans to eat him. Then the boy revealing himself as Inti, the Sun god, is punished again by Viracocha and sent to an island, tied hand and foot, at the mercy of birds and other animals that will bite him for eternity.
Huamancantac (A.k.a. Guamancantac) was the god of guano. Due to this, he's also known as the "Lord of guano". He's represented as an idol and was associated with guano birds. Coastal people made a lot of offerings to him with the purpose of extracting some of guano for agricultural and fishing issues.
Huari (Giant; a.k.a. Guari) was the main god of Chavín culture. To them, Huari was the god of water and was also associated with the rain, lightning, agriculture and war. Huari can turn into a puma or the proper lightning. Huari was represented in the Lanzon, which is located within Chavín de Huántar. This monolith would continue to be worshiped by the Huari ethnic (possibly also the Wari culture) under the same name, but with their own characteristics. To them, Huari was the giant god of war and was associated with the sun, the water and agriculture. In addition to his giant aspect, Huari also can turn into a man, a snake and wind. Later, the Incas would adopt him into their pantheon as well.
Huaytapallana (Place where flowers are collected) was a god that had an important role during dry seasons. In other legends, Huaytapallana was a woman with a captivating beauty, she was the daughter of the god Huallallo Carhuincho, Huaytapallana fell in love with Amaru, the son of Paryaqaqa. Paryaqaqa and Huallallo had a mutual enmity even before this event, enmity that led to Huallallo killing Amaru. Paryaqaqa saddened by the loss of his son, sent a powerful flood that drawned Huaytapallana. After that, both gods had a fierce battle that destroyed everything in their path, after the battle was over, Paryaqaqa was victorious, Huallallo angered turned into a devourer of humans, blaming them by his disgrace. Viracocha watching these atrocities, punished Paryaqaqa and Huallallo for their cruelties turning both gods into snow mountains.
Hurkaway was a chthonic divinity who represented everything that was under the earth. She was represented as a guardian snake that lurks around in Uku Pacha. Another representation that Hurkaway has is that of a woman with serpentine features. It's believed that this creature is actually Urcaguary, the Inca deity of metals and treasures.
Illapa (Thunder and lightning; a.k.a. Apu Illapa, Ilyap'a, Chuquiylla, Catuilla, Intillapa, Libiac) was the god of thunder, lightning, rain, and war. In a general way, Illapa was the lord of the weather. Despite the fact that the main faculty of the deity was lightning and its other elements, Illapa had the absolute control of weather. Due to his faculty as weather god, Illapa was highly revered, especially in times of pilgrimage and drought. Illapa, as the god of war, played an essential role in war contexts. Illapa was the main protective numen of the Inca military campaigns. These were quite frequent during the expansion of the Tahuantinsuyo. As a result of his aforementioned powers, Illapa was considered the third most important god within the Inca pantheon. Only surpassed by Wiracocha and Inti. He is represented as an imposing man in brilliant garments of gold and precious stones who lived in the upper world. Likewise, Illapa carried a warak'a with which he produced storms and a golden makana, which symbolizes his power and the trinity of lightning bolt, thunder and lightning. According to the chronicler Bernabé Cobo, another representation that the Incas gave to Illapa was that of a warrior formed by stars in the celestial world. His rites took place in the highest mountains, because they believed that Illapa lived in them. His rites consisted of dances, chants, festivals and animal sacrifices (in periods of great need, human offerings were also made). Illapa manifested itself in the earthly world in the form of a puma or hawk. There is a legend that said that Illapa kept water that she drew from the Milky Way in an urpu and gave it to her sister, Mama Quilla, to take care of her. When said urpu was filled, Illapa would throw a projectile from his huaraca to the urpu producing a roar that would cause thunder, the lightning would come to be the sparks produced by the impact and finally the water would come out as rain. It is said that the Incas, to attract the attention of the god so that he would produce rain, tied up black dogs and left them without food or drink. A time would pass in which these animals would begin to sob in pain from hunger and thirst. This made the god Illapa take pity on them and send rain to prevent their deaths. It is also mentioned that if the dogs were to die, this deity demonstrated his wrath by sending a powerful lightning bolt that would strike down without leaving a trace of those responsible for the death of said animals. Illapa took place in the Coricancha as well as the god Inti and other additional gods. The Church of San Blas was built on a temple where this god was worshiped. It is believed that Sacsayhuamán would have been used both as a military fortress and as a ceremonial temple, dedicated to various divinities, among which Illapa stood out. According to the chronicler Cristóbal de Molina, Illapa had its own temple, which was known as Pucamarca.
Inti (Sun; a.k.a. Apu Inti, Apu Punchaw, Punchaw) was the sun god. Source of warmth and light and a protector of the people. Inti was considered the most important god. The Inca Emperors were believed to be the lineal descendants of the Sun god.
Ka-ata-killa was a pre-Inca moon goddess that was worshipped near Lake Titicaca.
Kolash (Human from the nest) was the god of birds and their trills. Kolash was born as a bird and later became a human, similar to god Paryaqaqa. Kolash expresses the essence of all things.
Kon (A.k.a. Wakon) was the god of rain and wind that came from the south. He was a son of Inti and Mama Killa. Kon was known as "The boneless god" because he was light weight, since he lacked bones and meat, despite this, he had a human form. Kon was also represented as a being with a felinic face, although it's believed that he wore feline masks, due to these characteristics, this god is known as "The flying feline", he carried trophy heads and a staff. In some huacos he's also depicted as a man with bird traits or a feline with prominent eyes, due to his prominent eyes, he is also known as "The eyed god". Kon can also transform into a sandstorm to move across the vast Peruvian coastal deserts. Kon created the first generation of humans, until his defeat and exile by Pachakamaq.
Mallko was known as the first son of the sun god (Wiracocha or Inti) in Vichama's myth. This established Mallko as the brother of Vichama and half-brother of Pachakamaq and Kon. When Pachacámac tears his body to pieces to create food, from the remains of Mallko's navel and umbilical cord, the sun god creates another new child. This new child would be known as Vichama. In other representations, Mallko was the Inca god of law.
Mallku (Spirits of the mountains) was a deity that represents the spirit and strength of the mountains. It takes the form of a powerful Condor.
Mama Allpa (Mother Earth) was a fertility goddess depicted with multiple breasts.
Mama Koka (Mother of coca leaves) was the goddess of health and happiness in Inca mythology. She was originally a promiscuous woman who was torn in half by several jealous lovers. After her death, one of her parts would originate the coca plant, widely consumed by the Andean people, according to their mentality, these plants gave health and happiness.
Mama Nina (Mother of fire) was the goddess of light, the fire and volcanoes.
Mama Quinoa (Mother of quinoa grain; a.k.a. Quinoa mama, Quinua mama) was the goddess of quinoa grain. Incas worshiped her fervently at the beginning of each planting season. The quinoa grain, or quinoa, was one of their main crops, and for 6,000 years it has been the staple food of the inhabitants of the Andes.
Mama Qucha (Sea mother; a.k.a. Mama Qocha, Mama Cocha) was the sea and fish goddess, protectress of sailors and fishermen. In one legend she mothered Inti and Mama Killa with Wiraqucha. Mama Qucha is considered one of the four elemental mothers, including Mama Nina (Mother of Fire), Pachamama (Mother Earth) and Mama Wayra (Mother of the Winds). Having as a curious fact that she, together with Pachamama and Mama Killa, form the three phases of the Moon
Representation of the cosmology of the Incas, according to Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua (1613), after a picture in the Sun Temple Qurikancha in Cusco, with Inti (the Sun), Mama Killa (the Moon), Illapa (the Lightning), Pachamama (Mother Earth), Mama Qucha (Mother Sea), and Chakana (Southern Cross) with Saramama (Mother Corn) and Kukamama (Mother Coca).
Mama Pacha (Mother nature or Mother Earth; a.k.a. Pachamama) was considered a sacred being by the andean cosmovision, the mother of the hills and men since she not only cares for the material but also for the spiritual, protectress of nature, provider of water and food, favoring the fertility of the earth and sheltering human beings in exchange for help and protection, the Incas promoted the greatest veneration towards her and therefore her cult was important, because the success of the empire's harvests depended on it. Although it is considered a kind spirit and collaborator of human activities, it can also be hostile to those who do not respect nature; their rancor is shown through droughts, earthquakes, or making the weather unsuitable for the growth of food. She was the wife of Pachakamaq, who was considered the god of the sky and the clouds, although in other legends, Pachakamaq was the god of fire or earthquakes. The union of the Pachamama with Pachakamaq would come to represent the union of the earth and sky, from this union, Inti and Mama Killa would be born and both were known as "The Willkas" that means "The sacred ones". Her artistic representation shows her as an adult woman who carries the harvest of potatoes and coca leaves, another representation of this goddess is that of a dragon, she is also symbolized with a spiral.
Mama Rayhuana was the goddess of flora and fauna, a source of energy and fecundity, fertility, under whose protection were vast cultivated territories of potatoes, corn, ollucos, mashua and quinoa.
Mama Killa (Mother moon) was a marriage, festival and moon goddess and daughter of Wiraqucha and Mama Qucha, as well as wife and sister of Inti. In one legend, she was the mother of Manqu Qhapaq, Pacha Kamaq, Kon and Mama Uqllu.
Mama Sara (Maize mother; a.k.a. Saramama, Zaramama) was the goddess of grain. She was associated with maize that grew in multiples or were similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Mama Sara. She was also associated with willow trees. She had several subjects:
Kuka Manka (Coca cup constellations) was a constellation that took care of magical herbs.
Sara Manka (Corn cup constellation) a constellation that took care of plant foods.
Mama Wayra (Mother of wind) was the goddess of air and winds, protectress of the birds. She was considered as a purifying goddess.
Manañamca was a malevolent feminine deity, partner of the god Huallallo Carhuincho. Like the latter, she faced the god Paryaqaqa but he defeated her and threw her into the sea.
Pacha Kamaq (The Soul of Earth, The Earth maker, The Earth shaker; a.k.a. Pachacámac, Pachakamaq) was a chthonic creator god. It's commonly considered as a reissue of god Viracocha (although they would be different gods). Pachakamaq is also a god associated with the clouds, the sky, the fire and the earthquakes. It's said the ancient Peruvians thought that a single movement of his head would cause massive cataclysms, and if he'd move completely, the world will come to its end, since Pachakamaq was a god associated with being able to predict the future and control the movements of the earth. Due to this, Pachakamaq is also known as the "God of the earthquakes". Far from being the one who protects people from telluric movements, he was the one who provoked them and who had to be pleased and offered so that he would not send said scourge. Pachakamaq was represented on a long wooden idol. The bottom part of the idol shows zoomorphic, ornitomorphic and anthropomorphic designs along with crops, plants, and atmospheric phenomena. It's believed that part represents the earth's creation by Pachakamaq. The upper part of the idol shows Pachakamaq with two faces of aggressive expression, representing a symbol of the duality of pre-hispanic andean thought. He was considered as the creator god of the second generation of humans, after a fierce and long battle between Pachakamaq and the god Kon, a battle in which Kon would end up being defeated and banished by the victorious Pachakamaq. Pachakamaq was worshiped earlier by the Ichma and was highly respected, because no one could not look him directly eye to eye and even his priests entered backwards to see him. Due to his powerful influence, the Incas adopted him into their pantheon as part of the Inca creation myth. Only high dignitaries entered the great temples, but ordinary pilgrims could observe and make their own sacrifices in the plazas.
Paryaqaqa (Stone falcon) was the god of water in pre-Inca mythology, coming from an ethnic group called Yauyos and later adopted by the Huanca culture when the Huancas were defeated by the Yauyos, when the Incas defeated both ethnic groups, Paryaqaqa was later adopted by them into their pantheon as well. He was a storm god and considered as a creator god. He was born as a falcon like his five brothers in Condorcoto mountain, to later become a Kolash (human from the nest). One legend says this god left his divine life in the sky when he saw a humble man crying, Paryaqaqa dismayed, asked him the reason for his sadness, he told the god that another god called Huallallo Carhuincho threatened the people of the saddened man that if they don't give him enough human sacrifices, he'd burn the whole village, so Paryaqaqa descended, went to fight against the malevolent god, when the battle was over, the god Paryaqaqa was victorious and then the village was set free from the tyranny of Huallallo, the people of the village worshiped Paryaqaqa fervently as a sign of gratefulness. Same as Catequil, Paryaqaqa was considered as a regional variant of god Illapa.
Paricia was a god who sent a flood to kill humans who did not respect him adequately. Possibly another name for Paryaqaqa.
Piguerao (A.k.a. Pikiru) was the tutelar god of night and evil.
Puñuy (A.k.a. Puñui) was a divinity associated with dreams and the act of sleeping. There was a sanctuary dedicated to this deity in Cusco. In it, rituals were executed with the purpose of obtaining a good sleep and not dying while sleeping.
Qhaxra-kamayuq (The one who takes care of sowing) was a guardian deity who made an effort to prevent thieves from entering houses.
Qhoa (A.k.a. Qoa, Coa, Ccoa, K'oa, Khoa, Cahua, Caua, Qowa, Quwa) was a big feline deity that lives in sky and was able to bring the rain, the storms, the rainbow and hail. Qhoa was depicted as a large winged flying feline (that can be a puma, a jaguar or an oscollo). As a deity considered to be the bringer of rain and storms that help the growth of crops and fertilization of the earth (similar to god Illapa), Incas worshiped it fervently. The Qhoa was a benevolent deity to whom they asked for rain and it was granted. But like all sacred beings, Qhoa also launched its punishments through hail or storms. It's believed this deity jumped from cloud to cloud, dropping lightning bolts that come out of its eyes to the earth, its loud roar was the thunder, its urine was the rain and the flapping of its large wings would be hail. In some andean communities they still say that Qhoa plays in the heights, entering and leaving the lagoons.
Qoyllur (Star; a.k.a. Coyllur, Quyllur) was the goddess of the stars, as well as Qoyllur had an important position as a deity of light. She was the companion of Mama Killa, they were always together since without Qoyllur's company the nights would not have the same luminosity, the stars were a perfect complement.
Rímac and Chaclla were two brother gods who sacrificed themselves to end a drought that plagued the coast in ancient times. Rímac became a river and Chaclla became the rain.
Runacoto was a divinity associated with masculine virility. Due to this, people with a short virile member went to ask him for help to grow their virile member.
Sorimana (A.k.a. Solimana) was a pre-Inca god of volcanoes and earthquakes. Solimana also shares the name of a volcano located in Arequipa, Peru.
Supay was both the god of death and ruler of the Uku Pacha as well as a race of demons. Supay was also the personification of all evilness. However, he was considered an ambivalent god that could be considered both evil and good. Supay was represented as a human figure with a strong resemblance to demons, having long horns and ears, a felinic head, very perceptive eyes and sharp teeth. Supay also has the ability to turn into a beautiful Inca woman as well as a very attractive Inca man, these abilities turns him into a danger for those who did not show respect or who tried to make fun of him. Despite this, there were people who believed in his great power, thus reaching the point of worshiping him, so that he would grant them favors for evil or good through rituals, offerings and the creation of altars. The ancient legends told that Supay went beyond that evil that he evoked, since they described him as the protector of the path that will be traveled when dying, likewise, the Incas believed that after dying, the soul passes into the background. This background for them meant a new beginning with the Inca gods. Despite the description of the Supay as an evil being, he was good at the end of days for those who awaited his death, which made the Incas believe that since ancient times, the god Supay was a being that equilibrated the balance between the good and evil. In addition to giving them the feeling that there will always be evil, but not enough.
Temenduare and Arikute were brother gods who, with their clashes, caused a flood. This as a result of conjuring a bestial being provided with a hundred legs of water. Temenduare and Arikute are thought to be other names for the gods Vichama and Mallko.
Tumayricapac and Tumayhanampa were pre-Inca twin gods from a region called Chinchaycocha. These two are associated with the lightning and are considered as civilizing heroes as well. Likewise, both brothers were regional variants of the god Yana Raman and, therefore, also of the god Illapa.
Tunupa was the aymara god of volcanoes as well as lightning and water. According to Collasuyo's myths, Tunupa put order in the world and is often confused with Viracocha.
Tulumanya (A.k.a. Turumanyay) was the first rainbow (rainbow of the ancients), from whose chest the Amaru is born by Viracocha's orders.
Urcaguary was the Inca deity of metals, jewels and other underground items of great value. The gender of this deity is ambiguous, so it can be a feminine or masculine divinity. Urcaguary lives beneath mountains protecting treasures and jewels from ambitious people who dare to steal them. Urcaguary was represented with a snake body and a taruka head, gold chains and precious stones were linked in its snake tail. It's believed that the taruka or deer head is due to its way of thinking.
Urquchillay was the god of cattle and domestic animals. Urquchillay was worshipped mainly by Inca herders because he watched over animals and maintained the welfare of the herds and multiply their offspring. Urquchillay was represented as a strong man with a llama head as well as a multicoloured llama or ram.
Urpihuachay (The one that gives birth to pigeons; a.k.a. Urpihuachac, Urpayhuachac, Urpayhuachay) was the creator goddess of the birds and fishes, coming originally from Chincha culture and later adopted by the Inca pantheon as wife of Pachakamaq in some legends. She's depicted as a woman with mixed fish and bird traits. In one legend, it's said after Cavillace and her son jumped into the sea and turned into two isles in front of the sanctuary of the god Pachakamaq, Coniraya decided to get revenge against Pachakamaq and sought Urpihuachay and her daughters with the attempt to rape them, the goddess wasn't there, she was visiting Cavillace already turned into an island, Coniraya took advantage and found the goddess daughters, fortunately, they could escape from the angered god by turning themselves into birds and flying far away. Coniraya still angered, threw all Urpihuachay's belongings to the sea, among them, the fishes only Urpihuachay knew how to raise, these were thrown in ponds near the temple, once in the sea, fishes multiplied since then and Urpihuachay was considered as the mother of all birds and fishes.
Vichama (A.k.a. Wichama, Atipa) was the son of the Sun god (Wiracocha or Inti) in Vichama's myth. This established Vichama as the brother of Mallko and the half-brother of Pachakamaq and Kon. He was created by the sun god from the remains of his brother Mallko's umbilical cord and navel, which was torn to pieces by Pachakamaq's wrath. In the aforementioned myth, Vichama was a divinity associated with revenge, death and, to a lesser extent, with war.
Viracocha (Quechua: Wiraqucha Pachayachachiq; Pachayachachiq means in English: "Teacher of the world") was the god of everything. It is said that he came from the sea and created the sun, the moon and the stars to light up the world that was inmersed in darkness. Viracocha also created time (ordering the Sun to move itself in the sky). Following the creation, he created the humanity by blowing on the stones, but he didn't like what he created because from this first attempt to create humanity, they turned out to be strong and violent giants with no intelligence (in other legends, the first attempt was conceived before the creation of the sun and humanity turned out to be Ñawpa Machus that means "the primordial old ones", depicted as tall and skinny humans. Despite this fact, they had a brutal strength and were as violent as evil, then Viracocha created the sun, irradiating the light that put an end to them), the giants did not recognize Viracocha as their creator and they rebelled against him, then Viracocha sent a devastating deluge that destroyed them, and from the remaining small stones, he created a better humanity. Viracocha was present as the creator of everything in existence in several ancient civilizations and cultures around South America like Sechin culture, Caral-Supe civilization, Chavín culture, Wari culture, Tiwanaku, etc. Incas were not the exception; they considered Viracocha as the creator of all the Cosmos as well as the substance that gives rise to all of things. In the beginning he was the main god, but when Pachakuti became Inca emperor, he changed this god's importance, pointing out that the most important god was Inti, this is because the support of Inti against the Chankas, turning the Inca Kingdom of Cusco into a great and prosperous empire. Despite this fact, Viracocha was still worshiped fervently, but just the Sapa Incas or emperors were allowed to worship him, leaving Inti as the main god of the Inca people.
Wasikamayuq (The one who takes care of home) was the tutelary god of home. Wasikamayuq was supported by other deities like Qhaxra-kamayuq, they both ensured security in Inca homes.
Yanañamca and Tutañamca (Huaca of the darkness and Huaca of the night) were the twin gods of darkness and night. They ruled the world at the beginning of time, before the gods took care of the earth. Viracocha sends Huallallo Carhuincho, god of fire, to defeat them and, at the same time, illuminate the earth, although the latter stayed taking advantage of it and devouring his faithful ones.
Yana Raman (A.k.a. Libiac Cancharco, Libiac) was the pre-Inca god of lightning. He's considered as the main god and hence the creator of an ethnic group called Yaros or Llacuaces. Likewise, he's considered as the base of the cult of god Illapa, that means, when the Incas assimilated Yaros within Tahuantinsuyo, the god Yana Raman was renewed as the god Illapa.
Important beliefs
Mama Uqllu was the sister and wife of Manqu Qhapaq. She was thought to have taught the Inca the art of spinning.
Mamaconas were similar to nuns and lived in temple sanctuaries. They dedicated their lives to Inti, and served the Inca and priests. Young girls of the nobility or of exceptional beauty were trained for four years as acllas and then had the option of becoming mamaconas or marrying Inca nobles. They are comparable to the Roman Vestal Virgins, though Inca society did not value virginity as a virtue the way Western societies have done throughout history.
In one legend, Unu Pachakuti was a great flood sent by Virachocha to destroy the giants that built Tiwanaku.
A Wak'a was a sacred object such as a mountain or a mummy.
Ancestor worship has been a staple of Andean society before, during, and after the Inca Empire. The traditional communities of the Andes are known as ayllu which are familial clans that trace their origins to a common ancestor. A form of ancestor worship practiced by the Inca was the mummification and respect for their deceased relatives' remains. These mummies would be provided food, drink, clothing, and valuable items, they were considered links to the family and the gods and were consulted when the family needed spiritual advice. The panaqa was a family formed by all of the descendants of the king, Sapa Inka with only the son and heir being excluded from this family. The reason for this is so the Auqui, crown prince, forms his own panaqa. One of the major functions of the panaqa was to maintain the mummy and the memory of deceased Sapa Inca's.
Important places
Inca cosmology was ordered in three spatio-temporal levels or Pachas. These included:
Uku Pacha ("the lower world") was located within the earth's surface.
Kay Pacha was the world in which we live.
Hanan Pacha ("higher world") was the world above us where the sun and moon lived.
The environment and geography were integral part of Inca mythology as well. Many prominent natural features within the Inca Empire were tied to important myths and legends amongst the Inca. For example, Lake Titicaca, an important body of water on the Altiplano, was incorporated into Inca myths, as the lake of origins from which the world began. Similarly, many of prominent Andean peaks played special roles within the mythology of the Incas. This is reflected in myths about the Paxil mountain, from which people were alleged to have been created from corn kernels that were scattered by the gods. Terrestrial environments were not the only type of environment that was important to mythology. The Incas often incorporated the stars into legends and myths. For example, many constellations were given names and were incorporated into stories, such as the star formations of the Great Llama and the Fox. While perhaps not relating to a single physical feature per se, environmental sound was extremely important in Inca mythology. For example, in the creation myth of Viracocha the sound of the god's voice is particularly important. Additionally, myths were transmitted orally, so the acoustics and sound of a location were important for Inca mythology. These examples demonstrate the power that environment held in creating and experiencing Inca myths.
The most important temple in the Inca Empire was known as Coricancha ("The Golden Temple" in Quechua) which was located in the heart of Inca Cusco and according to Inca legend was built by Manco Cápac as a place of worship for the principle deity of the Inca, the sun god Inti. During the reign of Pachakutiq Inca this temple was the home of the riches of the Inca Empire, housing gold, important religious artifacts, and gilded effigies of important Inca deities. The Coricancha being in the heart of Cusco, which is in the heart of the Inca Empire, is the point of convergence of the 41 pathways leading out of Cusco into the rest of the empire with a system called ceque, which served a political, religious, and administrative role in the Inca Empire. The Coricancha was the site of important religious ceremonies, such as during the Inti Raymi in which after a procession through Cusco, the Sapa Inka would enter the Coricancha. In the temple concave mirrors would focus the sun's rays to light a fire for the sacrifice of llamas and in certain circumstances, children to please and pay tribute to the gods. The Coricancha also functioned as an observatory for the Inca, as it aligned with the sun on important days of the year such as solstices and equinoxes, alining the heavens and the earth, an important theme in the beliefs and religion of the Inca. Coricancha's use as an observatory was also useful for understanding when in the year the Inca were, and what food would be available throughout the year.
Inca symbols
Chakana on an Inca Uncu
Chakana (or Andean Cross) is pre-Incan symbol used by many Andean cultures and which was adopted by the Inca later. There exist many different New Age interpretations regarding this symbol which are not supported by scholarly literature.
Inti - The Inca sun god which became the principle deity of the Inca Empire. The symbol of Inti is depicted on the flag of Argentina, Coat of arms of Ecuador, Flag of Uruguay, and the historical Flag of Peru. The Sun has clear importance to the Inca civilization, which can even be seen in the architecture of the empire. The Ushnus, were buildings where the leading soldiers would pledge to be loyal towards the leadership of the Inca leadership, and these buildings have a deep connection to the sun.
Deployments
Mythology served many purposes within the Inca Empire. Mythology could often be used to explain natural phenomena or to give the many denizens of the empire a way of thinking about the world. For example, there is a well-known origin myth that describes how the Inca Empire began at its center in Cusco. In this origin myth, four men and women emerged from a cave near Cusco, and began to settle within the Valley of Cusco, much to the chagrin of the Hualla people who had already been inhabiting the land. The Hualla subsided by growing coca and chili peppers, which the Incas associated with the peoples of the Amazon and who were perceived to be inferior and wild. The Inca engaged in battle with the Hualla, fighting quite viciously, and eventually the Inca emerged victorious. The myth alleges these first Inca people would plant corn, a mainstay of the Inca diet, on the location where they viciously defeated the Hualla. Thus, the myth continues, the Inca came to rule over the entire Cusco Valley, before eventually going on to conquer much of the Andean world.
In creating this myth, the Incas reinforced their authority over the empire. Firstly, by associating the Hualla with plants from the jungle, the Inca's origin myth would have likely caused the listener to think that the Hualla were primitive compared to the superior Inca. Thus, the Inca's defeat of the Hualla and their supposed development of maize based agriculture, supported the notion that the Inca were the rightful stewards of the land, as they were able to make the land productive and tame. These myths were reinforced in the many festivals and rites that were celebrated throughout the Inca Empire. For example, there were corn festivals that were celebrated annually during the harvest. During these festivals the Inca elite were celebrated alongside the corn and the main deity of the Inca, Inti. As such, the myth of original Inca's planting of the corn crop was utilized to associate the ruling Inca elite with the gods, as well as portraying them as being the bringers of the harvest. In this way, the origin myths of the Inca were used to justify the elite position of the Inca within their vast, multiethnic empire. Within the Inca Empire, the Inca held a special status of "Inca by Blood", that granted them significant privileges over non-Inca peoples. The ability of the Inca to support their elite position was no small feat, given that less than fifty thousand Inca were able to rule over millions of non-Inca peoples. Mythology was an important way by which the Inca were able to justify both the legitimacy of the Inca state, as well as their privileged position with the state.
The strategic deployment of Inca mythology did not end after the Inca empire was colonized by the Spanish. In fact, Inca mythology was utilized in order to resist and challenge the authority of the Spanish colonial authorities. Many Inca myths were utilized to criticize the wanton greed of European imperialism. There was widespread killing and rape of women and children in Peru by the European soldiers. For example, there are myths among the indigenous people of the former Inca empire that tell the stories of foreigners who come into the Andes and destroy valuable objects. One such myth is the tale of Atoqhuarco amongst the Quechua, which describes how an indigenous woman is destroyed in an act of rebellion against a lascivious foreigner who in turn is eventually transformed into a predatory fox. Powerful colonial institutions are also critiqued in some of these myths, with the Catholic Church being frequently lambasted. For example, the story of the Priest and Sexton highlights the hypocrisy and abusive nature of a Catholic Priest and his callous treatment of his indigenous parishioners. As such, these myths show that Inca mythology was strategically deployed to subvert and rebel against Spanish rule in the former Inca Empire.
Inca mythology continues to be a powerful force in contemporary Andean communities. After the nations that were once a part of the Inca Empire gained their independence from Spain, many of these nations struggled to find a suitable origin myth to support the legitimacy of their state. In the early twentieth century, there was a resurgence of interest about the indigenous heritage of these new nations. While these references to Inca mythology can be more overt, such as the presence of Inti on the Argentine flag, other references to the Inca mythology can be subtler. For example, in the late twentieth century the Peruvian Revolutionary government made reference to Inca myths about Pachamama, an Inca Mother Earth figure, in order to justify their land distribution programs. Additionally, modern governments continue to make reference to the former Inca Empire in order to support their claims of legitimacy, to the point that there are municipally funded observances of rituals referencing Inca mythology, especially in and around Cusco. The power of Inca mythology resonates in contemporary politics, with politicians like Alejandro Toledo making references to Inca mythology and imagery during their candidacies and tenures. While the Inca Empire may have ceased to exist hundreds of years ago, its vibrant mythology continues to influence life throughout Peru today.
Animals in Inca religion
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vte
Like other Native American cultures, the Inca society was heavily influenced by the local animal populations, both as food, textile, and transportational sources as well as religious and cultural cornerstones. Many myths and legends of the Inca include or are solely about an animal or a mix of animals and their interactions with the gods, humans, and or natural surroundings. Animals were also important in Inca astronomy, with the Milky Way symbolized as a river, with the stars within it being symbolized as animals that the Inca were familiar with in and around this river.
Llamas
Llamas were important to the economy of the vast Inca Empire, they could be used for wool, transportation of goods, and food. They also played a major role in the religious lives of the Inca, being a valuable sacrifice to the Gods and used in important religious ceremonies as offerings. Urcuchillay was a god worshipped by the Inca, in particular llama herders, Urcuchillay was believed to protect and watch over the llamas of the land. Llama artwork created by the Inca shows further reverence towards llamas, an example of this is a depiction of a llama constructed out of pure gold, an extremely valuable material for the Inca because of its religious significance as it was considered the sweat of the sun, the most worshipped deity for the Inca, Inti.
Pumas
The Inca had religious reverence for the cougar, commonly known as a puma in South America. The Incas believed the puma to represent power and strength, as well as patience and wisdom. The original Inca Capital Cusco took the shape of a puma, with the massive citadel of Sacsayhuaman representing the head of the puma. The site of Qenko north of Cusco contains monoliths and astronomically aligned structures, which on certain days create light and shadow effects. At the June solstice sunrise, light passes through a carefully designed fissure aligned to
illuminate first one of the gnomons and then the other, with both casting shadows that create an image. The result is known as “the awakening of the puma” The puma is also associated with wealth and prosperity. The Huarochiri Manuscript mentions how it was a practice of the Inca to wear puma skins to display their wealth.
Condors
For the Inca, the condor was believed to connect the earthly world of man, Kay Pacha, with the upper world and the gods, Hanan Pacha. Believed to be the messengers of heaven to men, and the Inca to their patron deity, Inti. Today, the people of the Andes still hold the condor as sacred. In some towns, the Andean ritual of the "Yawar Fiesta", or Blood Festival, is still being celebrated, in this festival condors fight bulls, with the condor representing the Inca, while the bull represents the Spaniards.
Dogs
The Inca bred dogs for hunting and scavenging but rarely for religious purposes. The Huanca people, however, had a much more religious basis for their consumption of dog meat as in Inca mythology Paria Caca, their god, was pictured as feeding solely on dog after he defeated another god, Huallallo Carhuincho, in a skirmish. In some parts of South America the Huanca are referred to as "the dog-eating Huanca". This behaviour of eating dog was looked down upon in other parts of the empire.
There also exists a city named Alqollacta, or "Dog town", which contains statues of dogs and are thought to represent the souls of dogs that have died. The people would often save up bones and leave them at the statues so that it would give them a better standing in the afterlife.
Dogs were sometimes believed to be able of moving between life and death and also see the soul of the dead. In addition, the Inca believed that unhappy dead souls could visit people in the form of black dogs. The Aymara people of Bolivia were reported to believe that dogs were associated with death and incest. They believed that those who die must cross an ocean to the afterlife in the ear of, or on the nose of, a black dog. Additionally, some sources report that women who sleep alone at night were capable of being impregnated by ghosts which would yield a baby with dog feet.
Bears
Despite there only being one bear species in South America (the spectacled bear, Tremarctus ornatus), the story of The Bear's Wife and Children is a prominent story among the Inca. The Andean people believed that bears represented the sexual habits of men and women and the girls were warned of "bear-rape". This story details a bear who disguises himself as a man who subdues a girl and takes her to his cave where he feeds her and takes care of her. Soon after, she bares two half bear half human children. With the help of the children the three are able to escape the cave and return to human society. The bear children are given to the town's priest who attempts to kill the cubs several times (by throwing them off buildings, sending them into the wild, sending them to fight officers) but is only capable of getting the younger bear-child killed. The older bear beats the trials and is sent to fight a damned soul, which he defeats and saves from damnation. The soul gives the bear his estate and wealth and the now fully grown bear man leaves human society as a white dove. This tale could be interpreted as a Native American's plight story against the Hispanic society in which they find them in, which becomes more believable as this folklore become more prominent after the Spanish Conquest.
In addition to this story, half bear half human beings called Ukuku are thought to be the only being that are able to bring ice from the top of mountains as they have the intelligence of men but the strength of bears. Ukuku clowns can be seen in the Corpus Christi celebrations of Cuzco where they undergo pilgrimage to a nearby glacier and spend the night on the ice as an initiation of manhood.
Foxes
The fox did not generally have a good reputation among the Inca or people of the Andes and was seen as an omen. Sacrifices to the gods included a variety of goods and animals, including humans, but were never seen to ever include foxes. Inca mythology contains references to gods being deceived by foxes. In one encounter, the deity Cuniraya Viracocha was angered by a fox and stated that "As for you, even when you skulk around keeping your distance, people will thoroughly despise you and say ‘That fox is a thief!’. When they kill you they'll carelessly throw you away and your skin too". In other narratives, the fox is said to have tried to steal the moon but the moon hugged the fox close which resulted in the spots on the moon. Finally, the fox still plays a role in current Andean society where the howling of a fox in the month of August is perceived as a sign of good luck.
The Inca had indigenous names for constellations as well as interstellar clouds (dark nebulae) visible from the Southern hemisphere. The fox (Atoq in quechua) is the name for one dark nebulae in the milky way, and Andean narratives, including Inca ones, may refer to the dark nebulae rather than the animal.
Pre-Inca Andean beliefs
Prior to the founding of the Inca Empire, there were several other cultures in various areas of Peru with their own beliefs, including cultures of the Chavín, Paracas, Moche, and Nazca. Additional pre-Inca beliefs can be found in the Huarochirí Manuscript, a 17th-century text that records the myths, culture, and beliefs of people in the Huarochirí Province of the Western Andes.
One of the most important figures in Pre-Inca Andean beliefs is the creator deity Viracocha, who even during Inca times was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.
See also
Civilizations portal
Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)
Guaman Poma
Religion in the Inca Empire
Huarochirí Manuscript
Sources
^ Handbook of Inca Mythology by Paul Richard Steele, Catherine J. Alen
^ The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, Brian S. Bauer, Vania Smith
^ Bauer, Brian (1996). "Legitimization of The State in Inca Myth and Ritual". American Anthropologist. 98 (2): 332. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090. ProQuest 198096887.
^ Roza, Greg (2008). Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
^ Sacred Mountain Expedition: April 2007
^ Gose, Peter (2008). Invaders as Ancestors: On the Intercultural Making and Unmaking of Spanish Colonialism in the Andes. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0802096173.
^ Cartwright, Mark. "Inca Mummies". Worlhistory.org.
^ Heydt-Coca, Magda von der (1999). "When Worlds Collide: The Incorporation Of The Andean World Into The Emerging World-Economy In The Colonial Period". Dialectical Anthropology. 24 (1): 1–43.
^ Steele, Richard James (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. ABC-CLIO.
^ a b c Toohey, Jason (Jul–Sep 2013). "Feeding the Mountains: Sacred Landscapes, Mountain Worship, and Sacrifice in the Maya and Inca Worlds". Reviews in Anthropology. 42 (3): 161–178. doi:10.1080/00938157.2013.817870. S2CID 162295781.
^ a b Bryan, Penprase (2017). The Power of Stars. Chem: Springer. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-3-319-52595-2.
^ Classen, Constance (Nov 1990). "Sweet colors, fragrant songs: sensory models of the Andes and the Amazon". American Ethnologist. 17 (4): 722–735. doi:10.1525/ae.1990.17.4.02a00070.
^ Farrington, Ian (2018). development of the imperial capital. The Oxford Handbook of the Incas. p. 71.
^ Krupp, Edwin (1994). Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–47.
^ Gullberg, S. R. (2019). "Inca astronomy: Horizon, light, and shadow". Astronomische Nachrichten. 340 (1–3). Astronomical Notes: 23–29. Bibcode:2019AN....340...23G. doi:10.1002/asna.201913553. S2CID 132251616.
^ Moyano, Ricardo (2014). Astronomical Observations on Inca Ushnus in the Southern Andes. London: NASA. p. 189.
^ a b c d e f Bauer, Brian (June 1996). "Legitimization of the State in Inca Myth and Ritual". American Anthropologist. 98 (2): 327–337. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090.
^ Peregrine, Peter N; Ember, Ember (2007). Encyclopedia of Prehistory (7 ed.). Boston: Springer. pp. 150–194.
^ a b c Marín-Dale, Margarita (2016). Decoding Andean Mythology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607815099.
^ a b c Molinié, Antionette (Sep 2004). "The resurrection of the Inca: the role of Indian representations in the invention of the Peruvian nation". History & Anthropology. 15 (3): 233. doi:10.1080/0275720042000257467. S2CID 162202435.
^ Busaniche, José Luis (1965). Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Solar.
^ Greene, Shane (February 2005). "Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru". NACLA Report on the Americas. 38 (4): 34–69. doi:10.1080/10714839.2005.11724499. S2CID 157493498.
^ Gullberg, Steven. "A Comparison of Dark Constellations of the Milky Way".
^ Flores-Blanco, Luis (2022). "Reconstructing the sequence of an Inca Period (1470-1532 CE) camelid sacrifice at El Pacífico, Peru". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 41: 103247. Bibcode:2022JArSR..41j3247F. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103247. S2CID 244700830.
^ Lourie, Peter (1998). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon: A Chronicle of an Incan Treasure. Bison Books. ISBN 0803279809.
^ Branca, Domencio (2021). Cusco: Profile of an Andean city. 113: Cities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Gullberg, Steven (2019). "Cultural Astronomy for Inspiration". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 15: 265–268. doi:10.1017/S1743921321000612. hdl:11244/334969. S2CID 245386633.
^ Steele, Paul Richard (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. abc-cilo. p. 164.
^ Highfield, Johnathan (2004). "The dreaming quipucamayoq: Myth and landscape in Wilson Harris' The Dark Jester". Atlantic Studies. 1 (2): 196–209. doi:10.1080/1478881042000270800. S2CID 161250701.
^ Arguedas, Jose Maria (2002). Yawar Fiesta. Waveland Press. ISBN 1577662458.
^ a b c d e f Handbook of Inca Mythology. Allen, Catherine (Hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-354-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ de Molina, Christobal (2011). Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
^ Saloman, Frank (1991). The Huarochiri Manuscript: a testament of ancient and colonial Andean religion. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
^ Mills, Alice (2005). Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies. Global Book Publishing. pp. 494–497. ISBN 1740480910.
^ Dover, Robert V. H. (1992). Andean cosmologies through time: persistence and emergence. Caribbean and Latin American studies. Indiana University Press. p. 274. ISBN 0-253-31815-7.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inca civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_civilization"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzco"},{"link_name":"Quechua peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Quichuas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quichua"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"pantheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"cosmogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony"},{"link_name":"empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Inca beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Inca mythology is the universe of legends and collective memory of the Inca civilization, which took place in the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, incorporating in the first instance, systematically, the territories of the central highlands of Peru to the north.Inca mythology was successful due to political, commercial, and military influence, before the conquest of the territories to the south and north of Cuzco, which later gave rise to the nascent empire. The identity of the Quechua peoples in Peru and Bolivia; and the Quichuas (Kichwa) in Ecuador; they share this spatial and religious perception that unites them through their most significant deity: the god Inti.Inca mythology was nourished by a series of legends and myths of their own, which sustained the pantheist religion of the Inca Empire, centralized in Cusco. The Inca people worshiped their gods, as in other religions. Some names of gods were repeated or were called in the same way in different provinces of the Inca people. Later, all these gods were unified and formed what is called the true Inca pantheon.What was applied by the Inca cosmogony in the field of beliefs should be considered as one of the most important instruments used in the process of the formation of the empire along with the economic, social, and administrative transformations.In a general way, Inca mythology or religion includes many stories and legends that attempt to explain or symbolize Inca beliefs.[1]","title":"Inca mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gary Urton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Urton"},{"link_name":"quipus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"phonological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"logographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"}],"text":"Scholarly research demonstrates that Runa (Quechua speakers) belief systems were integrated with their view of the cosmos, especially in regard to the way that the Runa observed the motions of the Milky Way and the solar system as seen from Cusco, the capital of Tawantinsuyu whose name means \"rock of the owl\". From this perspective, their stories depict the movements of constellations, planets, and planetary formations, which are all connected to their agricultural cycles. This was especially important for the Runa, as they relied on cyclical agricultural seasons, which were not only connected to annual cycles, but to a much wider cycle of time (every 800 years at a time). This way of keeping time was deployed in order to ensure the cultural transmission of key information, in spite of regime change or social catastrophes.After the Spanish conquest of Peru by Francisco Pizarro, colonial officials burned the records kept by the Runa.[citation needed] There is currently a theory put forward by Gary Urton that the quipus could have been a binary system capable of recording phonological or logographic data. Still, to date, all that is known is based on what was recorded by priests, from the iconography on Inca pottery and architecture, and from the myths and legends that have survived among the indigenous peoples of the Andes.","title":"Basic beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manco Cápac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Lake Titicaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Paqariq Tampu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqariq_Tampu"},{"link_name":"Ayar Cachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayar_Cachi"},{"link_name":"huaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca"},{"link_name":"Manco Capac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Ayar Cachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayar_Cachi"},{"link_name":"Mama Ocllo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Ocllo"},{"link_name":"Mama Raua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Raua"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Titicaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca"},{"link_name":"Inca Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Ayar Cachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayar_Cachi"},{"link_name":"Mama Ocllo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Ocllo"},{"link_name":"Mama Raua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Raua"},{"link_name":"Mama Cura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Cura"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"ayllu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayllu"}],"text":"Manco Cápac was the legendary founder of the Inca Dynasty in Peru and the Cusco Dynasty at Cusco. The legends and history surrounding him are very contradictory, especially those concerning his rule at Cuzco and his origins. In one legend, he was the son of Viracocha. In another, he was brought up from the depths of Lake Titicaca by the sun god Inti. However, commoners were not allowed to speak the name of Viracocha, which is possibly an explanation for the need for three foundation legends rather than just one.[2]There were also many myths about Manco Cápac and his coming to power. In one myth, Manco Cápac and his brother Pacha Kamaq were sons of the sun god Inti. Manco Cápac was worshiped as the fire and sun god. In another myth, Manco Cápac was sent with Mama Ocllo (others even mention numerous siblings) to Lake Titicaca where they resurfaced and settled on the Isla Del Sol. According to this legend, Manco Cápac and his siblings were sent up to the earth by the sun god and emerged from the cave of Puma Orco at Paqariq Tampu carrying a golden staff called \"tapac-yauri\". They were instructed to create a Temple of the Sun in the spot where the staff sank into the earth to honor the sun god Inti, their father. During the journey, one of Manco's brothers (Ayar Cachi) was tricked into returning to Puma Urqu and sealed inside or alternatively was turned to ice, because his reckless and cruel behavior angered the tribes that they were attempting to rule. (huaca).Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote that there was a hill referred to as Tambotoco, about 33 kilometers from Cuzco, where eight men and women emerged as the original Inca's. The men were Manco Capac, Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Uchu. The women were Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Ipacura, and Mama Raua.[3]In another version of this legend, instead of emerging from a cave in Cuzco, the siblings emerged from the waters of Lake Titicaca. Since this was a later origin myth than that of Pacaritambo it may have been created as a ploy to bring the powerful Aymara tribes into the fold of the Tawantinsuyo.In the Inca Virachocha legend, Manco Cápac was the son of Inca Viracocha of Paqariq Tampu which is 25 km (16 mi) south of Cuzco. He and his brothers (Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, and Ayar Uchu); and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua, and Mama Cura) lived near Cusco at Paqariq Tampu, and uniting their people and the ten ayllu they encountered in their travels to conquer the tribes of the Cusco Valley. This legend also incorporates the golden staff, which is thought to have been given to Manco Cápac by his father. Accounts vary, but according to some versions of the legend, the young Manco jealously betrayed his older brothers, killed them, and then became Cusco.","title":"Inca foundation legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diablo_pune%C3%B1o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supay"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"ayllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayllu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steele2008-4"},{"link_name":"Apu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu_(god)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Amaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"llama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama"},{"link_name":"taruka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruca"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm"},{"link_name":"hail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail"},{"link_name":"wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"crop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"valle del Mantaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantaro_Valley"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Ataguchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataguchu"},{"link_name":"creation myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"slings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"},{"link_name":"Auquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auquis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Axomamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axomamma"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum"},{"link_name":"Catequil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catequil"},{"link_name":"day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day"},{"link_name":"good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good"},{"link_name":"thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"Cavillace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavillace"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Coya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoya"},{"link_name":"ñusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91usta"},{"link_name":"Ch'aska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%27aska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn"},{"link_name":"twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight"},{"link_name":"dusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk"},{"link_name":"beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"homologous planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"},{"link_name":"Chaupiñamca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaupi%C3%B1amca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chuychu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuychu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Punchaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Coniraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniraya"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Conopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conopa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Copacati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copacati"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Ekeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeko"},{"link_name":"Huallallo Carhuincho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huallallo_Carhuincho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"wankas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanca"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Huamancantac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huamancantac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huari_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chavín culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_concolor"},{"link_name":"Lanzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzon"},{"link_name":"Chavín de Huántar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar"},{"link_name":"monolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanca_(monolith)"},{"link_name":"Wari culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culture"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Huaytapallana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huaytapallana_(deity)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dry seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season"},{"link_name":"flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Hurkaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurkaway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"Uku Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Illapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illapa"},{"link_name":"thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"lord of the weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_god"},{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"Tahuantinsuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Inca pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wiracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"upper world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"warak'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"makana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)"},{"link_name":"Bernabé Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"celestial world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"animal sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"human offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"earthly world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Mama Quilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Killa"},{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_familiaris"},{"link_name":"Coricancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coricancha"},{"link_name":"Church of San Blas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Blas_(Cusco)"},{"link_name":"Sacsayhuamán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Ka-ata-killa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-ata-killa"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Lake Titicaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca"},{"link_name":"Kolash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolash&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"trills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization"},{"link_name":"Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"huacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaco_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"sandstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstorm"},{"link_name":"Pachakamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Mallko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mallko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachakamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_(Pre-Incan_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mallku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallku"},{"link_name":"Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_condor"},{"link_name":"Mama Allpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Allpa"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"Mama Koka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Koka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness"},{"link_name":"coca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca"},{"link_name":"Mama Nina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Nina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Mama Quinoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Quinoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"quinoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa"},{"link_name":"Mama Qucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Qucha"},{"link_name":"sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Wiraqucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif"},{"link_name":"Qurikancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurikancha"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Mama Killa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Killa"},{"link_name":"Pachamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachamama"},{"link_name":"Chakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakana"},{"link_name":"Mama Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Pacha"},{"link_name":"harvests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Mama Killa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Killa"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"coca leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Mama Rayhuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Rayhuana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"ollucos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullucus"},{"link_name":"mashua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropaeolum_tuberosum"},{"link_name":"quinoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa"},{"link_name":"Mama Killa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Quilla"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Wiraqucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Mama Qucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Qucha"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Manqu Qhapaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_(Pre-Incan_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mama Uqllu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Ocllo"},{"link_name":"Mama Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Sara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"Kuka Manka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuka_Manka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sara Manka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Manka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mama Wayra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Wayra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Manañamca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mana%C3%B1amca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacha Kamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"massive cataclysms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"atmospheric phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics"},{"link_name":"Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_(Pre-Incan_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Ichma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichma"},{"link_name":"Paryaqaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paryaqaqa_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"Huanca culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanca"},{"link_name":"storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm"},{"link_name":"falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"Paricia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricia"},{"link_name":"Piguerao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piguerao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night"},{"link_name":"evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil"},{"link_name":"Puñuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pu%C3%B1uy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream"},{"link_name":"sleeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping"},{"link_name":"Qhaxra-kamayuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qhaxra-kamayuq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qhoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qhoa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow"},{"link_name":"hail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail"},{"link_name":"puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_concolor"},{"link_name":"jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_onca"},{"link_name":"oscollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"lightning bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder"},{"link_name":"lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Qoyllur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qoyllur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light"},{"link_name":"Mama Killa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Killa"},{"link_name":"Rímac and Chaclla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADmac_and_Chaclla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Runacoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runacoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sorimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorimana_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solimana_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Supay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supay"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"Uku Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uku_Pacha"},{"link_name":"demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil"},{"link_name":"good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"altars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"Temenduare and Arikute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temenduare_and_Arikute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tumayricapac and Tumayhanampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumayricapac_and_Tumayhanampa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"Tunupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunupa_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"Tulumanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulumanya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Amaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Urcaguary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urcaguary"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure"},{"link_name":"taruka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taruca"},{"link_name":"Urquchillay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urcuchillay"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"llama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama"},{"link_name":"Urpihuachay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urpihuachay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Chincha culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_culture"},{"link_name":"sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond"},{"link_name":"Vichama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vichama_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachakamaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq"},{"link_name":"Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_(Pre-Incan_mythology)"},{"link_name":"revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness"},{"link_name":"giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"devastating deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unu_Pachakuti"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Sechin culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casma-Sechin_culture"},{"link_name":"Caral-Supe civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization"},{"link_name":"Chavín culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"},{"link_name":"Wari culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huari_culture"},{"link_name":"Tiwanaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku"},{"link_name":"Chankas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanka"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco"},{"link_name":"Sapa Incas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapa_Inca"},{"link_name":"Wasikamayuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasikamayuq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yanañamca and Tutañamca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yana%C3%B1amca_and_Tuta%C3%B1amca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness"},{"link_name":"night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night"},{"link_name":"Yana Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yana_Raman_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"Tahuantinsuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahuantinsuyo"}],"text":"Supay, god of death, as interpreted in a carnival festivalLike the Romans, the Incas permitted the cultures they integrated into their empire to keep their individual religions. Below are some of the various gods worshiped by the peoples of the Inca empire, many of which have overlapping responsibilities and domains. Unless otherwise noted, it can safely be assumed these were worshipped by different ayllus or worshipped in particular former states.[4]Apu (Great lord) was a god or spirit of mountains. All of the important mountains have their own Apu, and some of them receive sacrifices to bring out certain aspects of their being. Some rocks and caves also are credited as having their own Apu.[5]\nAmaru (Sacred serpent) was a serpent or dragon deity often represented as a giant winged serpent, with crystalline eyes, a reddish snout, a llama head, taruka horns, and a fish tail. Depending on the variations of the Amaru, whether in the various animal features, names or tonality of its skin according to the legend told, the ophidic form of the Amaru was always present. Its symbolism is very broad: water, storms, hail, wisdom, rainbow, the Milky Way, etc. In Inca mythology, it was a symbol of wisdom, which is why the image of said totemic being was placed in the children of the Houses of Knowledge \"Yachay Wasikuna\". Amaru is associated with the economy of water, that irrigate the agricultural lands, symbolizing the vitality of the water that allows the existence of the Aymara people. Thus the deity Amaru symbolizes the water that runs through the irrigation canals, rivers and springs and that makes it possible for the seeds of the crop to be transformed into vegetables. Amaru is a mythical being that is also related to the underworld, the earth and earthquakes. According to the myths, the Amarus have protective or destructive behaviour. There's a myth called \"Amaru Aranway\" that is about two powerful Amarus fighting against each other, causing destruction and death as the fight still goes on. Then, Viracocha send the god Illapa (Lightning) and Wayra (Wind) to defeat them. The two Amarus tried to fight the gods but then they tried to escape flying to the skies, but Wayra drag them back to earth with the power of wind and Illapa fought and put the final blow to them. When the two Amarus died, they turned into the chain of mountains that are located in valle del Mantaro, Peru.\nAtaguchu (a.k.a. Atagujo, Ataguju) was a god who assisted in creation myth. The legend says Ataguchu, tired due of the Cosmos loneliness, created some divine beings to be his servants, at the same time, he created Guamansuri and sent him to earth (more precisely, the Huamanchuco province). The province was inhabited by an ethnic group called Guachemines, Guamansuri as a foreigner, was at service of the group, Guachemines leaders had a sister called Cautaguan, due to her beautifulness, she was confined. However, one day Guamansuri seduced and got Cautaguan pregnant, when the leaders realized her sister was pregnant, they instantly knew Guamansuri was the culprit, so they captured and burned Guamansuri, then they scattered his ashes. Guamansuri ashes went up to the sky and stayed there with Ataguchu. The leaders put Cautaguan under strict surveillance and, in a few days, she gave birth to two eggs, she dying in childbirth. They took the eggs and put them in a dunghill where two screaming children came out of them. A servant took care of the children, they named them Catequil and Piguerao (in one version, it is stated that Piguerao was born with a weak condition and, therefore, returned to his grandfather Ataguchu when he died shortly after. In other version, he supports his brother in order to defeat the Guachemines). Catequil went to where his mother had died and brought her back to life. She gave him the slings that Guamansuri had left for him, so that he could kill the Guachemines. Catequil killed many Guachemines and expelled those he did not kill from the country. So he went to heaven and informed Ataguchu that the land was already free of the Guachemines and asked him to create the people to inhabit and work it. Ataguchu told him to go to the hill and to the high pasture lands called Guacat, upstream from the actual city of La Parilla de Santa. Once there, both brothers pulled the natives out of the land using gold and silver tools.\nAuquis were deities that watched over each populated region.\nAxomamma (Mother of potatoes) was a goddess of potatoes.\nCatequil (A.k.a. Apocatequil, Apu Catequil) was the tutelar god of day and good. He's also the god of thunder and lightning in northern Peruvian highlands. Catequil and his twin brother Piguerao were born from hatched eggs. Catequil was considered as a regional variant of god Illapa.\nCavillace was a virgin goddess who ate a fruit, which was actually the sperm of Coniraya, the moon god and mother of the Coya, who raised the ñusta of the empire. When she gave birth to a son, she demanded that the father step forward. No one did, so she put the baby on the ground and it crawled towards Coniraya. She was ashamed because of Coniraya's low stature among the gods, and ran to the coast of Peru, where she changed herself and her son into rocks.\nCh'aska (Morning star; a.k.a. Ch'aska Quyllur) was the goddess of dawn, the twilight and dusk, as well as the goddess of beauty, virgin women and the flowers. She was considered as the \"Venus star\" due to her similarities shared with the Roman goddess Venus as well as her luminosity equated to the homologous planet, which is, after the Sun and the Moon, the brightest celestial object in the night sky.\nChaupiñamca is a divinity considered the feminine counterpart of the god Paryaqaqa. Like the latter, Chaupiñamca had five sisters, she being the eldest of all. She's represented as a rigid stone with five wings.\nChuychu (Rainbow; a.k.a. K'uychi) is the beautiful rainbow that was below both great gods (Punchaw and Ch'aska) and that was later elevated to the god of the nobles because it represented the beauty that was reserved for the nobles.\nConiraya was the moon deity who fashioned his sperm into a fruit, which Cavillaca then ate.\nConopa is a small, particularly shaped object worshiped at the domestic level in communities in the Andes of Peru.\nCopacati was a lake goddess.\nEkeko was a god of the hearth and wealth. The ancients made dolls that represented him and placed a miniature version of their desires onto the doll; this was believed to cause the user to receive what he desired.\nHuallallo Carhuincho (Yellowish mountain range; a.k.a. Huallallo Carhuancho, Wallallo Karwinchu, Qalalu Karwancho) was the god of fire and the main god of the wankas, depicted as a human with dog traits, with an evil profile and a devourer of children. Exiled to the jungles by Viracocha, he lives in solitude eating animals, although he also feeds on human flesh. One day, he meets a boy and plans to eat him. Then the boy revealing himself as Inti, the Sun god, is punished again by Viracocha and sent to an island, tied hand and foot, at the mercy of birds and other animals that will bite him for eternity.\nHuamancantac (A.k.a. Guamancantac) was the god of guano. Due to this, he's also known as the \"Lord of guano\". He's represented as an idol and was associated with guano birds. Coastal people made a lot of offerings to him with the purpose of extracting some of guano for agricultural and fishing issues.\nHuari (Giant; a.k.a. Guari) was the main god of Chavín culture. To them, Huari was the god of water and was also associated with the rain, lightning, agriculture and war. Huari can turn into a puma or the proper lightning. Huari was represented in the Lanzon, which is located within Chavín de Huántar. This monolith would continue to be worshiped by the Huari ethnic (possibly also the Wari culture) under the same name, but with their own characteristics. To them, Huari was the giant god of war and was associated with the sun, the water and agriculture. In addition to his giant aspect, Huari also can turn into a man, a snake and wind. Later, the Incas would adopt him into their pantheon as well.\nHuaytapallana (Place where flowers are collected) was a god that had an important role during dry seasons. In other legends, Huaytapallana was a woman with a captivating beauty, she was the daughter of the god Huallallo Carhuincho, Huaytapallana fell in love with Amaru, the son of Paryaqaqa. Paryaqaqa and Huallallo had a mutual enmity even before this event, enmity that led to Huallallo killing Amaru. Paryaqaqa saddened by the loss of his son, sent a powerful flood that drawned Huaytapallana. After that, both gods had a fierce battle that destroyed everything in their path, after the battle was over, Paryaqaqa was victorious, Huallallo angered turned into a devourer of humans, blaming them by his disgrace. Viracocha watching these atrocities, punished Paryaqaqa and Huallallo for their cruelties turning both gods into snow mountains.\nHurkaway was a chthonic divinity who represented everything that was under the earth. She was represented as a guardian snake that lurks around in Uku Pacha. Another representation that Hurkaway has is that of a woman with serpentine features. It's believed that this creature is actually Urcaguary, the Inca deity of metals and treasures.\nIllapa (Thunder and lightning; a.k.a. Apu Illapa, Ilyap'a, Chuquiylla, Catuilla, Intillapa, Libiac) was the god of thunder, lightning, rain, and war. In a general way, Illapa was the lord of the weather. Despite the fact that the main faculty of the deity was lightning and its other elements, Illapa had the absolute control of weather. Due to his faculty as weather god, Illapa was highly revered, especially in times of pilgrimage and drought. Illapa, as the god of war, played an essential role in war contexts. Illapa was the main protective numen of the Inca military campaigns. These were quite frequent during the expansion of the Tahuantinsuyo. As a result of his aforementioned powers, Illapa was considered the third most important god within the Inca pantheon. Only surpassed by Wiracocha and Inti. He is represented as an imposing man in brilliant garments of gold and precious stones who lived in the upper world. Likewise, Illapa carried a warak'a with which he produced storms and a golden makana, which symbolizes his power and the trinity of lightning bolt, thunder and lightning. According to the chronicler Bernabé Cobo, another representation that the Incas gave to Illapa was that of a warrior formed by stars in the celestial world. His rites took place in the highest mountains, because they believed that Illapa lived in them. His rites consisted of dances, chants, festivals and animal sacrifices (in periods of great need, human offerings were also made). Illapa manifested itself in the earthly world in the form of a puma or hawk. There is a legend that said that Illapa kept water that she drew from the Milky Way in an urpu and gave it to her sister, Mama Quilla, to take care of her. When said urpu was filled, Illapa would throw a projectile from his huaraca to the urpu producing a roar that would cause thunder, the lightning would come to be the sparks produced by the impact and finally the water would come out as rain. It is said that the Incas, to attract the attention of the god so that he would produce rain, tied up black dogs and left them without food or drink. A time would pass in which these animals would begin to sob in pain from hunger and thirst. This made the god Illapa take pity on them and send rain to prevent their deaths. It is also mentioned that if the dogs were to die, this deity demonstrated his wrath by sending a powerful lightning bolt that would strike down without leaving a trace of those responsible for the death of said animals. Illapa took place in the Coricancha as well as the god Inti and other additional gods. The Church of San Blas was built on a temple where this god was worshiped. It is believed that Sacsayhuamán would have been used both as a military fortress and as a ceremonial temple, dedicated to various divinities, among which Illapa stood out. According to the chronicler Cristóbal de Molina, Illapa had its own temple, which was known as Pucamarca.\nInti (Sun; a.k.a. Apu Inti, Apu Punchaw, Punchaw) was the sun god. Source of warmth and light and a protector of the people. Inti was considered the most important god. The Inca Emperors were believed to be the lineal descendants of the Sun god.\nKa-ata-killa was a pre-Inca moon goddess that was worshipped near Lake Titicaca.\nKolash (Human from the nest) was the god of birds and their trills. Kolash was born as a bird and later became a human, similar to god Paryaqaqa. Kolash expresses the essence of all things.\nKon (A.k.a. Wakon) was the god of rain and wind that came from the south. He was a son of Inti and Mama Killa. Kon was known as \"The boneless god\" because he was light weight, since he lacked bones and meat, despite this, he had a human form. Kon was also represented as a being with a felinic face, although it's believed that he wore feline masks, due to these characteristics, this god is known as \"The flying feline\", he carried trophy heads and a staff. In some huacos he's also depicted as a man with bird traits or a feline with prominent eyes, due to his prominent eyes, he is also known as \"The eyed god\". Kon can also transform into a sandstorm to move across the vast Peruvian coastal deserts. Kon created the first generation of humans, until his defeat and exile by Pachakamaq.\nMallko was known as the first son of the sun god (Wiracocha or Inti) in Vichama's myth. This established Mallko as the brother of Vichama and half-brother of Pachakamaq and Kon. When Pachacámac tears his body to pieces to create food, from the remains of Mallko's navel and umbilical cord, the sun god creates another new child. This new child would be known as Vichama. In other representations, Mallko was the Inca god of law.\nMallku (Spirits of the mountains) was a deity that represents the spirit and strength of the mountains. It takes the form of a powerful Condor.\nMama Allpa (Mother Earth) was a fertility goddess depicted with multiple breasts.\nMama Koka (Mother of coca leaves) was the goddess of health and happiness in Inca mythology. She was originally a promiscuous woman who was torn in half by several jealous lovers. After her death, one of her parts would originate the coca plant, widely consumed by the Andean people, according to their mentality, these plants gave health and happiness.\nMama Nina (Mother of fire) was the goddess of light, the fire and volcanoes.\nMama Quinoa (Mother of quinoa grain; a.k.a. Quinoa mama, Quinua mama) was the goddess of quinoa grain. Incas worshiped her fervently at the beginning of each planting season. The quinoa grain, or quinoa, was one of their main crops, and for 6,000 years it has been the staple food of the inhabitants of the Andes.\nMama Qucha (Sea mother; a.k.a. Mama Qocha, Mama Cocha) was the sea and fish goddess, protectress of sailors and fishermen. In one legend she mothered Inti and Mama Killa with Wiraqucha. Mama Qucha is considered one of the four elemental mothers, including Mama Nina (Mother of Fire), Pachamama (Mother Earth) and Mama Wayra (Mother of the Winds). Having as a curious fact that she, together with Pachamama and Mama Killa, form the three phases of the MoonRepresentation of the cosmology of the Incas, according to Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua (1613), after a picture in the Sun Temple Qurikancha in Cusco, with Inti (the Sun), Mama Killa (the Moon), Illapa (the Lightning), Pachamama (Mother Earth), Mama Qucha (Mother Sea), and Chakana (Southern Cross) with Saramama (Mother Corn) and Kukamama (Mother Coca).Mama Pacha (Mother nature or Mother Earth; a.k.a. Pachamama) was considered a sacred being by the andean cosmovision, the mother of the hills and men since she not only cares for the material but also for the spiritual, protectress of nature, provider of water and food, favoring the fertility of the earth and sheltering human beings in exchange for help and protection, the Incas promoted the greatest veneration towards her and therefore her cult was important, because the success of the empire's harvests depended on it. Although it is considered a kind spirit and collaborator of human activities, it can also be hostile to those who do not respect nature; their rancor is shown through droughts, earthquakes, or making the weather unsuitable for the growth of food. She was the wife of Pachakamaq, who was considered the god of the sky and the clouds, although in other legends, Pachakamaq was the god of fire or earthquakes. The union of the Pachamama with Pachakamaq would come to represent the union of the earth and sky, from this union, Inti and Mama Killa would be born and both were known as \"The Willkas\" that means \"The sacred ones\". Her artistic representation shows her as an adult woman who carries the harvest of potatoes and coca leaves, another representation of this goddess is that of a dragon, she is also symbolized with a spiral.\nMama Rayhuana was the goddess of flora and fauna, a source of energy and fecundity, fertility, under whose protection were vast cultivated territories of potatoes, corn, ollucos, mashua and quinoa.\nMama Killa (Mother moon) was a marriage, festival and moon goddess and daughter of Wiraqucha and Mama Qucha, as well as wife and sister of Inti. In one legend, she was the mother of Manqu Qhapaq, Pacha Kamaq, Kon and Mama Uqllu.\nMama Sara (Maize mother; a.k.a. Saramama, Zaramama) was the goddess of grain. She was associated with maize that grew in multiples or were similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Mama Sara. She was also associated with willow trees. She had several subjects:\nKuka Manka (Coca cup constellations) was a constellation that took care of magical herbs.\nSara Manka (Corn cup constellation) a constellation that took care of plant foods.\nMama Wayra (Mother of wind) was the goddess of air and winds, protectress of the birds. She was considered as a purifying goddess.\nManañamca was a malevolent feminine deity, partner of the god Huallallo Carhuincho. Like the latter, she faced the god Paryaqaqa but he defeated her and threw her into the sea.\nPacha Kamaq (The Soul of Earth, The Earth maker, The Earth shaker; a.k.a. Pachacámac, Pachakamaq) was a chthonic creator god. It's commonly considered as a reissue of god Viracocha (although they would be different gods). Pachakamaq is also a god associated with the clouds, the sky, the fire and the earthquakes. It's said the ancient Peruvians thought that a single movement of his head would cause massive cataclysms, and if he'd move completely, the world will come to its end, since Pachakamaq was a god associated with being able to predict the future and control the movements of the earth. Due to this, Pachakamaq is also known as the \"God of the earthquakes\". Far from being the one who protects people from telluric movements, he was the one who provoked them and who had to be pleased and offered so that he would not send said scourge. Pachakamaq was represented on a long wooden idol. The bottom part of the idol shows zoomorphic, ornitomorphic and anthropomorphic designs along with crops, plants, and atmospheric phenomena. It's believed that part represents the earth's creation by Pachakamaq. The upper part of the idol shows Pachakamaq with two faces of aggressive expression, representing a symbol of the duality of pre-hispanic andean thought. He was considered as the creator god of the second generation of humans, after a fierce and long battle between Pachakamaq and the god Kon, a battle in which Kon would end up being defeated and banished by the victorious Pachakamaq. Pachakamaq was worshiped earlier by the Ichma and was highly respected, because no one could not look him directly eye to eye and even his priests entered backwards to see him. Due to his powerful influence, the Incas adopted him into their pantheon as part of the Inca creation myth. Only high dignitaries entered the great temples, but ordinary pilgrims could observe and make their own sacrifices in the plazas.\nParyaqaqa (Stone falcon) was the god of water in pre-Inca mythology, coming from an ethnic group called Yauyos and later adopted by the Huanca culture when the Huancas were defeated by the Yauyos, when the Incas defeated both ethnic groups, Paryaqaqa was later adopted by them into their pantheon as well. He was a storm god and considered as a creator god. He was born as a falcon like his five brothers in Condorcoto mountain, to later become a Kolash (human from the nest). One legend says this god left his divine life in the sky when he saw a humble man crying, Paryaqaqa dismayed, asked him the reason for his sadness, he told the god that another god called Huallallo Carhuincho threatened the people of the saddened man that if they don't give him enough human sacrifices, he'd burn the whole village, so Paryaqaqa descended, went to fight against the malevolent god, when the battle was over, the god Paryaqaqa was victorious and then the village was set free from the tyranny of Huallallo, the people of the village worshiped Paryaqaqa fervently as a sign of gratefulness. Same as Catequil, Paryaqaqa was considered as a regional variant of god Illapa.\nParicia was a god who sent a flood to kill humans who did not respect him adequately. Possibly another name for Paryaqaqa.\nPiguerao (A.k.a. Pikiru) was the tutelar god of night and evil.\nPuñuy (A.k.a. Puñui) was a divinity associated with dreams and the act of sleeping. There was a sanctuary dedicated to this deity in Cusco. In it, rituals were executed with the purpose of obtaining a good sleep and not dying while sleeping.\nQhaxra-kamayuq (The one who takes care of sowing) was a guardian deity who made an effort to prevent thieves from entering houses.\nQhoa (A.k.a. Qoa, Coa, Ccoa, K'oa, Khoa, Cahua, Caua, Qowa, Quwa) was a big feline deity that lives in sky and was able to bring the rain, the storms, the rainbow and hail. Qhoa was depicted as a large winged flying feline (that can be a puma, a jaguar or an oscollo). As a deity considered to be the bringer of rain and storms that help the growth of crops and fertilization of the earth (similar to god Illapa), Incas worshiped it fervently. The Qhoa was a benevolent deity to whom they asked for rain and it was granted. But like all sacred beings, Qhoa also launched its punishments through hail or storms. It's believed this deity jumped from cloud to cloud, dropping lightning bolts that come out of its eyes to the earth, its loud roar was the thunder, its urine was the rain and the flapping of its large wings would be hail. In some andean communities they still say that Qhoa plays in the heights, entering and leaving the lagoons.\nQoyllur (Star; a.k.a. Coyllur, Quyllur) was the goddess of the stars, as well as Qoyllur had an important position as a deity of light. She was the companion of Mama Killa, they were always together since without Qoyllur's company the nights would not have the same luminosity, the stars were a perfect complement.\nRímac and Chaclla were two brother gods who sacrificed themselves to end a drought that plagued the coast in ancient times. Rímac became a river and Chaclla became the rain.\nRunacoto was a divinity associated with masculine virility. Due to this, people with a short virile member went to ask him for help to grow their virile member.\nSorimana (A.k.a. Solimana) was a pre-Inca god of volcanoes and earthquakes. Solimana also shares the name of a volcano located in Arequipa, Peru.\nSupay was both the god of death and ruler of the Uku Pacha as well as a race of demons. Supay was also the personification of all evilness. However, he was considered an ambivalent god that could be considered both evil and good. Supay was represented as a human figure with a strong resemblance to demons, having long horns and ears, a felinic head, very perceptive eyes and sharp teeth. Supay also has the ability to turn into a beautiful Inca woman as well as a very attractive Inca man, these abilities turns him into a danger for those who did not show respect or who tried to make fun of him. Despite this, there were people who believed in his great power, thus reaching the point of worshiping him, so that he would grant them favors for evil or good through rituals, offerings and the creation of altars. The ancient legends told that Supay went beyond that evil that he evoked, since they described him as the protector of the path that will be traveled when dying, likewise, the Incas believed that after dying, the soul passes into the background. This background for them meant a new beginning with the Inca gods. Despite the description of the Supay as an evil being, he was good at the end of days for those who awaited his death, which made the Incas believe that since ancient times, the god Supay was a being that equilibrated the balance between the good and evil. In addition to giving them the feeling that there will always be evil, but not enough.\nTemenduare and Arikute were brother gods who, with their clashes, caused a flood. This as a result of conjuring a bestial being provided with a hundred legs of water. Temenduare and Arikute are thought to be other names for the gods Vichama and Mallko.\nTumayricapac and Tumayhanampa were pre-Inca twin gods from a region called Chinchaycocha. These two are associated with the lightning and are considered as civilizing heroes as well. Likewise, both brothers were regional variants of the god Yana Raman and, therefore, also of the god Illapa.\nTunupa was the aymara god of volcanoes as well as lightning and water. According to Collasuyo's myths, Tunupa put order in the world and is often confused with Viracocha.\nTulumanya (A.k.a. Turumanyay) was the first rainbow (rainbow of the ancients), from whose chest the Amaru is born by Viracocha's orders.\nUrcaguary was the Inca deity of metals, jewels and other underground items of great value. The gender of this deity is ambiguous, so it can be a feminine or masculine divinity. Urcaguary lives beneath mountains protecting treasures and jewels from ambitious people who dare to steal them. Urcaguary was represented with a snake body and a taruka head, gold chains and precious stones were linked in its snake tail. It's believed that the taruka or deer head is due to its way of thinking.\nUrquchillay was the god of cattle and domestic animals. Urquchillay was worshipped mainly by Inca herders because he watched over animals and maintained the welfare of the herds and multiply their offspring. Urquchillay was represented as a strong man with a llama head as well as a multicoloured llama or ram.\nUrpihuachay (The one that gives birth to pigeons; a.k.a. Urpihuachac, Urpayhuachac, Urpayhuachay) was the creator goddess of the birds and fishes, coming originally from Chincha culture and later adopted by the Inca pantheon as wife of Pachakamaq in some legends. She's depicted as a woman with mixed fish and bird traits. In one legend, it's said after Cavillace and her son jumped into the sea and turned into two isles in front of the sanctuary of the god Pachakamaq, Coniraya decided to get revenge against Pachakamaq and sought Urpihuachay and her daughters with the attempt to rape them, the goddess wasn't there, she was visiting Cavillace already turned into an island, Coniraya took advantage and found the goddess daughters, fortunately, they could escape from the angered god by turning themselves into birds and flying far away. Coniraya still angered, threw all Urpihuachay's belongings to the sea, among them, the fishes only Urpihuachay knew how to raise, these were thrown in ponds near the temple, once in the sea, fishes multiplied since then and Urpihuachay was considered as the mother of all birds and fishes.\nVichama (A.k.a. Wichama, Atipa) was the son of the Sun god (Wiracocha or Inti) in Vichama's myth. This established Vichama as the brother of Mallko and the half-brother of Pachakamaq and Kon. He was created by the sun god from the remains of his brother Mallko's umbilical cord and navel, which was torn to pieces by Pachakamaq's wrath. In the aforementioned myth, Vichama was a divinity associated with revenge, death and, to a lesser extent, with war.\nViracocha (Quechua: Wiraqucha Pachayachachiq; Pachayachachiq means in English: \"Teacher of the world\") was the god of everything. It is said that he came from the sea and created the sun, the moon and the stars to light up the world that was inmersed in darkness. Viracocha also created time (ordering the Sun to move itself in the sky). Following the creation, he created the humanity by blowing on the stones, but he didn't like what he created because from this first attempt to create humanity, they turned out to be strong and violent giants with no intelligence (in other legends, the first attempt was conceived before the creation of the sun and humanity turned out to be Ñawpa Machus that means \"the primordial old ones\",[citation needed] depicted as tall and skinny humans. Despite this fact, they had a brutal strength and were as violent as evil, then Viracocha created the sun, irradiating the light that put an end to them), the giants did not recognize Viracocha as their creator and they rebelled against him, then Viracocha sent a devastating deluge that destroyed them, and from the remaining small stones, he created a better humanity. Viracocha was present as the creator of everything in existence in several ancient civilizations and cultures around South America like Sechin culture, Caral-Supe civilization, Chavín culture, Wari culture, Tiwanaku, etc. Incas were not the exception; they considered Viracocha as the creator of all the Cosmos as well as the substance that gives rise to all of things. In the beginning he was the main god, but when Pachakuti became Inca emperor, he changed this god's importance, pointing out that the most important god was Inti, this is because the support of Inti against the Chankas, turning the Inca Kingdom of Cusco into a great and prosperous empire. Despite this fact, Viracocha was still worshiped fervently, but just the Sapa Incas or emperors were allowed to worship him, leaving Inti as the main god of the Inca people.\nWasikamayuq (The one who takes care of home) was the tutelary god of home. Wasikamayuq was supported by other deities like Qhaxra-kamayuq, they both ensured security in Inca homes.\nYanañamca and Tutañamca (Huaca of the darkness and Huaca of the night) were the twin gods of darkness and night. They ruled the world at the beginning of time, before the gods took care of the earth. Viracocha sends Huallallo Carhuincho, god of fire, to defeat them and, at the same time, illuminate the earth, although the latter stayed taking advantage of it and devouring his faithful ones.\nYana Raman (A.k.a. Libiac Cancharco, Libiac) was the pre-Inca god of lightning. He's considered as the main god and hence the creator of an ethnic group called Yaros or Llacuaces. Likewise, he's considered as the base of the cult of god Illapa, that means, when the Incas assimilated Yaros within Tahuantinsuyo, the god Yana Raman was renewed as the god Illapa.","title":"Deities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mama Uqllu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Ocllo"},{"link_name":"Manqu Qhapaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"Vestal Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestal_Virgins"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Unu Pachakuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unu_Pachakuti"},{"link_name":"Tiwanaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku"},{"link_name":"Wak'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ayllu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayllu"},{"link_name":"mummification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"panaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaqa"},{"link_name":"Sapa Inka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapa_Inka"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"}],"text":"Mama Uqllu was the sister and wife of Manqu Qhapaq. She was thought to have taught the Inca the art of spinning.\nMamaconas were similar to nuns and lived in temple sanctuaries. They dedicated their lives to Inti, and served the Inca and priests. Young girls of the nobility or of exceptional beauty were trained for four years as acllas and then had the option of becoming mamaconas or marrying Inca nobles. They are comparable to the Roman Vestal Virgins, though Inca society did not value virginity as a virtue the way Western societies have done throughout history.[citation needed]\nIn one legend, Unu Pachakuti was a great flood sent by Virachocha to destroy the giants that built Tiwanaku.\nA Wak'a was a sacred object such as a mountain or a mummy.\nAncestor worship has been a staple of Andean society before, during, and after the Inca Empire.[6] The traditional communities of the Andes are known as ayllu which are familial clans that trace their origins to a common ancestor. A form of ancestor worship practiced by the Inca was the mummification and respect for their deceased relatives' remains. These mummies would be provided food, drink, clothing, and valuable items, they were considered links to the family and the gods and were consulted when the family needed spiritual advice.[7] The panaqa was a family formed by all of the descendants of the king, Sapa Inka with only the son and heir being excluded from this family. The reason for this is so the Auqui, crown prince, forms his own panaqa. One of the major functions of the panaqa was to maintain the mummy and the memory of deceased Sapa Inca's.","title":"Important beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_(Inca_mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heydt-Coca-8"},{"link_name":"Uku Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uku_Pacha"},{"link_name":"Kay Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Pacha"},{"link_name":"Hanan Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Pacha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steele2004-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toohey-10"},{"link_name":"Lake Titicaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca"},{"link_name":"Altiplano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toohey-10"},{"link_name":"corn kernels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_kernels"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toohey-10"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penprase-11"},{"link_name":"constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penprase-11"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Coricancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coricancha"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Manco Cápac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Inti Raymi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi"},{"link_name":"Sapa Inka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapa_Inka"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"solstices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstices"},{"link_name":"equinoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoxes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Inca cosmology was ordered in three spatio-temporal levels or Pachas.[8] These included:Uku Pacha (\"the lower world\") was located within the earth's surface.\nKay Pacha was the world in which we live.\nHanan Pacha (\"higher world\") was the world above us where the sun and moon lived.[9]The environment and geography were integral part of Inca mythology as well. Many prominent natural features within the Inca Empire were tied to important myths and legends amongst the Inca.[10] For example, Lake Titicaca, an important body of water on the Altiplano, was incorporated into Inca myths, as the lake of origins from which the world began.[10] Similarly, many of prominent Andean peaks played special roles within the mythology of the Incas. This is reflected in myths about the Paxil mountain, from which people were alleged to have been created from corn kernels that were scattered by the gods.[10] Terrestrial environments were not the only type of environment that was important to mythology. The Incas often incorporated the stars into legends and myths.[11] For example, many constellations were given names and were incorporated into stories, such as the star formations of the Great Llama and the Fox.[11] While perhaps not relating to a single physical feature per se, environmental sound was extremely important in Inca mythology. For example, in the creation myth of Viracocha the sound of the god's voice is particularly important. Additionally, myths were transmitted orally, so the acoustics and sound of a location were important for Inca mythology.[12] These examples demonstrate the power that environment held in creating and experiencing Inca myths.The most important temple in the Inca Empire was known as Coricancha (\"The Golden Temple\" in Quechua) which was located in the heart of Inca Cusco and according to Inca legend was built by Manco Cápac as a place of worship for the principle deity of the Inca, the sun god Inti. During the reign of Pachakutiq Inca this temple was the home of the riches of the Inca Empire, housing gold, important religious artifacts, and gilded effigies of important Inca deities.[13] The Coricancha being in the heart of Cusco, which is in the heart of the Inca Empire, is the point of convergence of the 41 pathways leading out of Cusco into the rest of the empire with a system called ceque, which served a political, religious, and administrative role in the Inca Empire. The Coricancha was the site of important religious ceremonies, such as during the Inti Raymi in which after a procession through Cusco, the Sapa Inka would enter the Coricancha. In the temple concave mirrors would focus the sun's rays to light a fire for the sacrifice of llamas and in certain circumstances, children to please and pay tribute to the gods.[14] The Coricancha also functioned as an observatory for the Inca, as it aligned with the sun on important days of the year such as solstices and equinoxes, alining the heavens and the earth, an important theme in the beliefs and religion of the Inca. Coricancha's use as an observatory was also useful for understanding when in the year the Inca were, and what food would be available throughout the year.[15]","title":"Important places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chakana_inca_detalle_textil_uncu_001.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakana"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"sun god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_god"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"flag of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Flag of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Flag of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Chakana on an Inca UncuChakana (or Andean Cross) is pre-Incan symbol used by many Andean cultures and which was adopted by the Inca later. There exist many different New Age interpretations regarding this symbol which are not supported by scholarly literature.\nInti - The Inca sun god which became the principle deity of the Inca Empire. The symbol of Inti is depicted on the flag of Argentina, Coat of arms of Ecuador, Flag of Uruguay, and the historical Flag of Peru. The Sun has clear importance to the Inca civilization, which can even be seen in the architecture of the empire. The Ushnus, were buildings where the leading soldiers would pledge to be loyal towards the leadership of the Inca leadership, and these buildings have a deep connection to the sun.[16]","title":"Inca symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"coca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca"},{"link_name":"chili peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"Inca diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incan_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer,State-17"},{"link_name":"vast, multiethnic empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peregrine-18"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marin-19"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marin-19"},{"link_name":"colonial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marin-19"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molin-20"},{"link_name":"Argentine flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Revolutionary government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Pachamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachamama"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molin-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molin-20"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Mythology served many purposes within the Inca Empire. Mythology could often be used to explain natural phenomena or to give the many denizens of the empire a way of thinking about the world. For example, there is a well-known origin myth that describes how the Inca Empire began at its center in Cusco. In this origin myth, four men and women emerged from a cave near Cusco, and began to settle within the Valley of Cusco, much to the chagrin of the Hualla people who had already been inhabiting the land.[17] The Hualla subsided by growing coca and chili peppers, which the Incas associated with the peoples of the Amazon and who were perceived to be inferior and wild.[17] The Inca engaged in battle with the Hualla, fighting quite viciously, and eventually the Inca emerged victorious. The myth alleges these first Inca people would plant corn, a mainstay of the Inca diet, on the location where they viciously defeated the Hualla.[17] Thus, the myth continues, the Inca came to rule over the entire Cusco Valley, before eventually going on to conquer much of the Andean world.[17]In creating this myth, the Incas reinforced their authority over the empire. Firstly, by associating the Hualla with plants from the jungle, the Inca's origin myth would have likely caused the listener to think that the Hualla were primitive compared to the superior Inca. Thus, the Inca's defeat of the Hualla and their supposed development of maize based agriculture, supported the notion that the Inca were the rightful stewards of the land, as they were able to make the land productive and tame.[17] These myths were reinforced in the many festivals and rites that were celebrated throughout the Inca Empire. For example, there were corn festivals that were celebrated annually during the harvest. During these festivals the Inca elite were celebrated alongside the corn and the main deity of the Inca, Inti.[17] As such, the myth of original Inca's planting of the corn crop was utilized to associate the ruling Inca elite with the gods, as well as portraying them as being the bringers of the harvest. In this way, the origin myths of the Inca were used to justify the elite position of the Inca within their vast, multiethnic empire. Within the Inca Empire, the Inca held a special status of \"Inca by Blood\", that granted them significant privileges over non-Inca peoples.[18] The ability of the Inca to support their elite position was no small feat, given that less than fifty thousand Inca were able to rule over millions of non-Inca peoples. Mythology was an important way by which the Inca were able to justify both the legitimacy of the Inca state, as well as their privileged position with the state.The strategic deployment of Inca mythology did not end after the Inca empire was colonized by the Spanish. In fact, Inca mythology was utilized in order to resist and challenge the authority of the Spanish colonial authorities. Many Inca myths were utilized to criticize the wanton greed of European imperialism. There was widespread killing and rape of women and children in Peru by the European soldiers. For example, there are myths among the indigenous people of the former Inca empire that tell the stories of foreigners who come into the Andes and destroy valuable objects.[19] One such myth is the tale of Atoqhuarco amongst the Quechua, which describes how an indigenous woman is destroyed in an act of rebellion against a lascivious foreigner who in turn is eventually transformed into a predatory fox.[19] Powerful colonial institutions are also critiqued in some of these myths, with the Catholic Church being frequently lambasted. For example, the story of the Priest and Sexton highlights the hypocrisy and abusive nature of a Catholic Priest and his callous treatment of his indigenous parishioners.[19] As such, these myths show that Inca mythology was strategically deployed to subvert and rebel against Spanish rule in the former Inca Empire.Inca mythology continues to be a powerful force in contemporary Andean communities. After the nations that were once a part of the Inca Empire gained their independence from Spain, many of these nations struggled to find a suitable origin myth to support the legitimacy of their state.[20] In the early twentieth century, there was a resurgence of interest about the indigenous heritage of these new nations. While these references to Inca mythology can be more overt, such as the presence of Inti on the Argentine flag, other references to the Inca mythology can be subtler.[21] For example, in the late twentieth century the Peruvian Revolutionary government made reference to Inca myths about Pachamama, an Inca Mother Earth figure, in order to justify their land distribution programs.[20] Additionally, modern governments continue to make reference to the former Inca Empire in order to support their claims of legitimacy, to the point that there are municipally funded observances of rituals referencing Inca mythology, especially in and around Cusco.[20] The power of Inca mythology resonates in contemporary politics, with politicians like Alejandro Toledo making references to Inca mythology and imagery during their candidacies and tenures.[22] While the Inca Empire may have ceased to exist hundreds of years ago, its vibrant mythology continues to influence life throughout Peru today.","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Like other Native American cultures, the Inca society was heavily influenced by the local animal populations, both as food, textile, and transportational sources as well as religious and cultural cornerstones. Many myths and legends of the Inca include or are solely about an animal or a mix of animals and their interactions with the gods, humans, and or natural surroundings. Animals were also important in Inca astronomy, with the Milky Way symbolized as a river, with the stars within it being symbolized as animals that the Inca were familiar with in and around this river.[23]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamas"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Urcuchillay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urcuchillay"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Llamas","text":"Llamas were important to the economy of the vast Inca Empire, they could be used for wool, transportation of goods, and food. They also played a major role in the religious lives of the Inca, being a valuable sacrifice to the Gods and used in important religious ceremonies as offerings.[24] Urcuchillay was a god worshipped by the Inca, in particular llama herders, Urcuchillay was believed to protect and watch over the llamas of the land. Llama artwork created by the Inca shows further reverence towards llamas, an example of this is a depiction of a llama constructed out of pure gold, an extremely valuable material for the Inca because of its religious significance as it was considered the sweat of the sun, the most worshipped deity for the Inca, Inti.[25]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Sacsayhuaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsayhuaman"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Qenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qenko"},{"link_name":"monoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoliths"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Huarochiri Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarochiri_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Pumas","text":"The Inca had religious reverence for the cougar, commonly known as a puma in South America. The Incas believed the puma to represent power and strength, as well as patience and wisdom. The original Inca Capital Cusco took the shape of a puma, with the massive citadel of Sacsayhuaman representing the head of the puma.[26] The site of Qenko north of Cusco contains monoliths and astronomically aligned structures, which on certain days create light and shadow effects. At the June solstice sunrise, light passes through a carefully designed fissure aligned to\nilluminate first one of the gnomons and then the other, with both casting shadows that create an image. The result is known as “the awakening of the puma”[27] The puma is also associated with wealth and prosperity. The Huarochiri Manuscript mentions how it was a practice of the Inca to wear puma skins to display their wealth.[28]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor"},{"link_name":"Kay Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Pacha"},{"link_name":"Hanan Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Pacha"},{"link_name":"patron deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_deity"},{"link_name":"Inti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Condors","text":"For the Inca, the condor was believed to connect the earthly world of man, Kay Pacha, with the upper world and the gods, Hanan Pacha. Believed to be the messengers of heaven to men, and the Inca to their patron deity, Inti.[29] Today, the people of the Andes still hold the condor as sacred. In some towns, the Andean ritual of the \"Yawar Fiesta\", or Blood Festival, is still being celebrated, in this festival condors fight bulls, with the condor representing the Inca, while the bull represents the Spaniards.[30]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huanca people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanca_people"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"}],"sub_title":"Dogs","text":"The Inca bred dogs for hunting and scavenging but rarely for religious purposes. The Huanca people, however, had a much more religious basis for their consumption of dog meat as in Inca mythology Paria Caca, their god, was pictured as feeding solely on dog after he defeated another god, Huallallo Carhuincho, in a skirmish. In some parts of South America the Huanca are referred to as \"the dog-eating Huanca\". This behaviour of eating dog was looked down upon in other parts of the empire.[31]There also exists a city named Alqollacta, or \"Dog town\", which contains statues of dogs and are thought to represent the souls of dogs that have died. The people would often save up bones and leave them at the statues so that it would give them a better standing in the afterlife.Dogs were sometimes believed to be able of moving between life and death and also see the soul of the dead. In addition, the Inca believed that unhappy dead souls could visit people in the form of black dogs. The Aymara people of Bolivia were reported to believe that dogs were associated with death and incest. They believed that those who die must cross an ocean to the afterlife in the ear of, or on the nose of, a black dog. Additionally, some sources report that women who sleep alone at night were capable of being impregnated by ghosts which would yield a baby with dog feet.[31]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectacled bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Spanish Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Conquest"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Bears","text":"Despite there only being one bear species in South America (the spectacled bear, Tremarctus ornatus), the story of The Bear's Wife and Children is a prominent story among the Inca.[31] The Andean people believed that bears represented the sexual habits of men and women and the girls were warned of \"bear-rape\". This story details a bear who disguises himself as a man who subdues a girl and takes her to his cave where he feeds her and takes care of her. Soon after, she bares two half bear half human children. With the help of the children the three are able to escape the cave and return to human society. The bear children are given to the town's priest who attempts to kill the cubs several times (by throwing them off buildings, sending them into the wild, sending them to fight officers) but is only capable of getting the younger bear-child killed.[31] The older bear beats the trials and is sent to fight a damned soul, which he defeats and saves from damnation. The soul gives the bear his estate and wealth and the now fully grown bear man leaves human society as a white dove. This tale could be interpreted as a Native American's plight story against the Hispanic society in which they find them in, which becomes more believable as this folklore become more prominent after the Spanish Conquest.[31]In addition to this story, half bear half human beings called Ukuku are thought to be the only being that are able to bring ice from the top of mountains as they have the intelligence of men but the strength of bears. Ukuku clowns can be seen in the Corpus Christi celebrations of Cuzco where they undergo pilgrimage to a nearby glacier and spend the night on the ice as an initiation of manhood.[32]","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manuscript-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"dark nebulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_nebulae"}],"sub_title":"Foxes","text":"The fox did not generally have a good reputation among the Inca or people of the Andes and was seen as an omen. Sacrifices to the gods included a variety of goods and animals, including humans, but were never seen to ever include foxes. Inca mythology contains references to gods being deceived by foxes. In one encounter, the deity Cuniraya Viracocha was angered by a fox and stated that \"As for you, even when you skulk around keeping your distance, people will thoroughly despise you and say ‘That fox is a thief!’. When they kill you they'll carelessly throw you away and your skin too\".[33] In other narratives, the fox is said to have tried to steal the moon but the moon hugged the fox close which resulted in the spots on the moon. Finally, the fox still plays a role in current Andean society where the howling of a fox in the month of August is perceived as a sign of good luck.[31]The Inca had indigenous names for constellations as well as interstellar clouds (dark nebulae) visible from the Southern hemisphere. The fox (Atoq in quechua) is the name for one dark nebulae in the milky way, and Andean narratives, including Inca ones, may refer to the dark nebulae rather than the animal.","title":"Animals in Inca religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chavín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"},{"link_name":"Paracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture"},{"link_name":"Moche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture"},{"link_name":"Nazca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture"},{"link_name":"Huarochirí Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarochir%C3%AD_Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Huarochirí Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarochir%C3%AD_Province"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"creator deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Viracocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Prior to the founding of the Inca Empire, there were several other cultures in various areas of Peru with their own beliefs, including cultures of the Chavín, Paracas, Moche, and Nazca. Additional pre-Inca beliefs can be found in the Huarochirí Manuscript, a 17th-century text that records the myths, culture, and beliefs of people in the Huarochirí Province of the Western Andes.[34]One of the most important figures in Pre-Inca Andean beliefs is the creator deity Viracocha, who even during Inca times was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.[35]","title":"Pre-Inca Andean beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.2.02a00090"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"198096887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/198096887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Steele2008_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Sacred Mountain Expedition: April 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Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_religion"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"Nubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushite_religion"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_religion"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_religions"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_religion"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Micronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Nauruan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion"},{"link_name":"Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Cook Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_religion"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Rapa Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_religion"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions"},{"link_name":"Akan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_religion"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_mythology"},{"link_name":"Bushongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushongo_mythology"},{"link_name":"Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_religion"},{"link_name":"Lozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_mythology"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion"},{"link_name":"Dahomean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomean_religion"},{"link_name":"Dinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinka_religion"},{"link_name":"Efik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_animism"},{"link_name":"Lugbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbara_mythology"},{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_mythology"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mbuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_mythology"},{"link_name":"Odinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinani"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_religion"},{"link_name":"Serer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_mythology"},{"link_name":"Modern paganmovements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements"},{"link_name":"Ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion"},{"link_name":"Ausar Auset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society"},{"link_name":"Godianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godianism"},{"link_name":"Mexicayotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicayotl"},{"link_name":"Native American Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Church"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Dievturība","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba"},{"link_name":"Romuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuva_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Adyghe Habze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_Habze"},{"link_name":"Uatsdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatsdin"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism"},{"link_name":"Canarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People"},{"link_name":"Heathenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Hellenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements"},{"link_name":"Italo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism"},{"link_name":"Kemetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemetism"},{"link_name":"Zalmoxianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxianism"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_folklore"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith"},{"link_name":"Burkhanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism"},{"link_name":"Vattisen Yaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly"},{"link_name":"Uralic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith"},{"link_name":"Mordvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion"},{"link_name":"Udmurt Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Vos"},{"link_name":"Neopagan witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Cochrane's Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft"},{"link_name":"Feri Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feri_Tradition"},{"link_name":"Stregheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stregheria"},{"link_name":"Wicca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca"},{"link_name":"Druidry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidry_(modern)"},{"link_name":"European Congress of Ethnic Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions"},{"link_name":"Goddess movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_movement"},{"link_name":"Neoshamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoshamanism"},{"link_name":"Polytheistic reconstructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism"},{"link_name":"Secular paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_paganism"},{"link_name":"Myth and ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_and_ritual"},{"link_name":"Veneration of the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"Bear worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_worship"},{"link_name":"Blót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Tumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Dying and rising deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity"},{"link_name":"Ethos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos"},{"link_name":"Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"Magic and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Megalith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Menhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir"},{"link_name":"Stone row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_row"},{"link_name":"Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"Myth and ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_and_ritual"},{"link_name":"Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"Orthopraxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopraxy"},{"link_name":"Reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"Religion and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"Sacred grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove"},{"link_name":"Holy well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_well"},{"link_name":"Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Supernatural magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)"},{"link_name":"Trees in mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees_in_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tree of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life"},{"link_name":"World tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_tree"},{"link_name":"Totem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem"},{"link_name":"Virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Animal worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_worship"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"Christianity and paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism"},{"link_name":"Christianization of saints and feasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts"},{"link_name":"Constantinian shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_shift"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Religio licita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_licita"},{"link_name":"Virtuous pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuous_pagan"}],"text":"^ Handbook of Inca Mythology by Paul Richard Steele, Catherine J. Alen\n\n^ The History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, Brian S. Bauer, Vania Smith\n\n^ Bauer, Brian (1996). \"Legitimization of The State in Inca Myth and Ritual\". American Anthropologist. 98 (2): 332. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090. ProQuest 198096887.\n\n^ Roza, Greg (2008). Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.\n\n^ Sacred Mountain Expedition: April 2007\n\n^ Gose, Peter (2008). Invaders as Ancestors: On the Intercultural Making and Unmaking of Spanish Colonialism in the Andes. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0802096173.\n\n^ Cartwright, Mark. \"Inca Mummies\". Worlhistory.org.\n\n^ Heydt-Coca, Magda von der (1999). \"When Worlds Collide: The Incorporation Of The Andean World Into The Emerging World-Economy In The Colonial Period\". Dialectical Anthropology. 24 (1): 1–43.\n\n^ Steele, Richard James (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. ABC-CLIO.\n\n^ a b c Toohey, Jason (Jul–Sep 2013). \"Feeding the Mountains: Sacred Landscapes, Mountain Worship, and Sacrifice in the Maya and Inca Worlds\". Reviews in Anthropology. 42 (3): 161–178. doi:10.1080/00938157.2013.817870. S2CID 162295781.\n\n^ a b Bryan, Penprase (2017). The Power of Stars. Chem: Springer. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-3-319-52595-2.\n\n^ Classen, Constance (Nov 1990). \"Sweet colors, fragrant songs: sensory models of the Andes and the Amazon\". American Ethnologist. 17 (4): 722–735. doi:10.1525/ae.1990.17.4.02a00070.\n\n^ Farrington, Ian (2018). development of the imperial capital. The Oxford Handbook of the Incas. p. 71.\n\n^ Krupp, Edwin (1994). Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–47.\n\n^ Gullberg, S. R. (2019). \"Inca astronomy: Horizon, light, and shadow\". Astronomische Nachrichten. 340 (1–3). Astronomical Notes: 23–29. Bibcode:2019AN....340...23G. doi:10.1002/asna.201913553. S2CID 132251616.\n\n^ Moyano, Ricardo (2014). Astronomical Observations on Inca Ushnus in the Southern Andes. London: NASA. p. 189.\n\n^ a b c d e f Bauer, Brian (June 1996). \"Legitimization of the State in Inca Myth and Ritual\". American Anthropologist. 98 (2): 327–337. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090.\n\n^ Peregrine, Peter N; Ember, Ember (2007). Encyclopedia of Prehistory (7 ed.). Boston: Springer. pp. 150–194.\n\n^ a b c Marín-Dale, Margarita (2016). Decoding Andean Mythology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607815099.\n\n^ a b c Molinié, Antionette (Sep 2004). \"The resurrection of the Inca: the role of Indian representations in the invention of the Peruvian nation\". History & Anthropology. 15 (3): 233. doi:10.1080/0275720042000257467. S2CID 162202435.\n\n^ Busaniche, José Luis (1965). Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Solar.\n\n^ Greene, Shane (February 2005). \"Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru\". NACLA Report on the Americas. 38 (4): 34–69. doi:10.1080/10714839.2005.11724499. S2CID 157493498.\n\n^ Gullberg, Steven. \"A Comparison of Dark Constellations of the Milky Way\".\n\n^ Flores-Blanco, Luis (2022). \"Reconstructing the sequence of an Inca Period (1470-1532 CE) camelid sacrifice at El Pacífico, Peru\". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 41: 103247. Bibcode:2022JArSR..41j3247F. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103247. S2CID 244700830.\n\n^ Lourie, Peter (1998). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon: A Chronicle of an Incan Treasure. Bison Books. ISBN 0803279809.\n\n^ Branca, Domencio (2021). Cusco: Profile of an Andean city. 113: Cities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\n\n^ Gullberg, Steven (2019). \"Cultural Astronomy for Inspiration\". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 15: 265–268. doi:10.1017/S1743921321000612. hdl:11244/334969. S2CID 245386633.\n\n^ Steele, Paul Richard (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. abc-cilo. p. 164.\n\n^ Highfield, Johnathan (2004). \"The dreaming quipucamayoq: Myth and landscape in Wilson Harris' The Dark Jester\". Atlantic Studies. 1 (2): 196–209. doi:10.1080/1478881042000270800. S2CID 161250701.\n\n^ Arguedas, Jose Maria (2002). Yawar Fiesta. Waveland Press. ISBN 1577662458.\n\n^ a b c d e f Handbook of Inca Mythology. Allen, Catherine (Hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-354-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ de Molina, Christobal (2011). Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.\n\n^ Saloman, Frank (1991). The Huarochiri Manuscript: a testament of ancient and colonial Andean religion. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.\n\n^ Mills, Alice (2005). Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies. Global Book Publishing. pp. 494–497. ISBN 1740480910.\n\n^ Dover, Robert V. H. (1992). Andean cosmologies through time: persistence and emergence. Caribbean and Latin American studies. Indiana University Press. p. 274. ISBN 0-253-31815-7.vteInca EmpireHistory\nSapa Inca\nKingdom of Cusco\nInca Empire\nHistory of Cusco\nChimor–Inca War\nInvasion of Chile\nInca Civil War\nSpanish conquest\nRansom Room\nNeo-Inca State\nInca society\nInca education\nAclla\nAmauta\nAyllu\nChasqui\nMitma\nÑusta\nPanakas\nWarachikuy\nInca army\nInca agriculture\nInca cuisine\nInca aqueducts\nInca religion\nInca mythology\nApu\nCoricancha\nManco Cápac\nInti\nSupay\nPacha Kamaq\nPariacaca\nUrcuchillay\nVichama\nViracocha\nWillka Raymi\nInca mathematics\nQuipu\nYupanavteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism\nOrthodox\nHaredi\nHasidic\nModern\nZionist\nConservative\nReform\nKaraite\nHaymanot\nReconstructionist\nRenewal\nHumanistic\nlist\nChristianity\nCatholicism\nLatin\nEastern\nEastern Orthodoxy\nChurch\nOriental Orthodoxy\nNestorianism\nAncient\nAssyrian\nProto-Protestantism\nHussites/Moravians\nWaldensians\nProtestantism\nAdventism\nAnabaptism\nAmish\nBrethren\nHutterites\nMennonites\nSchwenkfelder Church\nAnglicanism\nBaptists\nCalvinism\nCongregationalism\nPresbyterianism\nReformed\nCharismatic Christianity\nPentecostal\nCharismatic\nNeo-charismatic\nEvangelicalism\nIrvingism\nLutheran\nMethodist\nHoliness\nNondenominational\nPlymouth Brethren\nQuakerism\nRestorationism\nEsoteric\nIndependent Catholicism\nOld Catholic\nJudaizers\nNontrinitarianism\nBible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses\nBritish Israelism\nChristadelphians\nMormonism\nOneness Pentecostalism\nSpiritual\nSwedenborgianism\nTolstoyan\nUnitarianism\nlist\nIslam\nSunni\nAsh'arism\nMaturidism\nAtharism\nSalafism\nWahhabism\nModernist Salafism\nShia\nTwelver Shi'ism\nZaydism\nIsma'ilism\nAlawis\nSufism\nKhawarij\nIbadism\nAlevism\nAhmadi\nMahdawi movement\nQuranism\nMilah Abraham\nNon-denominational\nlist\nOther\nAli-Illahism\nBábism\nBaháʼí\nDruze\nMandaeism\nRastafari\nSamaritanism\nIranianZoroastrian\nIlm-e-Khshnoom\nMazdaznan\nZurvanism\nYazdânism\nIshikism\nShabakism\nYarsanism\nYazidism\nOther\nAssianism/Uatsdin\nRoshani\nChinese Manichaeism\nEasternEast AsianChinese\nChinese folk religion\nConfucianism\nLuoism\nNuo\nSalvationist\nXiantiandao\nYiguandao\nTaoism\nFolk Taoism\nYao Taoism\nJapanese\nShinto\nlist\nShugendō\nTenrikyo\nRyukyuan\nKorean\nKorean shamanism\nCheondoism\nJeungsanism\nVietnamese\nVietnamese folk religion\nĐạo Mẫu\nCaodaism\nHoahaoism\nĐạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương\nIndianHinduism\nVaishnavism\nKrishnaism\nSri Vaishnavism\nBrahma Sampradaya\nNimbarka Sampradaya\nPushtimarg\nMahanubhava\nRamanandi\nWarkari\nSwaminarayan\nShaivism\nShaiva Siddhanta\nGanapatya\nKashmiri\nKapalika\nKaumaram\nLingayatism\nNath\nBalinese\nShaktism\nSmartism\nSauraism\nŚrauta\nSant Mat\nNeo-Hinduism\nlist\nBuddhism\nTheravada\nMahayana\nChan/Zen/Thiền\nAmidism\nNichiren\nVajrayana\nTibetan\nNeo-Buddhism\nlist\nOther\nAyyavazhi\nKalash\nJainism\nDigambara\nŚvetāmbara\nSarnaism\nKirat Mundhum\nSrilankan Vedda\nRavidassia\nSikhism\nKhalsa\nSects\nEthnicAltaic\nTurko-Mongolic\nBurkhanism\nTengrism\nVattisen Yaly\nTungusic\nEvenki\nManchu\nAustroasiatic\nSarnaism\nAustronesian\nBatak Parmalim\nDayak\nKaharingan\nTraditional Sabahan religions\nIndonesian\nAliran Kepercayaan\nKejawèn\nKapitayan\nKaro Pemena\nMalaysian\nPhilippine Dayawism\nTagalog\nPolynesian\nHawaiian\nMāori\nSumbese Marapu\nSundanese Wiwitan\nNativeAmerican\nAbenaki\nAnishinaabe\nBlackfoot\nCalifornian\nMiwok\nOhlone\nPomo\nCherokee\nChilote\nChoctaw\nCreek\nGuarani\nHaida\nHo-Chunk\nHopi\nIroquois\nLonghouse\nSeneca\nWyandot\nJivaroan\nKwakwakaʼwakw\nLakota\nLenape\nMapuche\nMesoamerican\nAztec\nMaya\nOlmec\nPurépecha\nMidewiwin\nMuisca\nNative American Church\nNavajo\nNuu-chah-nulth\nPawnee\nTsimshian\nUte\nZuni\nTai and Miao\nAhom\nHmongism\nMo\nSatsana Phi\nTibeto-Burmese\nBon\nBurmese\nBenzhuism\nBimoism\nBathouism\nBongthingism\nDongba\nDonyi-Polo\nHeraka\nKiratism\nQiang\nSanamahism\nTraditional AfricanNorth African\nBerber\nGuanche church\nSub-SaharanAfrican\nAkamba\nAkan\nBaluba\nBantu\nKongo\nZulu\nBushongo\nDinka\nDogon\nEfik\nFon and Ewe\nIk\nLotuko\nLozi\nLugbara\nMaasai\nMbuti\nOdinala\nSan\nSerer\nTumbuka\nUrhobo\nWaaqeffanna\nYoruba\nIfá\nDiasporic:\nCandomblé\nBantu\nJejé\nKetu\nComfa\nConvince\nEspiritismo\nKumina\nObeah\nPalo\nQuimbanda\nSantería\nTambor de Mina\nTrinidad Orisha\nUmbanda\nVodou\nVoodoo\nWinti\nOther ethnic\nAboriginal Australian\nInuit\nPapuan\nSiberian\nNew religious movementsSyncretic\nBrahmoism\nFalun Gong\nJapanese\nMeivazhi\nModekngei\nNew Acropolis\nNew Age\nNew Thought\nRajneesh\nRastafari\nSant Mat\nRadha Soami\nSpiritualism\nSubud\nTensegrity\nThelema\nTheosophy\nNeo-Theosophy\nAgni Yoga\nTranscendental Meditation\nUnitarian Universalism\nWhite Brotherhood\nModernpaganism\nAfrican\nGodianism\nArmenian\nBaltic\nDievturība\nRomuva\nCaucasian\nAbkhaz\nCircassian\nCeltic\nDruidry\nGermanic\nHellenism (modern religion)\nItalo-Roman\nNeoshamanism\nOssetian\nPolytheistic reconstructionism\nRomanian\nSlavic\nUralic\nEstonian\nModern Finnish paganism\nHungarian\nMari religion\nErzyan native religion\nSámi\nUdmurt\nWicca\nZalmoxianism\nlist\nDe novo\nAnthroposophy\nDiscordianism\nEckankar\nFourth Way\nGoddess\nJediism\nSatanism\nScientology\nUFO religion\nRaëlism\nHistorical religions\nPrehistoric\nPaleolithic\nAinu\nArabian\nArmenian\nBaltic\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nOld Prussian\nBasque\nCeltic\nDruidism\nIrish\nCook Islands\nDravidian\nEgyptian\nAtenism\nEtruscan\nFinnish\nFuegian\nSelk'nam\nGeorgian\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nContinental\nFrankish paganism\nNorse\nGreek\nGnosticism\nGreco-Buddhism\nHermeticism\nMysteries\nOrphism\nGuanche\nHarappan\nHittite\nHungarian\nHurrian\nInca\nJamaican Maroon\nManichaeism\nMazdakism\nMelanesian\nMesopotamian\nBabylonian\nSumerian\nMicronesian\nNauruan Indigenous religion\nOlmec\nPaleo-Balkan\nAlbanian\nDacian\nIllyrian\nThracian\nProto-Indo-Iranian\nIranian\nVedic\nRapa Nui\nRoman\nCult of Magna Mater\nGallo-Roman\nImperial cult\nMithraism\nMysteries of Isis\nSemitic\nCanaanite\nPunic\nYahwism\nScythian\nSlavic\nSomali\nTongan\nUrartu\nVainakh\nZapotec\nTopicsAspects\nApostasy / Disaffiliation\nBehaviour\nBeliefs\nCall to prayer\nClergy\nCovenant\nConversion\nDeities\nDenomination\nEntheogens\nEthnic\nFaith\nFire\nFolk religion\nGod\nGoddess\nIndigenous\nMeditation\nMonasticism\nMonk\nNovice\nNun\nMysticism\nMythology\nOrdination\nOrthodoxy\nOrthopraxy\nPaganism\nPrayer\nProphecy\nReligious experience\nRitual\nLiturgy\nPurification\nSacrifice\nSacred space\nBodies of water\nGroves\nMountains\nTrees\nSoul\nSpirituality\nSupernatural\nSymbols\nText\nTruth\nWater\nWorship\nAstral\nNature\nPlace\nTheism\nAnimism\nDeism\nDualism\nHenotheism\nMonotheism\nNontheism\nPanentheism\nPantheism\nPolytheism\nTranstheism\nReligiousstudies\nAnthropology\nCognitive science\nComparative\nEvolutionary origin of religion\nEvolutionary psychology\nHistory\nNeurotheology\nPhilosophy\nPsychology\nSociology\nSoteriology\nSalvation\nTheology\nTheories about religion\nWomen\nReligion and society\nAgriculture\nBusiness\nClergy / Laity\nMonasticism\nOrdination\nPriest\nConversion\nAssimilation\nMissionary\nProselytism\nDisability\nEducation\nFanaticism\nFreedom\nPluralism\nSyncretism\nToleration\nUniversalism\nFundamentalism\nGrowth\nHappiness\nHomosexuality\nMinorities\nNational church\nNational religiosity levels\nPolitics\nPopulations\nReligiocentrism\nSchism\nScience\nState\nTheocracy\nVegetarianism\nVideo games\nViolence\nPersecution\nTerrorism\nWar\nWealth\nSecularism and irreligion\nAgnosticism\nAntireligion\nAtheism\nCriticism\nDeconstruction\nObjectivism\nSecular humanism\nSecular theology\nSecularization\nSeparation of church and state\nUnaffiliated\nOverviewsand lists\nAbrahamic prophets\nDeification\nDeities\nFounders\nIndex\nMass gatherings\nNames of God\nNew religious movements\nOrganizations\nOutline\nReligions and spiritual traditions\nScholars\nTimeline\nReligion by countryAfrica\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nGambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor\nGeorgia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKorea\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMacau\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPhilippines\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nEurope\nAlbania\nAndorra\nAustria\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzechia\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nEngland\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nWales\nNorth America\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nCanada\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited States\nOceania\nAustralia\nFiji\nKiribati\nMarshall Islands\nMicronesia\nNauru\nNew Zealand\nPalau\nPapua New Guinea\nSamoa\nSolomon Islands\nTonga\nTuvalu\nVanuatu\nSouth America\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nEcuador\nGuyana\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUruguay\nVenezuela\n\n Category\n PortalvtePaganism (and modern paganism)\nAnimism\nPanentheism\nPantheism\nPolytheism\nHistorical ethnic religions (existing and extinct)Asian\nAinu\nAltaic\nManchu\nMongolian\nTengrism\nTurkic\nAustroasiatic\nSarnaism\nVietnamese\nIndonesia\nParmalim\nKaharingan\nMomolianism\nKejawèn\nMalay\nPhilippine\nTagalog\nMarapu\nSunda Wiwitan\nChinese\nHinduism\nHindu mythology\nDravidian\nTamil\nKalash\nPunjabi\nVedic\nShinto\nRyukyuan\nKorean\nMiao\nTai\nAhom\nMo\nSatsana Phi\nTibeto-Burmese\nBathouism\nBenzhuism\nBimoism\nBon\nBongthingism\nBurmese\nDonyi-Polo\nHeraka\nKiratism\nQiang\nSanamahism\nEuropean\nAlbanian\nAnatolian\nHittite\nLydian\nPhrygian\nArmenian\nBaltic\nOld Prussian\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nBasque\nCaucasian\nCircassian\nGeorgian\nOssetian\nVainakh\nCeltic\nIrish\nEtruscan\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nFrankish\nGothic\nNorse\nGreek\nHellenistic religion\nHero cult\nSacred mysteries\nEleusinian\nOrphic\nSamothracian\nIberian\nCantabrian\nCastro\nGallaecian\nLusitanian\nItalic\nCamunnian\nLigurian\nUmbrian\nMinoan\nNuragic\nPaleo-Balkan\nDacian\nIllyrian\nThracian\nRoman\nCybele\nGallo-Roman\nImperial cult\nMithraism\nMysteries of Isis\nScythian\nSlavic\nUralic\nFinnic\nHungarian\nMari\nSami\nMiddle-Eastern and North African\nAncient Near Eastern\nHurrian\nEgyptian\nNubian\nMesopotamian\nBabylonian\nSumerian\nSemitic\nArabian\nCanaanite\nIranian\nPersian\nBerber\nPunic\nOceanian and Pacific Islander\nAustralian\nMelanesian\nMicronesian\nNauruan\nPapuan\nPolynesian\nCook Islander\nHawaiian\nMāori\nRapa Nui\nTahitian\nTongan\nSub-Saharan African\nAkan\nBantu\nBushongo\nKongo\nLozi\nZulu\nDahomean\nDinka\nEfik\nHausa\nLugbara\nMaasai\nMalagasy\nMbuti\nOdinani\nSan\nSerer\nSomali\nModern paganmovementsEthnic\nAfrican\nAusar Auset\nGodianism\nAmerican\nMexicayotl\nNative American Church\nArmenian\nBaltic\nDievturība\nRomuva\nCaucasian\nAbkhaz\nAdyghe Habze\nUatsdin\nCeltic\nCanarian\nHeathenry\nHellenism\nHindu\nItalo-Roman\nKemetism\nZalmoxianism\nRomani\nSemitic\nSlavic\nTurko-Mongolic\nBurkhanism\nVattisen Yaly\nUralic\nEstonian\nFinnish\nHungarian\nMordvin\nUdmurt Vos\nOther\nNeopagan witchcraft\nCochrane's Craft\nFeri Tradition\nStregheria\nWicca\nDruidry\nEuropean Congress of Ethnic Religions\nGoddess movement\nNeoshamanism\nPolytheistic reconstructionism\nSecular paganism\nMyth and ritual\nVeneration of the dead\nBear worship\nBlót\nTumulus\nDying and rising deity\nEthos\nFolklore\nIdolatry\nMagic and religion\nMegalith\nDolmen\nMenhir\nStone row\nMyth\nMyth and ritual\nMythology\nOrthopraxy\nReincarnation\nReligion and mythology\nRitual\nSacred grove\nHoly well\nSacrifice\nanimal\nhuman\nSupernatural magic\nTrees in mythology\nTree of life\nWorld tree\nTotem\nVirtue\nWitchcraft\nAnimal worship\nChristianization\nChristianity and paganism\nChristianization of saints and feasts\nConstantinian shift\nNeoplatonism\nReligio licita\nVirtuous pagan","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Supay, god of death, as interpreted in a carnival festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Diablo_pune%C3%B1o.jpg/200px-Diablo_pune%C3%B1o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Representation of the cosmology of the Incas, according to Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua (1613), after a picture in the Sun Temple Qurikancha in Cusco, with Inti (the Sun), Mama Killa (the Moon), Illapa (the Lightning), Pachamama (Mother Earth), Mama Qucha (Mother Sea), and Chakana (Southern Cross) with Saramama (Mother Corn) and Kukamama (Mother Coca).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif/220px-Santa_Cruz_Pachacuti_Yamqui_es.gif"},{"image_text":"Chakana on an Inca Uncu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chakana_inca_detalle_textil_uncu_001.JPG/249px-Chakana_inca_detalle_textil_uncu_001.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Civilizations portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Civilizations"},{"title":"Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(chronicler)"},{"title":"Guaman Poma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaman_Poma"},{"title":"Religion in the Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire"},{"title":"Huarochirí Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarochir%C3%AD_Manuscript"}]
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Reviews in Anthropology. 42 (3): 161–178. doi:10.1080/00938157.2013.817870. S2CID 162295781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00938157.2013.817870","url_text":"10.1080/00938157.2013.817870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162295781","url_text":"162295781"}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Penprase (2017). The Power of Stars. Chem: Springer. pp. 81–84. ISBN 978-3-319-52595-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-52595-2","url_text":"978-3-319-52595-2"}]},{"reference":"Classen, Constance (Nov 1990). \"Sweet colors, fragrant songs: sensory models of the Andes and the Amazon\". American Ethnologist. 17 (4): 722–735. doi:10.1525/ae.1990.17.4.02a00070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1990.17.4.02a00070","url_text":"10.1525/ae.1990.17.4.02a00070"}]},{"reference":"Farrington, Ian (2018). development of the imperial capital. The Oxford Handbook of the Incas. p. 71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Krupp, Edwin (1994). Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gullberg, S. R. (2019). \"Inca astronomy: Horizon, light, and shadow\". Astronomische Nachrichten. 340 (1–3). Astronomical Notes: 23–29. Bibcode:2019AN....340...23G. doi:10.1002/asna.201913553. S2CID 132251616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.201913553","url_text":"\"Inca astronomy: Horizon, light, and shadow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AN....340...23G","url_text":"2019AN....340...23G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.201913553","url_text":"10.1002/asna.201913553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132251616","url_text":"132251616"}]},{"reference":"Moyano, Ricardo (2014). Astronomical Observations on Inca Ushnus in the Southern Andes. London: NASA. p. 189.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bauer, Brian (June 1996). \"Legitimization of the State in Inca Myth and Ritual\". American Anthropologist. 98 (2): 327–337. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.2.02a00090","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00090"}]},{"reference":"Peregrine, Peter N; Ember, Ember (2007). Encyclopedia of Prehistory (7 ed.). Boston: Springer. pp. 150–194.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marín-Dale, Margarita (2016). Decoding Andean Mythology. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607815099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607815099","url_text":"9781607815099"}]},{"reference":"Molinié, Antionette (Sep 2004). \"The resurrection of the Inca: the role of Indian representations in the invention of the Peruvian nation\". History & Anthropology. 15 (3): 233. doi:10.1080/0275720042000257467. S2CID 162202435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0275720042000257467","url_text":"10.1080/0275720042000257467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162202435","url_text":"162202435"}]},{"reference":"Busaniche, José Luis (1965). Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Solar.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greene, Shane (February 2005). \"Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru\". NACLA Report on the Americas. 38 (4): 34–69. doi:10.1080/10714839.2005.11724499. S2CID 157493498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.2005.11724499","url_text":"10.1080/10714839.2005.11724499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157493498","url_text":"157493498"}]},{"reference":"Gullberg, Steven. \"A Comparison of Dark Constellations of the Milky Way\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333700963","url_text":"\"A Comparison of Dark Constellations of the Milky Way\""}]},{"reference":"Flores-Blanco, Luis (2022). \"Reconstructing the sequence of an Inca Period (1470-1532 CE) camelid sacrifice at El Pacífico, Peru\". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 41: 103247. Bibcode:2022JArSR..41j3247F. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103247. S2CID 244700830.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2021.103247","url_text":"\"Reconstructing the sequence of an Inca Period (1470-1532 CE) camelid sacrifice at El Pacífico, Peru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JArSR..41j3247F","url_text":"2022JArSR..41j3247F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2021.103247","url_text":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244700830","url_text":"244700830"}]},{"reference":"Lourie, Peter (1998). Sweat of the Sun, Tears of the Moon: A Chronicle of an Incan Treasure. Bison Books. 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S2CID 161250701.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1478881042000270800","url_text":"\"The dreaming quipucamayoq: Myth and landscape in Wilson Harris' The Dark Jester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1478881042000270800","url_text":"10.1080/1478881042000270800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161250701","url_text":"161250701"}]},{"reference":"Arguedas, Jose Maria (2002). Yawar Fiesta. Waveland Press. ISBN 1577662458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1577662458","url_text":"1577662458"}]},{"reference":"Handbook of Inca Mythology. Allen, Catherine (Hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-354-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofincamy0000stee","url_text":"Handbook of Inca Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-354-8","url_text":"1-57607-354-8"}]},{"reference":"de Molina, Christobal (2011). Account of the Fables and Rites of the Incas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saloman, Frank (1991). The Huarochiri Manuscript: a testament of ancient and colonial Andean religion. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mills, Alice (2005). Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies. Global Book Publishing. pp. 494–497. ISBN 1740480910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740480910","url_text":"1740480910"}]},{"reference":"Dover, Robert V. H. (1992). Andean cosmologies through time: persistence and emergence. Caribbean and Latin American studies. Indiana University Press. p. 274. ISBN 0-253-31815-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-31815-7","url_text":"0-253-31815-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Warbler
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Acrocephalus (bird)
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["1 Taxonomy","2 List of species in taxonomic order","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Genus of birds
Acrocephalus
Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Acrocephalidae
Genus:
AcrocephalusJ. A. Naumann and J. F. Naumann, 1811
Type species
Turdus arundinaceusLinnaeus, 1758
Species
See text
The Acrocephalus warblers are small, insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Acrocephalus. Formerly in the paraphyletic Old World warbler assemblage, they are now separated as the namesake of the marsh and tree warbler family Acrocephalidae. They are sometimes called marsh warblers or reed warblers, but this invites confusion with marsh warbler and reed warbler.
These are rather drab brownish warblers usually associated with marshes or other wetlands. Some are streaked, others plain. Many species breeding in temperate regions are migratory.
This genus has heavily diversified into many species throughout islands across the tropical Pacific. This in turn has led to many of the resulting insular endemic species to become endangered. Several of these species (including all but one of the species endemic to the Marianas and two endemic to French Polynesia) have already gone extinct.
The most enigmatic species of the genus, the large-billed reed warbler (A. orinus), was rediscovered in Thailand in March, 2006; it was found also in a remote corner of Afghanistan in the summer of 2009. Prior to these recent sightings, it had been found only once before, in 1867.
Taxonomy
The genus Acrocephalus was introduced in 1811 by the German naturalist Johann Andreas Naumann and his son Johann Friedrich Naumann. The type species was designated as Turdus arundinaceus Linnaeus, 1758, by the English zoologist George Gray in 1840. This is the great reed warbler. Many species have a flat head profile, which gives rise to the genus name, Acrocephalus from Ancient Greek akros, "highest", and kephale, "head". It is possible that the Naumanns thought akros meant "sharp-pointed".
List of species in taxonomic order
This Eurasian reed warbler is raising the young of a common cuckoo.
The genus contains 42 species of which 6 insular forms are now extinct:
Basra reed warbler, Acrocephalus griseldis
Cape Verde warbler, Acrocephalus brevipennis
Greater swamp warbler, Acrocephalus rufescens
Lesser swamp warbler, Acrocephalus gracilirostris
Madagascar swamp warbler, Acrocephalus newtoni
Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis
Rodrigues warbler, Acrocephalus rodericanus
Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Oriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis
Clamorous reed warbler, Acrocephalus stentoreus
Australian reed warbler, Acrocephalus australis
Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris
† Nightingale reed warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius
Saipan reed warbler, Acrocephalus hiwae
† Aguiguan reed warbler, Acrocephalus nijoi
† Pagan reed warbler, Acrocephalus yamashinae
† Mangareva reed warbler, Acrocephalus astrolabii
Nauru reed warbler, Acrocephalus rehsei
Caroline reed warbler, Acrocephalus syrinx
Bokikokiko, Acrocephalus aequinoctialis
Northern Marquesan reed warbler, Acrocephalus percernis
Tahiti reed warbler, Acrocephalus caffer
† Moorea reed warbler, Acrocephalus longirostris
† Garrett's reed warbler, Acrocephalus musae
Southern Marquesan reed warbler, Acrocephalus mendanae
Tuamotu reed warbler, Acrocephalus atyphus
Cook reed warbler, Acrocephalus kerearako
Rimatara reed warbler, Acrocephalus rimitarae
Henderson reed warbler, Acrocephalus taiti
Pitcairn reed warbler, Acrocephalus vaughani
Black-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon
Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola
Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Speckled reed warbler, Acrocephalus sorghophilus
Blunt-winged warbler, Acrocephalus concinens
Manchurian reed warbler, Acrocephalus tangorum (sometimes included in A. agricola)
Large-billed reed warbler, Acrocephalus orinus
Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola
Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum
Common reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus
Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris
Fragmentary fossil remains from the Late Miocene (about 11 mya) of Rudabánya (NE Hungary) show some apomorphies typical of this genus. Given its rather early age (most Passerida genera are not known until the Pliocene), it is not too certain that it is correctly placed here, but it is highly likely to belong to the Acrocephalidae at the least.
References
^ "Acrocephalidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
^ Naumann, Johann Andreas; Naumann, Johann Friedrich (1811). Naturgeschichte der Land- und Wasser-Vögel des nördlichen Deutschlands und angränzender Länder, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen, und nach dem Leben gezeichnet. Nachtrag (in German). Köthen: Self-published. p. 199.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 56.
^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 21.
^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2020). "Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ Bernor R.L.; Kordos L.; Rook L. (2002). "Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: a compendium" (PDF). Palaeontographia Italica (89): 3–36.
Further reading
Olsson, U.; Rguibi-Idrissi, H.; Copete, J.L.; Arroyo Matos, J.L.; Provost, P.; Amezian, M.; Alström, P.; Jiguet, F. (2016). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Eurasian/African reed warbler complex (Acrocephalus, Aves). Disagreement between morphological and molecular evidence and cryptic divergence: A case for resurrecting Calamoherpe ambigua Brehm 1857". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 102: 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.026. PMID 27233439.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acrocephalus.
Acrocephalus videos Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine on the Internet Bird Collection
vteGenera of passerides and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
PasseridaChaetopidae?
Chaetops
Chloropseidae?
Chloropsis
Hyliotidae?
Hyliota
Irenidae
Irena
Paridae
Baeolophus
Cyanistes
Cephalopyrus
Lophophanes
Machlolophus
Melaniparus
Melanochlora
Pardaliparus
Parus
Periparus
Poecile
Pseudopodoces
Sittiparus
Sylviparus
Picathartidae?
Picathartes
Promeropidae?
Promerops
Remizidae
Anthoscopus
Auriparus
Remiz
Stenostiridae
Chelidorhynx
Culicicapa
Elminia
Stenostira
Muscicapida
See below ↓
Sylvioidea
See below ↓
Passeroidea
See Passeroidea
MuscicapidaRegulidae
Corthylio
Regulus
BombycilloideaBombycillidae
Bombycilla
Dulidae
Dulus
Hylocitreidae
Hylocitrea
Hypocoliidae
Hypocolius
†Mohoidae
Chaetoptila
Moho
Ptiliogonatidae
Phainopepla
Phainoptila
Ptiliogonys
Certhioideaincertae sedis
†Certhiops
†Kischinskinia
Certhiidae
Certhia
Salpornis
Polioptilidae
Microbates
Polioptila
Ramphocaenus
Sittidae
Sitta
Tichodromidae
Tichodroma
Troglodytidae
Campylorhynchus
Cantorchilus
Catherpes
Cinnycerthia
Cistothorus
Cyphorhinus
Ferminia
Henicorhina
Hylorchilus
Microcerculus
Odontorchilus
Pheugopedius
Salpinctes
Thryomanes
Thryophilus
Thryorchilus
Thryothorus
Troglodytes
Uropsila
MuscicapoideaBuphagidae
Buphagus
Cinclidae
Cinclus
Elachuridae
Elachura
Mimidae
Allenia
Cinclocerthia
Dumetella
Margarops
Melanotis
Mimus
Oreoscoptes
Ramphocinclus
Toxostoma
MuscicapidaeErithacinae
Chamaetylas
Cichladusa
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Taxon identifiersAcrocephalus
Wikidata: Q637716
Wikispecies: Acrocephalus (ICZN)
ADW: Acrocephalus
AFD: Acrocephalus
BOLD: 68525
CoL: NC3
EPPO: 1ACRKG
EURING: 12549
Fauna Europaea: 97310
Fauna Europaea (new): 498b708b-2340-4b21-81d9-b24d80c71160
GBIF: 2493112
iNaturalist: 6701
IRMNG: 1356879
ITIS: 178667
NBN: NHMSYS0000530121
NCBI: 39620
NZOR: 46422bd0-0211-47de-8459-e1f3ebd65b0c
WoRMS: 205016
ZooBank: DC0D5713-B28C-4672-808B-44894D7DD145
Authority control databases: National
Israel
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Old World warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalidae"},{"link_name":"marsh warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_warbler"},{"link_name":"reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"Marianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"large-billed reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-billed_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"}],"text":"The Acrocephalus warblers are small, insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Acrocephalus. Formerly in the paraphyletic Old World warbler assemblage, they are now separated as the namesake of the marsh and tree warbler family Acrocephalidae. They are sometimes called marsh warblers or reed warblers, but this invites confusion with marsh warbler and reed warbler.These are rather drab brownish warblers usually associated with marshes or other wetlands. Some are streaked, others plain. Many species breeding in temperate regions are migratory.This genus has heavily diversified into many species throughout islands across the tropical Pacific. This in turn has led to many of the resulting insular endemic species to become endangered. Several of these species (including all but one of the species endemic to the Marianas and two endemic to French Polynesia) have already gone extinct.The most enigmatic species of the genus, the large-billed reed warbler (A. orinus), was rediscovered in Thailand in March, 2006; it was found also in a remote corner of Afghanistan in the summer of 2009. Prior to these recent sightings, it had been found only once before, in 1867.","title":"Acrocephalus (bird)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Andreas Naumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Naumann"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Naumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Naumann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"George Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Gray"},{"link_name":"great reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-6"}],"text":"The genus Acrocephalus was introduced in 1811 by the German naturalist Johann Andreas Naumann and his son Johann Friedrich Naumann.[2][3] The type species was designated as Turdus arundinaceus Linnaeus, 1758, by the English zoologist George Gray in 1840. This is the great reed warbler.[4][5] Many species have a flat head profile, which gives rise to the genus name, Acrocephalus from Ancient Greek akros, \"highest\", and kephale, \"head\". It is possible that the Naumanns thought akros meant \"sharp-pointed\".[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eurasian reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"common cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Basra reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_warbler"},{"link_name":"Greater swamp warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_swamp_warbler"},{"link_name":"Lesser swamp warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_swamp_warbler"},{"link_name":"Madagascar swamp warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_swamp_warbler"},{"link_name":"Seychelles warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_warbler"},{"link_name":"Rodrigues warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues_warbler"},{"link_name":"Great reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Oriental reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Clamorous reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamorous_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Australian reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Millerbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerbird"},{"link_name":"Nightingale reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Saipan reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Aguiguan reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguiguan_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Pagan reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Mangareva reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangareva_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Nauru reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Caroline reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Bokikokiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokikokiko"},{"link_name":"Northern Marquesan reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Marquesan_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Tahiti reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Moorea reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorea_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Garrett's reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%27s_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Southern Marquesan reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Marquesan_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Tuamotu reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuamotu_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Cook reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Rimatara reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimatara_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Henderson reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Black-browed reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-browed_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Moustached warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustached_warbler"},{"link_name":"Aquatic warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_warbler"},{"link_name":"Sedge warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedge_warbler"},{"link_name":"Speckled reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Blunt-winged warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt-winged_warbler"},{"link_name":"Manchurian reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Large-billed reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-billed_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Paddyfield warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddyfield_warbler"},{"link_name":"Blyth's reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth%27s_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Common reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"Marsh warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_warbler"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Late Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Miocene"},{"link_name":"Rudabánya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudab%C3%A1nya"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"apomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorph"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Passerida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerida"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"}],"text":"This Eurasian reed warbler is raising the young of a common cuckoo.The genus contains 42 species of which 6 insular forms are now extinct:[7]Basra reed warbler, Acrocephalus griseldis\nCape Verde warbler, Acrocephalus brevipennis\nGreater swamp warbler, Acrocephalus rufescens\nLesser swamp warbler, Acrocephalus gracilirostris\nMadagascar swamp warbler, Acrocephalus newtoni\nSeychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis\nRodrigues warbler, Acrocephalus rodericanus\nGreat reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus\nOriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis\nClamorous reed warbler, Acrocephalus stentoreus\nAustralian reed warbler, Acrocephalus australis\nMillerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris\n† Nightingale reed warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius\nSaipan reed warbler, Acrocephalus hiwae\n† Aguiguan reed warbler, Acrocephalus nijoi\n† Pagan reed warbler, Acrocephalus yamashinae\n† Mangareva reed warbler, Acrocephalus astrolabii\nNauru reed warbler, Acrocephalus rehsei\nCaroline reed warbler, Acrocephalus syrinx\nBokikokiko, Acrocephalus aequinoctialis\nNorthern Marquesan reed warbler, Acrocephalus percernis\nTahiti reed warbler, Acrocephalus caffer\n† Moorea reed warbler, Acrocephalus longirostris\n† Garrett's reed warbler, Acrocephalus musae\nSouthern Marquesan reed warbler, Acrocephalus mendanae\nTuamotu reed warbler, Acrocephalus atyphus\nCook reed warbler, Acrocephalus kerearako\nRimatara reed warbler, Acrocephalus rimitarae\nHenderson reed warbler, Acrocephalus taiti\nPitcairn reed warbler, Acrocephalus vaughani\nBlack-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps\nMoustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon\nAquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola\nSedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus\nSpeckled reed warbler, Acrocephalus sorghophilus\nBlunt-winged warbler, Acrocephalus concinens\nManchurian reed warbler, Acrocephalus tangorum (sometimes included in A. agricola)\nLarge-billed reed warbler, Acrocephalus orinus\nPaddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola\nBlyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum\nCommon reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus\nMarsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustrisFragmentary fossil remains from the Late Miocene (about 11 mya) of Rudabánya (NE Hungary) show some apomorphies typical of this genus.[8] Given its rather early age (most Passerida genera are not known until the Pliocene), it is not too certain that it is correctly placed here, but it is highly likely to belong to the Acrocephalidae at the least.","title":"List of species in taxonomic order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2016.05.026"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27233439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27233439"}],"text":"Olsson, U.; Rguibi-Idrissi, H.; Copete, J.L.; Arroyo Matos, J.L.; Provost, P.; Amezian, M.; Alström, P.; Jiguet, F. (2016). \"Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Eurasian/African reed warbler complex (Acrocephalus, Aves). Disagreement between morphological and molecular evidence and cryptic divergence: A case for resurrecting Calamoherpe ambigua Brehm 1857\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 102: 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.026. PMID 27233439.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"This Eurasian reed warbler is raising the young of a common cuckoo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/220px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Acrocephalidae\". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=253","url_text":"\"Acrocephalidae\""}]},{"reference":"Naumann, Johann Andreas; Naumann, Johann Friedrich (1811). Naturgeschichte der Land- und Wasser-Vögel des nördlichen Deutschlands und angränzender Länder, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen, und nach dem Leben gezeichnet. Nachtrag (in German). Köthen: Self-published. p. 199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Naumann","url_text":"Naumann, Johann Andreas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Naumann","url_text":"Naumann, Johann Friedrich"},{"url":"https://www.birdforum.net/attachment.php?attachmentid=741781&d=1605201048","url_text":"Naturgeschichte der Land- und Wasser-Vögel des nördlichen Deutschlands und angränzender Länder, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen, und nach dem Leben gezeichnet. Nachtrag"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr","url_text":"Mayr, Ernst"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483757","url_text":"Check-list of Birds of the World"}]},{"reference":"Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Gray","url_text":"Gray, George Robert"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668915","url_text":"A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson","url_text":"Dickinson, E.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Christidis","url_text":"Christidis, L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-2-2","url_text":"978-0-9568611-2-2"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n30","url_text":"30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2020). \"Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers\". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/bushtits/","url_text":"\"Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers\""}]},{"reference":"Bernor R.L.; Kordos L.; Rook L. (2002). \"Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: a compendium\" (PDF). Palaeontographia Italica (89): 3–36.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/BioZ/zmh/2003_Bernor_et_al_Rudabanya.pdf","url_text":"\"Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: a compendium\""}]},{"reference":"Olsson, U.; Rguibi-Idrissi, H.; Copete, J.L.; Arroyo Matos, J.L.; Provost, P.; Amezian, M.; Alström, P.; Jiguet, F. (2016). \"Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Eurasian/African reed warbler complex (Acrocephalus, Aves). Disagreement between morphological and molecular evidence and cryptic divergence: A case for resurrecting Calamoherpe ambigua Brehm 1857\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 102: 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.026. PMID 27233439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2016.05.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27233439","url_text":"27233439"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lovell
|
Jean Lovell
|
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 Personal life","4 Regular season statistics","5 Postseason statistics","6 Book excerpt","7 Sources","8 External links"]
|
Baseball player
Jean LovellAll-American Girls Professional Baseball League Catcher / PitcherBorn: (1926-11-21)November 21, 1926Conneaut, OhioDied: January 1, 1992(1992-01-01) (aged 65)Amboy, Ashtabula County, OhioBatted: RightThrew: Right
Teams
Rockford Peaches (1948–'49)
Kalamazoo Lassies (1950–'51, 1952–'54)
Kenosha Comets (1951)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star Team (1953)
Three-time AAGPBL Championship Title(1948-'49, 1954)
Holds home runs all-time records for catchersboth in career (25) and regular season (21)
Women in Baseball – AAGPBL Permanent DisplayBaseball Hall of Fame and Museum (1988)
Jean Lovell (November 21, 1926 – January 1, 1992) was a female catcher and pitcher who played for three different teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League between the 1948 and 1954 seasons. Lovell batted and threw right-handed. Sometimes she is credited as Jean Dowler.
Early life
A native of Conneaut, Ohio, Lovell attended elementary school at Amboy Township. While she spent some time at Conneaut High School, her family moved just east into Pennsylvania and she ended up graduating from Abington High School. She played high-level competitive softball after graduation, mostly in Conneaut and Painesville before making the jump to the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
Professional career
Lovell was a member of three AAGPBL Champion Teams and ended her eight-year career with 25 home runs, more than any catcher in the league's history and good enough to rank her 10th in the all-time list. In addition, she was selected to the 1953 All-Star Team.
Lovell entered the AAGPBL in 1948 with the Rockford Peaches, winning back-to-back championships with the Peaches 1948-'49 teams. While having played only 52 and 26 games in her first two professional seasons, she became a full-time player after moving to the Kalamazoo Lassies, playing for them in 1950 and 1951. She was traded to the Kenosha Comets for the second half of the 1951 season, but rejoined the Lassies in the summer of 1952, with whom she played the rest of her career, including for the 1954 champion team.
In her final season, Lovell said goodbye in a meaningful way when the ball was reduced to Major League size. She posted a .286 batting average with 21 home runs and 69 runs batted in, to reach all career goals. Those 21 longballs served to lead the league in that season, and also accounted for all but four of her 25 career home runs, which ended up being the most by any catcher in the history of the league. That season she was a member of the All-Star Team who faced the Fort Wayne Daisies host team.
Lovell played both battery positions, but was a much better receiver, despite playing with sore knees for a while. In addition, she had an appendectomy that limited her to 55 games during the 1952 season. At age 28, though, her professional career came to an end — as was the case for all of the players in the league — as the curtain came down on the AAGPBL as it folded.
Personal life
Following her playing retirement, Lovell returned to Conneaut and married Harold Dowler in 1959. The couple lived a full, adventurous life together. Both played golf and bowling, raised German Shorthaired Pointers, and she also rode motorcycles. But in her later years, she was beset by a renal failure, which forced her to dialysis. Eventually, she suffered complications from diabetes. She died in Amboy, Ohio, at the age of 65, and is buried in Waterford Cemetery at Erie County, Pennsylvania.
Regular season statistics
Batting
GP
AB
R
H
2B
3B
HR
RBI
SB
BB
SO
BA
OBP
SLG
470
1376
174
315
39
6
25
174
11
140
131
.229
.300
.321
Fielding
PO
A
E
TC
DP
FA
1376
253
77
1706
33
.955
Pitching
W
L
W-L%
ERA
GP
IP
H
R
ER
SO
BB
3
10
.231
4.18
18
113
103
83
52
17
60
Postseason statistics
Batting
GP
AB
R
H
2B
3B
HR
RBI
SB
BA
SLG
15
53
5
17
1
0
1
7
0
.321
.396
Fielding
G
PO
A
E
TC
FA
12
11
17
5
33
.844
Book excerpt
Author Susan E. Johnson, a sociology professor and devoted fan of the Rockford Peaches, wrote in her 1994 book When Women Played Hardball the next commentary: Jean ordered an arrangement of yellow roses with her catcher’s mitt inside of it, and when they closed the lid of her casket for the final time, her catcher’s mitt went inside with her.
Sources
^ All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Paperback, 294pp. Language: English. ISBN 0-7864-3747-2
^ a b "StarBeacon.com". Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
^ a b c d All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book
^ Encyclopedia of women and baseball - Leslie A. Heaphy, Mel Anthony May. Publisher: McFarland & Co., 2006. Format: Paperback, 438 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-2100-8
^ a b When Women Played Hardball - Susan E. Johnson. Publisher: Seal Press, 1994. Format: Paperback, 320 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-1-878067-43-2
^ The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A biographical dictionary - W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Co., 1997. Format: Paperback, 295 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-0304-2
External links
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Website
A league of her own - Don McCormack
Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers
vteAll-American Girls Professional Baseball LeagueTeams
Battle Creek Belles
Chicago Colleens
Fort Wayne Daisies
Grand Rapids Chicks
Kalamazoo Lassies
Kenosha Comets
Milwaukee Chicks
Minneapolis Millerettes
Muskegon Belles
Muskegon Lassies
Peoria Redwings
Racine Belles
Rockford Peaches
South Bend Blue Sox
Springfield Sallies
Seasons
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
Awards and recognition
All-Star Team
Player of the Year
Batting records
Fielding records
Pitching records
Related articles
List of managers
List of players
Rules of play
A League of Their Own (film)
A League of Their Own (1993 TV series)
A League of Their Own (2022 TV series)
Bill Allington
Arthur Meyerhoff
Philip K. Wrigley
|
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Sometimes she is credited as Jean Dowler.[1]","title":"Jean Lovell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conneaut, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneaut,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Amboy Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboy_Township,_Fulton_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Conneaut High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conneaut_High_School"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Abington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_Heights_School_District"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"Painesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painesville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starbeacon-2"}],"text":"A native of Conneaut, Ohio, Lovell attended elementary school at Amboy Township. While she spent some time at Conneaut High School, her family moved just east into Pennsylvania and she ended up graduating from Abington High School. She played high-level competitive softball after graduation, mostly in Conneaut and Painesville before making the jump to the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"1953 All-Star Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League_All-Star_Team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordBook-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rockford Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Peaches"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo Lassies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_Lassies"},{"link_name":"Kenosha Comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_Comets"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordBook-3"},{"link_name":"Major League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Daisies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Daisies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordBook-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_Women_Played_Hardball'_1994-5"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"appendectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendectomy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lovell was a member of three AAGPBL Champion Teams and ended her eight-year career with 25 home runs, more than any catcher in the league's history and good enough to rank her 10th in the all-time list. In addition, she was selected to the 1953 All-Star Team.[3][4]Lovell entered the AAGPBL in 1948 with the Rockford Peaches, winning back-to-back championships with the Peaches 1948-'49 teams. While having played only 52 and 26 games in her first two professional seasons, she became a full-time player after moving to the Kalamazoo Lassies, playing for them in 1950 and 1951. She was traded to the Kenosha Comets for the second half of the 1951 season, but rejoined the Lassies in the summer of 1952, with whom she played the rest of her career, including for the 1954 champion team.[3]In her final season, Lovell said goodbye in a meaningful way when the ball was reduced to Major League size. She posted a .286 batting average with 21 home runs and 69 runs batted in, to reach all career goals. Those 21 longballs served to lead the league in that season, and also accounted for all but four of her 25 career home runs, which ended up being the most by any catcher in the history of the league. That season she was a member of the All-Star Team who faced the Fort Wayne Daisies host team.[3][5]Lovell played both battery positions, but was a much better receiver, despite playing with sore knees for a while. In addition, she had an appendectomy that limited her to 55 games during the 1952 season. 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The couple lived a full, adventurous life together. Both played golf and bowling, raised German Shorthaired Pointers, and she also rode motorcycles. But in her later years, she was beset by a renal failure, which forced her to dialysis. Eventually, she suffered complications from diabetes. She died in Amboy, Ohio, at the age of 65, and is buried in Waterford Cemetery at Erie County, Pennsylvania.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BattingFieldingPitching","title":"Regular season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordBook-3"}],"text":"BattingFielding[3]","title":"Postseason statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_Women_Played_Hardball'_1994-5"}],"text":"Author Susan E. Johnson, a sociology professor and devoted fan of the Rockford Peaches, wrote in her 1994 book When Women Played Hardball the next commentary: Jean ordered an arrangement of yellow roses with her catcher’s mitt inside of it, and when they closed the lid of her casket for the final time, her catcher’s mitt went inside with her.[5]","title":"Book excerpt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-3747-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3747-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starbeacon_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-starbeacon_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"StarBeacon.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.starbeacon.com/homepage/local_story_113021850.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130202233809/http://www.starbeacon.com/homepage/local_story_113021850.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RecordBook_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RecordBook_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RecordBook_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RecordBook_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-2100-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2100-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-When_Women_Played_Hardball'_1994_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-When_Women_Played_Hardball'_1994_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-878067-43-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878067-43-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-0304-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0304-2"}],"text":"^ All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Paperback, 294pp. Language: English. ISBN 0-7864-3747-2\n\n^ a b \"StarBeacon.com\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2009-12-29.\n\n^ a b c d All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book\n\n^ Encyclopedia of women and baseball - Leslie A. Heaphy, Mel Anthony May. Publisher: McFarland & Co., 2006. Format: Paperback, 438 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-2100-8\n\n^ a b When Women Played Hardball - Susan E. Johnson. Publisher: Seal Press, 1994. Format: Paperback, 320 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-1-878067-43-2\n\n^ The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A biographical dictionary - W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Co., 1997. Format: Paperback, 295 pp. Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7864-0304-2","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZME
|
WZME
|
["1 History","1.1 WICC-TV (1953–1960)","1.2 As a home shopping station (1987–2009)","1.3 Switch to entertainment programming (2009–2016)","1.4 As a religious station (2017–2019)","1.5 Return to home shopping station (2020–2021)","1.6 Sale to Weigel Broadcasting; switch to MeTV Plus (2021–present)","2 Technical information","2.1 Subchannels","2.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","2.3 Spectrum reallocation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°16′44.3″N 73°11′6.4″W / 41.278972°N 73.185111°W / 41.278972; -73.185111
"WHAI-TV" redirects here. For other uses, see Whai.
Story Television station in Bridgeport, Connecticut
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)
WZMEBridgeport, ConnecticutNew York, New YorkUnited StatesCityBridgeport, ConnecticutChannelsDigital: 21 (UHF), shared with WEDWVirtual: 43BrandingStory Television New YorkMeTV+ New York (on DT2)ProgrammingAffiliations43.1: Story Television(for others, see § Subchannels)OwnershipOwnerWeigel Broadcasting(WZME-TV LLC)Sister stationsWJLP, WNWT-LDHistoryFoundedNovember 20, 1980First air dateSeptember 28, 1987 (36 years ago) (1987-09-28)Former call signsWBCT-TV (1987–1988)WHAI-TV (1988–January 1998)WIPX (January−August 1998)WBPT (August 1998–1999)WSAH (1999–2012)Former channel number(s)Analog: 43 (UHF, 1987–2008)Digital: 42 (UHF, 2006–2017)49 (UHF, 2017–2019)Former affiliationsIndependent (1987–1999)Shop at Home (1999–2007)Gems TV (2007–2009)RTV (2009–2012)MeTV (2012–2015)Heroes & Icons (2015–2016)SonLife (2016–December 2019)Shop LC (January–November 2020)ShopHQ (November 2020–2021)MeTV Plus (2021−2022, now on DT2)Call sign meaningMemorable Entertainment (backronymed initialism of MeTV; instituted before Weigel ownership)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID70493ERPDTS1: 200 kWDTS2: 210 kWHAATDTS1: 219 m (719 ft)DTS2: 428 m (1,404 ft)Transmitter coordinatesDTS1:41°16′44.3″N 73°11′6.4″W / 41.278972°N 73.185111°W / 41.278972; -73.185111DTS2:40°44′54″N 73°59′9″W / 40.74833°N 73.98583°W / 40.74833; -73.98583LinksPublic license information Public fileLMS
WZME (channel 43) is a television station licensed to Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, serving as the New York City market's outlet for the diginet Story Television. It is owned and operated by network parent Weigel Broadcasting alongside Middletown Township, New Jersey–licensed MeTV station WJLP (channel 33), and New York-licensed WNWT-LD (channel 37, officially a low-power station, operating under a channel sharing arrangement with WJLP). WZME maintains a primary transmitter on Booth Hill Road in Trumbull, Connecticut, with a secondary transmitter located at the Empire State Building in midtown Manhattan.
History
WICC-TV (1953–1960)
The UHF channel 43 allocation in Bridgeport was initially assigned to WICC-TV, which stands for "Industrial Center of Connecticut", a reference to Bridgeport. The station was named after the local radio station and signed on in March 1953 as an affiliate of both ABC and DuMont. This was one month after the first UHF station in Connecticut, WKNB-TV (now WVIT) in New Britain, began broadcasting.
At the time, UHF was relatively new and required an expensive converter, which meant that WICC-TV was not seen by many viewers. Moreover, ABC and DuMont network programming was readily available in much of WICC's viewing area via WABC-TV (channel 7) and WABD (channel 5, now WNYW), respectively, from New York City.
One attempt at locally generated programming on the station was Newsvision, created by station owner Ken Cooper, in which a station camera was pointed at a teletype machine, with music being played on the audio channel. The FCC disallowed this because they ruled the video and audio channels must work in sync, rather than be separate sources.
None of WICC's attempts to gain viewers succeeded; one of these included a stunt where Bob Crane (who would later become the star of the sitcom Hogan's Heroes) offered $100 to the first caller who reached the station. No one called, leading the station to announce in January 1960 that WICC was the "only station in the U.S. without any viewers". That December, WICC-TV went off the air. Most of the station's programming inventory was destroyed by fire a few months later.
As a home shopping station (1987–2009)
A group of women, under the name of Bridgeways Communications Corporation, received a construction permit for a new station on channel 43 on November 20, 1980, and on September 28, 1987, the station signed on as WBCT-TV, airing home shopping programming. Initially, the station planned to become a locally focused independent station, with WBCT's management concerned that Bridgeport was being served only by New York City stations; a year later, however, the station had changed its plans and planned to implement cultural programming aimed at the Jewish community in the New York City market as a whole. Shortly afterward, the station changed its call letters to WHAI-TV, in reference to chai, the Hebrew word for living. However, the station was sold in 1994 to ValueVision, which in turn sold WHAI to Paxson Communications in 1996. By then, the station had also added infomercials to the schedule.
Original plans called for the station to become a charter station of the Pax TV network (as WIPX) when it launched in August 1998, but those plans were scrapped (mainly due to duopoly concerns resulting from Paxson's acquisition of WPXN-TV channel 31, as both stations' signals overlap and are considered part of the New York City market; at that time the FCC did not allow common ownership of such stations) and the call letters were again changed, this time to WBPT. After an attempt to sell the station to Cuchifritos Communications (which planned to make the station the flagship of a Spanish-language home-shopping service) fell through, the station was sold in 1999 to the Shop at Home Network which switched the station to the network and changed its call letters to WSAH.
Azteca América nearly bought the station late in 2000 to serve as its New York City affiliate. The deal quickly collapsed, with Azteca América citing concerns over WSAH's coverage of the market; the network ultimately affiliated with WNYN-LP. The station continued to run Shop at Home, with a brief interruption in 2006 when the network temporarily closed.
On September 26, 2006, The E. W. Scripps Company (the then-owner of the former Shop at Home owned-and-operated stations) announced that it was selling WSAH along with four other stations (KCNS in San Francisco; WMFP in Boston; WOAC (now WRLM) in Canton, Ohio; and WRAY-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina) to Multicultural Television for $170 million. Multicultural assumed control of KCNS, WOAC and WRAY on December 20, 2006, and flipped their programming to an all-infomercial format; it did not take control of WSAH and WMFP immediately due to the stations' pending license renewal. The licenses were renewed in early April 2007, and on April 24, 2007, Multicultural took control of these stations.
In May 2007, WSAH changed shopping networks, switching from Shop at Home to Gems TV, a shopping network that specializes in jewelry. In addition, infomercials once again became a part of the schedule. The Gems TV affiliation was discontinued in 2009.
Switch to entertainment programming (2009–2016)
WSAH's logo before joining MeTV.
On July 1, 2009, WSAH affiliated with the Retro Television Network (RTV), becoming one of only a few affiliates to carry RTV on its main channel. Initially, RTV programming was seen from 6 p.m. to midnight, with infomercials continuing during the remainder of the broadcast day. In September 2009, WSAH cut RTV programming back to end at 11 p.m. on weekdays, and 10 p.m. on weekends. Shortly afterwards, the station announced that it would drop RTV completely at the end of the month. The next month, WSAH added a subchannel, airing Chinese-language programming from sister station KCNS. On June 6, 2011, the station rejoined RTV, running its programming from 12 p.m. to 12 a.m.
After Multicultural ran into financial problems and defaulted on its loans, WSAH was placed into a trust; the station was then placed for sale. On October 6, 2011, it was announced that WSAH would be auctioned off in bankruptcy court by the end of 2011. In the auction, held on November 15, the station was acquired by NRJ TV, LLC, which had earlier acquired KCNS and WMFP; the deal is subject to bankruptcy court approval, though the auction has been challenged by Arthur Liu, who owned Multicultural and is associated with failed bidder NYVV. The FCC approved the sale on March 20, 2012, and it was consummated eight days later.
In December 2011, MeTV announced on its website that it signed WSAH as its New York City affiliate. On January 4, 2012, WSAH switched from Retro Television Network to MeTV on its primary channel, carrying MeTV's programming from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekdays and 11 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekends. Infomercials ran in the hours that MeTV programming was not shown (making it the largest MeTV affiliate not to carry the network's complete schedule, particularly unusual given the size of the New York City market, and since most MeTV affiliates that preempt programming are in mid-sized and small markets and are alternately affiliated with major broadcast networks). RTV moved to WSAH's second subchannel, replacing the Chinese-language programming. On July 29, 2012, the station's call letters became WZME to reflect its affiliation with MeTV.
On January 24, 2014, MeTV announced that it would move its New York City affiliation from WZME to KVNV (which relaunched as WJLP channel 3) when that station completed its move from Ely, Nevada, to Middletown Township, New Jersey, in the fall of 2014. At that time, WZME remained the New York–Connecticut MeTV affiliate. With the New York area overlap with WJLP, WZME made the decision to change its network affiliation. As of October 11, 2015, WZME became the affiliate in the New York-Connecticut area of Heroes and Icons, which is also broadcast on WWOR-DT4.
As a religious station (2017–2019)
On January 1, 2017, WZME became an affiliate of the Sonlife Broadcasting Network, run by Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.
Return to home shopping station (2020–2021)
On January 1, 2020, WZME switched affiliations to Shop LC (formerly the Liquidation Channel), a home shopping network for the first time in 11 years. Sonlife was shifted to the station's second digital subchannel. In November, the station switched affiliations again to ShopHQ.
Sale to Weigel Broadcasting; switch to MeTV Plus (2021–present)
On September 1, 2021, WZME was sold to Weigel Broadcasting. MeTV programming returned to the station via Weigel's MeTV Plus on September 27, 2021.
On April 1, 2022, MeTV Plus on DT1 was replaced with Story Television. MeTV Plus programming moved to a new DT2 subchannel.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of WZME on the WEDW multiplex
Channel
Res.
Aspect
Short name
Programming
43.1
720p
16:9
Story
Story Television
43.2
480i
MeTV+
MeTV Plus
43.3
MeTV
MeTV
43.4
4:3
MeTV Toons (soon)
43.8
16:9
RETRO
Retro TV
43.9
HEART
Heartland
43.12
EMLW
OnTV4U
Analog-to-digital conversion
WZME (as WSAH) signed on its digital signal on channel 42 on December 16, 2006. The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 43, on July 4, 2008. The analog signal was taken off the air, following a lightning strike at the transmitter. Since the cost of repairing the transmitter was considered to be uneconomical, due to the pending analog shutdown, the station's owners sought permission from the FCC to keep the analog transmitter silent. This did not affect WSAH's digital signal or its availability on cable. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42, using virtual channel 43.
Spectrum reallocation
The FCC made public on April 13, 2017, that WZME had agreed to surrender its broadcast spectrum for the sum of $191,813,165. The station moved to Bridgeport-licensed public television station WEDW (owned by Connecticut Public Television) for its channel sharing arrangement. WZME previously aired The Works on DT2 and Comet on DT3.
See also
Connecticut portalTelevision portalUnited States portal
List of television stations in Connecticut
References
^ a b "Assignments". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
^ "Facility Technical Data for WZME". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "WICC-TV: Not One Viewer" (PDF format). AmericanRadioHistory.com. January 18, 1960. Retrieved November 14, 2011. – dead link
^ a b c Cavanaugh, Jack (November 15, 1987). "Station Makes a Quiet Debut". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ "Application Search Details". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ "Group Plans TV Station for Jewish Audience". Associated Press (via The New York Times). September 6, 1988. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ "Application Search Details". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ "Application Search Details". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (November 26, 1997). "WILD– Still Waiting". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ a b Fybush, Scott (August 26, 1998). "Mergers and Spinoffs". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (January 15, 1998). "Ice Storm Damage Continues". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ a b Dempsy, John (December 9, 1998). "Paxson Seeks To Sell Station". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (September 4, 1998). "One Shoe Drops in Maine..." North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (December 11, 1998). "Big Apple's Big Changes, and, We Visit the Midwest". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ a b Fybush, Scott (March 5, 1999). "We Will Never Make Fun of Boston Weather Again..." North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (June 18, 1999). "CBL: The Final Countdown". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (October 2, 2000). "Spinning the Dial in Connecticut". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ Fybush, Scott (December 11, 2000). "Adios, WHUB!". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ Trigoboff, Dan (July 1, 2001). "Not So Fast, Pappas". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ "Scripps Sells Shop At Home TV Stations" (Press release). September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ "Retro TV Finds a Home in New York". Retrieved June 5, 2009.
^ Fybush, Scott (September 21, 2009). "Remembering Fred Cusick". NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ Fybush, Scott (November 2, 2009). "Pulse Fades Out – Now It's a Party". NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
^ Jessell, Harry A. (December 28, 2010). "Multicultural Handing Over WSAH to Trustee". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
^ "WSAH Bridgeport To Be Auctioned". Broadcasting & Cable.
^ Jessell, Harry J. (November 29, 2011). "NRJ Wins Bidding for WSAH New York, But..." tvnewscheck.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ (PDF format). Federal Communications Commission.
^ Downey, Kevin (January 24, 2014). "Me-TV Picks Up Big-Market Primary Slots". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Digital TV Market Listing for WZME". rabbitears.info.
^ "WSAH Analog Off Air". radio-info.com. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011.
^ "DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds" (PDF). fcc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013.
^ "FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction" (PDF). fcc.gov. April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
"RadioDXer.com". WICC-TV, Channel 43, Bridgeport, CT. Retrieved October 18, 2005.
External links
vteBroadcast television in the NYC Tri-State Region
This region includes the following areas: New York City
Long Island
Hudson Valley
Newark/Jersey City, NJ
Fairfield County, CTReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Full power
WCBS-TV 2 (.1 CBS, .2 Start, .3 Dabl, .4 Fave, .5 Comet)
WNBC 4 (.1 NBC, .2 Cozi, .3 LX, .4 Oxygen)
WNYW 5 (.1 Fox, .2 Movies!, .3 Fox WX, .4 Grio, .5 Catchy)
WABC-TV 7 (.1 ABC, .2 Localish, .3 This, .4 HSN)
WWOR-TV 9 (.1 MNTV, .3 Buzzr, .4 H&I)
WPIX 11ATSC 3.0 (.1 CW, .2 ANT, .3 Grit, .4 REW, .5 QVC)
WNET 13 (.1 PBS, .2 Kids)
WLIW 21ATSC 3.0 (.1 PBS, .2 Create, .3 World, .4 All Arts)
WNYE-TV 25 (.1 Edu. Ind., .2 NYC gov, .3 CUNY)
WPXN-TV 31 (.1 Ion, .2 Bounce, .3 Court, .4 Defy, .5 Laff, .6 Scripps, .7 JTV, .8 QVC)
WJLP 33 (.1 MeTV, .2 Grit, .3 Laff, .4 Mystery, .6 Comet, .7 Story, .8 MeTV+)
WXTV-DT 41 (.1 UNI, .2 Bounce)
WZME 43 (.1 Story, .2 MeTV+, .3 MeTV, .4 MeTV Toons , .8 Retro, .9 Heartland, .12 Ads)
WNJU 47 (.1 TMD, .2 TXO)
WRNN-TV 48 (.1 ShopHQ, .2 LC, .3 Charge!, .4 QVC2)
WEDW 49 (.1 PBS/CPTV)
WNJN 50/WNJB 58 (.1 PBS/NJ PBS, .2 NHK)
WTBY-TV 54 (.1 TBN, .2 Merit, .3 Smile, .4 Positiv)
WLNY-TV 55 (.1 Ind., .2 HSN, .3 QVC2, .4 HSN2, .5 Nosey)
WMBC-TV 63 (.1 Merit, .2 Quest, .3 TBD, .4 SinoVision, .5 NTD in Chinese, .7 Aliento; Audio: .8 WDNJ, .9 KCBN, .11 WWGB, .12 WBTK)
WFTY-DT 67 (.1 Crime, .2 UniMás, .3 UNI, .4 Grit, .5 Mystery, .6 LC)
WFUT-DT 68 (.1 UniMás, .2 Crime, .3 Get)
Low power
WNYZ-LD 6 (.1 Ind./Korean, 87.75 FM analog Ind.-FM/Korean Audio)
WPXU-LD 12 (.1 Daystar)
WNDT-CD 14/WMBQ-CD 46 (.1 FNX)
WEPT-CD 15 (.1 JTV)
WVVH-CD 18 (.1 YTA/Outside, .3 LC, .4 HSN, .5 NTD; Southampton, NY)
W23ER-D 17 (.1 WMHT/PBS, .2 Create, .3 World, .4 PBS Kids)
WDVB-CD 23 (.1 Inspire, .2 Smile)
WASA-LD 24 (.1 Estrella, .2 Estrella News, .3 Test cards)
WXNY-LD 32 (.1 Daystar, .2 DS Español)
WPXO-LD 34 (.1 ATevé)
WNWT-LD 37 (.1 Story)
WNJJ-LD 40 (.1 Ads)
WKOB-LD 42 (.1 Visión Latina, .2 ULFN, .3 L&C)
W33ET-D 60 (.1 Diya)
ATSC 3.0
WNYZ-LD 6 (.1 Ind./Korean, 87.75 FM analog Ind.-FM/Korean Audio)
WPIX (7.1 ABC, 68.1 UniMás)
WLIW (2.1 CBS, 4.1 NBC, 13.1 PBS, 21.1 PBS, 46.1 FNX, 47.1 TMD)
WMBQ-CD (14.1 FNX)
Cable
BronxNet
BRIC
CIN-TV
CFN
MNN
MSG
MSGSN
NET-TV
News 12
NY1
Noticias
NYC Media
QPTV
SNY
YES
Streaming
CBS News New York
NBC New York News
ABC 7 New York 24/7
Fox 5 New York
Defunct
FiOS1
MSG Metro
NJN (PBS)
W26CE 26
WNXY-LD 43 (.1 Diya)
WMUN-CD 45
WRTV 58 (Asbury Park, NJ)
WNYJ-TV 66 (West Milford, NJ)
WRNY
WWPS-LP 9
WWOR EMI Service
KC2XAK (NBC, Bridgeport, CT, UHF/experimental)
NY1 Rail & Road
New York State television
Albany/Schenectady
Binghamton
Buffalo
Burlington/Plattsburgh
Elmira
New York City
Rochester
Syracuse
Utica
Watertown
See also
Hartford/New Haven
Philadelphia
vteBroadcast television in ConnecticutEnglish (Hartford–New Haven)
WHNH-CD 2 (.1 This, .2 Grio, .3 NewsNet, .4 Local)
WFSB 3 (.1 CBS, .2 Mystery, .3 Laff, .4 Ind. simulcast of 27.1, .5 News, .6 WX)
WTNH 8 (.1 ABC, .2 REW)
WETN-LD 16 (.1 Retro)
WCCT-TV 20 (.1 CW, .2 Grit, .3 Comet, .4 Quest)
WEDH 24 / WEDY 65 (24.1/65.3 PBS, .2 Kids, 24.3/65.1 CPTV Spirit)
WHPX-TV 26 (.1 Ion, .2 Bounce, .3 Court, .4 Scripps, .5 Defy, .6 JTV, .7 QVC, .8 HSN)
WWAX-LD 27 (.1 Ind., .2 Charge!, .3 local news/WX, .4 Bark TV, .5 Corner Store, .6 The365, .7 Outlaw)
WVIT 30 (.1 NBC, .2 Cozi, .3 LX, .4 Oxygen)
WRNT-LD 32 (.1 Ads, .3 MtrSpt1, .4 Daystar, .5 LC, .6 Buzzr, .7 HQ)
WTXX-LD 34 (.1/.5-.6 Ads, .2 beIN Xtra, .3 L&C)
WHCT-LD 35 (.1 MeTV, .2 H&I, .3 Start, .4 Movies!, .5 Catchy, .6 MeTV+, .7 Story)
WCTX 59 (.1 MNT, .2 Comet)
WTIC-TV 61 (.1 Fox, .2 ANT, .3 Get, .4 Crime, .5 Nest)
Spanish (Hartford–New Haven)
WUVN 18 (.1 UNI, .4 LATV)
WRDM-CD 19 (.1 TMD, .2 TXO)
WRNT-LD 32 (.2 Daystar Español)
WTXX-LD 34 (.4 beIN Español)
WUTH-CD 47 (.1 UniMás)
English (Bridgeport)
WZME 43 (.1 Story, .2 MeTV+, .3 MeTV, .4 MeTV Toons , .8 Retro, .9 Heartland, .12 Ads)
WEDW 49 (.1 PBS, .2 Kids, .3 CPTV Spirit)
ATSC 3.0 digital
WCCT-TV (3.1 CBS, 8.1 ABC, 20.1 CW, 61.1 Fox)
WEDN (53.1 PBS, 53.2 Create, 53.3 CPTV Spirit)
Cable channels
Citizens TV
Connecticut Network
HPATV
MSG
MSGSN
NBC Sports Boston
NECN
NESN
SNY
YES
Streaming channels
Eyewitness News NOW
NBC Connecticut News
FOX 61+
Adjacent areas
Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY
Boston, MA–Manchester, NH
New York City, NY
Providence, RI–New Bedford, MA
Springfield–Holyoke, MA
vteOther television stations licensed to and serving the state of New YorkReligious stations
WNYB 26 (TCT, Jamestown)
WNWT-LD 37 (COR, Brooklyn)
WNGN-LD 38 / WNGX-LP 42 (Troy/Schenectady)
WKOB-LD 42.2 (Daystar, New York City)
WNYI 52 (Daystar, Ithaca)
WTBY-TV 54 (TBN, Jersey City, NJ)
Spanish-languagestations
WKOB-LD 42 (Azteca, New York City)
WXTV-DT 41 (UNI, Paterson, NJ)
WNJU 47 (TMD, Linden, NJ)
WFTY-DT 67.2 (UniMás, Smithtown)
WFUT-DT 68 (UniMás, Newark, NJ)
Ethnic and/orpublic secular stations
WNDT-CD 17 (FNX, New York City)
WNYE-TV 25 (Edu., New York City)
WXNY-LD 32 (Ind., New York City)
WMBC-TV 63 (Ind., Newton, NJ)
Other stations
WEPT-CD 15 (AMGTV, Peekskill)
WVVH-CD 18 (YTA, Southampton)
WVBG-LD 25 (Ind., Greenwich)
WVTT-CD 25 (This, Olean)
WYCU-LD 26 (Outside, Charlestown, NH)
WNCE-CD 31 (YTA, Glens Falls)
WJLP 33 (MeTV, Middletown Twp., NJ)
WYCI 40 (H&I, Saranac Lake)
WZME 43 (Story, Bridgeport, CT)
WRNN-TV 48 (ShopHQ, New Rochelle)
WLNY-TV 55 (Ind., Riverhead)
WBXZ-LD 56 (Cozi, Buffalo)
W33ET-D 60 (Diya, New York City)
WBBZ-TV 67 (Ind./MeTV, Springville)
WFTY-DT 67 (True Crime, Smithtown)
Defunct
WNYX-LD 35 (Ind., New York City)
WDTB-LD 39 (Daystar, Buffalo)
WNXY-LD 43 (Ind., New York City)
W44CT-D 44 (3ABN, Albany)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in New York
vteBroadcast television stations by affiliation in the state of New JerseyABC
WPVI-TV 6 (Philadelphia, PA)
WABC-TV 7 (New York, NY)
CBS
WCBS-TV 2 (New York, NY)
KYW-TV 3 (Philadelphia, PA)
Fox
WNYW 5 (New York, NY)
WTXF-TV 29 (Philadelphia, PA)
NBC
WNBC 4 (New York, NY)
WCAU 10 (Philadelphia, PA)
The CW
WPIX 11 (New York, NY)
WPHL-TV 17 (Philadelphia, PA)
MyNetworkTV
WWOR-TV 9 (Secaucus)
WPHL-DT 17.2 (Philadelphia, PA)
Ion Television
WPXN-TV 31 (New York, NY)
WPPX-TV 61 (Wilmington, DE)
PBSNJ PBS
North Jersey
WNJN 50 (Montclair)
WNJB 58 (New Brunswick)
South Jersey
WNJS 23 (Camden)
WNJT 52 (Trenton)
Other
WHYY-TV 12 (Wilmington, DE)
WNET 13 (Newark)
WLIW 21ATSC 3.0 (Garden City, NY)
WPPT 35 (Philadelphia, PA)
WLVT-TV 39 (Allentown, PA)
Spanish-languagestations
WPSJ-CD 8 (Azteca, Hammonton)
WFPA-CD 28 (UniMás, Philadelphia, PA)
WPXO-LD 34 (ATevé, East Orange)
WXTV-DT 41 (UNI, Paterson)
WNJU 47 (TMD, Linden)
WWSI 62 (TMD, Mount Laurel)
WUVP-DT 65 (UNI, Vineland)
WFUT-DT 68 (UniMás, Newark)
Other stations
WDPN-TV 2 (MeTV, Wilmington, DE)
WACP 4 (TCT, Atlantic City)
WDVB-CD 23 (Inspire, Edison)
WNYE-TV 25 (Edu. Ind., New York, NY)
WPHY-CD 25 (Sonlife, Trenton)
WJLP 33 (MeTV, Middletown Twp.)
WQAV-CD 34 (Asia Vision/Ind., Atlantic City)
WMGM 40 (Crime, Wildwood)
WZME 43 (Story, Bridgeport, CT)
WMCN-TV 44 (LC, Atlantic City)
WGTW-TV 48 (TBN, Millville)
WRNN-TV 48 (ShopHQ, New Rochelle, NY)
WTBY-TV 54 (TBN, Jersey City)
WLNY-TV 55 (Ind., Riverhead, NY)
WPSG 57 (Ind., Philadelphia, PA)
WMBC-TV 63 (Ind., Newton)
WFMZ-TV 69 (Ind., Allentown)
Defunct
WNYJ-TV 66 (Rel. Ind., West Milford)
vteOther television stations serving New EnglandGreater BostonHispanic/Latino
WUTF-TV 27 (UniMás, Worcester, MA)
WCEA-LD 26 (Ind., Boston)
WNEU 60 (TMD, Merrimack, NH)
WUNI 66 (UNI, Marlborough, MA)
Home shopping
WWDP 46 (Shop LC, Norwell, MA)
Religious
WYDN 48 (Daystar, Lowell, MA)
WMFP 62 (SBN, Foxborough, MA)
Other stations
WHDT-LD 3 (DW, Boston)
WHDH 7 (Ind., Boston)
WFXZ-CD 24 (Biz TV, Boston)
WSBK-TV 38 (Ind., Boston)
WDPX-TV 58 (Grit, Woburn, MA)
Springfield, MA
WTXX-LD 34 (AZA)
WHTX-LD 43 (UNI)
WDMR-LD 50 (TMD)
New Hampshire
WPXG-TV 21 (Ion, Concord)
WLEK-LD 22 (Azteca, Concord)
WYCU-LD 26 (Outside TV, Charlestown)
WWJE-DT 50 (Justice, Derry)
Rhode Island
WYCN-LD 8/WRIW-CD 51 (TMD, Providence)
WLWC 28 (Court TV, New Bedford, MA)
ConnecticutSpanish
WUVN (18.1 UNI, 18.2 WHTX-LD, 18.3/47 UniMás, 18.4 LATV; Hartford)
WRNT-LD (32.1 Azteca, Hartford)
WRDM-CD 50 (TMD, Hartford)
English
WRNT-LD (32.2 GetTV, 32.3 Dabl, 32.4 Cheddar, 32.5 Shop LC, 32.6 Buzzr)
WHCT-LD 35 (.1 MeTV, 2. H&I, .3 Start, .4 Movies!, .5 Decades, .6 MeTV+, Hartford–New Haven)
WZME 43 (SBN, Bridgeport)
Vermont
WHNH-CD 2 (Outside TV, Manchester)
MainePortland
WFYW-LP 41 (3ABN, Waterville)
Bangor
WEXZ-LD 13 (Retro TV, Bangor)
WBGR-LD 18 (.1 MeTV, .2 H&I/Ant, Bangor/Dedham)
Defunct
WLLB-LD 15 (Daystar, Portland)
W16AL 16 (TBN, Burlington)
WCKD-LP 30 (JUCE/Positiv, Bangor/Dedham)
WMNE-LP 32 (TBN, Portland)
WGMU-LP 39 (Retro TV, Burlington, Vermont)
W14CK 47 (Daystar, Newport, Vermont)
WVBQ-LP 47 (Outside, Newport–Charlestown, NH)
WNHX-LP 51 (Ind., New Haven, CT)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in New England
vteOther television stations in the Commonwealth of PennsylvaniaIndependent stations
WPKD-TV 19 (Jeannette)
WDVM-TV 25 (Hagerstown, MD)
WPSG 57 (Philadelphia)
WFMZ-TV 69 (Allentown)
Religious stations
W09DJ-D (EWTN, Scranton)
WNYB 26 (TCT, Jamestown, NY)
WCZS-LD 35 (CTVN, Shippensburg)
WPCB-TV 40 (CTVN, Greensburg)
WELL-LD 45 (Daystar, Philadelphia)
WKBS-TV 47 (CTVN, Altoona)
WGTW-TV 48 (TBN, Millville, NJ)
WLYH 49 (Rel. Ind., Red Lion)
WTBY-TV 54 (TBN, Jersey City, NJ)
WBPH-TV 60 (Rel. Ind., Allentown)
Other stationsEnglish
WDPN-TV 2 (MeTV, Wilmington, DE)
WNYE-TV 25 (Edu., New York, NY)
WIIC-LD 29 (Rev'n, Pittsburgh)
WJLP 33 (MeTV, Middletown Twp., NJ)
WBYD-CD 35 (JTV, Pittsburgh)
WYLN-CD 35 (YTA, Hazleton)
WZME 43 (Story, Bridgeport, CT)
WWAT-CD 45 (Family, Uniontown)
WRNN-TV 48 (ShopHQ, New Rochelle, NY)
WTVE 51 (Ads, Willow Grove)
WMBC-TV 63 (Ind./Ethnic, Newton, NJ)
WBBZ-TV 67 (Ind./MeTV, Springville, NY)
WJAL 68 (ShopHQ, Silver Spring, MD)
Spanish
WFDC-DT 14 (UNI, Arlington, VA)
WXBU 15 (UNI, Lancaster)
WFPA-CD 28 (UniMás, Philadelphia)
WXTV-DT 41 (UNI, Paterson, NJ)
WNJU 47 (TMD, Linden, NJ)
WWSI 62 (TMD, Mount Laurel, NJ)
WUVP-DT 65 (UNI, Vineland, NJ)
WFUT-DT 68 (UNI, Newark, NJ)
Defunct
WSCP-LP 13 (Bellefonte)
WEPA-CD 59 (Pittsburgh)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in Pennsylvania
vteWeigel BroadcastingNetwork-affiliated stations
ABC
WBND-LD
CBS
WDJT-TV
CW
WCIU-TV
WCWW-LD
Jewelry Television
KSFV-CD
KVME-TV
MyNetworkTV
WMYS-LD
Spectrum News 1
KAZD
Telemundo
WYTU-LD 1
WFBN-LD 1
Univision
KVOS-TV
MeTV and/or MeTV+ O&O stations
KAZA-TV
KAZD 8
KCSG
KFFV
KHTV-CD
KMOH-TV
KNLC
KREG-TV
KYAZ
WBME-CD 2
WDME-CD
WHCT-LD
WJFB
WJLP
WMEI
WWME-CD 3
Catchy Comedy and/or H&I O&O stations
KAXT-CD
KCSG-LD
KDIT-CD
KTLN-TV
KVOS-TV9
KPOM-CD
WOCV-CD
WZDS-LD
Story TV O&O stations
WNWT-LD
WZME
Independent stations
WMEU-CD 3
WMLW-TV 7
Radio stations
WRME-LD 4
National subchannel networks
Catchy Comedy
Dabl 6
Heroes & Icons
MeTV
MeTV+
MeTV Toons 10
Movies! 5
Start TV 6
Story Television
MeTV original programming
Collector's Call
Svengoolie
Sventoonie
Toon In with Me
Former programming
First Business
Green Screen Adventures
Through the Decades
Defunct
TouchVision
1 Carried on a digital subchannel of WMLW & WMYS.
2 Carried on a digital subchannel of WDJT.
3 Carried on a digital subchannel of WCIU.
4 Owned by Venture Technologies Group; operated by Weigel under an LMA as a radio station.
5 Joint venture with Fox Television Stations.
6 Joint venture with CBS News and Stations.
7 Shares spectrum with WBME-CD.
8 Carried on a digital subchannel of KAZD.
9 Carried on a digital subchannel of KVOS.
10 Joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery Networks.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whai_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market#Television"},{"link_name":"diginet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diginet"},{"link_name":"Story Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_Television"},{"link_name":"owned and operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated"},{"link_name":"Weigel Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigel_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Middletown Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"MeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV"},{"link_name":"WJLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJLP"},{"link_name":"WNWT-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNWT-LD"},{"link_name":"low-power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting#Television"},{"link_name":"channel sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_sharing"},{"link_name":"Trumbull, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumbull,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"}],"text":"\"WHAI-TV\" redirects here. For other uses, see Whai.Story Television station in Bridgeport, ConnecticutWZME (channel 43) is a television station licensed to Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, serving as the New York City market's outlet for the diginet Story Television. It is owned and operated by network parent Weigel Broadcasting alongside Middletown Township, New Jersey–licensed MeTV station WJLP (channel 33), and New York-licensed WNWT-LD (channel 37, officially a low-power station, operating under a channel sharing arrangement with WJLP). WZME maintains a primary transmitter on Booth Hill Road in Trumbull, Connecticut, with a secondary transmitter located at the Empire State Building in midtown Manhattan.","title":"WZME"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WICC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"DuMont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"WVIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVIT"},{"link_name":"New Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"WABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC-TV"},{"link_name":"WNYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYW"},{"link_name":"teletype machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_machine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bob Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Crane"},{"link_name":"Hogan's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-wiccnoviewers-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"WICC-TV (1953–1960)","text":"The UHF channel 43 allocation in Bridgeport was initially assigned to WICC-TV, which stands for \"Industrial Center of Connecticut\", a reference to Bridgeport. The station was named after the local radio station and signed on in March 1953 as an affiliate of both ABC and DuMont. This was one month after the first UHF station in Connecticut, WKNB-TV (now WVIT) in New Britain, began broadcasting.At the time, UHF was relatively new and required an expensive converter, which meant that WICC-TV was not seen by many viewers. Moreover, ABC and DuMont network programming was readily available in much of WICC's viewing area via WABC-TV (channel 7) and WABD (channel 5, now WNYW), respectively, from New York City.One attempt at locally generated programming on the station was Newsvision, created by station owner Ken Cooper, in which a station camera was pointed at a teletype machine, with music being played on the audio channel. The FCC disallowed this because they ruled the video and audio channels must work in sync, rather than be separate sources.[citation needed]None of WICC's attempts to gain viewers succeeded; one of these included a stunt where Bob Crane (who would later become the star of the sitcom Hogan's Heroes) offered $100 to the first caller who reached the station. No one called, leading the station to announce in January 1960 that WICC was the \"only station in the U.S. without any viewers\".[3] That December, WICC-TV went off the air.[citation needed] Most of the station's programming inventory was destroyed by fire a few months later.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-wbctbegin-4"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc-wbctcp-5"},{"link_name":"home shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_shopping"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-wbctbegin-4"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-wbctbegin-4"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-wbctjewish-6"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"chai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_(symbol)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"ValueVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ValueVision"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc-whaivvi-7"},{"link_name":"Paxson Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Media"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc-whaipaxson-8"},{"link_name":"infomercials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial"},{"link_name":"Pax TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-whaipax-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wipxpax-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wipxpax-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wipx-11"},{"link_name":"duopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"WPXN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXN-TV"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-cuchifritos-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wbpt-13"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-cuchifritos-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-cuchifritos-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-shopathome-15"},{"link_name":"Shop at Home Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_at_Home_Network"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-shopathome-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wsah-16"},{"link_name":"Azteca América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wsahaza-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wsahnoaza-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b&c-wsahazaconcerns-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"owned-and-operated stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station"},{"link_name":"KCNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNS"},{"link_name":"WMFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMFP"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"WRLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRLM_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Canton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"WRAY-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRAY-TV"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Multicultural Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicultural_Television"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scripps-sale-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gems TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gems_TV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"As a home shopping station (1987–2009)","text":"A group of women, under the name of Bridgeways Communications Corporation,[4] received a construction permit for a new station on channel 43 on November 20, 1980,[5] and on September 28, 1987, the station signed on as WBCT-TV, airing home shopping programming.[4] Initially, the station planned to become a locally focused independent station, with WBCT's management concerned that Bridgeport was being served only by New York City stations;[4] a year later, however, the station had changed its plans and planned to implement cultural programming aimed at the Jewish community in the New York City market as a whole.[6] Shortly afterward, the station changed its call letters to WHAI-TV, in reference to chai, the Hebrew word for living. However, the station was sold in 1994 to ValueVision,[7] which in turn sold WHAI to Paxson Communications in 1996.[8] By then, the station had also added infomercials to the schedule.Original plans called for the station to become a charter station of the Pax TV network[9][10] (as WIPX[10][11]) when it launched in August 1998, but those plans were scrapped (mainly due to duopoly concerns resulting from Paxson's acquisition of WPXN-TV channel 31, as both stations' signals overlap[12] and are considered part of the New York City market; at that time the FCC did not allow common ownership of such stations) and the call letters were again changed, this time to WBPT.[13] After an attempt to sell the station to Cuchifritos Communications (which planned to make the station the flagship of a Spanish-language home-shopping service[12][14]) fell through,[15] the station was sold in 1999 to the Shop at Home Network[15] which switched the station to the network and changed its call letters to WSAH.[16]Azteca América nearly bought the station late in 2000 to serve as its New York City affiliate.[17] The deal quickly collapsed,[18] with Azteca América citing concerns over WSAH's coverage of the market;[19] the network ultimately affiliated with WNYN-LP. The station continued to run Shop at Home, with a brief interruption in 2006 when the network temporarily closed.[citation needed]On September 26, 2006, The E. W. Scripps Company (the then-owner of the former Shop at Home owned-and-operated stations) announced that it was selling WSAH along with four other stations (KCNS in San Francisco; WMFP in Boston; WOAC (now WRLM) in Canton, Ohio; and WRAY-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina) to Multicultural Television for $170 million.[20] Multicultural assumed control of KCNS, WOAC and WRAY on December 20, 2006, and flipped their programming to an all-infomercial format; it did not take control of WSAH and WMFP immediately due to the stations' pending license renewal. The licenses were renewed in early April 2007, and on April 24, 2007, Multicultural took control of these stations.[citation needed]In May 2007, WSAH changed shopping networks, switching from Shop at Home to Gems TV, a shopping network that specializes in jewelry. In addition, infomercials once again became a part of the schedule.[citation needed] The Gems TV affiliation was discontinued in 2009.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSAH43.png"},{"link_name":"Retro Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RetroTV-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-rtvend-22"},{"link_name":"Chinese-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-language"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nerw-wsahdt2kcns-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-wsahforsale-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-saletonrj?-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"MeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV"},{"link_name":"WJLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJLP"},{"link_name":"Ely, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Middletown Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvnc-kvnvmetv-28"},{"link_name":"Heroes and Icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_and_Icons"},{"link_name":"WWOR-DT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOR-TV"}],"sub_title":"Switch to entertainment programming (2009–2016)","text":"WSAH's logo before joining MeTV.On July 1, 2009, WSAH affiliated with the Retro Television Network (RTV), becoming one of only a few affiliates to carry RTV on its main channel.[21] Initially, RTV programming was seen from 6 p.m. to midnight, with infomercials continuing during the remainder of the broadcast day. In September 2009, WSAH cut RTV programming back to end at 11 p.m. on weekdays, and 10 p.m. on weekends. Shortly afterwards, the station announced that it would drop RTV completely at the end of the month.[22] The next month, WSAH added a subchannel, airing Chinese-language programming from sister station KCNS.[23] On June 6, 2011, the station rejoined RTV, running its programming from 12 p.m. to 12 a.m.After Multicultural ran into financial problems and defaulted on its loans, WSAH was placed into a trust; the station was then placed for sale.[24] On October 6, 2011, it was announced that WSAH would be auctioned off in bankruptcy court by the end of 2011.[25] In the auction, held on November 15, the station was acquired by NRJ TV, LLC, which had earlier acquired KCNS and WMFP; the deal is subject to bankruptcy court approval, though the auction has been challenged by Arthur Liu, who owned Multicultural and is associated with failed bidder NYVV.[26] The FCC approved the sale on March 20, 2012, and it was consummated eight days later.[27]In December 2011, MeTV announced on its website that it signed WSAH as its New York City affiliate. On January 4, 2012, WSAH switched from Retro Television Network to MeTV on its primary channel, carrying MeTV's programming from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekdays and 11 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekends. Infomercials ran in the hours that MeTV programming was not shown (making it the largest MeTV affiliate not to carry the network's complete schedule, particularly unusual given the size of the New York City market, and since most MeTV affiliates that preempt programming are in mid-sized and small markets and are alternately affiliated with major broadcast networks). RTV moved to WSAH's second subchannel, replacing the Chinese-language programming. On July 29, 2012, the station's call letters became WZME to reflect its affiliation with MeTV.On January 24, 2014, MeTV announced that it would move its New York City affiliation from WZME to KVNV (which relaunched as WJLP channel 3) when that station completed its move from Ely, Nevada, to Middletown Township, New Jersey, in the fall of 2014.[28] At that time, WZME remained the New York–Connecticut MeTV affiliate. With the New York area overlap with WJLP, WZME made the decision to change its network affiliation. As of October 11, 2015, WZME became the affiliate in the New York-Connecticut area of Heroes and Icons, which is also broadcast on WWOR-DT4.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonlife Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonlife_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Swaggart Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart"}],"sub_title":"As a religious station (2017–2019)","text":"On January 1, 2017, WZME became an affiliate of the Sonlife Broadcasting Network, run by Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shop LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_LC"},{"link_name":"ShopHQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShopHQ"}],"sub_title":"Return to home shopping station (2020–2021)","text":"On January 1, 2020, WZME switched affiliations to Shop LC (formerly the Liquidation Channel), a home shopping network for the first time in 11 years. Sonlife was shifted to the station's second digital subchannel. In November, the station switched affiliations again to ShopHQ.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wzmetoweigel-1"},{"link_name":"MeTV Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV_Plus"},{"link_name":"Story Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_Television"}],"sub_title":"Sale to Weigel Broadcasting; switch to MeTV Plus (2021–present)","text":"On September 1, 2021, WZME was sold to Weigel Broadcasting.[1] MeTV programming returned to the station via Weigel's MeTV Plus on September 27, 2021.On April 1, 2022, MeTV Plus on DT1 was replaced with Story Television. MeTV Plus programming moved to a new DT2 subchannel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"July 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning"},{"link_name":"analog shutdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"WZME (as WSAH) signed on its digital signal on channel 42 on December 16, 2006.[citation needed] The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 43, on July 4, 2008. The analog signal was taken off the air, following a lightning strike at the transmitter. Since the cost of repairing the transmitter was considered to be uneconomical, due to the pending analog shutdown, the station's owners sought permission from the FCC to keep the analog transmitter silent. This did not affect WSAH's digital signal or its availability on cable.[30][31] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42, using virtual channel 43.","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Public_Television"},{"link_name":"The Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(TV_network)"}],"sub_title":"Spectrum reallocation","text":"The FCC made public on April 13, 2017, that WZME had agreed to surrender its broadcast spectrum for the sum of $191,813,165.[32] The station moved to Bridgeport-licensed public television station WEDW (owned by Connecticut Public Television) for its channel sharing arrangement. WZME previously aired The Works on DT2 and Comet on DT3.","title":"Technical information"}]
|
[{"image_text":"WSAH's logo before joining MeTV.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/WSAH43.png"}]
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[{"title":"Connecticut portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of television stations in Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Connecticut"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Assignments\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/assignmentDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=25076ff37a62bcc4017a64196e9b087a&id=25076ff37a62bcc4017a64196e9b087a&goBack=N","url_text":"\"Assignments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WZME\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=70493","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WZME\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WICC-TV: Not One Viewer\" (PDF format). AmericanRadioHistory.com. January 18, 1960. Retrieved November 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/60-OCR/1960-01-18.BC-0110.pdf","url_text":"\"WICC-TV: Not One Viewer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF_format","url_text":"PDF format"}]},{"reference":"Cavanaugh, Jack (November 15, 1987). \"Station Makes a Quiet Debut\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/15/nyregion/station-makes-a-quiet-debut.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Television&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Station Makes a Quiet Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details\". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=5443","url_text":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Group Plans TV Station for Jewish Audience\". Associated Press (via The New York Times). September 6, 1988. Retrieved September 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/06/arts/group-plans-tv-station-for-jewish-audience.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FJ%2FJews%20and%20Judaism","url_text":"\"Group Plans TV Station for Jewish Audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details\". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=202277","url_text":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details\". CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=213188","url_text":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (November 26, 1997). \"WILD– Still Waiting\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-971126.html","url_text":"\"WILD– Still Waiting\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (August 26, 1998). \"Mergers and Spinoffs\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980827.html","url_text":"\"Mergers and Spinoffs\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (January 15, 1998). \"Ice Storm Damage Continues\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980115.html","url_text":"\"Ice Storm Damage Continues\""}]},{"reference":"Dempsy, John (December 9, 1998). \"Paxson Seeks To Sell Station\". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117489231.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"\"Paxson Seeks To Sell Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (September 4, 1998). \"One Shoe Drops in Maine...\" North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980904.html","url_text":"\"One Shoe Drops in Maine...\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (December 11, 1998). \"Big Apple's Big Changes, and, We Visit the Midwest\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-981211.html","url_text":"\"Big Apple's Big Changes, and, We Visit the Midwest\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (March 5, 1999). \"We Will Never Make Fun of Boston Weather Again...\" North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-990305.html","url_text":"\"We Will Never Make Fun of Boston Weather Again...\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (June 18, 1999). \"CBL: The Final Countdown\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-990618.html","url_text":"\"CBL: The Final Countdown\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (October 2, 2000). \"Spinning the Dial in Connecticut\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-001002.html","url_text":"\"Spinning the Dial in Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (December 11, 2000). \"Adios, WHUB!\". North East RadioWatch. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-001211.html","url_text":"\"Adios, WHUB!\""}]},{"reference":"Trigoboff, Dan (July 1, 2001). \"Not So Fast, Pappas\". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved December 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/147437-Not_so_fast_Pappas.php","url_text":"\"Not So Fast, Pappas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable"}]},{"reference":"\"Scripps Sells Shop At Home TV Stations\" (Press release). September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035508/http://pressreleases.scripps.com/release/877","url_text":"\"Scripps Sells Shop At Home TV Stations\""},{"url":"http://pressreleases.scripps.com/release/877","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Retro TV Finds a Home in New York\". Retrieved June 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewsday.com/articles/2009/06/04/daily.3/","url_text":"\"Retro TV Finds a Home in New York\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (September 21, 2009). \"Remembering Fred Cusick\". NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved September 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2009/090921/nerw.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Fred Cusick\""}]},{"reference":"Fybush, Scott (November 2, 2009). \"Pulse Fades Out – Now It's a Party\". NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved November 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2009/091102/nerw.html","url_text":"\"Pulse Fades Out – Now It's a Party\""}]},{"reference":"Jessell, Harry A. (December 28, 2010). \"Multicultural Handing Over WSAH to Trustee\". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved December 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2010/12/28/48013/multicultural-handing-over-wsah-to-trustee","url_text":"\"Multicultural Handing Over WSAH to Trustee\""}]},{"reference":"Jessell, Harry J. (November 29, 2011). \"NRJ Wins Bidding for WSAH New York, But...\" tvnewscheck.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235953/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/55678/nrj-wins-bidding-for-wsah-new-york-but-","url_text":"\"NRJ Wins Bidding for WSAH New York, But...\""},{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2011/11/29/55678/nrj-wins-bidding-for-wsah-new-york-but-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Downey, Kevin (January 24, 2014). \"Me-TV Picks Up Big-Market Primary Slots\". TVNewsCheck. Retrieved January 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/73575/metv-picks-up-bigmarket-primary-slots","url_text":"\"Me-TV Picks Up Big-Market Primary Slots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WZME\". rabbitears.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WZME","url_text":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WZME\""}]},{"reference":"\"WSAH Analog Off Air\". radio-info.com. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011845/http://boards.radio-info.com/smf/index.php/topic,104600.0.html","url_text":"\"WSAH Analog Off Air\""},{"url":"http://boards.radio-info.com/smf/index.php/topic%2C104600.0.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds\" (PDF). fcc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds\""},{"url":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction\" (PDF). fcc.gov. April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0413/DA-17-314A2.pdf","url_text":"\"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction\""}]},{"reference":"\"RadioDXer.com\". WICC-TV, Channel 43, Bridgeport, CT. Retrieved October 18, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://radiodxer.bravehost.com/wicc.html","url_text":"\"RadioDXer.com\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WZME¶ms=41_16_44.3_N_73_11_6.4_W_type:landmark_scale:2000","external_links_name":"41°16′44.3″N 73°11′6.4″W / 41.278972°N 73.185111°W / 41.278972; -73.185111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WZME¶ms=41_16_44.3_N_73_11_6.4_W_type:landmark_scale:2000","external_links_name":"41°16′44.3″N 73°11′6.4″W / 41.278972°N 73.185111°W / 41.278972; -73.185111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WZME¶ms=40_44_54_N_73_59_9_W_type:landmark_scale:2000","external_links_name":"40°44′54″N 73°59′9″W / 40.74833°N 73.98583°W / 40.74833; -73.98583"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/tv-profile/WZME","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=70493","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/assignmentDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=25076ff37a62bcc4017a64196e9b087a&id=25076ff37a62bcc4017a64196e9b087a&goBack=N","external_links_name":"\"Assignments\""},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=70493","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WZME\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/60-OCR/1960-01-18.BC-0110.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WICC-TV: Not One Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/15/nyregion/station-makes-a-quiet-debut.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Television&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Station Makes a Quiet Debut\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=5443","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/06/arts/group-plans-tv-station-for-jewish-audience.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FJ%2FJews%20and%20Judaism","external_links_name":"\"Group Plans TV Station for Jewish Audience\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=202277","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=213188","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-971126.html","external_links_name":"\"WILD– Still Waiting\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980827.html","external_links_name":"\"Mergers and Spinoffs\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980115.html","external_links_name":"\"Ice Storm Damage Continues\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117489231.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Paxson Seeks To Sell Station\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-980904.html","external_links_name":"\"One Shoe Drops in Maine...\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-981211.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Apple's Big Changes, and, We Visit the Midwest\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-990305.html","external_links_name":"\"We Will Never Make Fun of Boston Weather Again...\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-990618.html","external_links_name":"\"CBL: The Final Countdown\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-001002.html","external_links_name":"\"Spinning the Dial in Connecticut\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-001211.html","external_links_name":"\"Adios, WHUB!\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/147437-Not_so_fast_Pappas.php","external_links_name":"\"Not So Fast, Pappas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035508/http://pressreleases.scripps.com/release/877","external_links_name":"\"Scripps Sells Shop At Home TV Stations\""},{"Link":"http://pressreleases.scripps.com/release/877","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewsday.com/articles/2009/06/04/daily.3/","external_links_name":"\"Retro TV Finds a Home in New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2009/090921/nerw.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Fred Cusick\""},{"Link":"http://www.fybush.com/NERW/2009/091102/nerw.html","external_links_name":"\"Pulse Fades Out – Now It's a Party\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2010/12/28/48013/multicultural-handing-over-wsah-to-trustee","external_links_name":"\"Multicultural Handing Over WSAH to Trustee\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/474896-WSAH_Bridgeport_to_be_Auctioned.php","external_links_name":"\"WSAH Bridgeport To Be Auctioned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235953/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/55678/nrj-wins-bidding-for-wsah-new-york-but-","external_links_name":"\"NRJ Wins Bidding for WSAH New York, But...\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2011/11/29/55678/nrj-wins-bidding-for-wsah-new-york-but-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/prod/cdbs/pubacc/Auth_Files/1486269.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/73575/metv-picks-up-bigmarket-primary-slots","external_links_name":"\"Me-TV Picks Up Big-Market Primary Slots\""},{"Link":"https://rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WZME","external_links_name":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for WZME\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814011845/http://boards.radio-info.com/smf/index.php/topic,104600.0.html","external_links_name":"\"WSAH Analog Off Air\""},{"Link":"http://boards.radio-info.com/smf/index.php/topic%2C104600.0.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds\""},{"Link":"http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2017/db0413/DA-17-314A2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FCC Broadcast Television Spectrum Incentive Auction\""},{"Link":"http://radiodxer.bravehost.com/wicc.html","external_links_name":"\"RadioDXer.com\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors
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Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
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["1 History","2 External links","3 References"]
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The Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors (APHC) is a trade association for the plumbing and heating industry in England and Wales, representing around 1500 businesses employing some 60,000 specialist engineers ranging from those employed by large companies to sole traders working in domestic properties.
The APHC represented these specialists on the Specialist Engineering Contractors Group, a member of the Strategic Forum for Construction.
History
The APHC started in 1925 as the National Federation of Plumbers and Domestic Engineers, focused on industrial and commercial aspects of plumbing that had previously been managed by the Institute of Plumbers (today the CIPHE), which remained focused on education, training and technical matters.
It became the National Federation of Plumbers and Domestic Heating Engineers in 1965 to reflect the increased amount of members' work on heating systems. In 1972 it became an association: the National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors. It adopted its current name in 1996.
External links
APHC website
References
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This article about a business, industry, or trade-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromashevsky_District
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Aromashevsky District
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources","3.3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 56°51′32″N 68°39′16″E / 56.85889°N 68.65444°E / 56.85889; 68.65444District in Tyumen Oblast, RussiaAromashevsky District
Аромашевский районDistrictEntrance to village Novoberezovka, Aromashevsky District
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Aromashevsky District in Tyumen OblastCoordinates: 56°51′32″N 68°39′16″E / 56.85889°N 68.65444°E / 56.85889; 68.65444CountryRussiaFederal subjectTyumen OblastEstablished1923Administrative centerAromashevoArea • Total3,900 km2 (1,500 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total12,202 • Estimate (2018)10,568 (−13.4%) • Density3.1/km2 (8.1/sq mi) • Urban0% • Rural100%Administrative structure • Administrative divisions11 Rural okrugs • Inhabited localities38 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asAromashevsky Municipal District • Municipal divisions0 urban settlements, 11 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 )OKTMO ID71607000Websitehttp://aromashevo.admtyumen.ru/
Aromashevsky District (Russian: Арома́шевский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Aromashevsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,900 square kilometers (1,500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Aromashevo. Population: 12,202 (2010 Census); 14,175 (2002 Census); 16,960 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Aromashevo accounts for 44.0% of the district's total population.
Geography
Aromashevsky District is located in the southeast of Tyumen Oblast, on very slightly hilly forest-steppe of the West Siberian Plain. The area is one of extensive wetlands - ponds, lakes, and marshes - due to the lack of water run-off from the flat terrain. 59% of the district is covered by forest, and there are a number of peat deposits and two licensed oil-and-gas tracts. About a quarter of the district is agricultural land, and 1% is water. The soil is highly fertile and supports grain and vegetables. The administrative center of Aromashevo is located in the middle-western sector of the area. Aromashevsky District is 170 km east of the city of Tyumen, 300 km northwest of the city of Omsk, and 1,850 km east of Moscow. The area measures 72 km (north-south), 76 km (west-east); total area is 3,900 km2 (about 0.003% of Tyumen Oblast).
The district is bordered on the north by Vagaysky District, on the east by Sorokinsky District, on the south by Golyshmanovsky District and Ishimsky District, and on the west by Yurginsky District.
History
Aromashevsky District was officially formed in November 1923. In January 1934 it was moved to Chelyabinsk Region, and later in that year to Omsk Region. By decree in 1944 of the USSR Supreme Council, the district was moved to Tyumen Oblast. In 1963 the district was abolished and incorporated into Galyshmanovsky District, but restored in 1970.
References
Notes
^ a b c Law #53
^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 71 207», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 71 207, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
^ a b c "General Information" (in Russian). Aromashevsky District. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ a b c Law #263
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
^ "The Region and Its Resources". Aromashevsky District (official website). Aromashevsky District. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ "History of the Region". Aromashevsky District (official district website). Aromashevsky District. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Sources
Тюменская областная Дума. Закон №53 от 4 ноября 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тюменской области», в ред. Закона №47 от 7 мая 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 14 и 15 Закона Тюменской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тюменской области"». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тюменские известия", №220, 12 ноября 1996 г. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #53 of November 4, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast, as amended by the Law #47 of May 7, 2015 On Amending Articles 14 and 15 of the Law of Tyumen Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast". Effective as of the moment of official publication.).
Тюменская областная Дума. Закон №263 от 5 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тюменской области и наделении их статусом муниципального района, городского округа и сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №39 от 7 мая 2015 г. «Об упразднении деревни Бурмистрова Балаганского сельского поселения Викуловского муниципального района Тюменской области и внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Тюменской области». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Тюменская область сегодня", №213 (без приложений), 12 ноября 2004 г. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #263 of November 5, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tyumen Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District, Urban Okrug, and Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #39 of May 7, 2015 On Abolishing the Village of Burmistrova in Balaganskoye Rural Settlement of Vikulovsky Municipal District of Tyumen Oblast and on Amending Various Laws of Tyumen Oblast. Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
External links
Map of the district (in Russian)
vteAdministrative divisions of Tyumen OblastAdministrative center: Tyumen • Rural localitiesAdministrative districts
Abatsky
Armizonsky
Aromashevsky
Berdyuzhsky
Golyshmanovsky
Isetsky
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Ishim
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Urban-type settlements
Golyshmanovo
56°51′32″N 68°39′16″E / 56.85889°N 68.65444°E / 56.85889; 68.65444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Hotel_Ciudad_de_Mexico
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Old Portal de Mercaderes (Mexico City)
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["1 Old Portal de Mercaderes","2 Hotel Majestic","3 Gran Hotel Ciudad de México","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 19°25′57.51″N 99°8′3.77″W / 19.4326417°N 99.1343806°W / 19.4326417; -99.1343806View of west side of Zocalo
Old Portal de Mercaderes in the historic center of Mexico City was and is the west side of the main plaza (otherwise known as the "Zócalo"). This side of the plaza has been occupied by commercial structures since the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521. Today the west side of the square is dominated by two sets of buildings with Madero Street dividing them as it runs west from the Zocalo to the Palace of Bellas Artes. The buildings on the north side of Madero is occupied by offices on the upper floors and shops at ground level. The southside buildings are dominated on the ground floor by fine jewelry stores, marking the beginning of the "Centro Joyero Zocalo." This center extends west for two block engulfing Palma Street between Madero and 16 de Septiembre streets. Most of the upper floors of the buildings here are occupied by rooms associated with the Hotel de Ciudad de Mexico and the Hotel Majestic.
Old Portal de Mercaderes
Part of the Centro Joyero
Mexican military band playing on Zocalo in front of the commercial buildings of the west side.
The first colonial building was built on this side of the square by Melchor Davila, dedicated to selling food and other merchandise. From this building stretched street vendors west and as far north as Santo Domingo. Much of the land here was granted to Don Rodrigo de Albornoz, Count of Santiago, secretary to King Carlos V and named the accountant for New Spain. In 1524, the city council passed an ordinance stating that the owners of property fronting the Zocalo could build covered archways in front of their establishments on city land and rent the space to merchants. The reason for this ordinance was that the Zocalo still had severe flooding problems at this time. These covered archways would provide an alternative to the open Zocalo, especially during the rainy season.
Much, but not all, of the west side of the Zocalo was owned by Albornoz, including the portion at the southwest corner of the plaza, near the city council building. It was nearly impossible to build covered archways here because of a gully running very close to the facade of the houses here. Albornoz made an arrangement with the city; the city would install better drainage for this corner of the Zocalo, and Albornoz would build the covered archways for the entire west side of the plaza. The task was completed in 1529. The resulting archway ran almost the entire side of the Zocalo, covering what is now Madero and 16 de Septiembre Streets. Through all of the colonial period into the post-Independence period, the west side was known as the Portal de Mercaderes. In 1629, massive flooding in the Zocalo required almost all of the portals surrounding the plaza to be rebuilt. The Portal was again reconstructed in the mid 18th century by one of Albornoz heirs. During the 17th century, this area mostly sold silk and brocade cloth as well as fruit and medicinal herbs. In the 19th century, hat shops established themselves here, and other vendors attached shelving onto the arches' columns to sell toys. At night, the archway would sell candy to those taking walks the area.
In the mid nineteenth century, the Portal was divided into two with the opening of Plateros street, now Madero. This essentially ended the Portal being considered a single entity.
From the beginning of the colonial period, the Zocalo and the area west has been an area covered in vendors’ stalls. The building of the covered archways did not work to regulate commercial activity here. Even though the arches were built by property owners, the city still owned the land on which the arches stood. This led to disputes over maintenance and over who should control the vendors. Taking advantage of the ambiguous situation, many peddlers set up shop, sometimes permanently, all over the archways, into the street and into the Zocalo itself. This would be a constant issue for both the Portal and the Zocalo area in general, with the occasional attempt to clear out ambulatory vendors and other unregulated selling. However, these sellers would reappear again as the effort to keep them out waned, a problem what would repeat itself again and again over the history of the downtown. This problem was again tackled in the 1990s as part of an effort to revitalize the historic center of Mexico City. Despite much initial resistance, this area has been free of street peddlers since that time, with the west side of the Zocalo now dominated by jewelry shops that are located in the first floor of the buildings.
Most of the buildings now on the west side were built over the last century or so. Starting in the late 1950s, the facades of these privately owned buildings facing the Zocalo began to be regularized to a neocolonial style, using tezontle (and blood red volcanic rock) and cantera (a greyish-white stone)to match the Federal District Buildings and the National Palace.
On the portion south of Madero Street, what appears to be one building is actually two. They are mostly occupied by two major hotels, the former Hotel Majestic (now Best Western) and the Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico (now Howard Johnson). Both buildings date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries and both hotels tend to still be called by their original names.
Hotel Majestic
The Hotel Majestic takes up most of the building visible from the Zocalo, although its entrance is on Madero Street. Parts of this building date from the 18th century, but was completely renovated by architect Rafael Goyeneche in 1925 and most of the interior dates from that year. The Hotel Majestic itself opened in 1937. The facade facing the Zocalo is done in neocolonial style that was ordered by the government to have all of the buildings of the Zocalo match in style. The hotel has a large number of rooms that face the Zocalo as well as a rooftop restaurant that overlooks it. The Hotel Majestic is now owned by Best Western.
Gran Hotel Ciudad de México
The Gran Hotel Ciudad de México Art Nouveau interior, built in 1918 by Jacques Grüber.
Elevator and floors with balconies inside the hotel.
The Gran Hotel occupies the extreme southern end of this side, and while it appears to be the same building as that which contains the Hotel Majestic, in reality it is separate. This building came into being as the "Mercantile Center" in 1899, built for José de Teresa, a merchant and ambassador of Mexico to Austria. At the end of the 19th century, Mexico made strides to modernize; one way of doing this was by introducing new building techniques. It was the first building built using the "Chicago" technique, using iron and concrete and was home to one of the first department stores in Mexico City. Its entrance and façade is located on 16 de Septiembre and not the Zócalo. For that reason, its façade is the original Neoclassical and not the neocolonial mandated by the government to unify the appearance of the Zócalo. Only the side of the building facing the Zócalo itself has been redone in this fashion.
The interior of the hotel maintains most of the original decor created for when it was a department store. It is a decorated lavishly in the Art Nouveau style. It had an undulating and enveloping stairway, which was a replica of the one from the Au Bon Marché store in Paris, but it was lost in 1966. However, the cage-like elevators and the stained-glass ceiling designed by French artisan Jacques Grüber are all originals. The pattern of the glass ceiling is meant to evoke the railroad, at that time the symbol of modernity. At the center of the domed glass are three medallions.
The building was converted to a hotel in 1968 to accommodate crowds attending the 1968 Summer Olympics. It has been featured in multiple films, including the James Bond films Licence to Kill and Spectre and the Palme d'Or-winning political drama Missing, in which it doubles for the Hotel Carrera in Santiago.
See also
Mexico portalCompanies portal
List of hotels in Mexico
References
^ a b c d Bueno de Ariztegui (ed), Patricia (1984). Guia Turistica de Mexico – Distrito Federal Centro 3. Mexico City: Promexa. p. 67. ISBN 968-34-0319-0. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ a b c d Aguirre Botello, Manuel (2008-09-08). "Evolución Gráfica del Zócalo de la Ciudad de México" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ a b Guzman, Sara (July 2006). "El Mercado de la joyeria en Mexico Oficina Economica y comercial de la embajada de España en Mexico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ a b c d Galindo, Carmen; Magdelena Galindo (2002). Mexico City Historic Center. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. p. 55. ISBN 968-5437-29-7.
^ a b c d "Majestic Hotel". Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ a b c d Marroqui, Jose Maria (1969). La Ciudad de Mexico Toma III (second ed.). Mexico City. pp. 596–599.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c d e Horz de Via (ed), Elena (1991). Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad d Mexico. Mexico City: INAH-SALVAT. pp. 37–39. ISBN 968-32-0540-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ a b Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 16. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. pp. 8273–8280. ISBN 1154090345. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México" (in Spanish). July 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ Noble, John (2000). Lonely Planet Mexico City:Your map to the megalopolis. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1864500875.
^ DK Eyewitness (2012). DK Eyewitness Top 10 Mexico City. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0756694562. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Rough Guides (2016). Mexico City (Rough Guides Snapshot Mexico). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0241290705. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ Rojas, David (1996). "Instituto Cultural "Raices Mexicanas"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ "Gran Hotel de Ciudad de Mexico". Retrieved 2009-04-20.
^ "MXCity". Archived from the original on 2017-10-29. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
^ "IMDb: Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico, Calle 16 de Septiembre Zocale, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico"". IMDb. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
External links
Media related to Old Portal de Mercaderes, Mexico City at Wikimedia Commons
vteHistoric center of Mexico CityZócaloand immediate vicinity
Administrative buildings
Metropolitan Cathedral
Cruz de Mañozca
Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas
Monument to Pope John Paul II
Nacional Monte de Piedad
National Palace
Old Portal de Mercaderes
Templo Mayor
Schools and colleges
Academia Mexicana de la Historia
Academy of San Carlos
Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia
Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas
El Colegio Nacional
University of the Cloister of Sor Juana
Government buildings
Library of the Congress of Mexico
Old Customs Building
Palace of the Marqués del Apartado
Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
Religious buildings
Church of Jesus Nazareno
Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa"
Church of San Hipólito
Church of Santa Inés
Convent of La Merced
Convent of San Francisco
Convent of Santa Inés
Corpus Christi Church
Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71
Iglesia de San Bernardo
La Enseñanza Church
La Santísima Church
Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church
Regina Coeli Convent Church
Royal Convent of Jesús María and Our Lady of Mercy
Santa Teresa la Antigua
Santa Veracruz Monastery
Santo Domingo
Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús
Valvanera Cathedral
Museums
Caricature Museum
Casa Talavera Cultural Center
Centro Cultural de España
Colegio de San Ildefonso
Franz Mayer Museum
House of the First Print Shop in the Americas
Interactive Museum of Economics
José Luis Cuevas Museum
Museo de Arte Popular
Museo de Charrería
Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
Museo del Estanquillo
Museo Mural Diego Rivera
Museo Nacional de Arte
Museo Nacional de la Estampa
Museo Nacional de las Culturas
Museum of Light
Museum of Mexico City
Palace of the Inquisition
Palacio de Minería
San Pedro y San Pablo College
Palaces
Borda House
Casa de los Azulejos
Palace of Iturbide
Palacio de Bellas Artes
Palacio de Correos de México
Palacio de la Autonomía
Palacio del Marqués del Apartado
Historic houses
House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina
House of the Marquis of Uluapa
Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero
Saint Augustine House
Tlaxcala House
Traditional markets
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market
Ciudadela Market
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Streets
Avenida Bucareli
Avenida Juárez
Calle de República de Argentina
Calle de República de Guatemala
Madero Street
Parks and plazas
Alameda Central
Garden of the Triple Alliance
Plaza Garibaldi
Tlaxcoaque
Transportation
Mexico City Metrobús Line 4
Allende metro station
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Merced metro station
Pino Suárez metro station
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Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station
Other
Barrio Chino
Chapultepec aqueduct
Edificio Miguel E. Abed
Hospital de Jesús Nazareno
Hospital San Hipólito
Teatro de la Ciudad
Teatro Fru Fru
Torre Latinoamericana
19°25′57.51″N 99°8′3.77″W / 19.4326417°N 99.1343806°W / 19.4326417; -99.1343806
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This side of the plaza has been occupied by commercial structures since the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521.[1][2] Today the west side of the square is dominated by two sets of buildings with Madero Street dividing them as it runs west from the Zocalo to the Palace of Bellas Artes. The buildings on the north side of Madero is occupied by offices on the upper floors and shops at ground level. The southside buildings are dominated on the ground floor by fine jewelry stores, marking the beginning of the \"Centro Joyero Zocalo.\" This center extends west for two block engulfing Palma Street between Madero and 16 de Septiembre streets.[3] Most of the upper floors of the buildings here are occupied by rooms associated with the Hotel de Ciudad de Mexico and the Hotel Majestic.[4][5]","title":"Old Portal de Mercaderes (Mexico City)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CentroJoyeroZocaloDF.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MexicanArmyBandDF.JPG"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo_(Mexico_City)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTM-1"},{"link_name":"King Carlos V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majestic-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marroqui-6"},{"link_name":"city council building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_buildings"},{"link_name":"gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gully"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marroqui-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marroqui-6"},{"link_name":"brocade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elclima-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTM-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marroqui-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncMex2000-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonely-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spain-3"},{"link_name":"tezontle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezontle"},{"link_name":"National Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexmax-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majestic-5"}],"text":"Part of the Centro JoyeroMexican military band playing on Zocalo in front of the commercial buildings of the west side.The first colonial building was built on this side of the square by Melchor Davila, dedicated to selling food and other merchandise. From this building stretched street vendors west and as far north as Santo Domingo.[1] Much of the land here was granted to Don Rodrigo de Albornoz, Count of Santiago, secretary to King Carlos V and named the accountant for New Spain.[5] In 1524, the city council passed an ordinance stating that the owners of property fronting the Zocalo could build covered archways in front of their establishments on city land and rent the space to merchants. The reason for this ordinance was that the Zocalo still had severe flooding problems at this time. These covered archways would provide an alternative to the open Zocalo, especially during the rainy season.[6]Much, but not all, of the west side of the Zocalo was owned by Albornoz, including the portion at the southwest corner of the plaza, near the city council building. It was nearly impossible to build covered archways here because of a gully running very close to the facade of the houses here. Albornoz made an arrangement with the city; the city would install better drainage for this corner of the Zocalo, and Albornoz would build the covered archways for the entire west side of the plaza.[7] The task was completed in 1529.[6] The resulting archway ran almost the entire side of the Zocalo, covering what is now Madero and 16 de Septiembre Streets. Through all of the colonial period into the post-Independence period, the west side was known as the Portal de Mercaderes. In 1629, massive flooding in the Zocalo required almost all of the portals surrounding the plaza to be rebuilt.[8] The Portal was again reconstructed in the mid 18th century by one of Albornoz heirs.[6] During the 17th century, this area mostly sold silk and brocade cloth as well as fruit and medicinal herbs. In the 19th century, hat shops established themselves here, and other vendors attached shelving onto the arches' columns to sell toys. At night, the archway would sell candy to those taking walks the area.[7]In the mid nineteenth century, the Portal was divided into two with the opening of Plateros street, now Madero. This essentially ended the Portal being considered a single entity.[9]From the beginning of the colonial period, the Zocalo and the area west has been an area covered in vendors’ stalls.[1] The building of the covered archways did not work to regulate commercial activity here. Even though the arches were built by property owners, the city still owned the land on which the arches stood. This led to disputes over maintenance and over who should control the vendors. Taking advantage of the ambiguous situation, many peddlers set up shop, sometimes permanently, all over the archways, into the street and into the Zocalo itself.[6] This would be a constant issue for both the Portal and the Zocalo area in general, with the occasional attempt to clear out ambulatory vendors and other unregulated selling. However, these sellers would reappear again as the effort to keep them out waned, a problem what would repeat itself again and again over the history of the downtown.[8] This problem was again tackled in the 1990s as part of an effort to revitalize the historic center of Mexico City. Despite much initial resistance, this area has been free of street peddlers since that time,[10] with the west side of the Zocalo now dominated by jewelry shops that are located in the first floor of the buildings.[3]Most of the buildings now on the west side were built over the last century or so. Starting in the late 1950s, the facades of these privately owned buildings facing the Zocalo began to be regularized to a neocolonial style, using tezontle (and blood red volcanic rock) and cantera (a greyish-white stone)to match the Federal District Buildings and the National Palace.[2]On the portion south of Madero Street, what appears to be one building is actually two. They are mostly occupied by two major hotels, the former Hotel Majestic (now Best Western) and the Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico (now Howard Johnson). Both buildings date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries and both hotels tend to still be called by their original names.[4][5]","title":"Old Portal de Mercaderes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexmax-2"},{"link_name":"Best Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Western"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majestic-5"}],"text":"The Hotel Majestic takes up most of the building visible from the Zocalo, although its entrance is on Madero Street.[1] Parts of this building date from the 18th century, but was completely renovated by architect Rafael Goyeneche in 1925 and most of the interior dates from that year. The Hotel Majestic itself opened in 1937. The facade facing the Zocalo is done in neocolonial style that was ordered by the government to have all of the buildings of the Zocalo match in style.[2] The hotel has a large number of rooms that face the Zocalo as well as a rooftop restaurant that overlooks it. The Hotel Majestic is now owned by Best Western.[5]","title":"Hotel Majestic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gran_Vitral_Tiffany_del_Hotel_Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Grüber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gr%C3%BCber"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GranHotelCiudadDeMexico201712p1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-folklorico-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GranH-14"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexmax-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-7"},{"link_name":"Jacques Grüber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gr%C3%BCber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historic-4"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Licence to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_Kill"},{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Gran Hotel Ciudad de México Art Nouveau interior, built in 1918 by Jacques Grüber.[11][12]Elevator and floors with balconies inside the hotel.The Gran Hotel occupies the extreme southern end of this side, and while it appears to be the same building as that which contains the Hotel Majestic, in reality it is separate. This building came into being as the \"Mercantile Center\" in 1899,[4] built for José de Teresa, a merchant and ambassador of Mexico to Austria.[13] At the end of the 19th century, Mexico made strides to modernize; one way of doing this was by introducing new building techniques.[7] It was the first building built using the \"Chicago\" technique, using iron and concrete and was home to one of the first department stores in Mexico City.[14] Its entrance and façade is located on 16 de Septiembre and not the Zócalo. For that reason, its façade is the original Neoclassical and not the neocolonial mandated by the government to unify the appearance of the Zócalo. Only the side of the building facing the Zócalo itself has been redone in this fashion.[2][7]The interior of the hotel maintains most of the original decor created for when it was a department store. It is a decorated lavishly in the Art Nouveau style. It had an undulating and enveloping stairway, which was a replica of the one from the Au Bon Marché store in Paris, but it was lost in 1966.[7] However, the cage-like elevators and the stained-glass ceiling designed by French artisan Jacques Grüber are all originals. The pattern of the glass ceiling is meant to evoke the railroad, at that time the symbol of modernity. At the center of the domed glass are three medallions.[4]The building was converted to a hotel in 1968 to accommodate crowds attending the 1968 Summer Olympics.[15] It has been featured in multiple films, including the James Bond films Licence to Kill and Spectre and the Palme d'Or-winning political drama Missing, in which it doubles for the Hotel Carrera in Santiago.[16]","title":"Gran Hotel Ciudad de México"}]
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[{"image_text":"View of west side of Zocalo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/West_side_of_the_Z%C3%B3calo_%28Mexico_City%29.jpg/350px-West_side_of_the_Z%C3%B3calo_%28Mexico_City%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the Centro Joyero","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CentroJoyeroZocaloDF.JPG/220px-CentroJoyeroZocaloDF.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mexican military band playing on Zocalo in front of the commercial buildings of the west side.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MexicanArmyBandDF.JPG/220px-MexicanArmyBandDF.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Gran Hotel Ciudad de México Art Nouveau interior, built in 1918 by Jacques Grüber.[11][12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gran_Vitral_Tiffany_del_Hotel_Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Gran_Vitral_Tiffany_del_Hotel_Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elevator and floors with balconies inside the hotel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/GranHotelCiudadDeMexico201712p1.jpg/220px-GranHotelCiudadDeMexico201712p1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico"},{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of hotels in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Mexico"}]
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[{"reference":"Bueno de Ariztegui (ed), Patricia (1984). Guia Turistica de Mexico – Distrito Federal Centro 3. Mexico City: Promexa. p. 67. ISBN 968-34-0319-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-34-0319-0","url_text":"968-34-0319-0"}]},{"reference":"Aguirre Botello, Manuel (2008-09-08). \"Evolución Gráfica del Zócalo de la Ciudad de México\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexicomaxico.org/zocalo/zocaloEV.htm","url_text":"\"Evolución Gráfica del Zócalo de la Ciudad de México\""}]},{"reference":"Guzman, Sara (July 2006). \"El Mercado de la joyeria en Mexico Oficina Economica y comercial de la embajada de España en Mexico\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306173410/http://www.icex.es/FicherosEstaticos/auto/0806/2006%20El%20sector%20de%20la%20joyeria%20en%20Mexico_20559_.pdf","url_text":"\"El Mercado de la joyeria en Mexico Oficina Economica y comercial de la embajada de España en Mexico\""},{"url":"http://www.icex.es/FicherosEstaticos/auto/0806/2006%20El%20sector%20de%20la%20joyeria%20en%20Mexico_20559_.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galindo, Carmen; Magdelena Galindo (2002). Mexico City Historic Center. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. p. 55. ISBN 968-5437-29-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/55","url_text":"Mexico City Historic Center"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicocityhistor0000unse/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-5437-29-7","url_text":"968-5437-29-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Majestic Hotel\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528102723/http://majestichotel.com.mx/index_en.html","url_text":"\"Majestic Hotel\""},{"url":"http://www.majestichotel.com.mx/index_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marroqui, Jose Maria (1969). La Ciudad de Mexico Toma III (second ed.). Mexico City. pp. 596–599.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Horz de Via (ed), Elena (1991). Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad d Mexico. Mexico City: INAH-SALVAT. pp. 37–39. ISBN 968-32-0540-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-32-0540-2","url_text":"968-32-0540-2"}]},{"reference":"Enciclopedia de Mexico. Vol. 16. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. pp. 8273–8280. ISBN 1154090345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1154090345","url_text":"1154090345"}]},{"reference":"\"Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México\" (in Spanish). July 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elclima.com.mx/centro_historico_de_la_ciudad_de_mexico.htm","url_text":"\"Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México\""}]},{"reference":"Noble, John (2000). Lonely Planet Mexico City:Your map to the megalopolis. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1864500875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1864500875","url_text":"1864500875"}]},{"reference":"DK Eyewitness (2012). DK Eyewitness Top 10 Mexico City. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0756694562. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_(publisher)","url_text":"DK Eyewitness"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWV4UJqhofAC&dq=gran+hotel+de+la+ciudad+de+mexico&pg=PT321","url_text":"DK Eyewitness Top 10 Mexico City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756694562","url_text":"978-0756694562"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220212202056/https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=DWV4UJqhofAC&pg=PT321&dq=gran+hotel+de+la+ciudad+de+mexico&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA4L2Isvr1AhXMTDABHfaOBvYQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=gran%20hotel%20de%20la%20ciudad%20de%20mexico&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rough Guides (2016). Mexico City (Rough Guides Snapshot Mexico). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0241290705. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guides","url_text":"Rough Guides"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N4sbDAAAQBAJ&dq=gran+hotel+de+la+ciudad+de+mexico&pg=PT23","url_text":"Mexico City (Rough Guides Snapshot Mexico)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241290705","url_text":"978-0241290705"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215083538/https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=N4sbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&dq=gran+hotel+de+la+ciudad+de+mexico&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA4L2Isvr1AhXMTDABHfaOBvYQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=gran%20hotel%20de%20la%20ciudad%20de%20mexico&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rojas, David (1996). \"Instituto Cultural \"Raices Mexicanas\"\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090307020727/http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/hotel-mexico.html","url_text":"\"Instituto Cultural \"Raices Mexicanas\"\""},{"url":"http://www.folklorico.com/lugares/hotel-mexico.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gran Hotel de Ciudad de Mexico\". Retrieved 2009-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.granhotelciudaddemexico.com/pagina_historia_eng.htm","url_text":"\"Gran Hotel de Ciudad de Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"MXCity\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-29. Retrieved 2018-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171029034105/http://en.mxcity.mx/2016/01/mexico-citys-gran-hotel/","url_text":"\"MXCity\""},{"url":"http://en.mxcity.mx/2016/01/mexico-citys-gran-hotel/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb: Most Popular Titles With Location Matching \"Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico, Calle 16 de Septiembre Zocale, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico\"\". IMDb. Retrieved 26 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/search/title","url_text":"\"IMDb: Most Popular Titles With Location Matching \"Gran Hotel de la Ciudad de Mexico, Calle 16 de Septiembre Zocale, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Captured_Moment_in_Time
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A Captured Moment in Time
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["1 Track listing","2 References"]
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2008 studio album by DL IncognitoA Captured Moment in TimeStudio album by DL IncognitoReleasedApril 8, 2008GenreCanadian hip hopUnderground hip hopLength45:10LabelNPHH, URBNET RecordsProducerDL IncognitoDL Incognito chronology
Organic Music For A Digital World(2006)
A Captured Moment in Time(2008)
Someday is Less Than A Second Away(2013)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingRapReviews.com(7.5/10)
A Captured Moment in Time is the fourth album by Canadian rapper and producer DL Incognito. The album was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.
The artwork for the CD cover is designed by Taktikal Design.
Track listing
#
Title
Time
1
"Claim To Fame"
3:59
2
"Grand Scale"
4:12
3
"Too Late Now"
3:40
4
"Made It Through"
2:54
5
"Rap Soul"
3:26
6
"Fresh To Death"
4:08
7
"Owe It All To You"
4:18
8
"Atmosphere"
3:33
9
"Best Years (I Care)"
3:35
10
"Air Play"
3:53
11
"Thank You (For Listening)"
3:20
12
"These Are My Adventures"
4:08
References
^ RapReviews.com review
^ JUNO Awards 2009 - Nominees
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"DL Incognito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DL_Incognito"},{"link_name":"Rap Recording of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Rap_Recording_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2009 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Captured Moment in Time is the fourth album by Canadian rapper and producer DL Incognito. The album was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.[2]The artwork for the CD cover is designed by Taktikal Design.","title":"A Captured Moment in Time"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2008_05_capturedmoment.html","external_links_name":"RapReviews.com review"},{"Link":"https://junoawards.ca/nominees/?nomination-year=2009","external_links_name":"JUNO Awards 2009 - Nominees"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yirang
|
Sun Yirang
|
["1 Bibliography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
In this Chinese name, the family name is Sun.
Sun Yirang (Chinese: 孫詒讓; pinyin: Sūn Yíràng; 1848–1908) was a Qing dynasty Chinese philologist. A native of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, he retired from official employment early in his life to devote himself to scholarship. His most important works are Mozi Jiangu (墨子間詁), a corrected, definitive edition of Mozi, and Zhouli Zhengyi (周禮正義), an important commentary on the Rites of Zhou. He also contributed to the studies of the bronzeware script and oracle script. His work Qiwen Juli (契文舉例), published posthumously by Luo Zhenyu, was the first work of decipherment of the oracle bone script.
Bibliography
『墨子間詁』 (Mozi Jiangu)
『周礼正義』 (Zhouli Zhengyi)
『古籀拾遺』
『古籀余論』
『契文挙例』 (Qiwen Juli)
『名原』
『尚書駢枝』
『札迻』
『籀廎述林』
References
He Jiuying 何九盈 (1995). Zhongguo gudai yuyanxue shi (中囯古代语言学史 "A history of ancient Chinese linguistics"). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe.
Zhongguo da baike quanshu (1980–1993). 1st Edition. Beijing; Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe.
Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Sun I-jang" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
External links
(in Chinese) Biography at Guoxue
(in Chinese) Mozi Jiangu and other works by Sun Yirang at Chinese Text Project
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
3
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Australia
Korea
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
This Chinese linguist-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunyirang_linguist.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Mozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi_(book)"},{"link_name":"Rites of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"bronzeware script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzeware_script"},{"link_name":"oracle script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_script"},{"link_name":"Luo Zhenyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Zhenyu"},{"link_name":"decipherment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decipherment"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Sun.Sun Yirang (Chinese: 孫詒讓; pinyin: Sūn Yíràng; 1848–1908) was a Qing dynasty Chinese philologist. A native of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, he retired from official employment early in his life to devote himself to scholarship. His most important works are Mozi Jiangu (墨子間詁), a corrected, definitive edition of Mozi, and Zhouli Zhengyi (周禮正義), an important commentary on the Rites of Zhou. He also contributed to the studies of the bronzeware script and oracle script. His work Qiwen Juli (契文舉例), published posthumously by Luo Zhenyu, was the first work of decipherment of the oracle bone script.","title":"Sun Yirang"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"『墨子間詁』 (Mozi Jiangu)\n『周礼正義』 (Zhouli Zhengyi)\n『古籀拾遺』\n『古籀余論』\n『契文挙例』 (Qiwen Juli)\n『名原』\n『尚書駢枝』\n『札迻』\n『籀廎述林』","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sunyirang_linguist.jpg/220px-Sunyirang_linguist.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). \"Sun I-jang\" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr.","url_text":"Hummel, Arthur W. Sr."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Sun_I-jang","url_text":"\"Sun I-jang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period","url_text":"Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"United States Government Printing Office"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Sun_I-jang","external_links_name":"\"Sun I-jang\""},{"Link":"http://www.guoxue.com/master/sunyirang/sunyirang.htm","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/mozi-jiangu","external_links_name":"Mozi Jiangu"},{"Link":"http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&author=%E5%AD%AB%E8%A9%92%E8%AE%93","external_links_name":"other works by Sun Yirang"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/64148/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084334462","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000368522385","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000368522393","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/23451988","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCgCcvVQ6dmrTD4Fx7HC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177053262","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177053262","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/105866929X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007338105605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80149806","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00316653","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730890","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200207468","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p141717297","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0310394X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1438742","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077123182","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yirang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Most_and_Litv%C3%ADnov
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Trams in Most and Litvínov
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["1 History","1.1 Early 20th century","1.2 Late 20th century","1.3 Current status","2 Routes","2.1 Intervals and frequency","3 Rolling stock","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Tram system in Most and Litvínov, Czech Republic
Most-Litvínov tramway networkVario LF tramOperationLocaleMost and Litvínov, Czech RepublicOpen1901 (1901)StatusOperationalRoutes4Operator(s)Dopravní podnik měst Mostu a LitvínovaInfrastructureTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Electrification600 V DCStock48 tram vehiclesStatisticsTrack length (single)18.6 km (11.6 mi)Route length74 km (46 mi)20171.5 million (2017)
The Most-Litvínov tramway network (Czech: Tramvajová doprava v Mostě a v Litvínově) is a tram network connecting the city of Most and the town of Litvínov in the Ústí nad Labem Region. With a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge track and a length of approximately 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi), the system is operated by Dopravní podnik měst Mostu a Litvínova.
This network is unique in Europe; since tram networks are typically designed to provide public transport for cities, this system is unique for connecting two towns of a combined population of less than 80,000 inhabitants.
History
Early 20th century
The city of Most strived to become an important center in the area, but there was a lack of functioning local transport. Absence of transport infrastructure in densely populated and built-up agglomeration, which was formed between Most and Litvínov at the end of the century required a progressive solution. In 1893, Carl von Pohnert considered connecting two towns by road steam tram. Pohnert submitted the idea in 1896 and on 22 February 1899, the project received (by decree no. 570682/3) permission from the railways ministry to start construction.
On 7 August 1901, the operation of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) single-track railway was inaugurated. In September 1902, Brüxer Strassenbahn-und Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft was founded.
The network was not extended any further until the end of World War II. In 1938, a smaller extension was made to the petrochemical plants in Záluží, a village that is a part of Litvínov. These were of strategic importance during World War II. Towards the end of the war, in 1945, the chemical plants in and around Most were bombed. Subsequently, the tramway was destroyed. The bombing caused a temporary split of the Litvínov and Most sections.
Three-cell tram KT8D5 in Litvínov (1994)
Late 20th century
After the war, reconstruction of tracks was necessary. This was done within a few months after the end of World War II.
In the 1950s, five tram lines were in operation in Most and new T1 trams appeared. Another important task was the modernisation of the interurban line. A decision was taken to build a modern, fast standard-gauge line. Its first section was put into operation in Litvínov on 1 April 1957. At the end of 1957, the network was 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi) long.
In connection with this, the old tram cars of wooden construction had to be scrapped and were replaced by Tatra T1, T2 and later T3 trams.
Operation of narrow-gauge trams was definitively terminated on 24 March 1961. In the 1970s, the tram network as well as the whole city of Most, had to prepare for the relocation. However, thanks to previous modifications, the relocation turned out easy. In the same year, the line to the new Most railway station was also built.
On 1 January 1995, during the process of privatization of state-owned enterprises DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s. (referred to as DPmML) was established as successor to the state-owned enterprise.
Current status
Most of the fleet consists of modernised Tatra T3 trams, with two Škoda 03T low-floor cars also in service.
In 2012-2014, two low-floor VarioLF plus trams were delivered and a few years later, two VarioLF cars were also put into service. During 2013, the surplus Tatra T3SUCS cars were sold to various Ukraine tramway operations, especially to Odesa. Trams now run on four lines 1-4 with no plans to expand the network for the time being. A major project will be the complete; the reconstruction of the intercity rapid transit system which is expected to begin in 2020 and end two years later.
Routes
Four routes feature on the network.
The tram lines 2 and 4 are the basis of the operation, with a connection between them at the stop "Most, Zimní stadion". During the peak hours of the working day, their connections are interspersed with line 3, which provides a direct connection between Litvínov and Most railway station. Lines 1 and 3 are variants of line 4. Until August 2011, line 7 was a variant of line 4 before its cancellation.
Tram
Route
1
Litvínov, Citadela ↔ Most, Velebudická
2
Most, nádraží ↔ Most, Velebudická
3
Litvínov, Citadela ↔ Most, nádraží
4
Litvínov, Citadela ↔ Most, Dopravní podnik
Intervals and frequency
Line 1 operates only a few connections on weekdays (6 pairs in 2016), mostly from Litvínov to Most in the morning and mostly from Most to Litvínov in the afternoon.
Line 2 central to the town of Most and line 4 between Most to Litvínov are most regular.
Both lines run daily at regular intervals with a 15-minute intervals for most of the working day, and mostly 30-minute intervals on Saturdays, Sundays and evenings.
Two night services from Litvínov to Most and one night service from Most to Litvínov arrive at the railway station in Most - they are shown on the timetable for line 3.
Two pairs of night services running daily are also listed as line 4 services.
Rolling stock
Historical tram Tatra T5B6
Currently, passenger trams of these types are in operation in Most and Litvínov:
Image
Type
Subtypes
Delivered
In Service
Tatra T3
Tatra T3SUCS
1983
1
Tatra T3M.3
1997–2001
34
Škoda 03T
Škoda 03T5 (Astra)
2001
1
VarioLF plus
VarioLF plus
2012–2014
2
EVO1
EVO1
2016
1
VarioLF
VarioLFR.S
2016–2018
2
EVO2
EVO2
2019-2020
5
The original prototype of the experimental Tatra T5B6 (carrying registration No. 273) as the only ever tramcar of this type to be produced is still in Most and Litvínov, however it does not see active service and is kept only as an historic vehicle.
See also
List of tram and light rail transit systems
List of town tramway systems in the Czech Republic
References
^ "Tram history and different types".
^ a b c d Ihracká 2018, p. 11.
^ Ihracká 2018, p. 12.
^ a b c d e Ihracká 2018, p. 15.
^ Ihracká 2018, p. 14.
^ "Most and Litvinov tram operator sells trams to Ukraine" (in Czech). mhdzive.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ "The repair of the tram line between Most and Litvínov has the green light, the money is pending" (in Czech). zdopravy.cz. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ "Schéma linek MHD" (in Czech). dpmost.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ "Vozový park DPmML, a.s." (in Czech). dpmost.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
^ "Tatra T5B6". Strassenbahnen-Online (in German). Retrieved 2007-12-09.
Bibliography
Ihracká, Renata (2018), Optimalizace tarifního uspořádání ve společnosti DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s. (in Czech), Ostrava: Technická univerzita Ostrava, p. 63
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tram transport in Most and Litvínov.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Most","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_(city)"},{"link_name":"Litvínov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litv%C3%ADnov"},{"link_name":"Ústí nad Labem Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Most-Litvínov tramway network (Czech: Tramvajová doprava v Mostě a v Litvínově) is a tram network connecting the city of Most and the town of Litvínov in the Ústí nad Labem Region. With a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge track and a length of approximately 18.6 kilometres (11.6 mi), the system is operated by Dopravní podnik měst Mostu a Litvínova.This network is unique in Europe; since tram networks are typically designed to provide public transport for cities,[1] this system is unique for connecting two towns of a combined population of less than 80,000 inhabitants.","title":"Trams in Most and Litvínov"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201811-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201811-2"},{"link_name":"1,000 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gauge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201811-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201812-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Záluží","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A1lu%C5%BE%C3%AD,_Litv%C3%ADnov,_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201811-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litv%C3%ADnov,_Tatra_KT8D5_(1994).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Early 20th century","text":"The city of Most strived to become an important center in the area, but there was a lack of functioning local transport. Absence of transport infrastructure in densely populated and built-up agglomeration, which was formed between Most and Litvínov at the end of the century required a progressive solution. In 1893, Carl von Pohnert considered connecting two towns by road steam tram.[2] Pohnert submitted the idea in 1896 and on 22 February 1899, the project received (by decree no. 570682/3) permission from the railways ministry to start construction.[2]On 7 August 1901, the operation of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) single-track railway was inaugurated.[2] In September 1902, Brüxer Strassenbahn-und Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft was founded.[3]The network was not extended any further until the end of World War II. In 1938, a smaller extension was made to the petrochemical plants in Záluží, a village that is a part of Litvínov.[2] These were of strategic importance during World War II. Towards the end of the war, in 1945, the chemical plants in and around Most were bombed. Subsequently, the tramway was destroyed. The bombing caused a temporary split of the Litvínov and Most sections.Three-cell tram KT8D5 in Litvínov (1994)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201815-4"},{"link_name":"modernisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisation"},{"link_name":"standard-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201814-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201815-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201815-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201815-4"}],"sub_title":"Late 20th century","text":"After the war, reconstruction of tracks was necessary. This was done within a few months after the end of World War II.In the 1950s, five tram lines were in operation in Most and new T1 trams appeared.[4] Another important task was the modernisation of the interurban line. A decision was taken to build a modern, fast standard-gauge line. Its first section was put into operation in Litvínov on 1 April 1957.[5] At the end of 1957, the network was 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi) long.[4]In connection with this, the old tram cars of wooden construction had to be scrapped and were replaced by Tatra T1,[4] T2 and later T3 trams.Operation of narrow-gauge trams was definitively terminated on 24 March 1961. In the 1970s, the tram network as well as the whole city of Most, had to prepare for the relocation. However, thanks to previous modifications, the relocation turned out easy. In the same year, the line to the new Most railway station was also built.On 1 January 1995, during the process of privatization of state-owned enterprises DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s. (referred to as DPmML) was established as successor to the state-owned enterprise.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tatra T3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_T3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrack%C3%A1201815-4"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Current status","text":"Most of the fleet consists of modernised Tatra T3 trams, with two Škoda 03T low-floor cars also in service.In 2012-2014, two low-floor VarioLF plus trams were delivered and a few years later, two VarioLF cars were also put into service.[4] During 2013, the surplus Tatra T3SUCS cars were sold to various Ukraine tramway operations, especially to Odesa.[6] Trams now run on four lines 1-4 with no plans to expand the network for the time being. A major project will be the complete; the reconstruction of the intercity rapid transit system which is expected to begin in 2020 and end two years later.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Four routes feature on the network.[8]The tram lines 2 and 4 are the basis of the operation, with a connection between them at the stop \"Most, Zimní stadion\". During the peak hours of the working day, their connections are interspersed with line 3, which provides a direct connection between Litvínov and Most railway station. Lines 1 and 3 are variants of line 4. Until August 2011, line 7 was a variant of line 4 before its cancellation.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Intervals and frequency","text":"Line 1 operates only a few connections on weekdays (6 pairs in 2016), mostly from Litvínov to Most in the morning and mostly from Most to Litvínov in the afternoon.\nLine 2 central to the town of Most and line 4 between Most to Litvínov are most regular.\nBoth lines run daily at regular intervals with a 15-minute intervals for most of the working day, and mostly 30-minute intervals on Saturdays, Sundays and evenings.\nTwo night services from Litvínov to Most and one night service from Most to Litvínov arrive at the railway station in Most - they are shown on the timetable for line 3.\nTwo pairs of night services running daily are also listed as line 4 services.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Most,_Velebudice,_Tatra_T5B6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tatra T5B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_T5B6"},{"link_name":"historic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatra_T5B6-10"}],"text":"Historical tram Tatra T5B6Currently, passenger trams of these types are in operation in Most and Litvínov:The original prototype of the experimental Tatra T5B6 (carrying registration No. 273) as the only ever tramcar of this type to be produced is still in Most and Litvínov, however it does not see active service and is kept only as an historic vehicle.[10]","title":"Rolling stock"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Three-cell tram KT8D5 in Litvínov (1994)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Litv%C3%ADnov%2C_Tatra_KT8D5_%281994%29.jpg/220px-Litv%C3%ADnov%2C_Tatra_KT8D5_%281994%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historical tram Tatra T5B6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Most%2C_Velebudice%2C_Tatra_T5B6.jpg/220px-Most%2C_Velebudice%2C_Tatra_T5B6.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of tram and light rail transit systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems"},{"title":"List of town tramway systems in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_the_Czech_Republic"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Tram history and different types\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/tram/","url_text":"\"Tram history and different types\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most and Litvinov tram operator sells trams to Ukraine\" (in Czech). mhdzive.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://mhdzive.cz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97:dopravni-podnik-mest-mostu-a-litvinova-odprodal-tramvaje-na-ukrajinu","url_text":"\"Most and Litvinov tram operator sells trams to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The repair of the tram line between Most and Litvínov has the green light, the money is pending\" (in Czech). zdopravy.cz. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://zdopravy.cz/oprava-tramvajove-trati-mezi-mostem-a-litvinovem-ma-zelenou-ceka-se-na-penize-23457/","url_text":"\"The repair of the tram line between Most and Litvínov has the green light, the money is pending\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schéma linek MHD\" (in Czech). dpmost.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpmost.cz/schema","url_text":"\"Schéma linek MHD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vozový park DPmML, a.s.\" (in Czech). dpmost.cz. Retrieved 2022-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpmost.cz/vozovy-park/","url_text":"\"Vozový park DPmML, a.s.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tatra T5B6\". Strassenbahnen-Online (in German). Retrieved 2007-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strassenbahnen-online.de/tatra/t5b6/index.html","url_text":"\"Tatra T5B6\""}]},{"reference":"Ihracká, Renata (2018), Optimalizace tarifního uspořádání ve společnosti DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s. [Optimization of the Tariff Structure in the Company DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova] (in Czech), Ostrava: Technická univerzita Ostrava, p. 63","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.vsb.cz/handle/10084/130161","url_text":"Optimalizace tarifního uspořádání ve společnosti DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s."}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/tram/","external_links_name":"\"Tram history and different types\""},{"Link":"http://mhdzive.cz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97:dopravni-podnik-mest-mostu-a-litvinova-odprodal-tramvaje-na-ukrajinu","external_links_name":"\"Most and Litvinov tram operator sells trams to Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://zdopravy.cz/oprava-tramvajove-trati-mezi-mostem-a-litvinovem-ma-zelenou-ceka-se-na-penize-23457/","external_links_name":"\"The repair of the tram line between Most and Litvínov has the green light, the money is pending\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpmost.cz/schema","external_links_name":"\"Schéma linek MHD\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpmost.cz/vozovy-park/","external_links_name":"\"Vozový park DPmML, a.s.\""},{"Link":"http://www.strassenbahnen-online.de/tatra/t5b6/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Tatra T5B6\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.vsb.cz/handle/10084/130161","external_links_name":"Optimalizace tarifního uspořádání ve společnosti DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s."},{"Link":"https://dpmost.cz/","external_links_name":"DOPRAVNÍ PODNIK měst Mostu a Litvínova, a.s."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax_bead_test
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Bead test
|
["1 Borax bead","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Test for the presence of certain metals
The bead test is a traditional part of qualitative inorganic analysis to test for the presence of certain metals. The oldest one is the borax bead test or blister test. It was introduced by Berzelius in 1812. Since then other salts were used as fluxing agents, such as sodium carbonate or sodium fluoride. The most important one after borax is microcosmic salt, which is the basis of the microcosmic salt bead test.
Borax bead
A small loop is made in the end of a platinum wire and heated in a Bunsen burner flame until red hot. A stick made of another inert substance such as a magnesia stick (MgO) may also be used.
It is then dipped into powdered borax and held in the hottest part of the flame where it swells up as it loses its water of crystallization and then shrinks, forming a colourless, transparent glass-like bead (a mixture of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride).
The bead is allowed to cool and then wetted and dipped into the sample to be tested such that only a tiny amount of the substance adheres to the bead. If too much substance is used, the bead will become dark and opaque. The bead and adhering substance is then heated in the lower, reducing, part of the flame, allowed to cool, and the colour observed. It is then heated in the upper, oxidizing, part of the flame, allowed to cool, and the colour observed again.
Characteristic coloured beads are produced with salts of copper, iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt and nickel. After the test, the bead is removed by heating it to fusion point, and plunging it into a vessel of water.
Metal
Oxidizing flame
Reducing flame
Aluminum
colorless (hot and cold), opaque
colorless, opaque
Antimony
colorless, yellow or brown (hot)
gray and opaque
Barium
colorless
Bismuth
colorless, yellow or brownish (hot)
gray and opaque
Cadmium
colorless
gray and opaque
Calcium
colorless
Cerium
red (hot)
colorless (hot and cold)
Copper
sky blue (hot and cold), opaque
red, opaque
Iron
yellow (hot and cold), opaque
bottle-green, opaque
Manganese
pink (hot and cold), opaque
colorless, opaque
Cobalt
deep blue (hot and cold), opaque
deep blue, opaque
Nickel
yellow-brown (hot and cold), opaque
grey, opaque
Silver
colourless (hot and cold), opaque
grey, opaque
Vanadium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
green, opaque
Uranium
yellow-brown (hot and cold), opaque
green, opaque
Chromium
green (hot and cold), opaque
green, opaque
Platinum
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
grey, opaque
Gold
yellow-brown (hot and cold), opaque
grey, opaque
Tin
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Titanium
colourless (hot and cold), opaque
yellow, opaque (hot) violet (cold)
Tungsten
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
brown, opaque
Magnesium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Molybdenum
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
yellow or brown, opaque
Strontium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Thorium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Yttrium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Neodymium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Praseodymium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Silicon
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
Germanium
colourless(hot and cold), opaque
colourless, opaque
See also
Flame test
References
^ a b Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, François Cardarelli
^ a b Vogel, Arthur I.; Svehla, G. (1979), Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis (5th ed.), London: Longman, ISBN 0-582-44367-9 – via the Internet Archive
^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press. 1985. ISBN 0-8493-0466-0.
^ "Borax Bead Tests".
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Flame test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_test"}]
|
[{"reference":"Vogel, Arthur I.; Svehla, G. (1979), Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis (5th ed.), London: Longman, ISBN 0-582-44367-9 – via the Internet Archive","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/vogelstextbookof0000voge_h4d4","url_text":"Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-44367-9","url_text":"0-582-44367-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press. 1985. ISBN 0-8493-0466-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0466-0","url_text":"0-8493-0466-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Borax Bead Tests\".","urls":[{"url":"http://webmineral.com/help/BoraxBead.shtml","url_text":"\"Borax Bead Tests\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&dq=%22Microcosmic+salt%22+%22bead+test%22&pg=PT805","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/vogelstextbookof0000voge_h4d4","external_links_name":"Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis"},{"Link":"http://webmineral.com/help/BoraxBead.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Borax Bead Tests\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Journal_of_Political_Economy
|
Scottish Journal of Political Economy
|
["1 References"]
|
Academic journalScottish Journal of Political EconomyDisciplinePolitical science and economicsLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1954–presentPublisherWiley Publishing (United Kingdom)FrequencyQuarterlyImpact factor0.918 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Scott. J. Political Econ.IndexingCODEN (alt) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1467-9485LCCN65031400OCLC no.173431230Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Scottish Journal of Political Economy is a scholarly political economy journal published by the Scottish Economic Society.
Sir Alexander Cairncross was the first editor in 1954. Since 2021 the editor is David A. Jaeger.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 0.286, ranking it 131st out of 161 journals in the category "Political Science" and 29th out of 333 journals in the category "Economics".
The journal is published by Wiley Publishing under ISSN 1467-9485. Since January 2022 the journal is published exclusively online.
References
^ Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Blackwell Publishing.
^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Political Science and Economics". 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015.
This article about a journal on economics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_Feist
|
Hertha Feist
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Literature","5 External links"]
|
German expressionist dancer (1896–1990)
Hertha Feist Laban Schule in 1923 in the Berlin StadiumHertha Feist (1896–1990) was a German expressionist dancer and choreographer. She established her own school in Berlin, combining gymnastics with nudism and dance. In the 1930s, her ambitions were seriously curtailed by the Nazis.
Biography
Born in Berlin, Feist first studied with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze in Hellerau, Dresden, in 1914 before moving back to Berlin in 1917 to study under Olga Desmond. Thereafter she joined Rudolf von Laban, following him to various locations in the north of Germany and participating in his majestic Tanzbühne productions.
In 1923, she established her own school in Berlin and also taught at Carl Diem's sports academy, successfully combining gymnastics with nudism and dance. She continued to dance in Laban's productions, starring as Donna Elvira in his Don Juan (1926). Her school's freestyle movements were pictured at the Berlin Stadium. In 1927 she appeared in the only film made by the American Stella Simon. The avant-garde film entitled Hands: The Life and Love of a Gentle Sex had its own score by Marc Blitzstein and it tells of an eternal triangle story using just the hands and forearms of the dancers.
In 1928, Feist toured with the Novembergruppe, presenting her Der Berufung in Germany, Poland, Switzerland and England. Her last major production was Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide performed on the steps of the Pergamon Museum in May 1933. Her ambitions were then curtailed by the Nazis who closed her school and forced her to move into smaller quarters although she continued to attract many students.
After the war, she taught at the Volkshochschule Hannover from 1952 to 1965. Her last dance was performed for the inauguration of the Golden Rosenkreuz Temple at Bad Münder in 1965 where she lived at the time. From 1983, she returned to live in Hannover where she died on 9 July 1990.
See also
Women in dance
Olga Desmond
References
^ a b Barabanov, Alexander (2012). A Dance. p. ii. ISBN 978-1-4090-1985-5.
^ a b Frank-Manuel Peter. "Feist" (in German). SK Stiftung Kultur. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ Pollack, Howard (2012). Marc Blitzstein: his life, his work, his world. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-19-979159-0.
^ Karl Toepfer (1997). "Hertha Feist, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935". University of California Press. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Literature
Peter, Frank-Manuel: Hertha Feist. Vornehme Eleganz und melancholische Wölkchen. Nachruf auf die Berliner Labanpädagogin. In: Tanzdrama. No. 13, 4th quarter 1990, pp. 34–37.
Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.
External links
Hertha Feist at SK Stiftung Kultur with several illustrations
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hertha_Feist_Laban_Schule_Berlin_1923_unknown_photographer.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barabanov-1"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"}],"text":"Hertha Feist Laban Schule in 1923 in the Berlin Stadium[1]Hertha Feist (1896–1990) was a German expressionist dancer and choreographer. She established her own school in Berlin, combining gymnastics with nudism and dance. In the 1930s, her ambitions were seriously curtailed by the Nazis.","title":"Hertha Feist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Émile Jaques-Dalcroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jaques-Dalcroze"},{"link_name":"Hellerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellerau"},{"link_name":"Olga Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Rudolf von Laban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban"},{"link_name":"Carl Diem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Diem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fmp-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barabanov-1"},{"link_name":"Stella Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_F._Simon"},{"link_name":"Marc Blitzstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein"},{"link_name":"eternal triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_triangle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollack-3"},{"link_name":"Novembergruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Group_(German)"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie en Aulide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Aulide"},{"link_name":"Pergamon Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Museum"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bad Münder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_M%C3%BCnder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fmp-2"}],"text":"Born in Berlin, Feist first studied with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze in Hellerau, Dresden, in 1914 before moving back to Berlin in 1917 to study under Olga Desmond. Thereafter she joined Rudolf von Laban, following him to various locations in the north of Germany and participating in his majestic Tanzbühne productions.In 1923, she established her own school in Berlin and also taught at Carl Diem's sports academy, successfully combining gymnastics with nudism and dance.[2] She continued to dance in Laban's productions, starring as Donna Elvira in his Don Juan (1926). Her school's freestyle movements were pictured at the Berlin Stadium.[1] In 1927 she appeared in the only film made by the American Stella Simon. The avant-garde film entitled Hands: The Life and Love of a Gentle Sex had its own score by Marc Blitzstein and it tells of an eternal triangle story using just the hands and forearms of the dancers.[3]In 1928, Feist toured with the Novembergruppe, presenting her Der Berufung in Germany, Poland, Switzerland and England. Her last major production was Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide performed on the steps of the Pergamon Museum in May 1933. Her ambitions were then curtailed by the Nazis who closed her school and forced her to move into smaller quarters although she continued to attract many students.[4]After the war, she taught at the Volkshochschule Hannover from 1952 to 1965. Her last dance was performed for the inauguration of the Golden Rosenkreuz Temple at Bad Münder in 1965 where she lived at the time. From 1983, she returned to live in Hannover where she died on 9 July 1990.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hertha Feist. Vornehme Eleganz und melancholische Wölkchen. Nachruf auf die Berliner Labanpädagogin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140224044341/http://www.sk-kultur.de/tanz/feist1.htm"},{"link_name":"Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0sp;brand=ucpress"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-91827-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91827-6"}],"text":"Peter, Frank-Manuel: Hertha Feist. Vornehme Eleganz und melancholische Wölkchen. Nachruf auf die Berliner Labanpädagogin. In: Tanzdrama. No. 13, 4th quarter 1990, pp. 34–37.\nToepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hertha Feist Laban Schule in 1923 in the Berlin Stadium[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Hertha_Feist_Laban_Schule_Berlin_1923_unknown_photographer.png/220px-Hertha_Feist_Laban_Schule_Berlin_1923_unknown_photographer.png"}]
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[{"title":"Women in dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_dance"},{"title":"Olga Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Desmond"}]
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[{"reference":"Barabanov, Alexander (2012). A Dance. p. ii. ISBN 978-1-4090-1985-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IWj3oTB0IDMC","url_text":"A Dance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1985-5","url_text":"978-1-4090-1985-5"}]},{"reference":"Frank-Manuel Peter. \"Feist\" (in German). SK Stiftung Kultur. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Manuel_Peter","url_text":"Frank-Manuel Peter"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20140219125804/http://www.sk-kultur.de/tanz/feist2.htm","url_text":"\"Feist\""},{"url":"http://www.sk-kultur.de/tanz/feist2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Howard (2012). Marc Blitzstein: his life, his work, his world. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-19-979159-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hQK-PeiCH4AC","url_text":"Marc Blitzstein: his life, his work, his world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979159-0","url_text":"978-0-19-979159-0"}]},{"reference":"Karl Toepfer (1997). \"Hertha Feist, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935\". University of California Press. Retrieved 19 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0sp&chunk.id=d0e6065&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e5716&brand=ucpress","url_text":"\"Hertha Feist, Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935\""}]},{"reference":"Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft167nb0sp;brand=ucpress","url_text":"Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91827-6","url_text":"978-0-520-91827-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues%E2%80%93Blackhawks_rivalry
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Blackhawks–Blues rivalry
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["1 Background","2 Notable moments","3 Recent developments","4 See also","5 References"]
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National Hockey League rivalry
Blackhawks–Blues rivalry
Chicago Blackhawks
St. Louis Blues
First meetingNovember 12, 1967Latest meetingApril 10, 2024Next meetingTBDStatisticsMeetings total394All-time series190–158–35–11 (CHI)Regular season series155–130–35–11 (CHI)Postseason results35–28 (CHI)Largest victoryCHI 10–3 STLOctober 27, 1974Longest win streakCHI W7Current win streakSTL W2Postseason history
1973 quarterfinals: Blackhawks won, 4–1
1980 preliminary round: Blackhawks won, 3–0
1982 division finals: Blackhawks won, 4–2
1983 division semifinals: Blackhawks won, 3–1
1988 division semifinals: Blues won, 4–1
1989 division finals: Blackhawks won, 4–1
1990 division finals: Blackhawks won, 4–3
1992 division semifinals: Blackhawks won, 4–2
1993 division semifinals: Blues won, 4–0
2002 conference quarterfinals: Blues won, 4–1
2014 first round: Blackhawks won, 4–2
2016 first round: Blues won, 4–3
The Blackhawks–Blues rivalry is a National Hockey League (NHL) rivalry featuring two teams in the league's Western Conference Central Division, the Chicago Blackhawks and the St. Louis Blues. Since 1970 (excluding the 2020–21 season), the two teams have been in the same division. It is the most intense rivalry in terms of penalty minutes and fighting, and at the height of the rivalry during the Norris Division days, it was common to go to a Chicago vs. St. Louis game and see a brawl break out.
Since the move of the Detroit Red Wings to the Eastern Conference, this rivalry is considered the top divisional rivalry for both teams.
Background
During the early part of the Original Six era, the Blackhawks considered St. Louis a secondary market and occasionally played regular season games at St. Louis Arena, but by the time the NHL began to seriously consider expansion the Blackhawks owners insisted that St. Louis be awarded a franchise. They wanted to unload the St. Louis Arena, which they still owned but had not been well-maintained, and no longer needed St. Louis as a secondary market. So intense was their influence that the NHL formally awarded St. Louis a franchise without even receiving a formal bid from any prospective ownership group. The Blues were admitted to the NHL via the 1967 NHL expansion.
The long-standing bitter rivalry between sports fans from Chicago and St. Louis, which are separated by 300 miles, as seen in the Cardinals–Cubs rivalry in Major League Baseball (MLB), has led to the Blackhawks and Blues to have an intense hatred for each other. Other than the 2020–21 season in which St. Louis played in the temporarily realigned West Division, the two teams have been in the same division since 1970 (West in 1970–1974, Smythe in 1974–1981, Norris in 1981–1993, and Central since 1993). They also qualified for the playoffs together every season from 1980 to 1997. Every Norris Division final from 1982 to 1993 involved either the Blackhawks or Blues, or both teams, except for 1987, when the Detroit Red Wings faced the Toronto Maple Leafs.
The rivalry caught fire in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when both teams had well-known stars such as Jeremy Roenick, Chris Chelios, and Ed Belfour for the Hawks and Brett Hull, Adam Oates, and Vincent Riendeau for the Blues; additionally, both played in old arenas (St. Louis Arena and Chicago Stadium) that were regarded as two of the loudest in the league. By coincidence, both were built in 1929 and both closed in 1994 to make way for new buildings. The Blackhawks moved across the street to the United Center, while the Blues moved into the Kiel Center.
All six Sutter brothers would either play for the Blackhawks or Blues. In fact, left wingers Darryl and Brian spent their entire careers with Chicago and St. Louis respectively. They also became head coaches for the teams that they played. Brian also coached the Blackhawks for a short time. He won the Jack Adams Award with the Blues in 1991 and was the runner-up in 2002 with the Blackhawks. Duane and Brent would also play and end their careers with the Blackhawks although they never played together with Chicago. Twins Ron and Rich would play together at one point with the Blues when Ron got traded in 1992. Also, Rich is the only Sutter brother to play for the Blackhawks and Blues. This often created a brother versus brother match-up not only in the playoffs, but as well in the season division battles that both teams got involved in.
Notable moments
One notable moment in the rivalry was the 1990–91 season. Both teams not only battled for the Norris Division, but the top seed in the Campbell Conference, and Presidents' Trophy. It came down to the wire on the last day of the season when the Blackhawks took all three crowns by a point with a win against Detroit Red Wings, even though the Blues won their last game against Minnesota North Stars. St. Louis finished second overall in the entire NHL with 105 points, while Chicago finished first overall with 106 points. Both teams were expected to meet in the Norris Division Final, but the Minnesota North Stars upset Chicago in the Norris Division semifinal and St. Louis in the Norris Division final, both in six games enroute to the Stanley Cup Finals where they lost in six games to the Pittsburgh Penguins, making it the second and third largest upsets respectively in NHL history by points.
Perhaps the defining moment in that 1990–91 season came in a brawl during the Blackhawks' 6–4 win over the Blues on March 17, 1991. The game became known as the "St. Patrick's Day Massacre" for the massive amount of fighting and penalties handed out to both teams. In the game, the two teams got into a brawl after Glen Featherstone shoved Jeremy Roenick after his hard hit on Harold Snepsts. Keith Brown shoved Featherstone, beginning a brawl. Twelve players, six on each team, were ejected, while there was a total of 278 penalty minutes. After reviewing the tapes, the NHL suspended Blues defenseman Scott Stevens for two games, and Hawks Mike Peluso and Blues Kelly Chase each for ten games and fined both teams $10,000 each.
The following year in the Norris Division semifinal – the Sutter brothers squared off in this playoff series. Twins Ron and Rich were on the Blues as players, while Brian was the head coach. While the Blackhawks had Brent as the player, Darryl was the assistant coach of the team, and Duane was a scout. Although the Blues took the first two out of the three games, the Blackhawks won the rest of the series, which began a playoff streak of 11 straight games and their run to the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals.
In the 1993 Norris Division semifinal, Chicago, despite having won the division handily, were swept by the Blues, who won the series on an overtime goal. Belfour, who said he had been interfered with on the goal, caused thousands of dollars' worth of damage to the visitors' dressing room at the Arena, breaking a coffeemaker, hot tub, and television among other objects.
Recent developments
The rivalry cooled down during the 2000s as both teams went in different directions, both teams met in the playoffs just once during the decade (with the Blues winning 4–1 in 2002). With the rise of the Blackhawks and Blues back into prominence in the early 2010s, the rivalry heated up once again. The Hawks beat the Blues in the opening round of the 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs 4–2 after trailing 2–0. They played each other again in the first round of the 2016 playoffs. The Blues jumped out to a 3–1 series lead, but the Blackhawks won games five and six to force a game seven. The Blues won the game 3–2 on a goal by former Blackhawk Troy Brouwer with 11:29 left in the third period.
Due to the NHL's realignment and adoption of division-only play due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blues and Blackhawks did not play against each other during the 2020–21 regular season. The Blues were in the Western Division with the Colorado Avalanche and Minnesota Wild of the Central and the five United States-based teams in the Pacific (Anaheim, Arizona, Los Angeles, San Jose and Vegas), while the Blackhawks, Dallas Stars and Nashville Predators remained in the Central, with five Eastern Conference teams (Carolina and Columbus from the Metropolitan; Detroit, Florida and Tampa Bay from the Atlantic).
See also
Cardinals–Cubs rivalry: Equivalent rivalry between Chicago and St. Louis-based teams in Major League Baseball
References
^ "NHL : Series Records: Chicago Blackhawks against St. Louis Blues". mcubed.net. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^ a b Browning, William (October 13, 2010). "First person fan smack talk: Chicago Blackhawks no comparison to St. Louis Blues". Yahoo!. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ a b c Kiley, Mike (March 18, 1991). "Hawks Bash Blues in Battle Royal". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.
^ a b c Luecking, Dave (March 18, 1991). "'Hawks Win Bloody Fight ... 12 Ejected In 6-4 Loss". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 1C.
^ Kiley, Mike (March 22, 1991). "NHL Suspends Peluso; Blues' Sentence Irks Keenan". Chicago Tribune. p. 5.
^ "HOCKEY; Blues Dispatch the Blackhawks to the First Tee". New York Times. April 26, 1993. p. C4. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
^ "NHL teams in new divisions with realignment for 2020-21 season". NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L. P. December 21, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
vteChicago Blackhawks
Founded in 1926
Based in Chicago, Illinois
Franchise
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Seasons
Current season
History
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Broadcasters
Personnel
Owner(s)
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General manager
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Head coach
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Team captain
Vacant
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Arenas
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Affiliates
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Media
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Culture and lore
Name and logo controversy
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"Here Come the Hawks"
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The "Madhouse on Madison"
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The Dilemma
2010 sexual abuse scandal
17 seconds
2009 NHL Winter Classic
2014 NHL Stadium Series
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Wayne's World
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Category
Commons
vteSt. Louis Blues
Founded in 1967
Based in St. Louis, Missouri
Franchise
Team
General managers
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Players
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Expansion draft
Seasons
Current season
History
1967 expansion
Records
Award winners
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Owner(s)
St. Louis Blues Hockey Club, Inc. (Tom Stillman, chairman)
General manager
Doug Armstrong
Head coach
Drew Bannister
Team captain
Brayden Schenn
Current roster
Arenas
St. Louis Arena
Enterprise Center
Rivalries
Chicago Blackhawks
Affiliates
AHL
Springfield Thunderbirds
Media
TV
Bally Sports Midwest
Radio
101 ESPN
Culture and lore
Blues–Flyers brawl
"Saint Louis Blues"
"When the Blues Go Marching In"
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The Monday Night Miracle
Louie the Bear
2017 NHL Winter Classic
"Gloria"
"Play Gloria" Origin
"Take Me Home, Country Roads"
2022 NHL Winter Classic
Category
Commons
vteNational Hockey League rivalriesPacific
Canucks–Flames
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Central
Blackhawks–Blues
Atlantic
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Metropolitan
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Intraconference
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Historical
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Blackhawks–Red Wings
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|
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Since 1970 (excluding the 2020–21 season), the two teams have been in the same division. It is the most intense rivalry in terms of penalty minutes and fighting,[2] and at the height of the rivalry during the Norris Division days, it was common to go to a Chicago vs. St. Louis game and see a brawl break out.[2]Since the move of the Detroit Red Wings to the Eastern Conference, this rivalry is considered the top divisional rivalry for both teams.","title":"Blackhawks–Blues rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Original Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Six"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Arena"},{"link_name":"1967 NHL expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NHL_expansion"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Chicago"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Cardinals–Cubs rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals%E2%80%93Cubs_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"West Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Division_(NHL)"},{"link_name":"Smythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smythe_Division"},{"link_name":"Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Division"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Division_(NHL)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Roenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Roenick"},{"link_name":"Chris Chelios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chelios"},{"link_name":"Ed Belfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Belfour"},{"link_name":"Brett Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Hull"},{"link_name":"Adam Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Oates"},{"link_name":"Vincent Riendeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Riendeau"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Arena"},{"link_name":"Chicago Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Stadium"},{"link_name":"United Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Center"},{"link_name":"Kiel Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Center"},{"link_name":"Sutter brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter_family"},{"link_name":"Darryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Sutter"},{"link_name":"Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sutter"},{"link_name":"Jack Adams Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Adams_Award"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Sutter"},{"link_name":"Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Sutter"},{"link_name":"Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Sutter"},{"link_name":"Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Sutter"}],"text":"During the early part of the Original Six era, the Blackhawks considered St. Louis a secondary market and occasionally played regular season games at St. Louis Arena, but by the time the NHL began to seriously consider expansion the Blackhawks owners insisted that St. Louis be awarded a franchise. They wanted to unload the St. Louis Arena, which they still owned but had not been well-maintained, and no longer needed St. Louis as a secondary market. So intense was their influence that the NHL formally awarded St. Louis a franchise without even receiving a formal bid from any prospective ownership group. The Blues were admitted to the NHL via the 1967 NHL expansion.The long-standing bitter rivalry between sports fans from Chicago and St. Louis, which are separated by 300 miles, as seen in the Cardinals–Cubs rivalry in Major League Baseball (MLB), has led to the Blackhawks and Blues to have an intense hatred for each other. Other than the 2020–21 season in which St. Louis played in the temporarily realigned West Division, the two teams have been in the same division since 1970 (West in 1970–1974, Smythe in 1974–1981, Norris in 1981–1993, and Central since 1993). They also qualified for the playoffs together every season from 1980 to 1997. Every Norris Division final from 1982 to 1993 involved either the Blackhawks or Blues, or both teams, except for 1987, when the Detroit Red Wings faced the Toronto Maple Leafs.The rivalry caught fire in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when both teams had well-known stars such as Jeremy Roenick, Chris Chelios, and Ed Belfour for the Hawks and Brett Hull, Adam Oates, and Vincent Riendeau for the Blues; additionally, both played in old arenas (St. Louis Arena and Chicago Stadium) that were regarded as two of the loudest in the league. By coincidence, both were built in 1929 and both closed in 1994 to make way for new buildings. The Blackhawks moved across the street to the United Center, while the Blues moved into the Kiel Center.All six Sutter brothers would either play for the Blackhawks or Blues. In fact, left wingers Darryl and Brian spent their entire careers with Chicago and St. Louis respectively. They also became head coaches for the teams that they played. Brian also coached the Blackhawks for a short time. He won the Jack Adams Award with the Blues in 1991 and was the runner-up in 2002 with the Blackhawks. Duane and Brent would also play and end their careers with the Blackhawks although they never played together with Chicago. Twins Ron and Rich would play together at one point with the Blues when Ron got traded in 1992. Also, Rich is the only Sutter brother to play for the Blackhawks and Blues. This often created a brother versus brother match-up not only in the playoffs, but as well in the season division battles that both teams got involved in.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990–91 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Presidents' Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Minnesota North Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StPatricksDay-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StPatricksDay-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brawl-4"},{"link_name":"Glen Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Featherstone"},{"link_name":"Harold Snepsts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Snepsts"},{"link_name":"Keith Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Brown_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brawl-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StPatricksDay-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brawl-4"},{"link_name":"Scott Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Mike Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_David_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Kelly Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Chase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1992 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"One notable moment in the rivalry was the 1990–91 season. Both teams not only battled for the Norris Division, but the top seed in the Campbell Conference, and Presidents' Trophy. It came down to the wire on the last day of the season when the Blackhawks took all three crowns by a point with a win against Detroit Red Wings, even though the Blues won their last game against Minnesota North Stars. St. Louis finished second overall in the entire NHL with 105 points, while Chicago finished first overall with 106 points. Both teams were expected to meet in the Norris Division Final, but the Minnesota North Stars upset Chicago in the Norris Division semifinal and St. Louis in the Norris Division final, both in six games enroute to the Stanley Cup Finals where they lost in six games to the Pittsburgh Penguins, making it the second and third largest upsets respectively in NHL history by points.Perhaps the defining moment in that 1990–91 season came in a brawl during the Blackhawks' 6–4 win over the Blues on March 17, 1991.[3] The game became known as the \"St. Patrick's Day Massacre\" for the massive amount of fighting and penalties handed out to both teams.[3][4] In the game, the two teams got into a brawl after Glen Featherstone shoved Jeremy Roenick after his hard hit on Harold Snepsts. Keith Brown shoved Featherstone, beginning a brawl.[4] Twelve players, six on each team, were ejected, while there was a total of 278 penalty minutes.[3][4] After reviewing the tapes, the NHL suspended Blues defenseman Scott Stevens for two games, and Hawks Mike Peluso and Blues Kelly Chase each for ten games and fined both teams $10,000 each.[5]The following year in the Norris Division semifinal – the Sutter brothers squared off in this playoff series. Twins Ron and Rich were on the Blues as players, while Brian was the head coach. While the Blackhawks had Brent as the player, Darryl was the assistant coach of the team, and Duane was a scout. Although the Blues took the first two out of the three games, the Blackhawks won the rest of the series, which began a playoff streak of 11 straight games and their run to the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals.In the 1993 Norris Division semifinal, Chicago, despite having won the division handily, were swept by the Blues, who won the series on an overtime goal. Belfour, who said he had been interfered with on the goal, caused thousands of dollars' worth of damage to the visitors' dressing room at the Arena, breaking a coffeemaker, hot tub, and television among other objects.[6]","title":"Notable moments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"2014 Stanley Cup playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"2016 playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Troy Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2020–21 regular season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Division_(NHL)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Wild"},{"link_name":"Dallas Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Stars"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"}],"text":"The rivalry cooled down during the 2000s as both teams went in different directions, both teams met in the playoffs just once during the decade (with the Blues winning 4–1 in 2002). With the rise of the Blackhawks and Blues back into prominence in the early 2010s, the rivalry heated up once again. The Hawks beat the Blues in the opening round of the 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs 4–2 after trailing 2–0. They played each other again in the first round of the 2016 playoffs. The Blues jumped out to a 3–1 series lead, but the Blackhawks won games five and six to force a game seven. The Blues won the game 3–2 on a goal by former Blackhawk Troy Brouwer with 11:29 left in the third period.Due to the NHL's realignment and adoption of division-only play due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blues and Blackhawks did not play against each other during the 2020–21 regular season.[7] The Blues were in the Western Division with the Colorado Avalanche and Minnesota Wild of the Central and the five United States-based teams in the Pacific (Anaheim, Arizona, Los Angeles, San Jose and Vegas), while the Blackhawks, Dallas Stars and Nashville Predators remained in the Central, with five Eastern Conference teams (Carolina and Columbus from the Metropolitan; Detroit, Florida and Tampa Bay from the Atlantic).","title":"Recent developments"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cardinals–Cubs rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals%E2%80%93Cubs_rivalry"},{"title":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}]
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[{"reference":"\"NHL : Series Records: Chicago Blackhawks against St. Louis Blues\". mcubed.net. Retrieved November 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mcubed.net/nhl/chi/stl.shtml","url_text":"\"NHL : Series Records: Chicago Blackhawks against St. Louis Blues\""}]},{"reference":"Browning, William (October 13, 2010). \"First person fan smack talk: Chicago Blackhawks no comparison to St. Louis Blues\". Yahoo!. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved February 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/nhl/news?slug=ac-6957780&print=1","url_text":"\"First person fan smack talk: Chicago Blackhawks no comparison to St. Louis Blues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports","url_text":"Yahoo! Sports"}]},{"reference":"Kiley, Mike (March 18, 1991). \"Hawks Bash Blues in Battle Royal\". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Luecking, Dave (March 18, 1991). \"'Hawks Win Bloody Fight ... 12 Ejected In 6-4 Loss\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 1C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kiley, Mike (March 22, 1991). \"NHL Suspends Peluso; Blues' Sentence Irks Keenan\". Chicago Tribune. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"HOCKEY; Blues Dispatch the Blackhawks to the First Tee\". New York Times. April 26, 1993. p. C4. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/26/sports/hockey-blues-dispatch-the-blackhawks-to-the-first-tee.html","url_text":"\"HOCKEY; Blues Dispatch the Blackhawks to the First Tee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"NHL teams in new divisions with realignment for 2020-21 season\". NHL.com. NHL Enterprises, L. P. December 21, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-teams-in-new-divisions-for-2020-21-season/c-319844882","url_text":"\"NHL teams in new divisions with realignment for 2020-21 season\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://mcubed.net/nhl/chi/stl.shtml","external_links_name":"\"NHL : Series Records: Chicago Blackhawks against St. Louis Blues\""},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/nhl/news?slug=ac-6957780&print=1","external_links_name":"\"First person fan smack talk: Chicago Blackhawks no comparison to St. Louis Blues\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/26/sports/hockey-blues-dispatch-the-blackhawks-to-the-first-tee.html","external_links_name":"\"HOCKEY; Blues Dispatch the Blackhawks to the First Tee\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-teams-in-new-divisions-for-2020-21-season/c-319844882","external_links_name":"\"NHL teams in new divisions with realignment for 2020-21 season\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edizioni_San_Paolo
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Society of Saint Paul
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["1 History","2 Apostolate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Catholic religious order
Society of Saint PaulSocietas a Sancto Paulo ApostoloGiacomo Alberione's idea of Pauline Apostolate for the Society of Saint Paul, apostles of the communication mediaAbbreviationSSP (post-nominals)NicknamePaulinesFormation20 August 1914; 109 years ago (1914-08-20)FounderGiacomo AlberioneFounded atAlba, Piedmont, ItalyTypeClerical Religious Congregation of Pontifical Right for MenHeadquartersMotherhouse: Via Alessandro Severo 58, 00145 Rome, ItalyMembers 828 members (493 priests) as of 2020Superior GeneralDomenico SolimanMinistrySocial communication workParent organizationRoman Catholic ChurchWebsitepaulus.net
The Society of Saint Paul (Latin: Societas a Sancto Paulo Apostolo) abbreviated SSP and also known as the Paulines, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded on 20 August 1914 at Alba, Piedmont in Italy by Giacomo Alberione and officially approved by the Holy See on 27 June 1949. Its members add the nominal letters SSP. after their names to indicate membership in the congregation.
History
Main article: James Alberione
In 1912 Alberione began publication of the magazine Vita pastorale, and the following year assumed direction of the diocesan weekly Gazzetta d`Alba. In August 1914, he opened the “Little Workers” Typographical School, which would develop into the future Society of St Paul (SSP). In 1926, Alberione sent his associate, Giuseppe Giaccardo, to establish a house in Rome. (Giaccardo was beatified in 1989.) The society was canonically erected in 1927 in Alba. Foundations were established in Brazil, Argentina and the United States in 1931.
The constitutions were approved in 1941 and the society was approved officially by the Holy See on 27 June 1949, with the mission to "evangelize with the modern tools of communications".
In 1969, Pope Paul VI honoured Alberione and the Society of Saint Paul with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice award.
Apostolate
Its members are known as the Paulines—a name also applied to the much older Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit. Faithful to the mission assigned them by their founder, they communicate the Christian message with the use of all means that technology puts at the disposition of modern man.
The society is based in Rome and is present in about 32 countries. Members are active in several fields: editorial and bookstores, journalism, cinematography, television, radio, audiovisual, multimedia, telematics; centres of studies, research, formation, animation.
In the USA, the congregation has a publishing house based in Staten Island, New York. ST PAULS is the leading Catholic online bookstore in the Philippines, carrying bibles, books, religious statues, rosaries, etc. In India, the congregation manages two media colleges – St Paul's Institute of Communication Education (SPICE) in Mumbai and St Paul's College in Bangalore.
The society is one of ten religious and lay institutes founded by the priest Giacomo Alberione, who was proclaimed Blessed by Pope John Paul II on 20 December 2002. Members of the Pauline family included the Daughters of St. Paul and the Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd.
See also
Catholicism portal
Pauline Family
Paulist Fathers, separate order
Paulists, separate orders
Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (Founded by Society of Saint Paul)
References
^ a b "Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)". GCatholic.org.
^ "Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)".
^ "Blessed Timoteo (Giuseppe) Giaccardo". Santi e Beati.
^ a b "The Society of Saint Paul SSP", Archdiocese of Lviv
^ a b "Our Mission", Society of Saint Paul - USA Region
^ "The Pauline Family founded by Blessed James Alberione", Vatican News
^ "About us", Society of St. Paul Philippine-Macau Province
^ Kavi, Jose. "Society of St Paul gets new Indian provincial", Matters India, October 27, 2022
External links
Society of St Paul website
Society of St Paul Institute of Communication Education
ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO PARTICIPANTS IN THE GENERAL CHAPTER OF THE SOCIETY OF SAINT PAUL
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Alba, Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba,_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Alberione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Alberione"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Society of Saint Paul (Latin: Societas a Sancto Paulo Apostolo) abbreviated SSP and also known as the Paulines, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded on 20 August 1914 at Alba, Piedmont in Italy by Giacomo Alberione and officially approved by the Holy See on 27 June 1949. Its members add the nominal letters SSP. after their names to indicate membership in the congregation.[2]","title":"Society of Saint Paul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Giaccardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Giaccardo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lviv-4"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Ecclesia_et_Pontifice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lviv-4"}],"text":"In 1912 Alberione began publication of the magazine Vita pastorale, and the following year assumed direction of the diocesan weekly Gazzetta d`Alba. In August 1914, he opened the “Little Workers” Typographical School, which would develop into the future Society of St Paul (SSP). In 1926, Alberione sent his associate, Giuseppe Giaccardo, to establish a house in Rome.[3] (Giaccardo was beatified in 1989.) The society was canonically erected in 1927 in Alba. Foundations were established in Brazil, Argentina and the United States in 1931.[4]The constitutions were approved in 1941 and the society was approved officially by the Holy See on 27 June 1949, with the mission to \"evangelize with the modern tools of communications\".In 1969, Pope Paul VI honoured Alberione and the Society of Saint Paul with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice award.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USARegion-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USARegion-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Alberione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Alberione"},{"link_name":"Blessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Daughters of St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_St._Paul"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Jesus_the_Good_Shepherd"}],"text":"Its members are known as the Paulines—a name also applied to the much older Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit. Faithful to the mission assigned them by their founder, they communicate the Christian message with the use of all means that technology puts at the disposition of modern man.The society is based in Rome and is present in about 32 countries.[5] Members are active in several fields: editorial and bookstores, journalism, cinematography, television, radio, audiovisual, multimedia, telematics; centres of studies, research, formation, animation.[6]In the USA, the congregation has a publishing house based in Staten Island, New York.[5] ST PAULS is the leading Catholic online bookstore in the Philippines, carrying bibles, books, religious statues, rosaries, etc.[7] In India, the congregation manages two media colleges – St Paul's Institute of Communication Education (SPICE) in Mumbai and St Paul's College in Bangalore.[8]The society is one of ten religious and lay institutes founded by the priest Giacomo Alberione, who was proclaimed Blessed by Pope John Paul II on 20 December 2002. Members of the Pauline family included the Daughters of St. Paul and the Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd.","title":"Apostolate"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"Pauline Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Family"},{"title":"Paulist Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulist_Fathers"},{"title":"Paulists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulists"},{"title":"Nippon Cultural Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Cultural_Broadcasting"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\". GCatholic.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/204.htm","url_text":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/204.htm","url_text":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blessed Timoteo (Giuseppe) Giaccardo\". Santi e Beati.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/74900","url_text":"\"Blessed Timoteo (Giuseppe) Giaccardo\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://paulus.net/","external_links_name":"paulus.net"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/204.htm","external_links_name":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/orders/204.htm","external_links_name":"\"Society of Saint Paul (S.S.P.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/74900","external_links_name":"\"Blessed Timoteo (Giuseppe) Giaccardo\""},{"Link":"https://www.rkc.lviv.ua/category_3.php?cat_1=&cat_2=54&cat_3=176&lang=4","external_links_name":"\"The Society of Saint Paul SSP\", Archdiocese of Lviv"},{"Link":"https://www.stpaulsusa.com/Our-Mission.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Our Mission\", Society of Saint Paul - USA Region"},{"Link":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2021-11/pauline-family-founded-by-blessed-james-alberione.html","external_links_name":"\"The Pauline Family founded by Blessed James Alberione\", Vatican News"},{"Link":"https://stpauls.ph/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About us\", Society of St. Paul Philippine-Macau Province"},{"Link":"https://mattersindia.com/2022/10/society-of-st-paul-gets-new-indian-provincial/","external_links_name":"Kavi, Jose. \"Society of St Paul gets new Indian provincial\", Matters India, October 27, 2022"},{"Link":"http://stpaulsbyb.com/","external_links_name":"Society of St Paul website"},{"Link":"http://stpaulsice.com/","external_links_name":"Society of St Paul Institute of Communication Education"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2022/june/documents/20220618-societa-sanpaolo.html","external_links_name":"ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO PARTICIPANTS IN THE GENERAL CHAPTER OF THE SOCIETY OF SAINT PAUL"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(MBTA_station)
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State station
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["1 Station layout","1.1 Public art","2 History","2.1 East Boston Tunnel","2.2 Washington Street Tunnel","2.3 MBTA era","2.3.1 21st century changes","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°21′31″N 71°03′28″W / 42.3587°N 71.0578°W / 42.3587; -71.0578Subway station in Boston, Massachusetts, US
For the former Chicago "L" station, see State station (CTA).
StateBlue Line platforms at State station in August 2018General informationLocationWashington Street at State StreetBoston, MassachusettsCoordinates42°21′31″N 71°03′28″W / 42.3587°N 71.0578°W / 42.3587; -71.0578Line(s)East Boston TunnelWashington Street TunnelPlatforms4 side platforms (2 on each level)Tracks4 (2 on each level)Connections MBTA bus: 4, 92, 93, 354ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundPlatform levels2AccessibleYesHistoryOpenedDecember 30, 1904 (Blue Line)November 30, 1908 (Orange Line)RebuiltApril 18–21, 1924 (Blue Line)April 26, 2011Previous namesDevonshire (1904–1967)Milk/State (1908–1967)State/Citizens Bank (1997–2000)State/Aquarium (2004)PassengersFY201912,928 (weekday average boardings)
Services
Preceding station
MBTA
Following station
Downtown Crossingtoward Forest Hills
Orange Line
Haymarkettoward Oak Grove
Government Centertoward Bowdoin
Blue Line
Aquariumtoward Wonderland
Location
State station (also called State Street) is an underground Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) rapid transit station located in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is the transfer point between the Orange Line and the Blue Line, and one of four "hub stations" on the MBTA subway system. The Orange Line has two side platforms on two levels, while the Blue Line has two side platforms on a single level. The station is fully accessible.
The East Boston Tunnel (predecessor of the modern Blue Line) opened as a streetcar tunnel in 1904, with Devonshire one of its two stations in downtown Boston. The Washington Street Tunnel opened to carry the Main Line (predecessor of the Orange Line) in 1908, with platforms at Milk and State. In 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted to use metro rolling stock. The MBTA renamed the lines to the Blue Line and Orange Line in 1965, and renamed both stations to State in 1967. The Orange Line platforms were extended in the 1980s for six-car trains. A second renovation in 2006–2011 extended the Blue Line platforms and made all platforms accessible.
Station layout
The Adams Square headhouse in 1909
State is unique among Orange Line stations as it was built on two levels to fit under the narrow section of Washington Street while crossing the East Boston Tunnel. The southbound side platform is above the northbound track and furthermore staggered considerably south of the northbound side platform. The southbound platform is connected to the rest of the station by a lengthy pedestrian passageway, originally known as "the speedway". The Blue Line has two side platforms under State Street and the Old State House. The station is served by MBTA bus routes 4, 92, 93, and 354.
The station's headhouses are located between Government Center and the Financial District. State station has six entrances spread out over nearly 1,000 feet (300 m); after consolidation and reconstruction by the MBTA, all entrances serve both lines in all directions. One entrance is built into the basement of the Old State House and four into commercial buildings. The northernmost entrance, which is accessed from an unmarked stairwell under 28 State Street on Government Center Plaza, was originally constructed to serve Adams Square but now primarily serves Boston City Hall.
Three entrances are fully accessible with elevators to platform level: Old South Meeting House (Washington Street at Milk Street), 53 State Street, and 60 State Street. The other three entrances - Old State House (State Street at Devonshire Street), Devonshire Street at Water Street, and Government Center Plaza - are not accessible.> Two additional elevators connect the northbound Orange Line platform with the eastbound Blue Line platform and southbound Orange Line platform, while an accessible ramp connects the westbound Blue Line platform with the northbound Orange Line platform.
Public art
The station has several works of public art:
The passageway to the southbound Orange Line platform was painted with rainbow colors by Robert V. Kennedy in March 1972. The painting and corresponding timed lighting (no longer in use) cost $9,000. Kennedy won the 1971 competition to design artwork for the station.
Polychrome painted star, a 12-by-40-foot (3.7 m × 12.2 m) 1975 enamel-on-porcelain mural by Toshihiro Katayama, is located in the passage to the eastbound Blue Line platform.
A 1987 black steel gate by Albert Paley is located next to the Old South Meeting House headhouse.
History
East Boston Tunnel
Plaque noting the completion and opening of the East Boston Tunnel, located at State
The Blue Line section of the station was built along with the rest of the East Boston Tunnel in the first years of the 20th century and opened on December 30, 1904, serving streetcars running from downtown to East Boston. An unusual aspect of State Street station is the entrance built directly into one of Boston's best-known historic sites, the Old Massachusetts State House. The East Boston Tunnel station was originally known as Devonshire after the street which the Old State House is located on. The station is the only remaining station on the tunnel opened in 1904.
The East Boston Tunnel was originally planned to be operated with high-floor metro rolling stock and connected to the then-planned Cambridge Elevated line. When that plan was dropped in 1903 due to a disagreement between the BTC and the BERy, the stations were built with low platforms.: 19 Large bi-loading streetcars (with high floors but capable of loading from low platforms), which incorporated many attributes from metro cars used on the Main Line El, began use in 1905.: 118–119 : 14 However, neither these nor the large center-entrance cars introduced in 1917 (which were designed for multiple unit operation) could fully handle the crowds.: 43
In 1921, the Boston Transit Department (BTD) - the successor to the BTC - began work at Maverick Square to convert the East Boston Tunnel to high-floor metro trains. The next year, the BTD board approved the construction of high-level platforms at Atlantic Avenue, Devonshire, Scollay Under, and Bowdoin. Construction of concrete high-level platforms 40 inches (1.0 m) above the rails at Devonshire began in December 1923 or January 1924. A section of low-level platform was left to serve streetcars during construction. The station was also extended by 30 feet (9.1 m) to accommodate the new trains, with work completed on March 1, 1924. Over the weekend of April 18–21, 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted to high-floor metro stock. Temporary wooden platform sections were put in place to allow service to begin on April 21, with the permanent concrete sections completed by July 12. The edges of the original low platforms can still be seen under the high platforms.
On March 31, 1937, the BERy opened an entrance from the Exchange Building lobby to the eastbound platform. The entrance was closed around 1981 as the building was modified for construction of Exchange Place.
Washington Street Tunnel
Early postcard of Milk Street station
The Washington Street Tunnel opened on November 30, 1908, to Main Line elevated trains running between Forest Hills and Sullivan Square. As with the other stations in the tunnel; the two platforms were treated as completely separate stations. The northbound platform was known as State since its main entrance was at the cross street of State Street, while the southbound platform was similarly Milk Street after its entrance from Milk Street. (The station pair was designated on some maps as Milk/State).
MBTA era
The colored paint swatches in the walkway to the southbound Orange Line platform, installed in 1972
After taking over operations in 1964, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) began rebranding efforts. The East Boston Tunnel/Revere Extension and Main Line El/Washington Street Tunnel routes were renamed as the Blue Line and Orange Line on August 25, 1965. On January 25, 1967, the separate station names of Devonshire and Milk/State were changed to State. In 1971, the MBTA and Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston held a competition called "Design in Transit", with the winning work to be placed in the passageway to the southbound Orange Line platform. It attracted over 300 entries, many of which were criticized for being inappropriate for the setting: "spooky shadow play" that would scare riders already in a nervous atmosphere, and audio works that would add to the cacophony of the busy station. The winning work by Robert V. Kennedy had swatches of bright rainbow colors with timed lighting; it was installed in 1972.
That year, the agency received a federal grant that funded two-thirds of a $14.3 million modernization program for downtown stations. As part of that project, the MBTA investigated the feasibility of connecting Essex, Park Street, Washington, and State with pedestrian tunnels. The MBTA proposed to make the City Hall (Adams Square) headhouse exit-only during budget cuts in 1981.
In the mid-1980s, the MBTA spent $80 million to extend the platforms of seven Red Line and three Orange Line stations to allow the use of six-car trains. On October 16, 1985, the MBTA awarded a $5.03 million contract for the Orange Line work at State. Construction at State began that year and was completed in 1987. The project extended both Orange Line platforms (the shell of the northbound extension had been constructed during an earlier modernization project), and rebuilt the Milk Street entrance. Elevators were added from Milk Street to the southbound platform, and between the Orange Line platforms; this made both Orange Line platforms and the eastbound Blue Line platform accessible. (Until renovations at Haymarket and North Station in 2001, State was the closest accessible subway station to the North Station commuter rail terminal.) Six-car trains entered service on August 18, 1987, shortly after the platform extensions were complete.
From 1997 to 2000, State was renamed State/Citizens Bank in a $500,000 corporate sponsorship from Citizens Bank, who had recently moved to the area, and hoped to eventually have the name changed to simply Citizens Bank Plaza. The sponsorship failed and the name reverted to State. During the renovation of Aquarium station, during which that station was closed, State was renamed temporarily State/Aquarium from October 14, 2000, to October 29, 2001.
21st century changes
A new ramp under construction in 2010
An extensive renovation of State began in November 2004. The project added accessible Blue Line entrances at 53 State and 60 State, extended the Blue Line platforms for 6-car trains, and added a ramp between the inbound Blue Line platform and the northbound Orange Line platform. The MBTA initially expected the work to be completed in 2007 at a cost of $38 million. However, several factors prolonged the project and increased its cost. Keeping the station open during extensive underground construction proved more difficult than expected; support structures had to be drilled through centuries-old foundations and seawalls. The MBTA settled a lawsuit over systemwide accessibility issues in 2006, which necessitated changes to the station design. The settlement included the replacement of the existing elevator connecting the two platform levels.
The change from token payment to the Charliecard system required closing the Blue Line level of the station from June 24 to July 1, 2006. A new between-levels elevator was completed in 2010 in lieu of replacing the existing elevator. The reconstruction of the station was substantially completed in 2011, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on May 26. The final project cost was $68.3 million, of which about $12 million was design and land acquisition. In October 2011, a 1904 plaque that marked the completion of the East Boston Tunnel was reinstalled in the station.
On June 24, 2019, the MBTA Board awarded a $29.7 million, 16-month contract for full cleaning, wayfinding signage replacement, and other improvements at North Station, Haymarket, State, and Downtown Crossing stations. The work was completed in June 2021. The entire Orange Line, including the Orange Line platforms at State station, was closed from August 19 to September 18, 2022, during maintenance work.
In May 2020, the MBTA awarded a $8.7 million design contract for accessibility renovations at State and Chinatown. The work at State includes two elevators at the City Hall entrance, replacements of two existing elevators, and renovation of the Milk Street entrance. Design work reached 30% completion in 2021 and 75% completion in 2022. In a separate project, the original between-levels elevator was replaced in situ in 2023.
References
^ "A Guide to Ridership Data". MassDOT/MBTA Office of Performance Management and Innovation. June 22, 2020. p. 6.
^ a b "The Stations of the Washington St. Tunnel, Boston, Mass". Engineering News: A Journal of Civil, Mechanical, Mining and Electrical Engineering. 62 (15): 369. 7 October 1909.
^ "2023–24 System Map". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. December 17, 2023.
^ a b "State Station Neighborhood Map" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015.
^ a b c d Cooper, Horace (April 2022). "State Street Station Accessibility Improvements: Recorded Project Overview – 30% Design" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
^ a b c d "Patrick-Murray Administration Highlights MBTA Blue Line Modernization at State Street Station" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 26, 2011.
^ a b "2013 MBTA/BCIL Joint Assessment" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. March 14, 2014. pp. 46, 47.
^ a b Eighth Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1972. p. 14 – via Internet Archive.
^ Alonso, Jessica (April 5, 1977). "Art from underground". Boston Globe. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Fripp, Bill (March 16, 1972). "In the tunnel of art". Boston Globe. p. 35 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Kay, Jane Holtz (July 11, 1971). "A look at some underground art". Boston Globe. p. 186 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Katayama, Toshihiro. "Works in Architectural Space".
^ a b "On the Orange Line" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. p. 5.
^ Howe, Peter J. (April 27, 1988). "MBTA hopes riders will be transported by art". Boston Globe. pp. 21, 35 – via Newspapers.com. (second page)
^ a b c d e f g h i Belcher, Jonathan. "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district" (PDF). Boston Street Railway Association.
^ a b Cheney, Frank (2003). Boston's Blue Line. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738535760.
^ a b Cox, Harold E.; Cummings, O. R. (1963). Surface cars of Boston, 1903-1963. New England Electric Railway Historical Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015021059525.
^ Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1922. Boston Transit Department. 1922. p. 27 – via Google Books.
^ a b Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1923. Boston Transit Department. 1923. p. 3 – via Internet Archive.
^ Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1924. Boston Transit Department. 1924. pp. 28-29 – via Internet Archive.
^ a b Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1925. Boston Transit Department. 1925. pp. 35–36 – via HathiTrust.
^ Cudahy, Brian J. (1972). Change at Park Street Under. Stephen Greene Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0828901732. LCCN 72081531.
^ Moskowitz, Eric (May 29, 2011). "Among the new renovations, Blue Line's past appears at State Street". Boston Globe.
^ "Subway Entrance in Exchange Building". Boston Globe. March 31, 1937. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Durso, Holly Bellocchio (June 2011). Subway Spaces as Public Places: Politics and Perceptions of Boston's T (MCP). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 55. hdl:1721.1/66801.
^ Carr, Robert B. (July 26, 1972). "Park St. station facelift due". Boston Globe. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Plotkin, A.S. (March 1, 1974). "4 downtown MBTA stops may be linked". Boston Globe. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (February 13, 1981). "Public Hearing Notice". Boston Globe. p. 50 – via Newspapers.com.
^ 1985 Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1985. p. 13 – via Internet Archive.
^ Sanborn, George M. (1992). A Chronicle of the Boston Transit System. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2019-10-29 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
^ Tran Systems and Planners Collaborative (August 24, 2007). "Evaluation of MBTA Paratransit and Accessible Fixed Route Transit Services: Final Report" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
^ 1986 Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1986. p. 23 – via Internet Archive.
^ MBTA : ACCESS; The Guide to Accessible Services and Facilities. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 1992. p. 12 – via Internet Archive.
^ Ackerman, Jerry (March 8, 1989). "T pressured to open all routes to disabled". Boston Globe. pp. 1, 16 – via Newspapers.com. (second page, third page)
^ "Suited to a T: State Street station becomes a billboard for Citizens Bank". Boston Business Journal. December 19, 1997.
^ "State Street Station Project To Begin" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. November 3, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004.
^ a b c d e Moskowitz, Eric (May 27, 2011). "State Street T stop has $68m new look". Boston Globe.
^ "State Street MBTA Station Rehabilitation (S09CN11)". Barletta Engineering and Heavy Division. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017.
^ "Settlement Agreement" (PDF). Joanne Daniels-Finegold et al. v. MBTA. April 10, 2006. p. 18.
^ Daniels, Mac (June 25, 2006). "Hot trains leave some riders steaming". Boston Globe. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Amended Settlement Agreement (With Attachments A, B and C and Exhibit X)" (PDF). Joanne Daniels-Finegold et al. v. MBTA. December 4, 2018. p. 36.
^ "MBTA/BCIL Joint Initial Assessment" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 9, 2010. p. 20.
^ Moskowitz, Eric (October 3, 2010). "T says State Street upgrade will finally be done next year". Boston Globe.
^ Fox, Jeremy C. (October 21, 2011). "1904 plaque returns to Blue Line station". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011.
^ "MBTA Contract No. A01CN01: Wayfinding and Station Improvements - Four Stations (Downtown Crossing, State, Haymarket, and North Station)" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 24, 2019.
^ Brelsford, Laura (May 24, 2021). "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—May 2021" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. p. 5.
^ a b "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2021" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. December 2021. pp. 5, 10.
^ "A Rider's Guide to Planning Ahead: Upcoming Orange & Green Line Service Suspensions" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. August 2022.
^ a b "Architectural and Engineering Services for Station and Accessibility Improvements" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 21, 2020.
^ "System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2022" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. December 6, 2022. p. 9.
^ "Elevator Replacements and Reopenings". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. October 17, 2023. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State station.
MBTA – State
MBTA – Elevator Accessibility Upgrades
Entrances on Google Maps Street View: Old South Meeting House, Water Street, Old State House, 60 State Street, 53 State Street
vteStations of the MBTA subway Blue Line
Wonderland
Revere Beach
Beachmont
Suffolk Downs
Orient Heights
Wood Island
Airport
Maverick
Aquarium
State
Government Center
Bowdoin
Orange Line
Oak Grove
Malden Center
Wellington
Assembly
Sullivan Square
Community College
North Station
Haymarket
State
Downtown Crossing
Chinatown
Tufts Medical Center
Back Bay
Massachusetts Avenue
Ruggles
Roxbury Crossing
Jackson Square
Stony Brook
Green Street
Forest Hills
Red Line
Alewife
Davis
Porter
Harvard
Central
Kendall/MIT
Charles/MGH
Park Street
Downtown Crossing
South Station
Broadway
Andrew
JFK/UMass
Ashmont branch
Savin Hill
Fields Corner
Shawmut
Ashmont
Braintree branch
North Quincy
Wollaston
Quincy Center
Quincy Adams
Braintree
Ashmont–Mattapan High-Speed Line
Ashmont
Cedar Grove
Butler
Milton
Central Avenue
Valley Road
Capen Street
Mattapan
Green Line
Kenmore
Hynes Convention Center
Copley
Arlington
Boylston
Park Street
Government Center
Haymarket
North Station
Science Park
Lechmere
B branch
Boston College
South Street
Chestnut Hill Avenue
Chiswick Road
Sutherland Road
Washington Street
Warren Street
Allston Street
Griggs Street
Harvard Avenue
Packards Corner
Babcock Street
Amory Street
Boston University Central
Boston University East
Blandford Street
C branch
Cleveland Circle
Englewood Avenue
Dean Road
Tappan Street
Washington Square
Fairbanks Street
Brandon Hall
Summit Avenue
Coolidge Corner
St. Paul Street
Kent Street
Hawes Street
St. Mary's Street
D branch
Riverside
Woodland
Waban
Eliot
Newton Highlands
Newton Centre
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir
Beaconsfield
Brookline Hills
Brookline Village
Longwood
Fenway
Union Square
E branch
Heath Street
Back of the Hill
Riverway
Mission Park
Fenwood Road
Brigham Circle
Longwood Medical Area
Museum of Fine Arts
Northeastern University
Symphony
Prudential
East Somerville
Gilman Square
Magoun Square
Ball Square
Medford/Tufts
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It is the transfer point between the Orange Line and the Blue Line, and one of four \"hub stations\" on the MBTA subway system. The Orange Line has two side platforms on two levels, while the Blue Line has two side platforms on a single level. The station is fully accessible.The East Boston Tunnel (predecessor of the modern Blue Line) opened as a streetcar tunnel in 1904, with Devonshire one of its two stations in downtown Boston. The Washington Street Tunnel opened to carry the Main Line (predecessor of the Orange Line) in 1908, with platforms at Milk and State. In 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted to use metro rolling stock. The MBTA renamed the lines to the Blue Line and Orange Line in 1965, and renamed both stations to State in 1967. The Orange Line platforms were extended in the 1980s for six-car trains. A second renovation in 2006–2011 extended the Blue Line platforms and made all platforms accessible.","title":"State station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adams_Square_headhouse_for_State_station,_1909.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EngineeringNews-2"},{"link_name":"MBTA bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_bus"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(MBTA_bus)"},{"link_name":"92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92_(MBTA_bus)"},{"link_name":"93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93_(MBTA_bus)"},{"link_name":"354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/354_(MBTA_bus)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-busmap-3"},{"link_name":"Government Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Financial District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"Adams Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Square_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"Boston City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EngineeringNews-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-april2022-5"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_accessibility"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-april2022-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highlights-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcil2014-7"}],"text":"The Adams Square headhouse in 1909State is unique among Orange Line stations as it was built on two levels to fit under the narrow section of Washington Street while crossing the East Boston Tunnel. The southbound side platform is above the northbound track and furthermore staggered considerably south of the northbound side platform. The southbound platform is connected to the rest of the station by a lengthy pedestrian passageway, originally known as \"the speedway\".[2] The Blue Line has two side platforms under State Street and the Old State House. The station is served by MBTA bus routes 4, 92, 93, and 354.[3]The station's headhouses are located between Government Center and the Financial District. State station has six entrances spread out over nearly 1,000 feet (300 m); after consolidation and reconstruction by the MBTA, all entrances serve both lines in all directions.[4] One entrance is built into the basement of the Old State House and four into commercial buildings. The northernmost entrance, which is accessed from an unmarked stairwell under 28 State Street on Government Center Plaza, was originally constructed to serve Adams Square but now primarily serves Boston City Hall.[2][5]Three entrances are fully accessible with elevators to platform level: Old South Meeting House (Washington Street at Milk Street), 53 State Street, and 60 State Street. The other three entrances - Old State House (State Street at Devonshire Street), Devonshire Street at Water Street, and Government Center Plaza - are not accessible.[4]>[5] Two additional elevators connect the northbound Orange Line platform with the eastbound Blue Line platform and southbound Orange Line platform, while an accessible ramp connects the westbound Blue Line platform with the northbound Orange Line platform.[6][7]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1972report-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1971 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Design_in_Transit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBTAart-13"},{"link_name":"Albert Paley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Paley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBTAart-13"}],"sub_title":"Public art","text":"The station has several works of public art:The passageway to the southbound Orange Line platform was painted with rainbow colors by Robert V. Kennedy in March 1972. The painting and corresponding timed lighting (no longer in use) cost $9,000.[8][9][10] Kennedy won the 1971 competition to design artwork for the station.[11]\nPolychrome painted star, a 12-by-40-foot (3.7 m × 12.2 m) 1975 enamel-on-porcelain mural by Toshihiro Katayama, is located in the passage to the eastbound Blue Line platform.[12][13]\nA 1987 black steel gate by Albert Paley is located next to the Old South Meeting House headhouse.[14][13]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Boston_Tunnel_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"Old Massachusetts State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"metro rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit_technology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluelinebook-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluelinebook-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surfacecars-17"},{"link_name":"multiple unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surfacecars-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"Scollay Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Center_station_(MBTA)#History"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jan1923-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jan1923-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jan1925-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cudahy-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jan1925-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Exchange Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_Place_(Boston)"}],"sub_title":"East Boston Tunnel","text":"Plaque noting the completion and opening of the East Boston Tunnel, located at StateThe Blue Line section of the station was built along with the rest of the East Boston Tunnel in the first years of the 20th century and opened on December 30, 1904, serving streetcars running from downtown to East Boston.[15] An unusual aspect of State Street station is the entrance built directly into one of Boston's best-known historic sites, the Old Massachusetts State House. The East Boston Tunnel station was originally known as Devonshire after the street which the Old State House is located on. The station is the only remaining station on the tunnel opened in 1904.The East Boston Tunnel was originally planned to be operated with high-floor metro rolling stock and connected to the then-planned Cambridge Elevated line. When that plan was dropped in 1903 due to a disagreement between the BTC and the BERy, the stations were built with low platforms.[16]: 19 Large bi-loading streetcars (with high floors but capable of loading from low platforms), which incorporated many attributes from metro cars used on the Main Line El, began use in 1905.[16]: 118–119 [17]: 14 However, neither these nor the large center-entrance cars introduced in 1917 (which were designed for multiple unit operation) could fully handle the crowds.[17]: 43In 1921, the Boston Transit Department (BTD) - the successor to the BTC - began work at Maverick Square to convert the East Boston Tunnel to high-floor metro trains.[18] The next year, the BTD board approved the construction of high-level platforms at Atlantic Avenue, Devonshire, Scollay Under, and Bowdoin.[19] Construction of concrete high-level platforms 40 inches (1.0 m) above the rails at Devonshire began in December 1923 or January 1924. A section of low-level platform was left to serve streetcars during construction.[20] The station was also extended by 30 feet (9.1 m) to accommodate the new trains, with work completed on March 1, 1924.[19][21] Over the weekend of April 18–21, 1924, the East Boston Tunnel was converted to high-floor metro stock.[22] Temporary wooden platform sections were put in place to allow service to begin on April 21, with the permanent concrete sections completed by July 12.[21] The edges of the original low platforms can still be seen under the high platforms.[23]On March 31, 1937, the BERy opened an entrance from the Exchange Building lobby to the eastbound platform.[24] The entrance was closed around 1981 as the building was modified for construction of Exchange Place.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milk_Street_station_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Square_station"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"State Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"Milk Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_Street,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"}],"sub_title":"Washington Street Tunnel","text":"Early postcard of Milk Street stationThe Washington Street Tunnel opened on November 30, 1908, to Main Line elevated trains running between Forest Hills and Sullivan Square.[15] As with the other stations in the tunnel; the two platforms were treated as completely separate stations. The northbound platform was known as State since its main entrance was at the cross street of State Street, while the southbound platform was similarly Milk Street after its entrance from Milk Street. (The station pair was designated on some maps as Milk/State).[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorful_tunnel_at_State_station,_December_2018.JPG"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durso-25"},{"link_name":"winning work by Robert V. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Public_art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1972report-8"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"Park Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Street_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_station"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronicle-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007doc-31"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-access1992-33"},{"link_name":"North Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressured-34"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"corporate sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"Citizens Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"}],"sub_title":"MBTA era","text":"The colored paint swatches in the walkway to the southbound Orange Line platform, installed in 1972After taking over operations in 1964, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) began rebranding efforts. The East Boston Tunnel/Revere Extension and Main Line El/Washington Street Tunnel routes were renamed as the Blue Line and Orange Line on August 25, 1965. On January 25, 1967, the separate station names of Devonshire and Milk/State were changed to State.[15] In 1971, the MBTA and Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston held a competition called \"Design in Transit\", with the winning work to be placed in the passageway to the southbound Orange Line platform. It attracted over 300 entries, many of which were criticized for being inappropriate for the setting: \"spooky shadow play\" that would scare riders already in a nervous atmosphere, and audio works that would add to the cacophony of the busy station.[25] The winning work by Robert V. Kennedy had swatches of bright rainbow colors with timed lighting; it was installed in 1972.[8]That year, the agency received a federal grant that funded two-thirds of a $14.3 million modernization program for downtown stations.[26] As part of that project, the MBTA investigated the feasibility of connecting Essex, Park Street, Washington, and State with pedestrian tunnels.[27] The MBTA proposed to make the City Hall (Adams Square) headhouse exit-only during budget cuts in 1981.[28]In the mid-1980s, the MBTA spent $80 million to extend the platforms of seven Red Line and three Orange Line stations to allow the use of six-car trains.[29] On October 16, 1985, the MBTA awarded a $5.03 million contract for the Orange Line work at State.[30] Construction at State began that year and was completed in 1987.[15][31] The project extended both Orange Line platforms (the shell of the northbound extension had been constructed during an earlier modernization project), and rebuilt the Milk Street entrance.[15][32] Elevators were added from Milk Street to the southbound platform, and between the Orange Line platforms; this made both Orange Line platforms and the eastbound Blue Line platform accessible.[33] (Until renovations at Haymarket and North Station in 2001, State was the closest accessible subway station to the North Station commuter rail terminal.)[34] Six-car trains entered service on August 18, 1987, shortly after the platform extensions were complete.[15]From 1997 to 2000, State was renamed State/Citizens Bank in a $500,000 corporate sponsorship from Citizens Bank, who had recently moved to the area, and hoped to eventually have the name changed to simply Citizens Bank Plaza.[35] The sponsorship failed and the name reverted to State. During the renovation of Aquarium station, during which that station was closed, State was renamed temporarily State/Aquarium from October 14, 2000, to October 29, 2001.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramp_construction_at_State_station,_November_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highlights-6"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newlook-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newlook-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"a lawsuit over systemwide accessibility issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_accessibility#History"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newlook-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Charliecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charliecard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-15"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcil2014-7"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newlook-37"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highlights-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highlights-6"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newlook-37"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"North Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Station"},{"link_name":"Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Crossing_station"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swadec2021-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_station_(MBTA)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contract-49"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-april2022-5"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contract-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swadec2021-47"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-april2022-5"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swadec2022-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"MBTA era - 21st century changes","text":"A new ramp under construction in 2010An extensive renovation of State began in November 2004.[36] The project added accessible Blue Line entrances at 53 State and 60 State, extended the Blue Line platforms for 6-car trains, and added a ramp between the inbound Blue Line platform and the northbound Orange Line platform.[6] The MBTA initially expected the work to be completed in 2007 at a cost of $38 million.[37] However, several factors prolonged the project and increased its cost. Keeping the station open during extensive underground construction proved more difficult than expected; support structures had to be drilled through centuries-old foundations and seawalls.[37][38] The MBTA settled a lawsuit over systemwide accessibility issues in 2006, which necessitated changes to the station design.[37] The settlement included the replacement of the existing elevator connecting the two platform levels.[39]The change from token payment to the Charliecard system required closing the Blue Line level of the station from June 24 to July 1, 2006.[15][40] A new between-levels elevator was completed in 2010 in lieu of replacing the existing elevator.[41][7][42] The reconstruction of the station was substantially completed in 2011, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on May 26.[37][6] The final project cost was $68.3 million, of which about $12 million was design and land acquisition.[6][37][43] In October 2011, a 1904 plaque that marked the completion of the East Boston Tunnel was reinstalled in the station.[44]On June 24, 2019, the MBTA Board awarded a $29.7 million, 16-month contract for full cleaning, wayfinding signage replacement, and other improvements at North Station, Haymarket, State, and Downtown Crossing stations.[45] The work was completed in June 2021.[46][47] The entire Orange Line, including the Orange Line platforms at State station, was closed from August 19 to September 18, 2022, during maintenance work.[48]In May 2020, the MBTA awarded a $8.7 million design contract for accessibility renovations at State and Chinatown.[49][5] The work at State includes two elevators at the City Hall entrance, replacements of two existing elevators, and renovation of the Milk Street entrance.[49] Design work reached 30% completion in 2021 and 75% completion in 2022.[47][5][50] In a separate project, the original between-levels elevator was replaced in situ in 2023.[51]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Adams Square headhouse in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Adams_Square_headhouse_for_State_station%2C_1909.JPG/220px-Adams_Square_headhouse_for_State_station%2C_1909.JPG"},{"image_text":"Plaque noting the completion and opening of the East Boston Tunnel, located at State","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/East_Boston_Tunnel_plaque.jpg/220px-East_Boston_Tunnel_plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early postcard of Milk Street station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Milk_Street_station_postcard.jpg/220px-Milk_Street_station_postcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"The colored paint swatches in the walkway to the southbound Orange Line platform, installed in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colorful_tunnel_at_State_station%2C_December_2018.JPG/220px-Colorful_tunnel_at_State_station%2C_December_2018.JPG"},{"image_text":"A new ramp under construction in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ramp_construction_at_State_station%2C_November_2010.jpg/220px-Ramp_construction_at_State_station%2C_November_2010.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"A Guide to Ridership Data\". MassDOT/MBTA Office of Performance Management and Innovation. June 22, 2020. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://mbta-massdot.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/mbta-ridership-guide","url_text":"\"A Guide to Ridership Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stations of the Washington St. Tunnel, Boston, Mass\". Engineering News: A Journal of Civil, Mechanical, Mining and Electrical Engineering. 62 (15): 369. 7 October 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b-k1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA369","url_text":"\"The Stations of the Washington St. Tunnel, Boston, Mass\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023–24 System Map\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mbta.com/bus-map","url_text":"\"2023–24 System Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Station Neighborhood Map\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226072510/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/services/subway/State%20Neighborhood%20Map.pdf","url_text":"\"State Station Neighborhood Map\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/services/subway/State%20Neighborhood%20Map.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Horace (April 2022). \"State Street Station Accessibility Improvements: Recorded Project Overview – 30% Design\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/2022-05-02-state-30percent-presentation-accessible.pdf","url_text":"\"State Street Station Accessibility Improvements: Recorded Project Overview – 30% Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick-Murray Administration Highlights MBTA Blue Line Modernization at State Street Station\" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbta.com/news/2011-05-26/patrick-murray-administration-highlights-mbta-blue-line-modernization-state-street","url_text":"\"Patrick-Murray Administration Highlights MBTA Blue Line Modernization at State Street Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 MBTA/BCIL Joint Assessment\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. March 14, 2014. pp. 46, 47.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbls.org/sites/default/files/2013%20Joint%20Assessment_FINAL_3%2014.14.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 MBTA/BCIL Joint Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"Eighth Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1972. p. 14 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmass1972mass","url_text":"Eighth Annual Report"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmass1972mass/page/14","url_text":"14"}]},{"reference":"Alonso, Jessica (April 5, 1977). \"Art from underground\". Boston Globe. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38354995/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"Art from underground\""}]},{"reference":"Fripp, Bill (March 16, 1972). \"In the tunnel of art\". Boston Globe. p. 35 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56794914/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"In the tunnel of art\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Jane Holtz (July 11, 1971). \"A look at some underground art\". Boston Globe. p. 186 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56797538/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"A look at some underground art\""}]},{"reference":"Katayama, Toshihiro. \"Works in Architectural Space\".","urls":[{"url":"https://toshikatayama.client.jp/arch2.htm","url_text":"\"Works in Architectural Space\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Orange Line\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/Art/orange-line-art-120817.pdf","url_text":"\"On the Orange Line\""}]},{"reference":"Howe, Peter J. (April 27, 1988). \"MBTA hopes riders will be transported by art\". Boston Globe. pp. 21, 35 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56791226/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"MBTA hopes riders will be transported by art\""}]},{"reference":"Belcher, Jonathan. \"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district\" (PDF). Boston Street Railway Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://roster.transithistory.org/MBTARouteHistory.pdf","url_text":"\"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Street_Railway_Association","url_text":"Boston Street Railway Association"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, Frank (2003). Boston's Blue Line. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738535760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738535760","url_text":"9780738535760"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Harold E.; Cummings, O. R. (1963). Surface cars of Boston, 1903-1963. New England Electric Railway Historical Society. hdl:2027/mdp.39015021059525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015021059525","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015021059525"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1922. Boston Transit Department. 1922. p. 27 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kXl6J_T46psC&pg=PA30-IA7","url_text":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1922"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1923. Boston Transit Department. 1923. p. 3 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreport1922trans","url_text":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1923"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreport1922trans/page/3","url_text":"3"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1924. Boston Transit Department. 1924. pp. 28-29 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreport1924trans","url_text":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1924"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreport1924trans/page/28","url_text":"28"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1925. Boston Transit Department. 1925. pp. 35–36 – via HathiTrust.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112107700418&view=1up&seq=279","url_text":"Annual Report of the Transit Department for the Year Ending January 31, 1925"}]},{"reference":"Cudahy, Brian J. (1972). Change at Park Street Under. Stephen Greene Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0828901732. LCCN 72081531.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda/page/31","url_text":"Change at Park Street Under"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda/page/31","url_text":"31–32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0828901732","url_text":"0828901732"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72081531","url_text":"72081531"}]},{"reference":"Moskowitz, Eric (May 29, 2011). \"Among the new renovations, Blue Line's past appears at State Street\". Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/05/29/among_the_new_renovations_blue_lines_past_appears_at_state_street/?page=full","url_text":"\"Among the new renovations, Blue Line's past appears at State Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Entrance in Exchange Building\". Boston Globe. March 31, 1937. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52688457/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"Subway Entrance in Exchange Building\""}]},{"reference":"Durso, Holly Bellocchio (June 2011). Subway Spaces as Public Places: Politics and Perceptions of Boston's T (MCP). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 55. hdl:1721.1/66801.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/66801","url_text":"Subway Spaces as Public Places: Politics and Perceptions of Boston's T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F66801","url_text":"1721.1/66801"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Robert B. (July 26, 1972). \"Park St. station facelift due\". Boston Globe. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38356855/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"Park St. station facelift due\""}]},{"reference":"Plotkin, A.S. (March 1, 1974). \"4 downtown MBTA stops may be linked\". Boston Globe. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38305757/the-boston-globe/","url_text":"\"4 downtown MBTA stops may be linked\""}]},{"reference":"Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (February 13, 1981). \"Public Hearing Notice\". Boston Globe. p. 50 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38304724/the_boston_globe/","url_text":"\"Public Hearing Notice\""}]},{"reference":"1985 Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1985. p. 13 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass_0","url_text":"1985 Annual Report"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmas1985mass_0/page/13","url_text":"13"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, George M. (1992). A Chronicle of the Boston Transit System. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2019-10-29 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150818013323/http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd_Data/Baum_Snow/boston-history.txt","url_text":"A Chronicle of the Boston Transit System"},{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/cron/project/uncertainty/Dowd_Data/Baum_Snow/boston-history.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tran Systems and Planners Collaborative (August 24, 2007). \"Evaluation of MBTA Paratransit and Accessible Fixed Route Transit Services: Final Report\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://old.mbta.com/uploadedFiles/Accessibility/final%20report%20082407%20on%20CD.pdf","url_text":"\"Evaluation of MBTA Paratransit and Accessible Fixed Route Transit Services: Final Report\""}]},{"reference":"1986 Annual Report. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1986. p. 23 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmass1986mass","url_text":"1986 Annual Report"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportmass1986mass/page/23","url_text":"23"}]},{"reference":"MBTA : ACCESS; The Guide to Accessible Services and Facilities. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 1992. p. 12 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/mbtaaccessguidet00mass","url_text":"MBTA : ACCESS; The Guide to Accessible Services and Facilities"}]},{"reference":"Ackerman, Jerry (March 8, 1989). \"T pressured to open all routes to disabled\". Boston Globe. pp. 1, 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/44834961/the_boston_globe/","url_text":"\"T pressured to open all routes to disabled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suited to a T: State Street station becomes a billboard for Citizens Bank\". Boston Business Journal. December 19, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1997/12/22/story3.html","url_text":"\"Suited to a T: State Street station becomes a billboard for Citizens Bank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Business_Journal","url_text":"Boston Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"State Street Station Project To Begin\" (Press release). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. November 3, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041205145510/http://www.mbta.com/insidethet/press_releases_details.asp?ID=1069","url_text":"\"State Street Station Project To Begin\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/insidethet/press_releases_details.asp?ID=1069","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moskowitz, Eric (May 27, 2011). \"State Street T stop has $68m new look\". Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/05/27/state_street_t_stop_has_68m_new_look/","url_text":"\"State Street T stop has $68m new look\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Street MBTA Station Rehabilitation (S09CN11)\". Barletta Engineering and Heavy Division. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170228121146/http://www.barlettaco.com/projects/TransitProjects/statestreet/state.html","url_text":"\"State Street MBTA Station Rehabilitation (S09CN11)\""},{"url":"http://www.barlettaco.com/projects/TransitProjects/statestreet/state.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Settlement Agreement\" (PDF). Joanne Daniels-Finegold et al. v. MBTA. April 10, 2006. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbls.org/sites/default/files/settlement-(4-10-06).pdf","url_text":"\"Settlement Agreement\""}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Mac (June 25, 2006). \"Hot trains leave some riders steaming\". Boston Globe. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38324863/the_boston_globe/","url_text":"\"Hot trains leave some riders steaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amended Settlement Agreement (With Attachments A, B and C and Exhibit X)\" (PDF). Joanne Daniels-Finegold et al. v. MBTA. December 4, 2018. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/Accessibility/2018-12-04-mbta-bcil-amended-settlement-agreement-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Amended Settlement Agreement (With Attachments A, B and C and Exhibit X)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MBTA/BCIL Joint Initial Assessment\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 9, 2010. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbls.org/sites/default/files/MBTA-BCIL%20Joint%20Assessment%20FINAL%206.9.10.pdf","url_text":"\"MBTA/BCIL Joint Initial Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"Moskowitz, Eric (October 3, 2010). \"T says State Street upgrade will finally be done next year\". Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/10/03/t_says_state_street_upgrade_will_finally_be_done_next_year/?page=full","url_text":"\"T says State Street upgrade will finally be done next year\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Jeremy C. (October 21, 2011). \"1904 plaque returns to Blue Line station\". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205192933/http://www.boston.com:80/yourtown/news/downtown/2011/10/1904_plaque_returns_to_blue_li.html","url_text":"\"1904 plaque returns to Blue Line station\""},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2011/10/1904_plaque_returns_to_blue_li.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MBTA Contract No. A01CN01: Wayfinding and Station Improvements - Four Stations (Downtown Crossing, State, Haymarket, and North Station)\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. June 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/fmcb-meeting-docs/2019/06-june/2019-06-24/originals/2019-06-24-fmcb-L-wayfinding-station-improvements.pdf","url_text":"\"MBTA Contract No. A01CN01: Wayfinding and Station Improvements - Four Stations (Downtown Crossing, State, Haymarket, and North Station)\""}]},{"reference":"Brelsford, Laura (May 24, 2021). \"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—May 2021\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2021-05/2021-05-28-swa-initiatives-accessible.pdf","url_text":"\"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—May 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2021\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. December 2021. pp. 5, 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2021-12/2021-12-03-swa-initiatives.pdf","url_text":"\"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Rider's Guide to Planning Ahead: Upcoming Orange & Green Line Service Suspensions\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2022-08/2022-08-12-ol-gl-closures-a-riders-guide-to-planning-ahead.pdf","url_text":"\"A Rider's Guide to Planning Ahead: Upcoming Orange & Green Line Service Suspensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Architectural and Engineering Services for Station and Accessibility Improvements\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2020-05/2020-05-21-fmcb-L-architectural-engineering-services-station-accessibility-improvements-accessible.pdf","url_text":"\"Architectural and Engineering Services for Station and Accessibility Improvements\""}]},{"reference":"\"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2022\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Department of System-Wide Accessibility. December 6, 2022. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/2022-12-7-swa-initiatives-report-december-accessible.pdf","url_text":"\"System-Wide Accessibility Initiatives—December 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elevator Replacements and Reopenings\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. October 17, 2023. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017175739/https://www.mbta.com/projects/accessibility-improvements/update/elevator-replacements-and-reopenings","url_text":"\"Elevator Replacements and Reopenings\""},{"url":"https://www.mbta.com/projects/accessibility-improvements/update/elevator-replacements-and-reopenings","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_to_Change_(Henry_Threadgill_album)
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Subject to Change (Henry Threadgill album)
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
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1985 studio album by Henry ThreadgillSubject to ChangeStudio album by Henry ThreadgillReleased1985RecordedDecember 7–9, 1984GenreJazzLabelAbout TimeHenry Threadgill chronology
Just the Facts and Pass the Bucket(1983)
Subject to Change(1985)
You Know the Number(1986)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Subject to Change is an album by Henry Threadgill released on the About Time label in 1985. The album features six of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill with Ray Anderson, Rasul Siddik, Fred Hopkins, Diedre Murray, Pheeroan akLaff and John Betsch with Amina Claudine Myers contributing vocals to one track.
The Allmusic review by Brian Olewnick states, "Subject to Change continued to display the leader's extraordinary compositional gifts in a series of pieces ranging from the episodic to the melancholy to the purely grooving... meaty, imaginative, solidly and even inspiringly played, and rich in evocations of past musics while looking straight into the future".
Track listing
All compositions by Henry Threadgill
"Just Trinity the Man" - 7:01
"Homeostasis" (words by Emilio Cruz) - 4:32
"Higher Places - 7:34
"Subject to Change" - 10:53
"This" - 5:29
"A Piece of Software" (lyrics by Cassandra Wilson) - 5:29
Recorded at Right Track Studios, New York City on December 7–9, 1984
Personnel
Henry Threadgill - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, clarinet, flute
Ray Anderson - trombone
Rasul Siddik - cornet
Diedre Murray - cello
Fred Hopkins - bass
John Betsch - percussion
Pheeroan akLaff - percussion, recitation (track 2)
Amina Claudine Myers - vocal (track 6)
References
^ Allmusic Review
^ Backstrom, L. & Lopez, R. Henry Threadgill discography accessed 8 September 2009
^ Olewnick, B. Allmusic Review accessed 8 September 2009
vteHenry ThreadgillYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Air
Air Song (1975)
Air Raid (1976)
Live Air (1976–77)
Air Time (1977)
Open Air Suit (1978)
Montreux Suisse (1978)
Air Lore (1979)
Air Mail (1980)
80° Below '82 (1982)
Live at Montreal International Jazz Festival (1983)
Air Show No. 1 (1986)
X-75
X-75 Volume 1 (1979)
HenryThreadgillSextet
When Was That? (1981)
Just the Facts and Pass the Bucket (1983)
Subject to Change (1984)
You Know the Number (1986)
Easily Slip Into Another World (1987)
Rag, Bush and All (1988)
VeryVeryCircus
Spirit of Nuff...Nuff (1990)
Live at Koncepts (1991)
Too Much Sugar for a Dime (1993)
Song Out of My Trees (1993)
Carry the Day (1995)
Makin' a Move (1995)
MakeaMove
Where's Your Cup? (1996)
Everybodys Mouth's a Book (2001)
Zooid
Up Popped the Two Lips (2001)
This Brings Us to Volume 1 (2008)
This Brings Us to Volume 2 (2008)
Tomorrow Sunny / The Revelry, Spp (2011)
In for a Penny, In for a Pound (2014)
EnsembleDoubleUp
Old Locks and Irregular Verbs (2015)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/r148865","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"http://discography.backstrom.se/threadgill/","external_links_name":"Henry Threadgill discography"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r148865","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/70959e24-5962-4660-9d9f-e7b68c9d7574","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.P._Taylor
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E. P. Taylor
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["1 Early years","2 Business","3 Thoroughbred racing","4 Residences","5 Legacy","6 References","6.1 Bibliography"]
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Canadian business tycoon, investor and philanthropist
For other people named Edward Taylor, see Edward Taylor (disambiguation).
E. P. TaylorCMGEdward Plunkett TaylorBornEdward Plunket Taylor(1901-01-29)January 29, 1901Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaDiedMay 14, 1989(1989-05-14) (aged 88)Lyford Cay, BahamasEducationAshbury CollegeAlma materMcGill UniversityOccupation(s)Businessman, philanthropist and racehorse owner/breederKnown forArgus Corporation, Windfields Farm, Northern DancerBoard member ofArgus Corporation, Canadian Breweries Ltd., Massey Ferguson Ltd., B.C. Forest Products Ltd., Dominion Tar & Chemical Co., Honey Dew Co., Ontario Jockey Club, Trust Corporation of the Bahamas, Lyford Cay Development Corp.Spouse
Winnifred Thornton Duguid
(m. 1927; died 1982)Children3, including Judith and CharlesAwardsSovereign Award for Outstanding Breeder (1976, 1985)Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder (1977, 1983)HonorsCanada's Sports Hall of Fame (1974) Canadian Racing Hall of Fame – Builder (1976) E. P. Taylor Stakes E. P. Taylor Turf Course at Woodbine RacetrackKeeneland Mark of Distinction (1982)American Racing Hall of Fame – Pillar of the Turf (2014)
Edward Plunket Taylor, CMG (January 29, 1901 – May 14, 1989) was a Canadian business tycoon, investor and philanthropist. He was a famous breeder of Thoroughbred race horses, and a major force behind the evolution of the Canadian horse-racing industry. Known to his friends as "Eddie", he is all but universally recorded as "E. P. Taylor".
Early years
Taylor was the first child of Plunket Bourchier Taylor and Florence Magee Taylor. Taylor attended Ashbury College and Ottawa Collegiate. During World War I, his father enlisted and the family moved to London, England. After Taylor attempted several times to join the British Army, his father sent him back to Ottawa to live with his grandfather Charles Magee, a wealthy Ottawa businessman. The time spent with Magee had a profound influence on Taylor, who decided he wanted to be successful in business like Magee. In 1918, Taylor moved to Montreal to attend McGill University, having to work part-time to pay his way. That fall, Taylor's studies were interrupted when McGill closed during the Spanish Flu epidemic. Returning the next winter, Taylor graduated in 1922 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering.
While studying at McGill, Taylor patented an electric toaster design that browned both sides of the bread simultaneously. At that time, toasters only toasted one side of the bread. Taylor sold the patent for a royalty of 40 cents on every toaster to the Thomas Davidson Manufacturing Co. of Montreal. Taylor decided during college that he did not want to pursue engineering, finding that he was more interested in business and economics. After graduation, Taylor returned to Ottawa, where he and Lawrie Hart operated a two-vehicle bus line between Westboro and Ottawa. Taylor and Hart sold the bus line after a year, and Taylor joined the investment brokerage firm of McLeod Young and Weir (now ScotiaMcLeod) that his father worked for.
In 1926, Taylor met Winifred Duguid while at a social event at the Chaudiere Golf Club. They were married on June 15, 1927, at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa, honeymooned in Lake Placid, and settled into their first residence at the Strathcona Apartments on Laurier Avenue in Ottawa.
Business
Taylor's grandfather Charles Magee was a successful businessman in Ottawa, holding interests in brewing, dry goods, and transportation. Magee died in 1918, leaving the family businesses to his brother and his daughters Carrie and Taylor's mother. In 1923, Taylor was made a director of the Brading Brewery, one of the family businesses, which his father was president of. On the side of selling securities and the brewing business, Taylor organized the Red Line Taxi Company in 1923. Like the bus line, it was sold after a year. This established the pattern in business that Taylor would follow, conceiving and developing ideas, and then persuading others to buy them. Taylor remained with McLeod, Young, Weir and became a partner in 1928. In 1928, Taylor and Winifred moved to Toronto, getting an apartment on University Avenue, conveniently close to the McLeod, Young, Weir offices in the Metropolitan Building.
In the 1920s, Brading Brewery was limited by temperance laws. While it operated in Ontario, it could only sell into Quebec. This changed in 1927, when the Conservative government in Ontario ended prohibition. At the suggestion of Taylor, the company "traded on its equity" and rebuilt its plant, modernizing it and increasing capacity by 50%. Taylor studied the brewing business in Ontario. In 1928, there were 37 breweries. They operated at below capacity and many were in need of modernization. They were not profitable in general and had only CA$12 million in sales on assets of CA$24 million. Quebec was dominated by three breweries; one of them, National Breweries, had consolidated 14 breweries that had operated before World War I. Taylor proposed a similar strategy to Brading's board of directors: acquire and merge with successful breweries in Ontario, and acquire and close other breweries to bring under its control some 70% of the volume of beer sold in Ontario.
The stock market crash of 1929 affected Taylor in two ways. On the one hand, the underwriting business virtually ceased. However, it left Taylor free to pursue the brewery acquisition plan, although now Taylor could only offer Brading Brewery shares in its acquisitions. Taylor fortuitously met Clark Jennison, who was acting for British interests interested in investing in Canadian breweries at the same time and had CA$500,000 to invest. The two incorporated a new firm, Brewing Corporation of Ontario, merging the Brading and Kuntz breweries and the British interests in common and preferred shares. Another company, Canadian Brewery Corporation Limited, had also begun acquiring breweries in Ontario. Taylor approached the company and successfully negotiated a merger in 1930. Later in 1930, Taylor successfully took over the Carling Brewery, which had become majority-owned by the Dominion Bank, for CA$600,000 repayable at $100,000 per year. In all, Taylor merged more than 20 other small breweries into Canadian Breweries Limited, which grew to be the world's largest brewing company. Taylor would eventually gain operating control of the holding company.
Taylor described his consolidation approach as "trading pieces of paper for other pieces of paper." At times, he was so cash poor that a legend had him passing cheques back and forth between two bank accounts in Montreal and Toronto to meet payroll. He later recalled it as "a period of hectic finance." His liquidity situation eased after prohibition ended. After 1934, Taylor implemented a number of changes to make the brewing sales and marketing respectable, firing the old school "runners" who profited by selling to bootleggers, and replacing them with salesmen who were encouraged to become community leaders. He also consolidated the number of brands offered from over 100 to just six.
Taylor became involved in the soft drink industry through the acquisition of brewers, who had diversified into soft drinks during prohibition. Unable to spin off the soft drinks at first, Taylor first worked on building them into a business suitable for sale. Taylor purchased control of the Canadian Orange Crush company and then taking control of its subsidiary Honey Dew. Honey Dew had multiple retail locations, which Taylor restyled and relocated to increase their profitability. This formed the core of his "food empire", that included over 100 stores by 1950 (not including his subsequent interest in Dominion grocery stores). Taylor spun off Honey Dew as a separate company, which later became Canadian Food Products.
During World War II, Taylor was a volunteer executive in the Government of Canada's war effort. He was appointed by C. D. Howe, the Minister of Munitions and Supply, to the executive committee of the Department of Munitions and Supply and would be appointed by Winston Churchill to run the British Supply Council in North America. He came close to losing his life when, in December 1940, the ship he was on was torpedoed while crossing the Atlantic. At that time, regulations were such that convoys did not stop to rescue survivors of a sinking ship. Taylor and others, including Howe and Bill Woodward, were rescued by a merchant vessel that had lost its convoy. A destroyer appeared and gave permission to save them, circling the rescue to ward off any submarines.
In 1941, Taylor clashed with Mackenzie King, who had called for a wartime curtailment of beer drinking and advertising. Taylor sent a letter to the Ottawa Journal calling this position "un-British and therefore undemocratic".
Through his war-time service, Taylor became connected to top businessmen from across Canada and around the world. For his wartime service, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1946. At war's end, he founded Argus Corporation, becoming the investment company's majority shareholder by rolling Canadian Breweries stock into the new entity. Over the years, he gained control or had significant positions in many of his country's largest companies such as Canadian Food Products, Massey-Harris, Standard Chemical, Dominion Stores, British Columbia Forest Products Limited, Dominion Tar & Chemical Co., Standard Broadcasting, and Hollinger Mines. During the highest point of his career, he was one of Canada's richest people.
In 1950, Taylor said of his position in Canadian industry, "I simply own the largest piece of the largest piece." According to Maclean's Magazine, he owned 5/17 of Argus Corp.'s common stock at the time, giving him effective control of the company. In turn, Argus owned 3/10 of Standard Chemical (Javex, Goderich Salt, etc.). Standard Chemical owned 9/20 of Dominion Tar and Chemical (Sifto Salt, Ace-Tex, Fiberglas, etc.). Through the series of ownership shares, Taylor effectively controlled Dominion Tar even though his personal interest in the voting stock amounted to only about 4%.
Taylor traveled extensively to manage his sprawling business interests, flying each month to the Cleveland headquarters of his Brewing Corporation of America. From there, he headed to New York, where he spent much of his time associating with Floyd Odlum of Atlas Corporation, an investment company that served as the prototype for Argus. He would then travel to Montreal and back to Toronto again. His executives were expected to make their reports rapidly, with meetings scheduled at 15-minute intervals. He valued energy, judgement and the ability to get along with others, once saying that a genius is more trouble than he's worth.
Taylor also pioneered the concept of gated communities in exotic places. He founded the highly exclusive Lyford Cay gated community in 1959 and its 'Lyford Cay Club' on New Providence island in the Bahamas. The Lyford Cay Club is home to some of the world's wealthiest people.
In 1948, Taylor and a small group of fellow alumni established the McGill University Alma Mater Fund, inviting all graduates to give annual donations and thereby "make of themselves a living endowment."
In 1975, the Argus Corporation became the target of a takeover by Power Corporation. Taylor sold his non-voting shares to Power Corp and held his voting shares for one year to allow his Argus partners to purchase them. The partners did not take them up. In 1976, Taylor retired from Argus Corporation, selling his 10% share of the voting shares to Power Corporation.
Thoroughbred racing
While a student at Montreal's McGill University in 1918, Taylor was introduced to the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Blue Bonnets Raceway. As a businessman in the 1930s he established Cosgrave Stable to race horses, which notably owned and raced the future (2000) Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame filly Mona Bell, winner of the 1938 Breeders' Stakes and Maple Leaf Stakes.
After the second World War, Taylor became steadily more involved in horse racing as an owner, breeder and an organizer. In the latter role, he transformed the Ontario racing scene in the 1950s much the way he had earlier transformed the brewing industry. "Our sport wasn't keeping up with the progress made in other areas," he once said. "We had too many tracks... our patronage was falling, we had low purses and many bad horses, and I was afraid that racing might die here as it did in Quebec." Instead of operating fourteen racetracks each with 14-day race meetings, he concentrated the industry in Toronto and Fort Erie. In 1956, he opened "new" Woodbine racetrack on the outskirts of Toronto while renovating "old" Woodbine (subsequently renamed Greenwood racetrack). New Woodbine developed into a world-class venue, especially when Taylor convinced Penny Chenery to have Secretariat make his final start in the Canadian International in 1973. Taylor was the founder of the Jockey Club of Canada and served as the president of the Thoroughbred Racing Association in the United States.
Taylor and his wife began breeding thoroughbreds in the 1950s. He first purchased a property in Toronto that he named Windfields Farm. He then acquired Parkwood Stable in Oshawa, which he first renamed as the National Stud and which was later called Windfields Farm. Determined to raise the standard of Canadian breeding stock, Taylor imported several stallions from the United States. The most notable of these was Chop Chop, who went on to sire four Queen's Plate winners for Taylor including Canadiana and Victoria Park, who also became a leading Canadian sire.
The Taylor thoroughbred horse breeding operation produced Northern Dancer, who in 1964 became the first Canadian-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby. Northern Dancer then became arguably the greatest sire and sire of sires of the 20th century, whose impact on the breed is still felt worldwide. In 1970, Taylor was the world's leading horse breeder measured by money won. He was voted Thoroughbred racing's man of the year in 1973 and the following year was elected to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 1977 and 1983 he was named the winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in North America. Taylor's horses won 15 Queen's Plate races and were named Canadian Horse of the Year nine times.
Residences
Windfields Estate in 2000
Windfields Estate was Taylor's main residence and was situated at 2489 Bayview Avenue in North York, Toronto. It is now the site of the Canadian Film Centre. The 25-acre (10 ha) estate has been preserved as a heritage site. The Canadian Royal Family often stayed at Windfields when they visited Toronto. The last royals to stay there were Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, in the summers of 1974 and 1981, and Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales. There were many maids, two gardeners and a house manager who worked at the residence.
In 1963, Taylor moved to the Bahamas, taking advantage of the warm climate and its inheritance tax laws. He lived in the gated community he had built called Lyford Cay. He died there in 1989 at the age of 88. A friend of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in December 1962, the President stayed at Taylor's home in Lyford Cay while he held talks with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
His son, journalist and author Charles P. B. Taylor, died in 1997 at 62, after a nine-year battle with cancer.
Legacy
Taylor's legacy lives on within the community with various contributions.
The E.P. Taylor Research Library and Archives in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was named after him in honour of his term as President of the (then) Art Gallery of Toronto, from 1957 to 1959.
In the North York region there is E.P. Taylor Place, a seniors residence.
Also on York Mills Road are Windfields Restaurant, a popular family establishment, and Windfields Place, a pair of apartment buildings.
He has a pub named after him in Oshawa, Ontario on the campus of Durham College/University of Ontario Institute of Technology in the Student Centre, called E.P. Taylor's Pub and Restaurant.
E.P. Taylor was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
The E. P. Taylor turf course at Woodbine, opened in 1994 and considered one of North America's finest, is named in his honour.
References
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 19.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 24.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 25.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 31.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 27.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 28.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 31–32.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 34–35.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 37–39.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 20.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 34.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 35.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 46.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 39.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 41.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 47–48.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 48–19.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 52.
^ a b c Rohmer 1978, p. 53.
^ a b c d e Berton, Pierre (March 1, 1950). "E. P. TAYLOR AND HIS EMPIRE | Maclean's | March 1, 1950". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
^ Rohmer 1978, pp. 17–18.
^ "Whoops!". myalumni.mcgill.ca.
^ Rohmer 1978, p. 339.
^ a b "E. P. Taylor | National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame". www.racingmuseum.org. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ a b c "E.P. Taylor". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ "How Secretariat gave the Canadians something to remember for ever". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ "Chop Chop". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
^ Hunter, Avalyn. "Northern Dancer (horse)". American Classic Pedigrees. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t3YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u-kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=894,941320&dq=lyford-cay+taylor&hl=en
^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
^ "Pub website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2014.
^ "E. P. Taylor". oshof.ca. Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
^ "Top-class turf: Woodbine's E.P. Taylor Course celebrates 20 years | Topics: E.P. Taylor Turf Course, Woodbine, Canada, Canadian International". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
Bibliography
Rohmer, Richard (1978). E. P. Taylor : the biography of Edward Plunket Taylor. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7709-2.
Bowen, Edward L. (2003). Legacies of the Turf: A Century of Great Thoroughbred Breeders. Eclipse Press. ISBN 978-1-58150-102-5.
April 2, 1962 Sports Illustrated story on Edward Plunket Taylor
E. P. Taylor at the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
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During World War I, his father enlisted and the family moved to London, England. After Taylor attempted several times to join the British Army, his father sent him back to Ottawa to live with his grandfather Charles Magee, a wealthy Ottawa businessman. The time spent with Magee had a profound influence on Taylor, who decided he wanted to be successful in business like Magee.[2] In 1918, Taylor moved to Montreal to attend McGill University, having to work part-time to pay his way.[3] That fall, Taylor's studies were interrupted when McGill closed during the Spanish Flu epidemic. Returning the next winter, Taylor graduated in 1922 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering.[4]While studying at McGill, Taylor patented an electric toaster design that browned both sides of the bread simultaneously. At that time, toasters only toasted one side of the bread. Taylor sold the patent for a royalty of 40 cents on every toaster to the Thomas Davidson Manufacturing Co. of Montreal.[5] Taylor decided during college that he did not want to pursue engineering, finding that he was more interested in business and economics.[6] After graduation, Taylor returned to Ottawa, where he and Lawrie Hart operated a two-vehicle bus line between Westboro and Ottawa.[7] Taylor and Hart sold the bus line after a year, and Taylor joined the investment brokerage firm of McLeod Young and Weir (now ScotiaMcLeod) that his father worked for.[8]In 1926, Taylor met Winifred Duguid while at a social event at the Chaudiere Golf Club. They were married on June 15, 1927, at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa, honeymooned in Lake Placid, and settled into their first residence at the Strathcona Apartments on Laurier Avenue in Ottawa.[9]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197820-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197834-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197835-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197846-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197839-14"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197841-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197847%E2%80%9348-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197848%E2%80%9319-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197852-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197853-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197853-19"},{"link_name":"Canadian Breweries Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Breweries_Limited"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197853-19"},{"link_name":"bootleggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-Berton-20"},{"link_name":"Orange Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_(soft_drink)"},{"link_name":"Honey Dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey_Dew_(brand)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-Berton-20"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"C. D. Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Howe"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer197817%E2%80%9318-21"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Journal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-Berton-20"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Argus Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Massey-Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Dominion Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Forest Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Forest_Products"},{"link_name":"Dominion Tar & Chemical Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domtar"},{"link_name":"Standard Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Hollinger Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollinger_Mines"},{"link_name":"Maclean's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"Javex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javex"},{"link_name":"Fiberglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglas"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-Berton-20"},{"link_name":"Floyd Odlum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Odlum"},{"link_name":"Atlas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-Berton-20"},{"link_name":"Lyford Cay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford_Cay"},{"link_name":"New Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Providence"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Power Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmer1978339-23"}],"text":"Taylor's grandfather Charles Magee was a successful businessman in Ottawa, holding interests in brewing, dry goods, and transportation.[10] Magee died in 1918, leaving the family businesses to his brother and his daughters Carrie and Taylor's mother. In 1923, Taylor was made a director of the Brading Brewery, one of the family businesses, which his father was president of.[11] On the side of selling securities and the brewing business, Taylor organized the Red Line Taxi Company in 1923. Like the bus line, it was sold after a year. This established the pattern in business that Taylor would follow, conceiving and developing ideas, and then persuading others to buy them.[12] Taylor remained with McLeod, Young, Weir and became a partner in 1928.[13] In 1928, Taylor and Winifred moved to Toronto, getting an apartment on University Avenue, conveniently close to the McLeod, Young, Weir offices in the Metropolitan Building.In the 1920s, Brading Brewery was limited by temperance laws. While it operated in Ontario, it could only sell into Quebec.[14] This changed in 1927, when the Conservative government in Ontario ended prohibition. At the suggestion of Taylor, the company \"traded on its equity\" and rebuilt its plant, modernizing it and increasing capacity by 50%.[15] Taylor studied the brewing business in Ontario. In 1928, there were 37 breweries. They operated at below capacity and many were in need of modernization. They were not profitable in general and had only CA$12 million in sales on assets of CA$24 million.[16] Quebec was dominated by three breweries; one of them, National Breweries, had consolidated 14 breweries that had operated before World War I. Taylor proposed a similar strategy to Brading's board of directors: acquire and merge with successful breweries in Ontario, and acquire and close other breweries to bring under its control some 70% of the volume of beer sold in Ontario.[17]The stock market crash of 1929 affected Taylor in two ways. On the one hand, the underwriting business virtually ceased. However, it left Taylor free to pursue the brewery acquisition plan, although now Taylor could only offer Brading Brewery shares in its acquisitions. Taylor fortuitously met Clark Jennison, who was acting for British interests interested in investing in Canadian breweries at the same time and had CA$500,000 to invest.[18] The two incorporated a new firm, Brewing Corporation of Ontario, merging the Brading and Kuntz breweries and the British interests in common and preferred shares.[19] Another company, Canadian Brewery Corporation Limited, had also begun acquiring breweries in Ontario. Taylor approached the company and successfully negotiated a merger in 1930. Later in 1930, Taylor successfully took over the Carling Brewery, which had become majority-owned by the Dominion Bank, for CA$600,000 repayable at $100,000 per year.[19] In all, Taylor merged more than 20 other small breweries into Canadian Breweries Limited, which grew to be the world's largest brewing company. Taylor would eventually gain operating control of the holding company.[19]Taylor described his consolidation approach as \"trading pieces of paper for other pieces of paper.\" At times, he was so cash poor that a legend had him passing cheques back and forth between two bank accounts in Montreal and Toronto to meet payroll. He later recalled it as \"a period of hectic finance.\" His liquidity situation eased after prohibition ended. After 1934, Taylor implemented a number of changes to make the brewing sales and marketing respectable, firing the old school \"runners\" who profited by selling to bootleggers, and replacing them with salesmen who were encouraged to become community leaders. He also consolidated the number of brands offered from over 100 to just six.[20]Taylor became involved in the soft drink industry through the acquisition of brewers, who had diversified into soft drinks during prohibition. Unable to spin off the soft drinks at first, Taylor first worked on building them into a business suitable for sale. Taylor purchased control of the Canadian Orange Crush company and then taking control of its subsidiary Honey Dew. Honey Dew had multiple retail locations, which Taylor restyled and relocated to increase their profitability. This formed the core of his \"food empire\", that included over 100 stores by 1950 (not including his subsequent interest in Dominion grocery stores). Taylor spun off Honey Dew as a separate company, which later became Canadian Food Products.[20]During World War II, Taylor was a volunteer executive in the Government of Canada's war effort. He was appointed by C. D. Howe, the Minister of Munitions and Supply, to the executive committee of the Department of Munitions and Supply and would be appointed by Winston Churchill to run the British Supply Council in North America. He came close to losing his life when, in December 1940, the ship he was on was torpedoed while crossing the Atlantic. At that time, regulations were such that convoys did not stop to rescue survivors of a sinking ship. Taylor and others, including Howe and Bill Woodward, were rescued by a merchant vessel that had lost its convoy. A destroyer appeared and gave permission to save them, circling the rescue to ward off any submarines.[21]In 1941, Taylor clashed with Mackenzie King, who had called for a wartime curtailment of beer drinking and advertising. Taylor sent a letter to the Ottawa Journal calling this position \"un-British and therefore undemocratic\".[20]Through his war-time service, Taylor became connected to top businessmen from across Canada and around the world. For his wartime service, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1946. At war's end, he founded Argus Corporation, becoming the investment company's majority shareholder by rolling Canadian Breweries stock into the new entity. Over the years, he gained control or had significant positions in many of his country's largest companies such as Canadian Food Products, Massey-Harris, Standard Chemical, Dominion Stores, British Columbia Forest Products Limited, Dominion Tar & Chemical Co., Standard Broadcasting, and Hollinger Mines. During the highest point of his career, he was one of Canada's richest people.In 1950, Taylor said of his position in Canadian industry, \"I simply own the largest piece of the largest piece.\" According to Maclean's Magazine, he owned 5/17 of Argus Corp.'s common stock at the time, giving him effective control of the company. In turn, Argus owned 3/10 of Standard Chemical (Javex, Goderich Salt, etc.). Standard Chemical owned 9/20 of Dominion Tar and Chemical (Sifto Salt, Ace-Tex, Fiberglas, etc.). Through the series of ownership shares, Taylor effectively controlled Dominion Tar even though his personal interest in the voting stock amounted to only about 4%.[20]Taylor traveled extensively to manage his sprawling business interests, flying each month to the Cleveland headquarters of his Brewing Corporation of America. From there, he headed to New York, where he spent much of his time associating with Floyd Odlum of Atlas Corporation, an investment company that served as the prototype for Argus. He would then travel to Montreal and back to Toronto again. His executives were expected to make their reports rapidly, with meetings scheduled at 15-minute intervals. He valued energy, judgement and the ability to get along with others, once saying that a genius is more trouble than he's worth.[20]Taylor also pioneered the concept of gated communities in exotic places. He founded the highly exclusive Lyford Cay gated community in 1959 and its 'Lyford Cay Club' on New Providence island in the Bahamas. The Lyford Cay Club is home to some of the world's wealthiest people.In 1948, Taylor and a small group of fellow alumni established the McGill University Alma Mater Fund, inviting all graduates to give annual donations and thereby \"make of themselves a living endowment.\"[22]In 1975, the Argus Corporation became the target of a takeover by Power Corporation. Taylor sold his non-voting shares to Power Corp and held his voting shares for one year to allow his Argus partners to purchase them. The partners did not take them up. In 1976, Taylor retired from Argus Corporation, selling his 10% share of the voting shares to Power Corporation.[23]","title":"Business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thoroughbred horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"Blue Bonnets Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bonnets_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Horse_Racing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMR-HOF-24"},{"link_name":"Fort Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Erie"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHOF-25"},{"link_name":"Penny Chenery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Chenery"},{"link_name":"Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Canadian International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_International_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHOF-25"},{"link_name":"Windfields Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfields_Farm"},{"link_name":"Parkwood Stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkwood_Stable"},{"link_name":"Oshawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa"},{"link_name":"Chop Chop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_Chop_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Northern Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"sire of sires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dancer_sire_line"},{"link_name":"Canada's Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Outstanding_Breeder"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Queen's Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Plate"},{"link_name":"Canadian Horse of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Horse_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMR-HOF-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHOF-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"While a student at Montreal's McGill University in 1918, Taylor was introduced to the sport of thoroughbred horse racing at Blue Bonnets Raceway. As a businessman in the 1930s he established Cosgrave Stable to race horses, which notably owned and raced the future (2000) Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame filly Mona Bell, winner of the 1938 Breeders' Stakes and Maple Leaf Stakes.[24]After the second World War, Taylor became steadily more involved in horse racing as an owner, breeder and an organizer. In the latter role, he transformed the Ontario racing scene in the 1950s much the way he had earlier transformed the brewing industry. \"Our sport wasn't keeping up with the progress made in other areas,\" he once said. \"We had too many tracks... our patronage was falling, we had low purses and many bad horses, and I was afraid that racing might die here as it did in Quebec.\" Instead of operating fourteen racetracks each with 14-day race meetings, he concentrated the industry in Toronto and Fort Erie. In 1956, he opened \"new\" Woodbine racetrack on the outskirts of Toronto while renovating \"old\" Woodbine (subsequently renamed Greenwood racetrack).[25] New Woodbine developed into a world-class venue, especially when Taylor convinced Penny Chenery to have Secretariat make his final start in the Canadian International in 1973.[26] Taylor was the founder of the Jockey Club of Canada and served as the president of the Thoroughbred Racing Association in the United States.[25]Taylor and his wife began breeding thoroughbreds in the 1950s. He first purchased a property in Toronto that he named Windfields Farm. He then acquired Parkwood Stable in Oshawa, which he first renamed as the National Stud and which was later called Windfields Farm. Determined to raise the standard of Canadian breeding stock, Taylor imported several stallions from the United States. The most notable of these was Chop Chop, who went on to sire four Queen's Plate winners for Taylor including Canadiana and Victoria Park, who also became a leading Canadian sire.[27]The Taylor thoroughbred horse breeding operation produced Northern Dancer, who in 1964 became the first Canadian-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby. Northern Dancer then became arguably the greatest sire and sire of sires of the 20th century, whose impact on the breed is still felt worldwide. In 1970, Taylor was the world's leading horse breeder measured by money won. He was voted Thoroughbred racing's man of the year in 1973 and the following year was elected to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. In 1977 and 1983 he was named the winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in North America. Taylor's horses won 15 Queen's Plate races and were named Canadian Horse of the Year nine times.[24][25][28]","title":"Thoroughbred racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CFC_Windfields_Main_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canadian Film Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Film_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canadian Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Canada's_royal_family_and_house"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth,_the_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lyford Cay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford_Cay"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Charles P. B. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._B._Taylor"}],"text":"Windfields Estate in 2000Windfields Estate was Taylor's main residence and was situated at 2489 Bayview Avenue in North York, Toronto. It is now the site of the Canadian Film Centre. The 25-acre (10 ha) estate has been preserved as a heritage site. The Canadian Royal Family often stayed at Windfields when they visited Toronto. The last royals to stay there were Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, in the summers of 1974 and 1981, and Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales. There were many maids, two gardeners and a house manager who worked at the residence.In 1963, Taylor moved to the Bahamas, taking advantage of the warm climate and its inheritance tax laws. He lived in the gated community he had built called Lyford Cay. He died there in 1989 at the age of 88. A friend of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, in December 1962, the President stayed at Taylor's home in Lyford Cay while he held talks with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.[29][30]His son, journalist and author Charles P. B. Taylor, died in 1997 at 62, after a nine-year battle with cancer.","title":"Residences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Gallery of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"seniors residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_housing"},{"link_name":"Oshawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa"},{"link_name":"Durham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_College"},{"link_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"E.P. Taylor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.P._Taylor%27s"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ontario Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Taylor's legacy lives on within the community with various contributions.The E.P. Taylor Research Library and Archives in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was named after him in honour of his term as President of the (then) Art Gallery of Toronto, from 1957 to 1959.\nIn the North York region there is E.P. Taylor Place, a seniors residence.\nAlso on York Mills Road are Windfields Restaurant, a popular family establishment, and Windfields Place, a pair of apartment buildings.\nHe has a pub named after him in Oshawa, Ontario on the campus of Durham College/University of Ontario Institute of Technology in the Student Centre, called E.P. Taylor's Pub and Restaurant.[31]\nE.P. Taylor was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.[32]\nThe E. P. Taylor turf course at Woodbine, opened in 1994 and considered one of North America's finest, is named in his honour.[33]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Windfields Estate in 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CFC_Windfields_Main_House.jpg/220px-CFC_Windfields_Main_House.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Berton, Pierre (March 1, 1950). \"E. P. TAYLOR AND HIS EMPIRE | Maclean's | March 1, 1950\". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211216001842/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1950/3/1/e-p-taylor-and-his-empire","url_text":"\"E. P. TAYLOR AND HIS EMPIRE | Maclean's | March 1, 1950\""},{"url":"https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1950/3/1/e-p-taylor-and-his-empire","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Whoops!\". myalumni.mcgill.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://myalumni.mcgill.ca/s/1762/gid2/interior-connect.aspx?sid=1762&gid=2&pgid=60&cid=169&referer=&query=give%2fways-give%2fannual-giving%2ffunds-programs","url_text":"\"Whoops!\""}]},{"reference":"\"E. P. Taylor | National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame\". www.racingmuseum.org. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/e-p-taylor","url_text":"\"E. P. Taylor | National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"E.P. Taylor\". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianhorseracinghalloffame.com/1976/01/01/e-p-taylor/","url_text":"\"E.P. Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Secretariat gave the Canadians something to remember for ever\". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoroughbredracing.com/articles/how-secretariat-gave-canadians-something-remember-ever/","url_text":"\"How Secretariat gave the Canadians something to remember for ever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chop Chop\". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianhorseracinghalloffame.com/1977/12/04/chop-chop/","url_text":"\"Chop Chop\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Avalyn. \"Northern Dancer (horse)\". American Classic Pedigrees. Retrieved February 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/northern-dancer-can.html","url_text":"\"Northern Dancer (horse)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5h4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xZwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1838,1709235&dq=lyford-cay+taylor&hl=en","url_text":"\"Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pub website\". Archived from the original on April 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402161416/http://www.your-sa.ca/service/e-p-taylors-pub-restaurant/","url_text":"\"Pub website\""},{"url":"http://www.your-sa.ca/service/e-p-taylors-pub-restaurant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"E. P. Taylor\". oshof.ca. Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227085755/http://oshof.ca/index.php/honoured-members/item/94-e-p-taylor","url_text":"\"E. P. Taylor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Sports_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Ontario Sports Hall of Fame"},{"url":"http://oshof.ca/index.php/honoured-members/item/94-e-p-taylor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top-class turf: Woodbine's E.P. Taylor Course celebrates 20 years | Topics: E.P. Taylor Turf Course, Woodbine, Canada, Canadian International\". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thoroughbredracing.com/articles/top-class-turf-woodbines-ep-taylor-course-celebrates-20-years/","url_text":"\"Top-class turf: Woodbine's E.P. Taylor Course celebrates 20 years | Topics: E.P. Taylor Turf Course, Woodbine, Canada, Canadian International\""}]},{"reference":"Rohmer, Richard (1978). E. P. Taylor : the biography of Edward Plunket Taylor. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7709-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rohmer","url_text":"Rohmer, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart","url_text":"McClelland & Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-7709-2","url_text":"0-7710-7709-2"}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Edward L. (2003). Legacies of the Turf: A Century of Great Thoroughbred Breeders. Eclipse Press. ISBN 978-1-58150-102-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Bowen","url_text":"Bowen, Edward L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacies_of_the_Turf:_A_Century_of_Great_Thoroughbred_Breeders","url_text":"Legacies of the Turf: A Century of Great Thoroughbred Breeders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Press","url_text":"Eclipse Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58150-102-5","url_text":"978-1-58150-102-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_continuation_analysis
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Spectrum continuation analysis
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["1 Etymology","2 Algorithm","3 Spectrum dispersion"]
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Generalization of the concept of Fourier series to non-periodic functions
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Spectrum continuation analysis (SCA) is a generalization of the concept of Fourier series to non-periodic functions of which only a fragment has been sampled in the time domain.
Recall that a Fourier series is only suitable to the analysis of periodic (or finite-domain) functions f(x) with period 2π. It can be expressed as an infinite series of sinusoids:
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
−
∞
∞
F
n
e
i
n
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }F_{n}\,e^{inx}}
where
F
n
{\displaystyle F_{n}}
is the amplitude of the individual harmonics.
In SCA however, one decomposes the spectrum into optimized discrete frequencies. As a consequence, and as the period of the sampled function is supposed to be infinite or not yet known, each of the discrete periodic functions that compose the sampled function fragment can not be considered to be a multiple of the fundamental frequency:
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
−
∞
∞
F
n
e
i
ω
n
x
.
{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }F_{n}\,e^{i\omega _{n}x}.}
As such, SCA does not necessarily deliver
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
periodic functions, as would have been the case in Fourier analysis.
For real-valued functions, the SCA series can be written as:
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
[
A
n
cos
(
ω
n
x
)
+
B
n
sin
(
ω
n
x
)
]
+
C
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left+C(x)}
where An and Bn are the series amplitudes. The amplitudes can only be solved if the series of values
ω
n
{\displaystyle \omega _{n}}
is previously optimized for a desired objective function (usually least residuals).
C
(
x
)
{\displaystyle C(x)}
is not necessarily the average value over the sampled interval: one might prefer to include predominant information on the behavior of the offset value in the time domain.
Etymology
SCA deals with the prediction problem of continuing a frequency spectrum beyond a sampled (usually stochastic) time series fragment. Unlike ordinary Fourier analysis that infinitely repeats an observed function period or time domain, SCA filters the exact composing frequencies out of the observed spectrum and let them continue (resp. precede) in the time domain.
In the scientific terminology, therefore preference is given to the term continuation rather than for instance extrapolation.
Algorithm
An algorithm is required to cope with several problems: detrending, decomposition, frequency resolution optimization, superposition, transformation and computational efficiency.
Detrending or trend estimation.
Decomposition.
Since discrete Fourier transform is inherently related to Fourier analysis, this type of spectral analysis is by definition not suitable for spectrum decomposition in SCA. DFT (or FFT) may provide however an initial approximation, which often speeds up the decomposition.
Improving frequency resolution.
After decomposition of a discrete frequency, it should be filtered for optimal resolution (i.e. varying three parameters: frequency value, amplitude and phase).
Transformation.
Spectrum dispersion
Compared to DFT (or FFT), which is characterized by perfect spectral resolution, but poor temporal information, SCA favours temporal information, but yields higher spectrum dispersion. This property shows where the analytic strength of SCA is located. For instance, discrete composing frequency resolution is by definition far better in SCA than in DFT.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourier series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_series"},{"link_name":"residuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics"}],"text":"Spectrum continuation analysis (SCA) is a generalization of the concept of Fourier series to non-periodic functions of which only a fragment has been sampled in the time domain.Recall that a Fourier series is only suitable to the analysis of periodic (or finite-domain) functions f(x) with period 2π. It can be expressed as an infinite series of sinusoids:f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n F\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n n\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\sum _{n=-\\infty }^{\\infty }F_{n}\\,e^{inx}}where \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{n}}\n \n is the amplitude of the individual harmonics.In SCA however, one decomposes the spectrum into optimized discrete frequencies. As a consequence, and as the period of the sampled function is supposed to be infinite or not yet known, each of the discrete periodic functions that compose the sampled function fragment can not be considered to be a multiple of the fundamental frequency:f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n F\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n x\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\sum _{n=-\\infty }^{\\infty }F_{n}\\,e^{i\\omega _{n}x}.}As such, SCA does not necessarily deliver \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi }\n \n periodic functions, as would have been the case in Fourier analysis.\nFor real-valued functions, the SCA series can be written as:f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n x\n )\n +\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n sin\n \n (\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n x\n )\n \n ]\n \n +\n C\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }\\left[A_{n}\\cos(\\omega _{n}x)+B_{n}\\sin(\\omega _{n}x)\\right]+C(x)}where An and Bn are the series amplitudes. The amplitudes can only be solved if the series of values \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{n}}\n \n is previously optimized for a desired objective function (usually least residuals).\n\n \n \n \n C\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(x)}\n \n is not necessarily the average value over the sampled interval: one might prefer to include predominant information on the behavior of the offset value in the time domain.","title":"Spectrum continuation analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stochastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"}],"text":"SCA deals with the prediction problem of continuing a frequency spectrum beyond a sampled (usually stochastic) time series fragment. Unlike ordinary Fourier analysis that infinitely repeats an observed function period or time domain, SCA filters the exact composing frequencies out of the observed spectrum and let them continue (resp. precede) in the time domain. \nIn the scientific terminology, therefore preference is given to the term continuation rather than for instance extrapolation.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discrete Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"FFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform"}],"text":"An algorithm is required to cope with several problems: detrending, decomposition, frequency resolution optimization, superposition, transformation and computational efficiency.Detrending or trend estimation.\nDecomposition.Since discrete Fourier transform is inherently related to Fourier analysis, this type of spectral analysis is by definition not suitable for spectrum decomposition in SCA. DFT (or FFT) may provide however an initial approximation, which often speeds up the decomposition.Improving frequency resolution.After decomposition of a discrete frequency, it should be filtered for optimal resolution (i.e. varying three parameters: frequency value, amplitude and phase).Transformation.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"FFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform"}],"text":"Compared to DFT (or FFT), which is characterized by perfect spectral resolution, but poor temporal information, SCA favours temporal information, but yields higher spectrum dispersion. This property shows where the analytic strength of SCA is located. For instance, discrete composing frequency resolution is by definition far better in SCA than in DFT.","title":"Spectrum dispersion"}]
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[]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sherwood_Hume
|
George Sherwood Hume
|
["1 References"]
|
Canadian geologist
George Sherwood HumeOBE FRSCPresident of the Royal Society of CanadaIn office1955–1956Preceded byEdgar William Richard SteacieSucceeded byWilliam Archibald Mackintosh
Personal detailsBorn(1893-03-01)March 1, 1893Milton, Ontario, CanadaDiedNovember 24, 1965(1965-11-24) (aged 72)Calgary, Alberta, Canada
George Sherwood Hume OBE FRSC (March 1, 1893 – November 24, 1965) was a Canadian geologist.
Born in Milton, Ontario, Hume was a graduate of the University of Toronto. After serving in World War I, he received a PhD from Yale University in 1920. He joined the Geological Survey of Canada and became its Chief in 1947. He was later Director-General of Scientific Services in the Department of Mines and Resources. After retiring in 1956, he worked at Westcoast Transmission in Calgary.
He was president of the Geological Association of Canada from 1952 to 1953, president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1955 to 1956, and president of the Geological Society of America from 1956 to 1957.
He was a Freemason and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
References
University of Calgary Libraries Special Collections Division Occasional Paper No. 10
The Canadian Who's Who. University of Toronto Press. 1960. p. 536.
Professional and academic associations
Preceded byEdgar William R. Steacie
President of the Royal Society of Canada 1955–1956
Succeeded byW. A. Mackintosh
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This biographical article about a geologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Geological Survey of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Geological Association of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Association_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America"}],"text":"George Sherwood Hume OBE FRSC (March 1, 1893 – November 24, 1965) was a Canadian geologist.Born in Milton, Ontario, Hume was a graduate of the University of Toronto. After serving in World War I, he received a PhD from Yale University in 1920. He joined the Geological Survey of Canada and became its Chief in 1947. He was later Director-General of Scientific Services in the Department of Mines and Resources. After retiring in 1956, he worked at Westcoast Transmission in Calgary.He was president of the Geological Association of Canada from 1952 to 1953, president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1955 to 1956, and president of the Geological Society of America from 1956 to 1957.He was a Freemason and a member of Civil Service Lodge No. 148 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.","title":"George Sherwood Hume"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"The Canadian Who's Who. University of Toronto Press. 1960. p. 536.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/44005/1/Occasional%20Paper%20No.%2010.pdf","external_links_name":"University of Calgary Libraries Special Collections Division Occasional Paper No. 10"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081165405","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37279315","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4crrrdRg9dpRcQtWYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055132783","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89000150","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185205704","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/07658092X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sherwood_Hume&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sherwood_Hume&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_font
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AMS Euler
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["1 Reshaping Euler","2 References","3 External links"]
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Script typefaceAMS EulerCategoryScriptDesigner(s)Hermann ZapfDonald KnuthFoundryAMSDate released1983Sample
AMS Euler is an upright cursive typeface, commissioned by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) and designed and created by Hermann Zapf with the assistance of Donald Knuth and his Stanford graduate students. It tries to emulate a mathematician's style of handwriting mathematical entities on a blackboard, which is upright rather than italic. It blends very well with other typefaces made by Hermann Zapf, such as Palatino, Aldus and Melior, but very badly with the default TeX font Computer Modern. All the alphabets were implemented with the computer-assisted design system Metafont developed by Knuth. Zapf designed and drew the Euler alphabets in 1980–81 and provided critique and advice of digital proofs in 1983 and later. The typeface family is copyright by American Mathematical Society, 1983. Euler Metafont development was done by Stanford computer science and/or digital typography students; first Scott Kim, then Carol Twombly and Daniel Mills, and finally David Siegel, all assisted by John Hobby. Siegel finished the Metafont Euler digitization project as his M.S. thesis in 1985.
The AMS Euler typeface is named after Leonhard Euler.
First implemented in METAFONT, AMS Euler was first used in the book Concrete Mathematics, which was co-authored by Knuth and dedicated to Euler. This volume also saw the debut of Knuth's Concrete Roman font, designed to complement AMS Euler. The Euler Metafont format fonts were converted to PostScript Type 1 font format by the efforts of several people, including Berthold Horn at Y&Y, Barry Smith at Bluesky Research, and Henry Pinkham and Ian Morrison at Projective Solutions. It is now also available in TrueType format.
Equations written in AMS Euler.
Reshaping Euler
In 2009, AMS released version 3.0 of AMS fonts, in which Hermann Zapf reshaped many of the Euler glyphs, with implementation and assistance from Hans Hagen, Taco Hoekwater, and Volker RW Schaa.
The updated version 3.0 was presented to Donald Knuth on his birthday, January 10, 2008.
These updates were designed to work with the metrics for version 2.2, so no changes to the .tfm files were needed. Since the updates were made directly to the Type 1 files, the (incompatible) Metafont sources have been removed from the distribution.
The reshaped version has been released under the OFL.
Neo Euler is largely based on the above, but with OpenType math features added.
References
^ Knuth, Donald E.; Zapf, Hermann (April 1989). "AMS Euler — a new typeface for mathematics". Scholarly Publishing. 20 (3). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 131–157.
^ Zapf, Hermann (1987). Hermann Zapf and his design philosophy — selected articles and lectures on calligraphy and contemporary developments in type design, with illustrations and bibliographical notes, and a complete list of his typefaces. Chicago: Society of Typographic Arts.
^ a b Knuth, Donald E. (April 1989). "Typesetting Concrete Mathematics" (PDF). TUGboat. 10 (1). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 31–6. Retrieved 2012-02-11.Beeton, Barbara, ed. (November 1989). "Erratum: Typesetting Concrete Mathematics, TUGboat Vol. 10, No. 1" (PDF). TUGboat. 10 (3). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 342. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ a b AMSFonts README file
^ Hagen, Hans; Hoekwater, Taco; Schaa, Volker RW (June 2008). "Reshaping Euler — a collaboration with Hermann Zapf" (PDF). TUGboat. 29 (2). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 283–7. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ "Experiences typesetting OpenType math with LuaLaTEX and XeLaTEX" (PDF). Tug.org. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
^ "khaledhosny/euler-otf ¡ GitHub". Github.com. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AMS Euler.
AMSFonts Archived 2010-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
User's Guide to AMSFonts, version 2.2d January 2002, PDF document, 34 pages, file size: about 660 kB, which includes a section on the history of AMS Euler fonts.
Rhatigan, Daniel (September 2007). Three Typefaces for Mathematics - The development of Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569, AMS Euler, and Cambria Math (PDF). University of Reading. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2009-01-03. See also video recording of presentation at TUG 2008
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upright cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type#Upright_italics"},{"link_name":"typeface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"Hermann Zapf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Zapf"},{"link_name":"Donald Knuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth"},{"link_name":"italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hermann Zapf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Zapf"},{"link_name":"Palatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatino"},{"link_name":"Aldus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Melior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melior_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"TeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX"},{"link_name":"Computer Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modern"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Metafont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafont"},{"link_name":"Metafont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafont"},{"link_name":"Scott Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Kim"},{"link_name":"Carol Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Twombly"},{"link_name":"David Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Siegel_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"METAFONT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAFONT"},{"link_name":"Concrete Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Concrete Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_Roman"},{"link_name":"PostScript Type 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_Type_1"},{"link_name":"Berthold Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_K.P._Horn"},{"link_name":"TrueType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMS_Euler_example.svg"}],"text":"AMS Euler is an upright cursive typeface, commissioned by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) and designed and created by Hermann Zapf with the assistance of Donald Knuth and his Stanford graduate students. It tries to emulate a mathematician's style of handwriting mathematical entities on a blackboard, which is upright rather than italic.[1][2] It blends very well with other typefaces made by Hermann Zapf, such as Palatino, Aldus and Melior, but very badly with the default TeX font Computer Modern.[citation needed] All the alphabets were implemented with the computer-assisted design system Metafont developed by Knuth. Zapf designed and drew the Euler alphabets in 1980–81 and provided critique and advice of digital proofs in 1983 and later. The typeface family is copyright by American Mathematical Society, 1983. Euler Metafont development was done by Stanford computer science and/or digital typography students; first Scott Kim, then Carol Twombly and Daniel Mills, and finally David Siegel, all assisted by John Hobby. Siegel finished the Metafont Euler digitization project as his M.S. thesis in 1985.The AMS Euler typeface is named after Leonhard Euler.[3]First implemented in METAFONT, AMS Euler was first used in the book Concrete Mathematics, which was co-authored by Knuth and dedicated to Euler.[3] This volume also saw the debut of Knuth's Concrete Roman font, designed to complement AMS Euler. The Euler Metafont format fonts were converted to PostScript Type 1 font format by the efforts of several people, including Berthold Horn at Y&Y, Barry Smith at Bluesky Research, and Henry Pinkham and Ian Morrison at Projective Solutions. It is now also available in TrueType format.Equations written in AMS Euler.","title":"AMS Euler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"Hermann Zapf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Zapf"},{"link_name":"Hans Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Taco Hoekwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taco_Hoekwater&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metafont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafont"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readme-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"OFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIL_Open_Font_License"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readme-4"},{"link_name":"OpenType math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType_math"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2009, AMS released version 3.0 of AMS fonts, in which Hermann Zapf reshaped many of the Euler glyphs, with implementation and assistance from Hans Hagen, Taco Hoekwater, and Volker RW Schaa.The updated version 3.0 was presented to Donald Knuth on his birthday, January 10, 2008.These updates were designed to work with the metrics for version 2.2, so no changes to the .tfm files were needed. Since the updates were made directly to the Type 1 files, the (incompatible) Metafont sources have been removed from the distribution.[4][5]The reshaped version has been released under the OFL.[4]Neo Euler is largely based on the above, but with OpenType math features added.[6][7]","title":"Reshaping Euler"}]
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[{"image_text":"Equations written in AMS Euler.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AMS_Euler_example.svg/350px-AMS_Euler_example.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Knuth, Donald E.; Zapf, Hermann (April 1989). \"AMS Euler — a new typeface for mathematics\". Scholarly Publishing. 20 (3). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 131–157.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zapf, Hermann (1987). Hermann Zapf and his design philosophy — selected articles and lectures on calligraphy and contemporary developments in type design, with illustrations and bibliographical notes, and a complete list of his typefaces. Chicago: Society of Typographic Arts.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Zapf","url_text":"Zapf, Hermann"}]},{"reference":"Knuth, Donald E. (April 1989). \"Typesetting Concrete Mathematics\" (PDF). TUGboat. 10 (1). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 31–6. Retrieved 2012-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb10-1/tb23knut.pdf","url_text":"\"Typesetting Concrete Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUGboat","url_text":"TUGboat"}]},{"reference":"Beeton, Barbara, ed. (November 1989). \"Erratum: Typesetting Concrete Mathematics, TUGboat Vol. 10, No. 1\" (PDF). TUGboat. 10 (3). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 342. Retrieved 2012-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb10-3/tb25hara-latin.pdf","url_text":"\"Erratum: Typesetting Concrete Mathematics, TUGboat Vol. 10, No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Hagen, Hans; Hoekwater, Taco; Schaa, Volker RW (June 2008). \"Reshaping Euler — a collaboration with Hermann Zapf\" (PDF). TUGboat. 29 (2). Providence, RI: TeX Users Group: 283–7. Retrieved 2012-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf","url_text":"\"Reshaping Euler — a collaboration with Hermann Zapf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experiences typesetting OpenType math with LuaLaTEX and XeLaTEX\" (PDF). Tug.org. Retrieved 2015-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tug.org/~vieth/papers/context2010/context-paper.pdf","url_text":"\"Experiences typesetting OpenType math with LuaLaTEX and XeLaTEX\""}]},{"reference":"\"khaledhosny/euler-otf ¡ GitHub\". Github.com. Retrieved 2015-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/khaledhosny/euler-otf","url_text":"\"khaledhosny/euler-otf ¡ GitHub\""}]},{"reference":"Rhatigan, Daniel (September 2007). Three Typefaces for Mathematics - The development of Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569, AMS Euler, and Cambria Math (PDF). University of Reading. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2009-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229042035/http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/articles_essays/pdfs/tc_article_47.pdf","url_text":"Three Typefaces for Mathematics - The development of Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569, AMS Euler, and Cambria Math"},{"url":"http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/articles_essays/pdfs/tc_article_47.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Estye
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George Estye
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["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
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George Estye (1566–1601) was an English clergyman.
Life
Estye was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, proceeding B.A. in 1580–1. He was afterwards elected a fellow of his college, graduated M.A. in 1584, and proceeded B.D. in 1591. In 1598 he was chosen preacher of St. Mary's, Bury St Edmunds.
He died at Bury on 2 August 1601, and was buried in his church, where a monument, with a Latin inscription composed by Dr. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwich, was erected to his memory.
His widow, Triphosa, became the second wife of Matthew Clarke, M.A. of Christ's College, Cambridge, twice mayor of King's Lynn, and M.P. for that borough.
Works
He wrote:
'An Exposition on Psalm 51.'
'An Exposition on the Ten Commandments.'
'An Exposition on the Lord's Supper.'
'The Doctrine of Faith; or an Exposition on the Creed.'
'Exposition on the first part of the 119th Psalm.'
'The History of the Gospel.'
'Exposition on 1 Peter i. 13.'
All these works were printed in one volume, London, 1603.
'De Certitudine Salvtis, et perseverantia Sanctorum non-intercisa, Oratio eximia Cantabrigiæ habita a D. Esteio Theologo summo: qua, non-securitatem perversam, sed maximum pietatis zelum, certitudinis hujus genuinum fructum demonstrat.' In 'De Arminii Sententia qua electionem omnem particularem, fidei prævisæ docet inniti, Disceptatio Scholastica inter Nicolavm Grevinchovium Roterodamum, et Gulielmum Amesium Anglum,’ Amsterdam, 1613, pp. 59–70; and in Matthew Hutton's 'Brevis et dilucida explicatio veræ, certæ, et consolationis plenæ doctrinæ de electione, prædestinatione, ac reprobatione,’ Harderwick, 1613, p. 45. It seems that this or another treatise by Estye on the same subject is printed in Robert Some's 'De mortis Christi merito et efficacia, remissionis peccatorum per fidem certitudine, et justificantis fidei perseverantia, tres quæstiones,’ Harderwick, 1613.
References
"Estye, George" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
External links
Works by George Estye at Post-Reformation Digital Library
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Estye, George". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(2015_film)
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The Promised Land (2015 film)
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["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
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2015 film
The Promised LandPosterDirected byHe PingWritten byHe PingStarringJiajia WangRelease dates
14 September 2015 (2015-09-14) (TIFF)
27 October 2015 (2015-10-27) (China)
Running time102 minutesCountryChinaLanguageMandarin
The Promised Land (Chinese: Hui dao bei ai de mei yi tian) is a 2015 Chinese drama film directed by He Ping. It was shown in the Platform section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, where it received an honorable mention from the jury. The film was released on 27 October 2015.
Cast
Jiajia Wang
Yi Zhang
Zhiwen Wang
Reception
The film has earned CN¥0.82 million at the Chinese box office.
References
^ "Toronto International Film Festival Announces Inaugural Platform Lineup". IndieWire. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^ "Toronto International Film Festival Announces 2015 Award Winners" (PDF) (Press release). TIFF. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ a b "回到被爱的每一天（2015）". cbooo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 October 2015.
External links
The Promised Land at IMDb
vteFilms directed by He Ping
Swordsmen in Double Flag Town (1991)
Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker (1994)
Sun Valley (1996)
Warriors of Heaven and Earth (2003)
Wheat (2009)
The Promised Land (2015)
This article related to a Chinese film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 2010s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"He Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Ping_(director)"},{"link_name":"2015 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbooo-3"}],"text":"The Promised Land (Chinese: Hui dao bei ai de mei yi tian) is a 2015 Chinese drama film directed by He Ping. It was shown in the Platform section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival,[1] where it received an honorable mention from the jury.[2] The film was released on 27 October 2015.[3]","title":"The Promised Land (2015 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiajia Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiajia_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yi Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yi_Zhang_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhiwen Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiwen_Wang"}],"text":"Jiajia Wang\nYi Zhang\nZhiwen Wang","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbooo-3"}],"text":"The film has earned CN¥0.82 million at the Chinese box office.[3]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces Inaugural Platform Lineup\". IndieWire. Retrieved 14 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/toronto-international-film-festival-announces-inaugural-platform-lineup-including-world-premiere-of-ben-wheatleys-high-rise-20150813","url_text":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces Inaugural Platform Lineup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces 2015 Award Winners\" (PDF) (Press release). TIFF. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/presscontent.tiff.net/docs/48vk20_Festival_Awards_2015__8877337_1442771061.pdf","url_text":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces 2015 Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"回到被爱的每一天（2015）\". cbooo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbooo.cn/m/637885","url_text":"\"回到被爱的每一天（2015）\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/toronto-international-film-festival-announces-inaugural-platform-lineup-including-world-premiere-of-ben-wheatleys-high-rise-20150813","external_links_name":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces Inaugural Platform Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/presscontent.tiff.net/docs/48vk20_Festival_Awards_2015__8877337_1442771061.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Toronto International Film Festival Announces 2015 Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbooo.cn/m/637885","external_links_name":"\"回到被爱的每一天（2015）\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4940612/","external_links_name":"The Promised Land"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Promised_Land_(2015_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Promised_Land_(2015_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street_(season_4)
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Homicide: Life on the Street season 4
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["1 Episodes","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Ratings","3.2 Awards","4 References"]
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Season of television series
Homicide: Life on the StreetSeason 4Season 4 U.S. DVD CoverNo. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseOctober 20, 1995 (1995-10-20) –May 17, 1996 (1996-05-17)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 3 Next →Season 5 List of episodes
The fourth season of Homicide: Life on the Street aired in the United States on the NBC television network from October 20, 1995 to May 17, 1996 and contained 22 episodes.
The fourth season marked the debut of two characters: Detective Mike Kellerman (portrayed by Reed Diamond), who transfers from Arson to Homicide; and J. H. Brodie (portrayed by Max Perlich), a news cameraman who is hired as the unit's videographer. The season was also the last to feature Captain/Detective Megan Russert (portrayed by Isabella Hofmann) as a regular. Drug kingpin Luther Mahoney (portrayed by Erik Dellums) also makes his first appearance. Stuart Gharty (portrayed by Peter Gerety) also debuts in a guest appearance.
Guest stars include Lily Tomlin, Jeffrey Donovan, Bruce Campbell, Jerry Orbach, Benjamin Bratt, Jill Hennessy, Chris Rock, Marcia Gay Harden and Jay Leno.
The DVD box set of season 4 was released for Region 1 on March 30, 2004. The set includes all 22 season 4 episodes on six discs.
Episodes
When first shown on network television, multiple episodes were aired out of order. The DVD present the episodes in the correct chronological order, restoring all storylines and character developments.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)341"Fire, Part 1"Tim HunterStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : Julie MartinOctober 20, 1995 (1995-10-20)40113.0
With Bolander and Felton suspended, the squad struggles to pick up the slack. Pembleton and Bayliss investigate a body found at a burned-out warehouse and cross paths with arson detective Mike Kellerman, whose theories of the crime put him at odds with the pair. Soon a second building is set on fire, with another body in the rubble. Munch and Howard both sign up for promotion exams.
First appearance of Det. Mike Kellerman
352"Fire, Part 2"Nick GomezStory by : Henry Bromell & Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Jack BehrOctober 27, 1995 (1995-10-27)40214.1
The arson/murder investigation continues, and Kellerman surprises everyone with his interrogation of the prime suspect. Giardello offers him a chance to join the homicide unit. Kellerman accepts after visiting his father at the distillery where he works. Howard takes the promotion exam, but Munch is a no-show.
363"Autofocus"Alan TaylorStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : Bonnie MarkNovember 3, 1995 (1995-11-03)40312.9
The department moves into an old bank building when a gas leak forces them to evacuate headquarters. Detectives Lewis and Kellerman partner up to investigate the murder of an old woman; a young news cameraman risks his job to help them solve it. Pembleton is thrown off balance by the change of scenery and the fact that he will soon become a father, while Howard (recently promoted to Sergeant) gets off to a bad start in her attempts to supervise the other detectives.
First appearance of J. H. Brodie
374"A Doll's Eyes"Kenneth FinkStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : James YoshimuraDecember 1, 1995 (1995-12-01)40413.9
A shooting at a mall leaves a 10-year-old boy brain-dead. As his parents struggle with decisions about keeping him on life support and donating his organs, Pembleton and Bayliss track down the shooter and wind up questioning their own moral and spiritual convictions. Guest Stars: Marcia Gay Harden
385"Heartbeat"Bruno KirbyStory by : Henry Bromell and Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Kevin ArkadieDecember 8, 1995 (1995-12-08)40512.8
As Lewis and Kellerman quickly solve a drug-related death, they get a tip on another case: a man who was buried alive in a wall 10 years ago. Munch and Howard target a dealer obsessed with Edgar Allan Poe, relying on psychological manipulation to get him to confess. Munch's stab at a relationship with medical examiner Alyssa Dyer quickly goes sour, and when Pembleton finds that everyone in the office suddenly knows about Mary's pregnancy, he becomes enraged at Bayliss for telling the secret. The department returns to headquarters in this episode.
Guest star: Kevin Conway as Joseph Cardero
396"Hate Crimes"Peter WellerJames Yoshimura and Tom FontanaNovember 17, 1995 (1995-11-17)40612.7
After a man is killed by skinheads outside a gay bar, Pembleton and Bayliss find their investigation complicated by conflicting information about his sexual preferences. Lewis and Kellerman catch a new lead on Crosetti's last unsolved case, putting Lewis (who originally worked it with Crosetti) and Howard (who took it after his death) sharply at odds with each other. The upcoming Thanksgiving holiday has all the detectives making and rearranging plans on the fly, and Brodie is officially hired as videographer for the homicide unit.
Guest stars: Terry O'Quinn as Bailey Lafeld; Allison Smith as Officer Debbie Haskell; Dean Winters as Tom Marans
407"Thrill of the Kill"Tim HunterStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : Jorge ZamaconaNovember 10, 1995 (1995-11-10)40713.0
The homicide unit works with the FBI to catch a thrill-killer who is working his way north along Interstate 95. The case takes one strange turn after another, from the detectives' first attempts to profile their suspect until the moment they finally get him in the Box. Giardello's daughter Charisse surprises him by announcing her engagement and plans to move across the country.
Guest star: Jeffrey Donovan as Newton Dell
418"Sniper: Part 1"Jean de SegonzacStory by : Henry Bromell & Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Jean Gennis & Phyliss MurphyJanuary 5, 1996 (1996-01-05)40813.4
The start of 1996 brings a clean board that is soon covered with red names when a series of sniper attacks leaves nine people dead and puts the entire department on red-ball alert. A game of hangman is found drawn in chalk at every scene, leading the detectives to a suspect who kills himself even while his house is surrounded and filled with cops. Dissatisfied with Russert's handling of the case, Barnfather demotes her from Captain to Detective and sends her home; she is barely there before another sniper attack claims three more lives. Meanwhile, Bayliss takes a few too many muscle relaxants for his chronic back pain and ponders having surgery, and Jay Leno visits the Waterfront only to be driven away by the reticence of Bayliss and Munch.
429"Sniper: Part 2"Darnell MartinStory by : Henry Bromell & Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Edward GoldJanuary 12, 1996 (1996-01-12)40914.1
As the sniper attacks resume, the exhausted detectives return to work - including Russert, whom Giardello calls in despite Barnfather's order that she stay out of the case. Pembleton believes that the new shooter (who eventually racks up five kills) is connected to the first, while Russert believes him to be a copycat. After an overly helpful witness attracts the detectives' attention, Russert draws on recent experience to bring the case to a surprising close.
4310"Full Moon"Leslie Libman & Larry WilliamsStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry Bromell & Eric OvermeyerTeleplay by : Eric OvermeyerApril 5, 1996 (1996-04-05)41011.4
Lewis and Kellerman investigate a shooting death at the seedy New Moon Motel on the outskirts of Baltimore. The fact that nearly every tenant has a criminal record, and the victim is missing both a boot and vintage motorcycle, leave the pair awash in potential suspects but short on evidence. Lewis watches the demolition of the housing project in which he grew up, and takes one of its bricks as a memento.
Cameo by The Reverend Horton Heat
4411"For God and Country"Ed SherinJorge Zamacona & Michael S. ChernuchinFebruary 9, 1996 (1996-02-09)41116.7
As detectives from Baltimore and New York connect a pair of poison gas attacks in the two cities five years apart, the prime suspect's wife is murdered to keep him from giving up any more information. His son tips off the police, leading to the arrest of an anarchist ex-Special Forces colonel who is trying to start a race war.
This episode concludes a crossover with Law & Order that begins on "Charm City."
Guest star: J. K. Simmons as Alexander Rausch
Special appearances by Benjamin Bratt as NYPD Det. Rey Curtis; Jill Hennessy as New York A.D.A. Claire Kincaid; Jerry Orbach as NYPD Det. Lennie Briscoe
4512"The Hat"Peter MedakStory by : Henry Bromell & Trish Soodik and Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Anya EpsteinJanuary 19, 1996 (1996-01-19)41213.8
Lewis and Kellerman are sent to Pennsylvania to pick up Rose Halligan, a fugitive wanted in Baltimore for the murder of her husband. The trip turns into a disaster after she escapes their custody and is later found outside the home of her husband's mistress, whom she has just killed. A case investigated by Munch falls apart in court when Brodie's videotape shows a key piece of evidence missing from the crime scene. Anticipation in the squadroom comes to a head with the announcement that the open captain's position has been filled - and to everyone's shock, it goes to Roger Gaffney instead of Giardello.
Guest star: Lily Tomlin as Rose Halligan
4613"I've Got a Secret"Gwen ArnerStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : D. Maria LegaspiFebruary 2, 1996 (1996-02-02)41314.5
Investigating the case of a man found dead in the driver's seat of a borrowed car, Pembleton and Bayliss question whether an emergency room doctor's racial bias led her to perform shoddy surgery that caused his death. Lewis and Kellerman make several attempts to apprehend a suspect wanted for the murder of his parents. After they finally catch him, Lewis reveals that he has a mentally ill brother who has been institutionalized for nearly 20 years. Munch sees Howard with a mysterious new man and relentlessly tries to find out who he is.
4714"Justice: Part 1"Michael RadfordStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : David RupelFebruary 16, 1996 (1996-02-16)41413.3
Munch and Russert take the case of a retired cop, Edgar Rodzinski, found strangled at his wife's grave. His son Jake is a BCPD detective who knew Lewis from the police academy, and he starts pressing Lewis to give him information and get involved so he can do a little digging of his own. However, his efforts only hinder the other detectives' work. A suspect is arrested and brought to trial; after he is inexplicably acquitted, Jake contemplates taking the law into his own hands.
Guest star: Bruce Campbell as Jake Rodzinski
4815"Justice: Part 2"Peter MedakStory by : Tom Fontana & Henry BromellTeleplay by : David SimonFebruary 23, 1996 (1996-02-23)41513.4
As Jake Rodzinski struggles to cope with the acquittal of his father's killer, a new case comes in: the killer has been found shot in the head. Kellerman picks up the case and is ordered not to share information with Lewis because of the past relationship between Lewis and Jake. As the evidence increasingly points to Jake's involvement in the shooting, Gee reflects on the changed culture of the police; in the old days, cop killers were shot on sight. Meanwhile, Bayliss nurses a grudge against Pembleton for forgetting his lunch order of a grilled cheese sandwich.
Guest star: Bruce Campbell as Jake Rodzinski
4916"Stakeout"John McNaughtonStory by : Tom Fontana & Noel BehnTeleplay by : Noel BehnMarch 15, 1996 (1996-03-15)41613.9
After the detectives learn the name of the man responsible for a long string of abductions and murders, they begin round-the-clock surveillance at his neighbors' house, waiting for him to come home so they can arrest him. As everyone on the shift takes a turn, three topics keep coming up: the personal lives of the homeowners, Giardello's indecision about flying to California for his daughter's wedding, and rumors that Bayliss plans to leave the homicide unit or quit altogether.
Guest stars: Jim True-Frost as George Buxton, Kate Walsh as Cathy Buxton
5017"Map of the Heart"Clark JohnsonStory by : Michael Whaley & James YoshimuraTeleplay by : Michael WhaleyApril 26, 1996 (1996-04-26)41710.2
A high-profile divorce lawyer is found dead in his own swimming pool, and a man claiming to be his son shows up in the homicide office with evidence to incriminate himself. Pembleton and Bayliss soon find themselves in a face-off with the National Security Agency and a second suspect whose sudden confession seems a little too convenient. Meanwhile, Brodie tries to toughen himself up, Munch buys a VCR of highly questionable origin, and Kellerman tries to unmask the "Lunch Bandit" who has been stealing everyone's food from the office refrigerator.
Guest star: Terry Kinney as Richard Laumer
5118"Requiem for Adena"Lee BonnerJulie MartinMarch 29, 1996 (1996-03-29)41811.8
A young girl is found murdered in a manner very similar to Adena Watson. Remembering how that investigation spiraled out of control, Pembleton insists on working the current case alone and without the usual "red ball" treatment. Bayliss’ conviction that the two cases are connected leads him into a clash with Pembleton and jeopardizes the latter’s efforts to get a confession. Brodie reveals his secret crush on Howard, who thinks he and the rest of the squad are playing a joke on her.
Guest star: Chris Rock as Carver Dooley
5219"The Damage Done"Jace AlexanderStory by : Henry Bromell & Tom FontanaTeleplay by : Jorge ZamaconaMay 3, 1996 (1996-05-03)41911.2
Kellerman becomes the primary on a rash of drug-related killings that prove to be part of a turf war between two rival dealers, "Drak" Fortunato and Luther Mahoney. Each points the finger at the other until a standoff with Drak and a surprise confession convince Kellerman who is responsible for the murders. At a peace vigil attended by the detectives, Drak, and Mahoney, the turf war comes to a sudden end when Drak is shot dead.
First appearance of Erik Dellums as Luther Mahoney
5320"The Wedding"Alan TaylorHenry BromellMay 10, 1996 (1996-05-10)42011.5
Lewis surprises the squad by announcing that he will be getting married at the end of the day's shift, and asks for their help in organizing the reception. Everyone is skeptical, especially Munch, but the wedding turns out to be genuine - and Pembleton's wife Mary goes into labor afterward. Howard's fun-loving sister Carrie comes in from Florence for a visit, prompting Bayliss and Kellerman to vie for her attention. With most of the squad otherwise occupied, Giardello and Howard team up to investigate the death of a controversial talk-radio DJ. After a potential suspect shoots at them and Giardello kills him in self-defense, they learn that a friend of his tipped them off as a practical joke.
Melissa Leo, credited as "Margaret May," appears as Carrie Howard.
5421"Scene of the Crime"Kathy BatesTeleplay by : Anya Epstein & David SimonStory by : Henry Bromell & Barry Levinson and Tom FontanaApril 12, 1996 (1996-04-12)4219.7
Lewis and Kellerman investigate the death of a drug dealer in a housing project, but are hampered by the interference of a private security force run by Black Muslims. The case puts the two detectives at odds with each other and pits Giardello against the bosses, who reveal that nationwide politics may trump the search for the killer. A double shooting in another housing project leads Russert to file departmental charges against the patrolman who responded to the call, arguing that at least one of the victims might have survived if he had not waited to go in. Meanwhile, Munch makes big plans for Bolander's return to work after his suspension, only to have them ruined when the Big Man backs out.
First appearance of Patrolman (later Detective) Stuart Gharty
5522"Work Related"Jean de SegonzacTom FontanaMay 17, 1996 (1996-05-17)42213.0
Pressures both on and off the job are mounting for the detectives, as Mary gives birth to the Pembletons' daughter Olivia and Lewis confesses to Kellerman that his marriage is already in trouble. The pair investigate a literal "red ball" case - a man killed by a red bowling ball thrown from a freeway overpass - as Giardello frets over the bosses' upcoming review of his earlier self-defense shooting. Pembleton and Bayliss take a robbery/murder at a fast food restaurant; once they get a suspect in the Box, Pembleton suffers a stroke. He is rushed to the hospital for emergency brain surgery, with uncertain prospects for his recovery.
Final appearance of Det. Megan Russert as a regular character
Cast
Returning for the fourth season of Homicide were Richard Belzer, Andre Braugher, Isabella Hofmann, Clark Johnson, Yaphet Kotto, Melissa Leo, and Kyle Secor. Daniel Baldwin and Ned Beatty did not return, as both were frustrated with the direction of the show. The characters of Beau Felton (Baldwin) and Stan Bolander (Beatty) were written out by engaging in drunken, inappropriate behavior while attending a policeman/firefighters convention in New York City; as a result both were suspended for 22 weeks (the length of the season). While they were only suspended for the duration of season 4, their departure from the series was not revealed until the next season.
Both Reed Diamond and Max Perlich joined the cast as Detective Mike Kellerman and J.H. Brodie, respectively. During the season, Diamond was credited as a main cast member while Perlich was a recurring cast member. The character of J.H. Brodie was supposedly based on David Simon. Season 4 also saw the debut of Peter Gerety as Stuart Gharty. The Gharty character would make a guest appearance once during the season as well as two guest appearances during the fifth season before becoming a main character in the final two seasons. The fourth season also saw the debut of Erik Dellums as drug kingpin Luther Mahoney. Despite only making one appearance during the season, the character would return many times during the fifth season serving as the main antagonist for the detectives.
Isabella Hofmann left the cast at the end of the season due to pregnancy with her and Daniel Baldwin's child, but would return for three guest appearances (two in person, one as a telephone voice) in the fifth season. Andre Braugher nearly left after the season, believing he had explored the Frank Pembleton character to its limit, but he decided to return after the producers agreed to give Pembleton a handicap by means of a stroke, portrayed at the end of season 4.
Celebrity guest appearances include Lily Tomlin as murder suspect Rose Halligan in "The Hat". Jeffrey Donovan played twins Newton and Miles Dell with one being a thrill-killer in "Thrill of the Kill". Bruce Campbell played grief-stricken detective Jake Rodzinski in the two part "Justice". Law & Order stars Jerry Orbach, Benjamin Bratt, and Jill Hennessey played their characters Lennie Briscoe, Rey Curtis, and Claire Kincaid respectively in "For God and Country". Jay Leno played himself in a cameo appearance in "Sniper Part 1".
Reception
Ratings
Ratings for season 4 improved compared to season 3. Homicide ranked #66 and had an estimated audience of 8,900,000 a step up compared to Season 3 which ranked at #89 and had an estimated audience of 8,200,000.
Awards
Homicide would win two TCA Awards for "Outstanding Achievements In Drama" and "Program of the Year" as well as one Viewers for Quality Television award for "Best Quality Drama Series". Homicide was nominated for three Emmy Awards as Andre Braugher was nominated for Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Lily Tomlin was nominated for Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her guest appearance in the episode: "The Hat", and the show was nominated for Casting for a Drama Series. The show was also nominated for one Humanitas Prize for "60 Minute Category" as well as 3 NAACP Image Awards including "Outstanding Drama Series" while Braugher & Yaphet Kotto were both nominated for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series".
References
^ "Homicide Life on the Street - The Complete Seasons 4 (1993)". Amazon. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. October 25, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 1, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 8, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. December 6, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. December 13, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 22, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 15, 1995. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. January 10, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. January 17, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 10, 1996. p. 3D.
^ James, Caryn (February 7, 1996). "CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK;'Law and Order' Meets 'Homicide'". New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ Pierce, Scott D. (February 7, 1996). "'LAW & ORDER'-'HOMICIDE' CROSSOVER CLICKS". Deseret News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 14, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. January 24, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 7, 1996. p. 3D.
^ DeRosa, Robin (February 21, 1996). "Powerhouse Thursday propels NBC". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 28, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. March 20, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 1, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 3, 1996. p. 3D.
^ DeRosa, Robin (May 8, 1996). "'ER,' 'Seinfeld,' 'Beast' lead NBC sweep". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 15, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 17, 1996. p. 3D.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 22, 1996. p. 3D.
^ Petit, Chris (December 26, 2008). "Non-fiction boy". The Guardian. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
^ "Homicide: Life on the Street Trivia". IMDb.
^ "TV Ratings 1994-1995". IMDb.
"Awards for "Homicide: Life on the Street"". IMDb. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
"Episode list for "Homicide: Life on the Street"". IMDb. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
"Homicide: Life on the Street Episode Guide". TV.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
vteHomicide: Life on the StreetCharactersMain
Laura Ballard
Tim Bayliss
Stanley Bolander
J. H. Brodie
Julianna Cox
Steve Crosetti
Paul Falsone
Beau Felton
Stuart Gharty
Al Giardello
Mike Giardello
Kay Howard
Mike Kellerman
Meldrick Lewis
John Munch
Frank Pembleton
Megan Russert
Rene Sheppard
Terri Stivers
Recurring
Ed Danvers
Roger Gaffney
EpisodesSeason 1
"Gone for Goode"
"Ghost of a Chance"
"Son of a Gun"
"A Shot in the Dark"
"Three Men and Adena"
"A Dog and Pony Show"
"And the Rockets' Dead Glare"
"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"
"Night of the Dead Living"
Season 2
"Bop Gun"
"See No Evil"
"Black and Blue"
"A Many Splendored Thing"
Season 3
"Nearer My God to Thee"
"End Game"
"Law & Disorder"
"The Gas Man"
Season 4
"Fire (Part 1)"
"Fire (Part 2)"
"For God and Country"
Season 5
Season 6
"Blood Ties (Pt. 1, 2, 3)"
"Subway"
"Finnegan's Wake"
"Fallen Heroes (Pt. 1, 2)"
Season 7
"Zen and the Art of Murder"
"Self Defense"
"Lines of Fire"
Related media
Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets
Homicide: Second Shift
Law & Order franchise
Category
vteTCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama1980s
The Jewel in the Crown (1985)
Death of a Salesman (1986)
L.A. Law (season 1) (1987)
St. Elsewhere (season 6) (1988)
Lonesome Dove (1989)
1990s
Twin Peaks (season 1) (1990)
thirtysomething (season 4) (1991)
I’ll Fly Away (season 1) (1992)
I’ll Fly Away (season 2) (1993)
NYPD Blue (season 1) (1994)
My So-Called Life (season 1) (1995)
Homicide: Life on the Street (season 4) (1996)
Homicide: Life on the Street (season 5) (1997)
Homicide: Life on the Street (season 6) (1998)
The Sopranos (season 1) (1999)
2000s
The West Wing (season 1) (2000)
The Sopranos (season 3) / The West Wing (season 2) (2001)
Six Feet Under (season 1/season 2) (2002)
Boomtown (season 1) (2003)
The Sopranos (season 5) (2004)
Lost (season 1) (2005)
Lost (season 2) (2006)
The Sopranos (season 6, part II) (2007)
Mad Men (season 1) (2008)
Mad Men (season 2) (2009)
2010s
Breaking Bad (season 3) / Lost (season 6) (2010)
Mad Men (season 4) (2011)
Breaking Bad (season 4) (2012)
Game of Thrones (season 3) (2013)
The Good Wife (season 5) (2014)
The Americans (season 3) (2015)
The Americans (season 4) (2016)
The Handmaid's Tale (season 1) (2017)
The Americans (season 6) (2018)
Better Call Saul (season 4) (2019)
2020s
Succession (season 2) (2020)
The Crown (season 4) (2021)
Succession (season 3) (2022)
Succession (season 4) (2023)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Mike Kellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kellerman"},{"link_name":"Reed Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Diamond"},{"link_name":"J. H. Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Brodie"},{"link_name":"Max Perlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perlich"},{"link_name":"Megan Russert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Russert"},{"link_name":"Isabella Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Erik Dellums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Dellums"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gharty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gharty"},{"link_name":"Peter Gerety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gerety"},{"link_name":"Lily Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Bruce Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Jerry Orbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Orbach"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Bratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bratt"},{"link_name":"Jill Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Chris Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock"},{"link_name":"Marcia Gay Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden"},{"link_name":"Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_codes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe fourth season of Homicide: Life on the Street aired in the United States on the NBC television network from October 20, 1995 to May 17, 1996 and contained 22 episodes.The fourth season marked the debut of two characters: Detective Mike Kellerman (portrayed by Reed Diamond), who transfers from Arson to Homicide; and J. H. Brodie (portrayed by Max Perlich), a news cameraman who is hired as the unit's videographer. The season was also the last to feature Captain/Detective Megan Russert (portrayed by Isabella Hofmann) as a regular. Drug kingpin Luther Mahoney (portrayed by Erik Dellums) also makes his first appearance. Stuart Gharty (portrayed by Peter Gerety) also debuts in a guest appearance.Guest stars include Lily Tomlin, Jeffrey Donovan, Bruce Campbell, Jerry Orbach, Benjamin Bratt, Jill Hennessy, Chris Rock, Marcia Gay Harden and Jay Leno.The DVD box set of season 4 was released for Region 1 on March 30, 2004. The set includes all 22 season 4 episodes on six discs.[1]","title":"Homicide: Life on the Street season 4"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"When first shown on network television, multiple episodes were aired out of order. The DVD present the episodes in the correct chronological order, restoring all storylines and character developments.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"David Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Simon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wire-26"},{"link_name":"Frank Pembleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pembleton"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lily Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Bruce Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Lennie Briscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Briscoe"},{"link_name":"Rey Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Claire Kincaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Kincaid"},{"link_name":"Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno"}],"text":"Returning for the fourth season of Homicide were Richard Belzer, Andre Braugher, Isabella Hofmann, Clark Johnson, Yaphet Kotto, Melissa Leo, and Kyle Secor. Daniel Baldwin and Ned Beatty did not return, as both were frustrated with the direction of the show. The characters of Beau Felton (Baldwin) and Stan Bolander (Beatty) were written out by engaging in drunken, inappropriate behavior while attending a policeman/firefighters convention in New York City; as a result both were suspended for 22 weeks (the length of the season). While they were only suspended for the duration of season 4, their departure from the series was not revealed until the next season.Both Reed Diamond and Max Perlich joined the cast as Detective Mike Kellerman and J.H. Brodie, respectively. During the season, Diamond was credited as a main cast member while Perlich was a recurring cast member. The character of J.H. Brodie was supposedly based on David Simon.[26] Season 4 also saw the debut of Peter Gerety as Stuart Gharty. The Gharty character would make a guest appearance once during the season as well as two guest appearances during the fifth season before becoming a main character in the final two seasons. The fourth season also saw the debut of Erik Dellums as drug kingpin Luther Mahoney. Despite only making one appearance during the season, the character would return many times during the fifth season serving as the main antagonist for the detectives.Isabella Hofmann left the cast at the end of the season due to pregnancy with her and Daniel Baldwin's child, but would return for three guest appearances (two in person, one as a telephone voice) in the fifth season. Andre Braugher nearly left after the season, believing he had explored the Frank Pembleton character to its limit, but he decided to return after the producers agreed to give Pembleton a handicap by means of a stroke, portrayed at the end of season 4.[27]Celebrity guest appearances include Lily Tomlin as murder suspect Rose Halligan in \"The Hat\". Jeffrey Donovan played twins Newton and Miles Dell with one being a thrill-killer in \"Thrill of the Kill\". Bruce Campbell played grief-stricken detective Jake Rodzinski in the two part \"Justice\". Law & Order stars Jerry Orbach, Benjamin Bratt, and Jill Hennessey played their characters Lennie Briscoe, Rey Curtis, and Claire Kincaid respectively in \"For God and Country\". Jay Leno played himself in a cameo appearance in \"Sniper Part 1\".","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"Ratings for season 4 improved compared to season 3. Homicide ranked #66 and had an estimated audience of 8,900,000[citation needed] a step up compared to Season 3 which ranked at #89 and had an estimated audience of 8,200,000.[citation needed]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TCA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Viewers for Quality Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewers_for_Quality_Television"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Lead Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_-_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Guest Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Casting for a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Casting_for_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Humanitas Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_Prize"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Homicide would win two TCA Awards for \"Outstanding Achievements In Drama\" and \"Program of the Year\" as well as one Viewers for Quality Television award for \"Best Quality Drama Series\". Homicide was nominated for three Emmy Awards as Andre Braugher was nominated for Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Lily Tomlin was nominated for Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her guest appearance in the episode: \"The Hat\", and the show was nominated for Casting for a Drama Series. The show was also nominated for one Humanitas Prize for \"60 Minute Category\" as well as 3 NAACP Image Awards including \"Outstanding Drama Series\" while Braugher & Yaphet Kotto were both nominated for \"Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series\".[28]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Homicide Life on the Street - The Complete Seasons 4 (1993)\". Amazon. Retrieved May 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00018YCJ6","url_text":"\"Homicide Life on the Street - The Complete Seasons 4 (1993)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. October 25, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 1, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 8, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. December 6, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. December 13, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 22, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 15, 1995. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 10, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 17, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. April 10, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"James, Caryn (February 7, 1996). \"CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK;'Law and Order' Meets 'Homicide'\". New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/07/arts/critic-s-notebook-law-and-order-meets-homicide.html","url_text":"\"CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK;'Law and Order' Meets 'Homicide'\""}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Scott D. (February 7, 1996). \"'LAW & ORDER'-'HOMICIDE' CROSSOVER CLICKS\". Deseret News. Retrieved April 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/470358/LAW--ORDER-HOMICIDE-CROSSOVER-CLICKS.amp","url_text":"\"'LAW & ORDER'-'HOMICIDE' CROSSOVER CLICKS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 14, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 24, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 7, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"DeRosa, Robin (February 21, 1996). \"Powerhouse Thursday propels NBC\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 28, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. March 20, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 1, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. April 3, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"DeRosa, Robin (May 8, 1996). \"'ER,' 'Seinfeld,' 'Beast' lead NBC sweep\". Life. USA Today. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 15, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. April 17, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 22, 1996. p. 3D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Petit, Chris (December 26, 2008). \"Non-fiction boy\". The Guardian. Retrieved July 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/dec/27/tv-drama-david-simon-wire-shield","url_text":"\"Non-fiction boy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Trivia\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/trivia","url_text":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Trivia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings 1994-1995\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/awards","url_text":"\"TV Ratings 1994-1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\". IMDb. Retrieved May 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/awards","url_text":"\"Awards for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode list for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\". IMDb. Retrieved May 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/episodes","url_text":"\"Episode list for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Episode Guide\". TV.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121209013714/http://www.tv.com/homicide-life-on-the-street/show/110/episode_guide.html?printable=1","url_text":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Episode Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com","url_text":"TV.com"},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/homicide-life-on-the-street/show/110/episode_guide.html?printable=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00018YCJ6","external_links_name":"\"Homicide Life on the Street - The Complete Seasons 4 (1993)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/07/arts/critic-s-notebook-law-and-order-meets-homicide.html","external_links_name":"\"CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK;'Law and Order' Meets 'Homicide'\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/470358/LAW--ORDER-HOMICIDE-CROSSOVER-CLICKS.amp","external_links_name":"\"'LAW & ORDER'-'HOMICIDE' CROSSOVER CLICKS\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/dec/27/tv-drama-david-simon-wire-shield","external_links_name":"\"Non-fiction boy\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/trivia","external_links_name":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Trivia\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/awards","external_links_name":"\"TV Ratings 1994-1995\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/awards","external_links_name":"\"Awards for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106028/episodes","external_links_name":"\"Episode list for \"Homicide: Life on the Street\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121209013714/http://www.tv.com/homicide-life-on-the-street/show/110/episode_guide.html?printable=1","external_links_name":"\"Homicide: Life on the Street Episode Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/homicide-life-on-the-street/show/110/episode_guide.html?printable=1","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Memorial_Hospital
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Lexington Memorial Hospital
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["1 Hilltop Terrace Apartments","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 35°48′35″N 80°14′53″W / 35.80972°N 80.24806°W / 35.80972; -80.24806United States historic placeLexington Memorial HospitalU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of North CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocation111 North Carolina Ave., Lexington, North CarolinaCoordinates35°48′35″N 80°14′53″W / 35.80972°N 80.24806°W / 35.80972; -80.24806Area3.07 acres (1.24 ha)Built1946 (1946), 1951, 1952ArchitectHartmann, Charles ConradArchitectural styleArt Deco, ModerneNRHP reference No.12000313Added to NRHPMay 24, 2012
Lexington Memorial Hospital is a historic hospital building located at Lexington, Davidson County, North Carolina. It was designed by architect Charles C. Hartmann in a mix of Art Deco and Art Moderne styles. It was built in 1946, and is a large masonry T-shaped building sheathed in yellow brick, three and four stories tall and 17 bays wide. It has a one-story addition on the east end and a 1958 one-story addition off the rear wing.
Lexington's first hospital, 30-bed Davidson Hospital, was built in 1924 on North Main Street in the location that later became Char's Restaurant. Significant growth over the next 20 years led to the decision to buy 11 acres on Lexington's east side for a new hospital on Weaver Drive. $400,000 was raised and the new 60-bed Lexington Memorial Hospital opened December 24, 1946. Additions included a nurses' residence in 1949. By 1958, the hospital had 98 beds and 20 bassinets. Further additions were made in 1966, 1971 and 1972, but by 1977, the building could no longer be expanded in the Weaver Drive location. Groundbreaking was held for a third location on the 75-acre Alma Grubb Estate next to Business 85 south of downtown. With the opening of a 94-bed 119,000-square-foot facility in September 1979, the Weaver Drive building was sold to provide housing for the elderly. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
Hilltop Terrace Apartments
Sign for Hilltop Terrace Apartments, formerly Lexington Memorial Hospital, North Carolina
In 2008, the former hospital was purchased by Community Housing Partners. The building was fully renovated in 2012 with all-new kitchen cabinets and appliances, flooring, windows, heating, and cooling systems. The renovation was conducted in compliance with federal historic rehabilitation standards, and maintains many of the historical aspects of the building. The building re-opened in January 2013 as Hilltop Terrace Apartments.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, North Carolina
References
^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 5/21/12 through 5/25/12. National Park Service. 2012-06-01.
^ Anne Barrett; Ashley Neville; John Salmon (December 2011). "Lexington Memorial Hospital" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
^ Holmes, Ed; Sushereba, Kathy (2003-05-05). "Lexington Memorial has grown with the city for 79 years". The Dispatch.
^ a b c d McGee, Rebekah (11 January 2013). "Hilltop Terrace celebrates renovations". Davidson County, NC: The Dispatch. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
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This article about a property in Davidson County, North Carolina on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Davidson County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Hartmann"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-2"},{"link_name":"Business 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_Business_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeLexington Memorial Hospital is a historic hospital building located at Lexington, Davidson County, North Carolina. It was designed by architect Charles C. Hartmann in a mix of Art Deco and Art Moderne styles. It was built in 1946, and is a large masonry T-shaped building sheathed in yellow brick, three and four stories tall and 17 bays wide. It has a one-story addition on the east end and a 1958 one-story addition off the rear wing.[2]Lexington's first hospital, 30-bed Davidson Hospital, was built in 1924 on North Main Street in the location that later became Char's Restaurant. Significant growth over the next 20 years led to the decision to buy 11 acres on Lexington's east side for a new hospital on Weaver Drive. $400,000 was raised and the new 60-bed Lexington Memorial Hospital opened December 24, 1946. Additions included a nurses' residence in 1949. By 1958, the hospital had 98 beds and 20 bassinets. Further additions were made in 1966, 1971 and 1972, but by 1977, the building could no longer be expanded in the Weaver Drive location. Groundbreaking was held for a third location on the 75-acre Alma Grubb Estate next to Business 85 south of downtown. With the opening of a 94-bed 119,000-square-foot facility in September 1979, the Weaver Drive building was sold to provide housing for the elderly.[3] It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.[1]","title":"Lexington Memorial Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lexington_Memorial_Hospital,_Lexington,_North_Carolina_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTA-4"}],"text":"Sign for Hilltop Terrace Apartments, formerly Lexington Memorial Hospital, North CarolinaIn 2008, the former hospital was purchased by Community Housing Partners.[4] The building was fully renovated in 2012 with all-new kitchen cabinets and appliances, flooring, windows, heating, and cooling systems.[4] The renovation was conducted in compliance with federal historic rehabilitation standards, and maintains many of the historical aspects of the building.[4] The building re-opened in January 2013 as Hilltop Terrace Apartments.[4]","title":"Hilltop Terrace Apartments"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sign for Hilltop Terrace Apartments, formerly Lexington Memorial Hospital, North Carolina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lexington_Memorial_Hospital%2C_Lexington%2C_North_Carolina_sign.jpg/220px-Lexington_Memorial_Hospital%2C_Lexington%2C_North_Carolina_sign.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Davidson_County,_North_Carolina"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 5/21/12 through 5/25/12. National Park Service. 2012-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120601.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""}]},{"reference":"Anne Barrett; Ashley Neville; John Salmon (December 2011). \"Lexington Memorial Hospital\" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2014-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/DV0854.pdf","url_text":"\"Lexington Memorial Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Ed; Sushereba, Kathy (2003-05-05). \"Lexington Memorial has grown with the city for 79 years\". The Dispatch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-dispatch.com/article/NC/20030505/news/605132526/LD/","url_text":"\"Lexington Memorial has grown with the city for 79 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch_(Lexington)","url_text":"The Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"McGee, Rebekah (11 January 2013). \"Hilltop Terrace celebrates renovations\". Davidson County, NC: The Dispatch. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171110155435/http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20130111/hilltop-terrace-celebrates-renovations","url_text":"\"Hilltop Terrace celebrates renovations\""},{"url":"http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20130111/hilltop-terrace-celebrates-renovations","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lexington_Memorial_Hospital¶ms=35_48_35_N_80_14_53_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°48′35″N 80°14′53″W / 35.80972°N 80.24806°W / 35.80972; -80.24806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lexington_Memorial_Hospital¶ms=35_48_35_N_80_14_53_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°48′35″N 80°14′53″W / 35.80972°N 80.24806°W / 35.80972; -80.24806"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/12000313","external_links_name":"12000313"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120601.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"Link":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/DV0854.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lexington Memorial Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-dispatch.com/article/NC/20030505/news/605132526/LD/","external_links_name":"\"Lexington Memorial has grown with the city for 79 years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171110155435/http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20130111/hilltop-terrace-celebrates-renovations","external_links_name":"\"Hilltop Terrace celebrates renovations\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-dispatch.com/news/20130111/hilltop-terrace-celebrates-renovations","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexington_Memorial_Hospital&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Backovi%C4%87
|
Slobodan Backović
|
["1 References"]
|
Montenegrin politician and nuclear physicist
Slobodan Backović (Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Бацковић; born September 3, 1946 in Nikšić, Montenegro) is a Montenegrin politician and nuclear physicist. He is a member of the Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts. A former Minister of Education and Science in the government of Montenegro as a member of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, Backović is well known for a controversial decision to rename the elementary and secondary education subject "Serbian Language" to "First Language".
In 2008, Backović was appointed to as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Montenegro to the Russian Federation, and he presented his credentials to Vladimir Titov, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on 5 June 2008. and to President Dmitry Medvedev on September 18, 2008.
Slobodan Backovic presenting his credentials to Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia, in 2008.
References
^ "Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Titov Meets with Montenegrin Ambassador to Moscow S. Backovic" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia). 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
^ Дмитрий Медведев принял верительные грамоты послов двенадцати иностранных государств. Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Slobodan Backovic presenting his credentials to Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia, in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Slobodan_Backovic.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Slobodan_Backovic.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Titov Meets with Montenegrin Ambassador to Moscow S. Backovic\" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia). 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/91cb33dcc9f429bcc32574600046b0fd?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Titov Meets with Montenegrin Ambassador to Moscow S. Backovic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)","url_text":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/91cb33dcc9f429bcc32574600046b0fd?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Titov Meets with Montenegrin Ambassador to Moscow S. Backovic\""},{"Link":"http://kremlin.ru/sdocs/news.shtml","external_links_name":"Дмитрий Медведев принял верительные грамоты послов двенадцати иностранных государств."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327012613/http://www.kremlin.ru/news","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home
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Maybeshewill
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["1 History","2 Robot Needs Home","3 Musical style","4 Members","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"]
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English post-rock band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maybeshewill" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MaybeshewillOn stage at the Summer Sundae festival, August 2012Background informationOriginLeicester, EnglandGenres
Post-rock
electronica
post-metal
math rock
instrumental
Years active
2005–2016
2018
2020–present
Labels
Robot Needs Home
Field
XTAL
Superball
MembersJames CollinsJohn HelpsRobin SouthbyJamie WardMatthew DalyWebsitemaybeshewill.net
Maybeshewill are an English post-rock band from Leicester, England. Their music is characterised by the use of programmed and sampled electronic elements alongside guitars, bass, keyboards and drums.
History
Maybeshewill were formed by guitarists Robin Southby and John Helps whilst the pair were studying music technology together at De Montfort University in 2005. They released their first record Japanese Spy Transcript on the band's own label, Robot Needs Home Records in 2006 with Tanya Byrne on bass guitar and Lawrie Malen on drums. The four-track EP was well received by the press and attracted the attention of Nottingham's Field Records (also home to Public Relations Exercise) who released "The Paris Hilton Sex Tape" (taken from the record) as part of a split 7-inch single with Ann Arbor later that year. In August 2006 a re-mastered version of Japanese Spy Transcript was released in Japan on the XTAL label (also home to Yndi halda and You Slut!) which was set up specifically for the release by The Media Factory Group. Shortly after this release the band dissolved temporarily.
In May 2007, Helps and Southby began working with drummer James Collins (formerly a member of Fight Fire With Water) and bassist Andrew Jackson, along with a number of guest vocalists and musicians on an album entitled Not for Want of Trying. The record was released on Monday 12 May 2008 through Field Records, and was chosen by BBC Radio 1 DJ Huw Stephens as his album of the week in its release week. "The Paris Hilton Sex Tape" also featured on the cover CD of June's edition of Rock Sound magazine.
Thirteen months later on 7 June 2009, the band released their second album Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony through Field Records, with Victoria Sztuka taking Andrew Jacksons place on bass guitar. This was a heavier record which saw them continue to try to break away from the post-rock tag with which they are often labelled. The record was received well by both press and fans alike, but did receive some criticism for failing to depart substantially enough from the band's established sound.
After the release of Sing The Word Hope, the band returned to the three-piece line-up of James Collins, John Helps and Robin Southby for a brief period before they were joined in 2009 by Jamie Ward, a former member of Kyte and Tired Irie who was to guide the recording session for their third album, as well as fill the vacant position of bassist. In 2011 the band became a five-piece with long-time collaborator Matthew Daly performing live keyboards.
In May 2011, the band released I Was Here for a Moment, Then I Was Gone, their third full-length record. According to press releases, the band approached the record as if it were their first album – ignoring any criticism of their previous work, be it positive or negative, and distancing themselves from any expectation of what they might produce. Produced by Jamie Ward the record was the first to be recorded in traditional studio spaces and consequently is more polished than any previous recordings. Live strings and brass were provided by members of Her Name Is Calla and Fight Fire With Water, adding more organic sounds to the bands electronic palette. The album received universally positive reviews from the music press, was played in its entirety twice on Kerrang Radio and gained Maybeshewill Rock Sound's 'Band of the Week' accolade two weeks running.
In March 2014, the band announced that they would release their fourth studio album through German based record label Superball Music. The album's title, Fair Youth, and release date, 25 August 2014, were announced in June 2014.
Maybeshewill toured very regularly across the UK, Europe and Asia. This has seen them pair up with And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Lite, Long Distance Calling, Earthtone9, &U&I, And So I Watch You From Afar and Cats & Cats & Cats (amongst others) on various excursions. They have also appeared at The Great Escape, Summer Sundae Weekender, Truck Festival, Brainwash Festival, 2000trees, Hockley Hustle, ArcTanGent and Dot To Dot Festivals.
In September 2015, the band announced that they would be disbanding after a brief final tour.
On 24 June 2018, the band played a special, one off show in the Queen Elizabeth Hall at London’s Southbank Centre as part of Robert Smith's Meltdown.
In January 2020, the band announced their reformation, as well as an appearance to ArcTanGent Festival. The festival was cancelled, however, they have started working on new material together.
In November 2021 the band released their fifth studio album No Feeling Is Final.
Robot Needs Home
Since their inception Maybeshewill have operated the 'business' elements of the band under the name Robot Needs Home. This 'label' set up by guitarist John Helps runs many of the band's affairs, but also works to support the wider music community which the band is part of. Continuing the band's own D.I.Y. ethos, the label works on the basis of 'promotion by association', collecting together artists who share a common ethic, and encouraging collaboration. As well as operating as a record label, Robot Needs Home provides booking and management services to other bands, and promotes shows in and around the city of Leicester, including the Maybeshewill curated White Noise Festival. The label has released most of Maybeshewill's smaller and digital releases, as well as their debut EP Japanese Spy Transcript.
Musical style
The band have described their sound as "instrumental rock with electronics", while Drowned in Sound described them as sounding "like Mogwai would if the latter had ever found love in an arthouse cinema. And then were beaten around the head with a keyboard". Comparisons have also been made with Sigur Rós, and 65daysofstatic were often mentioned by reviewers as a likely influence on their earlier work. Their tracks often include samples of film or other dialogue; "Not for Want of Trying" contains a sample from Network, while Sing the Word Hope in Four Part Harmony includes samples of broadcaster Edward R. Murrow, and excerpts from Young Winston.
Members
Current members
James Collins (drums)
Matthew Daly (keyboards)
John Helps (guitar)
Robin Southby (guitar)
Jamie Ward (bass)
Former members
Victoria Sztuka (bass)
Andrew Jackson (bass)
Dave Voss (drums)
Lawrie Malen (drums)
Tanya Byrne (bass)
Kris Tearse (drums)
Scott West (guitar)
Discography
Albums
Not for Want of Trying (2008)
Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony (2009)
I Was Here For a Moment, Then I Was Gone (2011)
Fair Youth (2014)
No Feeling Is Final (2021)
EPs
Japanese Spy Transcript (EP) (XTAL JP) (August 2006)
Singles and minor releases
Ann Arbor / Maybeshewill (split 7-inch single) (Field Records) (July 2006)
"Seraphim & Cherubim"/"Heartflusters" (CD-R single) (Robot Needs Home) (September 2007)
Anti-Semantics: The Remixes Vol. 1 (CD-R EP) (Robot Needs Home) (May 2008)
Amateur Grammatics: The Remixes Vol. 2 (CD-R EP) (Robot Needs Home) (October 2008)
Maybeshewill / Her Name is Calla (split 12-inch single) (Field Records) (November 2008)
The Remixes 2005 – 2010 (CD-R album) (Robot Needs Home) (April 2010)
"To The Skies From A Hillside" (7-inch single) (Field Records) (October 2010)
"Critical Distance" (7-inch single) (Function Records) (March 2011)
"Red Paper Lanterns" (7-inch single) (Function Records) (March 2012)
Compilations
Kill All Humans (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (September 2007)
Notes 1 (Mini CD-R and Art Compilation) (Notes) (Unknown 2009)
Tellison – Contact! Contact! Remixed (Remix Compilation) (Drums Don't Kill Records) (January 2009)
White Noise One (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (May 2009)
Truck 12 (Compilation) (June 2009)
Not for Want of Trying + 4 (Field Records UK & EU) (October 2009)
White Noise Two (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (December 2009)
Off The Cuff (Compilation) (Big Scary Monsters) (August 2010)
Exports01 (Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (June 2011)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Dedman, Renfry (2016) "Maybeshewill Interview: ‘It's really nice to be able to go out at this point and finish on a high’", The Independent, 21 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016
^ "Maybeshewill Join Superball Music, March 2014". Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
^ "Fair Youth". Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ "Maybeshewill". www.facebook.com.
^ "Robert Smith's Meltdown Festival Show". 10 April 2018.
^ "ALBUM REVIEW: No Feeling Is Final – Maybeshewill". 19 November 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ Kylie Buchanan (August 2006). "Maybeshewill interview". Wrexham Music. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
^ "Artists: Maybeshewill". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
^ Haydock, Mike (2008) "Maybeshewill: Not For Want Of Trying Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine", Drowned in Sound, 17 June 2008, retrieved 27 September 2009
^ Bonetti, Alessandro (2008) "Maybeshewill Not For Want Of Trying Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Kronic, 5 June 2008, retrieved 27 September 2009
^ Newbound, Tim (2009) "Reviews Maybeshewill – ‘Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony’", Rock Sound, retrieved 27 September 2009
^ maniac_fm (2009) "Journal → Maybeshewill Lyrics", 11 July 2009, retrieved 22 October 2013
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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In August 2006 a re-mastered version of Japanese Spy Transcript was released in Japan on the XTAL label (also home to Yndi halda and You Slut!) which was set up specifically for the release by The Media Factory Group.[1] Shortly after this release the band dissolved temporarily.In May 2007, Helps and Southby began working with drummer James Collins (formerly a member of Fight Fire With Water) and bassist Andrew Jackson, along with a number of guest vocalists and musicians on an album entitled Not for Want of Trying. The record was released on Monday 12 May 2008 through Field Records, and was chosen by BBC Radio 1 DJ Huw Stephens as his album of the week in its release week.[1] \"The Paris Hilton Sex Tape\" also featured on the cover CD of June's edition of Rock Sound magazine.Thirteen months later on 7 June 2009, the band released their second album Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony through Field Records, with Victoria Sztuka taking Andrew Jacksons place on bass guitar.[1] This was a heavier record which saw them continue to try to break away from the post-rock tag with which they are often labelled. The record was received well by both press and fans alike, but did receive some criticism for failing to depart substantially enough from the band's established sound.After the release of Sing The Word Hope, the band returned to the three-piece line-up of James Collins, John Helps and Robin Southby for a brief period before they were joined in 2009 by Jamie Ward, a former member of Kyte and Tired Irie who was to guide the recording session for their third album, as well as fill the vacant position of bassist. In 2011 the band became a five-piece with long-time collaborator Matthew Daly performing live keyboards.[1]In May 2011, the band released I Was Here for a Moment, Then I Was Gone, their third full-length record.[1] According to press releases, the band approached the record as if it were their first album – ignoring any criticism of their previous work, be it positive or negative, and distancing themselves from any expectation of what they might produce. Produced by Jamie Ward the record was the first to be recorded in traditional studio spaces and consequently is more polished than any previous recordings. Live strings and brass were provided by members of Her Name Is Calla and Fight Fire With Water, adding more organic sounds to the bands electronic palette.[1] The album received universally positive reviews from the music press, was played in its entirety twice on Kerrang Radio and gained Maybeshewill Rock Sound's 'Band of the Week' accolade two weeks running.In March 2014, the band announced that they would release their fourth studio album through German based record label Superball Music.[1][2] The album's title, Fair Youth, and release date, 25 August 2014, were announced in June 2014.[3]Maybeshewill toured very regularly across the UK, Europe and Asia. This has seen them pair up with And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Lite, Long Distance Calling, Earthtone9, &U&I, And So I Watch You From Afar and Cats & Cats & Cats (amongst others) on various excursions. They have also appeared at The Great Escape, Summer Sundae Weekender, Truck Festival, Brainwash Festival, 2000trees, Hockley Hustle, ArcTanGent and Dot To Dot Festivals.In September 2015, the band announced that they would be disbanding after a brief final tour.[4]On 24 June 2018, the band played a special, one off show in the Queen Elizabeth Hall at London’s Southbank Centre as part of Robert Smith's Meltdown.[5]In January 2020, the band announced their reformation, as well as an appearance to ArcTanGent Festival. The festival was cancelled, however, they have started working on new material together. \nIn November 2021 the band released their fifth studio album No Feeling Is Final.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"White Noise Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Noise_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"}],"text":"Since their inception Maybeshewill have operated the 'business' elements of the band under the name Robot Needs Home. This 'label' set up by guitarist John Helps runs many of the band's affairs, but also works to support the wider music community which the band is part of. Continuing the band's own D.I.Y. ethos, the label works on the basis of 'promotion by association', collecting together artists who share a common ethic, and encouraging collaboration. As well as operating as a record label, Robot Needs Home provides booking and management services to other bands, and promotes shows in and around the city of Leicester, including the Maybeshewill curated White Noise Festival. The label has released most of Maybeshewill's smaller and digital releases, as well as their debut EP Japanese Spy Transcript.","title":"Robot Needs Home"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrexham-7"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dis-8"},{"link_name":"Sigur Rós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haydock-9"},{"link_name":"65daysofstatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65daysofstatic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonetti-10"},{"link_name":"Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Murrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow"},{"link_name":"Young Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Winston"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newbound-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maniac_fm-12"}],"text":"The band have described their sound as \"instrumental rock with electronics\",[7] while Drowned in Sound described them as sounding \"like Mogwai would if the latter had ever found love in an arthouse cinema. And then were beaten around the head with a keyboard\".[8] Comparisons have also been made with Sigur Rós,[9] and 65daysofstatic were often mentioned by reviewers as a likely influence on their earlier work.[10] Their tracks often include samples of film or other dialogue; \"Not for Want of Trying\" contains a sample from Network, while Sing the Word Hope in Four Part Harmony includes samples of broadcaster Edward R. Murrow, and excerpts from Young Winston.[11][12]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Current membersJames Collins (drums)\nMatthew Daly (keyboards)\nJohn Helps (guitar)\nRobin Southby (guitar)\nJamie Ward (bass)Former membersVictoria Sztuka (bass)\nAndrew Jackson (bass)\nDave Voss (drums)\nLawrie Malen (drums)\nTanya Byrne (bass)\nKris Tearse (drums)\nScott West (guitar)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Not for Want of Trying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_for_Want_of_Trying"},{"link_name":"Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_the_Word_Hope_in_Four-Part_Harmony"},{"link_name":"I Was Here For a Moment, Then I Was Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Here_For_a_Moment,_Then_I_Was_Gone"},{"link_name":"XTAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XTAL&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Field Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Field Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Field Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Drums Don't Kill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drums_Don%27t_Kill_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Field Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"},{"link_name":"Big Scary Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Scary_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Robot Needs Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Needs_Home"}],"text":"AlbumsNot for Want of Trying (2008)\nSing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony (2009)\nI Was Here For a Moment, Then I Was Gone (2011)\nFair Youth (2014)\nNo Feeling Is Final (2021)EPsJapanese Spy Transcript (EP) (XTAL JP) (August 2006)Singles and minor releasesAnn Arbor / Maybeshewill (split 7-inch single) (Field Records) (July 2006)\n\"Seraphim & Cherubim\"/\"Heartflusters\" (CD-R single) (Robot Needs Home) (September 2007)\nAnti-Semantics: The Remixes Vol. 1 (CD-R EP) (Robot Needs Home) (May 2008)\nAmateur Grammatics: The Remixes Vol. 2 (CD-R EP) (Robot Needs Home) (October 2008)\nMaybeshewill / Her Name is Calla (split 12-inch single) (Field Records) (November 2008)\nThe Remixes 2005 – 2010 (CD-R album) (Robot Needs Home) (April 2010)\n\"To The Skies From A Hillside\" (7-inch single) (Field Records) (October 2010)\n\"Critical Distance\" (7-inch single) (Function Records) (March 2011)\n\"Red Paper Lanterns\" (7-inch single) (Function Records) (March 2012)CompilationsKill All Humans (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (September 2007)\nNotes 1 (Mini CD-R and Art Compilation) (Notes) (Unknown 2009)\nTellison – Contact! Contact! Remixed (Remix Compilation) (Drums Don't Kill Records) (January 2009)\nWhite Noise One (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (May 2009)\nTruck 12 (Compilation) (June 2009)\nNot for Want of Trying + 4 (Field Records UK & EU) (October 2009)\nWhite Noise Two (CD-R Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (December 2009)\nOff The Cuff (Compilation) (Big Scary Monsters) (August 2010)\nExports01 (Compilation) (Robot Needs Home) (June 2011)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Maybeshewill Join Superball Music, March 2014\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140514144423/http://www.robotneedshome.com/maybeshewill-join-superball-music/","url_text":"\"Maybeshewill Join Superball Music, March 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.robotneedshome.com/maybeshewill-join-superball-music/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fair Youth\". Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maybeshewill.net/fair-youth/","url_text":"\"Fair Youth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maybeshewill\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/mybshwll/photos/a.470964075780/10153514801510781/?type=3","url_text":"\"Maybeshewill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Smith's Meltdown Festival Show\". 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://maybeshewill.net/robert-smiths-meltdown-festival-show/","url_text":"\"Robert Smith's Meltdown Festival Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALBUM REVIEW: No Feeling Is Final – Maybeshewill\". 19 November 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/album-review-no-feeling-is-final-maybeshewill/","url_text":"\"ALBUM REVIEW: No Feeling Is Final – Maybeshewill\""}]},{"reference":"Kylie Buchanan (August 2006). \"Maybeshewill interview\". Wrexham Music. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519213148/http://www.wrexhammusic.betastudios.co.uk/interview_maybehewill.htm","url_text":"\"Maybeshewill interview\""},{"url":"http://www.wrexhammusic.betastudios.co.uk/interview_maybehewill.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists: Maybeshewill\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103113521/http://drownedinsound.com/bands/8916","url_text":"\"Artists: Maybeshewill\""},{"url":"http://www.drownedinsound.com/bands/8916","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maybeshewill%22","external_links_name":"\"Maybeshewill\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maybeshewill%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maybeshewill%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maybeshewill%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maybeshewill%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maybeshewill%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://maybeshewill.net/","external_links_name":"maybeshewill.net"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/maybeshewill-interview-its-really-nice-to-be-able-to-go-out-at-this-point-and-finish-on-a-high-a6941851.html","external_links_name":"Maybeshewill Interview: ‘It's really nice to be able to go out at this point and finish on a high’"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140514144423/http://www.robotneedshome.com/maybeshewill-join-superball-music/","external_links_name":"\"Maybeshewill Join Superball Music, March 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.robotneedshome.com/maybeshewill-join-superball-music/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maybeshewill.net/fair-youth/","external_links_name":"\"Fair Youth\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/mybshwll/photos/a.470964075780/10153514801510781/?type=3","external_links_name":"\"Maybeshewill\""},{"Link":"http://maybeshewill.net/robert-smiths-meltdown-festival-show/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Smith's Meltdown Festival Show\""},{"Link":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/album-review-no-feeling-is-final-maybeshewill/","external_links_name":"\"ALBUM REVIEW: No Feeling Is Final – Maybeshewill\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519213148/http://www.wrexhammusic.betastudios.co.uk/interview_maybehewill.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maybeshewill interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrexhammusic.betastudios.co.uk/interview_maybehewill.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103113521/http://drownedinsound.com/bands/8916","external_links_name":"\"Artists: Maybeshewill\""},{"Link":"http://www.drownedinsound.com/bands/8916","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/13356/reviews/3473862-","external_links_name":"Maybeshewill: Not For Want Of Trying"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003135156/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/13356/reviews/3473862-","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kronic.it/artGet.aspx?cID=23714&action=addFav","external_links_name":"Maybeshewill Not For Want Of Trying"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041215/http://www.kronic.it/artGet.aspx?cID=23714&action=addFav","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rocksound.tv/reviews/article/maybeshewill-sing-the-word-hope-in-four-part-harmony","external_links_name":"Reviews Maybeshewill – ‘Sing the Word Hope in Four-Part Harmony’"},{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/user/maniac_fm/journal/2009/07/11/2v0q9q_maybeshewill_lyrics","external_links_name":"Journal → Maybeshewill Lyrics"},{"Link":"http://www.maybeshewill.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000469037151","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311792607","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2014849222&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/62495254-237e-4e9e-8ffb-31fede562cfd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Quebec
|
List of universities in Canada
|
["1 List of public universities","2 List of private universities","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links"]
|
See also: Higher education in Canada and List of colleges in Canada
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
Universities in Canada's provinces and territories
Universities in Canada are established and operate under provincial and territorial government charters, directed by First Nations bands, or by federal legislation. Most public universities in the country are members of Universities Canada. The title "university" is protected under federal regulation.
As of 2023, there are over 100 universities in Canada, offering education in English and French. Most French-speaking universities are located in Quebec, though several institutions outside the province are either francophone or bilingual. 1.8 million students are enrolled in university. Programs are offered to graduating high school students through choice; however, students must maintain specific entering averages, which generally range from 65 to 85%, depending on criteria set by the chosen university. On campus residences are available at 95% of universities in Canada.
List of public universities
There are many public universities in Canada that are authorized to issue degrees. Degrees from Affiliated institutions and seminaries are typically awarded by the affiliate's parent institution.
Name
Province
City
Lang.
Est.
Undergraduate students
Graduate students
Total full-time students
Full-time
Part-time
Full-time
Part-time
Alberta University of the Arts
Alberta
Calgary
English
1926
0
Acadia University
Nova Scotia
Wolfville
English
1838
3,610
360
180
330
3,790
Algoma University
Ontario
Sault Ste. Marie,Brampton
English
2008
3,700
360
0
0
3,700
Athabasca University
Alberta
Athabasca,Calgary,Edmonton
English
1970
0
35,520
0
5,110
0
Bishop's University
Quebec
Sherbrooke
English
1843
2,400
300
240
40
2,640
Brandon University
Manitoba
Brandon
English
1899
2,220
370
210
180
2,430
Brock University
Ontario
St. Catharines,Hamilton
English
1964
15,600
2,300
1,500
220
17,100
Cape Breton University
Nova Scotia
Sydney
English
1974
5,230
400
180
140
5,410
Capilano University
British Columbia
North Vancouver
English
1968
0
Carleton University
Ontario
Ottawa
English
1942
19,600
6,600
3,700
660
23,300
Concordia University
Quebec
Montreal
English
1974
21,100
9,760
7,240
650
28,340
Dalhousie University
Nova Scotia
Halifax,Truro
English
1818
14,710
330
1,580
780
16,290
Emily Carr University of Art and Design
British Columbia
Vancouver
English
1925
1,670
200
0
0
1,670
Kwantlen Polytechnic University
British Columbia
Richmond, Surrey, Langley, Cloverdale
English
1981
11,170
1,400
150
10
11,320
Lakehead University
Ontario
Thunder Bay, Orillia
English
1965
5,700
1,400
1,400
10
7,100
MacEwan University
Alberta
Edmonton
English
1971
12,740
1,950
0
0
12,740
Mount Royal University
Alberta
Calgary
English
1910
10,620
1,000
0
0
10,620
University of Alberta
Alberta
Edmonton, Camrose, Calgary
Bilingual
1906
33,180
1,900
6,950
1,460
40,130
University of Calgary
Alberta
Calgary, Edmonton
English
1966
27,050
1,280
6,990
1,010
34,040
University of Lethbridge
Alberta
Lethbridge, Edmonton, Calgary
English
1967
6,900
630
580
160
7,480
Royal Roads University
British Columbia
Victoria
English
1995
610
0
2,610
0
3,220
Simon Fraser University
British Columbia
Burnaby, Surrey, Vancouver
English
1965
13,200
12,490
3,930
760
17,130
Thompson Rivers University
British Columbia
Kamloops
English
1970
7,690
700
750
45
8,440
University of British Columbia
British Columbia
Vancouver,Kelowna
English
1908
41,330
16,180
11,040
1,790
52,370
University of Victoria
British Columbia
Victoria
English
1963
14,350
4,440
3,050
220
17,400
University of the Fraser Valley
British Columbia
Abbotsford,Chilliwack,Mission
English
1974
7,090
2,110
30
40
7,120
University of Northern British Columbia
British Columbia
Prince George
English
1990
1,730
930
540
110
2,270
Vancouver Island University
British Columbia
Nanaimo,Duncan,Parksville,Powell River
English
1969
5,270
1,080
500
300
5,770
University College of the North
Manitoba
The Pas,Thompson
English
1966
0
University of Manitoba
Manitoba
Winnipeg
Bilingual
1877
22,700
3,960
3,140
570
25,840
Université de Saint-Boniface
Manitoba
Winnipeg
French
1818
700
120
0
110
700
University of Winnipeg
Manitoba
Winnipeg
English
1871
8,540
1,750
170
90
8,710
Mount Allison University
New Brunswick
Sackville
English
1839
2,300
100
10
0
2,310
St. Thomas University
New Brunswick
Fredericton
English
1910
1,580
130
20
0
1,600
University of New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Fredericton, Saint John
English
1785
7,350
610
1,500
570
8,850
Université de Moncton
New Brunswick
Moncton,Shippagan,Edmundston
French
1963
4,520
360
410
210
4,930
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Newfoundland
St. John's,Corner Brook,Harlow (United Kingdom)
English
1925
12,550
1,870
3,290
1,200
15,840
Mount Saint Vincent University
Nova Scotia
Halifax
English
1873
2,300
520
240
820
2,540
Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University
Nova Scotia
Halifax
English
1887
670
110
50
10
720
Saint Francis Xavier University
Nova Scotia
Antigonish
English
1853
3,980
660
110
690
4,090
Saint Mary's University
Nova Scotia
Halifax
English
1802
5,130
510
660
130
5,790
Université Sainte-Anne
Nova Scotia
Pointe-de-l'Église
French
1890
520
70
10
30
530
University of King's College
Nova Scotia
Halifax
English
1789
840
40
90
0
930
Laurentian University
Ontario
Sudbury,Hearst,Kapuskasing,Timmins
Bilingual
1960
0
McMaster University
Ontario
Hamilton
English
1887
30,400
1,300
4,700
930
35,100
Nipissing University
Ontario
North Bay,Bracebridge,Brantford
English
1992
3,600
1,400
170
0
3,770
Ontario College of Art and Design University
Ontario
Toronto
English
1876
9,300
730
230
80
9,530
Queen's University at Kingston
Ontario
Kingston
English
1841
23,600
3,600
5,600
1,000
29,200
Royal Military College of Canada
Ontario
Kingston
Bilingual
1876
1,150
710
400
400
1,550
Toronto Metropolitan University
Ontario
Toronto
English
1948
30,600
14,300
2,700
270
33,300
Trent University
Ontario
Peterborough, Oshawa
English
1963
10,200
1,600
670
170
10,870
Université de Hearst
Ontario
Hearst,Timmins,Kapuskasing
French
1953
0
Université de l'Ontario français
Ontario
Toronto
French
2018
0
Université de Sudbury
Ontario
Sudbury
French
1913
0
University of Guelph
Ontario
Guelph,Toronto,Ridgetown
English
1964
24,400
3,600
2,900
280
27,300
Ontario Tech University
Ontario
Oshawa
English
2002
9,300
730
750
270
10,050
University of Ottawa
Ontario
Ottawa
Bilingual
1848
34,300
5,900
7,100
1,500
41,400
University of Toronto
Ontario
Toronto,Mississauga
English
1827
69,400
6,400
20,000
1,600
89,400
University of Waterloo
Ontario
Waterloo,Cambridge,Kitchener,Stratford
English
1957
34,700
1,300
4,800
1,400
39,500
University of Western Ontario
Ontario
London
English
1878
0
University of Windsor
Ontario
Windsor
English
1857
10,200
1,600
5,800
10
16,000
Wilfrid Laurier University
Ontario
Waterloo,Brantford,Toronto,Kitchener
English
1911
16,700
3,600
1,100
1,100
17,800
York University
Ontario
Toronto,Markham
English
1959
41,000
5,700
4,600
1,500
45,600
University of Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
English
1969
4,650
340
550
0
5,200
École de technologie supérieure
Quebec
Montreal
French
1974
4,340
1,590
2,390
520
6,730
École nationale d'administration publique
Quebec
Quebec City,Montreal,Gatineau,Saguenay,Trois-Rivières
French
1969
810
1,190
810
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Quebec
Quebec City,Montreal,Laval,Varennes
French
1969
580
50
580
McGill University
Quebec
Montreal, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue
English
1821
24,140
2,810
7,910
1,700
32,050
Université de Montréal
Quebec
Montreal
French
1878
23,890
7,860
11,310
2,740
35,200
Université de Sherbrooke
Quebec
Sherbrooke
French
1954
11,650
2,170
5,410
6,080
17,060
Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Quebec
Rouyn-Noranda, Mont-Laurier
French
1970
1,030
3,350
350
520
1,380
Université du Québec en Outaouais
Quebec
Gatineau,Saint-Jérôme
French
1970
3,140
1,780
810
710
3,950
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Quebec
Chicoutimi
French
1969
3,540
1,080
1,340
430
4,880
Université du Québec à Montréal
Quebec
Montreal
French
1969
16,500
10,010
4,610
4,130
21,110
Université du Québec à Rimouski
Quebec
Rimouski, Lévis
French
1969
2,550
2,580
850
580
3,400
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
Quebec
Trois-Rivières
French
1969
7,270
3,940
2,030
1,500
9,300
Université TÉLUQ
Quebec
Quebec City
French
1972
1,638
16,562
126
1,674
1,764
Université Laval
Quebec
Quebec City
French
1663
22,060
11,370
9,290
4,970
31,350
University of Regina
Saskatchewan
Regina, Saskatoon, Swift Current
English
1911
0
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Saskatoon
English
1907
17,260
1,560
3,040
530
20,300
Yukon University
Yukon
Whitehorse
English
1983
0
List of private universities
Main article: List of private universities in Canada
The following is a list of private universities that are authorized to issue degrees by a provincial authority. The following list does not include satellite campuses and branches in Canada for universities based in the United States. All of them are English language institutions.
Name
City
Province
Est.
Students
Faith-based
Undergrad.
Graduate
Total
Ambrose University
Calgary
Alberta
1921
920
0
920
Yes
Booth University College
Winnipeg
Manitoba
1982
250
0
250
Yes
Burman University
Lacombe
Alberta
1907
Yes
Canadian Mennonite University
Winnipeg
Manitoba
1999
1,235
64
1,299
Yes
Concordia University of Edmonton
Edmonton
Alberta
1921
2,808
290
3,098
No
Crandall University
Moncton
New Brunswick
1949
685
0
685
Yes
Kingswood University
Sussex
New Brunswick
1945
300
0
300
Yes
Pacific Coast University for Workplace Health Sciences
Port Alberni
British Columbia
2007
No
Providence University College and Theological Seminary
Otterburne
Manitoba
1925
Yes
Redeemer University
Hamilton
Ontario
1982
787
0
787
Yes
St. Mary's University, Calgary
Calgary
Alberta
1986
1,025
0
1,025
Yes
St. Stephen's University
St. Stephen
New Brunswick
1975
0
104
104
Yes
The King's University
Edmonton
Alberta
1979
819
40
859
Yes
Trinity Western University
Langley
British Columbia
1962
3,364
1,402
4,766
Yes
Tyndale University
Toronto
Ontario
1894
850
0
850
Yes
University Canada West
Vancouver
British Columbia
2005
350
0
350
No
University of Fredericton
Fredericton
New Brunswick
2005
No
University of Niagara Falls Canada
Niagara Falls
Ontario
2024
No
Yorkville University
Fredericton, Toronto, Vancouver, Vaughan
British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario
2003
No
See also
U15 (universities)
Higher education in Canada
List of business schools in Canada
List of Canadian universities by endowment
List of colleges in Canada
List of law schools in Canada
List of universities and colleges by country
Lists of universities and colleges
List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning
Rankings of universities in Canada
Notes
^ University nuhelotʼįne thaiyotsʼį nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills, in St. Paul Alberta
^ Royal Military College of Canada
^ Carleton University operates as an anglophone institution. However, an affiliated institution of Carleton, Dominican University College, operates as a bilingual institution.
^ The University of Toronto operates as an anglophone institution. However, a graduate school of the university, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, operates as a bilingual institution.
^ York University operates as an anglophone institution. However, a federated college of the university, Glendon College, operates as a bilingual institution.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Part of the Université du Québec university system.
^ University of Regina operates as an anglophone institution. However, its institution La Cité is francophone.
^ 2020 as University
^ Concordia University of Edmonton was formerly affiliated with Lutheran Church-Canada until 2016, when the university ended its affiliation and became a secular institution.
Footnotes
^ "Canada Corporations Regulations". Justice Laws Website. Queen's Press in Right of Canada. 2017-06-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
^ "A List of Universities in Canada". CanadianVisa.org. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ "University". Archived from the original on 2017-06-16.
^ "University Statistics". Archived from the original on 2014-07-13.
^ a b c d e "Enrolment by university". Universities Canada. 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
^ a b c d "Collèges et universités de langue française". ontario.ca (in French). Queen's Printer for Ontario. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ "Université du Québec | Nous sommes l'Université du Québec. Le réseau collaboratif francophone de 10 établissements reconnu pour son excellence, son accessibilité et son ouverture". reseau.uquebec.ca (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.
^ a b c d "Profil des étudiants | Université TÉLUQ - Formation à distance". Université TÉLUQ (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.
^ "Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
^ "Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
^ "Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation". University Canada West. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
References
Drake, Miriam A. (2003). Encyclopedia of library and information science. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3894-8.
External links
Universities Canada
Map of all Canadian Universities
Times Higher Education Canadian University rankings
Maclean's University Rankings
vteUniversities in CanadaAlberta
Alberta
Arts
Athabasca
Calgary
Lethbridge
MacEwan
Mount Royal
British Columbia
British Columbia
Canada West
Capilano
Emily Carr
Fraser Valley
Kwantlen Polytechnic
Northern British Columbia
Royal Roads
Simon Fraser
Thompson Rivers
Trinity Western
Vancouver Island
Victoria
Manitoba
Brandon
Canadian Mennonite
Manitoba
Saint-Boniface
Winnipeg
Newfoundland and Labrador
Memorial
New Brunswick
Crandall
Fredericton
Moncton
Mount Allison
New Brunswick
St. Stephen's
St. Thomas
Yorkville
Nova Scotia
Acadia
AST
Cape Breton
Dalhousie
King's
Mount Saint Vincent
NSCAD
Saint Francis Xavier
Saint Mary's
Sainte-Anne
Ontario
Algoma
Brock
Carleton
Guelph
Hearst
Lakehead
Laurentian
Laurier
McMaster
Nipissing
NOSM
OCAD U
Ontario Tech
Ottawa
Queen's
RMC
Sudbury
TMU
Toronto
Trent
UOF
Waterloo
Western
Windsor
York
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Bishop's
Concordia
HEC
Laval
McGill
Polytechnique
Montréal (UdeM)
Sherbrooke
Université du Québec
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Chicoutimi
Montréal (UQAM)
Outaouais
Rimouski
Trois-Rivières
ENAP
ÉTS
INRS
TÉLUQ
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Regina
First Nations University of Canada
Yukon
Yukon
vteList of universities in North America Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies andother territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
This article includes an education-related list of lists.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher education in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"List of colleges in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alberta"},{"link_name":"SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Manitoba"},{"link_name":"ON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ontario"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Quebec"},{"link_name":"NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"PE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"NS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"NL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"YT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yukon"},{"link_name":"NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"NU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nunavut"},{"link_name":"provincial and territorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"First Nations bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_government"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Universities Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Canada&action=edit"},{"link_name":"English and French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-4"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"several institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:French-language_universities_and_colleges_in_Canada_outside_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Higher education in Canada and List of colleges in CanadaBC\nAB\nSK\nMB\nON\nQC\nNB\nPE\nNS\nNL\nYT\nNT\nNU\nUniversities in Canada's provinces and territoriesUniversities in Canada are established and operate under provincial and territorial government charters, directed by First Nations bands,[a] or by federal legislation.[b] Most public universities in the country are members of Universities Canada. The title \"university\" is protected under federal regulation.[1]As of 2023[update], there are over 100 universities in Canada, offering education in English and French.[2] Most French-speaking universities are located in Quebec, though several institutions outside the province are either francophone or bilingual. 1.8 million students are enrolled in university.[3] Programs are offered to graduating high school students through choice; however, students must maintain specific entering averages, which generally range from 65 to 85%, depending on criteria set by the chosen university. On campus residences are available at 95% of universities in Canada.[4]","title":"List of universities in Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Affiliated institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_school"}],"text":"There are many public universities in Canada that are authorized to issue degrees. Degrees from Affiliated institutions and seminaries are typically awarded by the affiliate's parent institution.","title":"List of public universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"satellite campuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_campus"}],"text":"The following is a list of private universities that are authorized to issue degrees by a provincial authority. The following list does not include satellite campuses and branches in Canada for universities based in the United States. All of them are English language institutions.","title":"List of private universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"University nuhelotʼįne thaiyotsʼį nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_nuhelot%CA%BC%C4%AFne_thaiyots%CA%BC%C4%AF_nistameyim%C3%A2kanak_Blue_Quills"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"affiliated institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_colleges"},{"link_name":"Dominican University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_University_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Ontario Institute for Studies in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Studies_in_Education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"federated college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_college"},{"link_name":"Glendon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendon_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uduq_12-9"},{"link_name":"Université du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"university system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_system"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-school-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church-Canada"}],"text":"^ University nuhelotʼįne thaiyotsʼį nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills, in St. Paul Alberta\n\n^ Royal Military College of Canada\n\n^ Carleton University operates as an anglophone institution. However, an affiliated institution of Carleton, Dominican University College, operates as a bilingual institution.[6]\n\n^ The University of Toronto operates as an anglophone institution. However, a graduate school of the university, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, operates as a bilingual institution.[6]\n\n^ York University operates as an anglophone institution. However, a federated college of the university, Glendon College, operates as a bilingual institution.[6]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Part of the Université du Québec university system.\n\n^ University of Regina operates as an anglophone institution. However, its institution La Cité is francophone.[6]\n\n^ 2020 as University\n\n^ Concordia University of Edmonton was formerly affiliated with Lutheran Church-Canada until 2016, when the university ended its affiliation and became a secular institution.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Canada Corporations Regulations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._424/page-1.html#h-11"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170706134809/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._424/page-1.html#h-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"A List of Universities in Canada\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//canadianvisa.org/canada-immigration/study-in-canada/university-list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170616234159/http://www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"University Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140713022705/http://www.electronicinfo.ca/en/index.php?j=1&flash=1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.electronicinfo.ca/en/index.php?j=1&flash=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-univcan_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-univcan_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-univcan_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-univcan_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-univcan_7-4"},{"link_name":"\"Enrolment by university\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-school_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-school_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-school_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-school_8-3"},{"link_name":"\"Collèges et universités de langue française\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ontario.ca/fr/page/colleges-et-universites-de-langue-francaise"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Université du Québec | Nous sommes l'Université du Québec. Le réseau collaboratif francophone de 10 établissements reconnu pour son excellence, son accessibilité et son ouverture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reseau.uquebec.ca/fr"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_14-3"},{"link_name":"\"Profil des étudiants | Université TÉLUQ - Formation à distance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.teluq.ca/site/universite/nos_etudiants.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708113825/http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=1360"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=1360"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708113719/http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=505"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=505"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080610103255/http://www.universitycanadawest.ca/news/news_058.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.universitycanadawest.ca/news/news_058.html"}],"text":"^ \"Canada Corporations Regulations\". Justice Laws Website. Queen's Press in Right of Canada. 2017-06-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-06-29.\n\n^ \"A List of Universities in Canada\". CanadianVisa.org. Retrieved 14 March 2021.\n\n^ \"University\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-16.\n\n^ \"University Statistics\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-13.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Enrolment by university\". Universities Canada. 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023.\n\n^ a b c d \"Collèges et universités de langue française\". ontario.ca (in French). Queen's Printer for Ontario. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.\n\n^ \"Université du Québec | Nous sommes l'Université du Québec. Le réseau collaboratif francophone de 10 établissements reconnu pour son excellence, son accessibilité et son ouverture\". reseau.uquebec.ca (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.\n\n^ a b c d \"Profil des étudiants | Université TÉLUQ - Formation à distance\". Université TÉLUQ (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.\n\n^ \"Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick\". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.\n\n^ \"Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick\". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.\n\n^ \"Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation\". University Canada West. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-09-20.","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"U15 (universities)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities"},{"title":"Higher education in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of business schools in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of Canadian universities by endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_universities_by_endowment"},{"title":"List of colleges in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of law schools in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of universities and colleges by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_by_country"},{"title":"Lists of universities and colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_universities_and_colleges"},{"title":"List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_learning"},{"title":"Rankings of universities in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Canada Corporations Regulations\". Justice Laws Website. Queen's Press in Right of Canada. 2017-06-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2017-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._424/page-1.html#h-11","url_text":"\"Canada Corporations Regulations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706134809/http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._424/page-1.html#h-11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A List of Universities in Canada\". CanadianVisa.org. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://canadianvisa.org/canada-immigration/study-in-canada/university-list","url_text":"\"A List of Universities in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"University\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/","url_text":"\"University\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170616234159/http://www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"University Statistics\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140713022705/http://www.electronicinfo.ca/en/index.php?j=1&flash=1","url_text":"\"University Statistics\""},{"url":"http://www.electronicinfo.ca/en/index.php?j=1&flash=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Enrolment by university\". Universities Canada. 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.univcan.ca/universities/facts-and-stats/enrolment-by-university/","url_text":"\"Enrolment by university\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collèges et universités de langue française\". ontario.ca (in French). Queen's Printer for Ontario. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ontario.ca/fr/page/colleges-et-universites-de-langue-francaise","url_text":"\"Collèges et universités de langue française\""}]},{"reference":"\"Université du Québec | Nous sommes l'Université du Québec. Le réseau collaboratif francophone de 10 établissements reconnu pour son excellence, son accessibilité et son ouverture\". reseau.uquebec.ca (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://reseau.uquebec.ca/fr","url_text":"\"Université du Québec | Nous sommes l'Université du Québec. Le réseau collaboratif francophone de 10 établissements reconnu pour son excellence, son accessibilité et son ouverture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profil des étudiants | Université TÉLUQ - Formation à distance\". Université TÉLUQ (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teluq.ca/site/universite/nos_etudiants.php","url_text":"\"Profil des étudiants | Université TÉLUQ - Formation à distance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick\". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708113825/http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=1360","url_text":"\"Atlantic Baptist University, Moncton, New Brunswick\""},{"url":"http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=1360","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick\". Campus Starter. 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708113719/http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=505","url_text":"\"Bethany Bible College, Sussex, New Brunswick\""},{"url":"http://www.campusstarter.com/Christian_Colleges_NewBrunswick.cfm?ProfileInstId=505","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation\". University Canada West. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080610103255/http://www.universitycanadawest.ca/news/news_058.html","url_text":"\"Growth on track as Victoria's University Canada West honours graduates at second Convocation\""},{"url":"http://www.universitycanadawest.ca/news/news_058.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Drake, Miriam A. (2003). Encyclopedia of library and information science. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3894-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0BDWcWT8tDMC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of library and information science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-3894-8","url_text":"0-8493-3894-8"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63/19
|
63/19
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","2.1 19","2.2 63","3 References"]
|
2013 mixtape by Kool A.D.63/19Mixtape by Kool A.D.ReleasedFebruary 7, 2013 (2013-02-07)RecordedOakland, CaliforniaGenreHip hop, alternative hip hopKool A.D. chronology
51(2012)
63/19(2013)
Not O.K.(2013)
63 and 19 are mixtapes by Kool A.D, released as a double-album on February 7, 2013. The albums include collaborations with Pictureplane, Young L, SKYWLKR, Keyboard Kid, Trackademicks, Fat Tony, Mike Finito, Lakutis and Spank Rock as well as a beat Ad-Rock of the Beastie Boys originally made for Das Racist.
Critical reception
63 and 19 received mostly positive reviews from critics. Vice described 19 and 63 as "taking the discursive and funny work he was doing with Das Racist and stripping it of any sense of structure or formula, but also work to free him from the label of 'Dude in Das Racist'". Pitchfork also praised the mixtapes, calling them "organically avant-garde", giving 19 a score of 7.9 out of 10 and 63 a 7.6. Afropunk called the record "challenging, vibrant, and sometimes brilliant". Contactmusic.com named 63 one of the ten best albums of 2013.
Track listing
19
"Knowledge Born" (prod. Kool A.D.)
"Eroika" (prod. Steel Tipped Dove)
"New World" (prod. Plinio Trujillo)
"Marine World Africa U.S.A." (ft. Issue) (prod. Issue)
"Vendedores" (ft. Tray 57) (prod. Young L)
"Beautiful Naked Psychedelic Gherkin Exploding Tomato Sauce All Over Your Face" (ft. Haji Springer and Bill Ding) (prod. Bill Ding)
"Wow (Bay Shit)" (ft. Trackademicks) (prod. Trackademicks)
"Hawaii 510" (ft. Cuzzo Fly and Citizen Chance) (prod. Mac Mean)
"Fresh Prince" (prod. Skywlkr)
"Jaleel White" (prod. Young L)
"Jenny Holzer" (ft. Chippy Nonstop) (prod. Ryan Marks)
"Kriss Kross" (prod. Steel Tipped Dove)
"NPR" (prod. Ad-Rock)
"Cheeba Cheeba" (ft. Spank Rock) (prod. Ghostdad)
"Attitude" (ft. Cult Days) (prod. Pictureplane)
"All Skreets" (ft. Dada Powell) (prod. Keyboard Kid)
"Finally Every Dimension of the Skreets" (prod. Kool A.D.)
63
"63" (Amaze 88 Intro)
"Moneyball" (prod. Mike Finito)
"Froyo" (ft. Detroit Cydi and Selfsays) (prod. Illingsworth)
"Sclera" (prod. Amaze 88)
"Chuck Very" (ft. Young Dave) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Airplane Flight" (ft. Davinci) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Finito Posse Jawn" (ft. Chaz Van Queen, DVS, Lakutis, Mike Finito, and Davito) (prod. Mike Finito)
"Get a Job" (prod. Alex Kestner)
"Mass Appeal" (ft. Young Dave and Amaze 88) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Future Primitive Culinary School" (ft. Chippy Nonstop) (prod. SPVCE)
"Rap Genius" (ft. Lakutis, Dallas Penn, DVS, and Meyhem Lauren) (prod. Amaze 88)
"OK Computer" (ft. Verbs and Maffew Ragazino) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Question Jam Answer" (ft. Busdriver and Beans of Antipop Consortium) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Ken Burns" (ft. Kassa and Dada Powell) (prod. Illingsworth)
"Red Wine" (ft. Open Mike Eagle) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Saved by the Bell" (ft. Kassa) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Lush" (ft. Ne$$ of Weekend Money) (prod. Amaze 88)
"Hydrants" (ft. Meyhem Lauren) (prod. Mike Finito)
"Bering Sea Gold" (prod. Amaze 88)
"Exotische Kunst" (prod. Kanye West)Note 1
"Equality Understanding" (prod. Kool A.D.)
Note 1: While the track list credits Kanye West, it's only a sample.
References
^ a b Carrie Battan (February 8, 2013). "Listen: Two New Mixtapes from Das Racist's Kool A.D., With Beastie Boys' Ad-Rock, Pictureplane, More". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
^ Drew Millard (February 12, 2013). "Interview: Kool A.D. talks politics, Macauly Caulkin, and bears". Vice. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
^ Carrie Battan (February 14, 2013). "Kool A.D.: 19 / 63". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Nathan Leigh (February 8, 2013). "Kool AD's new mixtape is challenging, vibrant, and sometimes brilliant. Free Download + video!". Afropunk. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ Joe Wilde (December 23, 2013). "Joe Wilde's Top 10 Albums Of 2013". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
^ Evan Minsker and Amy Phillips (January 31, 2013). "Kool A.D. of Das Racist Enlists Beastie Boys' Ad-Rock, More for New Mixtape, Watch New Video Now". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
2
MusicBrainz series
|
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Vice described 19 and 63 as \"taking the discursive and funny work he was doing with Das Racist and stripping it of any sense of structure or formula, but also work[ing] to free him from the label of 'Dude in Das Racist'\".[2] Pitchfork also praised the mixtapes, calling them \"organically avant-garde\", giving 19 a score of 7.9 out of 10 and 63 a 7.6.[3] Afropunk called the record \"challenging, vibrant, and sometimes brilliant\".[4] Contactmusic.com named 63 one of the ten best albums of 2013.[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trackademicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackademicks"},{"link_name":"Skywlkr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywlkr"},{"link_name":"Spank Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spank_Rock"}],"sub_title":"19","text":"\"Knowledge Born\" (prod. Kool A.D.)\n\"Eroika\" (prod. Steel Tipped Dove)\n\"New World\" (prod. Plinio Trujillo)\n\"Marine World Africa U.S.A.\" (ft. Issue) (prod. Issue)\n\"Vendedores\" (ft. Tray 57) (prod. Young L)\n\"Beautiful Naked Psychedelic Gherkin Exploding Tomato Sauce All Over Your Face\" (ft. Haji Springer and Bill Ding) (prod. Bill Ding)\n\"Wow (Bay Shit)\" (ft. Trackademicks) (prod. Trackademicks)\n\"Hawaii 510\" (ft. Cuzzo Fly and Citizen Chance) (prod. Mac Mean)\n\"Fresh Prince\" (prod. Skywlkr)\n\"Jaleel White\" (prod. Young L)\n\"Jenny Holzer\" (ft. Chippy Nonstop) (prod. Ryan Marks)\n\"Kriss Kross\" (prod. Steel Tipped Dove)\n\"NPR\" (prod. Ad-Rock)\n\"Cheeba Cheeba\" (ft. Spank Rock) (prod. Ghostdad)\n\"Attitude\" (ft. Cult Days) (prod. Pictureplane)\n\"All Skreets\" (ft. Dada Powell) (prod. Keyboard Kid)\n\"Finally Every Dimension of the Skreets\" (prod. Kool A.D.)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakutis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakutis"},{"link_name":"Dallas Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Penn"},{"link_name":"Busdriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busdriver"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"63","text":"\"63\" (Amaze 88 Intro)\n\"Moneyball\" (prod. Mike Finito)\n\"Froyo\" (ft. Detroit Cydi and Selfsays) (prod. Illingsworth)\n\"Sclera\" (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Chuck Very\" (ft. Young Dave) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Airplane Flight\" (ft. Davinci) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Finito Posse Jawn\" (ft. Chaz Van Queen, DVS, Lakutis, Mike Finito, and Davito) (prod. Mike Finito)\n\"Get a Job\" (prod. Alex Kestner)\n\"Mass Appeal\" (ft. Young Dave and Amaze 88) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Future Primitive Culinary School\" (ft. Chippy Nonstop) (prod. SPVCE)\n\"Rap Genius\" (ft. Lakutis, Dallas Penn, DVS, and Meyhem Lauren) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"OK Computer\" (ft. Verbs and Maffew Ragazino) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Question Jam Answer\" (ft. Busdriver and Beans of Antipop Consortium) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Ken Burns\" (ft. Kassa and Dada Powell) (prod. Illingsworth)\n\"Red Wine\" (ft. Open Mike Eagle) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Saved by the Bell\" (ft. Kassa) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Lush\" (ft. Ne$$ of Weekend Money) (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Hydrants\" (ft. Meyhem Lauren) (prod. Mike Finito)\n\"Bering Sea Gold\" (prod. Amaze 88)\n\"Exotische Kunst\" (prod. Kanye West)Note 1\n\"Equality Understanding\" (prod. Kool A.D.)Note 1: While the track list credits Kanye West, it's only a sample.[6]","title":"Track listing"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_J._Leblanc
|
Olivier J. Leblanc
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["1 Electoral record","2 References"]
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Canadian politician
Olivier J. LeblancMember of the Canadian Parliamentfor KentIn office1900–1911Preceded byGeorge Valentine McInerneySucceeded byFerdinand-Joseph RobidouxMember of the Legislative Council of New BrunswickIn office1891–1892Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for Kent CountyIn office1882–1891Preceded byUrbain JohnsonSucceeded byAuguste Théophile Léger
Personal detailsBorn(1830-11-27)November 27, 1830Memramcook, New BrunswickDiedDecember 14, 1919(1919-12-14) (aged 89)Political partyLiberal
Olivier J. LeBlanc (November 27, 1830 – December 14, 1919) was a Canadian politician of Acadian descent.
Born in Memramcook, New Brunswick, the son of Joseph LeBlanc and Victorie B. Girouard, LeBlanc was educated at Common Schools. A farmer, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1882. His election in 1882 was protested but he was reelected in a by-election held later that year. Leblanc subsequently was a Minister without portfolio in the Executive Council from 1889 to 1891. He ran unsuccessfully for a federal seat in 1891 and was then named to the Legislative Council of New Brunswick.
LeBlanc was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Kent in the general elections of 1900. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1904 and 1908.
Electoral record
vte1911 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Ferdinand-Joseph Robidoux
2,334
52.3
+10.4
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
2,129
47.7
-10.4
vte1908 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
2,580
58.1
+8.6
Conservative
Ferdinand-Joseph Robidoux
1,860
41.9
-5.3
vte1904 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
2,078
49.5
-7.9
Conservative
George McInerney
1,979
47.2
+4.6
Independent Liberal
Pascal Herbert
138
3.3
*
vte1900 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
2,447
57.4
+14.8
Conservative
George McInerney
1,816
42.6
-14.8
vte1896 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George McInerney
2,041
57.4
-5.6
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
1,514
42.6
+5.6
vte1891 Canadian federal election: Kent
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Édouard H. Léger
1,722
63.0
+7.5
Liberal
Olivier J. Leblanc
1,011
37.0
-7.5
References
Olivier J. Leblanc – Parliament of Canada biography
The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, JA Gemmill
The Canadian Parliament; biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3, 1904
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=15856","external_links_name":"Olivier J. Leblanc – Parliament of Canada biography"},{"Link":"http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?doc=32961","external_links_name":"The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, JA Gemmill"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/canadianparliame00montuoft","external_links_name":"The Canadian Parliament; biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3, 1904"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317274541","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivier_J._Leblanc&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICU_Medical
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ICU Medical
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["1 History","2 Products","2.1 Infusion therapy","2.2 Oncology","2.3 Critical care","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ICU Medical, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: ICUIS&P 600 componentFounded1984; 40 years ago (1984)HeadquartersSan Clemente, California, United StatesProductsInfusion pumps, solutions, sets, and needlefree connectors; critical care monitoring products and systems; oncology drug delivery systemsRevenue$2.28 billion (2022 est) Number of employeesApproximately 12,000Websiteicumed.com
ICU Medical, Inc. is a San Clemente, California-based company with global operations. ICU Medical products are designed to prevent bloodstream infections and protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious diseases or hazardous drugs. ICU Medical product line includes intravenous therapy (IV) products, pumps, needle-free vascular access devices, custom infusion sets, closed system hazardous drug handling devices and systems, sensor catheters, needle-free closed blood sampling systems, and hemodynamic monitoring systems.
ICU Medical products are designed to prevent bloodstream infections and protecting healthcare workers from exposure to infectious diseases or hazardous drugs. In addition, the company's IV medication compounding and delivery products are designed to improve medication and dosing accuracy and improve clinical workflows. ICU Medical has been named one of the 100 Most Trustworthy Companies in America by Forbes Magazine.
History
The company was founded in 1984 by George "Doc" Lopez, MD who developed a product known as the ClickLock to better secure IV lines after he lost a patient due to an accidental disconnect. The ClickLock consisted of a protected needle and locking housing that prevented health care workers from being accidentally stuck by the I.V. needles.
In 2006, ICU Medical introduced its first products for oncology. The ChemoClave system from ICU Medical is a closed system transfer device (CSTD) that allows pharmacists and nurses to safely mix and administer hazardous drugs used to treat cancer patients without exposing themselves to these drugs.
ICU Medical acquired the former Abbott Laboratories Critical Care business from Hospira in 2009 following a four-year business arrangement in which ICU acted as the manufacturer of the Hospira critical care product line. The acquisition allowed ICU to obtain new manufacturing space in Salt Lake City, Utah, while it also broadened the company's footprint in the hospital marketplace with products designed for use in high acuity clinical settings like the operating room and intensive care unit. Infusion Therapy: ICU Medical provides a line of needle-free IV connectors including the Neutron Catheter Patency Device (above) as well as a line of custom and stock IV sets. Oncology: The Diana Hazardous Drug Compounding System is the latest advance from ICU Medical for the safe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer. Critical Care: The SafeSet Closed Blood Sampling System from ICU Medical helps clinicians conserve blood in the operating room and intensive care unit.With the February 2017 acquisition of the Hospira Infusion Systems business from Pfizer, ICU Medical became one of the leading pure-play infusion companies.
Products
Infusion therapy
Over 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of IV therapy during their stay. As a result, infusion devices must be safe, reliable, and cost-effective. ICU Medical's infusion therapy products include a line of needle-free IV connectors that provide significant clinical advantage over other devices, along with a range of custom and stock infusion sets and kits for adult, pediatric, and neonatal applications.
ICU Medical's line of needle-free connectors are mechanically and microbiologically closed systems protecting the patient's catheter from contamination that can otherwise lead to bloodstream infections. They feature a unique passive technology that cannot accept a needle, ensuring compliance with needle-free policies. These connectors can be used on all peripheral, arterial, and central venous catheters for the administration of IV fluids or medication, and can be used with blood products. No additional components or adapters are required to access the device, and no end caps are required for sterility. Featuring a dedicated internal fluid path, at no time does the internal fluid path come into contact with the exterior or outer housing of the devices. In addition, the devices' unique design features may help reduce the risk of bacterial contamination:
The company launched the Neutron catheter patency device, a needle-free infusion access device that is the first and only device the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared to claim the ability to eliminate all types of reflux into a catheter. Blood reflux, or blood backing up into the catheter, has been shown to cause catheter occlusion. Blood reflux can lead to an intraluminal thrombus, which may result in an inability to infuse IV fluids/medications, an inability to withdraw blood, and an increased risk of infection. The Neutron device eliminates reflux caused by external factors such as connecting and disconnecting a luer, and is the only device that can eliminate reflux caused by changes to a patient's vascular pressure changes caused by coughing, sneezing, crying or vomiting. In clinical use, Neutron has been shown to reduce the instance of catheter occlusion by 50%.
In 2015, ICU Medical acquired Excelsior Medical Corporation, a manufacturer of healthcare devices used to disinfect and protect access into a patient's bloodstream. Acquired products included the SwabCap and SwabFlush, as well as pre-filled saline and heparin flush syringes. The total purchase price for Excelsior was $59.5 million, however ICU immediately sold the operating assets of SwabFlush and pre-filled syringe businesses to Medline Industries, Inc. for $27 million.
Oncology
Cancer claimed the lives of an estimated 7.9 million people in 2007 alone. Experts expect this number to double before 2030. The unsafe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer has been recognized since the 1970s as a significant health hazard to workers. Studies have shown that workers can be at risk of exposure to these drugs throughout their lifecycle—from manufacture to distribution to use in the clinical or home care environment and all the way through to waste disposal. Healthcare workers who handle these drugs may be exposed by inhaling aerosols or dust generated during pharmacy preparation and nursing administration, or by direct contact with the skin during accidental needlesticks, spills, or spill cleanup.
ICU Medical's oncology product line is designed specifically to keep healthcare workers and patients safe from exposure to hazardous drugs. The line includes the ChemoClave closed system transfer device (CSTD) that allows for the safe mixing and administration of hazardous drugs. Recent studies found that the ChemoClave system protects clinicians from exposure to hazardous drugs, increases clinician satisfaction rates, costs less and generates less biohazardous waste than other commercially available CSTDs. In 2012, the company introduced the Diana Hazardous drug compounding system, a user-controlled automated system that helps protect clinicians from exposure to hazardous drugs and accidental needlesticks while protecting the patient preparation from exposure to environmental contaminants.
Critical care
ICU Medical's line of critical care products provides real-time hemodynamic monitoring, blood conservation solutions, oximetry catheter technology that helps optimize oxygen supply and demand, critical care catheters with no natural rubber latex components, and accurate and reliable hemodynamic transducer kits. The critical care portfolio provides clinicians with accurate, reliable, and real-time access to their patients’ cardiovascular and hemodynamic status in surgical and intensive care settings. In addition, ICU Medical's line of advanced sensor catheters, having no natural rubber latex components, helps keep patients safe from potentially lethal allergic reactions. Formerly the Abbott critical care business unit, ICU Medical acquired the Critical Care business from Hospira (itself a spin-off from Abbott) in 2009. Since then, the company has been focusing on streamlining and modernizing the manufacturing processes for these products and actively developing new solutions to bring to market.
In 2016, ICU Medical Critical Care received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance for its new Cogent 2-in-1 hemodynamic monitoring system, the first and only hemodynamic monitoring system to accept both minimally invasive and invasive inputs, letting clinicians use a single monitor regardless of fluctuations in patient acuity and monitoring requirements.
References
^ "ICU Medical Full Year 2022 Earnings: Beats Expectations". March 2023.
^ a b "ICUI Profile | ICU Medical, Inc. Stock - Yahoo! Finance". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ a b "ICU Medical - Human Connections". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ Dill, Kathryn. "America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies". forbes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ "Project Management For Product Development". Projectinsight.net. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "Company Overview | ICU Medical - Human Connections". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ ChemoClave™ (2011-11-04). "Oncology | ICU Medical - Human Connections". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "Hospira - Investor Relations - News Release". Hospirainvestor.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ Pringle, Sarah (6 January 2017). "ICU Medical Wins Big Price Cut to Buy Pfizer's Hospira Unit". thestreet.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ "Minimizing the Risk of IV Therapy Lawsuits". Resourcenurse.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "Breaking Study at Infusion Nurses Society (INS) Annual Meeting Shows ICU Medical's MicroCLAVE(R) Has "Significantly Lower Bacterial Transfer Rate" Than All Other Needlefree I.V. Connectors Tested | Finance — paidContent". Finance.paidcontent.org. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "ICU Medical's Custom IV System Shown to Help Reduce NICU Infection Rates, Medication Errors". infectioncontroltoday.com. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ "Clave Needlefree Connector | ICU Medical". Icumed.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "510(k) Premarket Notification". Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ Gorski, Lisa A.; Czaplewski, Lynn M. (June 2005). "Managing complications of midlines and PICCs". Nursing. 35 (6): 68–69. doi:10.1097/00152193-200506000-00048. PMID 15931129.
^ "ICU Medical Launches Needlefree Catheter Patency Device to Reduce Catheter Occlusions". Infectioncontroltoday.com. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "ICU Medical, Medline split $59.5 Excelsior Medical buy". www.massdevice.com. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ a b c "WHO | Are the number of cancer cases increasing or decreasing in the world?". Who.int. 2008-04-01. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ "Breaking Study: ICU Medical, Inc. ChemoClave® System Costs Less to Implement... - SAN CLEMENTE, Calif., Nov. 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/" (Press release). California: Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ http://Cool-Pharmacy-Technology–Diana-Hazardous-Drug-Compounding-System/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/. Retrieved 2013-01-11. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Corporate Website
Authority control databases
ISNI
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Clemente, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente,_California"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"hazardous drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_drugs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-2"},{"link_name":"intravenous therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"closed system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_drug_transfer_device"},{"link_name":"catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"hemodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icumed-3"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"hazardous drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_drugs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icumed-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"ICU Medical, Inc. is a San Clemente, California-based company with global operations. ICU Medical products are designed to prevent bloodstream infections and protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious diseases or hazardous drugs.[2] ICU Medical product line includes intravenous therapy (IV) products, pumps, needle-free vascular access devices, custom infusion sets, closed system hazardous drug handling devices and systems, sensor catheters, needle-free closed blood sampling systems, and hemodynamic monitoring systems.[3]ICU Medical products are designed to prevent bloodstream infections and protecting healthcare workers from exposure to infectious diseases or hazardous drugs.[2] In addition, the company's IV medication compounding and delivery products are designed to improve medication and dosing accuracy and improve clinical workflows.[3] ICU Medical has been named one of the 100 Most Trustworthy Companies in America by Forbes Magazine.[4]","title":"ICU Medical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George \"Doc\" Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_%22Doc%22_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Abbott Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Hospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospira"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICU_IV_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_System.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICU_Critical_Care_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospira"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1984 by George \"Doc\" Lopez, MD who developed a product known as the ClickLock to better secure IV lines after he lost a patient due to an accidental disconnect.[5] The ClickLock consisted of a protected needle and locking housing that prevented health care workers from being accidentally stuck by the I.V. needles.[6]In 2006, ICU Medical introduced its first products for oncology. The ChemoClave system from ICU Medical is a closed system transfer device (CSTD) that allows pharmacists and nurses to safely mix and administer hazardous drugs used to treat cancer patients without exposing themselves to these drugs.[7]ICU Medical acquired the former Abbott Laboratories Critical Care business from Hospira in 2009 following a four-year business arrangement in which ICU acted as the manufacturer of the Hospira critical care product line.[8] The acquisition allowed ICU to obtain new manufacturing space in Salt Lake City, Utah, while it also broadened the company's footprint in the hospital marketplace with products designed for use in high acuity clinical settings like the operating room and intensive care unit.[citation needed]Infusion Therapy: ICU Medical provides a line of needle-free IV connectors including the Neutron Catheter Patency Device (above) as well as a line of custom and stock IV sets.Oncology: The Diana Hazardous Drug Compounding System is the latest advance from ICU Medical for the safe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer.Critical Care: The SafeSet Closed Blood Sampling System from ICU Medical helps clinicians conserve blood in the operating room and intensive care unit.With the February 2017 acquisition of the Hospira Infusion Systems business from Pfizer, ICU Medical became one of the leading pure-play infusion companies.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IV therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_therapy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"infusion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_therapy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Infusion therapy","text":"Over 90% of hospitalized patients receive some form of IV therapy during their stay.[10] As a result, infusion devices must be safe, reliable, and cost-effective. ICU Medical's infusion therapy products include a line of needle-free IV connectors that provide significant clinical advantage over other devices, along with a range of custom and stock infusion sets and kits for adult, pediatric, and neonatal applications.[11][12]ICU Medical's line of needle-free connectors are mechanically and microbiologically closed systems protecting the patient's catheter from contamination that can otherwise lead to bloodstream infections. They feature a unique passive technology that cannot accept a needle, ensuring compliance with needle-free policies. These connectors can be used on all peripheral, arterial, and central venous catheters for the administration of IV fluids or medication, and can be used with blood products. No additional components or adapters are required to access the device, and no end caps are required for sterility. Featuring a dedicated internal fluid path, at no time does the internal fluid path come into contact with the exterior or outer housing of the devices. In addition, the devices' unique design features may help reduce the risk of bacterial contamination:[13]The company launched the Neutron catheter patency device, a needle-free infusion access device that is the first and only device the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared to claim the ability to eliminate all types of reflux into a catheter.[14] Blood reflux, or blood backing up into the catheter, has been shown to cause catheter occlusion. Blood reflux can lead to an intraluminal thrombus, which may result in an inability to infuse IV fluids/medications, an inability to withdraw blood, and an increased risk of infection.[15] The Neutron device eliminates reflux caused by external factors such as connecting and disconnecting a luer, and is the only device that can eliminate reflux caused by changes to a patient's vascular pressure changes caused by coughing, sneezing, crying or vomiting. In clinical use, Neutron has been shown to reduce the instance of catheter occlusion by 50%.[16]In 2015, ICU Medical acquired Excelsior Medical Corporation, a manufacturer of healthcare devices used to disinfect and protect access into a patient's bloodstream. Acquired products included the SwabCap and SwabFlush, as well as pre-filled saline and heparin flush syringes. The total purchase price for Excelsior was $59.5 million, however ICU immediately sold the operating assets of SwabFlush and pre-filled syringe businesses to Medline Industries, Inc. for $27 million.[17]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Oncology","text":"Cancer claimed the lives of an estimated 7.9 million people in 2007 alone.[18] Experts expect this number to double before 2030.[18] The unsafe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer has been recognized since the 1970s as a significant health hazard to workers. Studies have shown that workers can be at risk of exposure to these drugs throughout their lifecycle—from manufacture to distribution to use in the clinical or home care environment and all the way through to waste disposal. Healthcare workers who handle these drugs may be exposed by inhaling aerosols or dust generated during pharmacy preparation and nursing administration, or by direct contact with the skin during accidental needlesticks, spills, or spill cleanup.[citation needed]ICU Medical's oncology product line is designed specifically to keep healthcare workers and patients safe from exposure to hazardous drugs. The line includes the ChemoClave closed system transfer device (CSTD) that allows for the safe mixing and administration of hazardous drugs. Recent studies found that the ChemoClave system protects clinicians from exposure to hazardous drugs, increases clinician satisfaction rates, costs less and generates less biohazardous waste than other commercially available CSTDs.[18][19] In 2012, the company introduced the Diana Hazardous drug compounding system, a user-controlled automated system that helps protect clinicians from exposure to hazardous drugs and accidental needlesticks while protecting the patient preparation from exposure to environmental contaminants.[20]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Critical care","text":"ICU Medical's line of critical care products provides real-time hemodynamic monitoring, blood conservation solutions, oximetry catheter technology that helps optimize oxygen supply and demand, critical care catheters with no natural rubber latex components, and accurate and reliable hemodynamic transducer kits. The critical care portfolio provides clinicians with accurate, reliable, and real-time access to their patients’ cardiovascular and hemodynamic status in surgical and intensive care settings. In addition, ICU Medical's line of advanced sensor catheters, having no natural rubber latex components, helps keep patients safe from potentially lethal allergic reactions. Formerly the Abbott critical care business unit, ICU Medical acquired the Critical Care business from Hospira (itself a spin-off from Abbott) in 2009. Since then, the company has been focusing on streamlining and modernizing the manufacturing processes for these products and actively developing new solutions to bring to market.[citation needed]In 2016, ICU Medical Critical Care received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance for its new Cogent 2-in-1 hemodynamic monitoring system, the first and only hemodynamic monitoring system to accept both minimally invasive and invasive inputs, letting clinicians use a single monitor regardless of fluctuations in patient acuity and monitoring requirements.[citation needed]","title":"Products"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Infusion Therapy: ICU Medical provides a line of needle-free IV connectors including the Neutron Catheter Patency Device (above) as well as a line of custom and stock IV sets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ICU_IV_1.jpg/220px-ICU_IV_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oncology: The Diana Hazardous Drug Compounding System is the latest advance from ICU Medical for the safe handling of hazardous drugs used to treat many forms of cancer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Diana_System.jpg/220px-Diana_System.jpg"},{"image_text":"Critical Care: The SafeSet Closed Blood Sampling System from ICU Medical helps clinicians conserve blood in the operating room and intensive care unit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ICU_Critical_Care_1.jpg/220px-ICU_Critical_Care_1.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ICU Medical Full Year 2022 Earnings: Beats Expectations\". March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/icu-medical-full-2022-earnings-101540407.html#:~:text=ICU%20Medical%20(NASDAQ%3AICUI)%20Full%20Year%202022%20Results&text=Revenue%3A%20US%242.28b%20(up,m%20profit%20in%20FY%202021).","url_text":"\"ICU Medical Full Year 2022 Earnings: Beats Expectations\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICUI Profile | ICU Medical, Inc. Stock - Yahoo! Finance\". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=ICUI","url_text":"\"ICUI Profile | ICU Medical, Inc. Stock - Yahoo! Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICU Medical - Human Connections\". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icumed.com/","url_text":"\"ICU Medical - Human Connections\""}]},{"reference":"Dill, Kathryn. \"America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies\". forbes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2014/03/18/americas-100-most-trustworthy-companies/2/","url_text":"\"America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project Management For Product Development\". Projectinsight.net. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projectinsight.net/success/product-development/project-management-for-medical-devices.aspx","url_text":"\"Project Management For Product Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview | ICU Medical - Human Connections\". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icumed.com/about.asp","url_text":"\"Company Overview | ICU Medical - Human Connections\""}]},{"reference":"ChemoClave™ (2011-11-04). \"Oncology | ICU Medical - Human Connections\". Icumed.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icumed.com/products/oncology.aspx","url_text":"\"Oncology | ICU Medical - Human Connections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hospira - Investor Relations - News Release\". Hospirainvestor.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hospirainvestor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=175550&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1306059&highlight=","url_text":"\"Hospira - Investor Relations - News Release\""}]},{"reference":"Pringle, Sarah (6 January 2017). \"ICU Medical Wins Big Price Cut to Buy Pfizer's Hospira Unit\". thestreet.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestreet.com/story/13945291/1/icu-medical-wins-big-cut-in-price-for-pfizer-s-hospira.html?puc=yahoo&cm_ven=YAHOO&yptr=yahoo","url_text":"\"ICU Medical Wins Big Price Cut to Buy Pfizer's Hospira Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minimizing the Risk of IV Therapy Lawsuits\". Resourcenurse.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118055042/http://www.resourcenurse.com/feature_legal_iv.html","url_text":"\"Minimizing the Risk of IV Therapy Lawsuits\""},{"url":"http://www.resourcenurse.com/feature_legal_iv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking Study at Infusion Nurses Society (INS) Annual Meeting Shows ICU Medical's MicroCLAVE(R) Has \"Significantly Lower Bacterial Transfer Rate\" Than All Other Needlefree I.V. Connectors Tested | Finance — paidContent\". Finance.paidcontent.org. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://finance.paidcontent.org/paidcontent/news/read?Symbol=537%3A940704&GUID=18530183","url_text":"\"Breaking Study at Infusion Nurses Society (INS) Annual Meeting Shows ICU Medical's MicroCLAVE(R) Has \"Significantly Lower Bacterial Transfer Rate\" Than All Other Needlefree I.V. Connectors Tested | Finance — paidContent\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICU Medical's Custom IV System Shown to Help Reduce NICU Infection Rates, Medication Errors\". infectioncontroltoday.com. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2012/06/icu-medicals-custom-iv-system-shown-to-help-reduce-nicu-infection-rates-medication-errors.aspx","url_text":"\"ICU Medical's Custom IV System Shown to Help Reduce NICU Infection Rates, Medication Errors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clave Needlefree Connector | ICU Medical\". Icumed.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620132124/http://www.icumed.com/products/infusion-therapy/needlefree-vascular-access-devices/clave.aspx","url_text":"\"Clave Needlefree Connector | ICU Medical\""},{"url":"http://www.icumed.com/products/infusion-therapy/needlefree-vascular-access-devices/clave.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"510(k) Premarket Notification\". Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=33340","url_text":"\"510(k) Premarket Notification\""}]},{"reference":"Gorski, Lisa A.; Czaplewski, Lynn M. (June 2005). \"Managing complications of midlines and PICCs\". Nursing. 35 (6): 68–69. doi:10.1097/00152193-200506000-00048. PMID 15931129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00152193-200506000-00048","url_text":"10.1097/00152193-200506000-00048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931129","url_text":"15931129"}]},{"reference":"\"ICU Medical Launches Needlefree Catheter Patency Device to Reduce Catheter Occlusions\". Infectioncontroltoday.com. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2011/10/icu-medical-launches-needlefree-catheter-patency-device-to-reduce-catheter-occlusions.aspx","url_text":"\"ICU Medical Launches Needlefree Catheter Patency Device to Reduce Catheter Occlusions\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICU Medical, Medline split $59.5 Excelsior Medical buy\". www.massdevice.com. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.massdevice.com/icu-medical-medline-split-59-5-excelsior-medical-buy/","url_text":"\"ICU Medical, Medline split $59.5 Excelsior Medical buy\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHO | Are the number of cancer cases increasing or decreasing in the world?\". Who.int. 2008-04-01. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519180733/http://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html","url_text":"\"WHO | Are the number of cancer cases increasing or decreasing in the world?\""},{"url":"http://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking Study: ICU Medical, Inc. ChemoClave® System Costs Less to Implement... - SAN CLEMENTE, Calif., Nov. 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/\" (Press release). California: Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/breaking-study-icu-medical-inc-chemoclave-system-costs-less-to-implement-than-any-closed-system-transfer-device-for-the-safe-handling-of-hazardous-drugs-133450658.html","url_text":"\"Breaking Study: ICU Medical, Inc. ChemoClave® System Costs Less to Implement... - SAN CLEMENTE, Calif., Nov. 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/\""}]},{"reference":"http://Cool-Pharmacy-Technology–Diana-Hazardous-Drug-Compounding-System/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/. Retrieved 2013-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://xn--cool-pharmacy-technologydiana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system-bl63b/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/","url_text":"http://Cool-Pharmacy-Technology–Diana-Hazardous-Drug-Compounding-System/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/"}]}]
|
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Finance\""},{"Link":"http://www.icumed.com/","external_links_name":"\"ICU Medical - Human Connections\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2014/03/18/americas-100-most-trustworthy-companies/2/","external_links_name":"\"America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies\""},{"Link":"http://www.projectinsight.net/success/product-development/project-management-for-medical-devices.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Project Management For Product Development\""},{"Link":"http://www.icumed.com/about.asp","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview | ICU Medical - Human Connections\""},{"Link":"http://www.icumed.com/products/oncology.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Oncology | ICU Medical - Human Connections\""},{"Link":"http://www.hospirainvestor.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=175550&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1306059&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"Hospira - Investor Relations - News Release\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestreet.com/story/13945291/1/icu-medical-wins-big-cut-in-price-for-pfizer-s-hospira.html?puc=yahoo&cm_ven=YAHOO&yptr=yahoo","external_links_name":"\"ICU Medical Wins Big Price Cut to Buy Pfizer's Hospira Unit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118055042/http://www.resourcenurse.com/feature_legal_iv.html","external_links_name":"\"Minimizing the Risk of IV Therapy Lawsuits\""},{"Link":"http://www.resourcenurse.com/feature_legal_iv.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://finance.paidcontent.org/paidcontent/news/read?Symbol=537%3A940704&GUID=18530183","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Study at Infusion Nurses Society (INS) Annual Meeting Shows ICU Medical's MicroCLAVE(R) Has \"Significantly Lower Bacterial Transfer Rate\" Than All Other Needlefree I.V. Connectors Tested | Finance — paidContent\""},{"Link":"http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2012/06/icu-medicals-custom-iv-system-shown-to-help-reduce-nicu-infection-rates-medication-errors.aspx","external_links_name":"\"ICU Medical's Custom IV System Shown to Help Reduce NICU Infection Rates, Medication Errors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620132124/http://www.icumed.com/products/infusion-therapy/needlefree-vascular-access-devices/clave.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clave Needlefree Connector | ICU Medical\""},{"Link":"http://www.icumed.com/products/infusion-therapy/needlefree-vascular-access-devices/clave.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=33340","external_links_name":"\"510(k) Premarket Notification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00152193-200506000-00048","external_links_name":"10.1097/00152193-200506000-00048"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931129","external_links_name":"15931129"},{"Link":"http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2011/10/icu-medical-launches-needlefree-catheter-patency-device-to-reduce-catheter-occlusions.aspx","external_links_name":"\"ICU Medical Launches Needlefree Catheter Patency Device to Reduce Catheter Occlusions\""},{"Link":"http://www.massdevice.com/icu-medical-medline-split-59-5-excelsior-medical-buy/","external_links_name":"\"ICU Medical, Medline split $59.5 Excelsior Medical buy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050519180733/http://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html","external_links_name":"\"WHO | Are the number of cancer cases increasing or decreasing in the world?\""},{"Link":"http://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/breaking-study-icu-medical-inc-chemoclave-system-costs-less-to-implement-than-any-closed-system-transfer-device-for-the-safe-handling-of-hazardous-drugs-133450658.html","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Study: ICU Medical, Inc. ChemoClave® System Costs Less to Implement... - SAN CLEMENTE, Calif., Nov. 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/\""},{"Link":"http://xn--cool-pharmacy-technologydiana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system-bl63b/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/","external_links_name":"http://Cool-Pharmacy-Technology–Diana-Hazardous-Drug-Compounding-System/jerryfahrni.com/2012/12/cool-pharmacy-technology-diana-hazardous-drug-compounding-system/"},{"Link":"http://www.icumed.com/","external_links_name":"Corporate Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404172977","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kwami_Zinga
|
Roger Kwami Zinga
|
["1 Life and career","2 Libanga","3 Death","4 References"]
|
Roger Kwami ZingaRoger Kwami with Monique Mbeka Phoba (left)BornRoger Kwami Mambu Zinga1943Died22 February 2004KinshasaNationalityDemocratic Republic of the CongoOccupationFilmmakerKnown forMoseka
Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga (1943 – 22 February 2004) was a filmmaker in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
Life and career
Kwami Mambu Zinga studied film at the Institut des Arts de Diffusion (IAD) at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, graduating in 1971.
The next year he was the author of the first Congolese film to win an award in an international festival.
His Moseka won the prize for short film at FESPACO 1972.
This movie shows the return of the native son to the DRC after studying in Belgium and adjusting to his new life back in Zaire.
He co-directed Tango ya ba Wendo (1993) with the Belgian documentary maker Mirko Popovitch.
This film documents the old and talented Congolese musician Wendo Kolossoy, considered to be the "father of Congolese music".
Libanga
For almost two decades Kwami tried to make Libanga, a feature film, but conditions in Zaire did not make this possible.
However, he directed several other films.
Death
At the time of his death he held the position of Director of Cinematography for television. He was also the President of the Congolese Association of Filmmakers and an active member of the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fepaci), for which he was the Regional Secretary for Central Africa.
He died on 22 February 2004 in Kinshasa.
References
^ a b Monique Mbeka Phoba. "Hommage : in memoriam Roger Kwami Zinga (1943-2004)". AfriBD. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ "ROGER KWAMI MAMBU ZINGA - MOSEKA". Amakula. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ "TANGO YA BA WENDO (WENDO, PÈRE DE LA RUMBA ZAÏROISE)". Africine. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ "Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga". Africultures. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ "Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga". FCAT. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"}],"text":"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga (1943 – 22 February 2004) was a filmmaker in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).","title":"Roger Kwami Zinga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louvain-la-Neuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve"},{"link_name":"Moseka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseka"},{"link_name":"FESPACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FESPACO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mbeka-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tango ya ba Wendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_ya_ba_Wendo"},{"link_name":"Mirko Popovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Popovitch"},{"link_name":"Wendo Kolossoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendo_Kolossoy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kwami Mambu Zinga studied film at the Institut des Arts de Diffusion (IAD) at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, graduating in 1971.\nThe next year he was the author of the first Congolese film to win an award in an international festival. \nHis Moseka won the prize for short film at FESPACO 1972.[1] \nThis movie shows the return of the native son to the DRC after studying in Belgium and adjusting to his new life back in Zaire.[2]\nHe co-directed Tango ya ba Wendo (1993) with the Belgian documentary maker Mirko Popovitch.\nThis film documents the old and talented Congolese musician Wendo Kolossoy, considered to be the \"father of Congolese music\".[3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For almost two decades Kwami tried to make Libanga, a feature film, but conditions in Zaire did not make this possible.[4]\nHowever, he directed several other films.[5]","title":"Libanga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan African Federation of Filmmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Federation_of_Filmmakers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mbeka-1"}],"text":"At the time of his death he held the position of Director of Cinematography for television. He was also the President of the Congolese Association of Filmmakers and an active member of the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fepaci), for which he was the Regional Secretary for Central Africa. \nHe died on 22 February 2004 in Kinshasa.[1]","title":"Death"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Monique Mbeka Phoba. \"Hommage : in memoriam Roger Kwami Zinga (1943-2004)\". AfriBD. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afribd.com/article.php?no=8745","url_text":"\"Hommage : in memoriam Roger Kwami Zinga (1943-2004)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ROGER KWAMI MAMBU ZINGA - MOSEKA\". Amakula. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amakula.com/person/roger-kwami-mambu-zinga","url_text":"\"ROGER KWAMI MAMBU ZINGA - MOSEKA\""}]},{"reference":"\"TANGO YA BA WENDO (WENDO, PÈRE DE LA RUMBA ZAÏROISE)\". Africine. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=5090","url_text":"\"TANGO YA BA WENDO (WENDO, PÈRE DE LA RUMBA ZAÏROISE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\". Africultures. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=11740","url_text":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\". FCAT. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcat.es/FCAT/index.php?option=com_zoo&task=item&item_id=795&app_id=2&Itemid=37","url_text":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.afribd.com/article.php?no=8745","external_links_name":"\"Hommage : in memoriam Roger Kwami Zinga (1943-2004)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amakula.com/person/roger-kwami-mambu-zinga","external_links_name":"\"ROGER KWAMI MAMBU ZINGA - MOSEKA\""},{"Link":"http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=5090","external_links_name":"\"TANGO YA BA WENDO (WENDO, PÈRE DE LA RUMBA ZAÏROISE)\""},{"Link":"http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=11740","external_links_name":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\""},{"Link":"http://www.fcat.es/FCAT/index.php?option=com_zoo&task=item&item_id=795&app_id=2&Itemid=37","external_links_name":"\"Roger Kwami Mambu Zinga\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_WTA_Awards
|
2013 WTA Awards
|
["1 The awards","1.1 Player of the Year","1.2 Doubles Team of the Year","1.3 Most Improved Player of the Year","1.4 Newcomer of the Year","1.5 Comeback Player of the Year","1.6 Diamond Aces","1.7 Fan Favourite Singles Player","1.8 Fan Favourite Doubles Team","1.9 Fan Favourite Player on Twitter","1.10 Fan Favourite Player on Facebook","1.11 Fan Favourite WTA Video of the Year","1.12 Fan Favourite WTA Live Show of the Year","1.13 WTA Shot of the Year","1.14 WTA Match of the Year","2 References"]
|
2013 WTA AwardsDetailsAchievements (singles)AwardsPlayer of the year Serena WilliamsMost improved player of the year Simona HalepNewcomer of the year Eugenie BouchardComeback player of the year Alisa Kleybanova← 2012 2014 →
The 2013 WTA Awards are a series of awards given by the Women's Tennis Association to players who have achieved something remarkable during the 2013 WTA Tour.
The awards
These awards are decided by either the media, the players, the association, or the fans. Nominees were announced by the WTA's Twitter account.
Note: award winners in bold
Player of the Year
Serena Williams
Doubles Team of the Year
Sara Errani & Roberta Vinci
Su-Wei Hsieh & Peng Shuai
Ashleigh Barty & Casey Dellacqua
Most Improved Player of the Year
Simona Halep
Sloane Stephens
Carla Suárez Navarro
Newcomer of the Year
Eugenie Bouchard
Monica Puig
Madison Keys
Comeback Player of the Year
Alisa Kleybanova
Andrea Petkovic
Flavia Pennetta
Diamond Aces
Victoria Azarenka
Fan Favourite Singles Player
Agnieszka Radwańska
Li Na
Serena Williams
Maria Sharapova
Victoria Azarenka
Fan Favourite Doubles Team
Ekaterina Makarova & Elena Vesnina
Su-Wei Hsieh & Peng Shuai
Ashleigh Barty & Casey Dellacqua
Sara Errani & Roberta Vinci
Fan Favourite Player on Twitter
Maria Sharapova
Serena Williams
Victoria Azarenka
Caroline Wozniacki
Fan Favourite Player on Facebook
Maria Sharapova
Petra Kvitová
Ana Ivanovic
Victoria Azarenka
Fan Favourite WTA Video of the Year
WTA 40 LOVE Story presented by Xerox | Episode 10: 2013 – 40th Anniversary of the WTA()
Pre-Wimbledon Party
Dubai Duty Free Travel Show | Caroline Wozniacki
2013 TEB BNP Paribas WTA Championships – Istanbul Draw Ceremony
Fan Favourite WTA Live Show of the Year
Western & Southern Open()
WTA 40 LOVE Event
Pre-Wimbledon Party
Sony Open Tennis
Southern California Open
WTA Shot of the Year
Agnieszka Radwańska (quarterfinals of 2013 Sony Open Tennis against Kirsten Flipkens)()
Victoria Azarenka (final of 2013 Western & Southern Open against Serena Williams)
Maria Sharapova (final of 2013 Sony Open Tennis against Serena Williams)
Caroline Wozniacki (first round of 2013 Qatar Total Open against Mervana Jugić-Salkić)
Serena Williams (round robin at 2013 WTA Tour Championships against Angelique Kerber)
WTA Match of the Year
Maria Sharapova vs Victoria Azarenka (semifinals of 2013 French Open)()
Serena Williams vs Petra Kvitová (quarterfinals of 2013 Qatar Total Open)
Victoria Azarenka vs Li Na (final of 2013 Australian Open)
Sabine Lisicki vs Serena Williams (Fourth round of 2013 Wimbledon Championships)
Serena Williams vs Maria Sharapova (final of 2013 French Open)
References
^ "@WTA" on Twitter
^ "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ a b c d e f "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
^ a b "Women's Tennis News | WTA Tennis".
vteWTA Awards
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"awards given by the Women's Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"2013 WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_WTA_Tour"}],"text":"The 2013 WTA Awards are a series of awards given by the Women's Tennis Association to players who have achieved something remarkable during the 2013 WTA Tour.","title":"2013 WTA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"These awards are decided by either the media, the players, the association, or the fans. Nominees were announced by the WTA's Twitter account.[1]Note: award winners in bold","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Player of the Year","text":"Serena Williams[2]","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sara Errani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Errani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roberta Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Su-Wei Hsieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-Wei_Hsieh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Peng Shuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Shuai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Barty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Casey Dellacqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Dellacqua"}],"sub_title":"Doubles Team of the Year","text":"Sara Errani & Roberta Vinci[3]\n Su-Wei Hsieh & Peng Shuai\n Ashleigh Barty & Casey Dellacqua","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Simona Halep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simona_Halep"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sloane Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Stephens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Carla Suárez Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Su%C3%A1rez_Navarro"}],"sub_title":"Most Improved Player of the Year","text":"Simona Halep[4]\n Sloane Stephens\n Carla Suárez Navarro","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Eugenie Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Monica Puig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Puig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Madison Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Keys"}],"sub_title":"Newcomer of the Year","text":"Eugenie Bouchard[5]\n Monica Puig\n Madison Keys","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Alisa Kleybanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa_Kleybanova"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Andrea Petkovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Petkovic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Flavia Pennetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Pennetta"}],"sub_title":"Comeback Player of the Year","text":"Alisa Kleybanova[6]\n Andrea Petkovic\n Flavia Pennetta","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"}],"sub_title":"Diamond Aces","text":"Victoria Azarenka","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Radwańska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Li Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Na"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite Singles Player","text":"Agnieszka Radwańska[7]\n Li Na\n Serena Williams\n Maria Sharapova\n Victoria Azarenka","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Makarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Makarova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Elena Vesnina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Vesnina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Su-Wei Hsieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-Wei_Hsieh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Peng Shuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Shuai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Barty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Casey Dellacqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Dellacqua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sara Errani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Errani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roberta Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Vinci"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite Doubles Team","text":"Ekaterina Makarova & Elena Vesnina[7]\n Su-Wei Hsieh & Peng Shuai\n Ashleigh Barty & Casey Dellacqua\n Sara Errani & Roberta Vinci","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Caroline Wozniacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Wozniacki"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite Player on Twitter","text":"Maria Sharapova[7]\n Serena Williams\n Victoria Azarenka\n Caroline Wozniacki","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Petra Kvitová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ana Ivanovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Ivanovic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite Player on Facebook","text":"Maria Sharapova[7]\n Petra Kvitová\n Ana Ivanovic\n Victoria Azarenka","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUoPtT1K9yk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite WTA Video of the Year","text":"WTA 40 LOVE Story presented by Xerox | Episode 10: 2013 – 40th Anniversary of the WTA([1])[7]\nPre-Wimbledon Party\nDubai Duty Free Travel Show | Caroline Wozniacki\n2013 TEB BNP Paribas WTA Championships – Istanbul Draw Ceremony","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oqIADtxXn4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner1-7"}],"sub_title":"Fan Favourite WTA Live Show of the Year","text":"Western & Southern Open([2])[7]\nWTA 40 LOVE Event\nPre-Wimbledon Party\nSony Open Tennis\nSouthern California Open","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Radwańska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"2013 Sony Open Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sony_Open_Tennis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Flipkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Flipkens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8KvrhP1DtE"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"link_name":"2013 Western & Southern Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Western_%26_Southern_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria 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Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_WTA_Tour_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Angelique Kerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelique_Kerber"}],"sub_title":"WTA Shot of the Year","text":"Agnieszka Radwańska (quarterfinals of 2013 Sony Open Tennis against Kirsten Flipkens)([3])[8]\n Victoria Azarenka (final of 2013 Western & Southern Open against Serena Williams)\n Maria Sharapova (final of 2013 Sony Open Tennis against Serena Williams)\n Caroline Wozniacki (first round of 2013 Qatar Total Open against Mervana Jugić-Salkić)\n Serena Williams (round robin at 2013 WTA Tour Championships against Angelique Kerber)","title":"The awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"link_name":"2013 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_French_Open"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s-ptGtkfFw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fan_winner2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Petra Kvitová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kvitov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"2013 Qatar Total Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Qatar_Total_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Li Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Na"},{"link_name":"2013 Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Australian_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sabine Lisicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"2013 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"2013 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_French_Open"}],"sub_title":"WTA Match of the Year","text":"Maria Sharapova vs Victoria Azarenka (semifinals of 2013 French Open)([4])[8]\n Serena Williams vs Petra Kvitová (quarterfinals of 2013 Qatar Total Open)\n Victoria Azarenka vs Li Na (final of 2013 Australian Open)\n Sabine Lisicki vs Serena Williams (Fourth round of 2013 Wimbledon Championships)\n Serena Williams vs Maria Sharapova (final of 2013 French Open)","title":"The awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Emanuel
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Mike Emanuel
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mike Emanuel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mike Emanuel (born December 10, 1967) is the Chief Washington Correspondent and a former White House Correspondents' Association journalist for Fox News. He has worked for the network since July 1997. He hosts Fox News Live on Sunday at 1 p.m. ET and regularly fills-in on Special Report, Fox News @ Night, Fox News Sunday, America's Newsroom, America Reports, and Fox Report.
Prior to working for Fox News Channel, Mike Emanuel was a television journalist anchor/reporter for local TV stations in Midland-Odessa, Texas, Waco, Texas, Austin, Texas, and Los Angeles.
Emanuel grew up in Westfield, New Jersey. He holds a degree in Communication from Rutgers College of Rutgers University-New Brunswick. During his college years, Emanuel announced Rutgers sports on WRSU-FM.
Mike Emanuel is Greek-American and an Orthodox Christian.
References
^ "Major Garrett leaving Fox News for National Journal". The Washington Post. August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
^ Staff. "Fox News White House Correspondent Mike Emanuel to Speak at Stockton Scholarship Luncheon", Stockton University, October 25, 2010. Accessed December 17, 2011. "Greek-American Mike Emanuel grew up in Westfield, New Jersey and attended Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church."
^ Emanuel, Mike (March 11, 2013). "Mazel Tov from your Greek Orthodox buddy, Liz! Congratulations! Sorry your DC friends couldn't get up there tonight". Twitter.
From Rutgers Student Radio to the Front Row of History
https://rutgersfoundation.org/news/rutgers-student-radio-front-row-history
External links
https://www.foxnews.com/person/e/mike-emanuel
https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/playbook-birthday-mike-emanuel-079814
https://blogs.goarch.org/blog/-/blogs/meet-mike-emmanuel-an-oratorical-teen-turned-political-correspondent
https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/short-questions-dana-perino-mike-emanuel
https://patch.com/new-jersey/newarknj/5-rutgers-grads-will-join-hall-distinguished-alumni
https://rutgersfoundation.org/alumni-community/awards-recognition/hall-distinguished-alumni
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Zahn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohrab_Pournazeri
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Sohrab Pournazeri
|
["1 Career","2 Soundtrack Composition","3 Discography","4 Live Performances","5 References","6 External links"]
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Iranian-Kurd musician and composer
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sohrab Pournazeri" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sohrab PournazeriBackground informationBornKermanshahGenresKurdish and Persian Classical MusicOccupation(s)Musician, ComposerInstrument(s)Kamancheh, Tanbour, SetarYears active1997–presentWebsiteSohrab Pournazeri OfficialMusical artist
Sohrab Pournazeri is an Iranian musician and composer. He plays Kamancheh and Tanbour.
Career
Sohrab Pournazeri, born in 1983, is a musician who plays Tanbour, Kamancheh, and Setar.
Sohrab is the son of Kaykhosro Pournazeri, He joined Shams Ensemble at the age of twelve, and since then, he has been collaborating with many musicians worldwide.
As a composer, he has composed for Iranian singers such as Mohammad Reza Shajarian, Homayoun Shajarian, Alireza Ghorbani.
Soundtrack Composition
Flaming directed by Hamid Nematollah 2018
Subdued directed by Hamid Nematollah 2015
Heavy Makeup directed by Hamid Nematollah 2014
Astigmatism directed by Majid-Reza Mostafavi 2018
Vaziat-e Sefid directed by Hamid Nematollah 2012
Penniless directed by Hamid Nematollah 2009
Discography
Albums
Album
Released
Composer
Singer
Tracks
Colors Of Transcendence
-
Tahmoures Pournazeri,
Sohrab Pournazeri
MohammadReza Shajarian
Iran
2018
Sohrab Pournazeri
Homayoun Shajarian
14
Subdue
2017
Sohrab Pournazeri
Homayoun Shajarian
12
Kobane
2016
Sohrab Pournazeri
Donya Kamali
10
Heavy Makeup
2016
Sohrab Pournazeri
Homayoun Shajarian
10
The Lords of the Secrets
2015
Sohrab Pournazeri
Homayoun Shajarian
8
Gypsy Wind
2015
Sohrab Pournazeri,
Rubik Arutzian
-
4
Raindrops
2014
Kaykhosro Pournazeri, Tahmoures Pournazeri
,Sohrab Pournazri
Alireza Ghorbani
12
Nishtiman
2013
Sohrab Pournazeri
Maryam Ebrahimpour
10
Tanbours Chant
2012
Kaykhosro Pournazeri, Tahmoures Pournazeri
,Sohrab Pournazri
Alireza Ghorbani
14
Hidden in Heart
2012
Kaykhosro Pournazeri, Tahmoures Pournazeri,
Sohrab Pournazeri
Hamidreza Norbakhsh
11
Live Performances
2024: 14th Annual Celebration of Nowruz at UCLA represented by Farhang Foundation and Herp Alpert School of Music featuring Tahmoures Pournazeri, Shahab Paranj, Hila Plitmann, Sahar Boroujerdi and the Iranshahr Orchestra with music composed by Richard Danielpour, David Garner, Ahmad Pejman, Reza Vali
2024: "Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi" Europe Tour with Ali Ghamsari
2024: "Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi" Iran Tour with Ali Ghamsari
2023: "Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi" performance with Ali Ghamsari at Sa'dabad Complex
2023: "Diār" performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music with Shahab Paranj, Pejman Haddadi
2023: Persian Classical Music at Flanagan Chapel Hall with Shahab Paranj, Portland, United States
2023: Songs of Love and Loss at Colburn School of Music with Shahab Paranj, Hila Plitmann and the Iranshahr Orchestra, Los Angeles, California
2022: Sohrab Pournazeri & Sahar Boroujerdi at Queen Elizabeth Hall
2022: "300 Show" at Sa'dabad Complex
2021: Sohrab Pournazeri and Sahar Boroujerdi at Pierre Boulez Saal
2021: Festival International de Musique Nouvelle en Franche Comtè at Château de Ray-sur-Saône, France
2021: Sohrab Pournazeri and Ernest Production at Les Dominicains de Haute-Alsace, France
2020: Shamss Ensemble and Homayoun Shajarian at Theatre de la Ville, Paris, France
2020: Bozar Music Festival, Shamss Ensemble and Homayoun Shajarian at Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium
2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Canada (Toronto Meridian Hall, L’Olympia de Montréal, Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Jack Singer Concert Hall)
2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Europe (Gothenburg Concert Hall, Stockholm Concert Hall, Central Hall, The Plaza, Großer Sendesaal des Hessischen Rundfunks, Capitol Theater)
2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in USA (City National Civic, Warner Theater, Cullen Performance Hall, Microsoft Theater)
2019: Farhang Foundation Nowruz Concert (Homayoun Shajarian, Sohrab Pournazeri and Pacific Symphony)
2019: Sohrab Pournazeri & Homayoun Sakhi at Theatre de la Ville, Paris, France
2018: Homayoun Shajarian, Tahmoures & Sohrab Pournazeri at Cemal Reşit Rey (CRR) Concert Hall, Istanbul, Turkey
2018: Shamss Ensemble at FEZ Music Festival, Jnan sbil, Fes, Morocco
2018: Shamss Ensemble at Konya Mystic Music Festival, Konya, Turkey
2018: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Canada (Palais des congrès de Montréal, Sony Centre for the Performing Arts – Meridian Hall, Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Arts Commons)
2017: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Iran (Ministry of Interior Hall)
2017: C Project (30 Nights at Sa'dabad Complex)
2017: Performance at Au Fil Des Voix with Nishtiman Ensemble
2016: Forde Festival with Nishtiman Ensemble
2011: USA tour with Shams Ensemble
2010: Omar Khayyám project with Alireza Ghorbani, Dorsaf Hamdani and Ali Ghamsari
References
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri Launches US Tour". Financial Tribune. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri – TEDxTehran". TEDxTehran – Ideas worth spreading. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri releases duet album". IRNA English. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri". United Voice. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ کوردیپێدیا, Kurdipedia-. "Sohrab Pournazeri". Kurdipedia.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "KOBANE". Accords Croisés. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Kurdistan". Accords Croisés. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "2024 Nowruz Concert at UCLA-Nowruz – Farhang.org". farhang.org. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri – VOLEK". Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ "Ali Ghamsari & Sohrab Pournazeri live in Brussels in Ixelles". bazaarche.com. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ ] "Sa'dabad Complex"], Wikipedia, 14 July 2023, retrieved 27 July 2023 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ "چگونگی در هوای بیچگونگی؛ گزارشی از پرتکرارترین کنسرت این روزها". www.irna.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 27 July 2023.
^ en.irna.ir https://en.irna.ir/photo/85149841/Sohrab-Pournazeri-performs-at-Sa-adabad-Palace. Retrieved 13 April 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Diār". The UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
^ "Persian Classical Concert". college.lclark.edu. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Songs of love and loss for Iran-Concerts – Farhang.org". farhang.org. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri & Sahar Boroujerdi". www.southbankcentre.co.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Musical '300' in Saadabad Palace complex". Honaronline. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "SOHRAB POURNAZERI & SAHAR BOROUJERDI -". boulezsaal.de. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Du Vert A l'infini | France | New Music". Du Vert A L'infini. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri – Archives". Les Dominicains de Haute-Alsace. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Ernest à l'est – Spectacles". Les Dominicains de Haute-Alsace. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Concert Sohrab Pournazeri à Guebwiller 2021 – Les Dominicains : places, billetterie, dates, réservations..." jds.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Ensemble Shamss". Théâtre de la ville de Paris. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Shamss Ensemble, Keykhosro Pournazeri, Homayoun Shajarian". www.brusselslife.be. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian, Tahmoures & Sohrab Pournazeri in Toronto – IRAN.CA". www.iran.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian, Tahmoures and Sohrab Pournazeri". Vtix Online. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian | Arts Commons". artscommons.ca. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Irane Man — 2019-09-21 19:00". Göteborgs Symfoniker (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Iran-e man – The Grand Tour, Homayoun Shajarian, Tahmoures, Sohrab Pournazeri live in concert". CHW. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian & Sohrab Pournazeri – Live in Concert –LOS ANGELES". persiantix. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian & Sohrab Pournazeri – Live in Concert –HOUSTON". persiantix. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian & Sohrab Pournazeri – Live in Concert – WASHINGTON DC". persiantix. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian & Sohrab Pournazeri – SAN JOSE". persiantix. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri Launches US Tour". Financial Tribune. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian Nowruz Concert with the Pacific Symphony". Kodoom.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Farhang's Nowruz at the Pacific Symphony – Farhang.org". farhang.org. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Sohrab Pournazeri / Homayoun Sakhi". Théâtre de la ville de Paris. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Pournazeri et Sakhi, deux luths complices, en concert à Paris". Le Monde.fr (in French). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Concert par Sohrab Pournazeri et Homayoun Sakhi (Afghanistan-Iran)". France Musique (in French). 3 March 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival (Latest Tourism News 2021 about IRAN), travel to iran, Visit Iran". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival". Tehran Times. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian performs for first time in Istanbul". Daily Sabah. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian performs for first time in Istanbul". Mehr News Agency. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian performs for first time in Istanbul – Iran News Daily | Iran News Daily". Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Şeceryan İstanbul'daki İlk Konserini CRR'de Verdi". Haber7 (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Iranian vocalist performs in Konya, Turkey". IRNA English. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Konya Mystic Music Festival to celebrate Rumi's birthdat with Shajarian concert recording". Iran arts. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian, Sohrab and Tahmures Pournazeri Concert". Kodoom.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Homayoun Shajarian, Pournazeris Prepare for Canada Tour". Financial Tribune. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Ci Project Tehran 2017 | Fred Rodrigues". www.fredrodrigues.net. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Shahnameh Multimedia Concert by H. Shajarian, S. Pournazeri". Financial Tribune. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ "Photos: Shajarian, Pournazeri's Shahnameh multimedia concert". The Iran Project. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Siavash Story in Multimedia Concert". Financial Tribune. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ Nishtiman Project, Hussein Zahawy, Sohrab Pournazeri, Kobané (in French), retrieved 10 October 2021
^ "La soirée". Institutkurde.org (in French). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Sohrab Purnazeri performs in Norwegian festival". Tehran Times. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
External links
Official Website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Singer_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Central Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster"},{"link_name":"The Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stockportplaza.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Großer Sendesaal des Hessischen Rundfunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR_Sendesaal"},{"link_name":"Capitol Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theater_(D%C3%BCsseldorf)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"City National Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Civic"},{"link_name":"Warner Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Cullen Performance Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Performance_Hall"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Theater"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Farhang Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//farhang.org/"},{"link_name":"Homayoun Shajarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homayoun_Shajarian"},{"link_name":"Pacific Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Homayoun Sakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homayun_Sakhi"},{"link_name":"Theatre de la Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Homayoun Shajarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homayoun_Shajarian"},{"link_name":"Cemal Reşit Rey (CRR) Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal_Re%C5%9Fit_Rey_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Shamss Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamss_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"FEZ Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sacred_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Fes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Shamss Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamss_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Konya Mystic Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mistikmuzik.org/?page_id=1441"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Palais des congrès de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_congr%C3%A8s_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Sony Centre for the Performing Arts – Meridian Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Hall_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Arts Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Commons"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Interior Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sa'dabad Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Complex"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Au Fil Des Voix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_fil_des_voix"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Forde Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Festival"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Shams Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Omar Khayyám","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m"},{"link_name":"Alireza Ghorbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireza_Ghorbani"},{"link_name":"Dorsaf Hamdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsaf_Hamdani"}],"text":"2024: 14th Annual Celebration of Nowruz at UCLA represented by Farhang Foundation and Herp Alpert School of Music featuring Tahmoures Pournazeri, Shahab Paranj, Hila Plitmann, Sahar Boroujerdi and the Iranshahr Orchestra with music composed by Richard Danielpour, David Garner, Ahmad Pejman, Reza Vali[8]\n2024: \"Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi\" Europe Tour with Ali Ghamsari[9][10]\n2024: \"Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi\" Iran Tour with Ali Ghamsari\n2023: \"Dar Havaye Bi Chegoonegi\" performance with Ali Ghamsari at Sa'dabad Complex[11][12][13]\n2023: \"Diār\" performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music with Shahab Paranj, Pejman Haddadi[14]\n2023: Persian Classical Music at Flanagan Chapel Hall with Shahab Paranj, Portland, United States[15]\n2023: Songs of Love and Loss at Colburn School of Music with Shahab Paranj, Hila Plitmann and the Iranshahr Orchestra, Los Angeles, California[16]\n2022: Sohrab Pournazeri & Sahar Boroujerdi at Queen Elizabeth Hall[17]\n2022: \"300 Show\" at Sa'dabad Complex[18]\n2021: Sohrab Pournazeri and Sahar Boroujerdi at Pierre Boulez Saal[19]\n2021: Festival International de Musique Nouvelle en Franche Comtè at Château de Ray-sur-Saône, France[20]\n2021: Sohrab Pournazeri and Ernest Production at Les Dominicains de Haute-Alsace, France[21][22][23]\n2020: Shamss Ensemble and Homayoun Shajarian at Theatre de la Ville, Paris, France[24]\n2020: Bozar Music Festival, Shamss Ensemble and Homayoun Shajarian at Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium[25]\n2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Canada (Toronto Meridian Hall, L’Olympia de Montréal, Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Jack Singer Concert Hall)[26][27][28]\n2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Europe (Gothenburg Concert Hall, Stockholm Concert Hall, Central Hall, The Plaza, Großer Sendesaal des Hessischen Rundfunks, Capitol Theater) [29][30]\n2019: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in USA (City National Civic, Warner Theater, Cullen Performance Hall, Microsoft Theater) [31][32][33][34][35]\n2019: Farhang Foundation Nowruz Concert (Homayoun Shajarian, Sohrab Pournazeri and Pacific Symphony) [36][37]\n2019: Sohrab Pournazeri & Homayoun Sakhi at Theatre de la Ville, Paris, France[38][39][40]\n2018: Homayoun Shajarian, Tahmoures & Sohrab Pournazeri at Cemal Reşit Rey (CRR) Concert Hall, Istanbul, Turkey[41][42][43][44][45][46]\n2018: Shamss Ensemble at FEZ Music Festival, Jnan sbil, Fes, Morocco\n2018: Shamss Ensemble at Konya Mystic Music Festival, Konya, Turkey [47][48]\n2018: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Canada (Palais des congrès de Montréal, Sony Centre for the Performing Arts – Meridian Hall, Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Arts Commons)[49][50]\n2017: Iran-e Man Concert Tour in Iran (Ministry of Interior Hall)\n2017: C Project (30 Nights at Sa'dabad Complex)[51][52][53][54]\n2017: Performance at Au Fil Des Voix with Nishtiman Ensemble [55][56]\n2016: Forde Festival with Nishtiman Ensemble [57]\n2011: USA tour with Shams Ensemble\n2010: Omar Khayyám project with Alireza Ghorbani, Dorsaf Hamdani and Ali Ghamsari","title":"Live Performances"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri Launches US Tour\". Financial Tribune. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/76028/sohrab-pournazeri-launches-us-tour","url_text":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri Launches US Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri – TEDxTehran\". TEDxTehran – Ideas worth spreading. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tedxtehran.com/speakers/sohrab-pournazeri/","url_text":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri – TEDxTehran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri releases duet album\". IRNA English. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.irna.ir/news/81695150/Sohrab-Pournazeri-releases-duet-album","url_text":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri releases duet album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sohrab Pournazeri\". United Voice. 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Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francemusique.fr/emissions/ocora-couleurs-du-monde/concert-par-sohrab-pournazeri-et-homayoun-sakhi-afghanistan-iran-70427","url_text":"\"Concert par Sohrab Pournazeri et Homayoun Sakhi (Afghanistan-Iran)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival (Latest Tourism News 2021 about IRAN), travel to iran, Visit Iran\". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itto.org/iran/news/Shajarian-to-perform-at-Istanbul-music-festival/","url_text":"\"Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival (Latest Tourism News 2021 about IRAN), travel to iran, Visit Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival\". Tehran Times. 28 November 2018. 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Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranart.news/Section-music-8/52689-konya-mystic-music-festival-to-celebrate-rumi-birthdat-with-shajarian-concert-recording","url_text":"\"Konya Mystic Music Festival to celebrate Rumi's birthdat with Shajarian concert recording\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homayoun Shajarian, Sohrab and Tahmures Pournazeri Concert\". Kodoom.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://events.kodoom.com/en/toronto-canada/homayoun-shajarian-sohrab-and-tahmures-pournazeri-concert/82806/e/","url_text":"\"Homayoun Shajarian, Sohrab and Tahmures Pournazeri Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homayoun Shajarian, Pournazeris Prepare for Canada Tour\". Financial Tribune. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/84047/homayoun-shajarian-pournazeris-prepare-for-canada-tour","url_text":"\"Homayoun Shajarian, Pournazeris Prepare for Canada Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ci Project Tehran 2017 | Fred Rodrigues\". www.fredrodrigues.net. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fredrodrigues.net/software/ci-project-tehran-2017/","url_text":"\"Ci Project Tehran 2017 | Fred Rodrigues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shahnameh Multimedia Concert by H. Shajarian, S. Pournazeri\". Financial Tribune. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/66262/shahnameh-multimedia-concert-by-h-shajarian-s-pournazeri","url_text":"\"Shahnameh Multimedia Concert by H. Shajarian, S. Pournazeri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photos: Shajarian, Pournazeri's Shahnameh multimedia concert\". The Iran Project. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theiranproject.com/blog/2017/08/10/photos-shajarian-pournazeris-shahnameh-multimedia-concert/","url_text":"\"Photos: Shajarian, Pournazeri's Shahnameh multimedia concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siavash Story in Multimedia Concert\". Financial Tribune. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/87940/siavash-story-in-multimedia-concert","url_text":"\"Siavash Story in Multimedia Concert\""}]},{"reference":"Nishtiman Project, Hussein Zahawy, Sohrab Pournazeri, Kobané (in French), retrieved 10 October 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telerama.fr/musiques/nishtiman-project,-hussein-zahawy,-sohrab-pournazeri,152760.php","url_text":"Nishtiman Project, Hussein Zahawy, Sohrab Pournazeri, Kobané"}]},{"reference":"\"La soirée\". Institutkurde.org (in French). Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.institutkurde.org/activites_culturelles/evenement_454.html","url_text":"\"La soirée\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sohrab Purnazeri performs in Norwegian festival\". Tehran Times. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/404032/Sohrab-Purnazeri-performs-in-Norwegian-festival","url_text":"\"Sohrab Purnazeri performs in Norwegian festival\""}]}]
|
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Pournazeri et Homayoun Sakhi (Afghanistan-Iran)\""},{"Link":"https://www.itto.org/iran/news/Shajarian-to-perform-at-Istanbul-music-festival/","external_links_name":"\"Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival (Latest Tourism News 2021 about IRAN), travel to iran, Visit Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/429984/Shajarian-to-perform-at-Istanbul-music-festival","external_links_name":"\"Shajarian to perform at Istanbul music festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/music/2018/12/03/homayoun-shajarian-performs-for-first-time-in-istanbul","external_links_name":"\"Homayoun Shajarian performs for first time in Istanbul\""},{"Link":"https://en.mehrnews.com/news/140186/Homayoun-Shajarian-performs-for-first-time-in-Istanbul","external_links_name":"\"Homayoun Shajarian performs for first time in Istanbul\""},{"Link":"https://irannewsdaily.com/2018/12/homayoun-shajarian-performs-for-first-time-in-istanbul/","external_links_name":"\"Homayoun Shajarian performs for first 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Shajarian, S. Pournazeri\""},{"Link":"https://theiranproject.com/blog/2017/08/10/photos-shajarian-pournazeris-shahnameh-multimedia-concert/","external_links_name":"\"Photos: Shajarian, Pournazeri's Shahnameh multimedia concert\""},{"Link":"https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/87940/siavash-story-in-multimedia-concert","external_links_name":"\"Siavash Story in Multimedia Concert\""},{"Link":"https://www.telerama.fr/musiques/nishtiman-project,-hussein-zahawy,-sohrab-pournazeri,152760.php","external_links_name":"Nishtiman Project, Hussein Zahawy, Sohrab Pournazeri, Kobané"},{"Link":"https://www.institutkurde.org/activites_culturelles/evenement_454.html","external_links_name":"\"La soirée\""},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/404032/Sohrab-Purnazeri-performs-in-Norwegian-festival","external_links_name":"\"Sohrab Purnazeri performs in Norwegian festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.sohrabpournazeri.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000407638955","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f3ef765f-b7bf-4454-a007-c3468796dd24","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_(TWN)
|
Triumph (TWN)
|
["1 Models","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
German bicycle and motorcycle company
TriumphFounded1896FounderSiegfried BettmannDefunct1956FateTaken overSuccessorAdlerHeadquartersNuremberg, GermanyProductsbicycles, motorcycles
Triumph Knirps moped
Triumph BDG 250 H, built from 1952 to 1957
350cc Triumph Boss
Participation certificate of the Triumph Werke Nürnberg AG, issued July 1923
Triumph-Werke Nürnberg AG or TWN, was a German bicycle and motorcycle company. In 1886, Siegfried Bettmann founded the Triumph bicycle factory in Coventry, England, and in 1896 he founded a second bicycle factory in his native Nuremberg, Germany, under the same Triumph name. Both factories branched out into making motorcycles: the Coventry factory in 1902 and the Nuremberg factory in 1903.
In its early decades the Nuremberg factory produced models with the same 499 cc and 545 cc four-stroke engines as its sister plant in Coventry.
Confusion between motorcycles produced by the Coventry and Nuremberg Triumph companies led to the latter's products being renamed "Orial" for certain export markets. However, in the 1920s there was already an Orial motorcycle maker in Lyon, France, so the Nuremberg motorcycles were renamed again as "TWN", standing for Triumph Werke Nürnberg.
After 1913 the English and German factories diverged, with the Nuremberg works making motorcycles with 248 cc and 269 cc two-stroke engines. After the Second World War Triumph made successful models including the 200 cc Cornet split single two-stroke and the split-single 1 cylinder 350 cc Boss. A split single has one "divided" cylinder (with 2 bores) but only one common combustion chamber and spark plug. Triumph/TWN's production of split singles began with the BD250 in 1939 designed by Otto Reitz. In 1953 a 2 cylinder 250 cm³ single-split model Duplex with 4 pistons was shown at a fair, but not produced.
In 1956 Max Grundig took over the Nuremberg company, merged it with his Adler motorcycle and typewriter business and terminated motorcycle production under the Triumph and TWN names.
Models
List of models which were manufactured in Nuremberg
Typ
Year of manufacture
cubic capacity
Kind of motor
Performance
Maximum speed
Knirps
1919–1923
276 ccm
two-stroke
2,2 kW/ 3 hp
40 mph
KK
1923–1926
298 ccm
two-stroke
2,9 kW/ 4 hp
47 mph
T
1924–1927
550 ccm
four stroke(Coventry)
2,9 kW/ 4 hp
56 mph
T II
1924–1927
499 ccm
four stroke(Coventry)
11,8 kW/ 16 hp
56 mph
S
1924–1926
499 ccm
four stroke (Coventry)
2,5 kW/ 3,5 hp
81 mph
K III (Knirps)
1926–1928
250 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/6 hp
50 mph
K IV
1926–1928
250 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
50 mph
K V
1926–1928
250 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
50 mph
K 6
1928–1933
197 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
K 7
1928–1933
197 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
K 8
1928–1933
200 ccm
two-stroke
4,0 kW/ 5,5 hp
44 mph
K 9
1928–1933
200 ccm
two-stroke
4,0 kW/ 5,5 hp
44 mph
K 10
1928–1931
300 ccm
two-stroke
5,9 kW/ 8 hp
56 mph
K 11
1928–1931
300 ccm
two-stroke
5,9 kW/ 8 hp
56 mph
T III
1928–1930
493 ccm
four stroke (Coventry)
11,8 kW/ 16 hp
56 mph
T 4
1928–1930
493 ccm
four stroke (Coventry)
11,8 kW/ 16 hp
56 mph
SSK
1930–1933
346 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G.)
11,1 kW, 15 hp
71 mph
T 350
1930–1931
350 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G.- licence)
7,4 kW/ 10 hp
50 mph
T 500
1930–1931
496 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G.)
9,6 kW/ 13 hp
56 mph
BL 170
1930–1931
170 ccm
two-stroke
3,7 kW/ 5 hp
44 mph
RR 750
1930–1933
741 ccm
two-stroke (M.A.G.)
11,8 kW/ 16 hp
65 mph
KV 200
1930–1934
200 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
KV 250
1930–1934
250 ccm
two-stroke
5,9 kW/ 8 hp
50 mph
SK 250
1930–1934
250 ccm
two-stroke
5,9 kW/ 8 hp
50 mph
RL 30
1932–1935
198 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
Noris 200
1932–1935
198 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
TM 500
1932–1937
500 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G. - licence)
9,6 kW/ 13 hp
59 mph
STM 500
1932–1937
500 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G. - licence)
14,8 kW/ 20 hp
75 mph
Kongress
1932–1937
346 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G. - licence)
6,6 kW/ 9 hp
56 mph
SKL 200
1933–1934
197 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
47 mph
200 K
1934–1937
197 ccm
two-stroke
4,4 kW/ 6 hp
44 mph
TS 100
1934–1936
98 ccm
two-stroke
2,2 kW, 3 hp
34 mph
B 200
1936–1937
197 ccm
two-stroke
5,1 kW, 7 hp
50 mph
B 204
1936–1939
197 ccm
two-stroke
5,1 kW, 7 hp
50 mph
B 350
1936–1939
346 ccm
two-stroke
8,9 kW, 12 hp
68 mph
S 350
1937–1938
346 ccm
two-stroke
8,9 kW, 12 hp
68 mph
S 500
1937–1938
496 ccm
four stroke (M.A.G. - licence)
14,8 kW/ 20 hp
78 mph
B 125
1939–1949
122 ccm
two-stroke
3,1 kW/ 4,2 hp
47 mph
BD 250
1939–1943
248 ccm
two-stroke
8,9 kW/ 12 hp
68 mph
BDG 250
1949–1957
248 ccm
two-stroke
8,9 kW/ 12 hp
68 mph
BDG 125
1950–1957
123 ccm
two-stroke
4,6 kW/ 6,25 hp
56 mph
Cornet
1953–1957
197 ccm
two-stroke
7,4 kW/ 10 hp
63 mph
Boss
1953–1957
344 ccm
two-stroke
11,8 kW/ 16 hp
75 mph
Knirps Moped
1953–1957
47 ccm
two-stroke
1,0 kW/ 1,3 hp
28 mph
Contessa
1955–1957
197 ccm
two-stroke
7,4 kW/ 10 hp
59 mph
Tessy
1956–1957
125 ccm
two-stroke
5,5 kW/ 7,5 hp
50 mph
Tessy Super
1956–1957
150 ccm
two-stroke
6,2 kW/ 8,5 hp
50 mph
Fips
1956–1957
47 ccm
two-stroke
0,7 kW/ 1 hp
28 mph
Sportfips
1956–1957
47 ccm
two-stroke
0,7 kW/ 1 hp
28 mph
Min TWN från 1953 (1970-talet) /Kjell Alsetun
See also
List of motorcycles of 1900 to 1909
List of motorcycles of the 1910s
List of motorcycles of the 1950s
References
^ Suppes Special "Reichsbank-Schatz". Auktionshaus Gutowski GmbH. ISBN 978-3-9810107-4-9.
^ TWN history Motorcycle Classics, July/Aug 2008
^ Online Classic Motorcycle Museum TWN article
^ Siegfried Rauch, Frank Rönicke: Männer und Mororräder. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008, ISBN 978-3-613-02947-7, page 147. (German)
^ Meisterdinger.de : List of TWN Models
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triumph (TWN) motorcycles.
Triumph (TWN) Owners' Club
Meisterdinger von Nürnberg Triumph (TWN) webpages
Motorcycle Classics article on 1957 TWN 125cc split-single
vteMajor and notable German motorcycle marques
Adler
Ardie
BMW
DKW
D-Rad
EMW
Express
Hecker
Hercules
Hoffmann
Horex
Kreidler
König
Maico
Mars
Megola
MZ
Neander
NSU
Opel
Sachs
Simson
Tornax
Triumph (TWN)
Victoria
Wanderer
Zündapp
vteGerman bicycle manufacturersCurrent
Canyon
Cube
Derby Cycle
Diamant
Focus
Hase
Kalkhoff
Kettler
Opel
Prophete
Riese und Müller
ROSE
Rixe
Utopia
YT Industries
Defunct
Adler
Brennabor
Express Werke
Hoffmann
Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau
NSU
Simson
TWN
Victoria
Wanderer
Components
Continental
Magura
Rohloff
Schlumpf Drive
SON
SRM
Schwalbe
Wippermann
Authority control databases
VIAF
This motorcycle, scooter or moped-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_Knirps.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_BDG_250_H,_Bauzeit_1952-57_(2016-09-04_Sp_r).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_Boss.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TWN_1923.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sup-1"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Bettmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Bettmann"},{"link_name":"Triumph bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"four-stroke engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"two-stroke engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"split single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-single#TWN"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Max Grundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Grundig"},{"link_name":"Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"typewriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"}],"text":"Triumph Knirps mopedTriumph BDG 250 H, built from 1952 to 1957350cc Triumph BossParticipation certificate of the Triumph Werke Nürnberg AG, issued July 1923[1]Triumph-Werke Nürnberg AG or TWN, was a German bicycle and motorcycle company. In 1886, Siegfried Bettmann founded the Triumph bicycle factory in Coventry, England, and in 1896 he founded a second bicycle factory in his native Nuremberg, Germany, under the same Triumph name. Both factories branched out into making motorcycles: the Coventry factory in 1902 and the Nuremberg factory in 1903.[2]In its early decades the Nuremberg factory produced models with the same 499 cc and 545 cc four-stroke engines as its sister plant in Coventry.Confusion between motorcycles produced by the Coventry and Nuremberg Triumph companies led to the latter's products being renamed \"Orial\" for certain export markets. However, in the 1920s there was already an Orial motorcycle maker in Lyon, France, so the Nuremberg motorcycles were renamed again as \"TWN\", standing for Triumph Werke Nürnberg.[3]After 1913 the English and German factories diverged, with the Nuremberg works making motorcycles with 248 cc and 269 cc two-stroke engines. After the Second World War Triumph made successful models including the 200 cc Cornet split single two-stroke and the split-single 1 cylinder 350 cc Boss. A split single has one \"divided\" cylinder (with 2 bores) but only one common combustion chamber and spark plug. Triumph/TWN's production of split singles began with the BD250 in 1939 designed by Otto Reitz.[4] In 1953 a 2 cylinder 250 cm³ single-split model Duplex with 4 pistons was shown at a fair, but not produced.In 1956 Max Grundig took over the Nuremberg company, merged it with his Adler motorcycle and typewriter business and terminated motorcycle production under the Triumph and TWN names.","title":"Triumph (TWN)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kjell_Alsetun_och_min_TWN_%C3%A5rsmodell_1953.jpg"}],"text":"List of models which were manufactured in Nuremberg [5]Min TWN från 1953 (1970-talet) /Kjell Alsetun","title":"Models"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Triumph Knirps moped","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Triumph_Knirps.jpg/220px-Triumph_Knirps.jpg"},{"image_text":"Triumph BDG 250 H, built from 1952 to 1957","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Triumph_BDG_250_H%2C_Bauzeit_1952-57_%282016-09-04_Sp_r%29.JPG/220px-Triumph_BDG_250_H%2C_Bauzeit_1952-57_%282016-09-04_Sp_r%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"350cc Triumph Boss","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Triumph_Boss.jpg/220px-Triumph_Boss.jpg"},{"image_text":"Participation certificate of the Triumph Werke Nürnberg AG, issued July 1923[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TWN_1923.jpg/220px-TWN_1923.jpg"},{"image_text":"Min TWN från 1953 (1970-talet) /Kjell Alsetun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kjell_Alsetun_och_min_TWN_%C3%A5rsmodell_1953.jpg/220px-Kjell_Alsetun_och_min_TWN_%C3%A5rsmodell_1953.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of motorcycles of 1900 to 1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorcycles_of_1900_to_1909"},{"title":"List of motorcycles of the 1910s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorcycles_of_the_1910s"},{"title":"List of motorcycles of the 1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorcycles_of_the_1950s"}]
|
[{"reference":"Suppes Special \"Reichsbank-Schatz\". Auktionshaus Gutowski GmbH. ISBN 978-3-9810107-4-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9810107-4-9","url_text":"978-3-9810107-4-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/2008-07-01/Motorcycle-Reviews/A-Singular-Triumph-1957-TWN-BDG125L.aspx","external_links_name":"TWN history"},{"Link":"http://www.classicmotorcycles.org.uk/bikemuseum/museum_twn.htm","external_links_name":"Online Classic Motorcycle Museum TWN article"},{"Link":"http://www.meisterdinger.de/triumph/triumph1.htm","external_links_name":"Meisterdinger.de : List of TWN Models"},{"Link":"http://www.twn-ig.de/","external_links_name":"Triumph (TWN) Owners' Club"},{"Link":"http://www.meisterdinger.de/triumph/index.htm","external_links_name":"Meisterdinger von Nürnberg Triumph (TWN) webpages"},{"Link":"http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/2008-07-01/Motorcycle-Reviews/A-Singular-Triumph-1957-TWN-BDG125L.aspx","external_links_name":"Motorcycle Classics article on 1957 TWN 125cc split-single"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127320062","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triumph_(TWN)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyesebel_(1996_film)
|
Dyesebel (1996 film)
|
["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"]
|
1996 Philippine fantasy film
DyesebelDirected byEmmanuel BorlazaScreenplay byEmmanuel BorlazaFrank G. RiveraBased onDyesebelby Mars RaveloProduced byWilliam LearyStarringCharlene GonzalesCinematographyGener BuenasedaEdited byDanny GloriaMusic byNonong BuencaminoProductioncompanyViva FilmsDistributed byViva FilmsRelease date
January 4, 1996 (1996-01-04)
Running time115 minutesCountryPhilippinesLanguageFilipino
Dyesebel is a 1996 Philippine fantasy film directed by Emmanuel Borlaza. Based on a Philippine graphic novel of the same title by Mars Ravelo, the film stars Charlene Gonzales as the titular mermaid.
Cast
Charlene Gonzales as Dyesebel
Matthew Mendoza as Fredo
Gloria Diaz as Banak
Jaclyn Jose as Lucia
Julio Diaz as Tino
Albert Martinez as Gildo
Kristine Garcia as Betty
Gary Estrada as Juno
Charina Scott as Young Dyesebel
Maritoni Fernandez as Dyangga
Dindi Gallardo as Bangenge
Marita Zobel as Issa
Romeo Rivera as Nilo
Don Pepot as Mang Kiko
Vivian Lorraine as Minda
Ama Quiambao as Instructress
Production
The film was announced in 1994 with Ana Roces initially cast as the titular mermaid. However, due to her weight problems at that time, the role was later on given to Charlene Gonzales. This prompted Roces to leave Viva Films the following year.
The character portrayed by Gonzales first appeared in the 1994 film Ang Pagbabalik ni Pedro Penduko.
Release
The film was slated to be released in late January 1996. However, it was pushed back to January 4, the original release date of Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa, which was having release issues in Metro Manila theaters.
References
^ Yeatter, Bryan (2007). Cinema of the Philippines: 1897-2005. McFarland & Company. p. 275. ISBN 9780786430475. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Vera, Noel (2005). Critic After Dark: A Review of Philippine Cinema. BigO Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9789810531850. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Red, Isah (July 25, 1995). "Gloria Diaz is Hoping for an Annulment". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 22. Retrieved March 20, 2023 – via Google News.
^ Japitana, Norma (January 5, 1996). "Sink or Swim for Dyesebel". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 31. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.
^ Japitana, Norma (April 15, 1994). "Donna is Next in Line". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved January 18, 2023 – via Google News.
^ Japitana, Norma (March 31, 1995). "Winners and Losers". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.
^ Japitana, Norma (December 16, 1994). "What Will Robin Wear to Jail?". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.
^ Japitana, Norma (December 27, 1996). "Carlo and His Heroes". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 27. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.
External links
Dyesebel at IMDb
vteDyesebelMars RaveloCharactersMain
Dyesebel
Fredo
Betty
Gildo
Other
Dyangga
Banak
Lucia
Tino
AdaptationsFilms
Dyesebel (1953)
Anak ni Dyesebel (1964)
Dyesebel (1973)
Dyesebel (1978)
Dyesebel (1990)
Dyesebel (1996)
Television
Mars Ravelo's Dyesebel (2008)
Mars Ravelo's Dyesebel (2014)
episodes
Other
Darna (2005)
Related shows
Marina (2004)
Marinara (2004)
Dyosa (2008)
Mutya (2011)
Aryana (2012)
Kambal Sirena (2014)
Other
Miranda: Ang Lagalag Na Sirena (1966)
Pedro's Underwater Adventure (2006)
Category
vteEmmanuel H. Borlaza filmographyAs director
Lipad, Darna, Lipad! (1973)
Dyesebel at ang Mahiwagang Kabibe (1973)
Shake, Rattle & Roll ("Baso", 1984)
Bukas Luluhod ang Mga Tala (1985)
Rosa Mistica (1988)
Puso sa Puso (1988)
Tatlong Mukha ng Pag-ibig ("I Love You, Moomoo", 1989)
Dyesebel (1996)
To Saudi with Love (1996)
As writer only
Sa Bilis Walang Kaparis (1964)
Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story) (1965)
Kapag Langit ang Humatol (1990)
Maging Sino Ka Man (1991)
Kapantay Ay Langit (1994)
Kristo (1996)
Tinik (2013)
This article about a film made in the Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Borlaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Borlaza"},{"link_name":"same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyesebel"},{"link_name":"Mars Ravelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Ravelo"},{"link_name":"Charlene Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dyesebel is a 1996 Philippine fantasy film directed by Emmanuel Borlaza. Based on a Philippine graphic novel of the same title by Mars Ravelo, the film stars Charlene Gonzales as the titular mermaid.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Dyesebel (1996 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlene Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Gloria Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Jaclyn Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaclyn_Jose"},{"link_name":"Julio Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Diaz_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Albert Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Gary Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Estrada"},{"link_name":"Maritoni Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritoni_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Marita Zobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marita_Zobel"},{"link_name":"Don Pepot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pepot"},{"link_name":"Ama Quiambao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Quiambao"}],"text":"Charlene Gonzales as Dyesebel\nMatthew Mendoza as Fredo\nGloria Diaz as Banak\nJaclyn Jose as Lucia\nJulio Diaz as Tino\nAlbert Martinez as Gildo\nKristine Garcia as Betty\nGary Estrada as Juno\nCharina Scott as Young Dyesebel\nMaritoni Fernandez as Dyangga\nDindi Gallardo as Bangenge\nMarita Zobel as Issa\nRomeo Rivera as Nilo\nDon Pepot as Mang Kiko\nVivian Lorraine as Minda\nAma Quiambao as Instructress","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ana Roces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Roces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charlene Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Viva Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Films"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ang Pagbabalik ni Pedro Penduko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Pagbabalik_ni_Pedro_Penduko"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film was announced in 1994 with Ana Roces initially cast as the titular mermaid.[5] However, due to her weight problems at that time, the role was later on given to Charlene Gonzales. This prompted Roces to leave Viva Films the following year.[6]The character portrayed by Gonzales first appeared in the 1994 film Ang Pagbabalik ni Pedro Penduko.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The film was slated to be released in late January 1996. However, it was pushed back to January 4, the original release date of Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa, which was having release issues in Metro Manila theaters.[8]","title":"Release"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yeatter, Bryan (2007). Cinema of the Philippines: 1897-2005. McFarland & Company. p. 275. ISBN 9780786430475. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V6saAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cinema of the Philippines: 1897-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786430475","url_text":"9780786430475"}]},{"reference":"Vera, Noel (2005). Critic After Dark: A Review of Philippine Cinema. BigO Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9789810531850. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4txkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Critic After Dark: A Review of Philippine Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810531850","url_text":"9789810531850"}]},{"reference":"Red, Isah (July 25, 1995). \"Gloria Diaz is Hoping for an Annulment\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 22. Retrieved March 20, 2023 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ymUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0AoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6188%2C3462575","url_text":"\"Gloria Diaz is Hoping for an Annulment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Japitana, Norma (January 5, 1996). \"Sink or Swim for Dyesebel\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 31. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AP4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6516%2C736777","url_text":"\"Sink or Swim for Dyesebel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Japitana, Norma (April 15, 1994). \"Donna is Next in Line\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved January 18, 2023 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=amYVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5goEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6670%2C1792840","url_text":"\"Donna is Next in Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Japitana, Norma (March 31, 1995). \"Winners and Losers\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wWUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ygoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6635%2C4305117","url_text":"\"Winners and Losers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Japitana, Norma (December 16, 1994). \"What Will Robin Wear to Jail?\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 20. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pq8mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6456%2C2657605","url_text":"\"What Will Robin Wear to Jail?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]},{"reference":"Japitana, Norma (December 27, 1996). \"Carlo and His Heroes\". Manila Standard. Philippine Manila Standard Publishing. p. 27. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lI0mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1AoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5259%2C4419672","url_text":"\"Carlo and His Heroes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Standard","url_text":"Manila Standard"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Lady_Down
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Gray Lady Down
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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1978 film by David Greene
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gray Lady Down" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gray Lady DownPromotional poster for Gray Lady DownDirected byDavid GreeneWritten byFrank P. Rosenberg (adaptation)James WhittakerHoward Sackler (screenplay)Based onEvent 10001971 novelby David LavalleeProduced byWalter MirischStarringCharlton HestonDavid CarradineStacy KeachNed BeattyRonny CoxStephen McHattieRosemary ForsythCinematographyStevan LarnerEdited byRobert SwinkMusic byJerry FieldingDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date
March 10, 1978 (1978-03-10)
Running time111 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Gray Lady Down is a 1978 American submarine disaster film directed by David Greene and starring Charlton Heston, David Carradine, Stacy Keach, Ned Beatty, Ronny Cox and Rosemary Forsyth, and includes the feature film debut of Michael O'Keefe and Christopher Reeve. It is based on David Lavallee's 1971 novel Event 1000.
Plot
Aging, respected Captain Paul Blanchard is on his final submarine tour before promotion to command of a submarine squadron (COMSUBRON). Surfaced and returning to port, the submarine, USS Neptune, is struck by a Norwegian freighter en route to New York in heavy fog. With the engine room flooded and its main propulsion disabled, the Neptune sinks to a depth of 1,450 feet (440 meters) or approx. 241.6 fathoms) on a canyon ledge above the ocean floor. A United States Navy rescue force, commanded by Captain Hal Bennett, arrives on the scene, but Neptune is subsequently rolled by a gravity slide to a greater angle that does not allow the Navy's Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) to complete its work. As technical malfunctions increase, the submarine's sections get flooded and men die, crewmen have nervous breakdowns and tensions grow between the commanding officers.
A small experimental submersible, Snark, is brought in to assist with the rescue. Snark is very capable, but run by a U.S. Navy officer misfit, Captain Don Gates. The tiny submersible is the only hope for a rescue. Ultimately, the surviving members of the crew are rescued by the DSRV, thanks to Gates sacrificing himself by using the Snark to jam the Neptune in place as another gravity slide begins while the rescue is taking place. Moments later the gravity slide pushes the Neptune and the Snark off the ledge and into the ocean's abyss. The film ends with a somber Blanchard climbing out of the DSRV and being welcomed aboard the rescue ship USS Pigeon by Bennett and his officers.
Cast
Charlton Heston as Captain Paul Blanchard
David Carradine as Captain Don Gates
Stacy Keach as Captain Hal Bennett
Ned Beatty as Mickey
Stephen McHattie as Lieutenant Danny Murphy
Ronny Cox as Commander David Samuelson
Dorian Harewood as Lieutenant Fowler
Rosemary Forsyth as Vickie Blanchard
Hilly Hicks as HM3 Page
Charles Cioffi as Vice Admiral Michael Barnes
William Jordan as Waters
Jack Rader as Chief Harkness
Michael O'Keefe as RM2 Harris
Charlie Robinson as McAllister
Christopher Reeve as Lieutenant (JG) Phillips
Melendy Britt as Liz Bennett
Lawrason Driscoll as Lieutenant Bloom
David Wilson as SK1 Hanson
Robert Symonds as Secretary of Navy
Ted Gehring as Admiral at Pentagon Meeting
Charles Cyphers as Larson
William Bryant as Admiral at Pentagon Meeting
Jeffrey Druce as Neptune Executive Officer
James Davidson as Lt. Commander at SACLANT
David Clennon as Neptune Crewmember
Michael Cavanaugh as P03 Peña (uncredited)
Bob Harks as Radio Operator (uncredited)
Robert Ito as Jim, Lieutenant at SACLANT (uncredited)
Sandra De Bruin as Irma Barnes (uncredited)
John Stuart West as Submariner (uncredited)
Production
Even though the submarine depicted in the movie is a Skate-class submarine, in the opening credits, footage of the real-life submarine USS Trout (SS-566) was filmed specifically for Gray Lady Down, depicting the fictional USS Neptune. Gray Lady Down also re-used submarine special-effects footage and the large-scale submarine model originally used to portray the fictional submarine USS Tigerfish in the 1968 movie Ice Station Zebra to depict USS Neptune. The US Navy's USS Cayuga (LST-1186) appeared in the film as the fictional USS Nassau. The USS Pigeon (ASR-21) and her DSRV were prominently featured in the movie.
Reception
Vincent Canby, reviewing for The New York Times, wrote "It's been composed with its crises so evenly spaced that you ache for a station break bracketed by commercials... The people who appear in movies like that don't act. They display various cuts of resolve and steadfastness as if they were male models."
See also
Film portal
A Fall of Moondust, 1961 science fiction novel about vehicle trapped under the lunar surface with similar plot elements.
References
^ "Gray Lady Down". afi.com. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
^ Canby, Vincent (10 March 1978). "Screen: Wounded Sub". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
External links
Gray Lady Down at IMDb
Gray Lady Down at Rotten Tomatoes
Gray Lady Down at AllMovie
vteWorks directed by David GreeneFilmsFeature
The Shuttered Room (1967)
Sebastian (1968)
The Strange Affair (1968)
I Start Counting (1969)
The People Next Door (1970)
Madame Sin (1972)
Godspell (1973)
Gray Lady Down (1978)
Hard Country (1981)
Television
The Count of Monte Cristo (1975)
The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1977)
Friendly Fire (1979)
A Vacation in Hell (1979)
Rehearsal for Murder (1982)
Murder Among Friends (1982)
The Guardian (1984)
Guilty Conscience (1985)
Circle of Violence: A Family Drama (1986)
The Betty Ford Story (1987)
After the Promise (1987)
Inherit the Wind (1988)
Small Sacrifices (1989)
The Penthouse (1989)
What Ever Happened to... (1991)
Willing to Kill: The Texas Cheerleader Story (1992)
A Season in Purgatory (1996)
Bella Mafia (1997)
Miniseries
Fatal Vision (1984)
Children of the Dust (1995)
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Ultimately, the surviving members of the crew are rescued by the DSRV, thanks to Gates sacrificing himself by using the Snark to jam the Neptune in place as another gravity slide begins while the rescue is taking place. Moments later the gravity slide pushes the Neptune and the Snark off the ledge and into the ocean's abyss. 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Commander at SACLANT\nDavid Clennon as Neptune Crewmember\nMichael Cavanaugh as P03 Peña (uncredited)\nBob Harks as Radio Operator (uncredited)\nRobert Ito as Jim, Lieutenant at SACLANT (uncredited)\nSandra De Bruin as Irma Barnes (uncredited)\nJohn Stuart West as Submariner (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skate-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"USS Trout (SS-566)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Trout_(SS-566)"},{"link_name":"Ice Station Zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Station_Zebra"},{"link_name":"USS Cayuga (LST-1186)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cayuga_(LST-1186)"},{"link_name":"USS Pigeon (ASR-21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pigeon_(ASR-21)"}],"text":"Even though the submarine depicted in the movie is a Skate-class submarine, in the opening credits, footage of the real-life submarine USS Trout (SS-566) was filmed specifically for Gray Lady Down, depicting the fictional USS Neptune. Gray Lady Down also re-used submarine special-effects footage and the large-scale submarine model originally used to portray the fictional submarine USS Tigerfish in the 1968 movie Ice Station Zebra to depict USS Neptune. The US Navy's USS Cayuga (LST-1186) appeared in the film as the fictional USS Nassau. The USS Pigeon (ASR-21) and her DSRV were prominently featured in the movie.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-2"}],"text":"Vincent Canby, reviewing for The New York Times, wrote \"It's been composed with its crises so evenly spaced that you ache for a station break bracketed by commercials... The people who appear in movies like that don't act. They display various cuts of resolve and steadfastness as if they were male models.\"[2]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"},{"title":"A Fall of Moondust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fall_of_Moondust"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Benin
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List of newspapers in Benin
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["1 Colonial era","2 Modern Benin","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
This is an incomplete list of newspapers published in colonial Dahomey and modern Benin, ordered by date of establishment (where known).
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Colonial era
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)
L'Echo du Dahomey - established 1905
Recadaire de Behanzin - established 1915
Le Guide du Dahomey - 1920-22
Le Messager Dahoméan - established 1920
La Voix du Dahomey - 1927-1950s
Le Phare du Dahomey - established 1929
La Presse Porto-Novienne - 1931 to date
La Revue Porto-Novoienne, La Quinzaine Dahoméennee - established 1932
L'Etoile du Dahomey - established 1932
L'Echo des Cercles du Dahomey - established 1933
La Dépeche Dahoméenne - established 1938
Modern Benin
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)
La Nation - formerly Ehuzu
La Nouvelle Tribune
Décryptage
See also
Media of Benin
List of radio stations in Africa: Benin
References
^ a b c d e f g h Salhi, Kamul. (Ed.) (2000). Francophone Studies: Discourse and Identity. Exeter: Elm Bank Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-902454-05-4.
^ Manning, Patrick (2004). Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-521-52307-3.
^ J. D. Fage; A. D. Roberts; Roland Anthony Oliver (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 7 c. 1905 - c. 1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-521-22505-2.
Bibliography
W. Joseph Campbell (1998). Emergent Independent Press in Benin and Côte D'Ivoire. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-96309-5.
"Benin: Directory: the Press". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 84+. ISBN 1857431839.
External links
"Benin". Electronic Newspapers of Africa. Virtual Libraries: African Studies. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries.
Karen Fung (ed.). "Benin: News". Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources. USA: Stanford University.
"City Guide: Journaux". Cotonou ça bouge (in French). Portail Internet des Villes Africaines. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
vteBenin articlesHistory
Ketu
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Second Franco-Dahomean War
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OutlineIndex
Category
vteList of newspapers in Africa Sovereign states
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Dependencies andother territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_newspapers_in_Benin"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of newspapers in Benin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"Recadaire de Behanzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recadaire_de_Behanzin"},{"link_name":"Le Guide du Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Guide_du_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manning2004-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"La Voix du Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voix_du_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FageRoberts1986-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"La Presse Porto-Novienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Presse_Porto-Novienne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salhi-1"}],"text":"L'Echo du Dahomey - established 1905[1]\nRecadaire de Behanzin - established 1915\nLe Guide du Dahomey - 1920-22[2]\nLe Messager Dahoméan - established 1920[1]\nLa Voix du Dahomey - 1927-1950s[3]\nLe Phare du Dahomey - established 1929[1]\nLa Presse Porto-Novienne - 1931 to date[1]\nLa Revue Porto-Novoienne, La Quinzaine Dahoméennee - established 1932[1]\nL'Etoile du Dahomey - established 1932[1]\nL'Echo des Cercles du Dahomey - established 1933[1]\nLa Dépeche Dahoméenne - established 1938[1]","title":"Colonial era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nation_(Benin)"},{"link_name":"La Nouvelle Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nouvelle_Tribune_(B%C3%A9nin)"}],"text":"La Nation - formerly Ehuzu\nLa Nouvelle Tribune\nDécryptage","title":"Modern Benin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergent Independent Press in Benin and Côte D'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pAjZu5xA93kC"},{"link_name":"Praeger Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-275-96309-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96309-5"},{"link_name":"\"Benin: Directory: the Press\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA84"},{"link_name":"Europa Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1857431839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857431839"}],"text":"W. Joseph Campbell (1998). Emergent Independent Press in Benin and Côte D'Ivoire. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-96309-5.\n\"Benin: Directory: the Press\". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 84+. ISBN 1857431839.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Media of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Benin"},{"title":"List of radio stations in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa"}]
|
[{"reference":"Salhi, Kamul. (Ed.) (2000). Francophone Studies: Discourse and Identity. Exeter: Elm Bank Publications. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-902454-05-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x1pFqNQzLrEC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Francophone Studies: Discourse and Identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902454-05-4","url_text":"978-1-902454-05-4"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Patrick (2004). Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-521-52307-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k0gVVh9jwF4C&pg=PA265","url_text":"Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52307-3","url_text":"978-0-521-52307-3"}]},{"reference":"J. D. Fage; A. D. Roberts; Roland Anthony Oliver (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 7 c. 1905 - c. 1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-521-22505-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0zZKCpGmfkC&pg=PA389","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 7 c. 1905 - c. 1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22505-2","url_text":"978-0-521-22505-2"}]},{"reference":"W. Joseph Campbell (1998). Emergent Independent Press in Benin and Côte D'Ivoire. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-96309-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pAjZu5xA93kC","url_text":"Emergent Independent Press in Benin and Côte D'Ivoire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeger_Publishers","url_text":"Praeger Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96309-5","url_text":"978-0-275-96309-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Benin: Directory: the Press\". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 84+. ISBN 1857431839.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA84","url_text":"\"Benin: Directory: the Press\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications","url_text":"Europa Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857431839","url_text":"1857431839"}]},{"reference":"\"Benin\". Electronic Newspapers of Africa. Virtual Libraries: African Studies. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.columbia.edu/locations/global/virtual-libraries/african_studies/newspapers/country.html","url_text":"\"Benin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Libraries","url_text":"Columbia University Libraries"}]},{"reference":"Karen Fung (ed.). \"Benin: News\". Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources. USA: Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/benin/benin-newspapers-news.html","url_text":"\"Benin: News\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Guide: Journaux\". Cotonou ça bouge (in French). Portail Internet des Villes Africaines. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. Retrieved 2014-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140828164345/http://cotonou-ca-bouge.net/-Journaux-.html","url_text":"\"City Guide: Journaux\""},{"url":"http://cotonou-ca-bouge.net/-Journaux-.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurinder_Singh
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Gurinder Singh
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["1 Biography","2 Spiritual discourses","3 References","4 External links"]
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Fifth and Present Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas
For other people named Gurinder Singh, see Gurinder Singh (disambiguation).
Gurinder Singh DhillonPersonalBorn (1954-08-01) 1 August 1954 (age 69)Moga, PunjabSpouse
Shabnam Dhillon (died 2019)Children2Other namesBaba JiSenior postingPeriod in office1990–presentPredecessorCharan SinghPostSantWebsitewww.rssb.org
Gurinder Singh Dhillon, also known as Baba Ji to his followers, is the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB). He succeeded Charan Singh, his uncle, in 1990. The headquarters of this spiritual community, called Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, are located beside the river Beas near the town of Beas, Punjab, in northern India, and have been a centre for Satsang since 1891. RSSB has centres located worldwide.
Biography
Gurinder Singh was born 1 August 1954, into a family of the Dhillon clan who were followers of the Radha Soami Satsang Beas. His parents were Gurmukh Singh Dhillon and Mahinder Kaur.
He was educated at the Lawrence School, Sanawar, in the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh, and obtained his bachelor's degree in Commerce from Panjab University, Chandigarh. He was in Spain working before coming back to India to accept his nomination as the next spiritual head of RSSB in 1990. He has two sons, namely Gurpreet Singh Dhillon and Gurkirat Singh Dhillon. Gurpreet Singh Dhillon is the CEO of Religare Health Trust (RHT).
Spiritual discourses
The Dera, located in Beas, Punjab, is the designated home of the spiritual leader of the organisation. Large crowds visit on designated days, usually on the weekends, to hear discourses from him. He also gives Satsang at other major centres of RSSB in India. He goes on tour to the various RSSB centres outside of India during the months of April–August.
References
^ The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions James R. Lewis - 1998 - Page 395
^ "Sardar Gurinder Singh". radhasoamiji.in. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ "RSSB.org". Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ "Satsang Programme". RSSB Official. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
External links
Radha Soami Satsang Beas
Science of the Soul Research Centre
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surinamese_cabinets
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List of Surinamese cabinets
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["1 List","2 References"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (May 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|nl|Lijst van Surinaamse kabinetten}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
The Cabinet of Ministers in Suriname is appointed by the President of Suriname.
List
President
Vice President
Years
Arron I cabinet
Johan Ferrier (NPS)
Henck Arron (NPS)
1975 to 1977
Arron II cabinet
Johan Ferrier (NPS)
Henck Arron (NPS)
1977 to 1980
Chin A Sen I cabinet
Johan Ferrier (NPS)
Henk Chin A Sen (PNR)
1980 to 1980
Chin A Sen II cabinet
Henk Chin A Sen (PNR)
Henk Chin A Sen (PNR)
1980 to 1982
Neijhorst cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Henry Neijhorst (independent)
1982 to 1983
Alibux cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Errol Alibux (PALU)
1983 to 1984
Udenhout I cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Wim Udenhout (independent)
1984 to 1985
Udenhout II cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Wim Udenhout (independent)
1985 to 1986
Radhakishun cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Pretaap Radhakishun (VHP)
1986 to 1987
Wijdenbosch I cabinet
Fred Ramdat Misier (independent)
Jules Wijdenbosch (NDP)
1987 to 1988
Shankar cabinet
Ramsewak Shankar (VHP)
Henck Arron (NPS)
1988 to 1990
Kraag cabinet
Johan Kraag (NPS)
Jules Wijdenbosch (NDP)
1990 to 1991
Venetiaan I cabinet
Ronald Venetiaan (NPS)
Jules Ajodhia (VHP)
1991 to 1996
Wijdenbosch II cabinet
Jules Wijdenbosch (NDP)
Pretaap Radhakishun (BVD)
1996 to 2000
Venetiaan II cabinet
Ronald Venetiaan (NPS)
Jules Ajodhia (VHP)
2000 to 2005
Venetiaan III cabinet
Ronald Venetiaan (NPS)
Ramdien Sardjoe (VHP)
2005 to 2010
Bouterse I cabinet
Desi Bouterse (NDP)
Robert Ameerali (ABOP)
2010 to 2015
Bouterse II cabinet
Desi Bouterse (NDP)
Ashwin Adhin (NDP)
2015 to 2020
Santokhi cabinet
Chan Santokhi (VHP)
Ronnie Brunswijk (ABOP)
2020 to present
References
^ "Starnieuws - Chan Santokhi is de nieuwe president van Suriname". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
vteNational cabinets of South AmericaSovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies andother territories
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Elmer
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Here Comes Elmer
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1943 film by Joseph Santley
Here Comes ElmerTheatrical release posterDirected byJoseph SantleyScreenplay byStanley DavisJack TownleyProduced byArmand SchaeferStarringAl PearceDale EvansFrank AlbertsonGloria StuartWally VernonNick CockraneCinematographyBud ThackeryEdited byRichard L. Van EngerMusic byMarlin SkilesProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date
November 15, 1943 (1943-11-15)
Running time74 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Here Comes Elmer is a 1943 American comedy film directed by Joseph Santley and written by Stanley Davis and Jack Townley. The film stars Al Pearce, Dale Evans, Frank Albertson, Gloria Stuart, Wally Vernon and Nick Cockrane. The film was released on November 15, 1943, by Republic Pictures.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Al Pearce as Elmer Blurt / Al Pearce
Dale Evans as Jean Foster
Frank Albertson as Joe Maxwell
Gloria Stuart as Glenda Forbes
Wally Vernon as Wally
Nick Cockrane as Nick Cochrane
Will Wright as Horace Parrot
Thurston Hall as P. J. Ellis
Ben Welden as Louis Burch
Chester Clute as Postelwaite
Luis Alberni as Dr. Zichy
Artie Auerbach as Kitzel
References
^ "Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
^ Sandra Brennan. "Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Joseph Santley". AllMovie. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
^ "Here Comes Elmer". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
External links
Here Comes Elmer at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Joseph Santley
The Cocoanuts (1929)
Swing High (1930)
The Loudspeaker (1934)
Young and Beautiful (1934)
Million Dollar Baby (1934)
Harmony Lane (1935)
Waterfront Lady (1935)
Frisco Waterfront (1935)
Her Master's Voice (1936)
Dancing Feet (1936)
Laughing Irish Eyes (1936)
The Harvester (1936)
We Went to College (1936)
Walking on Air (1936)
Smartest Girl in Town (1936)
Meet the Missus (1937)
There Goes the Groom (1937)
She's Got Everything (1937)
Blond Cheat (1938)
Always in Trouble (1938)
Swing, Sister, Swing (1938)
The Spirit of Culver (1939)
The Family Next Door (1939)
Two Bright Boys (1939)
Music in My Heart (1940)
Melody and Moonlight (1940)
Dancing on a Dime (1940)
Melody Ranch (1940)
Behind the News (1940)
Sis Hopkins (1941)
Rookies on Parade (1941)
Puddin' Head (1941)
Ice-Capades (1941)
Down Mexico Way (1941)
A Tragedy at Midnight (1942)
Yokel Boy (1942)
Remember Pearl Harbor (1942)
Joan of Ozark (1942)
Call of the Canyon (1942)
Shantytown (1943)
Chatterbox (1943)
Thumbs Up (1943)
Sleepy Lagoon (1943)
Here Comes Elmer (1943)
Rosie the Riveter (1944)
Jamboree (1944)
Goodnight, Sweetheart (1944)
Three Little Sisters (1944)
Brazil (1944)
Earl Carroll Vanities (1945)
Hitchhike to Happiness (1945)
Shadow of a Woman (1946)
Make Believe Ballroom (1949)
When You're Smiling (1950)
This 1940s comedy film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Joseph Santley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Santley"},{"link_name":"Jack Townley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Townley"},{"link_name":"Al Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Dale Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Evans"},{"link_name":"Frank Albertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Albertson"},{"link_name":"Gloria Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Wally Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Here Comes Elmer is a 1943 American comedy film directed by Joseph Santley and written by Stanley Davis and Jack Townley. The film stars Al Pearce, Dale Evans, Frank Albertson, Gloria Stuart, Wally Vernon and Nick Cockrane. The film was released on November 15, 1943, by Republic Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"Here Comes Elmer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pearce"},{"link_name":"Dale Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Evans"},{"link_name":"Frank Albertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Albertson"},{"link_name":"Gloria Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Wally Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Will Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Wright_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Thurston Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ben Welden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Welden"},{"link_name":"Chester Clute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Clute"},{"link_name":"Luis Alberni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberni"},{"link_name":"Artie Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Auerbach"}],"text":"Al Pearce as Elmer Blurt / Al Pearce\nDale Evans as Jean Foster\nFrank Albertson as Joe Maxwell\nGloria Stuart as Glenda Forbes\nWally Vernon as Wally\nNick Cockrane as Nick Cochrane\nWill Wright as Horace Parrot\nThurston Hall as P. J. Ellis\nBen Welden as Louis Burch\nChester Clute as Postelwaite\nLuis Alberni as Dr. Zichy\nArtie Auerbach as Kitzel","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77847/Here-Comes-Elmer/","url_text":"\"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Sandra Brennan. \"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Joseph Santley\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2018-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/here-comes-elmer-v95001","url_text":"\"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Joseph Santley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here Comes Elmer\". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=1&Movie=486","url_text":"\"Here Comes Elmer\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_Elmer&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77847/Here-Comes-Elmer/","external_links_name":"\"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/here-comes-elmer-v95001","external_links_name":"\"Here Comes Elmer (1943) - Joseph Santley\""},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=1&Movie=486","external_links_name":"\"Here Comes Elmer\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035987/","external_links_name":"Here Comes Elmer"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_Elmer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampshades_on_Fire
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Lampshades on Fire
|
["1 Charts","1.1 Weekly charts","1.2 Year-end charts","2 References"]
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2014 single by Modest Mouse"Lampshades on Fire"Single by Modest Mousefrom the album Strangers to Ourselves ReleasedDecember 15, 2014Recorded2013–14GenreAlternative rock, indie rockLength3:08LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Isaac Brock, Jim Fairchild
Jeremiah Green, Russell Higbee, Eric Judy, Joe Plummer, Tom PelosoModest Mouse singles chronology
"Perpetual Motion Machine" (2014)
"Lampshades on Fire" (2014)
"The Ground Walks, with Time in a Box" (2015)
"Lampshades on Fire" is a song by American alternative rock band Modest Mouse. It is the lead single from their sixth studio album Strangers to Ourselves, released on December 15, 2014. This song as well as the entire Strangers to Ourselves album was mixed by Joe Zook.
A music video for the song was produced in November 2015 by director Jorges Torres Torres. It starred Natasha Lyonne, as well as several local bands from Athens, Georgia including "Muuy Biien, Ginko, Sad Dads, DIP, Monsoon and more."
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2014–15)
Peakposition
Mexico (Mexico Ingles Airplay)
42
Canada Rock (Billboard)
3
US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)
12
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
2
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)
1
US Alternative Airplay (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2015)
Position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)
40
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
16
References
^ Kreps, Daniel. "Watch Modest Mouse's Visceral 'Lampshades on Fire' Video". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ Gordon, Jeremy. "Modest Mouse Throw a Crazy Party With Natasha Lyonne in "Lampshades on Fire" Video". Pitchfork. Pitchfork. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ Vodicka, Gabe. "Watch Modest Mouse's New Athens-Filmed Music Video". Flagpole. Flagpoe. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ "Chart Search | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "Modest Mouse Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
^ "Modest Mouse Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ "Modest Mouse Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ "Modest Mouse Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ "Modest Mouse Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ "Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2015". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^ "Rock Airplay Songs – Year-End 2015". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
vteModest Mouse
Isaac Brock
Tom Peloso
Ben Massarella
Russell Higbee
Simon O'Connor
Jeremiah Green
Eric Judy
Dann Gallucci
Joe Plummer
Johnny Marr
Benjamin Weikel
Lisa Molinaro
Jim Fairchild
Davey Brozowski
John Wickhart
Studio albums
This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About
The Lonesome Crowded West
The Moon & Antarctica
Sad Sappy Sucker
Good News for People Who Love Bad News
We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank
Strangers to Ourselves
The Golden Casket
EPs
Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?
Interstate 8
The Fruit That Ate Itself
Night on the Sun
Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks
No One's First, and You're Next
Compilations
Building Nothing Out of Something
Live albums
Baron von Bullshit Rides Again
Singles
"Float On"
"Ocean Breathes Salty"
"The World at Large"
"Dashboard"
"King Rat"
"Missed the Boat"
"We've Got Everything"
"Satellite Skin"
"Lampshades on Fire"
"The Ground Walks, with Time in a Box"
Related
Discography
Ugly Casanova
Brand New/Modest Mouse Tour
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
This 2010s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Modest Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mouse"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Strangers to Ourselves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_to_Ourselves"},{"link_name":"Strangers to Ourselves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_to_Ourselves"},{"link_name":"Natasha Lyonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Lyonne"},{"link_name":"Athens, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia_music_scene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Lampshades on Fire\" is a song by American alternative rock band Modest Mouse. It is the lead single from their sixth studio album Strangers to Ourselves, released on December 15, 2014. This song as well as the entire Strangers to Ourselves album was mixed by Joe Zook.A music video for the song was produced in November 2015 by director Jorges Torres Torres. It starred Natasha Lyonne, as well as several local bands from Athens, Georgia including \"Muuy Biien, Ginko, Sad Dads, DIP, Monsoon and more.\"[1][2][3]","title":"Lampshades on Fire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel. \"Watch Modest Mouse's Visceral 'Lampshades on Fire' Video\". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/watch-modest-mouses-visceral-lampshades-on-fire-video-66999/","url_text":"\"Watch Modest Mouse's Visceral 'Lampshades on Fire' Video\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Jeremy. \"Modest Mouse Throw a Crazy Party With Natasha Lyonne in \"Lampshades on Fire\" Video\". Pitchfork. Pitchfork. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/58911-modest-mouse-throw-a-crazy-party-with-natasha-lyonne-in-lampshades-on-fire-video/","url_text":"\"Modest Mouse Throw a Crazy Party With Natasha Lyonne in \"Lampshades on Fire\" Video\""}]},{"reference":"Vodicka, Gabe. \"Watch Modest Mouse's New Athens-Filmed Music Video\". Flagpole. Flagpoe. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://flagpole.com/music/homedrone/2015/03/21/watch-modest-mouses-new-athens-filmed-music-video/","url_text":"\"Watch Modest Mouse's New Athens-Filmed Music Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname:Modest%20Mouse&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_chart_id:1188&f%5B2%5D=ss_bb_type:chart_item&type=2&artist=Modest%20Mouse","url_text":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2015\". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-rock-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock Airplay Songs – Year-End 2015\". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/rock-airplay-songs","url_text":"\"Rock Airplay Songs – Year-End 2015\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/watch-modest-mouses-visceral-lampshades-on-fire-video-66999/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Modest Mouse's Visceral 'Lampshades on Fire' Video\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/58911-modest-mouse-throw-a-crazy-party-with-natasha-lyonne-in-lampshades-on-fire-video/","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Throw a Crazy Party With Natasha Lyonne in \"Lampshades on Fire\" Video\""},{"Link":"https://flagpole.com/music/homedrone/2015/03/21/watch-modest-mouses-new-athens-filmed-music-video/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Modest Mouse's New Athens-Filmed Music Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname:Modest%20Mouse&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_chart_id:1188&f%5B2%5D=ss_bb_type:chart_item&type=2&artist=Modest%20Mouse","external_links_name":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Modest-Mouse/chart-history/CAR","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Chart History (Canada Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Modest-Mouse/chart-history/ARK","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Modest-Mouse/chart-history/RKA","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Chart History (Rock Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Modest-Mouse/chart-history/AAA","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Modest-Mouse/chart-history/MRT","external_links_name":"\"Modest Mouse Chart History (Alternative Airplay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-rock-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot Rock Songs – Year-End 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/rock-airplay-songs","external_links_name":"\"Rock Airplay Songs – Year-End 2015\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/12b941bc-c60d-4080-819e-0ac405fdf497","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/77983077-6cb9-485c-9939-a12f7183701a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lampshades_on_Fire&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Leitrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
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South Leitrim (UK Parliament constituency)
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["1 Boundaries","2 Members of Parliament","3 Elections","3.1 Elections in the 1880s","3.2 Elections in the 1890s","3.3 Elections in the 1900s","3.4 Elections in the 1910s","4 References"]
|
South LeitrimFormer county constituencyfor the House of Commons1885–1918Seats1Created fromLeitrimReplaced byLeitrim
South Leitrim was a parliamentary constituency in Ireland. From 1885 to 1918 it returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Prior to the 1885 general election and after the dissolution of Parliament in 1918 the area was part of the Leitrim constituency.
Boundaries
This constituency comprised the southern part of County Leitrim.
1885–1918: The baronies of Carrigallen and Mohill, and that part of the barony of Leitrim not contained within the constituency of North Leitrim.
Members of Parliament
Election
Member
Party
1885
Luke Hayden
Nationalist
1890
Parnellite Nationalist
1892
Jasper Tully
Anti-Parnellite Nationalist
1900
Nationalist
1906
Thomas Smyth
Nationalist
1918
Constituency abolished: see Leitrim
Elections
Elections in the 1880s
General election 8 December 1885: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Luke Hayden
4,525
90.2
Irish Conservative
James Ormsby Lawder
489
9.8
Majority
4,036
80.4
Turnout
5,014
80.0
Registered electors
6,270
Irish Parliamentary win (new seat)
General election 6 July 1886: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Luke Hayden
Unopposed
Registered electors
6,270
Irish Parliamentary hold
Elections in the 1890s
General election 15 July 1892: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish National Federation
Jasper Tully
4,241
89.2
N/A
Irish Unionist
Robert O'Brien
516
10.8
New
Majority
3,725
78.4
N/A
Turnout
4,757
76.1
N/A
Registered electors
6,253
Irish National Federation gain from Irish Parliamentary
Swing
N/A
General election 16 July 1895: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish National Federation
Jasper Tully
Unopposed
Registered electors
7,136
Irish National Federation hold
Elections in the 1900s
General election 1 October 1900: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Jasper Tully
Unopposed
Registered electors
8,242
Irish Parliamentary hold
General election 16 January 1906: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Thomas Smyth
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,971
Irish Parliamentary hold
Elections in the 1910s
General election 19 January 1910: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Thomas Smyth
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,727
Irish Parliamentary hold
General election 6 December 1910: Leitrim South
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Thomas Smyth
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,727
Irish Parliamentary hold
References
^ a b c d e f g h Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 359–360. ISBN 0901714127.
Walker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0901714127.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "L" (part 2)
vteParliamentary constituencies in County LeitrimParliament of Irelandto 1800
Carrick (1614–1800)
Jamestown (????–1800)
Leitrim (????–1800)
Westminster 1801–1922and First Dáil 1918
Leitrim (1801–1885)
North Leitrim (1885–1918)
South Leitrim (1885–1918)
Leitrim (1918–1922)
Dáil Éireann1918–presentHistoric
Leitrim–Roscommon North (1921–1923)
Leitrim–Sligo (1923–1937)
Leitrim (1937–1948)
Donegal–Leitrim (1969–1977)
Roscommon–Leitrim (1969–1981)
Sligo–North Leitrim (2007–2016)
Roscommon–South Leitrim (2007–2016)
Current
Sligo–Leitrim (1948–2007, 2016–)
European Parliament1979–present
Connacht–Ulster (1979–2004)
North-West (2004–2014)
Midlands–North-West (2014–)
Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland
Carlow
Cavan
Clare
Cork
Donegal
Dublin
Galway
Kerry
Kildare
Kilkenny
Laois
Leitrim
Limerick
Longford
Louth
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Offaly
Roscommon
Sligo
Tipperary
Waterford
Westmeath
Wexford
Wicklow
Northern Ireland
Antrim
Armagh
Down
Fermanagh
Londonderry
Tyrone
This article about a Historic Westminster constituency in Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1885 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"South Leitrim was a parliamentary constituency in Ireland. From 1885 to 1918 it returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Prior to the 1885 general election and after the dissolution of Parliament in 1918 the area was part of the Leitrim constituency.","title":"South Leitrim (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"North Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Leitrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"This constituency comprised the southern part of County Leitrim.1885–1918: The baronies of Carrigallen and Mohill, and that part of the barony of Leitrim not contained within the constituency of North Leitrim.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","title":"Elections"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 359–360. ISBN 0901714127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901714127","url_text":"0901714127"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 0901714127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901714127","url_text":"0901714127"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Lcommons2.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"L\" (part 2)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Leitrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Sustainment_Brigade
|
10th Sustainment Brigade
|
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Gulf War","1.3 Hurricane Andrew","1.4 Operation Restore Hope","1.5 Operation Uphold Democracy","1.6 The Balkans","2 Units","3 References","4 External links"]
|
10th Mountain Division Sustainment BrigadeInsignia of the 10th Mountain DivisionActive1 July 1957 - presentCountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States of AmericaBranchUnited States ArmyTypeSustainment BrigadePart ofFORSCOMNickname(s)MuleskinnersMotto(s)Support The Climb/Sustain The ClimbInsigniaFormer shoulder sleeve insigniaDistinctive Unit InsigniaMilitary unit
vte U.S. 10th Mountain Division
1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division
2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division
3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division
Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division
10th Mountain Division Artillery
10th Sustainment Brigade
10th Sustainment Brigade soldiers unearth a tank in Iraq.
The 10th Sustainment Brigade, officially redesignated as the 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade in May 2015, is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army. It provides logistical support to the 10th Mountain Division and is located on Fort Drum in Northern New York State.
History
Origins
The soldiers of the 10th Division Support Command (DISCOM) can trace their heritage directly back to the Alpine Infantrymen and their pack mules that formed the Mountain Medical, Quartermaster, and Ordnance Maintenance Battalions which supported the US 10th Infantry Division during World War II. The Division Trains, as they were called, were organized and assigned to the 10th Infantry Division on 14 June 1957 and activated in Germany On 1 July 1957.
When the Division was officially reactivated as the 10th Mountain Division on 13 February 1985 at Fort Drum, New York, the Division Trains found a new home. Redesignated as the 10th Division Support Command, the headquarters element organized with the 10th Supply and Transportation Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 710th Maintenance Battalion (which became the 10th Forward Support Battalion, the 210th Forward Support Battalion, and the 710th Main Support Battalion respectively), all committed to supporting the Mountain soldiers in this new Light Infantry Division. On 16 August 1987, the 548th Supply and Services Battalion was moved from Fort McClellan, Alabama, and was assigned to the Fort Drum Garrison. On 16 November 1993, the battalion was reorganized as the 548th Corps Support Battalion and became part of the 10th DISCOM.
Gulf War
Since its reactivation, the 10th DISCOM has deployed in support of multiple operations, both in the United States and abroad. In September 1990, the 548th CSB deployed to Southwest Asia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, providing critical combat service support to units operating in Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
Hurricane Andrew
In August, 1992 elements of the 10th DISCOM deployed to Florida in support of Hurricane Andrew Relief Operations, providing desperately needed supply, maintenance, and medical support to the general public and government agencies involved in the reconstruction of south Florida and the Gulf States.
Operation Restore Hope
In December, 1992 the 10th DISCOM deployed again, this time to Somalia in support of Operation Restore Hope. The ranks and responsibilities of the Muleskinners grew dramatically as they sustained, maintained, and cared for several rotations of Division soldiers while supporting humanitarian assistance to the local population.
Operation Uphold Democracy
In September 1994, the 10th DISCOM was called upon again and deployed with the Division to Haiti in their traditional role as providers and sustainers, while also supporting humanitarian operations as part of Operation Uphold Democracy.
The Balkans
In August 1999, elements of the 10th DISCOM deployed to the Balkans in support of peacekeeping operations as part of Task Force Eagle in Bosnia. In November 2001, elements from the DISCOM deployed to Kosovo in support of Task Force Falcon.
The 10th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army. It provides logistical support to the 10th Mountain Division and is located on Fort Drum in Northern New York State.
Units
10th Sustainment Brigade Special Troops Battalion (10th SBSBT)
548th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (548th CSSB)
91st Military Police Battalion (91st MPB) (part of 16th Military Police Brigade)
620th Movement Control Team (620th MCT)
References
^ "Officially 10th Mountain".
^ a b c d e GlobalSecurity.org: 10th Sustainment Brigade, GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 04-15-2008.
^ a b c 10th Sustainment Brigade Homepage: Unit History Archived 21 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 10th Sustainment Brigade Staff. Retrieved 4 December 2008
External links
Homepage of the 10th Sustainment Brigade Archived 31 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
The Institute of Heraldry: 10th Sustainment Brigade
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"U.S. 10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team,_10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team,_10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team,_10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Aviation_Brigade,_10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_Artillery"},{"link_name":"10th Sustainment Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Sustainment_Brigade_(United_States)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_unearthing_a_tank.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sustainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainment_Brigade"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum"}],"text":"Military unitvte U.S. 10th Mountain Division\n1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\n2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\n3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division\nCombat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division\n10th Mountain Division Artillery\n10th Sustainment Brigade10th Sustainment Brigade soldiers unearth a tank in Iraq.The 10th Sustainment Brigade, officially redesignated as the 10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade in May 2015, [1] is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army. It provides logistical support to the 10th Mountain Division and is located on Fort Drum in Northern New York State.","title":"10th Sustainment Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Warfare"},{"link_name":"Infantrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantrymen"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"link_name":"Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSO-2"},{"link_name":"Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Fort Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSO-2"},{"link_name":"10th Supply and Transportation Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Transportation_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"10th Medical Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Medical_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"710th Maintenance Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=710th_Maintenance_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10th Forward Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Forward_Support_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"210th Forward Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=210th_Forward_Support_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"710th Main Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=710th_Main_Support_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSO-2"},{"link_name":"548th Supply and Services Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=548th_Supply_and_Services_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McClellan"},{"link_name":"548th Corps Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=548th_Corps_Support_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdehist-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The soldiers of the 10th Division Support Command (DISCOM) can trace their heritage directly back to the Alpine Infantrymen and their pack mules that formed the Mountain Medical, Quartermaster, and Ordnance Maintenance Battalions which supported the US 10th Infantry Division during World War II.[2] The Division Trains, as they were called, were organized and assigned to the 10th Infantry Division on 14 June 1957 and activated in Germany On 1 July 1957.When the Division was officially reactivated as the 10th Mountain Division on 13 February 1985 at Fort Drum, New York, the Division Trains found a new home.[2] Redesignated as the 10th Division Support Command, the headquarters element organized with the 10th Supply and Transportation Battalion, the 10th Medical Battalion, and the 710th Maintenance Battalion (which became the 10th Forward Support Battalion, the 210th Forward Support Battalion, and the 710th Main Support Battalion respectively), all committed to supporting the Mountain soldiers in this new Light Infantry Division.[2] On 16 August 1987, the 548th Supply and Services Battalion was moved from Fort McClellan, Alabama, and was assigned to the Fort Drum Garrison. On 16 November 1993, the battalion was reorganized as the 548th Corps Support Battalion and became part of the 10th DISCOM.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operations Desert Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Desert_Shield"},{"link_name":"Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSO-2"}],"sub_title":"Gulf War","text":"Since its reactivation, the 10th DISCOM has deployed in support of multiple operations, both in the United States and abroad. 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The ranks and responsibilities of the Muleskinners grew dramatically as they sustained, maintained, and cared for several rotations of Division soldiers while supporting humanitarian assistance to the local population.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Operation Uphold Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSO-2"}],"sub_title":"Operation Uphold Democracy","text":"In September 1994, the 10th DISCOM was called upon again and deployed with the Division to Haiti in their traditional role as providers and sustainers, while also supporting humanitarian operations as part of Operation Uphold Democracy.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Task Force Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Task Force Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_Falcon_(US)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdehist-3"}],"sub_title":"The Balkans","text":"In August 1999, elements of the 10th DISCOM deployed to the Balkans in support of peacekeeping operations as part of Task Force Eagle in Bosnia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A18_road_(Isle_of_Man)
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Snaefell mountain road
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["1 Description","2 Route","3 Origins and history","4 Milestones","5 National Geographic top 10 drives","6 Sources","7 External links"]
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Route map: Road in the Isle of Man
A18Route informationLength13.35 mi (21.48 km)Major junctionsSouth endGovernor's Bridge, DouglasMajor intersections Governor's Road
‘Old Road’/(A18) Bemahague Road
A39 Hillberry Road/B11 Avondale Road
A6 Johnny Watterson's Lane/C10 Scollag Road
C22 Little Mill Road
B12 Creg-ny-Baa Back Road
U31 Nobles Park Road
B10 Beinn-y-Phott Road
A14 Sulby Glen Road
D28 Hiberian/Roan Road
Lezayre Road
Ramsey to Andreas RoadNorth endRamsey54°19′14″N 4°23′06″W / 54.32056°N 4.38500°W / 54.32056; -4.38500 (A18 road (western end))
54°10′18″N 4°28′06″W / 54.17167°N 4.46833°W / 54.17167; -4.46833 (A18 road (western end))
LocationCountryUnited KingdomCrown dependencyIsle of Man
Road network
Roads in the Isle of Man
The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road or Mountain Road (Manx: Giat y Clieau) is a primary main A-road of 13.35 miles (21.48 km) in length which connects the towns of Douglas and Ramsey in the Isle of Man.
Description
The Mountain Road is part of Isle of Man TT Mountain Course or TT Course, a road-racing circuit used for the Isle of Man TT and Manx Grand Prix races, which have been held in the Isle of Man from 1911 and 1923 respectively. In the races, it is one-way from Ramsey towards Douglas. The racing is held on public roads closed for racing by an Act of Tynwald (the parliament of the Isle of Man). It is the oldest motor-cycle racing circuit still in use. The highest point of the course is on the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road between the Bungalow and Hailwood's Height at Ordnance Survey spot height 422 metres (1,385 feet) above sea level, with gradients reaching 14%.
The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was described in the publication Classic Motor-Sport Routes as:
....you'll notice that once you get beyond Ramsey and the tight left hand hairpin bend to begin the climb onto the Mountain Road, most Manx drivers don't tend to hang about. The sense of freedom given by the liberal road traffic laws and the brooding, mountain and moorland terrain makes driving here an invigorating experience....
Route
A18 Snaefell Mountain Road at Guthrie's Memorial Looking North to the Point of Ayre.
The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road runs from the A2 Governor's Road at Governor's Bridge in Douglas north to Ramsey, and includes the A18 Bemahague Road from Governor's Bridge to Signpost Corner with the A39 Hillbery Road junction. As part of the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course, in reverse direction it passes through Cronk-ny-Mona and the road junction with the A6 Johnny Watterson's Lane and the C10 Scollag Road. The A18 Road then passes Hillberry Corner and the junction with the C22 Little Mill Road, Brandish Corner, Creg-ny-Baa, Kate's Cottage, Keppel Gate, the Windy Corner and the B10 Beinn-y-Phott Road road junction with Brandywell.
Continuing north, the A18 Mountain Road passes over the Snaefell Mountain Railway tramway crossing at the Bungalow and the A14 Sulby Glen Road, Bungalow Bridge, Verandah, Stonebreakers Hut, East Snaefell Mountain Gate, Mountain Box, the Mountain Mile including Guthrie's Memorial, 26th Milestone, the D28 Hibernia Road junction at the Gooseneck, Water Works Corner, Ramsey Hairpin and Whitegates. The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road at its northern end includes two small sections of road previously held in private ownership between Cruickshank's Corner and the road junctions with the A9 Ramsey to Andreas Road and the A2 Douglas to Ramsey Road situated in the town of Ramsey.
Origins and history
A18 Snaefell Mountain Road sign in Ramsey.
The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was developed in the mid-19th century from a number of pre-existing roads, cart-tracks and bridle paths. This included installation of a number of sheep-gates including the East Mountain Gate, the Beinn-y-Phott sheep-gate at Brandywell and Keppel Gate. The section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Keppel Gate northwards to the Gooseneck corner near Ramsey was built on common grazing land that was transferred to the Crown following the sale of the Island's feudal rights by the Duke of Atholl after the Disafforesting Commission of 1860.
As the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road is purpose-built, it reflects typical 19th century highway and railway construction practices, with many small-scale cuttings, embankments and revetments, and follows land contours with purpose-built graded sections intersected by right-angle bends, road junctions and sheep-gates.
Milestones
The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road has small metal milestones from the period of James Garrow as Isle of Man Surveyor-General; they are numbered numerically from Douglas to Ramsey.
National Geographic top 10 drives
In 2014, the National Geographic magazine nominated the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road as No 8 in the Top 10 Driver's Drives.
No 8. A18 Snaefell Mountain Road – The Isle of Man has been a leading motorsport destination since 1904, when racing was legalized on public roads. This 15-mile route between Douglas and Ramsey is the motorcycle-racing circuit used for the Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) and the Manx Grand Prix. The road skirts the peak of Snaefell, the tallest mountain on the island at 2,035 feet (sic). A key attraction for many: The Isle of Man is one of the few British territories with no national speed limit."
Sources
^ Isle of Man Examiner page 33 Tuesday 8 July 2008
^ Government Circular No 169/78 page 1&3 SCHEDULE PART I The Manx International Trophy Rally Order 1978 W. H. VINCENT SECRETARY (1978) Isle of Man Highway and Transport Board. 4 August 1978 "1. ABBEYLANDS, EAST BALDWIN, INJEBRECK, BRANDYWELL 9.30 a.m. - 12.30 p.m. The Scholague Road from its junction with the A.18 Snaefell Mountain Road to Abbeylands crossroads...."
^ Government Circular No 71/77 page 1&2 The Regulation of Traffic (T.T. Races) Order 1977 W. H. VINCENT SECRETARY (1977) Isle of Man Highway and Transport Board. 25 March 1977 "....commonly known as the Mountain Road...."
^ SLIABH (SLIEAU) IN MAN pages 1 to 6 George Broderick (2003) University of Mannheim "3. Moors or areas of upland Giat y Clieau LE SC4189 (roadway-name from adjacent moor) ‘the mountain road’ (geata an t-sléibhe)."
^ Government Circular No. 1131. pages 1 to 4 Main Roads B. E. SARGEAUNT, Government Secretary Government Office, Isle of Man 25 February 1926
^ Isle of Man Centenary TT – ACU/MMCC Official Race Guide page 67 Isle of Man Department of Tourism and Leisure (2007) Mannin Media Group Ltd
^ Classic Motor-Sport Routes page 57 by Richard Meaden 1st Edition (2007) AA Publishing Ltd ISBN 978-0-7495-5225-1 Oriental Press Dubai
^ A Gazetteer of the Isle of Man pages 172, 258-262 Leslie Qulliam RBV The Manx Heritage Foundation - Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin (2005) Quine and Cubbon Ltd ISBN 0 951 4539 12
^ Isle of Man Examiner page 5 dated 5 June 1969
^ The Isle of Man by Train, Tram and by Foot page 57 by Stan Basnett (1990) Lily Publications ISBN 1-899602-72-0 Walk 10 - Abbeylands and Nobles Park to Laxey
^ Manx Milestones pages 13–17 and pages 57–58 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3
^ Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack pp56-57 (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3
^ Isle of Man Examiner dated 3 May 1913
^ Manx Independent – Manninagh Seyr page 10 TRAVEL Mountain Road is top 10 Drive Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnston Press Publishing – Sheffield Web Thursday 18 September 2014 "The Mountain Road has been included in the National Geographic top 10 Drivers' Drives."
^ "National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives". National Geographic Online. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Snaefell mountain roadKML is from Wikidata
Isle of Man Government Webcam Station
Bungalow Bridge to Thirty Third Milestone with Steve Hislop, 11 times TT winner
TT Spectator Guide Section The Bungalow to Kate's Cottage
Map of course
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The sense of freedom given by the liberal road traffic laws and the brooding, mountain and moorland terrain makes driving here an invigorating experience....","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:004gutheires.jpg"},{"link_name":"Point of Ayre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_Ayre"},{"link_name":"Snaefell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaefell"},{"link_name":"Governor's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Bridge_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man TT Mountain Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT_Mountain_Course"},{"link_name":"Cronk-ny-Mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronk-ny-Mona"},{"link_name":"A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_road_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"Hillberry Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillberry_Corner"},{"link_name":"Brandish Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandish_Corner"},{"link_name":"Creg-ny-Baa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creg-ny-Baa"},{"link_name":"Kate's Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%27s_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Keppel Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keppel_Gate"},{"link_name":"Windy Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Corner,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Brandywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywell,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Snaefell Mountain Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaefell_Mountain_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Bungalow Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Verandah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Stonebreakers Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonebreakers_Hut"},{"link_name":"Mountain Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Mile"},{"link_name":"Guthrie's Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie%27s_Memorial"},{"link_name":"26th Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Gooseneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseneck,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Water Works Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Works_Corner"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Hairpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Hairpin"},{"link_name":"Whitegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitegates,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9_road_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_road_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A18 Snaefell Mountain Road at Guthrie's Memorial Looking North to the Point of Ayre.The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road runs from the A2 Governor's Road at Governor's Bridge in Douglas north to Ramsey, and includes the A18 Bemahague Road from Governor's Bridge to Signpost Corner with the A39 Hillbery Road junction. As part of the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course, in reverse direction it passes through Cronk-ny-Mona and the road junction with the A6 Johnny Watterson's Lane and the C10 Scollag Road. The A18 Road then passes Hillberry Corner and the junction with the C22 Little Mill Road, Brandish Corner, Creg-ny-Baa, Kate's Cottage, Keppel Gate, the Windy Corner and the B10 Beinn-y-Phott Road road junction with Brandywell.Continuing north, the A18 Mountain Road passes over the Snaefell Mountain Railway tramway crossing at the Bungalow and the A14 Sulby Glen Road, Bungalow Bridge, Verandah, Stonebreakers Hut, East Snaefell Mountain Gate, Mountain Box, the Mountain Mile including Guthrie's Memorial, 26th Milestone, the D28 Hibernia Road junction at the Gooseneck, Water Works Corner, Ramsey Hairpin and Whitegates. The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road at its northern end includes two small sections of road previously held in private ownership between Cruickshank's Corner and the road junctions with the A9 Ramsey to Andreas Road and the A2 Douglas to Ramsey Road situated in the town of Ramsey.[8]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A18_Road_Sign_IMG_0046.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brandywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywell,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gooseneck corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseneck,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Duke of Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Atholl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A18 Snaefell Mountain Road sign in Ramsey.The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road was developed in the mid-19th century from a number of pre-existing roads, cart-tracks and bridle paths. This included installation of a number of sheep-gates including the East Mountain Gate, the Beinn-y-Phott sheep-gate at Brandywell and Keppel Gate.[9] The section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Keppel Gate northwards to the Gooseneck corner near Ramsey was built on common grazing land that was transferred to the Crown following the sale of the Island's feudal rights by the Duke of Atholl after the Disafforesting Commission of 1860.[10]As the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road is purpose-built, it reflects typical 19th century highway and railway construction practices, with many small-scale cuttings, embankments and revetments, and follows land contours with purpose-built graded sections intersected by right-angle bends, road junctions and sheep-gates.[11]","title":"Origins and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The A18 Snaefell Mountain Road has small metal milestones[12] from the period of James Garrow as Isle of Man Surveyor-General;[13] they are numbered numerically from Douglas to Ramsey.","title":"Milestones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Geographic-15"}],"text":"In 2014, the National Geographic magazine nominated the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road as No 8 in the Top 10 Driver's Drives.[14]No 8. A18 Snaefell Mountain Road – The Isle of Man has been a leading motorsport destination since 1904, when racing was legalized on public roads. This 15-mile route between Douglas and Ramsey is the motorcycle-racing circuit used for the Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) and the Manx Grand Prix. The road skirts the peak of Snaefell, the tallest mountain on the island at 2,035 feet (sic). A key attraction for many: The Isle of Man is one of the few British territories with no national speed limit.\"[15]","title":"National Geographic top 10 drives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7495-5225-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7495-5225-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 951 4539 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B951%2B4539%2B12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-899602-72-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899602-72-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-873120-58-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873120-58-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-873120-58-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873120-58-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-National_Geographic_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141015034835/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/#page=2"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/"}],"text":"^ Isle of Man Examiner page 33 Tuesday 8 July 2008\n\n^ Government Circular No 169/78 page 1&3 SCHEDULE PART I The Manx International Trophy Rally Order 1978 W. H. VINCENT SECRETARY (1978) Isle of Man Highway and Transport Board. 4 August 1978 \"1. ABBEYLANDS, EAST BALDWIN, INJEBRECK, BRANDYWELL 9.30 a.m. - 12.30 p.m. The Scholague Road from its junction with the A.18 Snaefell Mountain Road to Abbeylands crossroads....\"\n\n^ Government Circular No 71/77 page 1&2 The Regulation of Traffic (T.T. Races) Order 1977 W. H. VINCENT SECRETARY (1977) Isle of Man Highway and Transport Board. 25 March 1977 \"....commonly known as the Mountain Road....\"\n\n^ SLIABH (SLIEAU) IN MAN pages 1 to 6 George Broderick (2003) University of Mannheim \"3. Moors or areas of upland Giat y Clieau LE SC4189 (roadway-name from adjacent moor) ‘the mountain road’ (geata an t-sléibhe).\"\n\n^ Government Circular No. 1131. pages 1 to 4 Main Roads B. E. SARGEAUNT, Government Secretary Government Office, Isle of Man 25 February 1926\n\n^ Isle of Man Centenary TT – ACU/MMCC Official Race Guide page 67 Isle of Man Department of Tourism and Leisure (2007) Mannin Media Group Ltd\n\n^ Classic Motor-Sport Routes page 57 by Richard Meaden 1st Edition (2007) AA Publishing Ltd ISBN 978-0-7495-5225-1 Oriental Press Dubai\n\n^ A Gazetteer of the Isle of Man pages 172, 258-262 Leslie Qulliam RBV The Manx Heritage Foundation - Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin (2005) Quine and Cubbon Ltd ISBN 0 951 4539 12\n\n^ Isle of Man Examiner page 5 dated 5 June 1969\n\n^ The Isle of Man by Train, Tram and by Foot page 57 by Stan Basnett (1990) Lily Publications ISBN 1-899602-72-0 Walk 10 - Abbeylands and Nobles Park to Laxey\n\n^ Manx Milestones pages 13–17 and pages 57–58 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3\n\n^ Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack pp56-57 (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3\n\n^ Isle of Man Examiner dated 3 May 1913\n\n^ Manx Independent – Manninagh Seyr page 10 TRAVEL Mountain Road is top 10 Drive Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnston Press Publishing – Sheffield Web Thursday 18 September 2014 \"The Mountain Road has been included in the National Geographic top 10 Drivers' Drives.\"\n\n^ \"National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives\". National Geographic Online. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"A18 Snaefell Mountain Road at Guthrie's Memorial Looking North to the Point of Ayre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/004gutheires.jpg/180px-004gutheires.jpg"},{"image_text":"A18 Snaefell Mountain Road sign in Ramsey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A18_Road_Sign_IMG_0046.jpg/220px-A18_Road_Sign_IMG_0046.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives\". National Geographic Online. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015034835/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/#page=2","url_text":"\"National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives\""},{"url":"http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snaefell_mountain_road¶ms=54_19_14_N_4_23_06_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=A18+road+%28western+end%29","external_links_name":"54°19′14″N 4°23′06″W / 54.32056°N 4.38500°W / 54.32056; -4.38500 (A18 road (western end))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Snaefell_mountain_road¶ms=54_10_18_N_4_28_06_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=A18+road+%28western+end%29","external_links_name":"54°10′18″N 4°28′06″W / 54.17167°N 4.46833°W / 54.17167; -4.46833 (A18 road (western end))"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015034835/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/#page=2","external_links_name":"\"National Geographic Top 10 Drivers' Drives\""},{"Link":"http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/drivers-drives-traveler/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Snaefell_mountain_road&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Snaefell_mountain_road&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129195851/http://www.gov.im/tourism/webcam/webcam.aspx?webcam=7","external_links_name":"Isle of Man Government Webcam Station"},{"Link":"http://www.iomtt.com/TT-2009/Circuit-Guide/Competitors/BungalowBridge-ThirtyThirdMilestone.aspx","external_links_name":"Bungalow Bridge to Thirty Third Milestone"},{"Link":"https://www.iomtt.com/TT-2009/Circuit-Guide/Spectators/The%20Bungalow%20to%20Kates%20Cottage.aspx","external_links_name":"TT Spectator Guide Section The Bungalow to Kate's Cottage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090130103900/http://iomtt.com/TT-2009/Circuit-Guide.aspx","external_links_name":"Map of course"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_magnetic_semiconductor
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Bipolar magnetic semiconductor
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["1 Properties and potential applications","2 Materials developments","3 References"]
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Bipolar magnetic semiconductors (BMSs) are a special class of magnetic semiconductors characterized by a unique electronic structure, where valence band maximum (VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM) are fully spin polarized in the opposite spin direction. BMSs can be described by three energy gaps, the spin-flip gap Δ2 in valence band (VB), band gap Δ1 and spin-flip gap Δ3 in conduction band (CB). Up to now, bipolar magnetic semiconductors, together with half-metal and spin gapless semiconductor, have been viewed as three important classes of spintronic materials.
Manipulation of carrier's spin orientation in bipolar magnetic semiconductors by electrical gating.
Properties and potential applications
The proposal of bipolar magnetic semiconductor (BMS) is aimed to realize electrical control of carriers' spin orientation, which is a key scientific problem in developing high performance spintronics devices, since electric field can be easily applied locally, in contrast to magnetic field. In BMS, the carriers' spin orientation can be controlled simply by altering the sign of the applied gate voltage. Under zero gate voltage (VG = 0), BMS is semiconducting. Under negative gate voltages (VG < 0) which shift down the material's Fermi level (EF) into spin-flip gap Δ2 in valence band, BMS conducts with carriers fully spin up polarized, while the conducting carriers change to be fully spin down polarized when positive gate voltages (VG > 0) push the Fermi level (EF) up into spin-flip gap Δ3 in conduction band. BMS is expected to be applied as bipolar field effect spin filter and field effect spin valve, or entangled electron detectors and separators.
Materials developments
A number of BMS materials have been theoretically predicted, such as MnPSe3 nanosheets, Heusler alloys FeVXSi (X = Ti, Zr), double perovskites A2CrOsO6 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) and DPP-based metal–organic framework. However, the experimental realization of electrical control of spin orientation in these materials still keeps a challenge and needs further experimental efforts.
References
^ Farghadan, Rouhollah (2017-08-01). "Bipolar magnetic semiconductor in silicene nanoribbons". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 435. ScienceDirect: 206–211. Bibcode:2017JMMM..435..206F. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.04.016.
^ Xingxing Li; Xiaojun Wu; Zhenyu Li; Jinlong Yang; Jianguo Hou (2012-07-20). "Bipolar magnetic semiconductors: a new class of spintronics materials". Nanoscale. 4 (18): 5680–5685. arXiv:1208.1355. Bibcode:2012Nanos...4.5680L. doi:10.1039/C2NR31743E. PMID 22874973. S2CID 20651576.
^ Hongzhe Pan; Yuanyuan Sun; Yongping Zheng; Nujiang Tang; Youwei Du (2016-09-09). "B4 CN3 and B3 CN4 monolayers as the promising candidates for metal-free spintronic materials". New Journal of Physics. 18 (9): 093021. Bibcode:2016NJPh...18i3021P. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/093021.
^ Jiří Tuček; Piotr Błoński; Juri Ugolotti; Akshaya Kumar Swain; Toshiaki Enoki; Radek Zbořil (2018). "Emerging chemical strategies for imprinting magnetism in graphene and related 2D materials for spintronic and biomedical applications". Chemical Society Reviews. 47 (11): 3899–3990. doi:10.1039/C7CS00288B. PMID 29578212.
^ Xingxing Li; Jinlong Yang (2013-08-07). "Bipolar magnetic materials for electrical manipulation of spin-polarization orientation". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (38): 15793–15801. Bibcode:2013PCCP...1515793L. doi:10.1039/C3CP52623B. PMID 23995379.
^ Xingxing Li; Jinlong Yang (2016-04-19). "First-principles design of spintronics materials". National Science Review. 3 (3): 365–381. doi:10.1093/nsr/nww026.
^ Xingxing Li; Xiaojun Wu; Jinlong Yang (2014-07-18). "Half-metallicity in MnPSe3 exfoliated nanosheet with carrier doping". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (31): 11065–11069. doi:10.1021/ja505097m. PMID 25036853.
^ Jiahui Zhang; Xingxing Li; Jinlong Yang (2015-01-27). "Electrical control of carriers' spin orientation in the FeVTiSi Heusler alloy". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 3 (11): 2563–2567. arXiv:1411.3426. doi:10.1039/C4TC02587C. S2CID 119234819.
^ Xingxing Li; Xiaojun Wu; Zhenyu Li; Jinlong Yang (2015-09-18). "Proposal of a general scheme to obtain room-temperature spin polarization in asymmetric antiferromagnetic semiconductors". Physical Review B. 92 (12): 125202. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92l5202L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.125202.
^ Xingxing Li; Jinlong Yang (2019-04-29). "Toward Room-Temperature Magnetic Semiconductors in Two-Dimensional Ferrimagnetic Organometallic Lattices". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 10 (10): 2439–2444. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00769. PMID 31034233. S2CID 140380092.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C3cp52623b-f1.gif"}],"text":"Manipulation of carrier's spin orientation in bipolar magnetic semiconductors by electrical gating.","title":"Bipolar magnetic semiconductor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spintronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics"},{"link_name":"Fermi level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_level"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PCCP-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016NRS-6"}],"text":"The proposal of bipolar magnetic semiconductor (BMS) is aimed to realize electrical control of carriers' spin orientation, which is a key scientific problem in developing high performance spintronics devices, since electric field can be easily applied locally, in contrast to magnetic field. In BMS, the carriers' spin orientation can be controlled simply by altering the sign of the applied gate voltage. Under zero gate voltage (VG = 0), BMS is semiconducting. Under negative gate voltages (VG < 0) which shift down the material's Fermi level (EF) into spin-flip gap Δ2 in valence band, BMS conducts with carriers fully spin up polarized, while the conducting carriers change to be fully spin down polarized when positive gate voltages (VG > 0) push the Fermi level (EF) up into spin-flip gap Δ3 in conduction band. BMS is expected to be applied as bipolar field effect spin filter and field effect spin valve, or entangled electron detectors and separators.[5][6]","title":"Properties and potential applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heusler alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heusler_alloys"},{"link_name":"metal–organic framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93organic_framework"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014JACS-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015JMCC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015PRB-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019JPCL-10"}],"text":"A number of BMS materials have been theoretically predicted, such as MnPSe3 nanosheets, Heusler alloys FeVXSi (X = Ti, Zr), double perovskites A2CrOsO6 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba) and DPP-based metal–organic framework.[7][8][9][10] However, the experimental realization of electrical control of spin orientation in these materials still keeps a challenge and needs further experimental efforts.","title":"Materials developments"}]
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[{"image_text":"Manipulation of carrier's spin orientation in bipolar magnetic semiconductors by electrical gating.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/C3cp52623b-f1.gif/220px-C3cp52623b-f1.gif"}]
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[{"reference":"Farghadan, Rouhollah (2017-08-01). \"Bipolar magnetic semiconductor in silicene nanoribbons\". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 435. ScienceDirect: 206–211. Bibcode:2017JMMM..435..206F. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.04.016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceDirect","url_text":"ScienceDirect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMMM..435..206F","url_text":"2017JMMM..435..206F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmmm.2017.04.016","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.04.016"}]},{"reference":"Xingxing Li; Xiaojun Wu; Zhenyu Li; Jinlong Yang; Jianguo Hou (2012-07-20). \"Bipolar magnetic semiconductors: a new class of spintronics materials\". Nanoscale. 4 (18): 5680–5685. arXiv:1208.1355. Bibcode:2012Nanos...4.5680L. doi:10.1039/C2NR31743E. PMID 22874973. S2CID 20651576.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.1355","url_text":"1208.1355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Nanos...4.5680L","url_text":"2012Nanos...4.5680L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC2NR31743E","url_text":"10.1039/C2NR31743E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22874973","url_text":"22874973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20651576","url_text":"20651576"}]},{"reference":"Hongzhe Pan; Yuanyuan Sun; Yongping Zheng; Nujiang Tang; Youwei Du (2016-09-09). \"B4 CN3 and B3 CN4 monolayers as the promising candidates for metal-free spintronic materials\". New Journal of Physics. 18 (9): 093021. Bibcode:2016NJPh...18i3021P. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/093021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F18%2F9%2F093021","url_text":"\"B4 CN3 and B3 CN4 monolayers as the promising candidates for metal-free spintronic materials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NJPh...18i3021P","url_text":"2016NJPh...18i3021P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F18%2F9%2F093021","url_text":"10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/093021"}]},{"reference":"Jiří Tuček; Piotr Błoński; Juri Ugolotti; Akshaya Kumar Swain; Toshiaki Enoki; Radek Zbořil (2018). \"Emerging chemical strategies for imprinting magnetism in graphene and related 2D materials for spintronic and biomedical applications\". Chemical Society Reviews. 47 (11): 3899–3990. doi:10.1039/C7CS00288B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Reef_Senior_High_School
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Coral Reef Senior High School
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["1 History","2 Athletics","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","4.1 Alumni","4.2 Faculty","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 25°37′48″N 80°21′23″W / 25.63000°N 80.35639°W / 25.63000; -80.35639
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Public magnet school in Miami, Florida, United StatesCoral Reef Senior High SchoolAddress10101 SW 152nd StreetMiami, Florida 33157United StatesCoordinates25°37′48″N 80°21′23″W / 25.63000°N 80.35639°W / 25.63000; -80.35639InformationTypePublic magnetEstablishedAugust 1997School districtMiami-Dade County Public SchoolsPrincipalNicole Bergé-MacInnesFaculty126.00 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment3,243 (2022–23)Student to teacher ratio25.74Campus size2,742 sq.ftCampus typeSuburbanColor(s) Teal, black, grey, and whiteMascotBarry the BarracudaNicknameBarracudasNewspaperBaitlineWebsiteCoral Reef Senior High School homepage
Coral Reef Senior High School is a secondary school located at 10101 S.W. 152nd Street in Richmond Heights, Florida, United States. The principal is Nicole Bergé-MacInnes. Coral Reef is locally known as "Miami's Mega Magnet School" since it offers six different magnet programs.
According to Newsweek's list of the 1,000 Top U.S. Schools in 2008, the school was ranked at 19th in the nation, making it 4th in the state of Florida at the time. In 2007, 2006 and 2005, it had ranked 22nd, 29th and 13th, respectively. This ranking is based on a ratio devised by Jay Mathews, which takes the number of Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate tests taken by all students at a school in that school year and divides it by the number of graduating seniors. Coral Reef was ranked 134 of all high schools in the nation in 2010.
History
The school does not primarily serve the surrounding neighborhoods, but instead takes applications from middle school students all over the county. Selection is done via a lottery system for all magnet programs except for Visual & Performing Arts, for which acceptance is based on ability; students must audition for this program. Most students living around the Coral Reef area attend Miami Palmetto Senior High School or Miami Killian Senior High School.
Coral Reef has received an "A" grade for its performance on the FCAT examination on ten occasions since the annual test was first administered in 1998.
Coral Reef has three publications: the newspaper, Baitline, their yearbook, Tsunami, and the school's literary magazine, Elysium. The newspaper is published monthly while the yearbook and literary magazine are both published annually. The daily morning newscast, CRTV Live (originally known as Cudavision, and later adapted to include the channel number as Cudavision 21), airs on closed-circuit channel 21.
Coral Reef has six different magnets: International Baccalaureate, Health Sciences, Business & Finance, Legal & Public Affairs, Agriscience & Engineering Technology, and Visual & Performing Arts.
Athletics
In the 2019-2020 marching season, the Barracuda Marching Band won straight superiors at the Marching Band Music Performance Assessment with their show "Storms of Africa" by Gary P. Gilroy and Shawn Glyde.
In the 2021-2022 school year, the Barracuda Band won the Otto J. Kraushaar Award for achieving straight superiors at the Marching Band Music Performance Assessment with their show "Pirates!" by Gary P. Gilroy and Shawn Glyde, straight superiors at the District Concert Band Music Performance Assessment, and straight superiors at the State Concert Band Music Performance Assessment.
Demographics
Coral Reef is 49% Hispanic (of any race), 31% White non-Hispanic, 25% Black, 5% Asian, and 5% other races.
Notable people
Alumni
JD Natasha, singer
Jessica Darrow, actress/singer, Disney’s Encanto
Faculty
David Menasche, author
See also
Miami-Dade County Public Schools
Education in the United States
References
^ a b c "Coral Reef Senior High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ "Coral Reef High School – Home of the Barracudas".
^ "Coral Reef Senior High School: Best High Schools". USNews. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "Coral Reef Senior High School: Miami's Mega-Magnet School". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ "Florida School Accountability Reports". www.fldoe.org. November 22, 2022. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012.
^ "Coral Reef High School". crhs.dadeschools.net. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
^ "FBA District 16 Marching Band MPA". flmusiced.org. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ "FBA District 16 Combined HS/MS Concert MPA". flmusiced.org. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
^ "2021-2022 State Music Performance Assessment Report" (PDF). Florida School Music Association. October 24, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
^ "Coral Reef Senior High School (2023 Ranking) - Miami, FL". Public School Review. April 27, 2023.
^ Fraser Delgado, Celeste (June 17, 2004). "Stars are Born". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
^ "South Florida Teacher, Author Dies Battling Brain Cancer". CBS Miami. November 20, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
External links
Coral Reef High School Web Page
Miami-Dade County Public Schools
vteMiami-Dade County Public SchoolsInstitutionsHigh schoolsNeighborhood/zoned
American
J.C. Bermudez Doral
Braddock
Carol City
Central
Coral Gables
Coral Park
Cutler Bay
Edison
Ferguson
Goleman
Hialeah
Hialeah Gardens
Hialeah-Miami Lakes
Homestead
Jackson
Killian
Krop
Miami
Miami Beach
Miami Springs
Mourning
Norland
North Miami
North Miami Beach
Northwestern
Palmetto
Reagan/Doral
South Dade
South Miami
Southridge
Southwest Miami
Sunset
Varela
Westland
Washington
Magnets
Coral Reef
DASH
Martí MAST
MAST Academy
MAST @ FIU
MAST @ Homestead
Miami Lakes Ed Ctr
New World
Robert Morgan
School for Advanced Studies
Turner Tech
TERRA ERI
Young Men's Prep
Young Women's Prep
Charters
Doctors Miami Shores
Doral Academy Preparatory School
EA
Mater
Don Soffer Aventura HS
SLAM
Alternative
MacArthur South
Defunct
North Dade (1957-66)
Middle &elem. schoolsPublic middles
Arvida
Carver
Edison
Miami Springs
Southwood
Magnet middles
Ammons
Martí MAST
Magnet elementaries
Bryan
North Dade Center
Scott Lake
Southside
West Laboratory
K-8 centers
Air Base
Coral Gables
Coral Way Bilingual
Edelcup/Sunny Isles
Milam
Charters
ASPIRA RAM
Doctors Miami Shores
Doral Academy
Mater
RelatedPeopleSuperintendents
Petruzielo (prior to 1991)
Crew (2004-2008)
Carvalho (2008-2022)
Board members
Bendross-Mindingall
Curbelo
Hantman
OtherBroadcast
WLRN-FM
WLRN-TV
Articles
Middle schools
Killian Nine
Authority control databases: Geographic
NCES
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[]
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[{"title":"Miami-Dade County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County_Public_Schools"},{"title":"Education in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1200390&SchoolPageNum=7&ID=120039003052","url_text":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coral Reef High School – Home of the Barracudas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://coralreefhighschool.net/","url_text":"\"Coral Reef High School – Home of the Barracudas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Best High Schools\". USNews. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104015727/http://education.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/listings/high-schools/florida/coral_reef_senior_high_school","url_text":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Best High Schools\""},{"url":"http://education.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/listings/high-schools/florida/coral_reef_senior_high_school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Miami's Mega-Magnet School\". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723072432/http://crhs.dadeschools.net/portal/wps/aboutcrhs/admissions.htm#FAQs","url_text":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Miami's Mega-Magnet School\""},{"url":"http://crhs.dadeschools.net/portal/wps/aboutcrhs/admissions.htm#FAQs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Florida School Accountability Reports\". www.fldoe.org. November 22, 2022. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120103102949/http://schoolgrades.fldoe.org/","url_text":"\"Florida School Accountability Reports\""},{"url":"https://www.fldoe.org/accountability/accountability-reporting/school-grades/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coral Reef High School\". crhs.dadeschools.net. Retrieved March 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://crhs.dadeschools.net/academies/academies.html","url_text":"\"Coral Reef High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBA District 16 Marching Band MPA\". flmusiced.org. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://flmusiced.org/mpaonline/publicreports/MPAReport.aspx?EventID=5189","url_text":"\"FBA District 16 Marching Band MPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBA District 16 Combined HS/MS Concert MPA\". flmusiced.org. Retrieved October 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://flmusiced.org/mpaonline/publicreports/MPAReport.aspx?EventID=5191","url_text":"\"FBA District 16 Combined HS/MS Concert MPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021-2022 State Music Performance Assessment Report\" (PDF). Florida School Music Association. October 24, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024041833/https://flmusiced.org/MPAOnline/ExportedReports/MPAReport00242022000007.pdf","url_text":"\"2021-2022 State Music Performance Assessment Report\""},{"url":"https://flmusiced.org/MPAOnline/ExportedReports/MPAReport00242022000007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School (2023 Ranking) - Miami, FL\". Public School Review. April 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publicschoolreview.com/coral-reef-senior-high-school-profile","url_text":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School (2023 Ranking) - Miami, FL\""}]},{"reference":"Fraser Delgado, Celeste (June 17, 2004). \"Stars are Born\". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2004-06-17/music/stars-are-born/","url_text":"\"Stars are Born\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Florida Teacher, Author Dies Battling Brain Cancer\". CBS Miami. November 20, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-teacher-author-dies-battling-brain-cancer/","url_text":"\"South Florida Teacher, Author Dies Battling Brain Cancer\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coral_Reef_Senior_High_School¶ms=25_37_48_N_80_21_23_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"25°37′48″N 80°21′23″W / 25.63000°N 80.35639°W / 25.63000; -80.35639"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coral+Reef+Senior+High+School%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coral_Reef_Senior_High_School¶ms=25_37_48_N_80_21_23_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"25°37′48″N 80°21′23″W / 25.63000°N 80.35639°W / 25.63000; -80.35639"},{"Link":"https://coralreefhighschool.net/","external_links_name":"Coral Reef Senior High School homepage"},{"Link":"https://flmusiced.org/mpaonline/publicreports/MPAReport.aspx?EventID=4472","external_links_name":"straight superiors at the Marching Band Music Performance Assessment"},{"Link":"https://www.gpgmusic.com/marching-band/storms-of-africa/","external_links_name":"\"Storms of Africa\" by Gary P. Gilroy and Shawn Glyde"},{"Link":"https://buchholzband.com/awards-accomplishments/","external_links_name":"Otto J. Kraushaar Award"},{"Link":"https://www.gpgmusic.com/marching-band/pirates/","external_links_name":"\"Pirates!\" by Gary P. Gilroy and Shawn Glyde"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=1200390&SchoolPageNum=7&ID=120039003052","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School\""},{"Link":"https://coralreefhighschool.net/","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef High School – Home of the Barracudas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104015727/http://education.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/listings/high-schools/florida/coral_reef_senior_high_school","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Best High Schools\""},{"Link":"http://education.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/listings/high-schools/florida/coral_reef_senior_high_school","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723072432/http://crhs.dadeschools.net/portal/wps/aboutcrhs/admissions.htm#FAQs","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School: Miami's Mega-Magnet School\""},{"Link":"http://crhs.dadeschools.net/portal/wps/aboutcrhs/admissions.htm#FAQs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120103102949/http://schoolgrades.fldoe.org/","external_links_name":"\"Florida School Accountability Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.fldoe.org/accountability/accountability-reporting/school-grades/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://crhs.dadeschools.net/academies/academies.html","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef High School\""},{"Link":"https://flmusiced.org/mpaonline/publicreports/MPAReport.aspx?EventID=5189","external_links_name":"\"FBA District 16 Marching Band MPA\""},{"Link":"https://flmusiced.org/mpaonline/publicreports/MPAReport.aspx?EventID=5191","external_links_name":"\"FBA District 16 Combined HS/MS Concert MPA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221024041833/https://flmusiced.org/MPAOnline/ExportedReports/MPAReport00242022000007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2021-2022 State Music Performance Assessment Report\""},{"Link":"https://flmusiced.org/MPAOnline/ExportedReports/MPAReport00242022000007.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.publicschoolreview.com/coral-reef-senior-high-school-profile","external_links_name":"\"Coral Reef Senior High School (2023 Ranking) - Miami, FL\""},{"Link":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2004-06-17/music/stars-are-born/","external_links_name":"\"Stars are Born\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-teacher-author-dies-battling-brain-cancer/","external_links_name":"\"South Florida Teacher, Author Dies Battling Brain Cancer\""},{"Link":"https://coralreefhighschool.net/","external_links_name":"Coral Reef High School Web Page"},{"Link":"http://www.dadeschools.net/","external_links_name":"Miami-Dade County Public Schools"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=120039003052","external_links_name":"NCES"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMR_600_Gordon
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LMR 600 Gordon
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["1 Service","2 Preservation","3 References","3.1 Sources","4 External links"]
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For coaxial cable, see LMR-600.
Longmoor Military Railway 600 GordonGordon on the Longmoor Military Railway, 1949Type and originPower typeSteamBuilderNorth British Locomotive CompanySerial number25437ModelWD Austerity 2-10-0Build date1943SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte2-10-0 • UIC1′E h2Leading dia.2 ft 9 in (0.838 m)Driver dia.4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1.435 m)Fuel typeCoalFuel capacity9 long tons (9.1 t)Water cap.5,000 imperial gallons (23,000 L; 6,000 US gal)Boiler pressure225 lbf/in2 (1.55 MPa)CareerOperatorsWar DepartmentBritish ArmyNumbersWD 3651 → 73651Army: 600Withdrawn1969Restored1972Current ownerSevern Valley RailwayDispositionDisplayed in The Engine House
Longmoor Military Railway number 600 Gordon is a preserved British steam locomotive. It was built during World War II to the War Department "Austerity" 2-10-0 design and was the last steam locomotive owned by the British Army. It had the same power output as the Austerity 2-8-0 but a lighter axle load, making it suitable for secondary lines. The middle driving wheels of the class have no flange, to ease turning on tighter tracks.
Service
Gordon was the second of 150 2-10-0 locomotives built for the War Department by the North British Locomotive Co. at its Hyde Park Works in Glasgow. The locomotive entered service in December 1943 as No. 3651, shortly afterward becoming No. 73651 when the instruction was given during 1944 to increase WD numbers by 70,000. Although most of the first batch of 100 saw service overseas, Gordon remained in the UK throughout the War.
After the War, the locomotive was used by the Royal Engineers on the Longmoor Military Railway in Hampshire, UK. It was renumbered 600 in 1952 and given the name Gordon in honour of the Royal Engineers' most famous General, Charles Gordon ("Gordon of Khartoum").
While at the LMR, Gordon was used both on general duties and for instructional use. During the Suez Crisis in 1956, it was reputed to have worked secret nightly trains carrying Government materials between Longmoor and Southampton Docks.
By the 1960s, Gordon was the last steam locomotive still in use at the LMR and had become a popular attraction at enthusiasts' specials, including working on BR metals between Woking and Liss on 30 April 1966.
Preservation
Gordon as stored in "The Engine House" at Highley
When the LMR closed in October 1969, Gordon was offered a home on the Severn Valley Railway, arriving there in 1972 and operating from 29 July of that year. In July 1975, it took part in the Stockton and Darlington 150 celebrations at Shildon, being steamed in the cavalcade. In May 1980, it took part in the Locomotive Parade at Rocket 150, the 150th Anniversary of the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at Rainhill. Gordon also served as Gordon the Big Engine from Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends as part of SVR's former Day Out with Thomas events.
Gordon was withdrawn from service in 1999 after a boiler tube blew. The engine was deemed not cost-effective to repair at that time. After being stored outside for many years, it was given a cosmetic repaint and was one of the first locomotives placed in The Engine House museum adjoining Highley in March 2008. On 25 July 2008, the locomotive was formally handed over by the Army to the Severn Valley Railway, who had been looking after it in a caretaker capacity. As of 2023, it remains on display while awaiting an overhaul.
References
^ a b "SVR given Gordon". Heritage Railway (115). Horncastle: Mortons Media Ltd: 31. 4 September – 1 October 2008.
^ Rowledge 1987, p. 16.
^ Carter, J. A. H.; Kann, D. N. (1961). Maintenance in the Field. The Second World War 1939–1945 Army. Vol. II: 1943–1945. London: The War Office. p. 367. OCLC 1109671836.
^ a b Rowledge 1987, p. 49.
^ a b Rowledge 1987, p. 52.
^ Bowman, Alan M (1975). Railway 150 Exhibition Steam Cavalcade Souvenir Guide. Joint Committee for Stockton & Darlington Railway 150 Celebrations. p. 57.
^ Severn Valley Railway News, Issue 130 Summer 1999, p. 15.
^ Severn Valley Railway News, Issue 164 Winter 2008/9, p. 17.
Sources
Rowledge, J.W.P. (1987). Austerity 2-8-0s & 2-10-0s. Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1709-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to WD Austerity 2-10-0 600 Gordon.
Severn Valley Railway 'LMR 600 Gordon'
This article relating to steam locomotives operated in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMR-600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMR-600"},{"link_name":"Longmoor Military Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmoor_Military_Railway"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Department_(UK)"},{"link_name":"\"Austerity\" 2-10-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD_Austerity_2-10-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR-1"},{"link_name":"Austerity 2-8-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD_Austerity_2-8-0"},{"link_name":"axle load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_load"},{"link_name":"flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange"}],"text":"For coaxial cable, see LMR-600.Longmoor Military Railway number 600 Gordon is a preserved British steam locomotive. It was built during World War II to the War Department \"Austerity\" 2-10-0 design and was the last steam locomotive owned by the British Army.[1] It had the same power output as the Austerity 2-8-0 but a lighter axle load, making it suitable for secondary lines. The middle driving wheels of the class have no flange, to ease turning on tighter tracks.","title":"LMR 600 Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North British Locomotive Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Co."},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowledge198716-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Longmoor Military Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmoor_Military_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowledge198749-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Gordon of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowledge198749-4"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowledge198752-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowledge198752-5"}],"text":"Gordon was the second of 150 2-10-0 locomotives built for the War Department by the North British Locomotive Co. at its Hyde Park Works in Glasgow. The locomotive entered service in December 1943 as No. 3651, shortly afterward becoming No. 73651 when the instruction was given during 1944 to increase WD numbers by 70,000.[2] Although most of the first batch of 100 saw service overseas,[3] Gordon remained in the UK throughout the War.After the War, the locomotive was used by the Royal Engineers on the Longmoor Military Railway in Hampshire, UK. It was renumbered 600 in 1952[4] and given the name Gordon in honour of the Royal Engineers' most famous General, Charles Gordon (\"Gordon of Khartoum\").While at the LMR, Gordon was used both on general duties and for instructional use.[4] During the Suez Crisis in 1956, it was reputed to have worked secret nightly trains carrying Government materials between Longmoor and Southampton Docks.[5]By the 1960s, Gordon was the last steam locomotive still in use at the LMR and had become a popular attraction at enthusiasts' specials, including working on BR metals between Woking and Liss on 30 April 1966.[5]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longmoor_Military_Railway_Gordon_Severn_Valley_Railway.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Engine House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engine_House"},{"link_name":"Highley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Severn Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rocket 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_150"},{"link_name":"Gordon the Big Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_the_Big_Engine"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Day Out with Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_Out_with_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Engine House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engine_House"},{"link_name":"Highley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMR_600_Gordon&action=edit"}],"text":"Gordon as stored in \"The Engine House\" at HighleyWhen the LMR closed in October 1969, Gordon was offered a home on the Severn Valley Railway, arriving there in 1972 and operating from 29 July of that year.[1] In July 1975, it took part in the Stockton and Darlington 150 celebrations at Shildon, being steamed in the cavalcade.[6] In May 1980, it took part in the Locomotive Parade at Rocket 150, the 150th Anniversary of the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at Rainhill. Gordon also served as Gordon the Big Engine from Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends as part of SVR's former Day Out with Thomas events.Gordon was withdrawn from service in 1999 after a boiler tube blew. The engine was deemed not cost-effective to repair at that time.[7] After being stored outside for many years, it was given a cosmetic repaint and was one of the first locomotives placed in The Engine House museum adjoining Highley in March 2008. On 25 July 2008, the locomotive was formally handed over by the Army to the Severn Valley Railway, who had been looking after it in a caretaker capacity.[8] As of 2023[update], it remains on display while awaiting an overhaul.","title":"Preservation"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gordon as stored in \"The Engine House\" at Highley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Longmoor_Military_Railway_Gordon_Severn_Valley_Railway.jpg/220px-Longmoor_Military_Railway_Gordon_Severn_Valley_Railway.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"SVR given Gordon\". Heritage Railway (115). Horncastle: Mortons Media Ltd: 31. 4 September – 1 October 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carter, J. A. H.; Kann, D. N. (1961). Maintenance in the Field. The Second World War 1939–1945 Army. Vol. II: 1943–1945. London: The War Office. p. 367. OCLC 1109671836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109671836","url_text":"1109671836"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Alan M (1975). Railway 150 Exhibition Steam Cavalcade Souvenir Guide. Joint Committee for Stockton & Darlington Railway 150 Celebrations. p. 57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowledge, J.W.P. (1987). Austerity 2-8-0s & 2-10-0s. Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1709-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1709-3","url_text":"0-7110-1709-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMR_600_Gordon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1109671836","external_links_name":"1109671836"},{"Link":"https://www.svr.co.uk/locomotives/lmr-600-gordon/","external_links_name":"Severn Valley Railway 'LMR 600 Gordon'"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMR_600_Gordon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_T._Williamson
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Parker T. Williamson
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["1 Education","2 Conservative Christian","3 Publications","4 References"]
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Parker T. Williamson is a conservative minister of the Presbyterian Church (USA).
Education
Williamson earned a Master of Divinity at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond, Virginia, where he studied under John H. Leith, who also held a strongly critical, conservative perspective of the Presbyterian Church. While there, he joined two classmates on Martin Luther King Jr.'s Selma to Montgomery marches, in order to encourage Civil Rights legislation. Upon graduation, he pursued further studies at Yale Divinity School, where he earned a Master of Philosophy in Christian Ethics.
Completing his studies, Williamson started a ministry in Lenoir, North Carolina, validated by the Presbytery of Western North Carolina.
Conservative Christian
Williamson has advocated against liberation theology and accommodation of the church to post-modern cultural mores. He was the founder and editor of the Presbyterian Layman newspaper, and the founder and CEO of the Presbyterian Lay Committee, both of which espoused his views that the less conservative member of the Presbyterian church were preaching a "false gospel".
In December 2003, the Committee on Ministry of the Presbytery of Western North Carolina voted to withdraw its validation of Williamson's ministry, prompted by his writings against what he considered to be unorthodox practices and policies of the denomination. That decision was later overturned by the Permanent Judicial Commission at the synod level.
In November 2009, Williamson signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience, a manifesto issued by Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Evangelical Christian leaders, calling on Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.
Publications
Williamson, Parker T. Standing firm : reclaiming Christian faith in times of controversy Springfield, PA : PLC Publications, c1996. 209 p. ; 23 cm.
Williamson, Parker T. Essays from Zimbabwe, 1999
Williamson, Parker T. Vanishing Point, 2006
Williamson, Parker T. Broken Covenant, 2007
References
^ a b c TeSelle, Gene (2004-02-03). "Presbytery action on validation of Parker Williamson's ministry". Witherspoon Society. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
^ "Profile: Parker T. Williamson, executive editor". Archived from the original on 1999-02-09. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
^ Farmer, Michelle (2009-11-20). "Manhattan Declaration & Signers" (Press release). DeMossNews. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parker T. Williamson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Union Presbyterian Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Presbyterian_Seminary"},{"link_name":"John H. Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Leith"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Selma to Montgomery marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights"},{"link_name":"Yale Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"Master of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Christian Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Ethics"},{"link_name":"Lenoir, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PresbyteryWNC-1"}],"text":"Williamson earned a Master of Divinity at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond, Virginia, where he studied under John H. Leith, who also held a strongly critical, conservative perspective of the Presbyterian Church. While there, he joined two classmates on Martin Luther King Jr.'s Selma to Montgomery marches, in order to encourage Civil Rights legislation. Upon graduation, he pursued further studies at Yale Divinity School, where he earned a Master of Philosophy in Christian Ethics.Completing his studies, Williamson started a ministry in Lenoir, North Carolina, validated by the Presbytery of Western North Carolina.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PresbyteryWNC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PresbyteryWNC-1"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Declaration:_A_Call_of_Christian_Conscience"},{"link_name":"manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Williamson has advocated against liberation theology and accommodation of the church to post-modern cultural mores. He was the founder and editor of the Presbyterian Layman newspaper,[2] and the founder and CEO of the Presbyterian Lay Committee, both of which espoused his views that the less conservative member of the Presbyterian church were preaching a \"false gospel\".[1]In December 2003, the Committee on Ministry of the Presbytery of Western North Carolina voted to withdraw its validation of Williamson's ministry, prompted by his writings against what he considered to be unorthodox practices and policies of the denomination.[1] That decision was later overturned by the Permanent Judicial Commission at the synod level.In November 2009, Williamson signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience, a manifesto issued by Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Evangelical Christian leaders, calling on Christians not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.[3]","title":"Conservative Christian"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Williamson, Parker T. Standing firm : reclaiming Christian faith in times of controversy Springfield, PA : PLC Publications, c1996. 209 p. ; 23 cm.\nWilliamson, Parker T. Essays from Zimbabwe, 1999\nWilliamson, Parker T. Vanishing Point, 2006\nWilliamson, Parker T. Broken Covenant, 2007","title":"Publications"}]
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[{"reference":"TeSelle, Gene (2004-02-03). \"Presbytery action on validation of Parker Williamson's ministry\". Witherspoon Society. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2020-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002024/http://www.witherspoonsociety.org/2004/williamson_validation.htm","url_text":"\"Presbytery action on validation of Parker Williamson's ministry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Witherspoon#Other","url_text":"Witherspoon Society"},{"url":"http://www.witherspoonsociety.org/2004/williamson_validation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Parker T. Williamson, executive editor\". Archived from the original on 1999-02-09. Retrieved 2020-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990209043345/http://www.layman.org/layman/the-lay-comm/williamson-parker.htm","url_text":"\"Profile: Parker T. Williamson, executive editor\""},{"url":"http://www.layman.org/layman/the-lay-comm/williamson-parker.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Michelle (2009-11-20). \"Manhattan Declaration & Signers\" (Press release). DeMossNews. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2020-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901171332/http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers","url_text":"\"Manhattan Declaration & Signers\""},{"url":"http://demossnews.com/manhattandeclaration/press_kit/manhattan_declaration_signers","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_British_Architects
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Royal Institute of British Architects
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["1 History","1.1 Royal charter","1.2 Motto","1.3 Architectural education","1.4 Design policy","2 Structure","2.1 Designation","2.2 Regions","2.3 RIBA Enterprises","3 RIBA headquarters","3.1 British Architectural Library","3.2 V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership","4 RIBA Awards","5 RIBA competitions","6 RIBA Plan of Work","7 Education","8 Criticism","8.1 Lack of representation","8.2 Governance","9 Presidents","10 Secretaries","11 See also","12 References","12.1 Bibliography","13 External links","13.1 Video clips"]
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Coordinates: 51°31′17″N 0°08′42″W / 51.521283°N 0.14508°W / 51.521283; -0.14508UK-based professional body for architects
This article is about the professional body. For others uses of RIBA, see Riba (disambiguation).
"ARIBA" redirects here. Not to be confused with Arriba.
Royal Institute of British ArchitectsAbbreviationRIBAFormation1834; 190 years ago (1834)TypeProfessional membership bodyLegal statusChartered body corporate and registered charityPurposeThe objectives of the RIBA, as set out in its Charter, are advancement of architecture and promotion of acquiring of knowledge of the arts and sciences connected therewith.Headquarters66 Portland Place, London, W1Coordinates51°31′17″N 0°08′42″W / 51.521283°N 0.14508°W / 51.521283; -0.14508Region served Predominantly UK with increasing global membershipMembership 29,203 chartered architects (2020)Chief ExecutiveValerie Vaughan-DickPresidentMuyiwa OkiMain organRIBA Board & RIBA CouncilStaff 309 (2019)Websitewww.architecture.com
RIBA Headquarters
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three supplemental charters and a new charter granted in 1971.
Founded as the Institute of British Architects in London in 1834, the RIBA retains a central London headquarters at 66 Portland Place as well as a network of regional offices. Its members played a leading part in promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom; the RIBA Library, also established in 1834, is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. The RIBA also played a prominent role in the development of UK architects' registration bodies.
The institute administers some of the oldest architectural awards in the world, including RIBA President's Medals Students Award, the Royal Gold Medal, and the Stirling Prize. It also manages RIBA Competitions, organising architectural and other design-related competitions.
The RIBA was historically a male-dominated body, first admitting women members in 1898, and appointing its first female president in 2009. Sometimes perceived as a London-centric organisation, it has also been accused of lacking transparency.
History
Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Decimus Burton, Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. The latter served as the institute's first president for 25 years until his death in 1859.
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.
Royal charter
It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '... the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith...'
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the approval of the Privy Council.
Motto
The design of the institute's Mycenaean lions medal and the Latin motto Usui civium, decori urbium has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of the badge of the Lion Gate at Mycenae was used as a bookplate for the institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J. H. Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ". The motto is translated "for the use of the people, for the glory of the city".
Architectural education
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.
Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.
The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.
The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and re-enacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.
RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.
In 2005 Royal Institute of British Architects set up Academy of Urbanism.
In 2019 the RIBA Council voted for the creation of the RIBA Future Architects initiative, an online platform and international network aimed at Part I, Part II and Part III architectural students and graduates. The initiative was championed by student and associates' representatives on Council, after a 2018 campaign highlighting the hardship architectural students faced in their degrees. The initiative is designed to support, inspire and provide a voice as students and graduates transition from study to practice.
Design policy
RIBA sees itself as a lobbying organisation acting for architects, "for better buildings, stronger communities, and higher environmental standards". For example, in 2005 in response to concerns that the UK government's Private Finance Initiative did not offer good value for money, RIBA put forward a model known as "Smart PFI", under which a traditionally appointed design team would prepare "example plans" which would be finalised and costed by PFI bidders.
Structure
The RIBA is governed by the RIBA Council, a group of 60 members, elected from among the RIBA membership, the majority of whom are chartered architects.
The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the institute's services and receive its monthly magazine the RIBA Journal and articles on its website, RIBAJ.com.
Designation
ARIBA: Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (no longer granted to new members)
FRIBA: Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (and Hon Fellow – an honorary designation)
RIBA: Chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects
The institute's president is designated PRIBA, past presidents use PPRIBA
Regions
The institute also maintains twelve regional offices around the United Kingdom, including a London regional office. The first regional office was the East of England, opened at Cambridge in 1966. Each region encompasses several local architectural groups. In February 2022, the RIBA was criticised for cost-cutting proposals to merge its offices across England into three 'super regions'.
RIBA East – Great Shelford
RIBA East Midlands – Nottingham
RIBA London – London
RIBA North East – Newcastle
RIBA North West – Liverpool
RIBA South / South East – Reading
RIBA South West / Wessex – Bristol
RIBA West Midlands – Birmingham
RIBA Yorkshire – Leeds
RIAS – Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, Edinburgh
RSAW – Royal Society of Architects in Wales, Cardiff
RSUA – Royal Society of Ulster Architects, Belfast
There are also international branches under the RIBA International umbrella, with offices in London, Shanghai and Sharjah (United Arab Emirates). There are four principal membership groups:
RIBA Americas – includes the RIBA USA Chapter
RIBA Asia and Australasia
RIBA Europe
RIBA Middle East and Africa
RIBA Enterprises
RIBA Enterprises was the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 76 Portland Place in London, and an office in Newark, later sold to allow further investment. It once employed over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom were based in Newcastle. Its services include RIBA Insight, and RIBA Product Selector. It previously ran RIBA Publishing, RIBA Bookshops (which operates online and at 66 Portland Place), RIBA Appointments and RIBA Journal. These all now operate as part of the RIBA.
RIBA Enterprises also included the Newcastle-based NBS (National Building Specification), which had 130 staff and dealt with building regulations and the Construction Information Service. In June 2018, the RIBA announced it was selling a £31.8 million stake in RIBA Enterprises, to LDC, the private equity arm of Lloyds Bank. In November 2020, NBS was sold to Byggfakta Group, a Sweden-based information services provider. The RIBA received £172 million from the sale of its stake in NBS, some of which was reinvested to provide a reliable income stream for the institute.
The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand since 2008.
RIBA headquarters
Architectural Aspiration, by Edward Bainbridge, above the main entrance, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London
The RIBA's headquarters has been at 66 Portland Place, London, since 1934. This Grade II* listed building was designed by architect George Grey Wornum for the institute and features sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The building is open to the public, and includes a library, architectural bookshop, a café, bar, exhibition galleries and lecture theatre. Rooms are hired out for events.
The organisation also owns an adjacent building at 76 Portland Place, a 1950s office building overhauled in 2013, which housed RIBA staff and a members' café. In September 2021, following the COVID-19 pandemic and an £8 million budget deficit in the year ending December 2020, the RIBA announced plans to sell 76 Portland Place and to reduce staff numbers. Chief executive Alan Vallance said 89% of RIBA's staff only wanted to work two or three days a week from an office, so 76 Portland Place was surplus to requirements. A potential 20 further redundancies were reported on 31 January 2022. The organisation's annual report and accounts for the year ending 31 December 2022 reported a £6.3 million trading deficit (following shortfalls of £8 million in 2021 and £8.2 million in 2020), though the sale of its lease on 76 Portland Place for nearly £12 million had since helped balance its books.
In January 2022, the RIBA announced an architectural competition for RIBA-chartered architectural practices for a £20 million "comprehensive refurbishment" of its 66 Portland Place HQ.
British Architectural Library
Reading Room, British Architectural Library, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London
The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:
Archives: 1.5 million items made up of architects' personal papers, correspondence, notebooks and diaries.
Audiovisual materials: Talks held at the RIBA, including talks by winners of the Royal Gold Medal.
Biographical files: 20,000 biographical files relating to a specific architect or firm. Files contain a mix of nomination papers for membership of the RIBA, obituaries, brochures, articles and letters.
Books: 150,000 books and 20,000 pamphlets, with the earliest book dating from 1478. Amongst the items is a first edition of Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura from 1570 and John Tallis's Tallis's London street views from 1838 to 1840.
Drawings: 1 million items are held. These predominantly cover British architects from the Renaissance to the present day, such as Ernő Goldfinger, Charles Holden and Edwin Lutyens. It holds the world's largest collection of drawings by Andrea Palladio.
Models: Examples come from architects such as Denys Lasdun for his Keeling House and National Theatre, London.
Periodicals: 2,000 architectural titles collected, with complete sets of Architectural Review, Architects' Journal, and Country Life.
Photographs: 1.5 million items, including the archive of the Architectural Press. Items date from the 19th century, but with major holdings of 20th-century photographers such as Eric de Maré, John Maltby, John Donat and Henk Snoek.
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street (where it had been since 1859) to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War II and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.
The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright Architects. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free learning programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.
V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership
V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery, Room 128, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.
In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.
In June 2022, the RIBA announced it would be terminating its partnership with the V&A in 2027, "by mutual agreement", ending the permanent architecture gallery at the museum. Artefacts will be transferred back to the RIBA's existing collections, with some rehoused at the institute's headquarters at 66 Portland Place, set to become a new House of Architecture following a £20 million refurbishment.
RIBA Awards
Main articles: Stirling Prize, Royal Gold Medal, and RIBA House of the Year
RIBA plaque on Whitla Hall, Queen's University BelfastThe RIBA has been awarding the President's Medals annually since 1836, making them the institute's oldest awards, and possibly the oldest awards worldwide in the field of architecture. The Institute runs many other awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year; the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work; the Stephen Lawrence Prize, sponsored by the Marco Goldschmied Foundation, originally for projects with a construction budget of less than £1,000,000, and the President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire). Inaugurated in 2001, the Manser Medal was renamed the RIBA House of the Year award in 2014.
RIBA competitions
Main article: RIBA Competitions
RIBA Competitions is the Royal Institute of British Architects' unit dedicated to organising architectural and other design-related competitions.
Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.
RIBA Plan of Work
The RIBA Plan of Work, first developed in 1963, is a stage-by-stage model considered "the definitive design and process management tool for the UK construction industry". The latest version is the RIBA Plan of Work 2020, which has eight stages, 0 to 7. This version replaced the 2013 version. Previously, the RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007 used letters for each stage (stages A-L) rather than numbers.
RIBA work plan stages are often referred to in architectural, planning and procurement contexts, for example procurement notices may specify the relevant stages of work for which professional support is required.
Education
See also: Architectural education in the United Kingdom, Registration of architects in the United Kingdom, Bachelor of Architecture, Master of Architecture, and Doctor of Architecture
In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a procedure which validates courses at over 50 educational establishments across the UK. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.
The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.
Criticism
Lack of representation
In common with other professional bodies established in the early 19th century, the RIBA was initially a men-only institution. Thomas Leverton Donaldson, the RIBA's first secretary aimed "To uphold ourselves the character of Architects as men of taste, men of science, men of honour"; this vision of the masculine architect largely excluded women from the architecture profession for decades. More than 60 years after its foundation, the RIBA first admitted women as members in 1898; the first female member was Ethel Charles (1871–1962), followed by her sister Bessie (1869–1932) in 1900. It was then more than 30 years before the RIBA elected its first woman fellow, Gillian Harrison (1898–1974), in 1931, and a further 77 years before RIBA elected its first female president, Ruth Reed. There is no record of any of the buildings designed by the early women members.
In 1985, when under 5% of chartered architects were women, the Women Architects Forum was established. In 1993 the RIBA established a special interest group, the Women Architects Group; in 1999, renamed Women In Architecture, it became independent of the RIBA, which, in 2000, set up its first equality forum, Architects For Change. This became an umbrella group for Women In Architecture, the Society of Black Architects, student forum Archaos and other groups. In 2017, around 17% of architects were women, up from 8% in 1999.
The RIBA has been criticised by architects outside southeast England as a London-centric organisation which does not reach out to all members in the United Kingdom and beyond. The organisation has also been accused of institutional racism, of having a "deep, systemic disengagement from the membership", and of lacking transparency. In March 2022, young architects began a campaign to get the next RIBA president to move beyond "empty slogans and self-serving initiatives" and shake up an institute seen as "out of touch" with the wider profession. The campaign included members of a grassroots organisation, the Future Architects Front (FAF), and the institute’s Future Architects Steering Group; their preferred candidate, Muyiwa Oki, was named on 6 May 2022. Days later, the RIBA announced a restriction on new members participating in the elections (starting on 28 June 2022), a rule change described by the FAF as "an outrageous lack of transparency" and "exclusionary tactics". Nonetheless, in August 2022, Oki was elected to be the next RIBA president from September 2023. In 2024, the Just Transition group, which had also supported Oki, put forward another 'change' candidate, Funmbi Adeagbo, to succeed Oki as president in September 2025.
Also in May 2022, a RIBA director, Dian Small, highlighted the lack of diversity at an RIBA awards event, suggesting black architects "were not invited". On 26 May 2022, the RIBA's first director of diversity and inclusion, Marsha Ramroop, left after 13 months with the organisation. In December 2022, the RIBA decided not to "proceed with the development and sale of an equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) guidance book for practices, originally planned for 2024". The RIBA had commissioned Ramroop to write the book; she said she was "extremely disappointed that RIBA has taken the decision not to go ahead with publishing it."
Governance
Main article: Alan Jones (architect)
Questions about RIBA transparency were also raised by Alan Jones during his presidency (2019–2021). Between 31 March and 15 June 2020, he temporarily stepped back over a matter in his private life, reported by the RIBA as a "serious incident" to the Charity Commission. After an independent investigation, Jones resumed his role as president on 15 June 2020. In July 2021, he stepped down as a RIBA trustee, feeling unable to support a proposal to renew the contract of the RIBA chief executive, Alan Vallance, having made "serious allegations" about Vallance's conduct in February 2020. Senior figures demanded the body 'come clean' about the conflict saying "The RIBA is becoming an increasingly secretive organisation. ... Confidentiality has been weaponised and woe betide anyone who wants to ask difficult questions...." A Council Board Advisory Group was established, with a QC investigating complaints. Jones told Architects' Journal that he had come under pressure from senior RIBA figures to resign, and felt that "in terms of transparency and accountability, there is room for improvement."
A RIBA council member, Kerr Robertson, was removed as a councillor in October 2022. Described by Architects' Journal as a whistleblower, Robertson had criticised RIBA's board about issues including alleged conflicts of interest, institutional bullying, trustee interference in RIBA election rules changes, and a data breach.
Presidents
Presidents of the RIBA are elected by RIBA members, serve a two-year term and chair the RIBA Council. The post was created in 1835, shortly after the institute's founding. In 2009, 174 years later, Ruth Reed became the institute's first female president.
The current RIBA president, serving from September 2023 to August 2025, is Muyiwa Oki, who was elected in August 2022 and took office on 1 September 2023.
1835–1859 Thomas Philip Earl de Grey
1860–1861 Charles Robert Cockerell
1861–1863 William Tite
1863–1865 Thomas Leverton Donaldson
1865–1867 Alexander James Beresford-Hope
1867–1870 William Tite
1870–1873 Thomas Henry Wyatt
1873–1876 George Gilbert Scott
1876–1879 Charles Barry, Jr.
1879–1881 John Whichcord Jr.
1881–1881 George Edmund Street
1882–1884 Horace Jones
1884–1886 Ewan Christian
1886–1887 Edward I'Anson
1888–1890 Alfred Waterhouse
1891–1894 John Macvicar Anderson
1894–1896 Francis Penrose
1896–1899 George Aitchison
1899–1902 William Emerson
1902–1904 Aston Webb
1904–1906 John Belcher
1906–1908 Thomas Edward Collcutt
1908–1910 Ernest George
1910–1912 Leonard Stokes
1912–1914 Reginald Blomfield
1914–1917 Ernest Newton
1917–1919 Henry Thomas Hare
1919–1921 John William Simpson
1922–1923 Paul Waterhouse
1923–1925 John Alfred Gotch
1925–1927 Edward Guy Dawber
1927–1929 Walter Tapper
1929–1931 Banister Flight Fletcher
1931–1933 Raymond Unwin
1933–1935 Giles Gilbert Scott
1935–1937 Percy Thomas
1937–1939 Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel
1939–1940 Edwin Stanley Hall
1940–1943 William Henry Ansell
1943–1946 Sir Percy Thomas
1946–1948 Lancelot Keay
1948–1950 Michael Waterhouse
1950–1952 Andrew Graham Henderson
1952–1954 Howard Robertson
1954–1956 Charles Herbert Aslin
1956–1958 Kenneth Cross
1958–1960 Basil Spence
1960–1962 William Holford
1962–1964 Robert Hogg Matthew
1964–1965 Donald Evelyn Edward Gibson
1965–1967 Lionel Gordon Baliol Brett
1967–1969 Hugh Wilson
1969–1971 Peter Faulkner Shepheard
1971–1973 Alex Gordon
1973–1975 Fred Pooley
1975–1977 Eric Lyons
1977–1979 Gordon Graham
1979–1981 John Brian Jefferson
1981–1983 Owen Luder
1983–1985 Michael Manser
1985–1987 Larry Rolland
1987–1989 Rod Hackney
1989–1991 Maxwell Hutchinson
1991–1993 Richard MacCormac
1993–1995 Frank Duffy
1995–1997 Owen Luder
1997–1999 David Rock
1999–2001 Marco Goldschmied
2001–2003 Paul Hyett
2003–2005 George Ferguson
2005–2007 Jack Pringle
2007–2009 Sunand Prasad
2009–2011 Ruth Reed
2011–2013 Angela Brady
2013–2015 Stephen Hodder
2015–2017 Jane Duncan
2017–2019 Ben Derbyshire
2019–2021 Alan Jones
2021–2023 Simon Allford
2023–2025 Muyiwa Oki
^ a b c second term
^ died in office
Secretaries
The role of secretary of the RIBA was established in 1871. Between 1835 and 1870, the secretarial duties of the institute fell to honorary secretaries. Recent and current holders of the role are now referred to as chief executive.
1871–1878 Charles Eastlake
1878–1896 William H. White
1897–1907 William John Locke
1908–1943 Sir Ian MacAlister
1945–1959 Cyril Douglas Spragg
1959–1968 Gordon Randolph Ricketts
1968–1987 Patrick Harrison
1987–1994 Bill Rodgers
1994–2000 Alexander Reid
2000–2009 Richard Hastilow
2009–2016 Harry Rich
2016–2022 Alan Vallance
2023–present Valerie Vaughan-Dick
See also
Royal Town Planning Institute
Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists
Chartered Institute of Building
Construction Industry Council
Joint Contracts Tribunal
RIBA Knowledge Communities
The Georgian Group
References
^ ADVANCING ARCHITECTURE. RIBA PERFORMANCE REPORT 2020, p. 4. Retrieved: 2 September 2021.
^ RIBA Annual Report and Financial Statements 2019, p. 15. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ a b "Reed blasts RIBA with London bias jibe". bdonline.co.uk. 30 May 2008.
^ a b Waite, Richard (13 September 2011). "London bias in Stirling judging, claims Bennetts". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ a b Johar, Indy (26 August 2021). "The RIBA needs systemic change if presidents' promises are to mean anything". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ Dictionary of Scottish Architects, Decimus Burton. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ Port, M.H. "Founders of the Royal Institute of British Architects (act. 1834–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Thomas Philip de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey – Person – National Portrait Gallery". npg.org.uk. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ About the RIBA Charter and Byelaws "Charter and byelaws". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012. |Text of the Charter and Byelaws
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "RIBA lions medal and motto". bdonline.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Donaldson, Thomas Leverton (1795–1885), architect – Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7806. Retrieved 14 March 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Hammersmith School of Building and Arts and Crafts: a book displayed at an exhibition". London Picture Archive. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
^ "21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33" (PDF). aaruk.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "1 & 2 Geo. 6. CH 54" (PDF). aaruk.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Second Schedule to Architects (Registration) Act, 1931 21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33
^ The Growth and Work of the Royal Institute of British Architects edited by J. A. Gotch PPRIBA John Alfred Gotch
^ Architects (Registration) Act, First Schedule Constitution of the Council, listing RIBA and other associations entitled to appoint members of the Council1931 21 & 22 Geo. 5. CH.33
^ Simon Report*, HMSO 1944, reprint 1952, and a ruling of the King's Bench Divisional Court, R. v. Architects' Registration Tribunal, ex p. Jagger, 2 All E.R. 151, both mentioned in "The law relating to the architect" by E. J. Rimmer, Stevens (1952).
^ Reform of Architects Registration", dated 19 July 1994, issued by the Department of the Environment
^ "Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA, Validation". architecture.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Campbell, Duncan (10 November 2007). "Sheffield honoured at Academy of Urbanism awards". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA Future Architects". architecture.com. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ Hopkirk, Elizabeth (29 June 2018). "Expensive field trips and material costs are forcing students into debt". Building Design. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ RIBA, Campaigns and policy, accessed 31 May 2024
^ Waite, R., BSF procurement review: RIBA's Smart PFI takes step closer, Architects' Journal, published 27 November 2009, accessed 5 February 2024
^ "RIBA Council". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Jessel, Ella (2 February 2022). "RIBA faces backlash over plans for 'super region' mergers". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ RIAS. "The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland : RIAS". www.rias.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "WALES (RSAW)". RIBA. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
^ "RSUA – Royal Society of Ulster Architects". www.rsua.org.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA Enterprises – Knowledge Management Business of the RIBA". www.ribaenterprises.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Q&A with Alan Vallance". RIBA Journal. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ "RIBA Insight". riba-insight.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA Appointments – Architecture Jobs and Recruitment". www.ribaappointments.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Architecture Books, Contracts & Regulations – RIBA Bookshops". www.ribabookshops.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Construction Knowledge, Specification and Services". NBS. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "NBS Building Regulations – England & Wales Approved Documents & Scotland Technical Handbooks, from NBS". www.thenbs.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "The Construction Information Service (CIS) – IHS Markit". www.ihs.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jessell, Ella (12 June 2018). "RIBA sells £31.8m stake in its commercial arm to Lloyds Bank". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ Whitfield, Graeme (27 November 2020). "Newcastle tech business NBS sold to Swedish group in major deal". BusinessLive. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
^ Young, Eleanor (1 September 2021). "Simon Allford wants to disrupt, lead, collaborate and keep people well". RIBA Journal. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ a b Ing, Will (1 October 2021). "RIBA to shed staff and sell property to close £8m deficit". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
^ "Superbrands". superbrands.uk.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA Named as Business Superbrand". dexigner.com. 2 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Waite, Richard (31 January 2022). "RIBA plans more redundancies in cost-cutting drive". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Hopkirk, Elizabeth (3 February 2022). "Job cuts planned at RIBA to balance the books". Building. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ Waite, Richard (27 September 2023). "RIBA reports major trading deficit for third year in a row". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ Hickman, Matt (11 January 2022). "RIBA launches competition for major refresh of its historic London headquarters". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ Richardson, M. and Hind, C., 66 Portland Place: The London Headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 2004, ISBN 1859461379.
^ "Palladio and His Legacy: A Transatlantic Journey exhibition". Morgan Library and Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
^ "RIBA Library collections". Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ RIBA: Conduit Street deeds
^ "The Loos canon: Adolf Loos at the RIBA". Architects' Journal. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ "V&A Museum / RIBA". Wright & Wright Architects LLP. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ "Library, drawings and photographs". Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
^ Waite, Richard (7 June 2022). "RIBA and V&A rip up 20-year-old deal to showcase architecture collection". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
^ "The Stephen Lawrence Prize". The Stephen Lawrence Prize. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "RIBA President's Awards for Research". architecture.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Mark, Laura (26 August 2015). "Manser Medal rebrands as RIBA House of the Year". Architects Juournal. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Includes list of winners 2001–2014
^ a b RIBA, RIBA Plan of Work 2020: Overview, accessed 8 August 2021
^ RIBA Bookshops, Guide to Using the RIBA Plan of Work 2013, accessed 12 April 2019
^ E.g. Cheshire West and Chester Borough Council, 2020/S 069-165804: Contract award notice – results of the procurement procedure for Chester Northgate Surface Water Drainage NEC3 Project Management, accessed 9 April 2020: "The ... project has reached the stage of the appointment of a Preferred Bidder ... and RIBA Design Stage 4, technical design."
^ "RIBA Validated Schools". Royal Institute of British Architects. 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^ "British Council" (PDF). britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ a b Lynne Walker, "Golden Age or False Dawn? Women Architects in the Early 20th century", English-heritage.org. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ "Ethel & Bessie Charles". The Bartlett History Project. March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Ethel Charles nomination papers". Architecture.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ a b c Ruth Reed: architect at home, Architects' Journal, 16 September 2008. Retrieved: 17 September 2021.
^ Making space : women and the man-made environment. Matrix. London. 2022. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-83976-571-1. OCLC 1295108886.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b "Education: A brief overview of the diversity of the profession". Women-in-architecture.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017.
^ Topping, Alexandra (9 August 2018). "New RIBA president elected amid row over silencing of black architect". Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^ Jessel, Ella (23 March 2022). "Young architects bid to elect 'drama-free' worker as RIBA president". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ Waite, Richard (6 May 2022). "'Architect worker' chosen to challenge for RIBA presidency". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ Ing, Will (12 May 2022). "RIBA presidential election: rule change blocks new members from voting". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
^ a b c Waite, Richard (2 August 2022). "'Architect worker' Muyiwa Oki wins RIBA presidential election". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
^ Spocchia, Gino (10 June 2024). "RIBA presidential candidate Funmbi Adeagbo: 'Apprenticeships are not a silver bullet'". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^ Ing, Will (27 May 2022). "RIBA director says black architects 'were not invited' to awards event". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ Ing, Will (11 January 2023). "RIBA scraps book deal with former diversity director". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
^ Hurst, Will; Waite, Richard (31 March 2020). "Alan Jones stands down as RIBA president". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^ Waite, Richard; Hurst, Will (1 April 2020). "RIBA reports its president to Charity Commission over 'serious incident'". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ Pacheco, Antonio (16 June 2020). "RIBA's Alan Jones returns to his presidential duties". Archinect News. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ a b Waite, Richard (19 July 2021). "RIBA president quits board as war breaks out with chief executive". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ Waite, Richard (21 July 2021). "RIBA crisis: architects demand transparency from 'secretive' institute". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ Jessel, Ella (27 July 2021). "EXCLUSIVE Alan Jones: 'I was gagged and intimidated by RIBA Board'". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Waite, Richard (10 September 2021). "Alan Jones: 'How I've been treated has caused me and others distress'". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^ Ing, Will (26 October 2022). "RIBA Council ousts 'whistleblower' councillor". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ "Alan Jones elected next RIBA President". www.architecture.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ a b Spocchia, Gino (1 September 2023). "New RIBA president Muyiwa Oki to 'put pressure' on government on retrofit". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
^ Stephen Hodder named next RIBA president, Architects' Journal, 15 May 2012
^ Jane Duncan elected next President of the RIBA, architecture.com, 23 July 2014
^ RIBA (9 May 2017). "Ben Derbyshire elected RIBA President". architecture.com.
^ RIBA (9 August 2018). "Alan Jones elected RIBA President". architecture.com.
^ Ing, Will (11 August 2020). "Simon Allford wins RIBA presidential election". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ Cornford, L. Cope (1921). The Designer of Our Buildings. London, 9 Conduit Street, W.: R.I.B.A.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Mark, Laura (22 January 2016). "Harry Rich quits RIBA". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Waite, Richard (20 September 2016). "RIBA names Alan Vallance as new chief executive". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Lowe, Tom (27 April 2022). "Alan Vallance to step down as RIBA chief executive". Building Design. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ Ing, Will (2 November 2022). "RIBA appoints new chief executive". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
Bibliography
H.M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 (1997) ISBN 0-300-07207-4
Charles Read Earl de Grey (2007), published by Willow Historical Monographs
Angela Mace; Robert Thorne (1986). The Royal Institute of British Architects: a guide to its archive and history. Mansell Pub. ISBN 0-7201-1773-9.
Margaret Richardson (1984). 66 Portland Place: the London headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects. RIBA Publications. ISBN 9780900630903.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Institute of British Architects.
RIBA official website
British Architectural Library The RIBA's books, journals, photographs, drawings and archives collections
RIBA/BALT library catalogue online
RIBA Catalogue locations and current access
RIBA Schools list
RIBA President's Medals Student Awards
RIBApix Images from the RIBA's collections
RIBA Competitions
RIBA official architecture bookshop
The RIBA Journal
Video clips
RIBA Architecture YouTube channel
RIBA International Dialogues: Architecture and Climate Change Talk series Video archive of the lectures
NBS TV
Authority control databases International
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For others uses of RIBA, see Riba (disambiguation).\"ARIBA\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Arriba.RIBA HeadquartersThe Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three supplemental charters and a new charter granted in 1971.Founded as the Institute of British Architects in London in 1834, the RIBA retains a central London headquarters at 66 Portland Place as well as a network of regional offices. Its members played a leading part in promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom; the RIBA Library, also established in 1834, is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. The RIBA also played a prominent role in the development of UK architects' registration bodies.The institute administers some of the oldest architectural awards in the world, including RIBA President's Medals Students Award, the Royal Gold Medal, and the Stirling Prize. It also manages RIBA Competitions, organising architectural and other design-related competitions.The RIBA was historically a male-dominated body, first admitting women members in 1898, and appointing its first female president in 2009. Sometimes perceived as a London-centric organisation,[3][4] it has also been accused of lacking transparency.[5]","title":"Royal Institute of British Architects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decimus Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimus_Burton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Philip Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Thomas Allom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Allom"},{"link_name":"William Donthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Donthorne"},{"link_name":"Thomas Leverton Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leverton_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"William Adams Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"John Buonarotti Papworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buonarotti_Papworth"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey,_2nd_Earl_de_Grey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Portland Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Place"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"}],"text":"Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Decimus Burton,[6] Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.[7] The latter served as the institute's first president for 25 years until his death in 1859.[8]After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Royal charter","text":"It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '... the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith...'The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the approval of the Privy Council.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mycenaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lion Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Gate"},{"link_name":"Mycenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae"},{"link_name":"Eric Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Gill"},{"link_name":"Joan Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hassall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Motto","text":"The design of the institute's Mycenaean lions medal and the Latin motto Usui civium, decori urbium[10] has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839.[11] The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of the badge of the Lion Gate at Mycenae was used as a bookplate for the institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J. H. Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: \"gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium \". The motto is translated \"for the use of the people, for the glory of the city\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural education in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_education_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects%27_Registration_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Board of Architectural Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Architectural_Education"},{"link_name":"Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_(Registration)_Acts,_1931_to_1938"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lionel Bailey Budden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Bailey_Budden"},{"link_name":"Liverpool University School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"single market of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Reform of Architects Registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_Architects_Registration"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Architects Registration Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_Registration_Board"},{"link_name":"Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Grants,_Construction_and_Regeneration_Act_1996"},{"link_name":"Architects Act 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_Act_1997"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Academy of Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Architectural education","text":"In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938.[13][14] A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.[15]Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the institute's centenary celebration in 1934,[16] Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted.[17] Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the \"Statutory registration of architects\" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on \"Education\" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a \"Visiting Board\" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of \"recognized schools\" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers.[18] By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper \"Reform of Architects Registration\" (1994).[19] The change of name to \"Architects Registration Board\" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and re-enacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.[20]RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.[21]In 2005 Royal Institute of British Architects set up Academy of Urbanism.[22]In 2019 the RIBA Council voted for the creation of the RIBA Future Architects initiative,[23] an online platform and international network aimed at Part I, Part II and Part III architectural students and graduates. The initiative was championed by student and associates' representatives on Council, after a 2018 campaign highlighting the hardship architectural students faced in their degrees.[24] The initiative is designed to support, inspire and provide a voice as students and graduates transition from study to practice.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"environmental standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_standard"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Private Finance Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_finance_initiative"},{"link_name":"value for money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_for_money"},{"link_name":"bidders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidder"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Design policy","text":"RIBA sees itself as a lobbying organisation acting for architects, \"for better buildings, stronger communities, and higher environmental standards\".[25] For example, in 2005 in response to concerns that the UK government's Private Finance Initiative did not offer good value for money, RIBA put forward a model known as \"Smart PFI\", under which a traditionally appointed design team would prepare \"example plans\" which would be finalised and costed by PFI bidders.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chartered architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_architect"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"chartered architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_architect"},{"link_name":"post-nominals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nominal_letters"},{"link_name":"RIBA Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_Journal"}],"text":"The RIBA is governed by the RIBA Council, a group of 60 members, elected from among the RIBA membership, the majority of whom are chartered architects.[27]The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the institute's services and receive its monthly magazine the RIBA Journal and articles on its website, RIBAJ.com.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Designation","text":"ARIBA: Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (no longer granted to new members)\nFRIBA: Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (and Hon Fellow – an honorary designation)\nRIBA: Chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects\nThe institute's president is designated PRIBA, past presidents use PPRIBA","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessel-02Feb2022-28"},{"link_name":"Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Incorporation_of_Architects_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Architects in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Architects_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Ulster Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Ulster_Architects"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Regions","text":"The institute also maintains twelve regional offices around the United Kingdom, including a London regional office. The first regional office was the East of England, opened at Cambridge in 1966. Each region encompasses several local architectural groups. In February 2022, the RIBA was criticised for cost-cutting proposals to merge its offices across England into three 'super regions'.[28]RIBA East – Great Shelford\nRIBA East Midlands – Nottingham\nRIBA London – London\nRIBA North East – Newcastle\nRIBA North West – Liverpool\nRIBA South / South East – Reading\nRIBA South West / Wessex – Bristol\nRIBA West Midlands – Birmingham\nRIBA Yorkshire – Leeds\nRIAS – Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland,[29] Edinburgh\nRSAW – Royal Society of Architects in Wales, Cardiff[30]\nRSUA – Royal Society of Ulster Architects,[31] BelfastThere are also international branches under the RIBA International umbrella, with offices in London, Shanghai and Sharjah (United Arab Emirates). There are four principal membership groups:RIBA Americas – includes the RIBA USA Chapter\nRIBA Asia and Australasia\nRIBA Europe\nRIBA Middle East and Africa","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valance-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"RIBA Product Selector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_Product_Selector"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"RIBA Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_Journal"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"National Building Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Building_Specification"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"building regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lloyds Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_Bank"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessell-12Jun2018-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitfield-27Nov2020-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-01Sep2021-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-01Oct2021-43"},{"link_name":"Superbrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbrands"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"RIBA Enterprises","text":"RIBA Enterprises was the commercial arm of RIBA,[32] with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 76 Portland Place in London, and an office in Newark, later sold to allow further investment.[33] It once employed over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom were based in Newcastle. Its services include RIBA Insight,[34] and RIBA Product Selector. It previously ran RIBA Publishing, RIBA Bookshops (which operates online and at 66 Portland Place), RIBA Appointments[35] and RIBA Journal.[36] These all now operate as part of the RIBA.RIBA Enterprises also included the Newcastle-based NBS (National Building Specification),[37] which had 130 staff and dealt with building regulations[38] and the Construction Information Service.[39] In June 2018, the RIBA announced it was selling a £31.8 million stake in RIBA Enterprises, to LDC, the private equity arm of Lloyds Bank.[40] In November 2020, NBS was sold to Byggfakta Group, a Sweden-based information services provider.[41] The RIBA received £172 million[42] from the sale of its stake in NBS, some of which was reinvested to provide a reliable income stream for the institute.[43]The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand[44] since 2008.[45]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Architectural_Aspiration_-_Edward_Bainbridge_Copnall.jpg"},{"link_name":"66 Portland Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_Portland_Place"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"George Grey Wornum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grey_Wornum"},{"link_name":"Edward Bainbridge Copnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bainbridge_Copnall"},{"link_name":"James Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Woodford"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-01Oct2021-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-31Jan2022-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkirk-03Feb2022-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-27Sep2023-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hickman-11Jan2022-49"}],"text":"Architectural Aspiration, by Edward Bainbridge, above the main entrance, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, LondonThe RIBA's headquarters has been at 66 Portland Place, London, since 1934. This Grade II* listed building was designed by architect George Grey Wornum for the institute and features sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The building is open to the public, and includes a library, architectural bookshop, a café, bar, exhibition galleries and lecture theatre. Rooms are hired out for events.The organisation also owns an adjacent building at 76 Portland Place, a 1950s office building overhauled in 2013, which housed RIBA staff and a members' café. In September 2021, following the COVID-19 pandemic and an £8 million budget deficit in the year ending December 2020, the RIBA announced plans to sell 76 Portland Place and to reduce staff numbers. Chief executive Alan Vallance said 89% of RIBA's staff only wanted to work two or three days a week from an office, so 76 Portland Place was surplus to requirements.[43] A potential 20 further redundancies were reported on 31 January 2022.[46][47] The organisation's annual report and accounts for the year ending 31 December 2022 reported a £6.3 million trading deficit (following shortfalls of £8 million in 2021 and £8.2 million in 2020), though the sale of its lease on 76 Portland Place for nearly £12 million had since helped balance its books.[48]In January 2022, the RIBA announced an architectural competition for RIBA-chartered architectural practices for a £20 million \"comprehensive refurbishment\" of its 66 Portland Place HQ.[49]","title":"RIBA headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIBA_LibraryInterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio"},{"link_name":"John Tallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tallis"},{"link_name":"Ernő Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Goldfinger"},{"link_name":"Charles Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holden"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"Denys Lasdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Lasdun"},{"link_name":"Architectural Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Review"},{"link_name":"Architects' Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects%27_Journal"},{"link_name":"Country Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Eric de Maré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_de_Mar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"John Maltby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maltby"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Adolf Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Loos"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Wright & Wright Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_%26_Wright_Architects"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"British Architectural Library","text":"Reading Room, British Architectural Library, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, LondonThe British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members.[50] Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America.[51] Its collections include:[52]Archives: 1.5 million items made up of architects' personal papers, correspondence, notebooks and diaries.\nAudiovisual materials: Talks held at the RIBA, including talks by winners of the Royal Gold Medal.\nBiographical files: 20,000 biographical files relating to a specific architect or firm. Files contain a mix of nomination papers for membership of the RIBA, obituaries, brochures, articles and letters.\nBooks: 150,000 books and 20,000 pamphlets, with the earliest book dating from 1478. Amongst the items is a first edition of Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura from 1570 and John Tallis's Tallis's London street views from 1838 to 1840.\nDrawings: 1 million items are held. These predominantly cover British architects from the Renaissance to the present day, such as Ernő Goldfinger, Charles Holden and Edwin Lutyens. It holds the world's largest collection of drawings by Andrea Palladio.\nModels: Examples come from architects such as Denys Lasdun for his Keeling House and National Theatre, London.\nPeriodicals: 2,000 architectural titles collected, with complete sets of Architectural Review, Architects' Journal, and Country Life.\nPhotographs: 1.5 million items, including the archive of the Architectural Press. Items date from the 19th century, but with major holdings of 20th-century photographers such as Eric de Maré, John Maltby, John Donat and Henk Snoek.The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street (where it had been since 1859) to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934.[53] The library remained open throughout World War II and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.[54]The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.[55] The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free learning programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.[56]","title":"RIBA headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V%26A_%2B_RIBA_Architecture_Gallery,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"V&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%26A"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Gareth Hoskins Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins_Architects"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-07Jun2022-58"}],"sub_title":"V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership","text":"V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery, Room 128, Victoria and Albert Museum, LondonSince 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.[57]In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.In June 2022, the RIBA announced it would be terminating its partnership with the V&A in 2027, \"by mutual agreement\", ending the permanent architecture gallery at the museum. Artefacts will be transferred back to the RIBA's existing collections, with some rehoused at the institute's headquarters at 66 Portland Place, set to become a new House of Architecture following a £20 million refurbishment.[58]","title":"RIBA headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R.I.B.A._plaque,_Whitla_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1556673.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"President's Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_President%27s_Medals_Students_Award"},{"link_name":"Stirling Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Prize"},{"link_name":"Royal Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Marco Goldschmied Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Goldschmied"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"RIBA European Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_European_Award"},{"link_name":"RIBA National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_National_Award"},{"link_name":"RIBA International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_International_Award"},{"link_name":"Manser Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Manser"},{"link_name":"RIBA House of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_House_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aj2015-61"}],"text":"RIBA plaque on Whitla Hall, Queen's University BelfastThe RIBA has been awarding the President's Medals annually since 1836, making them the institute's oldest awards, and possibly the oldest awards worldwide in the field of architecture. The Institute runs many other awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year; the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work; the Stephen Lawrence Prize,[59] sponsored by the Marco Goldschmied Foundation, originally for projects with a construction budget of less than £1,000,000, and the President's Awards for Research.[60] The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire). Inaugurated in 2001, the Manser Medal was renamed the RIBA House of the Year award in 2014.[61]","title":"RIBA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architectural design competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_design_competition"}],"text":"RIBA Competitions is the Royal Institute of British Architects' unit dedicated to organising architectural and other design-related competitions.Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.","title":"RIBA competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plan-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plan-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"The RIBA Plan of Work, first developed in 1963, is a stage-by-stage model considered \"the definitive design and process management tool for the UK construction industry\".[62] The latest version is the RIBA Plan of Work 2020, which has eight stages, 0 to 7. This version replaced the 2013 version.[62] Previously, the RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007 used letters for each stage (stages A-L) rather than numbers.[63]RIBA work plan stages are often referred to in architectural, planning and procurement contexts, for example procurement notices may specify the relevant stages of work for which professional support is required.[64]","title":"RIBA Plan of Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architectural education in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_education_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Registration of architects in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_of_architects_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Master of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Architects Registration Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_Registration_Board"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"RIBA Part III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Architecture#The_RIBA_three-part_examinations"},{"link_name":"chartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_(professional)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"See also: Architectural education in the United Kingdom, Registration of architects in the United Kingdom, Bachelor of Architecture, Master of Architecture, and Doctor of ArchitectureIn addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a procedure which validates courses at over 50 educational establishments across the UK.[65] It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.[66]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ethel Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Charles"},{"link_name":"Bessie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Charles"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethel-69"},{"link_name":"Gillian Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker-67"},{"link_name":"Ruth Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Reed"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIA-archived-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIA-archived-72"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reedblast-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-13Sep2011-4"},{"link_name":"institutional racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topping-09Aug2021-73"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johar-26Aug2021-5"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessel-23Mar2022-74"},{"link_name":"Muyiwa Oki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyiwa_Oki"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-06May2022-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-12May2022-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-02Aug2022-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-27May2022-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-11Jan2023-80"}],"sub_title":"Lack of representation","text":"In common with other professional bodies established in the early 19th century, the RIBA was initially a men-only institution. Thomas Leverton Donaldson, the RIBA's first secretary aimed \"To uphold ourselves the character of Architects as men of taste, men of science, men of honour\";[67] this vision of the masculine architect largely excluded women from the architecture profession for decades.[68] More than 60 years after its foundation, the RIBA first admitted women as members in 1898; the first female member was Ethel Charles (1871–1962), followed by her sister Bessie (1869–1932) in 1900.[69] It was then more than 30 years before the RIBA elected its first woman fellow, Gillian Harrison (1898–1974), in 1931,[67] and a further 77 years before RIBA elected its first female president, Ruth Reed.[70] There is no record of any of the buildings designed by the early women members.[71]In 1985, when under 5% of chartered architects were women, the Women Architects Forum was established. In 1993 the RIBA established a special interest group, the Women Architects Group; in 1999, renamed Women In Architecture, it became independent of the RIBA, which, in 2000, set up its first equality forum, Architects For Change. This became an umbrella group for Women In Architecture, the Society of Black Architects, student forum Archaos and other groups.[72] In 2017, around 17% of architects were women, up from 8% in 1999.[72]The RIBA has been criticised by architects outside southeast England as a London-centric organisation which does not reach out to all members in the United Kingdom and beyond.[3][4] The organisation has also been accused of institutional racism,[73] of having a \"deep, systemic disengagement from the membership\", and of lacking transparency.[5] In March 2022, young architects began a campaign to get the next RIBA president to move beyond \"empty slogans and self-serving initiatives\" and shake up an institute seen as \"out of touch\" with the wider profession.[74] The campaign included members of a grassroots organisation, the Future Architects Front (FAF), and the institute’s Future Architects Steering Group; their preferred candidate, Muyiwa Oki, was named on 6 May 2022.[75] Days later, the RIBA announced a restriction on new members participating in the elections (starting on 28 June 2022), a rule change described by the FAF as \"an outrageous lack of transparency\" and \"exclusionary tactics\".[76] Nonetheless, in August 2022, Oki was elected to be the next RIBA president from September 2023.[77] In 2024, the Just Transition group, which had also supported Oki, put forward another 'change' candidate, Funmbi Adeagbo, to succeed Oki as president in September 2025.[78]Also in May 2022, a RIBA director, Dian Small, highlighted the lack of diversity at an RIBA awards event, suggesting black architects \"were not invited\". On 26 May 2022, the RIBA's first director of diversity and inclusion, Marsha Ramroop, left after 13 months with the organisation.[79] In December 2022, the RIBA decided not to \"proceed with the development and sale of an equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) guidance book for practices, originally planned for 2024\". The RIBA had commissioned Ramroop to write the book; she said she was \"extremely disappointed that RIBA has taken the decision not to go ahead with publishing it.\"[80]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst-31Mar2020-81"},{"link_name":"Charity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-01Apr2020-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacheco-16June2020-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-19Jul2021-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-19Jul2021-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-21Jul2021-85"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jessel-27Jul2021-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-10Sep2021-87"},{"link_name":"whistleblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-26Oct2022-88"}],"sub_title":"Governance","text":"Questions about RIBA transparency were also raised by Alan Jones during his presidency (2019–2021). Between 31 March and 15 June 2020, he temporarily stepped back over a matter in his private life,[81] reported by the RIBA as a \"serious incident\" to the Charity Commission.[82] After an independent investigation, Jones resumed his role as president on 15 June 2020.[83] In July 2021, he stepped down as a RIBA trustee, feeling unable to support a proposal to renew the contract of the RIBA chief executive, Alan Vallance,[84] having made \"serious allegations\" about Vallance's conduct in February 2020.[84] Senior figures demanded the body 'come clean' about the conflict saying \"The RIBA is becoming an increasingly secretive organisation. ... Confidentiality has been weaponised and woe betide anyone who wants to ask difficult questions....\"[85] A Council Board Advisory Group was established, with a QC investigating complaints.[86] Jones told Architects' Journal that he had come under pressure from senior RIBA figures to resign, and felt that \"in terms of [RIBA's] transparency and accountability, there is room for improvement.\"[87]A RIBA council member, Kerr Robertson, was removed as a councillor in October 2022. Described by Architects' Journal as a whistleblower, Robertson had criticised RIBA's board about issues including alleged conflicts of interest, institutional bullying, trustee interference in RIBA election rules changes, and a data breach.[88]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Ruth Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Reed"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-70"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-02Aug2022-77"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spocchia-01Sep2023-90"},{"link_name":"Thomas Philip Earl de Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Earl_de_Grey"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert Cockerell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell"},{"link_name":"William Tite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tite"},{"link_name":"Thomas Leverton Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leverton_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Alexander James Beresford-Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Beresford_Hope"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd-91"},{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Charles Barry, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barry,_Jr."},{"link_name":"John Whichcord Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whichcord_Jr."},{"link_name":"George Edmund Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edmund_Street"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-died-92"},{"link_name":"Horace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Jones_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Ewan Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_Christian"},{"link_name":"Edward I'Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I%27Anson"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"John Macvicar Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macvicar_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Francis Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Penrose"},{"link_name":"George Aitchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Aitchison"},{"link_name":"William Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(British_architect)"},{"link_name":"Aston Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Webb"},{"link_name":"John Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belcher_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edward Collcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Collcutt"},{"link_name":"Ernest George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_George"},{"link_name":"Leonard Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Reginald Blomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Blomfield"},{"link_name":"Ernest Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Newton"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Hare"},{"link_name":"John William Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Simpson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Paul Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"John Alfred Gotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alfred_Gotch"},{"link_name":"Edward Guy Dawber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Dawber"},{"link_name":"Walter Tapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tapper"},{"link_name":"Banister Flight Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banister_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Raymond Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Giles Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Percy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stuart_Goodhart-Rendel"},{"link_name":"Edwin Stanley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Stanley_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Henry Ansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Ansell"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd-91"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Keay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancelot_Keay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Andrew Graham Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Graham_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Howard Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Robertson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Charles Herbert Aslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Aslin"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Cross_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basil Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Spence"},{"link_name":"William Holford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holford,_Baron_Holford"},{"link_name":"Robert Hogg Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hogg_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Donald Evelyn Edward Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Gibson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Lionel Gordon Baliol Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Brett,_4th_Viscount_Esher"},{"link_name":"Hugh Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Wilson_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Faulkner Shepheard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shepheard"},{"link_name":"Alex Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gordon_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Fred Pooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Pooley"},{"link_name":"Eric Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Gordon Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Graham_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Brian Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brian_Jefferson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Owen Luder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Luder"},{"link_name":"Michael Manser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Manser"},{"link_name":"Larry Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Rolland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rod Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Richard MacCormac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_MacCormac"},{"link_name":"Frank Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Duffy_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd-91"},{"link_name":"David Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rock_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Marco Goldschmied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Goldschmied"},{"link_name":"George Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ferguson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Sunand Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunand_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Ruth Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Reed"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed-70"},{"link_name":"Angela Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Brady"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hodder"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Jane Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Duncan_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Ben Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Simon Allford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Allford"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-11Aug2020-97"},{"link_name":"Muyiwa Oki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyiwa_Oki"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waite-02Aug2022-77"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spocchia-01Sep2023-90"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2nd_91-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2nd_91-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2nd_91-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-died_92-0"}],"text":"Presidents of the RIBA are elected by RIBA members, serve a two-year term and chair the RIBA Council. The post was created in 1835, shortly after the institute's founding.[89] In 2009, 174 years later, Ruth Reed became the institute's first female president.[70]The current RIBA president, serving from September 2023 to August 2025, is Muyiwa Oki, who was elected in August 2022[77] and took office on 1 September 2023.[90]1835–1859 Thomas Philip Earl de Grey\n1860–1861 Charles Robert Cockerell\n1861–1863 William Tite\n1863–1865 Thomas Leverton Donaldson\n1865–1867 Alexander James Beresford-Hope\n1867–1870 William Tite[a]\n1870–1873 Thomas Henry Wyatt\n1873–1876 George Gilbert Scott\n1876–1879 Charles Barry, Jr.\n1879–1881 John Whichcord Jr.\n1881–1881 George Edmund Street[b]\n1882–1884 Horace Jones\n1884–1886 Ewan Christian\n1886–1887 Edward I'Anson\n1888–1890 Alfred Waterhouse\n1891–1894 John Macvicar Anderson\n1894–1896 Francis Penrose\n1896–1899 George Aitchison\n1899–1902 William Emerson\n1902–1904 Aston Webb\n1904–1906 John Belcher\n1906–1908 Thomas Edward Collcutt\n1908–1910 Ernest George\n1910–1912 Leonard Stokes\n1912–1914 Reginald Blomfield\n1914–1917 Ernest Newton\n1917–1919 Henry Thomas Hare\n1919–1921 John William Simpson\n1922–1923 Paul Waterhouse\n1923–1925 John Alfred Gotch\n1925–1927 Edward Guy Dawber\n1927–1929 Walter Tapper\n1929–1931 Banister Flight Fletcher\n1931–1933 Raymond Unwin\n1933–1935 Giles Gilbert Scott\n1935–1937 Percy Thomas\n1937–1939 Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel\n1939–1940 Edwin Stanley Hall\n1940–1943 William Henry Ansell\n1943–1946 Sir Percy Thomas[a]\n1946–1948 Lancelot Keay\n1948–1950 Michael Waterhouse\n1950–1952 Andrew Graham Henderson\n1952–1954 Howard Robertson\n1954–1956 Charles Herbert Aslin\n1956–1958 Kenneth Cross\n1958–1960 Basil Spence\n1960–1962 William Holford\n1962–1964 Robert Hogg Matthew\n1964–1965 Donald Evelyn Edward Gibson\n1965–1967 Lionel Gordon Baliol Brett\n1967–1969 Hugh Wilson\n1969–1971 Peter Faulkner Shepheard\n1971–1973 Alex Gordon\n1973–1975 Fred Pooley\n1975–1977 Eric Lyons\n1977–1979 Gordon Graham\n1979–1981 John Brian Jefferson\n1981–1983 Owen Luder\n1983–1985 Michael Manser\n1985–1987 Larry Rolland\n1987–1989 Rod Hackney\n1989–1991 Maxwell Hutchinson\n1991–1993 Richard MacCormac\n1993–1995 Frank Duffy\n1995–1997 Owen Luder[a]\n1997–1999 David Rock\n1999–2001 Marco Goldschmied\n2001–2003 Paul Hyett\n2003–2005 George Ferguson\n2005–2007 Jack Pringle\n2007–2009 Sunand Prasad\n2009–2011 Ruth Reed[70]\n2011–2013 Angela Brady\n2013–2015 Stephen Hodder[91]\n2015–2017 Jane Duncan[92]\n2017–2019 Ben Derbyshire[93]\n2019–2021 Alan Jones[94]\n2021–2023 Simon Allford[95]\n2023–2025 Muyiwa Oki[77][90]^ a b c second term\n\n^ died in office","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Charles Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eastlake"},{"link_name":"William H. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._White_(architect)"},{"link_name":"William John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Gordon Randolph Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Ricketts"},{"link_name":"Bill Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowe-27Apr2022-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ing-02Nov2022-102"}],"text":"The role of secretary of the RIBA was established in 1871. Between 1835 and 1870, the secretarial duties of the institute fell to honorary secretaries.[96] Recent and current holders of the role are now referred to as chief executive.1871–1878 Charles Eastlake\n1878–1896 William H. White\n1897–1907 William John Locke\n1908–1943 Sir Ian MacAlister\n1945–1959 Cyril Douglas Spragg\n1959–1968 Gordon Randolph Ricketts\n1968–1987 Patrick Harrison\n1987–1994 Bill Rodgers\n1994–2000 Alexander Reid\n2000–2009 Richard Hastilow\n2009–2016 Harry Rich[97]\n2016–2022 Alan Vallance[98][99]\n2023–present Valerie Vaughan-Dick[100]","title":"Secretaries"}]
|
[{"image_text":"RIBA Headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cmglee_Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects.jpg/220px-Cmglee_Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects.jpg"},{"image_text":"Architectural Aspiration, by Edward Bainbridge, above the main entrance, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Architectural_Aspiration_-_Edward_Bainbridge_Copnall.jpg/220px-Architectural_Aspiration_-_Edward_Bainbridge_Copnall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reading Room, British Architectural Library, RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/RIBA_LibraryInterior.jpg/220px-RIBA_LibraryInterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery, Room 128, Victoria and Albert Museum, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/V%26A_%2B_RIBA_Architecture_Gallery%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-V%26A_%2B_RIBA_Architecture_Gallery%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg"},{"image_text":"RIBA plaque on Whitla Hall, Queen's University Belfast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/R.I.B.A._plaque%2C_Whitla_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1556673.jpg/220px-R.I.B.A._plaque%2C_Whitla_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1556673.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Royal Town Planning Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Town_Planning_Institute"},{"title":"Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Architectural_Technologists"},{"title":"Chartered Institute of Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Building"},{"title":"Construction Industry Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_Industry_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Joint Contracts Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Contracts_Tribunal"},{"title":"RIBA Knowledge Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIBA_Knowledge_Communities"},{"title":"The Georgian Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgian_Group"}]
|
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Architects' Journal. Retrieved 1 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/muyiwa-oki-to-put-pressure-on-government-on-retrofit-as-new-riba-president","url_text":"\"New RIBA president Muyiwa Oki to 'put pressure' on government on retrofit\""}]},{"reference":"RIBA (9 May 2017). \"Ben Derbyshire elected RIBA President\". architecture.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/ben-derbyshire-elected-riba-president","url_text":"\"Ben Derbyshire elected RIBA President\""}]},{"reference":"RIBA (9 August 2018). \"Alan Jones elected RIBA President\". architecture.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/alan-jones-elected-riba-president-2019-21","url_text":"\"Alan Jones elected RIBA President\""}]},{"reference":"Ing, Will (11 August 2020). \"Simon Allford wins RIBA presidential election\". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/2021-riba-president-announced","url_text":"\"Simon Allford wins RIBA presidential election\""}]},{"reference":"Cornford, L. Cope (1921). The Designer of Our Buildings. London, 9 Conduit Street, W.: R.I.B.A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mark, Laura (22 January 2016). \"Harry Rich quits RIBA\". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/harry-rich-quits-riba/10001945.article","url_text":"\"Harry Rich quits RIBA\""}]},{"reference":"Waite, Richard (20 September 2016). \"RIBA names Alan Vallance as new chief executive\". Architects Journal. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/riba-names-alan-vallance-as-new-chief-executive/10011924.article","url_text":"\"RIBA names Alan Vallance as new chief executive\""}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Tom (27 April 2022). \"Alan Vallance to step down as RIBA chief executive\". Building Design. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/alan-vallance-to-step-down-as-riba-chief-executive/5117254.article","url_text":"\"Alan Vallance to step down as RIBA chief executive\""}]},{"reference":"Ing, Will (2 November 2022). \"RIBA appoints new chief executive\". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/riba-appoints-new-chief-executive","url_text":"\"RIBA appoints new chief executive\""}]},{"reference":"Angela Mace; Robert Thorne (1986). The Royal Institute of British Architects: a guide to its archive and history. Mansell Pub. ISBN 0-7201-1773-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7201-1773-9","url_text":"0-7201-1773-9"}]},{"reference":"Margaret Richardson (1984). 66 Portland Place: the London headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects. RIBA Publications. ISBN 9780900630903.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/66portlandplacel00rich","url_text":"66 Portland Place: the London headquarters of the Royal Institute of British Architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900630903","url_text":"9780900630903"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Jiangsu
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List of township-level divisions of Jiangsu
|
["1 Nanjing","1.1 Gulou District, Nanjing","1.2 Jiangning District","1.3 Jianye District","1.4 Luhe (Liuhe) District","1.5 Pukou District","1.6 Qinhuai District","1.7 Qixia District","1.8 Xuanwu District","1.9 Yuhuatai District","1.10 Gaochun District","1.11 Lishui District","2 Changzhou","2.1 Qishuyan District","2.2 Tianning District","2.3 Wujin District","2.4 Xinbei District","2.5 Zhonglou District","2.6 Jintan","2.7 Liyang","3 Huai'an","3.1 Huai'an District","3.2 Huaiyin District","3.3 Qinghe District","3.4 Qingpu District","3.5 Hongze County","3.6 Jinhu County","3.7 Lianshui County","3.8 Xuyi County","4 Lianyungang","4.1 Haizhou District","4.2 Lianyun District","4.3 Former Xinpu District","4.4 Donghai County","4.5 Ganyu County","4.6 Guannan County","4.7 Guanyun County","5 Nantong","5.1 Chongchuan District","5.2 Gangzha District","5.3 Tongzhou District","5.4 Haimen","5.5 Qidong","5.6 Rugao","5.7 Hai'an County","5.8 Rudong County","6 Taizhou","6.1 Gaogang District","6.2 Hailing District","6.3 Jiangyan District","6.4 Jingjiang","6.5 Taixing","6.6 Xinghua","7 Suqian","7.1 Sucheng District","7.2 Suyu District","7.3 Shuyang County","7.4 Sihong County","7.5 Siyang County","8 Suzhou","8.1 Canglang District","8.2 Gusu District","8.3 Huqiu District","8.4 Jinchang District","8.5 Wuzhong District","8.6 Wujiang District","8.7 Xiangcheng District","8.8 Changshu","8.9 Kunshan","8.10 Taicang","8.11 Zhangjiagang","8.12 Suzhou Industrial Park","9 Wuxi","9.1 Beitang District","9.2 Binhu District","9.3 Chong'an District","9.4 Huishan District","9.5 Nanchang District","9.6 Xishan District","9.7 Jiangyin","9.8 Yixing","9.9 Wuxi New Area","10 Xuzhou","10.1 Gulou District, Xuzhou","10.2 Jiawang District","10.3 Quanshan District","10.4 Tongshan District","10.5 Yunlong District","10.6 Pizhou","10.7 Xinyi","10.8 Feng County","10.9 Pei County","10.10 Suining County","11 Yancheng","11.1 Tinghu District","11.2 Yandu District","11.3 Dafeng","11.4 Dongtai","11.5 Binhai County","11.6 Funing County","11.7 Jianhu County","11.8 Sheyang County","11.9 Xiangshui County","12 Yangzhou","12.1 Guangling District","12.2 Hanjiang District","12.3 Jiangdu District","12.4 Gaoyou","12.5 Yizheng","12.6 Baoying County","13 Zhenjiang","13.1 Dantu District","13.2 Jingkou District","13.3 Runzhou District","13.4 Danyang","13.5 Jurong","13.6 Yangzhong","13.7 Zhenjiang New Area","14 References"]
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Need to move Chinese-language names to linked articles or create stubs. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Location of Jiangsu province in China
This is a list of township-level divisions of the province of Jiangsu, People's Republic of China (PRC). After province, prefecture, and county-level divisions, township-level divisions constitute the formal fourth-level administrative divisions of the PRC. There are a total of 1,312 such divisions in Jiangsu, divided into 330 subdistricts, 876 towns, 105 townships, and 1 ethnic townships. This list is divided first into the prefecture-level then the county-level divisions.
Nanjing
Location of Nanjing in the province
Gulou District, Nanjing
Name
Chinese (S)
Hanyu Pinyin
Nanjing Mandarin Romanization
Population (2014)
Area (km2)
Subdistricts
Ninghailu Subdistrict
宁海路街道
Nínghǎi Lù Jiēdào
3.68
Huaqiaolu Subdistrict
华侨路街道
Huáqiáo Lù Jiēdào
3.7
Hunanlu Subdistrict
湖南路街道
Húnán Lù Jiēdào
2.62
Zhongyangmen Subdistrict
中央门街道
Zhōngyāngmén Jiēdào
3.37
Yijiangmen Subdistrict
挹江门街道
Yìjiāngmén Jiēdào
3.34
Jiangdong Subdistrict
江东街道
Jiāngdōng Jiēdào
5
Fenghuang Subdistrict
凤凰街道
Fènghuáng Jiēdào
3.85
Yuejianglou Subdistrict
阅江楼街道
Yuèjiānglóu Jiēdào
3.74
Rehenanlu Subdistrict
热河南路街道
Rèhé Nán Lù Jiēdào
2.73
Mufushan Subdistrict
幕府山街道
Mùfǔ Shān Jiēdào
6.47
Jianninglu Subdistrict
建宁路街道
Jiànníng Lù Jiēdào
2.4
Baotajiao Subdistrict
宝塔桥街道
Bǎotǎqiáo Jiēdào
7.2
Xiaoshi Subdistrict
小市街道
Xiǎoshì Jiēdào
4.9
Subdistricts:
Huaqiaolu Subdistrict (华侨路街道), Ninghailu Subdistrict (宁海路街道), Hunanlu Subdistrict (湖南路街道), Zhongyangmen Subdistrict (中央门街道), Mochou Subdistrict (莫愁街道), Jiangdong Subdistrict (江东街道), Yijiangmen Subdistrict (挹江门街道), Fenghuang Subdistrict (凤凰街道)
Jiangning District
Subdistricts:
Dongshan Subdistrict (东山街道), Moling Subdistrict (秣陵街道), Tangshan Subdistrict (汤山街道), Chunhua Subdistrict (淳化街道), Lukou Subdistrict (禄口街道), Jiangning Subdistrict (江宁街道), Guli Subdistrict (谷里街道), Hushu Subdistrict (湖熟街道), Hengxi Subdistrict (横溪街道), Qilin Subdistrict (麒麟街道)
Jianye District
Subdistricts:
Mochouhu Subdistrict (莫愁湖街道), Nanyuan Subdistrict (南苑街道), Xinglong Subdistrict (兴隆街道), Shuangzha Subdistrict (双闸街道), Shazhou Subdistrict (沙洲街道), Jiangxinzhou Subdistrict (江心洲街道)
-Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道) and Nanhu Subdistrict (南湖街道) are merged with Mochu Subdistrict(莫愁街道)of Gulou District to form Mochouhu Subdistrict.
Luhe (Liuhe) District
Subdistricts:
Shanpan Subdistrict (山潘街道), Xichangmen Subdistrict (西厂门街道), Xiejiadian Subdistrict (卸甲甸街道), Getang Subdistrict (葛塘街道), Changlu Subdistrict (长芦街道), Xiongzhou Subdistrict (雄州街道), Longchi Subdistrict (龙池街道), Chengqiao Subdistrict (程桥街道), Jinniuhu Subdistrict (金牛湖街道), Hengliang Subdistrict (横梁街道)
Towns:
Yeshan (冶山镇), Guabu (瓜埠镇), Donggou (东沟镇), Zhuzhen (竹镇镇), Maji (马集镇), Longpao (龙袍镇), Yudai (玉带镇), Ma'an (马鞍镇), Xinhuang (新篁镇), Babaiqiao (八百桥镇)
Pukou District
Subdistricts:
Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Dingshan Subdistrict (顶山街道), Yanjiang Subdistrict (沿江街道), Jiangpu Subdistrict (江浦街道), Pancheng Subdistrict (盘城街道), Qiaolin Subdistrict (桥林街道), Tangquan Subdistrict (汤泉街道)
Towns:
Yongning (永宁镇), Xingdian (星甸镇), Shiqiao (石桥镇), Wujiang (乌江镇)
Qinhuai District
Subdistricts:
Wulaocun Subdistrict (五老村街道), Hongwulu Subdistrict (洪武路街道), Daguanglu Subdistrict (大光路街道), Ruijinlu Subdistrict (瑞金路街道), Yueyahu Subdistrict (月牙湖街道), Guanghualu Subdistrict (光华路街道), Chaotiangong Subdistrict (朝天宫街道), Fuzimiao Subdistrict (夫子庙街道), Shuangtang Subdistrict (双塘街道), Zhonghuamen Subdistrict (中华门街道), Qinhong Subdistrict (秦虹街道), Honghua Subdistrict (红花街道),
Qixia District
Subdistricts:
Yaohua Subdistrict (尧化街道), Maigaoqiao Subdistrict (迈皋桥街道), Maqun Subdistrict (马群街道), Yanziji Subdistrict (燕子矶街道), Longtan Subdistrict (龙潭街道), Qixia Subdistrict (栖霞街道), Xianlin Subdistrict (仙林街道), Baguazhou Subdistrict (八卦洲街道), Jing'an Subdistrict (靖安街道), Xigang Subdistrict (西岗街道)
Xuanwu District
Subdistricts:
Meiyuanxincun Subdistrict (梅园新村街道), Xinjiekou Subdistrict (新街口街道), Xuanwumen Subdistrict (玄武门街道), Houzaimen Subdistrict (后宰门街道), Suojincun Subdistrict (锁金村街道), Xiaolingwei Subdistrict (孝陵卫街道), Xuanwuhu Subdistrict (玄武湖街道), Hongshan Subdistrict (红山街道)
- Houzaimen Subdistrict (后宰门街道) was merged into Meiyuanxincun Subdistrict in 2012.
Yuhuatai District
Subdistricts:
Yuhua New Village Subdistrict (雨花新村街道), Ningnan Subdistrict (宁南街道), Xishanqiao Subdistrict (西善桥街道), Banqiao Subdistrict (板桥街道), Tiexinqiao Subdistrict (铁心桥街道), Meishan Subdistrict (梅山街道), Saihongqiao Subdistrict (赛虹桥街道)
Gaochun District
Towns:
Chunxi (淳溪镇), Gucheng (固城镇), Dongba (东坝镇), Yaxi (桠溪镇), Qiqiao (漆桥镇), Yangjiang (阳江镇), Zhuanqiang (砖墙镇), Gubai (古柏镇)
Lishui District
Towns:
Yongyang (永阳镇), Zhetang (柘塘镇), Honglan (洪蓝镇), Shiqiu (石湫镇), Dongping (东屏镇), Baima (白马镇), Hefeng (和凤镇), Jingqiao (晶桥镇)
Others:
Lishui Development Zone (溧水开发区), Lishui County Forestry (溧水县林场)
Changzhou
Qishuyan District
Subdistricts:
Qishuyan Subdistrict (戚墅堰街道), Dingyan Subdistrict (丁堰街道), Lucheng Subdistrict (潞城街道)
Tianning District
Subdistricts:
Lanling Subdistrict (兰陵街道 ), Chashan Subdistrict (茶山街道), Diaozhuang Subdistrict (雕庄街道), Hongmei Subdistrict (红梅街道), Qinglong Subdistrict (青龙街道), Tianning Subdistrict (天宁街道)
Other:
Tianning Economic Development Zone (天宁经济开发区)
Wujin District
Subdistricts:
Nanxiashu Subdistrict (南夏墅街道), Xihu Subdistrict (西湖街道)
Towns:
Hutang (湖塘镇), Niutang (牛塘镇), Luoyang (洛阳镇), Yaoguan (遥观镇), Henglin (横林镇), Xueyan (雪堰镇), Zhenglu (郑陆镇), Hengshanqiao (横山桥镇), Qianhuang (前黄镇), Lijia (礼嘉镇), Zouqu (邹区镇), Jiaze (嘉泽镇), Huangli (湟里镇), Benniu (奔牛镇)
Xinbei District
Subdistricts:
Hehai Subdistrict (河海街道), Sanjing Subdistrict (三井街道), Longhutang Subdistrict (龙虎塘街道)
Towns:
Chunjiang (春江镇), Menghe (孟河镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Xuejia (薛家镇), Luoxi (罗溪镇), Xixiashu (西夏墅镇)
Zhonglou District
Subdistricts:
Wuxing Subdistrict (五星街道), Yongjiang Subdistrict (永红街道), Beigang Subdistrict (北港街道), Xilin Subdistrict (西林街道), Hehuachi Subdistrict (荷花池街道), Nandajie Subdistrict (南大街街道), Xinzha Subdistrict (新闸街道)
Jintan
Towns:
Jincheng (金城镇), Rulin (儒林镇), Yaotang (尧塘镇), Zhixi (直溪镇), Zhulin (朱林镇), Xuebu (薛埠镇), Zhiqian (指前镇)
Liyang
Towns:
Licheng (溧城镇), Daitou (埭头镇), Shanghuang (上黄镇), Daibu (戴埠镇), Tianmuhu (天目湖镇), Bieqiao (别桥镇), Shangxing (上兴镇), Zhuze (竹箦镇), Nandu (南渡镇), Shezhu (社渚镇)
Huai'an
Location of Huai'an in the province
Huai'an District
Towns:
Huaicheng (淮城镇), Pingqiao (平桥镇), Shanghe (上河镇), Madian (马甸镇), Zhuqiao (朱桥镇), Xihe (溪河镇), Shihe (施河镇), Cheqiao (车桥镇), Jingkou (泾口镇), Liujun (流均镇), Boli (博里镇), Chouqiao (仇桥镇), Fuxing (复兴镇), Suzui (苏嘴镇), Qingong (钦工镇), Shunhe (顺河镇), Jiqiao (季桥镇), Xiqiao (席桥镇), Linji (林集镇), Nanzha (南闸镇), Fanji (范集镇)
Townships:
Jianhuai Township (建淮乡), Jiaoling Township (茭陵乡), Songji Township (宋集乡), Chengdong Township (城东乡), Sanbao Township (三堡乡), Nanmachang Township (南马厂乡)
Huaiyin District
Towns:
Wangying (王营镇), Zhaoji (赵集镇), Wucheng (吴城镇), Matou (码头镇), Nanchenji (南陈集镇), Wangxing (王兴镇), Mianhuazhuang (棉花庄镇), Dingji (丁集镇), Wuli (五里镇), Xuliu (徐溜镇), Yugou (渔沟镇), Wuji (吴集镇), Xisongji (西宋集镇), Sanshu (三树镇)
Townships:
Hanqiao Township (韩桥乡), Xindu Township (新渡乡), Yuanji Township (袁集乡), Lingqiao Township (凌桥乡), Laozhangji Township (老张集乡), Guzhai Township (古寨乡), Liulaozhuang Township (刘老庄乡)
Qinghe District
Subdistricts:
Fuqian Subdistrict (府前街道), Changxi Subdistrict (长西街道), Huaihai Subdistrict (淮海街道), Changdong Subdistrict (长东街道), Liushuwan Subdistrict (柳树湾街道), Donghu Subdistrict (东湖街道), Shuidukou Subdistrict (水渡口街道), Xingang Subdistrict (新港街道), Guangzhou Subdistrict (广州街道)
Townships:
Bochi Township (钵池乡), Xuyang Township (徐扬乡)
Qingpu District
Subdistricts:
Qingjiang Subdistrict (清江街道), Pulou Subdistrict (浦楼街道), Zhakou Subdistrict (闸口街道), Qing'an Subdistrict (清安街道)
Towns:
Heping (和平镇), Wudun (武墩镇), Yanhe (盐河镇)
Townships:
Chengnan Township (城南乡), Huangma Township (黄码乡)
Hongze County
Towns:
Gaoliangjian (高良涧镇), Jiangba (蒋坝镇), Renhe (仁和镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Xishunhe (西顺河镇), Laozishan (老子山镇), Sanhe (三河镇), Dongshuanggou (东双沟镇), Wanji (万集镇), Huangji (黄集镇), Gonghe (共和镇)
Jinhu County
Towns:
Licheng (黎城镇), Jinnan (金南镇), Minqiao (闵桥镇), Taji (塔集镇), Yinji (银集镇), Tugou (涂沟镇), Qianfeng (前锋镇), Lüliang (吕良镇), Chenqiao (陈桥镇), Jinbei (金北镇), Dailou (戴楼镇)
Lianshui County
Towns:
Liancheng (涟城镇), Gaogou (高沟镇), Tangji (唐集镇), Baotan (保滩镇), Dadong (大东镇), Wugang (五港镇), Liangcha (梁岔镇), Shihu (石湖镇), Zhuma (朱码镇), Chamiao (岔庙镇), Qianjin (前进镇), Nanji (南集镇), Yixing (义兴镇), Chengji (成集镇), Hongyao (红窑镇), Chenshi (陈师镇), Donghuji (东胡集镇)
Townships:
Xuji Township (徐集乡), Huangying Township (黄营乡)
Xuyi County
Towns:
Xucheng (盱城镇), Maba (马坝镇), Guantan (官滩镇), Jiupu (旧铺镇), Guiwu (桂五镇), Huanghuatang (黄花塘镇), Mingzuling (明祖陵镇), Baoji (鲍集镇), Guanzhen (管镇镇), Heqiao (河桥镇), Tiefo (铁佛镇), Huaihe (淮河镇), Chouji (仇集镇), Guanyinsi (观音寺镇)
Townships:
Weiqiao Township (维桥乡), Mudian Township (穆店乡), Wangdian Township (王店乡), Gusang Township (古桑乡), Xinglong Township (兴隆乡)
Lianyungang
Location of Lianyungang in the province
Haizhou District
Subdistricts:
Haizhou Subdistrict (海州街道), Xingfu Road Subdistrict (幸福路街道), Quyang Subdistrict (朐阳街道), Hongmen Subdistrict (洪门街道), Pudong Subdistrict (浦东街道), Puxi Subdistrict (浦西街道), Xindong Subdistrict (新东街道), Xinnan Subdistrict (新南街道), Lunan Subdistrict (路南街道), Xinhai Subdistrict (新海街道)
Towns:
Xinba (新坝镇), Jinping (锦屏镇), Banpu (板浦镇), Nancheng (南城镇), Punan (浦南镇)
Township:
Ninghai Township (宁海乡), Yuntai Township (云台乡), Huaguoshan Township (花果山乡)
Lianyun District
Subdistricts:
Xugou Subdistrict (墟沟街道), Lianyun Subdistrict (连云街道), Zhongyun Subdistrict (中云街道), Liandao Subdistrict (连岛街道), Banqiao Subdistrict (板桥街道), Yunshan Subdistrict (云山街道), Houzui Subdistrict (猴嘴街道)
The only town is Chaoyang (朝阳镇)
Townships:
Sucheng Township (宿城乡), Gaogongdao Township (高公岛乡), Qiansandao Township (前三岛乡)
Former Xinpu District
It (had 6 subdistricts, 2 towns and 2 township.) is merged to Haizhou District.
Donghai County
Towns:
Niushan (牛山镇), Baitabu (白塔埠镇), Huangchuan (黄川镇), Taolin (桃林镇), Qinghu (青湖镇), Shiliu (石榴镇), Wenquan (温泉镇), Shuangdian (双店镇), Shilianghe (石梁河镇), Hongzhuang (洪庄镇), Anfeng (安峰镇), Fangshan (房山镇), Pingming (平明镇)
Townships:
Tuofeng Township (驼峰乡), Shanzuokou Township (山左口乡), Henggou Township (横沟乡), Linian Township (李埝乡), Nanchen Township (南辰乡), Shihu Township (石湖乡), Quyang Township (曲阳乡), Zhangwan Township (张湾乡)
Ganyu County
Towns:
Qingkou (青口镇), Zhewang (柘汪镇), Shiqiao (石桥镇), Jinshan (金山镇), Heilin (黑林镇), Lizhuang (厉庄镇), Haitou (海头镇), Tashan (塔山镇), Ganma (赣马镇), Banzhuang (班庄镇), Chengtou (城头镇), Menhe (门河镇), Chengxi (城西镇), Huandun (欢墩镇), Songzhuang (宋庄镇), Shahe (沙河镇), Dunshang (墩尚镇), Luoyang (罗阳镇)
Guannan County
Towns:
Xin'an (新安镇), Changmao (长茂镇), Duigougang (堆沟港镇), Beichenji (北陈集镇), Zhangdian (张店镇), Sankou (三口镇), Mengxingzhuang (孟兴庄镇), Tanggou (汤沟镇), Bailu (百禄镇)
Townships:
Wudui Township (五队乡), Tianlou Township (田楼乡), Liji Township (李集乡), Xinji Township (新集乡), Huayuan Township (花园乡)
Guanyun County
Towns:
Yishan (伊山镇), Yangji (杨集镇), Longju (龙苴镇), Tongxing (同兴镇), Sidui (四队镇), Weifeng (圩丰镇), Yanweigang (燕尾港镇)
Townships:
Yilu Township (伊芦乡), Luhe Township (鲁河乡), Tuhe Township (图河乡), Yibei Township (沂北乡), Xiache Township (下车乡), Baixian Township (白蚬乡), Shizhuang Township (侍庄乡), Dongwangji Township (东王集乡), Xiaoyi Township (小伊乡), Muxu Township (穆圩乡), Dougou Township (陡沟乡), Nangang Township (南岗乡)
Nantong
Location of Nantong in the province
Chongchuan District
Subdistricts:
Chengdong Subdistrict (城东街道), Rengang Subdistrict (任港街道), Hongqiao Subdistrict (虹桥街道), Xuetian Subdistrict (学田街道), Hepingqiao Subdistrict (和平桥街道), Xinchengqiao Subdistrict (新城桥街道), Zhongxiu Subdistrict (钟秀街道), Wenfeng (文峰街道), Zhongxing Subdistrict (中兴街道), Langshanzhen Subdistrict (狼山镇街道), Guanyinshan Subdistrict (观音山街道), Zhuxing Subdistrict (竹行街道), Xiaohai Subdistrict (小海街道)
The only town is Xinkai (新开镇)
Gangzha District
Subdistricts:
Yongxing Subdistrict (永兴街道), Tangzhazhen Subdistrict (唐闸镇街道), Tianshenggangzhen Subdistrict (天生港镇街道), Qinzao Subdistrict (秦灶街道), Chenqiao Subdistrict (陈桥街道), Xingfu Subdistrict (幸福街道)
Tongzhou District
Towns:
Jinsha (金沙镇), Xiting (西亭镇), Erjia (二甲镇), Dongshe (东社镇), Sanyu (三余镇), Shizong (十总镇), Qi'an (骑岸镇), Wujia (五甲镇), Shigang (石港镇), Si'an (四安镇), Liuqiao (刘桥镇), Pingchao (平潮镇), Pingdong (平东镇), Wujie (五接镇), Xingren (兴仁镇), Xingdong (兴东镇), Chuanjiang (川姜镇), Xianfeng (先锋镇), Zhangzhishan (张芝山镇)
Haimen
Towns:
Haimen (海门镇), Sanxing (三星镇), Desheng (德胜镇), Sanchang (三厂镇), Changle (常乐镇), Qilin (麒麟镇), Yuelai (悦来镇), Wannian (万年镇), Sanyang (三阳镇), Sijia (四甲镇), Huolong (货隆镇), Yudong (余东镇), Zhengyu (正余镇), Baochang (包场镇), Liuhao (刘浩镇), Linjiang (临江镇), Wanghao (王浩镇), Shuxun (树勋镇), Dongzaogang (东灶港镇)
The only township is Haiyong Township (海永乡), a 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) pene-enclave on Chongming Island, most of which belongs to Shanghai.
Qidong
Towns:
Huilong (汇龙镇), Nanyang (南阳镇), Beixin (北新镇), Wangbao (王鲍镇), Hezuo (合作镇), Haifu (海复镇), Jinhai (近海镇), Yinyang (寅阳镇), Huiping (惠萍镇), Donghai (东海镇), Lüsigang (吕四港镇)
The only township is Qilong Township (启隆乡)
Rugao
Towns:
Rucheng (如城镇), Chaiwan (柴湾镇), Xue'an (雪岸镇), Dongchen (东陈镇), Dingyan (丁堰镇), Baipu (白蒲镇), Linzi (林梓镇), Xiayuan (下原镇), Jiuhua (九华镇), Guoyuan (郭园镇), Shizhuang (石庄镇), Changjiang (长江镇), Wuyao (吴窑镇), Jiang'an (江安镇), Gaoming (高明镇), Changqing (常青镇), Banjing (搬经镇), Motou (磨头镇), Taoyuan (桃园镇), Yuanqiao (袁桥镇)
Hai'an County
Towns:
Hai'an (海安镇), Chengdong (城东镇), Qutang (曲塘镇), Lipu (李堡镇), Dagong (大公镇), Jiaoxie (角斜镇), Yazhou (雅周镇), Baidian (白甸镇), Nanmo (南莫镇), Duntou (墩头镇)
Rudong County
Towns:
Bingcha (栟茶镇), Caobu (曹埠镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Changsha (长沙镇), Dayu (大豫镇), Fengli (丰利镇), Hekou (河口镇), Ju (苴镇), Juegang (掘港镇), Matang (马塘镇), Shuangdian (双甸镇), Xindian (新店镇), Yangkou (洋口镇), Yuanzhuang (袁庄镇)
Taizhou
Location of Taizhou in the province
Gaogang District
Subdistricts:
Kou'an Subdistrict (口岸街道), Diaopu Subdistrict (刁铺街道), Xuzhuang Subdistrict (许庄街道)
Towns:
Yong'anzhou (永安洲镇), Baima (白马镇), Yexu (野徐镇), Huzhuang (胡庄镇), Dasi (大泗镇)
Hailing District
Subdistricts:
Chengdong Subdistrict (城东街道), Chengxi Subdistrict (城西街道), Chengnan Subdistrict (城南街道), Chengzhong Subdistrict (城中街道), Chengbei Subdistrict (城北街道), Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Jingtailu Subdistrict (京泰路街道), Fenghuang Subdistrict (凤凰街道), Hongqi Subdistrict (红旗街道), Sixiang Subdistrict (寺巷街道), Mingzhu Subdistrict (明珠街道)
Towns:
Jiulong (九龙镇), Gangyang (罡杨镇), Suchen (苏陈镇)
Jiangyan District
Towns:
Jiangyan Town (姜堰镇), Qintong (溱潼镇), Jiangduo (蒋垛镇), Gugao (顾高镇), Dalun (大伦镇), Zhangdian (张甸镇), Liangxu (梁徐镇), Qiaotou (桥头镇), Yuxi (淤溪镇), Baimi (白米镇), Leizhuang (娄庄镇), Shengao (沈高镇), Xingtai (兴泰镇), Yuduo (俞垛镇), Huagang (华港镇)
Jingjiang
The only subdistrict is Jingcheng Subdistrict (靖城街道).
Towns:
Xinqiao (新桥镇), Dongxing (东兴镇), Xieqiao (斜桥镇), Xilai (西来镇), Jishi (季市镇), Gushan (孤山镇), Shengci (生祠镇), Maqiao (马桥镇)
Taixing
The only subdistrict is Jichuan Subdistrict (济川街道)
Towns:
Huangqiao (黄桥镇), Fenjie (分界镇), Guxi (古溪镇), Yuanzhu (元竹镇), Shanhu (珊瑚镇), Guangling (广陵镇), Quxia (曲霞镇), Zhangqiao (张桥镇), Heshi (河失镇), Xinjie (新街镇), Yaowang (姚王镇), Xuanbao (宣堡镇), Hongqiao (虹桥镇), Binjiang (滨江镇) | 济川街道办事处
The only township is Gensi Township (根思乡)
Xinghua
Towns:
Daiyao (戴窑镇), Hechen (合陈镇), Yongfeng (永丰镇), Xinduo (新垛镇), Anfeng (安丰镇), Hainan (海南镇), Diaoyu (钓鱼镇), Dazou (大邹镇), Shagou (沙沟镇), Zhongbao (中堡镇), Lizhong (李中镇), Xijiao (西郊镇), Lincheng (临城镇), Duotian (垛田镇), Zhuhong (竹泓镇), Shenlun (沈伦镇), Daduo (大垛镇), Huoduo (荻垛镇), Taozhuang (陶庄镇), Changrong (昌荣镇), Maoshan (茅山镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Chenbao (陈堡镇), Dainan (戴南镇), Zhangguo (张郭镇), Zhaoyang (昭阳镇), Daying (大营镇), Xiaxu (下圩镇), Chengdong (城东镇)
Townships:
Laowei Township (老圩乡), Zhoufen Township (周奋乡), Ganggu Township (缸顾乡), Xibao Township (西鲍乡), Linhu Township (林湖乡)
Suqian
Location of Suqian in the province
Sucheng District
Subdistricts:
Xingfu Subdistrict (幸福街道), Shunli Subdistrict (项里街道), Hebin Subdistrict (河滨街道), Gucheng Subdistrict (古城街道), Huanghe Subdistrict (黄河街道), Guchu Subdistrict (古楚街道)
Towns:
Shuangzhuang (双庄镇), Gengche (耿车镇), Buzi (埠子镇), Longhe (龙河镇), Yangbei (洋北镇), Cangji (仓集镇), Yanghe (洋河镇), Zhongyang (中杨镇), Zhenglou (郑楼镇), Chenji (陈集镇)
Townships:
Sankeshu Township (三棵树乡), Luowei Township (罗圩乡), Nancai Township (南蔡乡), Tuyuan Township (屠园乡)
Suyu District
Towns:
Shunhe (顺河镇), Xiaodian (晓店镇), Caiji (蔡集镇), Dingzui (丁嘴镇), Zaohe (皂河镇), Yanghua (仰化镇), Daxing (大兴镇), Wangguanji (王官集镇), Lailong (来龙镇), Huangdun (黄墩镇), Luji (陆集镇), Guanmiao (关庙镇), Shiling (侍岭镇), Xinzhuang (新庄镇)
Townships:
Jingtou Township (井头乡), Caoji Township (曹集乡), Bao'an Township (保安乡)
Shuyang County
Subdistricts:
Shucheng (沭城镇),Mengxi (梦溪街道), Nanhu (南湖街道), Zhangji(章集街道), Qixiong(七雄街道), Shizi(十字街道)
Towns:
Longji (陇集镇), Huji (胡集镇), Qianji (钱集镇), Tanggou (塘沟镇), Machang (马厂镇), Yishou (沂涛镇), Miaotou (庙头镇), Hanshan (韩山镇), Huachong (华冲镇), Sangxu (桑墟镇), Yuelai (悦来镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Lihuan (李恒镇), Zhaxia (扎下镇), Yanji (颜集镇), Tongyang (潼阳镇), Longmiao (龙庙镇), Gaoxu (高墟镇), Gengxu (耿圩镇), Tangjian (汤涧镇), Xinhe (新河镇), Xianguan (贤官镇), Wuji (吴集镇), Hudong (湖东镇), Qingyihu (青伊湖镇)
Townships:
Beidingji Township (北丁集乡), Zhouji Township (周集乡), Dongshaodian Township (东小店乡), Zhangwei Township (张圩乡), Maowei Township (茆圩乡), Xiwei Township (西圩乡), Wanpi Township (万匹乡), Guandun Township (官墩乡)
Sihong County
Towns:
Qingyang (青阳镇), Shuanggou (双沟镇), Shangtang (上塘镇), Weiying (魏营镇), Linhuai (临淮镇), Bancheng (半城镇), Sunyuan (孙园镇), Meihua (梅花镇), Guiren (归仁镇), Jinsuo (金锁镇), Zhuhu (朱湖镇), Jieji (界集镇), Taiping (太平镇), Longji (龙集镇)
Townships:
Sihe Township (四河乡), Fengshan Township (峰山乡), Caomiao Township (曹庙乡), Chemen Township (车门乡), Yaogou Township (瑶沟乡), Shiji Township (石集乡), Chengtou Township (城头乡), Chenxu Township (陈圩乡), Tianganghu Township (天岗湖乡)
Siyang County
Towns:
Zhongxing (众兴镇), Aiyuan (爱园镇), Wangji (王集镇), Peixu (裴圩镇), Xinyuan (新袁镇), Likou (李口镇), Linhe (临河镇), Chuancheng (穿城镇), Luji (卢集镇), Gaodu (高渡镇), Zhangjiaxu (张家圩镇)
Townships:
Zhuangwei Township (庄圩乡), Liren Township (里仁乡), Sanzhuang Township (三庄乡), Baji Township (八集乡), Nanliuji Township (南刘集乡)
Suzhou
Location of Suzhou in the province
Canglang District
Subdistricts:
Shuangta Subdistrict (双塔街道), Nanmen Subdistrict (南门街道), Xujiang Subdistrict (胥江街道), Wumenqiao Subdistrict (吴门桥街道), Fengmen Subdistrict (葑门街道), Youxin Subdistrict (友新街道)
Gusu District
Gusu District has eight subdistricts.
Its subdistricts are Baiyangwan Subdistrict (Chinese: 白洋湾街道), Pingjiang Subdistrict (Chinese: 平江街道), Jinchang Subdistrict (Chinese: 金阊街道), Canglang Subdistrict (Chinese: 沧浪街道), Shuangta Subdistrict (Chinese: 双塔街道), Huqiu Subdistrict (Chinese: 虎丘街道), Sujin Subdistrict (Chinese: 苏锦街道), and Wumenqiao Subdistrict (Chinese: 吴门桥街道).
Huqiu District
Subdistricts:
Fengqiao Subdistrict (枫桥街道), Shishan Subdistrict (狮山街道), Hengtang Subdistrict (横塘街道)
Towns:
Hushuguan (浒墅关镇), Tong'an (通安镇), Dongzhu (东渚镇)
Jinchang District
Subdistricts:
Shilu Subdistrict (石路街道), Caixiang Subdistrict (彩香街道), Liuyuan Subdistrict (留园街道), Huqiu Subdistrict (虎丘街道), Baiyangwan Subdistrict (白洋湾街道)
Wuzhong District
Subdistricts:
Suyuan Subdistrict (苏苑街道), Changqiao Subdistrict (长桥街道), Longxi Subdistrict (龙西街道), Chengnan Subdistrict (城南街道), Zhaoxi Subdistrict (越溪街道), Hengjing Subdistrict (横泾街道), Guoxiang Subdistrict (郭巷街道), Xiangshan Subdistrict (香山街道)
Towns:
Luzhi (甪直镇), Guangfu (光福镇), Linhu (临湖镇), Mudu (木渎镇), Jinting (金庭镇), Dongshan (东山镇), Xukou (胥口镇)
Wujiang District
The only subdistrict is Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道)
Towns:
Songling (松陵镇), Tongli (同里镇), Pingwang (平望镇), Shengze (盛泽镇), Qidu (七都镇), Zhenze (震泽镇), Taoyuan (桃源镇), Fenhu (汾湖镇)
Xiangcheng District
Subdistricts:
Yuanhe Subdistrict (元和街道), Taiping Subdistrict (太平街道), Huangqiao Subdistrict (黄桥街道), Beiqiao Subdistrict (北桥街道)
Towns:
Wangting (望亭镇), Huangdai (黄埭镇), Weitang (渭塘镇), Yangchenghu (阳澄湖镇)
Other:
Xiangcheng Economic Development Zone (相城经济开发区)
Changshu
The only subdistrict is Bixi Subdistrict (碧溪街道)
Towns:
Yushan (虞山镇), Haiyu (海虞镇), Xinzhuang (辛庄镇), Shanghu (尚湖镇), Meili (梅李镇), Zhitang (支塘镇), Dongbang (董浜镇), Guli (古里镇), Shajiabang (沙家浜镇)
Kunshan
Towns:
Yushan (玉山镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Zhoushi (周市镇), Jinxi (锦溪镇), Bacheng (巴城镇), Huaqiao (花桥镇), Lujia (陆家镇), Zhangpu (张浦镇), Qiandeng (千灯镇), Dianshanhu (淀山湖镇)
Taicang
Towns:
Chengxiang (城厢镇), Shaxi (沙溪镇), Ludu (陆渡镇), Liuhe (浏河镇), Fuqiao (浮桥镇), Huangjing (璜泾镇), Shuangfeng (双凤镇)
Zhangjiagang
Towns:
Yangshe (杨舍镇), Jinfeng (锦丰镇), Tangqiao (塘桥镇), Leyu (乐余镇), Nanfeng (南丰镇), Jingang (金港镇), Fenghuang (凤凰镇), Daxin (大新镇)
Other areas:
Changyinsha Modern Agriculture Demonstration Zone (常沙阴现代农业示范园区), Shuangshandao Island Tourist Resort (双山岛旅游度假区), (张家港经济技术开发区), (张家港保税区), (张家港市市稻麦良种场), (张家港市畜禽良种场), (张家港市冶金工业园)
Suzhou Industrial Park
Towns:
Loufeng (娄葑镇), Weiting (唯亭镇), Shengpu (胜浦镇)
Wuxi
Location of Wuxi in the province
Beitang District
Subdistricts:
Huangxiang Subdistrict (黄巷街道), Shanbei Subdistrict (山北街道), Beidajie Subdistrict (北大街街道), Huishan Subdistrict (惠山街道), Wuhe Subdistrict (五河街道)
Binhu District
Subdistricts:
Helie Subdistrict (河埒街道), Rongxiang Subdistrict (荣巷街道), Lihu Subdistrict (蠡湖街道), Liyuan Subdistrict (蠡园街道), Huazhuang Subdistrict (华庄街道), Taihu Subdistrict (太湖街道), Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道), Xuelang Subdistrict (雪浪街道), Mashan Subdistrict (马山街道)
Chong'an District
Subdistricts:
Chong'ansi Subdistrict (崇安寺街道), Tongjiang Subdistrict (通江街道), Guangrui Road Subdistrict (广瑞路街道), Mashangdun Subdistrict (上马墩街道), Jianghai Subdistrict (江海街道), Guangyi Subdistrict (广益街道)
Huishan District
Subdistricts:
Yanqiao Subdistrict (堰桥街道), Chang'an Subdistrict (长安街道), Qianqiao Subdistrict (钱桥街道), Qianzhou Subdistrict (前洲街道), Yuqi Subdistrict (玉祁街道)
Towns:
Luoshe (洛社镇), Yangshan (阳山镇)
Nanchang District
Subdistricts:
Yinglongqiao Subdistrict (迎龙桥街道), Nanchansi Subdistrict (南禅寺街道), Qingmingqiao Subdistrict (清名桥街道), Jinxing Subdistrict (金星街道), Jinkui Subdistrict (金匮街道), Yangming Subdistrict (扬名街道)
Xishan District
Subdistricts:
Dongting Subdistrict (东亭街道), Dongbeitang Subdistrict (东北塘街道), Anzhen Subdistrict (安镇街道), Mashan Subdistrict (马山街道)
Towns:
Yangjian (羊尖镇), Ehu (鹅湖镇), Xibei (锡北镇), Donggang (东港镇)
Jiangyin
Subdistricts:
Chengjiang Subdistrict (澄江街道), Shengang Subdistrict (申港街道), Xiagang Subdistrict (夏港街道), Nanzha Subdistrict (南闸街道), Yunting Subdistrict (云亭街道)
Towns:
Huangtu (璜土镇), Ligang (利港镇), Yuecheng (月城镇), Qingyang (青阳镇), Xuxiake (徐霞客镇), Huashi (华士镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Changjing (长泾镇), Gushan (顾山镇), Zhutang (祝塘镇)
Yixing
Subdistricts:
Yicheng Subdistrict (宜城街道), Qiting Subdistrict (屺亭街道), Xinzhuang Subdistrict (新庄街道), Xinjie Subdistrict (新街街道)
Towns:
Dingshu (丁蜀镇), Zhangzhu (张渚镇), Heqiao (和桥镇), Guanlin (官林镇), Zhoutie (周铁镇), Xushe (徐舍镇), Gaocheng (高塍镇), Hufu (湖父镇), Yangxiang (杨巷镇), Taihua (太华镇), Xinjian (新建镇), Fangqiao (芳桥镇), Xizhu (西渚镇), Wanshi (万石镇)
Wuxi New Area
Subdistricts:
Wangzhuang Subdistrict (旺庄街道), Nanzhan Subdistrict (南站街道), Shuofang Subdistrict (硕放街道), Fangqian Subdistrict (坊前街道), Xin'an Subdistrict (新安街道), Meicun Subdistrict (梅村街道), Hongshan Subdistrict (鸿山街道)
Xuzhou
Location of Xuzhou in the province
Gulou District, Xuzhou
Subdistricts:
Huanglou Subdistrict (黄楼街道), Fengcai Subdistrict (丰财街道), Pipa Subdistrict (琵琶街道), Pailou Subdistrict (牌楼街道), Tongpei Subdistrict (铜沛街道), Huancheng Subdistrict (环城街道), Jinshanqiao Subdistrict (金山桥街道), Donghuan Subdistrict (东环街道)
The only town is Miaoshan (庙山镇)
Jiawang District
Subdistricts:
Laokuang Subdistrict (老矿街道), Xiaqiao Subdistrict (夏桥街道)
Towns:
Jiawang Town (贾汪镇), Qingshanquan (青山泉镇), Dawu (大吴镇), Zizhuang (紫庄镇), Tashan (塔山镇), Biantang (汴塘镇), Jiangzhuang (江庄镇)
Quanshan District
Subdistricts:
Wangling Subdistrict (王陵街道), Yong'an Subdistrict (永安街道), Hubin Subdistrict (湖滨街道), Duanzhuang Subdistrict (段庄街道), Zhaishan Subdistrict (翟山街道), Kuishan Subdistrict (奎山街道), Heping Subdistrict (和平街道), Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Jinshan Subdistrict (金山街道), Qiligou Subdistrict (七里沟街道), Huohua Subdistrict (火花街道), Sushan Subdistrict (苏山街道 ), Taoyuan Subdistrict (桃园街道), Pangzhuang Subdistrict (庞庄街道)
Tongshan District
Subdistricts:
Yi'an Subdistrict (义安街道), Liguo Subdistrict (利国街道), Chacheng Subdistrict (垞城街道), Dianchang Subdistrict (电厂街道), Zhangshuanglou Subdistrict (张双楼街道), Sanhejian Subdistrict (三河尖街道), Shitun Subdistrict (拾屯街道), Zhangji Subdistrict (张集街道)
Towns:
Tongshan (铜山镇), Heqiao (何桥镇), Huangji (黄集镇), Mapo (马坡镇), Zhengji (郑集镇), Liuxin (柳新镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Dapeng (大彭镇), Hanwang (汉王镇), Sanbao (三堡镇), Tangzhang (棠张镇), Zhangji (张集镇), Fangcun (房村镇), Yizhuang (伊庄镇), Danji (单集镇), Xuzhuang (徐庄镇), Daxu (大许镇), Maocun (茅村镇), Liuquan (柳泉镇), Liguo (利国镇)
Yunlong District
Subdistricts:
Pengcheng Subdistrict (彭城街道), Qingnian Subdistrict (青年街道), Tianqiao Subdistrict (天桥街道 Zifang Subdistrict (子房街道), Huangshan Subdistrict (黄山街道), Luotuoshan Subdistrict (骆驼山街道), Daguozhuang Subdistrict (大郭庄街道), Cuipingshan Subdistrict (翠屏山街道), Pantang Subdistrict (潘塘街道)
Pizhou
Towns:
Yunhe (运河镇), Picheng (邳城镇), Guanhu (官湖镇), Sihu (四户镇), Suyangshan (宿羊山镇), Bayiji (八义集镇), Tushan (土山镇), Nianzhuang (碾庄镇), Gangshang (港上镇), Zouzhuang (邹庄镇), Zhancheng (占城镇), Xinhe (新河镇), Balu (八路镇), Paoche (炮车镇), Tiefu (铁富镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Daixu (戴圩镇), Chenlou (陈楼镇), Xinglou (邢楼镇), Daizhuang (戴庄镇), Chefushan (车辐山镇), Yanzibu (燕子埠镇), Zhaodun (赵墩镇), Yitang (议堂镇)
Xinyi
Towns:
Xin'an (新安镇), Wayao (瓦窑镇), Gangtou (港头镇), Tangdian (唐店镇), Hegou (合沟镇), Caoqiao (草桥镇), Yaowan (窑湾镇), Qipan (棋盘镇), Xindian (新店镇), Shaodian (邵店镇), Beigou (北沟镇), Shiji (时集镇), Gaoliu (高流镇), Ahu (阿湖镇), Shuangtang (双塘镇), Malingshan (马陵山镇)
Feng County
Towns:
Fengcheng (凤城镇), Shouxian (首羡镇), Shunhe (顺河镇), Changdian (常店镇), Huankou (欢口镇), Shizhai (师寨镇), Huashan (华山镇), Liangzhai (梁寨镇), Fanlou (范楼镇), Sunlou (孙楼镇), Songlou (宋楼镇), Dashahe (大沙河镇), Wanggou (王沟镇), Zhaozhuang (赵庄镇)
Pei County
Towns:
Longgu (龙固镇), Yangtun (杨屯镇), Datun (大屯镇), Peicheng (沛城镇), Huzhai (胡寨镇), Weimiao (魏庙镇), Wuduan (五段镇), Zhangzhuang (张庄镇), Zhangzhai (张寨镇), Jing'an (敬安镇), Hekou (河口镇), Qishan (栖山镇), Lulou (鹿楼镇), Zhuzhai (朱寨镇), Anguo (安国镇)
Suining County
Subdistricts:
Suicheng (睢城街道), Jincheng (金城街道), Suihe (睢河街道)
Towns:
Wangji (王集镇), Shuanggou (双沟镇), Lanshan (岚山镇), Liji (李集镇), Taoyuan (桃园镇), Guanshan (官山镇), Gaozuo (高作镇), Shaji (沙集镇), Lingcheng (凌城镇), Qiuji (邱集镇), Gupi (古邳镇), Yaoji (姚集镇), Weiji (魏集镇), Liangji (梁集镇), Qing'an (庆安镇)
Yancheng
Location of Yancheng in the province
Tinghu District
Subdistricts:
Wuxing Subdistrict (五星街道), Wenfeng Subdistrict (文峰街道), Xianfeng Subdistrict (先锋街道), Yulong Subdistrict (毓龙街道), Dayang Subdistrict (大洋街道), Huanghai Subdistrict (黄海街道), Xinyang Subdistrict (新洋街道), Xincheng Subdistrict (新城街道), Wuyou Subdistrict (伍佑街道)
Towns:
Nanyang (南洋镇), Xinxing (新兴镇), Biancang (便仓镇), Bufeng (步凤镇), Huangjian (黄尖镇), Yandong (盐东镇)
Yandu District
Subdistricts:
Panhuang Subdistrict (潘黄街道), Yanlong Subdistrict (盐龙街道), Xindu Subdistrict (新都街道), Zhangzhuang Subdistrict (张庄街道)
Towns:
Longgang (龙冈镇), Dazonghu (大纵湖镇), Dagang (大冈镇), Louwang (楼王镇), Xuefu (学富镇), Shangzhuang (尚庄镇), Qinnan (秦南镇), Guomeng (郭猛镇)
Dafeng
Towns:
Dazhong (大中镇), Caoyan (草堰镇), Baiju (白驹镇), Liuzhuang (刘庄镇), Xituan (西团镇), Xiaohai (小海镇), Daqiao (大桥镇), Caomiao (草庙镇), Wanying (万盈镇, Nanyang (南阳镇)
Dongtai
Towns:
Qindong (溱东镇), Shinian (时埝镇), Wulie (五烈镇), Liangduo (梁垛镇), Anfeng (安丰镇) Dongtai Town (东台镇), Fu'an (富安镇), Tangyang (唐洋镇), Xinjie (新街镇), Xuhe (许河镇), Sancang (三仓镇), Touzao (头灶镇), Jianggang (弶港镇), Nanshenzao (南沈灶镇)
Binhai County
Towns:
Dongkan (东坎镇), Wuxun (五汛镇), Caiqiao (蔡桥镇), Zhenghong (正红镇), Tongyu (通榆镇), Jiepai (界牌镇), Baju (八巨镇), Batan (八滩镇), Binhuai (滨淮镇), Binhaigang (滨海港镇),
Townships:
Tianchang Township (天场乡), Datao Township (大套乡), Chentao Township (陈涛乡), Zhendong Township (振东乡), Fanji Township (樊集乡)
Funing County
Towns:
Fucheng (阜城镇), Goudun (沟墩镇), Wutan (吴滩镇), Heli (合利镇), Chenliang (陈良镇), Shizhuang (施庄镇), Sanzao (三灶镇), Guoshu (郭墅镇), Xingou (新沟镇), Chenji (陈集镇), Yangzhai (羊寨镇), Lupu (芦蒲镇), Shuoji (硕集镇), Banhu (板湖镇), Donggou (东沟镇), Yilin (益林镇), Gongxing (公兴镇), Yangji (杨集镇), Guhe (古河镇), Luoqiao (罗桥镇)
Jianhu County
Towns:
Jinhu (近湖镇), Jianyang (建阳镇), Jiangying (蒋营镇), Hengji (恒济镇), Yandan (颜单镇), Yanhe (沿河镇), Lugou (芦沟镇), Qingfeng (庆丰镇), Shanggang (上冈镇), Gaozuo (高作镇), Gangxi (冈西镇), Baota (宝塔镇)
Sheyang County
Towns:
Hede (合德镇), Linhai (临海镇), Qianqiu (千秋镇), Siming (四明镇), Haihe (海河镇), Haitong (海通镇), Xingqiao (兴桥镇), Xintan (新坍镇), Changdang (长荡镇), Panwan (盘湾镇), Teyong (特庸镇), Yangma (洋马镇), Huangshagang (黄沙港镇)
Xiangshui County
Eight towns:
Xiangshui (响水镇), Chenjiagang (陈家港镇), Xiaojian (小尖镇), Huangwei (黄圩镇), Dayou (大有镇), Shuanggang (双港镇), Nanhe (南河镇), Yunhe (运河镇)
Three other areas:
Xiangshui County Economic and Technological Development Zone (县开发区), Huanghai Farm (省属黄海农场), Guandong Saltern (省属灌东盐场)
Yangzhou
Location of Yangzhou in the province
Guangling District
Subdistricts:
Dongguan Subdistrict (东关街道), Wenhe Subdistrict (汶河街道), Wenfeng Subdistrict (文峰街道), Qujiang Subdistrict (曲江街道)
The only town is Wantou (湾头镇), and the only township is Tangwang Township (汤汪乡)
Hanjiang District
Subdistricts:
Hanshang Subdistrict (邗上街道), Xinsheng Subdistrict (新盛街道), Jiangwang Subdistrict (蒋王街道), Chahe Subdistrict (汊河街道), Shuangqiao Subdistrict (双桥街道), Meiling Subdistrict (梅岭街道), Ganquan Subdistrict (甘泉街道), Shouxihu Subdistrict (瘦西湖街道), Yangzijin Subdistrict (扬子津街道), Wenhui Subdistrict (文汇街道)
Towns:
Gongdao (公道镇), Fangxiang (方巷镇), Huaisi (槐泗镇), Guazhou (瓜洲镇), Touqiao (头桥镇), Yangshou (杨寿镇), Tai'an (泰安镇), Yangmiao (杨庙镇), Xihu (西湖镇), Puxi (朴席镇)
Townships:
Pingshan Township (平山乡), Shuangqiao Township (双桥乡), Chengbei Township (城北乡)
Jiangdu District
Towns:
Xiannü (仙女镇), Xiaoji (小纪镇), Hongjian (武坚镇), Fanchuan (樊川镇), Zhenwu (真武镇), Yiling (宜陵镇), Dinggou (丁沟镇), Guocun (郭村镇), Shaobo (邵伯镇), Dinghuo (丁伙镇), Daqiao (大桥镇), Wuqiao (吴桥镇), Putou (浦头镇)
Gaoyou
Towns:
Gaoyou Town (高邮镇), Longqiu (龙虬镇), Mapeng (马棚镇), Cheluo (车逻镇), Baqiao (八桥镇), Hanliu (汉留镇), Tangzhuang (汤庄镇), Xiejia (卸甲镇), Sanduo (三垛镇), Ganduo (甘垛镇), Situ (司徒镇), Hengjing (横泾镇), Jieshou (界首镇), Zhoushan (周山镇), Zhouxiang (周巷镇), Linze (临泽镇), Songqiao (送桥镇), Guoji (郭集镇), Tianshan (天山镇)
The only township is Lingtang Hui Ethnic Township (菱塘回族乡)
Yizheng
Towns:
Zhenzhou (真州镇), Qingshan (青山镇), Xinji (新集镇), Xincheng (新城镇), Maji (马集镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Chenji (陈集镇), Dayi (大仪镇), Yuetang (月塘镇)
Baoying County
Towns:
Anyi (安宜镇), Fanshui (范水镇), Xiaji (夏集镇), Liubao (柳堡镇), Caodian (曹甸镇), Shanyang (山阳镇), Luduo (鲁垛镇), Huangcheng (黄塍镇), Jinghe (泾河镇), Sheyanghu (射阳湖镇), Xi'anfeng (西安丰镇), Guangyanghu (广洋湖镇), Xiaoguanzhuang (小官庄镇), Wangzhigang (望直港镇)
Zhenjiang
Location of Zhenjiang in the province
Dantu District
The only subdistrict is Gaozi Subdistrict (高资街道)
Towns:
Gaoqiao (高桥镇), Xinfeng (辛丰镇), Guyang (谷阳镇), Shangdang (上党镇), Baoyan (宝堰镇), Shiye (世业镇)
Jingkou District
Subdistricts:
Zhengdong Road Subdistrict (正东路街道), Jiankang Road Subdistrict (健康路街道), Dashikou Subdistrict (大市口街道), Sipailou Subdistrict (四牌楼街道), Xiangshan Subdistrict (象山街道), Jianbi Subdistrict (谏壁街道), Dingmao Subdistrict (丁卯街道), Dagang Subdistrict (大港街道)
Towns:
Yaoqiao (姚桥镇), Dalu (大路镇), Dinggang (丁岗镇)
Runzhou District
Subdistricts:
Baota Road Subdistrict (宝塔路街道), Heping Road Subdistrict (和平路街道), Qilidian Subdistrict (七里甸街道), Jinshan Subdistrict (金山街道), Jiangqiao Subdistrict (蒋乔街道), Guantangqiao Subdistrict (官塘桥街道), Weigang Subdistrict (韦岗街道)
Danyang
Towns:
Lingkou (陵口镇), Erling (珥陵镇), Fangxian (访仙镇), Situ (司徒镇), Yanling (延陵镇), Picheng (埤城镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Jiepai (界牌镇), Houxiang (后巷镇), Lücheng (吕城镇), Daoshu (导墅镇), Yunyang (云阳镇), Huangtang (皇塘镇)
Other:
Danyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (丹阳经济技术开发区)
Jurong
Towns:
Huayang (华阳镇), Baohua (宝华镇), Xiashu (下蜀镇), Baitu (白兔镇), Biancheng (边城镇)
Other:
Jurong Economic Development Zone (句容市经济开发区)
Yangzhong
Towns:
Xinba (新坝镇), Sanmao (三茅镇), Youfang (油坊镇), Baqiao (八桥镇), Xilaiqiao (西来桥镇)
Others:
Yangzhong Economic Development Zone (扬中经济开发区), Yangzhong Fine Breeding Farm (扬中市良种繁育场), Yangzhong Pig Breeding Farm (扬中市种猪场), Yangzhong Fishery Cooperative (扬中市渔业社), Yangzhong Leigong Island Aquaculture Farm (扬中市雷公岛水产养殖场), Yangzhong Xisha Luliu Management Office (扬中市西沙芦柳管理所)
Zhenjiang New Area
Subdistricts:
Dagang Subdistrict (大港街道), Dingmao Subdistrict (丁卯街道)
Towns:
Dalu (大路镇), Yaoqiao (姚桥镇), Dinggang (丁岗镇)
References
^ "南京市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "常州市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "淮安市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "连云港市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "南通市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "泰州市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "宿迁市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "苏州市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ a b 2020年统计用区划代码（姑苏区） (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
^ Zhangjiagang Yearbook (2016). 2016. pp. 29–54. ISBN 978-7514420494.
^ 统计用区划代码 名称 320582100000 杨舍镇 320582101000 塘桥镇 320582102000 金港镇 320582103000 锦丰镇 320582104000 乐余镇 320582105000 凤凰镇 320582106000 南丰镇 320582107000 大新镇 320582400000 张家港市现代农业示范园区 320582401000 张家港经济技术开发区 320582403000 张家港保税区 320582404000 张家港市市稻麦良种场 320582405000 张家港市畜禽良种场 320582406000 张家港市冶金工业园 320582407000
^ "无锡市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "徐州市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "盐城市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ 响水概况 (in Simplified Chinese). 盐城市响水县人民政府办公室. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019. 下辖8个镇、3个工业园区
^ 响水县历史沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2019. 2010年，撤销七套乡，并入大有镇；撤销六套乡，并入运河镇；撤销老舍乡，并入双港镇；撤销张集乡，并入小尖镇。调整后，全县辖8个镇：响水镇、陈家港镇、小尖镇、黄圩镇、大有镇、双港镇、南河镇、运河镇。
^ 2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：响水县 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019. 统计用区划代码 名称 320921100000 响水镇 320921101000 陈家港镇 320921102000 小尖镇 320921103000 黄圩镇 320921104000 大有镇 320921105000 双港镇 320921106000 南河镇 320921107000 运河镇 320921400000 县开发区 320921401000 省属黄海农场 320921402000 省属灌东盐场
^ "扬州市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ "镇江市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
vteLists of township-level divisions of ChinaProvinces
Anhui
Fujian
Gansu
Guangdong
Guizhou
Hainan
Hebei
Heilongjiang
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Jiangsu
Jiangxi
Jilin
Liaoning
Qinghai
Shaanxi
Shandong
Shanxi
Sichuan
Yunnan
Zhejiang
Autonomous regions
Guangxi
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol)
Ningxia
Tibet (Xizang)
Xinjiang
Municipalities
Beijing
Chongqing
Shanghai
Tianjin
See also: List of county-level divisions of China
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After province, prefecture, and county-level divisions, township-level divisions constitute the formal fourth-level administrative divisions of the PRC. There are a total of 1,312 such divisions in Jiangsu, divided into 330 subdistricts, 876 towns, 105 townships, and 1 ethnic townships. This list is divided first into the prefecture-level then the county-level divisions.","title":"List of township-level divisions of Jiangsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nanjing_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"}],"text":"[1]Location of Nanjing in the province","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gulou District, Nanjing","text":"Subdistricts:Huaqiaolu Subdistrict (华侨路街道), Ninghailu Subdistrict (宁海路街道), Hunanlu Subdistrict (湖南路街道), Zhongyangmen Subdistrict (中央门街道), Mochou Subdistrict (莫愁街道), Jiangdong Subdistrict (江东街道), Yijiangmen Subdistrict (挹江门街道), Fenghuang Subdistrict (凤凰街道)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiangning Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangning_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Hushu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushu_Subdistrict"}],"sub_title":"Jiangning District","text":"Subdistricts:Dongshan Subdistrict (东山街道), Moling Subdistrict (秣陵街道), Tangshan Subdistrict (汤山街道), Chunhua Subdistrict (淳化街道), Lukou Subdistrict (禄口街道), Jiangning Subdistrict (江宁街道), Guli Subdistrict (谷里街道), Hushu Subdistrict (湖熟街道), Hengxi Subdistrict (横溪街道), Qilin Subdistrict (麒麟街道)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiangxinzhou Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxin_Island"}],"sub_title":"Jianye District","text":"Subdistricts:Mochouhu Subdistrict (莫愁湖街道), Nanyuan Subdistrict (南苑街道), Xinglong Subdistrict (兴隆街道), Shuangzha Subdistrict (双闸街道), Shazhou Subdistrict (沙洲街道), Jiangxinzhou Subdistrict (江心洲街道)-Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道) and Nanhu Subdistrict (南湖街道) are merged with Mochu Subdistrict(莫愁街道)of Gulou District to form Mochouhu Subdistrict.","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hengliang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengliang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Yudai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yudai,_Jiangsu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Luhe (Liuhe) District","text":"Subdistricts:Shanpan Subdistrict (山潘街道), Xichangmen Subdistrict (西厂门街道), Xiejiadian Subdistrict (卸甲甸街道), Getang Subdistrict (葛塘街道), Changlu Subdistrict (长芦街道), Xiongzhou Subdistrict (雄州街道), Longchi Subdistrict (龙池街道), Chengqiao Subdistrict (程桥街道), Jinniuhu Subdistrict (金牛湖街道), Hengliang Subdistrict (横梁街道)Towns:Yeshan (冶山镇), Guabu (瓜埠镇), Donggou (东沟镇), Zhuzhen (竹镇镇), Maji (马集镇), Longpao (龙袍镇), Yudai (玉带镇), Ma'an (马鞍镇), Xinhuang (新篁镇), Babaiqiao (八百桥镇)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pukou District","text":"Subdistricts:Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Dingshan Subdistrict (顶山街道), Yanjiang Subdistrict (沿江街道), Jiangpu Subdistrict (江浦街道), Pancheng Subdistrict (盘城街道), Qiaolin Subdistrict (桥林街道), Tangquan Subdistrict (汤泉街道)Towns:Yongning (永宁镇), Xingdian (星甸镇), Shiqiao (石桥镇), Wujiang (乌江镇)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qinhuai District","text":"Subdistricts:Wulaocun Subdistrict (五老村街道), Hongwulu Subdistrict (洪武路街道), Daguanglu Subdistrict (大光路街道), Ruijinlu Subdistrict (瑞金路街道), Yueyahu Subdistrict (月牙湖街道), Guanghualu Subdistrict (光华路街道), Chaotiangong Subdistrict (朝天宫街道), Fuzimiao Subdistrict (夫子庙街道), Shuangtang Subdistrict (双塘街道), Zhonghuamen Subdistrict (中华门街道), Qinhong Subdistrict (秦虹街道), Honghua Subdistrict (红花街道),","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qixia District","text":"Subdistricts:Yaohua Subdistrict (尧化街道), Maigaoqiao Subdistrict (迈皋桥街道), Maqun Subdistrict (马群街道), Yanziji Subdistrict (燕子矶街道), Longtan Subdistrict (龙潭街道), Qixia Subdistrict (栖霞街道), Xianlin Subdistrict (仙林街道), Baguazhou Subdistrict (八卦洲街道), Jing'an Subdistrict (靖安街道), Xigang Subdistrict (西岗街道)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Xuanwu District","text":"Subdistricts:Meiyuanxincun Subdistrict (梅园新村街道), Xinjiekou Subdistrict (新街口街道), Xuanwumen Subdistrict (玄武门街道), Houzaimen Subdistrict (后宰门街道), Suojincun Subdistrict (锁金村街道), Xiaolingwei Subdistrict (孝陵卫街道), Xuanwuhu Subdistrict (玄武湖街道), Hongshan Subdistrict (红山街道)- Houzaimen Subdistrict (后宰门街道) was merged into Meiyuanxincun Subdistrict in 2012.","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yuhuatai District","text":"Subdistricts:Yuhua New Village Subdistrict (雨花新村街道), Ningnan Subdistrict (宁南街道), Xishanqiao Subdistrict (西善桥街道), Banqiao Subdistrict (板桥街道), Tiexinqiao Subdistrict (铁心桥街道), Meishan Subdistrict (梅山街道), Saihongqiao Subdistrict (赛虹桥街道)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qiqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qiqiao_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Gaochun District","text":"Towns:Chunxi (淳溪镇), Gucheng (固城镇), Dongba (东坝镇), Yaxi (桠溪镇), Qiqiao (漆桥镇), Yangjiang (阳江镇), Zhuanqiang (砖墙镇), Gubai (古柏镇)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lishui District","text":"Towns:Yongyang (永阳镇), Zhetang (柘塘镇), Honglan (洪蓝镇), Shiqiu (石湫镇), Dongping (东屏镇), Baima (白马镇), Hefeng (和凤镇), Jingqiao (晶桥镇)Others:Lishui Development Zone (溧水开发区), Lishui County Forestry (溧水县林场)","title":"Nanjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qishuyan District","text":"Subdistricts:Qishuyan Subdistrict (戚墅堰街道), Dingyan Subdistrict (丁堰街道), Lucheng Subdistrict (潞城街道)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tianning District","text":"Subdistricts:Lanling Subdistrict (兰陵街道 ), Chashan Subdistrict (茶山街道), Diaozhuang Subdistrict (雕庄街道), Hongmei Subdistrict (红梅街道), Qinglong Subdistrict (青龙街道), Tianning Subdistrict (天宁街道)Other:Tianning Economic Development Zone (天宁经济开发区)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutang"}],"sub_title":"Wujin District","text":"Subdistricts:Nanxiashu Subdistrict (南夏墅街道), Xihu Subdistrict (西湖街道)Towns:Hutang (湖塘镇), Niutang (牛塘镇), Luoyang (洛阳镇), Yaoguan (遥观镇), Henglin (横林镇), Xueyan (雪堰镇), Zhenglu (郑陆镇), Hengshanqiao (横山桥镇), Qianhuang (前黄镇), Lijia (礼嘉镇), Zouqu (邹区镇), Jiaze (嘉泽镇), Huangli (湟里镇), Benniu (奔牛镇)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Xinbei District","text":"Subdistricts:Hehai Subdistrict (河海街道), Sanjing Subdistrict (三井街道), Longhutang Subdistrict (龙虎塘街道)Towns:Chunjiang (春江镇), Menghe (孟河镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Xuejia (薛家镇), Luoxi (罗溪镇), Xixiashu (西夏墅镇)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Zhonglou District","text":"Subdistricts:Wuxing Subdistrict (五星街道), Yongjiang Subdistrict (永红街道), Beigang Subdistrict (北港街道), Xilin Subdistrict (西林街道), Hehuachi Subdistrict (荷花池街道), Nandajie Subdistrict (南大街街道), Xinzha Subdistrict (新闸街道)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jintan","text":"Towns:Jincheng (金城镇), Rulin (儒林镇), Yaotang (尧塘镇), Zhixi (直溪镇), Zhulin (朱林镇), Xuebu (薛埠镇), Zhiqian (指前镇)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Liyang","text":"Towns:Licheng (溧城镇), Daitou (埭头镇), Shanghuang (上黄镇), Daibu (戴埠镇), Tianmuhu (天目湖镇), Bieqiao (别桥镇), Shangxing (上兴镇), Zhuze (竹箦镇), Nandu (南渡镇), Shezhu (社渚镇)","title":"Changzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huaian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Huai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai%27an"}],"text":"[3]Location of Huai'an in the province","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Huai'an District","text":"Towns:Huaicheng (淮城镇), Pingqiao (平桥镇), Shanghe (上河镇), Madian (马甸镇), Zhuqiao (朱桥镇), Xihe (溪河镇), Shihe (施河镇), Cheqiao (车桥镇), Jingkou (泾口镇), Liujun (流均镇), Boli (博里镇), Chouqiao (仇桥镇), Fuxing (复兴镇), Suzui (苏嘴镇), Qingong (钦工镇), Shunhe (顺河镇), Jiqiao (季桥镇), Xiqiao (席桥镇), Linji (林集镇), Nanzha (南闸镇), Fanji (范集镇)Townships:Jianhuai Township (建淮乡), Jiaoling Township (茭陵乡), Songji Township (宋集乡), Chengdong Township (城东乡), Sanbao Township (三堡乡), Nanmachang Township (南马厂乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Huaiyin District","text":"Towns:Wangying (王营镇), Zhaoji (赵集镇), Wucheng (吴城镇), Matou (码头镇), Nanchenji (南陈集镇), Wangxing (王兴镇), Mianhuazhuang (棉花庄镇), Dingji (丁集镇), Wuli (五里镇), Xuliu (徐溜镇), Yugou (渔沟镇), Wuji (吴集镇), Xisongji (西宋集镇), Sanshu (三树镇)Townships:Hanqiao Township (韩桥乡), Xindu Township (新渡乡), Yuanji Township (袁集乡), Lingqiao Township (凌桥乡), Laozhangji Township (老张集乡), Guzhai Township (古寨乡), Liulaozhuang Township (刘老庄乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qinghe District","text":"Subdistricts:Fuqian Subdistrict (府前街道), Changxi Subdistrict (长西街道), Huaihai Subdistrict (淮海街道), Changdong Subdistrict (长东街道), Liushuwan Subdistrict (柳树湾街道), Donghu Subdistrict (东湖街道), Shuidukou Subdistrict (水渡口街道), Xingang Subdistrict (新港街道), Guangzhou Subdistrict (广州街道)Townships:Bochi Township (钵池乡), Xuyang Township (徐扬乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qingpu District","text":"Subdistricts:Qingjiang Subdistrict (清江街道), Pulou Subdistrict (浦楼街道), Zhakou Subdistrict (闸口街道), Qing'an Subdistrict (清安街道)Towns:Heping (和平镇), Wudun (武墩镇), Yanhe (盐河镇)Townships:Chengnan Township (城南乡), Huangma Township (黄码乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hongze County","text":"Towns:Gaoliangjian (高良涧镇), Jiangba (蒋坝镇), Renhe (仁和镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Xishunhe (西顺河镇), Laozishan (老子山镇), Sanhe (三河镇), Dongshuanggou (东双沟镇), Wanji (万集镇), Huangji (黄集镇), Gonghe (共和镇)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tugou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugou"}],"sub_title":"Jinhu County","text":"Towns:Licheng (黎城镇), Jinnan (金南镇), Minqiao (闵桥镇), Taji (塔集镇), Yinji (银集镇), Tugou (涂沟镇), Qianfeng (前锋镇), Lüliang (吕良镇), Chenqiao (陈桥镇), Jinbei (金北镇), Dailou (戴楼镇)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihu,_Lianshui_County"},{"link_name":"Chengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengji"}],"sub_title":"Lianshui County","text":"Towns:Liancheng (涟城镇), Gaogou (高沟镇), Tangji (唐集镇), Baotan (保滩镇), Dadong (大东镇), Wugang (五港镇), Liangcha (梁岔镇), Shihu (石湖镇), Zhuma (朱码镇), Chamiao (岔庙镇), Qianjin (前进镇), Nanji (南集镇), Yixing (义兴镇), Chengji (成集镇), Hongyao (红窑镇), Chenshi (陈师镇), Donghuji (东胡集镇)Townships:Xuji Township (徐集乡), Huangying Township (黄营乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Xuyi County","text":"Towns:Xucheng (盱城镇), Maba (马坝镇), Guantan (官滩镇), Jiupu (旧铺镇), Guiwu (桂五镇), Huanghuatang (黄花塘镇), Mingzuling (明祖陵镇), Baoji (鲍集镇), Guanzhen (管镇镇), Heqiao (河桥镇), Tiefo (铁佛镇), Huaihe (淮河镇), Chouji (仇集镇), Guanyinsi (观音寺镇)Townships:Weiqiao Township (维桥乡), Mudian Township (穆店乡), Wangdian Township (王店乡), Gusang Township (古桑乡), Xinglong Township (兴隆乡)","title":"Huai'an"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lianyungang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Lianyungang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianyungang"}],"text":"[4]Location of Lianyungang in the province","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haizhou District","text":"Subdistricts:Haizhou Subdistrict (海州街道), Xingfu Road Subdistrict (幸福路街道), Quyang Subdistrict (朐阳街道), Hongmen Subdistrict (洪门街道), Pudong Subdistrict (浦东街道), Puxi Subdistrict (浦西街道), Xindong Subdistrict (新东街道), Xinnan Subdistrict (新南街道), Lunan Subdistrict (路南街道), Xinhai Subdistrict (新海街道)Towns:Xinba (新坝镇), Jinping (锦屏镇), Banpu (板浦镇), Nancheng (南城镇), Punan (浦南镇)Township:Ninghai Township (宁海乡), Yuntai Township (云台乡), Huaguoshan Township (花果山乡)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lianyun District","text":"Subdistricts:Xugou Subdistrict (墟沟街道), Lianyun Subdistrict (连云街道), Zhongyun Subdistrict (中云街道), Liandao Subdistrict (连岛街道), Banqiao Subdistrict (板桥街道), Yunshan Subdistrict (云山街道), Houzui Subdistrict (猴嘴街道)The only town is Chaoyang (朝阳镇)Townships:Sucheng Township (宿城乡), Gaogongdao Township (高公岛乡), Qiansandao Township (前三岛乡)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former Xinpu District","text":"It (had 6 subdistricts, 2 towns and 2 township.) is merged to Haizhou District.","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Donghai County","text":"Towns:Niushan (牛山镇), Baitabu (白塔埠镇), Huangchuan (黄川镇), Taolin (桃林镇), Qinghu (青湖镇), Shiliu (石榴镇), Wenquan (温泉镇), Shuangdian (双店镇), Shilianghe (石梁河镇), Hongzhuang (洪庄镇), Anfeng (安峰镇), Fangshan (房山镇), Pingming (平明镇)Townships:Tuofeng Township (驼峰乡), Shanzuokou Township (山左口乡), Henggou Township (横沟乡), Linian Township (李埝乡), Nanchen Township (南辰乡), Shihu Township (石湖乡), Quyang Township (曲阳乡), Zhangwan Township (张湾乡)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzhuang"},{"link_name":"Shahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahe,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Ganyu County","text":"Towns:Qingkou (青口镇), Zhewang (柘汪镇), Shiqiao (石桥镇), Jinshan (金山镇), Heilin (黑林镇), Lizhuang (厉庄镇), Haitou (海头镇), Tashan (塔山镇), Ganma (赣马镇), Banzhuang (班庄镇), Chengtou (城头镇), Menhe (门河镇), Chengxi (城西镇), Huandun (欢墩镇), Songzhuang (宋庄镇), Shahe (沙河镇), Dunshang (墩尚镇), Luoyang (罗阳镇)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guannan County","text":"Towns:Xin'an (新安镇), Changmao (长茂镇), Duigougang (堆沟港镇), Beichenji (北陈集镇), Zhangdian (张店镇), Sankou (三口镇), Mengxingzhuang (孟兴庄镇), Tanggou (汤沟镇), Bailu (百禄镇)Townships:Wudui Township (五队乡), Tianlou Township (田楼乡), Liji Township (李集乡), Xinji Township (新集乡), Huayuan Township (花园乡)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guanyun County","text":"Towns:Yishan (伊山镇), Yangji (杨集镇), Longju (龙苴镇), Tongxing (同兴镇), Sidui (四队镇), Weifeng (圩丰镇), Yanweigang (燕尾港镇)Townships:Yilu Township (伊芦乡), Luhe Township (鲁河乡), Tuhe Township (图河乡), Yibei Township (沂北乡), Xiache Township (下车乡), Baixian Township (白蚬乡), Shizhuang Township (侍庄乡), Dongwangji Township (东王集乡), Xiaoyi Township (小伊乡), Muxu Township (穆圩乡), Dougou Township (陡沟乡), Nangang Township (南岗乡)","title":"Lianyungang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nantong_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Nantong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantong"}],"text":"[5]Location of Nantong in the province","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chongchuan District","text":"Subdistricts:Chengdong Subdistrict (城东街道), Rengang Subdistrict (任港街道), Hongqiao Subdistrict (虹桥街道), Xuetian Subdistrict (学田街道), Hepingqiao Subdistrict (和平桥街道), Xinchengqiao Subdistrict (新城桥街道), Zhongxiu Subdistrict (钟秀街道), Wenfeng (文峰街道), Zhongxing Subdistrict (中兴街道), Langshanzhen Subdistrict (狼山镇街道), Guanyinshan Subdistrict (观音山街道), Zhuxing Subdistrict (竹行街道), Xiaohai Subdistrict (小海街道)The only town is Xinkai (新开镇)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gangzha District","text":"Subdistricts:Yongxing Subdistrict (永兴街道), Tangzhazhen Subdistrict (唐闸镇街道), Tianshenggangzhen Subdistrict (天生港镇街道), Qinzao Subdistrict (秦灶街道), Chenqiao Subdistrict (陈桥街道), Xingfu Subdistrict (幸福街道)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shigang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigang"}],"sub_title":"Tongzhou District","text":"Towns:Jinsha (金沙镇), Xiting (西亭镇), Erjia (二甲镇), Dongshe (东社镇), Sanyu (三余镇), Shizong (十总镇), Qi'an (骑岸镇), Wujia (五甲镇), Shigang (石港镇), Si'an (四安镇), Liuqiao (刘桥镇), Pingchao (平潮镇), Pingdong (平东镇), Wujie (五接镇), Xingren (兴仁镇), Xingdong (兴东镇), Chuanjiang (川姜镇), Xianfeng (先锋镇), Zhangzhishan (张芝山镇)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haiyong Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiyong_Township"},{"link_name":"pene-enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enclaves_and_exclaves#Subnational_pene-enclaves/exclaves_(inaccessible_districts)"},{"link_name":"Chongming Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongming_Island"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Shanghai"}],"sub_title":"Haimen","text":"Towns:Haimen (海门镇), Sanxing (三星镇), Desheng (德胜镇), Sanchang (三厂镇), Changle (常乐镇), Qilin (麒麟镇), Yuelai (悦来镇), Wannian (万年镇), Sanyang (三阳镇), Sijia (四甲镇), Huolong (货隆镇), Yudong (余东镇), Zhengyu (正余镇), Baochang (包场镇), Liuhao (刘浩镇), Linjiang (临江镇), Wanghao (王浩镇), Shuxun (树勋镇), Dongzaogang (东灶港镇)The only township is Haiyong Township (海永乡), a 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) pene-enclave on Chongming Island, most of which belongs to Shanghai.","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifu"},{"link_name":"Qilong Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilong_Township"}],"sub_title":"Qidong","text":"Towns:Huilong (汇龙镇), Nanyang (南阳镇), Beixin (北新镇), Wangbao (王鲍镇), Hezuo (合作镇), Haifu (海复镇), Jinhai (近海镇), Yinyang (寅阳镇), Huiping (惠萍镇), Donghai (东海镇), Lüsigang (吕四港镇)The only township is Qilong Township (启隆乡)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rugao","text":"Towns:Rucheng (如城镇), Chaiwan (柴湾镇), Xue'an (雪岸镇), Dongchen (东陈镇), Dingyan (丁堰镇), Baipu (白蒲镇), Linzi (林梓镇), Xiayuan (下原镇), Jiuhua (九华镇), Guoyuan (郭园镇), Shizhuang (石庄镇), Changjiang (长江镇), Wuyao (吴窑镇), Jiang'an (江安镇), Gaoming (高明镇), Changqing (常青镇), Banjing (搬经镇), Motou (磨头镇), Taoyuan (桃园镇), Yuanqiao (袁桥镇)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%27an,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Dagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagong,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Hai'an County","text":"Towns:Hai'an (海安镇), Chengdong (城东镇), Qutang (曲塘镇), Lipu (李堡镇), Dagong (大公镇), Jiaoxie (角斜镇), Yazhou (雅周镇), Baidian (白甸镇), Nanmo (南莫镇), Duntou (墩头镇)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rudong County","text":"Towns:Bingcha (栟茶镇), Caobu (曹埠镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Changsha (长沙镇), Dayu (大豫镇), Fengli (丰利镇), Hekou (河口镇), Ju (苴镇), Juegang (掘港镇), Matang (马塘镇), Shuangdian (双甸镇), Xindian (新店镇), Yangkou (洋口镇), Yuanzhuang (袁庄镇)","title":"Nantong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taizhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Taizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu"}],"text":"[6]Location of Taizhou in the province","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gaogang District","text":"Subdistricts:Kou'an Subdistrict (口岸街道), Diaopu Subdistrict (刁铺街道), Xuzhuang Subdistrict (许庄街道)Towns:Yong'anzhou (永安洲镇), Baima (白马镇), Yexu (野徐镇), Huzhuang (胡庄镇), Dasi (大泗镇)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hailing District","text":"Subdistricts:Chengdong Subdistrict (城东街道), Chengxi Subdistrict (城西街道), Chengnan Subdistrict (城南街道), Chengzhong Subdistrict (城中街道), Chengbei Subdistrict (城北街道), Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Jingtailu Subdistrict (京泰路街道), Fenghuang Subdistrict (凤凰街道), Hongqi Subdistrict (红旗街道), Sixiang Subdistrict (寺巷街道), Mingzhu Subdistrict (明珠街道)Towns:Jiulong (九龙镇), Gangyang (罡杨镇), Suchen (苏陈镇)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalun,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Shengao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shengao"}],"sub_title":"Jiangyan District","text":"Towns:Jiangyan Town (姜堰镇), Qintong (溱潼镇), Jiangduo (蒋垛镇), Gugao (顾高镇), Dalun (大伦镇), Zhangdian (张甸镇), Liangxu (梁徐镇), Qiaotou (桥头镇), Yuxi (淤溪镇), Baimi (白米镇), Leizhuang (娄庄镇), Shengao (沈高镇), Xingtai (兴泰镇), Yuduo (俞垛镇), Huagang (华港镇)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jingjiang","text":"The only subdistrict is Jingcheng Subdistrict (靖城街道).Towns:Xinqiao (新桥镇), Dongxing (东兴镇), Xieqiao (斜桥镇), Xilai (西来镇), Jishi (季市镇), Gushan (孤山镇), Shengci (生祠镇), Maqiao (马桥镇)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaowang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaowang"}],"sub_title":"Taixing","text":"The only subdistrict is Jichuan Subdistrict (济川街道)Towns:Huangqiao (黄桥镇), Fenjie (分界镇), Guxi (古溪镇), Yuanzhu (元竹镇), Shanhu (珊瑚镇), Guangling (广陵镇), Quxia (曲霞镇), Zhangqiao (张桥镇), Heshi (河失镇), Xinjie (新街镇), Yaowang (姚王镇), Xuanbao (宣堡镇), Hongqiao (虹桥镇), Binjiang (滨江镇) | 济川街道办事处The only township is Gensi Township (根思乡)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hechen"},{"link_name":"Xinduo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinduo"},{"link_name":"Duotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duotian"},{"link_name":"Dainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainan"}],"sub_title":"Xinghua","text":"Towns:Daiyao (戴窑镇), Hechen (合陈镇), Yongfeng (永丰镇), Xinduo (新垛镇), Anfeng (安丰镇), Hainan (海南镇), Diaoyu (钓鱼镇), Dazou (大邹镇), Shagou (沙沟镇), Zhongbao (中堡镇), Lizhong (李中镇), Xijiao (西郊镇), Lincheng (临城镇), Duotian (垛田镇), Zhuhong (竹泓镇), Shenlun (沈伦镇), Daduo (大垛镇), Huoduo (荻垛镇), Taozhuang (陶庄镇), Changrong (昌荣镇), Maoshan (茅山镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Chenbao (陈堡镇), Dainan (戴南镇), Zhangguo (张郭镇), Zhaoyang (昭阳镇), Daying (大营镇), Xiaxu (下圩镇), Chengdong (城东镇)Townships:Laowei Township (老圩乡), Zhoufen Township (周奋乡), Ganggu Township (缸顾乡), Xibao Township (西鲍乡), Linhu Township (林湖乡)","title":"Taizhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suqian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Suqian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suqian"}],"text":"[7]Location of Suqian in the province","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sucheng District","text":"Subdistricts:Xingfu Subdistrict (幸福街道), Shunli Subdistrict (项里街道), Hebin Subdistrict (河滨街道), Gucheng Subdistrict (古城街道), Huanghe Subdistrict (黄河街道), Guchu Subdistrict (古楚街道)Towns:Shuangzhuang (双庄镇), Gengche (耿车镇), Buzi (埠子镇), Longhe (龙河镇), Yangbei (洋北镇), Cangji (仓集镇), Yanghe (洋河镇), Zhongyang (中杨镇), Zhenglou (郑楼镇), Chenji (陈集镇)Townships:Sankeshu Township (三棵树乡), Luowei Township (罗圩乡), Nancai Township (南蔡乡), Tuyuan Township (屠园乡)","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Suyu District","text":"Towns:Shunhe (顺河镇), Xiaodian (晓店镇), Caiji (蔡集镇), Dingzui (丁嘴镇), Zaohe (皂河镇), Yanghua (仰化镇), Daxing (大兴镇), Wangguanji (王官集镇), Lailong (来龙镇), Huangdun (黄墩镇), Luji (陆集镇), Guanmiao (关庙镇), Shiling (侍岭镇), Xinzhuang (新庄镇)Townships:Jingtou Township (井头乡), Caoji Township (曹集乡), Bao'an Township (保安乡)","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyang,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Shuyang County","text":"Subdistricts:Shucheng (沭城镇),Mengxi (梦溪街道), Nanhu (南湖街道), Zhangji(章集街道), Qixiong(七雄街道), Shizi(十字街道)Towns:Longji (陇集镇), Huji (胡集镇), Qianji (钱集镇), Tanggou (塘沟镇), Machang (马厂镇), Yishou (沂涛镇), Miaotou (庙头镇), Hanshan (韩山镇), Huachong (华冲镇), Sangxu (桑墟镇), Yuelai (悦来镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Lihuan (李恒镇), Zhaxia (扎下镇), Yanji (颜集镇), Tongyang (潼阳镇), Longmiao (龙庙镇), Gaoxu (高墟镇), Gengxu (耿圩镇), Tangjian (汤涧镇), Xinhe (新河镇), Xianguan (贤官镇), Wuji (吴集镇), Hudong (湖东镇), Qingyihu (青伊湖镇)Townships:Beidingji Township (北丁集乡), Zhouji Township (周集乡), Dongshaodian Township (东小店乡), Zhangwei Township (张圩乡), Maowei Township (茆圩乡), Xiwei Township (西圩乡), Wanpi Township (万匹乡), Guandun Township (官墩乡)","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sihong County","text":"Towns:Qingyang (青阳镇), Shuanggou (双沟镇), Shangtang (上塘镇), Weiying (魏营镇), Linhuai (临淮镇), Bancheng (半城镇), Sunyuan (孙园镇), Meihua (梅花镇), Guiren (归仁镇), Jinsuo (金锁镇), Zhuhu (朱湖镇), Jieji (界集镇), Taiping (太平镇), Longji (龙集镇)Townships:Sihe Township (四河乡), Fengshan Township (峰山乡), Caomiao Township (曹庙乡), Chemen Township (车门乡), Yaogou Township (瑶沟乡), Shiji Township (石集乡), Chengtou Township (城头乡), Chenxu Township (陈圩乡), Tianganghu Township (天岗湖乡)","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Siyang County","text":"Towns:Zhongxing (众兴镇), Aiyuan (爱园镇), Wangji (王集镇), Peixu (裴圩镇), Xinyuan (新袁镇), Likou (李口镇), Linhe (临河镇), Chuancheng (穿城镇), Luji (卢集镇), Gaodu (高渡镇), Zhangjiaxu (张家圩镇)Townships:Zhuangwei Township (庄圩乡), Liren Township (里仁乡), Sanzhuang Township (三庄乡), Baji Township (八集乡), Nanliuji Township (南刘集乡)","title":"Suqian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou"}],"text":"[8]Location of Suzhou in the province","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuangta Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuangta_Subdistrict,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Nanmen Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanmen_Subdistrict,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Xujiang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xujiang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Wumenqiao Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wumenqiao_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Fengmen Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengmen_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Youxin Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youxin_Subdistrict"}],"sub_title":"Canglang District","text":"Subdistricts:Shuangta Subdistrict (双塔街道), Nanmen Subdistrict (南门街道), Xujiang Subdistrict (胥江街道), Wumenqiao Subdistrict (吴门桥街道), Fengmen Subdistrict (葑门街道), Youxin Subdistrict (友新街道)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gusu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusu_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Baiyangwan Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyangwan_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pingjiang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjiang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Jinchang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinchang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Canglang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canglang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shuangta Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuangta_Subdistrict,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Huqiu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huqiu_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Sujin Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujin_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Wumenqiao Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wumenqiao_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"sub_title":"Gusu District","text":"Gusu District has eight subdistricts.[9]Its subdistricts are Baiyangwan Subdistrict (Chinese: 白洋湾街道), Pingjiang Subdistrict (Chinese: 平江街道), Jinchang Subdistrict (Chinese: 金阊街道), Canglang Subdistrict (Chinese: 沧浪街道), Shuangta Subdistrict (Chinese: 双塔街道), Huqiu Subdistrict (Chinese: 虎丘街道), Sujin Subdistrict (Chinese: 苏锦街道), and Wumenqiao Subdistrict (Chinese: 吴门桥街道).[9]","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dongzhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongzhu"}],"sub_title":"Huqiu District","text":"Subdistricts:Fengqiao Subdistrict (枫桥街道), Shishan Subdistrict (狮山街道), Hengtang Subdistrict (横塘街道)Towns:Hushuguan (浒墅关镇), Tong'an (通安镇), Dongzhu (东渚镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shilu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilu_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Caixiang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixiang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Liuyuan Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuyuan_Subdistrict,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Huqiu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huqiu_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Baiyangwan Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyangwan_Subdistrict"}],"sub_title":"Jinchang District","text":"Subdistricts:Shilu Subdistrict (石路街道), Caixiang Subdistrict (彩香街道), Liuyuan Subdistrict (留园街道), Huqiu Subdistrict (虎丘街道), Baiyangwan Subdistrict (白洋湾街道)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzhi"},{"link_name":"Linhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linhu,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Mudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudu"}],"sub_title":"Wuzhong District","text":"Subdistricts:Suyuan Subdistrict (苏苑街道), Changqiao Subdistrict (长桥街道), Longxi Subdistrict (龙西街道), Chengnan Subdistrict (城南街道), Zhaoxi Subdistrict (越溪街道), Hengjing Subdistrict (横泾街道), Guoxiang Subdistrict (郭巷街道), Xiangshan Subdistrict (香山街道)Towns:Luzhi (甪直镇), Guangfu (光福镇), Linhu (临湖镇), Mudu (木渎镇), Jinting (金庭镇), Dongshan (东山镇), Xukou (胥口镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songling,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Tongli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongli"},{"link_name":"Shengze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shengze"}],"sub_title":"Wujiang District","text":"The only subdistrict is Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道)Towns:Songling (松陵镇), Tongli (同里镇), Pingwang (平望镇), Shengze (盛泽镇), Qidu (七都镇), Zhenze (震泽镇), Taoyuan (桃源镇), Fenhu (汾湖镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Xiangcheng District","text":"Subdistricts:Yuanhe Subdistrict (元和街道), Taiping Subdistrict (太平街道), Huangqiao Subdistrict (黄桥街道), Beiqiao Subdistrict (北桥街道)Towns:Wangting (望亭镇), Huangdai (黄埭镇), Weitang (渭塘镇), Yangchenghu (阳澄湖镇)Other:Xiangcheng Economic Development Zone (相城经济开发区)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dongbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbang"},{"link_name":"Shajiabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shajiabang,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Changshu","text":"The only subdistrict is Bixi Subdistrict (碧溪街道)Towns:Yushan (虞山镇), Haiyu (海虞镇), Xinzhuang (辛庄镇), Shanghu (尚湖镇), Meili (梅李镇), Zhitang (支塘镇), Dongbang (董浜镇), Guli (古里镇), Shajiabang (沙家浜镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhouzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhouzhuang"},{"link_name":"Qiandeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiandeng"},{"link_name":"Dianshanhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianshanhu"}],"sub_title":"Kunshan","text":"Towns:Yushan (玉山镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Zhoushi (周市镇), Jinxi (锦溪镇), Bacheng (巴城镇), Huaqiao (花桥镇), Lujia (陆家镇), Zhangpu (张浦镇), Qiandeng (千灯镇), Dianshanhu (淀山湖镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxi,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Liuhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuhe,_Taicang"}],"sub_title":"Taicang","text":"Towns:Chengxiang (城厢镇), Shaxi (沙溪镇), Ludu (陆渡镇), Liuhe (浏河镇), Fuqiao (浮桥镇), Huangjing (璜泾镇), Shuangfeng (双凤镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Zhangjiagang","text":"Towns:[10][11]Yangshe (杨舍镇), Jinfeng (锦丰镇), Tangqiao (塘桥镇), Leyu (乐余镇), Nanfeng (南丰镇), Jingang (金港镇), Fenghuang (凤凰镇), Daxin (大新镇)Other areas:Changyinsha Modern Agriculture Demonstration Zone (常沙阴现代农业示范园区), Shuangshandao Island Tourist Resort (双山岛旅游度假区), (张家港经济技术开发区), (张家港保税区), (张家港市市稻麦良种场), (张家港市畜禽良种场), (张家港市冶金工业园)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Suzhou Industrial Park","text":"Towns:Loufeng (娄葑镇), Weiting (唯亭镇), Shengpu (胜浦镇)","title":"Suzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuxi_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Wuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi"}],"text":"[12]Location of Wuxi in the province","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beitang District","text":"Subdistricts:Huangxiang Subdistrict (黄巷街道), Shanbei Subdistrict (山北街道), Beidajie Subdistrict (北大街街道), Huishan Subdistrict (惠山街道), Wuhe Subdistrict (五河街道)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Binhu District","text":"Subdistricts:Helie Subdistrict (河埒街道), Rongxiang Subdistrict (荣巷街道), Lihu Subdistrict (蠡湖街道), Liyuan Subdistrict (蠡园街道), Huazhuang Subdistrict (华庄街道), Taihu Subdistrict (太湖街道), Binhu Subdistrict (滨湖街道), Xuelang Subdistrict (雪浪街道), Mashan Subdistrict (马山街道)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chong'an District","text":"Subdistricts:Chong'ansi Subdistrict (崇安寺街道), Tongjiang Subdistrict (通江街道), Guangrui Road Subdistrict (广瑞路街道), Mashangdun Subdistrict (上马墩街道), Jianghai Subdistrict (江海街道), Guangyi Subdistrict (广益街道)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Huishan District","text":"Subdistricts:Yanqiao Subdistrict (堰桥街道), Chang'an Subdistrict (长安街道), Qianqiao Subdistrict (钱桥街道), Qianzhou Subdistrict (前洲街道), Yuqi Subdistrict (玉祁街道)Towns:Luoshe (洛社镇), Yangshan (阳山镇)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nanchang District","text":"Subdistricts:Yinglongqiao Subdistrict (迎龙桥街道), Nanchansi Subdistrict (南禅寺街道), Qingmingqiao Subdistrict (清名桥街道), Jinxing Subdistrict (金星街道), Jinkui Subdistrict (金匮街道), Yangming Subdistrict (扬名街道)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangjian"}],"sub_title":"Xishan District","text":"Subdistricts:Dongting Subdistrict (东亭街道), Dongbeitang Subdistrict (东北塘街道), Anzhen Subdistrict (安镇街道), Mashan Subdistrict (马山街道)Towns:Yangjian (羊尖镇), Ehu (鹅湖镇), Xibei (锡北镇), Donggang (东港镇)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligang"},{"link_name":"Xinqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinqiao,_Jiangyin"}],"sub_title":"Jiangyin","text":"Subdistricts:Chengjiang Subdistrict (澄江街道), Shengang Subdistrict (申港街道), Xiagang Subdistrict (夏港街道), Nanzha Subdistrict (南闸街道), Yunting Subdistrict (云亭街道)Towns:Huangtu (璜土镇), Ligang (利港镇), Yuecheng (月城镇), Qingyang (青阳镇), Xuxiake (徐霞客镇), Huashi (华士镇), Zhouzhuang (周庄镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Changjing (长泾镇), Gushan (顾山镇), Zhutang (祝塘镇)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhoutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhoutie"}],"sub_title":"Yixing","text":"Subdistricts:Yicheng Subdistrict (宜城街道), Qiting Subdistrict (屺亭街道), Xinzhuang Subdistrict (新庄街道), Xinjie Subdistrict (新街街道)Towns:Dingshu (丁蜀镇), Zhangzhu (张渚镇), Heqiao (和桥镇), Guanlin (官林镇), Zhoutie (周铁镇), Xushe (徐舍镇), Gaocheng (高塍镇), Hufu (湖父镇), Yangxiang (杨巷镇), Taihua (太华镇), Xinjian (新建镇), Fangqiao (芳桥镇), Xizhu (西渚镇), Wanshi (万石镇)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wuxi New Area","text":"Subdistricts:Wangzhuang Subdistrict (旺庄街道), Nanzhan Subdistrict (南站街道), Shuofang Subdistrict (硕放街道), Fangqian Subdistrict (坊前街道), Xin'an Subdistrict (新安街道), Meicun Subdistrict (梅村街道), Hongshan Subdistrict (鸿山街道)","title":"Wuxi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xuzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Xuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou"}],"text":"[13]Location of Xuzhou in the province","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gulou District, Xuzhou","text":"Subdistricts:Huanglou Subdistrict (黄楼街道), Fengcai Subdistrict (丰财街道), Pipa Subdistrict (琵琶街道), Pailou Subdistrict (牌楼街道), Tongpei Subdistrict (铜沛街道), Huancheng Subdistrict (环城街道), Jinshanqiao Subdistrict (金山桥街道), Donghuan Subdistrict (东环街道)The only town is Miaoshan (庙山镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jiawang District","text":"Subdistricts:Laokuang Subdistrict (老矿街道), Xiaqiao Subdistrict (夏桥街道)Towns:Jiawang Town (贾汪镇), Qingshanquan (青山泉镇), Dawu (大吴镇), Zizhuang (紫庄镇), Tashan (塔山镇), Biantang (汴塘镇), Jiangzhuang (江庄镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quanshan District","text":"Subdistricts:Wangling Subdistrict (王陵街道), Yong'an Subdistrict (永安街道), Hubin Subdistrict (湖滨街道), Duanzhuang Subdistrict (段庄街道), Zhaishan Subdistrict (翟山街道), Kuishan Subdistrict (奎山街道), Heping Subdistrict (和平街道), Taishan Subdistrict (泰山街道), Jinshan Subdistrict (金山街道), Qiligou Subdistrict (七里沟街道), Huohua Subdistrict (火花街道), Sushan Subdistrict (苏山街道 ), Taoyuan Subdistrict (桃园街道), Pangzhuang Subdistrict (庞庄街道)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tongshan District","text":"Subdistricts:Yi'an Subdistrict (义安街道), Liguo Subdistrict (利国街道), Chacheng Subdistrict (垞城街道), Dianchang Subdistrict (电厂街道), Zhangshuanglou Subdistrict (张双楼街道), Sanhejian Subdistrict (三河尖街道), Shitun Subdistrict (拾屯街道), Zhangji Subdistrict (张集街道)Towns:Tongshan (铜山镇), Heqiao (何桥镇), Huangji (黄集镇), Mapo (马坡镇), Zhengji (郑集镇), Liuxin (柳新镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Dapeng (大彭镇), Hanwang (汉王镇), Sanbao (三堡镇), Tangzhang (棠张镇), Zhangji (张集镇), Fangcun (房村镇), Yizhuang (伊庄镇), Danji (单集镇), Xuzhuang (徐庄镇), Daxu (大许镇), Maocun (茅村镇), Liuquan (柳泉镇), Liguo (利国镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yunlong District","text":"Subdistricts:Pengcheng Subdistrict (彭城街道), Qingnian Subdistrict (青年街道), Tianqiao Subdistrict (天桥街道 Zifang Subdistrict (子房街道), Huangshan Subdistrict (黄山街道), Luotuoshan Subdistrict (骆驼山街道), Daguozhuang Subdistrict (大郭庄街道), Cuipingshan Subdistrict (翠屏山街道), Pantang Subdistrict (潘塘街道)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pizhou","text":"Towns:Yunhe (运河镇), Picheng (邳城镇), Guanhu (官湖镇), Sihu (四户镇), Suyangshan (宿羊山镇), Bayiji (八义集镇), Tushan (土山镇), Nianzhuang (碾庄镇), Gangshang (港上镇), Zouzhuang (邹庄镇), Zhancheng (占城镇), Xinhe (新河镇), Balu (八路镇), Paoche (炮车镇), Tiefu (铁富镇), Chahe (岔河镇), Daixu (戴圩镇), Chenlou (陈楼镇), Xinglou (邢楼镇), Daizhuang (戴庄镇), Chefushan (车辐山镇), Yanzibu (燕子埠镇), Zhaodun (赵墩镇), Yitang (议堂镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Xinyi","text":"Towns:Xin'an (新安镇), Wayao (瓦窑镇), Gangtou (港头镇), Tangdian (唐店镇), Hegou (合沟镇), Caoqiao (草桥镇), Yaowan (窑湾镇), Qipan (棋盘镇), Xindian (新店镇), Shaodian (邵店镇), Beigou (北沟镇), Shiji (时集镇), Gaoliu (高流镇), Ahu (阿湖镇), Shuangtang (双塘镇), Malingshan (马陵山镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feng County","text":"Towns:Fengcheng (凤城镇), Shouxian (首羡镇), Shunhe (顺河镇), Changdian (常店镇), Huankou (欢口镇), Shizhai (师寨镇), Huashan (华山镇), Liangzhai (梁寨镇), Fanlou (范楼镇), Sunlou (孙楼镇), Songlou (宋楼镇), Dashahe (大沙河镇), Wanggou (王沟镇), Zhaozhuang (赵庄镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lulou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulou"}],"sub_title":"Pei County","text":"Towns:Longgu (龙固镇), Yangtun (杨屯镇), Datun (大屯镇), Peicheng (沛城镇), Huzhai (胡寨镇), Weimiao (魏庙镇), Wuduan (五段镇), Zhangzhuang (张庄镇), Zhangzhai (张寨镇), Jing'an (敬安镇), Hekou (河口镇), Qishan (栖山镇), Lulou (鹿楼镇), Zhuzhai (朱寨镇), Anguo (安国镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Suining County","text":"Subdistricts:Suicheng (睢城街道), Jincheng (金城街道), Suihe (睢河街道)Towns:Wangji (王集镇), Shuanggou (双沟镇), Lanshan (岚山镇), Liji (李集镇), Taoyuan (桃园镇), Guanshan (官山镇), Gaozuo (高作镇), Shaji (沙集镇), Lingcheng (凌城镇), Qiuji (邱集镇), Gupi (古邳镇), Yaoji (姚集镇), Weiji (魏集镇), Liangji (梁集镇), Qing'an (庆安镇)","title":"Xuzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yancheng_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Yancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancheng"}],"text":"[14]Location of Yancheng in the province","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tinghu District","text":"Subdistricts:Wuxing Subdistrict (五星街道), Wenfeng Subdistrict (文峰街道), Xianfeng Subdistrict (先锋街道), Yulong Subdistrict (毓龙街道), Dayang Subdistrict (大洋街道), Huanghai Subdistrict (黄海街道), Xinyang Subdistrict (新洋街道), Xincheng Subdistrict (新城街道), Wuyou Subdistrict (伍佑街道)Towns:Nanyang (南洋镇), Xinxing (新兴镇), Biancang (便仓镇), Bufeng (步凤镇), Huangjian (黄尖镇), Yandong (盐东镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longgang,_Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"Dagang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang,_Yancheng"}],"sub_title":"Yandu District","text":"Subdistricts:Panhuang Subdistrict (潘黄街道), Yanlong Subdistrict (盐龙街道), Xindu Subdistrict (新都街道), Zhangzhuang Subdistrict (张庄街道)Towns:Longgang (龙冈镇), Dazonghu (大纵湖镇), Dagang (大冈镇), Louwang (楼王镇), Xuefu (学富镇), Shangzhuang (尚庄镇), Qinnan (秦南镇), Guomeng (郭猛镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dafeng","text":"Towns:Dazhong (大中镇), Caoyan (草堰镇), Baiju (白驹镇), Liuzhuang (刘庄镇), Xituan (西团镇), Xiaohai (小海镇), Daqiao (大桥镇), Caomiao (草庙镇), Wanying (万盈镇, Nanyang (南阳镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sancang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancang"},{"link_name":"Touzao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touzao"}],"sub_title":"Dongtai","text":"Towns:Qindong (溱东镇), Shinian (时埝镇), Wulie (五烈镇), Liangduo (梁垛镇), Anfeng (安丰镇) Dongtai Town (东台镇), Fu'an (富安镇), Tangyang (唐洋镇), Xinjie (新街镇), Xuhe (许河镇), Sancang (三仓镇), Touzao (头灶镇), Jianggang (弶港镇), Nanshenzao (南沈灶镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Binhai County","text":"Towns:Dongkan (东坎镇), Wuxun (五汛镇), Caiqiao (蔡桥镇), Zhenghong (正红镇), Tongyu (通榆镇), Jiepai (界牌镇), Baju (八巨镇), Batan (八滩镇), Binhuai (滨淮镇), Binhaigang (滨海港镇),Townships:Tianchang Township (天场乡), Datao Township (大套乡), Chentao Township (陈涛乡), Zhendong Township (振东乡), Fanji Township (樊集乡)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Funing County","text":"Towns:Fucheng (阜城镇), Goudun (沟墩镇), Wutan (吴滩镇), Heli (合利镇), Chenliang (陈良镇), Shizhuang (施庄镇), Sanzao (三灶镇), Guoshu (郭墅镇), Xingou (新沟镇), Chenji (陈集镇), Yangzhai (羊寨镇), Lupu (芦蒲镇), Shuoji (硕集镇), Banhu (板湖镇), Donggou (东沟镇), Yilin (益林镇), Gongxing (公兴镇), Yangji (杨集镇), Guhe (古河镇), Luoqiao (罗桥镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jianhu County","text":"Towns:Jinhu (近湖镇), Jianyang (建阳镇), Jiangying (蒋营镇), Hengji (恒济镇), Yandan (颜单镇), Yanhe (沿河镇), Lugou (芦沟镇), Qingfeng (庆丰镇), Shanggang (上冈镇), Gaozuo (高作镇), Gangxi (冈西镇), Baota (宝塔镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sheyang County","text":"Towns:Hede (合德镇), Linhai (临海镇), Qianqiu (千秋镇), Siming (四明镇), Haihe (海河镇), Haitong (海通镇), Xingqiao (兴桥镇), Xintan (新坍镇), Changdang (长荡镇), Panwan (盘湾镇), Teyong (特庸镇), Yangma (洋马镇), Huangshagang (黄沙港镇)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govxs-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xzqhxs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statxs-17"},{"link_name":"Xiangshui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiangshui,_Xiangshui_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"响水","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%8D%E6%B0%B4#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Chenjiagang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenjiagang"},{"link_name":"陈家港","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%AF#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Xiaojian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaojian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"小尖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%96#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Huangwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huangwei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"黄圩","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9C%A9#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Dayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"大有","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%89#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Shuanggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuanggang,_Xiangshui_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"双港","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%B8%AF#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Nanhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanhe,_Xiangshui_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"南河","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B2%B3#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"Yunhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunhe,_Xiangshui_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"运河","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3#hans"},{"link_name":"镇","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%87#hans"},{"link_name":"县","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BF#hans"},{"link_name":"开发区","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%BA#hans"},{"link_name":"省属","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E5%B1%9E#hans"},{"link_name":"黄海","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B5%B7#hans"},{"link_name":"农场","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%BA#hans"},{"link_name":"省属","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E5%B1%9E#hans"},{"link_name":"灌东","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E4%B8%9C#hans"},{"link_name":"盐场","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E5%9C%BA#hans"}],"sub_title":"Xiangshui County","text":"Eight towns:[15][16][17]Xiangshui (响水镇), Chenjiagang (陈家港镇), Xiaojian (小尖镇), Huangwei (黄圩镇), Dayou (大有镇), Shuanggang (双港镇), Nanhe (南河镇), Yunhe (运河镇)Three other areas:Xiangshui County Economic and Technological Development Zone (县开发区), Huanghai Farm (省属黄海农场), Guandong Saltern (省属灌东盐场)","title":"Yancheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yangzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou"}],"text":"[18]Location of Yangzhou in the province","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guangling District","text":"Subdistricts:Dongguan Subdistrict (东关街道), Wenhe Subdistrict (汶河街道), Wenfeng Subdistrict (文峰街道), Qujiang Subdistrict (曲江街道)The only town is Wantou (湾头镇), and the only township is Tangwang Township (汤汪乡)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiangwang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangwang_Subdistrict"}],"sub_title":"Hanjiang District","text":"Subdistricts:Hanshang Subdistrict (邗上街道), Xinsheng Subdistrict (新盛街道), Jiangwang Subdistrict (蒋王街道), Chahe Subdistrict (汊河街道), Shuangqiao Subdistrict (双桥街道), Meiling Subdistrict (梅岭街道), Ganquan Subdistrict (甘泉街道), Shouxihu Subdistrict (瘦西湖街道), Yangzijin Subdistrict (扬子津街道), Wenhui Subdistrict (文汇街道)Towns:Gongdao (公道镇), Fangxiang (方巷镇), Huaisi (槐泗镇), Guazhou (瓜洲镇), Touqiao (头桥镇), Yangshou (杨寿镇), Tai'an (泰安镇), Yangmiao (杨庙镇), Xihu (西湖镇), Puxi (朴席镇)Townships:Pingshan Township (平山乡), Shuangqiao Township (双桥乡), Chengbei Township (城北乡)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhenwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenwu"}],"sub_title":"Jiangdu District","text":"Towns:Xiannü (仙女镇), Xiaoji (小纪镇), Hongjian (武坚镇), Fanchuan (樊川镇), Zhenwu (真武镇), Yiling (宜陵镇), Dinggou (丁沟镇), Guocun (郭村镇), Shaobo (邵伯镇), Dinghuo (丁伙镇), Daqiao (大桥镇), Wuqiao (吴桥镇), Putou (浦头镇)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianshan,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Gaoyou","text":"Towns:Gaoyou Town (高邮镇), Longqiu (龙虬镇), Mapeng (马棚镇), Cheluo (车逻镇), Baqiao (八桥镇), Hanliu (汉留镇), Tangzhuang (汤庄镇), Xiejia (卸甲镇), Sanduo (三垛镇), Ganduo (甘垛镇), Situ (司徒镇), Hengjing (横泾镇), Jieshou (界首镇), Zhoushan (周山镇), Zhouxiang (周巷镇), Linze (临泽镇), Songqiao (送桥镇), Guoji (郭集镇), Tianshan (天山镇)The only township is Lingtang Hui Ethnic Township (菱塘回族乡)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenzhou,_Jiangsu"}],"sub_title":"Yizheng","text":"Towns:Zhenzhou (真州镇), Qingshan (青山镇), Xinji (新集镇), Xincheng (新城镇), Maji (马集镇), Liuji (刘集镇), Chenji (陈集镇), Dayi (大仪镇), Yuetang (月塘镇)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Baoying County","text":"Towns:Anyi (安宜镇), Fanshui (范水镇), Xiaji (夏集镇), Liubao (柳堡镇), Caodian (曹甸镇), Shanyang (山阳镇), Luduo (鲁垛镇), Huangcheng (黄塍镇), Jinghe (泾河镇), Sheyanghu (射阳湖镇), Xi'anfeng (西安丰镇), Guangyanghu (广洋湖镇), Xiaoguanzhuang (小官庄镇), Wangzhigang (望直港镇)","title":"Yangzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhenjiang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg"},{"link_name":"Zhenjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenjiang"}],"text":"[19]Location of Zhenjiang in the province","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dantu District","text":"The only subdistrict is Gaozi Subdistrict (高资街道)Towns:Gaoqiao (高桥镇), Xinfeng (辛丰镇), Guyang (谷阳镇), Shangdang (上党镇), Baoyan (宝堰镇), Shiye (世业镇)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jingkou District","text":"Subdistricts:Zhengdong Road Subdistrict (正东路街道), Jiankang Road Subdistrict (健康路街道), Dashikou Subdistrict (大市口街道), Sipailou Subdistrict (四牌楼街道), Xiangshan Subdistrict (象山街道), Jianbi Subdistrict (谏壁街道), Dingmao Subdistrict (丁卯街道), Dagang Subdistrict (大港街道)Towns:\nYaoqiao (姚桥镇), Dalu (大路镇), Dinggang (丁岗镇)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Runzhou District","text":"Subdistricts:Baota Road Subdistrict (宝塔路街道), Heping Road Subdistrict (和平路街道), Qilidian Subdistrict (七里甸街道), Jinshan Subdistrict (金山街道), Jiangqiao Subdistrict (蒋乔街道), Guantangqiao Subdistrict (官塘桥街道), Weigang Subdistrict (韦岗街道)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lücheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCcheng"}],"sub_title":"Danyang","text":"Towns:Lingkou (陵口镇), Erling (珥陵镇), Fangxian (访仙镇), Situ (司徒镇), Yanling (延陵镇), Picheng (埤城镇), Xinqiao (新桥镇), Jiepai (界牌镇), Houxiang (后巷镇), Lücheng (吕城镇), Daoshu (导墅镇), Yunyang (云阳镇), Huangtang (皇塘镇)Other:Danyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (丹阳经济技术开发区)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jurong","text":"Towns:Huayang (华阳镇), Baohua (宝华镇), Xiashu (下蜀镇), Baitu (白兔镇), Biancheng (边城镇)Other:Jurong Economic Development Zone (句容市经济开发区)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yangzhong","text":"Towns:Xinba (新坝镇), Sanmao (三茅镇), Youfang (油坊镇), Baqiao (八桥镇), Xilaiqiao (西来桥镇)Others:Yangzhong Economic Development Zone (扬中经济开发区), Yangzhong Fine Breeding Farm (扬中市良种繁育场), Yangzhong Pig Breeding Farm (扬中市种猪场), Yangzhong Fishery Cooperative (扬中市渔业社), Yangzhong Leigong Island Aquaculture Farm (扬中市雷公岛水产养殖场), Yangzhong Xisha Luliu Management Office (扬中市西沙芦柳管理所)","title":"Zhenjiang"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Zhenjiang New Area","text":"Subdistricts:Dagang Subdistrict (大港街道), Dingmao Subdistrict (丁卯街道)Towns:Dalu (大路镇), Yaoqiao (姚桥镇), Dinggang (丁岗镇)","title":"Zhenjiang"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Jiangsu province in China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/China_Jiangsu.svg/225px-China_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Nanjing in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nanjing_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Nanjing_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Huai'an in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Huaian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Huaian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Lianyungang in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lianyungang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Lianyungang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Nantong in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nantong_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Nantong_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Taizhou in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Taizhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Taizhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Suqian in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Suqian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Suqian_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Suzhou in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Suzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Suzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Wuxi in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wuxi_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Wuxi_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Xuzhou in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Xuzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Xuzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Yancheng in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Yancheng_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Yancheng_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Yangzhou in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Yangzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Yangzhou_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Zhenjiang in the province","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zhenjiang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg/200px-Zhenjiang_locator_map_in_Jiangsu.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Add
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River Add
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["1 Route","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 56°05′30″N 5°32′54″W / 56.0917°N 5.5483°W / 56.0917; -5.5483 A river in Argyll and Bute, Scotland
River AddThe River Add near Kilmichael GlassaryLocationCountryScotlandPhysical characteristicsSource • locationStreams near Loch Sidheannach
Mouth • locationLoch Crinan, Crinan • coordinates56°05′30″N 5°32′54″W / 56.0917°N 5.5483°W / 56.0917; -5.5483Basin featuresTributaries • leftKilmartin Burn, Rhudil Burn • rightAbhainn Bheag an Tunns
The River Add (Scottish Gaelic: Abhainn Àd) is a river which runs through Argyll and Bute on the west coast of Scotland. Historically, it was known as the river Airigh but to avoid confusion with the Aray (which gives its name to Inveraray), it was renamed the River Add.
The surrounding valley still retains the name Glen Airigh, and the river gave rise to the name Glassary (Glas Airidh, meaning grey or green shieling or hill-pasture), by which the surrounding district of Glassary is known. In turn, this forms the second part of the name of Kilmichael Glassary, a village in the lower parts of the valley. Kilmichael Glassary is the home village of the founder of the Campbells of Auchinbreck, a senior cadet branch of Clan Campbell. The 1,500-foot (460 m) high Marylyn of Beinn Dubh Airigh is situated on the northern edge of Glen Airigh, separating it from Glen Awe.
Route
The river begins at Loch Sidheannach, which is fed from the nearby hills, including Loch nan Losgann, close to the peak of Beinn Dubh Airigh. After passing through a heavily wooded area it reaches a tall concrete dam with a control centre, which is labelled "pumping station" on maps. A fish ladder allows fish to access the upper reaches of the river, and a weir controls water flow into a surface aqueduct which follows the left bank of the river for some distance. The aqueduct is part of the Loch Gair Hydro-Electric Scheme, and feeds into a pipeline which discharges into Loch Glashan.
Below the dam, the river is joined by several small tributaries and a larger tributary carrying some of the flow from Blackmill Loch, the Feorlin reservoir and Abhainn Bheag an Tunns, although the flow is diminished because some of it enters aqueducts and pipelines to increase the catchment of Loch Glashan, a much larger reservoir which feeds the Loch Gair power station. The River Add skirts the north-western side of Loch Glashan, passes over a weir, and enters a narrow gorge, which is crossed by a high-level pipeline carrying more water to Loch Glashan.
The valley then widens out, and the river follows a more meandering course. It is crossed by two bridges carrying a local road to the hamlet of Kilmichael Glassary (Gleann Cill Mhicheil Glas-Airigh). Between the bridges, it is joined on its right bank by Allt Slochd an Ime, which drains the foothills of Creag Buireinich. The hamlet is to the west of the river, and at Bridgend, it is crossed by a Category B Listed bridge with four spans. The bridge is long and narrow, with the two central spans higher than those at the edges. It carries a plaque on the downstream side that states it was "Built by the Shire 1737". Immediately afterwards, it is crossed by the Bridgend bypass, part of the A816 road.
The river is crossed by a small bridge, providing access to Dunadd fort, which is situated on a rocky outcrop on the left bank of the channel. It is a high-status Early Historic structure, where rock carvings and ogam inscriptions can be seen. It is a scheduled monument, and is thought to have been the capital of the early Scottish kingdom of Dál Riata.
The river continues its meandering course and is joined by the Rhudil Burn and the Kilmartin Burn, both on the right bank. Here it is surrounded by the bog fields on the Mòine Mhòr Nature Reserve, and becomes tidal below the Kilmartin Burn confluence. As it approaches the hamlet of Bellanoch, it is crossed by the Islandadd bridge carrying the B8025 road. This was designed by the engineer James Gardner and constructed of cast iron in 1851. Its five flat spans are supported by ashlar piers, which are faced with rock. It is a Category A listed structure, and is the largest and best example of a Scottish bridge of this type. The river ends at Loch Crinan by the village of Crinan, and flows into the Sound of Jura. From Islandadd Bridge, the Crinan Canal runs along its left bank.
References
^ Johnston 1903, p. 147.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kilmichael Glassary Parish Church, Kilmichael Village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11033)".
^ "Beinn Dubh Airigh". The Mountain Guide.
^ a b c d e f Ordnance Survey, 1:25000 map
^ Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kilmichael bridge, River Add, Bridgend, Kilmichael village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11036)".
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Dunadd, fort, boar carving, ogam inscription and cupmarkings (Scheduled Monument) (SM90108)".
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Islandadd Bridge (Category A Listed Building) (LB13042)".
^ "River Add". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Bibliography
Johnston, James Brown (1903). Place-names of Scotland. D Douglas.
External links
Media related to River Add at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Aray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Aray"},{"link_name":"Inveraray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveraray"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston1903147-1"},{"link_name":"Campbells of Auchinbreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_of_Auchinbreck"},{"link_name":"Clan Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marylyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Glen Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Awe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A river in Argyll and Bute, ScotlandThe River Add (Scottish Gaelic: Abhainn Àd) is a river which runs through Argyll and Bute on the west coast of Scotland. Historically, it was known as the river Airigh but to avoid confusion with the Aray (which gives its name to Inveraray), it was renamed the River Add[when?].The surrounding valley still retains the name Glen Airigh, and the river gave rise to the name Glassary (Glas Airidh, meaning grey or green shieling or hill-pasture[1]), by which the surrounding district of Glassary is known. In turn, this forms the second part of the name of Kilmichael Glassary, a village in the lower parts of the valley. Kilmichael Glassary is the home village of the founder of the Campbells of Auchinbreck, a senior cadet branch of Clan Campbell.[2] The 1,500-foot (460 m) high Marylyn of Beinn Dubh Airigh is situated on the northern edge of Glen Airigh, separating it from Glen Awe.[3]","title":"River Add"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"fish ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_ladder"},{"link_name":"Loch Gair Hydro-Electric Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Gair_Hydro-Electric_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os2500-5"},{"link_name":"Blackmill Loch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmill_Loch"},{"link_name":"Feorlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feorlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"Category B Listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"A816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_8_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"Dunadd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunadd"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"Dál Riata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mòine Mhòr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine_Mh%C3%B2r"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Loch Crinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Crinan"},{"link_name":"Crinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinan,_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Sound of Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Jura"},{"link_name":"Crinan Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinan_Canal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osmap-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The river begins at Loch Sidheannach, which is fed from the nearby hills, including Loch nan Losgann, close to the peak of Beinn Dubh Airigh. After passing through a heavily wooded area[4] it reaches a tall concrete dam with a control centre, which is labelled \"pumping station\" on maps. A fish ladder allows fish to access the upper reaches of the river, and a weir controls water flow into a surface aqueduct which follows the left bank of the river for some distance. The aqueduct is part of the Loch Gair Hydro-Electric Scheme, and feeds into a pipeline which discharges into Loch Glashan.[5]Below the dam, the river is joined by several small tributaries and a larger tributary carrying some of the flow from Blackmill Loch, the Feorlin reservoir and Abhainn Bheag an Tunns, although the flow is diminished because some of it enters aqueducts and pipelines to increase the catchment of Loch Glashan, a much larger reservoir which feeds the Loch Gair power station. The River Add skirts the north-western side of Loch Glashan, passes over a weir, and enters a narrow gorge, which is crossed by a high-level pipeline carrying more water to Loch Glashan.[4]The valley then widens out, and the river follows a more meandering course. It is crossed by two bridges carrying a local road to the hamlet of Kilmichael Glassary (Gleann Cill Mhicheil Glas-Airigh). Between the bridges, it is joined on its right bank by Allt Slochd an Ime, which drains the foothills of Creag Buireinich. The hamlet is to the west of the river,[4] and at Bridgend, it is crossed by a Category B Listed bridge with four spans. The bridge is long and narrow, with the two central spans higher than those at the edges. It carries a plaque on the downstream side that states it was \"Built by the Shire 1737\".[6] Immediately afterwards, it is crossed by the Bridgend bypass, part of the A816 road.[4]The river is crossed by a small bridge, providing access to Dunadd fort, which is situated on a rocky outcrop on the left bank of the channel. It is a high-status Early Historic structure, where rock carvings and ogam inscriptions can be seen. It is a scheduled monument, and is thought to have been the capital of the early Scottish kingdom of Dál Riata.[7]The river continues its meandering course and is joined by the Rhudil Burn and the Kilmartin Burn, both on the right bank. Here it is surrounded by the bog fields on the Mòine Mhòr Nature Reserve, and becomes tidal below the Kilmartin Burn confluence. As it approaches the hamlet of Bellanoch, it is crossed by the Islandadd bridge carrying the B8025 road.[4] This was designed by the engineer James Gardner and constructed of cast iron in 1851. Its five flat spans are supported by ashlar piers, which are faced with rock. It is a Category A listed structure, and is the largest and best example of a Scottish bridge of this type.[8] The river ends at Loch Crinan by the village of Crinan, and flows into the Sound of Jura. From Islandadd Bridge, the Crinan Canal runs along its left bank.[4][9]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Johnston, James Brown (1903). Place-names of Scotland. D Douglas.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Kilmichael Glassary Parish Church, Kilmichael Village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11033)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11033","url_text":"\"Kilmichael Glassary Parish Church, Kilmichael Village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11033)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beinn Dubh Airigh\". The Mountain Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/scotland/beinn-dubh-airigh.htm","url_text":"\"Beinn Dubh Airigh\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Kilmichael bridge, River Add, Bridgend, Kilmichael village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11036)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11036","url_text":"\"Kilmichael bridge, River Add, Bridgend, Kilmichael village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11036)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Dunadd, fort, boar carving, ogam inscription and cupmarkings (Scheduled Monument) (SM90108)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM90108","url_text":"\"Dunadd, fort, boar carving, ogam inscription and cupmarkings (Scheduled Monument) (SM90108)\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Islandadd Bridge (Category A Listed Building) (LB13042)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB13042","url_text":"\"Islandadd Bridge (Category A Listed Building) (LB13042)\""}]},{"reference":"\"River Add\". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2754.html","url_text":"\"River Add\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, James Brown (1903). Place-names of Scotland. D Douglas.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Add¶ms=56.0917_N_5.5483_W_type:river_region:GB","external_links_name":"56°05′30″N 5°32′54″W / 56.0917°N 5.5483°W / 56.0917; -5.5483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Add¶ms=56.0917_N_5.5483_W_type:river_region:GB","external_links_name":"56°05′30″N 5°32′54″W / 56.0917°N 5.5483°W / 56.0917; -5.5483"},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11033","external_links_name":"\"Kilmichael Glassary Parish Church, Kilmichael Village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11033)\""},{"Link":"https://www.themountainguide.co.uk/scotland/beinn-dubh-airigh.htm","external_links_name":"\"Beinn Dubh Airigh\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB11036","external_links_name":"\"Kilmichael bridge, River Add, Bridgend, Kilmichael village (Category B Listed Building) (LB11036)\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM90108","external_links_name":"\"Dunadd, fort, boar carving, ogam inscription and cupmarkings (Scheduled Monument) (SM90108)\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB13042","external_links_name":"\"Islandadd Bridge (Category A Listed Building) (LB13042)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2754.html","external_links_name":"\"River Add\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadh_Kar_Di_Aapne
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Hadh Kar Di Aapne
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting","4 Soundtracks","5 Remake","6 External links","7 References"]
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2000 Indian filmHadhKarDiAapneDVD coverDirected byManoj AgrawalWritten byAnwar Khan (dialogues)Screenplay byRajiv KaulPraful ParekhStory bySatish JainProduced byRajeev AnandRakesh MalhotraStarringGovindaRani MukerjiJohnny LeverCinematographyNirmal JaniEdited byArun-ShekharMusic bySongs:Anand Raj AnandBackground score:Surinder SodhiDistributed byT-SeriesRelease date
14 April 2000 (2000-04-14)
Running time129 minsCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBudget₹8 croreBox office₹20 crore
Hadh Kar Di Aapne (transl. You have crossed the limits) is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Manoj Agrawal. The film stars Govinda and Rani Mukerji. Upon release, the film was a commercial success.
Synopsis
Raj aka Raju is a detective who is hired to help his friend Sanjay prove that his wife is having an extramarital affair so that he can divorce her. Sanjay's wife Anjali also suspects that her husband is cheating and hires her friend Anjali to seek proof of an extramarital relationship to facilitate an easy divorce. The couple has long been separated, each knowing that their spouse has moved to Europe with their boyfriend/girlfriend.
In Europe, detective Raju meets the other Anjali, and they fall in love but get into a fight later on, because Raj thinks that Anjali is already married with his friend Sanjay, which Anjali tries to explain to him that she is not married. Later Sanjay and Anjali come across each other and learn of their mistakes and started thinking about Raj and Anjali. On the other hand, both Raj and Anjali returned back from Europe tour and decided to go their own way as they still think that both are married. Raj returned back to his house whereas Anjali returned back to her house. Mr. Khanna and Mrs. Khanna parents of Anjali decided to marry their daughter off. There came Prakash Chaudhary and Bhaidas Bhai as caterer and tent decorator. They learn that Anjali is about to marry someone else but she loves Raj. So, they called Raj and asked him to come at Anjali's house. Finally, Anjali and Raj wed after many comical turnings at the wedding venue.
Cast
Govinda as Raj Malhotra (Raju) / Father / Mother / Sister / Grandfather / Grandmother
Rani Mukerji as Anjali Khanna
Nirmal Pandey as Sanjay Khanna, Raj's friend
Ritu Shivpuri as Anjali Khanna, Anjali's friend
Satish Kaushik as Prakash Choudhury
Johnny Lever as Advocate Lever Jr. (son) / Advocate Lever Sr. (father) (dual role)
Paresh Rawal as Kailash Patel
Tinnu Anand as Mr. Khanna
Smita Jaykar as Mrs. Khanna
Helen Brodie as Mona
Tannaz Irani as Mrs. Bhaidas
Rakesh Bedi as Chelaramani
Bharat Kapoor as Mr. Sharma
Avtar Gill as Mr. Bakhiyani
Himani Shivpuri as Mrs. Bakhiyani
Navneet Nishan as Mrs. Choudhury
Viju Khote as Anjali's uncle
Production
Casting
Mahima Chaudhry was originally offered the female role but had to turn down due to scheduling conflict. Rani Mukerji later received the role accepted it.
Soundtracks
Hadh Kar Di AapneSoundtrack album by Anand Raaj AnandReleased2000GenreFeature film soundtrackLabelT-Series
The soundtracks of this movie has been composed by Anand Raj Anand. Songs like "Kudi Kanwaari Tere Piche", "Oye Raju Pyaar Na Kariyo" and "Hadh Kar Di Aapne" were famous during the release. Akhlaq Hussain of Planet Bollywood quoted about the album: "All in all, HADH KAR DI AAPNE is 'PAISA-VASOOL' (worth your money) for almost everyone as it has fast and slow numbers. It has all the ingredients of a good soundtrack, a good title track, a fine item number ("Kudi Kunwaari"), and a decent parody song, what more could somebody ask for in this day and age of fly-by-night songs, while lyrics by Anand Bakshi".
Title
Singer(s)
"Bekaraar Main Bekaraar"
Sonu Nigam
"Hadh Kar Di Aapne"
Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy
"Kudi Kanwaari Tere Pichchhe Pichchhe"
Jaspinder Narula
"Mujhe Kuchh Tumse Hai Kehna"
Udit Narayan, Vibha Sharma
"Oye Raaju Pyaar Na Kariyo"
Anand Raj Anand
"Phir Tote Se Boli Maina"
Udit Narayan, Anuradha Paudwal, Vinod Rathod, Sudesh Bhosle
"Turi Ruri Rappa"
Anand Raj Anand, Anuradha Paudwal, Vinod Rathod, Vibha Sharma, Mohammad Aziz
Remake
A remake of the film is in the works with Manoj Agarwal having written the script already and casting underway.
External links
Hadh Kar Di Aapne at IMDb
India portalFilm portalBollywood portal
References
^ a b "Review : (2001)". Sify. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019.
^ a b c "Hadh Kar Di Aapne - Movie - Box Office India". boxofficeindia.com.
^ a b Seta, Fenil (21 April 2023). "23 Years of Hadh Kar Di Aapne Exclusive: "The original star cast comprised Govinda and Mahima Chaudhry. Due to some date issues, Mahima couldn't be a part of it" – Manoj Agarwal". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ "Planet-Bollywood - Music Review - Hadh Kar Di Aapne". www.planetbollywood.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rani Mukerji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Mukerji"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"2000 Indian filmHadh Kar Di Aapne (transl. You have crossed the limits) is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Manoj Agrawal. The film stars Govinda and Rani Mukerji. Upon release, the film was a commercial success.[2]","title":"Hadh Kar Di Aapne"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Raj aka Raju is a detective who is hired to help his friend Sanjay prove that his wife is having an extramarital affair so that he can divorce her. Sanjay's wife Anjali also suspects that her husband is cheating and hires her friend Anjali to seek proof of an extramarital relationship to facilitate an easy divorce. The couple has long been separated, each knowing that their spouse has moved to Europe with their boyfriend/girlfriend.In Europe, detective Raju meets the other Anjali, and they fall in love but get into a fight later on, because Raj thinks that Anjali is already married with his friend Sanjay, which Anjali tries to explain to him that she is not married. Later Sanjay and Anjali come across each other and learn of their mistakes and started thinking about Raj and Anjali. On the other hand, both Raj and Anjali returned back from Europe tour and decided to go their own way as they still think that both are married. Raj returned back to his house whereas Anjali returned back to her house. Mr. Khanna and Mrs. Khanna parents of Anjali decided to marry their daughter off. There came Prakash Chaudhary and Bhaidas Bhai as caterer and tent decorator. They learn that Anjali is about to marry someone else but she loves Raj. So, they called Raj and asked him to come at Anjali's house. Finally, Anjali and Raj wed after many comical turnings at the wedding venue.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rani Mukerji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Mukerji"},{"link_name":"Nirmal Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Ritu Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu_Shivpuri"},{"link_name":"Satish Kaushik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Kaushik"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"Paresh Rawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresh_Rawal"},{"link_name":"Tinnu Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnu_Anand"},{"link_name":"Smita Jaykar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Jaykar"},{"link_name":"Helen Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Brodie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tannaz Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaz_Irani"},{"link_name":"Rakesh Bedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Bedi"},{"link_name":"Bharat Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Avtar Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtar_Gill"},{"link_name":"Himani Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himani_Shivpuri"},{"link_name":"Navneet Nishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneet_Nishan"},{"link_name":"Viju Khote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viju_Khote"}],"text":"Govinda as Raj Malhotra (Raju) / Father / Mother / Sister / Grandfather / Grandmother\nRani Mukerji as Anjali Khanna\nNirmal Pandey as Sanjay Khanna, Raj's friend\nRitu Shivpuri as Anjali Khanna, Anjali's friend\nSatish Kaushik as Prakash Choudhury\nJohnny Lever as Advocate Lever Jr. (son) / Advocate Lever Sr. (father) (dual role)\nParesh Rawal as Kailash Patel\nTinnu Anand as Mr. Khanna\nSmita Jaykar as Mrs. Khanna\nHelen Brodie as Mona\nTannaz Irani as Mrs. Bhaidas\nRakesh Bedi as Chelaramani\nBharat Kapoor as Mr. Sharma\nAvtar Gill as Mr. Bakhiyani\nHimani Shivpuri as Mrs. Bakhiyani\nNavneet Nishan as Mrs. Choudhury\nViju Khote as Anjali's uncle","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahima Chaudhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-3"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Mahima Chaudhry was originally offered the female role but had to turn down due to scheduling conflict. Rani Mukerji later received the role accepted it.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anand Raj Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The soundtracks of this movie has been composed by Anand Raj Anand. Songs like \"Kudi Kanwaari Tere Piche\", \"Oye Raju Pyaar Na Kariyo\" and \"Hadh Kar Di Aapne\" were famous during the release. Akhlaq Hussain of Planet Bollywood quoted about the album: \"All in all, HADH KAR DI AAPNE is 'PAISA-VASOOL' (worth your money) for almost everyone as it has fast and slow numbers. It has all the ingredients of a good soundtrack, a good title track, a fine item number (\"Kudi Kunwaari\"), and a decent parody song, what more could somebody ask for in this day and age of fly-by-night songs, while lyrics by Anand Bakshi\".[4]","title":"Soundtracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-3"}],"text":"A remake of the film is in the works with Manoj Agarwal having written the script already and casting underway.[3]","title":"Remake"}]
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Halberstadt
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Milton Halberstadt
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["1 Early life and education","2 Chronology","3 Print references","4 Exhibitions","5 Permanent collections","6 Film","7 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Milton Halberstadt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Milton Halberstadt (1919–2000) was a US photographer in fine art and commercial photography who left a body of work covering genres from abstract art to commercial photography.
Early life and education
Halberstadt grew up in Boston, Massachusetts and attended the Mechanic Arts High School, which taught mechanical trades. He then studied at the Massachusetts School of Art. Afterwards, he studies at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Institute of Design (founded in 1937 as New Bauhaus by designer-painter László Moholy-Nagy). He served as an assistant to both László Moholy-Nagy and György Kepes.
He served as a US Army Air Forces navigator during World War II in the 456th Bombardment Group. While a second lieutenant, he was a navigator aboard a B-24 Liberator called "Texas Ranger" flying over Yugoslavia in 1944 when his aircraft was hit by enemy fire. Despite severe injuries, Halberstadt guided the plane down safely and he received the Distinguished Flying Cross medal for heroism in aerial combat.
M. Halberstadt Illustration studio in San Francisco produced fine large format studio photography. Halberstadt's clients included Del Monte, Dole, S&W, Paul Masson, Pan-Am Airlines, and Royal Viking Lines.
The Milton "Hal" Halberstadt Papers and Photograph Collection resides at University of California Davis special collections archives.
Chronology
1919 Born
1936 Began professional photography career in Boston after high school. In his early work he documented the streets of his native Boston for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) National Research Project.
1940 Rockefeller foundation Scholarship to the School of Design, Chicago (New Bauhaus)
1943 Served as a navigator of a bomber during World War II
1945-1973 M. Halberstadt Illustration Photography Studio in San Francisco
1973- Taught fine photography at University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco State University and the University of Oregon
2000 Died
Print references
Warren, Lynne. Encyclopedia of Twentieth-century Photography CRC Press, 2006.
Comer, Stephanie, et al. The Moment of Seeing: Minor White at the California School of Fine Arts Chronicle Books, 2006.
Susan Ehrens. B&W Magazine Millenium Issue #5 B&W Magazine, February, 2000.
Court, Arthur. Minerals; Nature's Fabulous Jewels, photography by Milton Halberstadt Abrams, 1974.
Kepes, György. Language of Vision Credited as Halbe, Paul Theobald Company, 1961.
Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo. Vision in Motion Credited as Halbe, Paul Theobald Company, 1947.
The Editors of Time-Life Books, The Studio, Life Library of Photography, numerous printings.
Exhibitions
Contemporary Art, Museum of Fine Art, Houston, Texas, 1948.
Pioneer Photographers Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts, 1948.
Subjektive Fotographie, 2nd International Exhibit of Modern Photography.
State School of Arts & Crafts, Saarbrücken, Germany, 1954.
Fine Arts Exhibit IV, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1966.
American Photography: The Sixties, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1968.
Affrischer Fran Califrien GavIe Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, 1968.
Art in Embassies, A Program of the United States Dept. of State.
Ten Californian Photographers, 1973.
Photography + The City Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1965.
Retrospective: Photographs 1936-81, Douglas Elliott Galleries, San Francisco, 1981.
Taken by Design: Photographs From the Institute of Design, 1937–1971, Art Institute of Chicago, 2002.
A Mind at Play, Art Institute of Chicago, 2008.
Permanent collections
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts.
George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.
Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C..
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The Oakland Museum of Art, Oakland, California.
Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Film
Photography - The Incisive Art (Ansel Adams' series of 5 films for KQED) Professional Photography with Ansel Adams, Beaumont Newhall and others, 1960.
References
^ a b "Oral history interview with Ernst Halberstadt, 1979 Feb. 16",Smithsonian Institution, Reference Department, Archives of American Art, Washington. D.C.
^ "Taken By Design: Photographs from the Institute of Design, 1937-1971 - Chronology" (PDF).
^ "456th Bomb Group Crews, Page 13". 2008-09-07. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^ "Lucky Silver Dollar, Pals' Loyalty Save Plainfielder's Life", Plainfield Courier-News, Plainfield, New Jersey, May 2, 1944, page 5. (subscription required)
^ "Manuscript Collections - Special Collections - University Library - University of California Davis". 2011-12-08. Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^ Boxer, Sarah (2002-05-08). "The Late, Great Light Show; Chicago's Photographers and Their Abstract World (Published 2002)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
^ "Art Institute Chicago zeigt A Mind at Play in Chicago - Ausstellungen in kunstaspekte". 2012-02-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
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SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Milton Halberstadt (1919–2000) was a US photographer in fine art and commercial photography who left a body of work covering genres from abstract art to commercial photography.","title":"Milton Halberstadt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mechanic Arts High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic_Arts_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-1"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Institute of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Institute_of_Design"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"György Kepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kepes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"456th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/456th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"large format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Halberstadt grew up in Boston, Massachusetts and attended the Mechanic Arts High School, which taught mechanical trades.[1] He then studied at the Massachusetts School of Art.[1] Afterwards, he studies at the Art Institute of Chicago[citation needed] and the Institute of Design (founded in 1937 as New Bauhaus by designer-painter László Moholy-Nagy).[2] He served as an assistant to both László Moholy-Nagy and György Kepes.[citation needed]He served as a US Army Air Forces navigator during World War II in the 456th Bombardment Group.[3] While a second lieutenant, he was a navigator aboard a B-24 Liberator called \"Texas Ranger\" flying over Yugoslavia in 1944 when his aircraft was hit by enemy fire.[4] Despite severe injuries, Halberstadt guided the plane down safely and he received the Distinguished Flying Cross medal for heroism in aerial combat.[citation needed]M. Halberstadt Illustration studio in San Francisco produced fine large format studio photography. Halberstadt's clients included Del Monte, Dole, S&W, Paul Masson, Pan-Am Airlines, and Royal Viking Lines.[citation needed]The Milton \"Hal\" Halberstadt Papers and Photograph Collection resides at University of California Davis special collections archives.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"}],"text":"1919 Born\n1936 Began professional photography career in Boston after high school. In his early work he documented the streets of his native Boston for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) National Research Project.\n1940 Rockefeller foundation Scholarship to the School of Design, Chicago (New Bauhaus)\n1943 Served as a navigator of a bomber during World War II\n1945-1973 M. Halberstadt Illustration Photography Studio in San Francisco\n1973- Taught fine photography at University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco State University and the University of Oregon\n2000 Died","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Warren, Lynne. Encyclopedia of Twentieth-century Photography CRC Press, 2006.\nComer, Stephanie, et al. The Moment of Seeing: Minor White at the California School of Fine Arts Chronicle Books, 2006.\nSusan Ehrens. B&W Magazine Millenium Issue #5 B&W Magazine, February, 2000.\nCourt, Arthur. Minerals; Nature's Fabulous Jewels, photography by Milton Halberstadt Abrams, 1974.\nKepes, György. Language of Vision Credited as Halbe, Paul Theobald Company, 1961.\nMoholy-Nagy, Laszlo. Vision in Motion Credited as Halbe, Paul Theobald Company, 1947.\nThe Editors of Time-Life Books, The Studio, Life Library of Photography, numerous printings.","title":"Print references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Addison Gallery of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Gallery_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Contemporary Art, Museum of Fine Art, Houston, Texas, 1948.\nPioneer Photographers Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts, 1948.\nSubjektive Fotographie, 2nd International Exhibit of Modern Photography.\nState School of Arts & Crafts, Saarbrücken, Germany, 1954.\nFine Arts Exhibit IV, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1966.\nAmerican Photography: The Sixties, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1968.\nAffrischer Fran Califrien GavIe Museum, Stockholm, Sweden, 1968.\nArt in Embassies, A Program of the United States Dept. of State.\nTen Californian Photographers, 1973.\nPhotography + The City Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1965.\nRetrospective: Photographs 1936-81, Douglas Elliott Galleries, San Francisco, 1981.\nTaken by Design: Photographs From the Institute of Design, 1937–1971, Art Institute of Chicago, 2002.[6]\nA Mind at Play, Art Institute of Chicago, 2008.[7]","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Addison Gallery of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Gallery_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"George Eastman House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman_House"},{"link_name":"Polaroid Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Center for Creative Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Creative_Photography"}],"text":"Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts.\nGeorge Eastman House, Rochester, New York.\nPolaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts.\nSmithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C..\nMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\nThe Oakland Museum of Art, Oakland, California.\nCenter for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.","title":"Permanent collections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Photography - The Incisive Art (Ansel Adams' series of 5 films for KQED) Professional Photography with Ansel Adams, Beaumont Newhall and others, 1960.","title":"Film"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Taken By Design: Photographs from the Institute of Design, 1937-1971 - Chronology\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philamuseum.org/doc_downloads/pressroom/takenByDesign/pressKits/takenByDesign.pdf","url_text":"\"Taken By Design: Photographs from the Institute of Design, 1937-1971 - Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"456th Bomb Group Crews, Page 13\". 2008-09-07. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907183819/http://www.456thbombgroup.org/crews13.html","url_text":"\"456th Bomb Group Crews, Page 13\""},{"url":"http://www.456thbombgroup.org/crews13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manuscript Collections - Special Collections - University Library - University of California Davis\". 2011-12-08. Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208144915/http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/dept/specol/manu-collections/manuscripts/index.php?collection=684","url_text":"\"Manuscript Collections - Special Collections - University Library - University of California Davis\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/dept/specol/manu-collections/manuscripts/index.php?collection=684","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boxer, Sarah (2002-05-08). \"The Late, Great Light Show; Chicago's Photographers and Their Abstract World (Published 2002)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/08/arts/the-late-great-light-show-chicago-s-photographers-and-their-abstract-world.html","url_text":"\"The Late, Great Light Show; Chicago's Photographers and Their Abstract World (Published 2002)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Art Institute Chicago zeigt A Mind at Play in Chicago - Ausstellungen in kunstaspekte\". 2012-02-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214193242/http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php?tid=46472&action=termin","url_text":"\"Art Institute Chicago zeigt A Mind at Play in Chicago - Ausstellungen in kunstaspekte\""},{"url":"http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php?tid=46472&action=termin","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauener_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)
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Nauener Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°33′06″N 13°22′03″E / 52.55167°N 13.36750°E / 52.55167; 13.36750Station of the Berlin U-Bahn
Nauener Platz U-Bahn station
Nauener Platz is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the U9 line. The square that gives it its name is named after the city of Nauen.
It was opened in 1976 by Rümmler. The colors of the station are a reference to the French tricolore as the part of Berlin where the station is, was a part of the French sector.
References
^ J. Meyer-Kronthaler: Berlins U-Bahnhöfe. be.bra Verlag (1996)
Preceding station
Berlin U-Bahn
Following station
Leopoldplatztowards Rathaus Steglitz
U9
Osloer StraßeTerminus
vteStations on the Berlin U-Bahn
Warschauer Straße
Stralauer Tor (dismantled)
Schlesisches Tor
Görlitzer Bahnhof
Kottbusser Tor
Prinzenstraße
Hallesches Tor
Möckernbrücke
Gleisdreieck
Kurfürstenstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Kurfürstendamm
Uhlandstraße
Pankow
Vinetastraße
Schönhauser Allee
Eberswalder Straße
Senefelderplatz
Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz
Alexanderplatz
Klosterstraße
Märkisches Museum
Spittelmarkt
Hausvogteiplatz
Stadtmitte
Mohrenstraße
Potsdamer Platz
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park
Gleisdreieck
Bülowstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Zoologischer Garten
Ernst-Reuter-Platz
Deutsche Oper
Bismarckstraße
Sophie-Charlotte-Platz
Kaiserdamm
Theodor-Heuss-Platz
Neu-Westend
Olympia-Stadion
Ruhleben
Warschauer Straße
Stralauer Tor (dismantled)
Schlesisches Tor
Görlitzer Bahnhof
Kottbusser Tor
Prinzenstraße
Hallesches Tor
Möckernbrücke
Gleisdreieck
Kurfürstenstraße
Nollendorfplatz
Wittenbergplatz
Augsburger Straße
Nürnberger Platz (dismantled)
Spichernstraße
Hohenzollernplatz
Fehrbelliner Platz
Heidelberger Platz
Rüdesheimer Platz
Breitenbachplatz
Podbielskiallee
Dahlem-Dorf
Freie Universität (Thielplatz)
Oskar-Helene-Heim
Onkel Toms Hütte
Krumme Lanke
Nollendorfplatz
Viktoria-Luise-Platz
Bayerischer Platz
Rathaus Schöneberg
Innsbrucker Platz
Hauptbahnhof
Bundestag
Brandenburger Tor
Unter den Linden
Museumsinsel
Rotes Rathaus
Alexanderplatz
Schillingstraße
Strausberger Platz
Weberwiese
Frankfurter Tor
Samariterstraße
Frankfurter Allee
Magdalenenstraße
Lichtenberg
Friedrichsfelde
Tierpark
Biesdorf-Süd
Elsterwerdaer Platz
Wuhletal
Kaulsdorf Nord
Kienberg (Gärten der Welt)
Cottbusser Platz
Hellersdorf
Louis-Lewin-Straße
Hönow
Alt-Tegel
Borsigwerke
Holzhauser Straße
Otisstraße
Scharnweberstraße
Kurt-Schumacher-Platz
Afrikanische Straße
Rehberge
Seestraße
Leopoldplatz
Wedding
Reinickendorfer Straße
Schwartzkopffstraße
Naturkundemuseum
Oranienburger Tor
Friedrichstraße
Unter den Linden
Französische Straße (closed)
Stadtmitte
Kochstraße
Hallesches Tor
Mehringdamm
Platz der Luftbrücke
Paradestraße
Tempelhof
Alt Tempelhof
Kaiserin-Augusta-Straße
Ullsteinstraße
Westphalweg
Alt-Mariendorf
Rathaus Spandau
Altstadt Spandau
Zitadelle
Haselhorst
Paulsternstraße
Rohrdamm
Siemensdamm
Halemweg
Jakob-Kaiser-Platz
Jungfernheide
Mierendorffplatz
Richard-Wagner-Platz
Bismarckstraße
Wilmersdorfer Straße
Adenauerplatz
Konstanzer Straße
Fehrbelliner Platz
Blissestraße
Berliner Straße
Bayerischer Platz
Eisenacher Straße
Kleistpark
Yorckstraße
Möckernbrücke
Mehringdamm
Gneisenaustraße
Südstern
Hermannplatz
Rathaus Neukölln
Karl-Marx-Straße
Neukölln
Grenzallee
Blaschkoallee
Parchimer Allee
Britz-Süd
Johannisthaller Chaussee
Lipschitzallee
Wutzkyallee
Zwickauer Damm
Rudow
Wittenau
Rathaus Reinickendorf
Karl-Bonhoeffer-Nervenklinik
Lindauer Allee
Paracelsus-Bad
Residenzstraße
Franz-Neumann-Platz
Osloer Straße
Pankstraße
Gesundbrunnen
Voltastraße
Bernauer Straße
Rosenthaler Platz
Weinmeisterstraße
Alexanderplatz
Jannowitzbrücke
Heinrich-Heine-Straße
Moritzplatz
Kottbusser Tor
Schönleinstraße
Hermannplatz
Boddinstraße
Leinestraße
Hermannstraße
Osloer Straße
Nauener Platz
Leopoldplatz
Amrumer Straße
Westhafen
Birkenstraße
Turmstraße
Hansaplatz
Zoologischer Garten
Kurfürstendamm
Spichernstraße
Güntzelstraße
Berliner Straße
Bundesplatz
Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz
Walther-Schreiber-Platz
Schloßstraße
Rathaus Steglitz
52°33′06″N 13°22′03″E / 52.55167°N 13.36750°E / 52.55167; 13.36750
This Berlin U-Bahn-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a railway station in Berlin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Nauener Platz U-Bahn station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/U-Bahnhof_Nauener_Platz.jpg/220px-U-Bahnhof_Nauener_Platz.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nauener_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)¶ms=52_33_06_N_13_22_03_E_type:railwaystation_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"52°33′06″N 13°22′03″E / 52.55167°N 13.36750°E / 52.55167; 13.36750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nauener_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)¶ms=52_33_06_N_13_22_03_E_type:railwaystation_source:nlwiki","external_links_name":"52°33′06″N 13°22′03″E / 52.55167°N 13.36750°E / 52.55167; 13.36750"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauener_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauener_Platz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Money_Raps
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Raw Money Raps
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2012 studio album by Jeremiah JaeRaw Money RapsStudio album by Jeremiah JaeReleasedJuly 24, 2012 (2012-07-24)GenreHip hopLength48:59LabelBrainfeederProducerJeremiah JaeFlying LotusJeremiah Jae chronology
Raw Money Raps(2012)
Rawhyde(2013)
Singles from Raw Money Raps
"Money"Released: 2012
Raw Money Raps is the debut studio album by American hip hop musician Jeremiah Jae. It was released through Brainfeeder on July 24, 2012.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic79/100Review scoresSourceRatingBeats Per Minute80%Clash8/10FactPitchfork6.8/10Potholes in My BlogThe SkinnyXLR8R6.5/10
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 79, based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Marcus J. Moore of Beats Per Minute commented that "The album dissolves as it progresses, transitioning from upbeat fare to a visceral dream sequence of disoriented meditation set atop a versatile soundtrack." Eric Thorp of Clash described the album as "an exciting audible adventure into progressive hip-hop." Bram E. Gieben of The Skinny wrote, "A slow burner, Raw Money Raps is soulful, difficult, heartfelt and utterly modern."
Rhapsody placed it at number 12 on the "Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums of 2012" list. Potholes in My Blog placed it at number 32 on the "50 Best Albums of 2012” list.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Jeremiah JaeNo.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Man (Revolution Pt. 1)"Jeremiah Jae1:032."Guns Go Off"Jeremiah Jae2:533."Greetings" (featuring Tre)Jeremiah Jae2:484."Rover"Jeremiah Jae1:055."Leaders"Jeremiah Jae2:256."Ignorant Mask" (featuring K Embry)Jeremiah Jae3:157."Cat Fight"Flying Lotus2:258."Tourist"Jeremiah Jae3:109."Money and Food"Jeremiah Jae3:3410."Wires"Jeremiah Jae2:2211."Seasons"Jeremiah Jae3:0312."False Eyes"Jeremiah Jae3:2113."One Herb"Jeremiah Jae1:5214."The Great Escape"Jeremiah Jae1:4315."Raw Money (Passage)"Jeremiah Jae1:2116."Money"Jeremiah Jae2:0617."Guerilla (Evolution Pt. 1)"Jeremiah Jae4:4718."Hercules Versus the Commune"Jeremiah Jae3:0019."Cable"Jeremiah Jae2:39Total length:48:59
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Jeremiah Jae – vocals, production (1–6, 8–19)
Tre – vocals (3)
K Embry – vocals (6)
Flying Lotus – production (7)
B+ – photography
References
^ "Money - Single by Jeremiah Jae". iTunes. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ Martin, Andrew (July 24, 2013). "Jeremiah Jae – "Money and Food" (Video)". Potholes in My Blog. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ a b "Raw Money Raps by Jeremiah Jae". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
^ a b Moore, Marcus J. (July 25, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps". Beats Per Minute. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ a b Thorp, Eric (July 24, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps". Clash. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Morpurgo, Joseph (July 11, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps". Fact. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Patrin, Nate (August 10, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Small, Colin (July 23, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps". Potholes in My Blog. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ a b Gieben, Bram E. (June 27, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps". The Skinny. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Fader, Lainna (July 27, 2012). "Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps". XLR8R. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Reeves, Mosi (December 31, 2012). "Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums". Rhapsody. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^ Martin, Andrew (December 19, 2012). "The 50 Best Albums of 2012 (page 3 of 6)". Potholes in My Blog. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
External links
Raw Money Raps at Discogs (list of releases)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremiah Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Jae"},{"link_name":"Brainfeeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfeeder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Raw Money Raps is the debut studio album by American hip hop musician Jeremiah Jae. It was released through Brainfeeder on July 24, 2012.[2]","title":"Raw Money Raps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-3"},{"link_name":"Beats Per Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Per_Minute_(website)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatsperminute-4"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clashmusic-5"},{"link_name":"The Skinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theskinny-9"},{"link_name":"Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 79, based on 8 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[3]Marcus J. Moore of Beats Per Minute commented that \"The album dissolves as it progresses, transitioning from upbeat fare to a visceral dream sequence of disoriented meditation set atop a versatile soundtrack.\"[4] Eric Thorp of Clash described the album as \"an exciting audible adventure into progressive hip-hop.\"[5] Bram E. Gieben of The Skinny wrote, \"A slow burner, Raw Money Raps is soulful, difficult, heartfelt and utterly modern.\"[9]Rhapsody placed it at number 12 on the \"Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums of 2012\" list.[11] Potholes in My Blog placed it at number 32 on the \"50 Best Albums of 2012” list.[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremiah Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Jae"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Jae"},{"link_name":"Flying Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Lotus"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Jeremiah JaeNo.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Man (Revolution Pt. 1)\"Jeremiah Jae1:032.\"Guns Go Off\"Jeremiah Jae2:533.\"Greetings\" (featuring Tre)Jeremiah Jae2:484.\"Rover\"Jeremiah Jae1:055.\"Leaders\"Jeremiah Jae2:256.\"Ignorant Mask\" (featuring K Embry)Jeremiah Jae3:157.\"Cat Fight\"Flying Lotus2:258.\"Tourist\"Jeremiah Jae3:109.\"Money and Food\"Jeremiah Jae3:3410.\"Wires\"Jeremiah Jae2:2211.\"Seasons\"Jeremiah Jae3:0312.\"False Eyes\"Jeremiah Jae3:2113.\"One Herb\"Jeremiah Jae1:5214.\"The Great Escape\"Jeremiah Jae1:4315.\"Raw Money (Passage)\"Jeremiah Jae1:2116.\"Money\"Jeremiah Jae2:0617.\"Guerilla (Evolution Pt. 1)\"Jeremiah Jae4:4718.\"Hercules Versus the Commune\"Jeremiah Jae3:0019.\"Cable\"Jeremiah Jae2:39Total length:48:59","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeremiah Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Jae"},{"link_name":"Flying Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Lotus"},{"link_name":"B+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%2B_(photographer)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from liner notes.Jeremiah Jae – vocals, production (1–6, 8–19)\nTre – vocals (3)\nK Embry – vocals (6)\nFlying Lotus – production (7)\nB+ – photography","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://beatsperminute.com/reviews/album-review-jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_Per_Minute_(website)","url_text":"Beats Per Minute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130825200300/http://beatsperminute.com/reviews/album-review-jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thorp, Eric (July 24, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\". Clash. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120726000837/http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morpurgo, Joseph (July 11, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\". Fact. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.factmag.com/2012/07/11/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)","url_text":"Fact"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130807040651/http://www.factmag.com/2012/07/11/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patrin, Nate (August 10, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17001-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130808034326/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17001-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Small, Colin (July 23, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\". Potholes in My Blog. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://potholesinmyblog.com/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405084312/http://potholesinmyblog.com/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gieben, Bram E. (June 27, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\". The Skinny. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae - Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skinny_(magazine)","url_text":"The Skinny"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150807073716/http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/reviews/albums/jeremiah-jae-raw-money-raps","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fader, Lainna (July 27, 2012). \"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\". XLR8R. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xlr8r.com/reviews/2012/07/raw-money-raps/","url_text":"\"Jeremiah Jae: Raw Money Raps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR8R","url_text":"XLR8R"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200116/http://www.xlr8r.com/reviews/2012/07/raw-money-raps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Mosi (December 31, 2012). \"Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums\". Rhapsody. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/blog/post/top-20-hip-hop-albums-of-2012","url_text":"\"Top 20 Hip-Hop Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)","url_text":"Rhapsody"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130225172907/http://www.rhapsody.com/blog/post/top-20-hip-hop-albums-of-2012","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Andrew (December 19, 2012). \"The 50 Best Albums of 2012 (page 3 of 6)\". Potholes in My Blog. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://potholesinmyblog.com/the-50-best-albums-of-2012/3/","url_text":"\"The 50 Best Albums of 2012 (page 3 of 6)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130129131427/http://potholesinmyblog.com/the-50-best-albums-of-2012/3/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuation_noise
|
Phonon noise
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment
Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment. This energy is quantized in the form of phonons. Each phonon has an energy of order
k
B
T
{\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}T}
, where
k
B
{\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}}
is the Boltzmann constant and
T
{\displaystyle T}
is the temperature. The random exchange of energy leads to fluctuations in temperature. This occurs even when the thermal mass and the environment are in thermal equilibrium, i.e. at the same time-average temperature. If a device has a temperature-dependent electrical resistance, then these fluctuations in temperature lead to fluctuations in resistance. Examples of devices where phonon noise is important include bolometers and calorimeters. The superconducting transition edge sensor (TES), which can be operated either as a bolometer or a calorimeter, is an example of a device for which phonon noise can significantly contribute to the total noise.
Although Johnson–Nyquist noise shares many similarities with phonon noise (e.g. the noise spectral density depends on the temperature and is white at low frequencies), these two noise sources are distinct. Johnson–Nyquist noise arises from the random thermal motion of electrons, whereas phonon noise arises from the random exchange of phonons. Johnson–Nyquist noise is easily modeled at thermal equilibrium, where all components of the circuit are held at the same temperature. A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant, as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector. The transition edge sensor typically maintains the temperature through negative electrothermal feedback associated with changes in internal electrical power.
An approximate formula for the noise-equivalent power (NEP) due to phonon noise in a bolometer when all components are very close to a temperature T is
N
E
P
=
4
k
B
T
2
G
,
{\displaystyle \ NEP={\sqrt {4k_{\text{B}}T^{2}G}},}
where G is the thermal conductance and the NEP is measured in
W
/
H
z
{\displaystyle \mathrm {W/{\sqrt {Hz}}} }
. In calorimetric detectors, the rms energy resolution
δ
E
{\displaystyle \delta E}
due to phonon noise near quasi-equilibrium is described using a similar formula,
δ
E
=
k
B
T
2
C
,
{\displaystyle \ \delta E={\sqrt {k_{\text{B}}T^{2}C}},}
where C is the heat capacity.
A real bolometer or calorimeter is not at equilibrium because of a temperature gradient between the absorber and the bath. Since G and C are generally nonlinear functions of temperature, a more advanced model may include the temperature of both the absorber and the bath and treat G or C as a power law across this temperature range.
See also
Thermal fluctuations
References
^ a b K.D. Irwin and G. C. Hilton (2005). Enss, C. ed. "Transition-Edge Sensors". Cryogenic Particle Detection (Springer): 63–150 ISBN 3-540-20113-0, doi:10.1007/10933596_3.
^ J.C. Mather. (1982). "Bolometer noise: nonequilibrium theory". Appl. Opt. (21): 1125–1129. doi:10.1364/AO.21.001125
^ S.H. Moseley, J.C. Mather and D. McCammon (1984). "Thermal detectors as x-ray spectrometers". J. Appl. Phys. (56): 1257–1262 doi:10.1063/1.334129.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"phonons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonons"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"thermal equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"electrical resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"},{"link_name":"bolometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometers"},{"link_name":"calorimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"superconducting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting"},{"link_name":"transition edge sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_edge_sensor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TES-1"},{"link_name":"Johnson–Nyquist noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise"},{"link_name":"noise spectral density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_spectral_density"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"thermal equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"time invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_invariant"},{"link_name":"transition edge sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_edge_sensor"},{"link_name":"electrothermal feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrothermal_feedback"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TES-1"},{"link_name":"noise-equivalent power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-equivalent_power"},{"link_name":"thermal conductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"power law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law"}],"text":"Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment. This energy is quantized in the form of phonons. Each phonon has an energy of order \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}T}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}}\n \n is the Boltzmann constant and \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is the temperature. The random exchange of energy leads to fluctuations in temperature. This occurs even when the thermal mass and the environment are in thermal equilibrium, i.e. at the same time-average temperature. If a device has a temperature-dependent electrical resistance, then these fluctuations in temperature lead to fluctuations in resistance. Examples of devices where phonon noise is important include bolometers and calorimeters. The superconducting transition edge sensor (TES), which can be operated either as a bolometer or a calorimeter, is an example of a device for which phonon noise can significantly contribute to the total noise.[1]Although Johnson–Nyquist noise shares many similarities with phonon noise (e.g. the noise spectral density depends on the temperature and is white at low frequencies), these two noise sources are distinct. Johnson–Nyquist noise arises from the random thermal motion of electrons, whereas phonon noise arises from the random exchange of phonons. Johnson–Nyquist noise is easily modeled at thermal equilibrium, where all components of the circuit are held at the same temperature. A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant, as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector. The transition edge sensor typically maintains the temperature through negative electrothermal feedback associated with changes in internal electrical power.[1]An approximate formula for the noise-equivalent power (NEP) due to phonon noise in a bolometer when all components are very close to a temperature T isN\n E\n P\n =\n \n \n 4\n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n \n T\n \n 2\n \n \n G\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ NEP={\\sqrt {4k_{\\text{B}}T^{2}G}},}where G is the thermal conductance and the NEP is measured in \n \n \n \n \n W\n \n /\n \n \n \n H\n z\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {W/{\\sqrt {Hz}}} }\n \n.[2] In calorimetric detectors, the rms energy resolution \n \n \n \n δ\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta E}\n \n due to phonon noise near quasi-equilibrium is described using a similar formula,δ\n E\n =\n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n \n T\n \n 2\n \n \n C\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\delta E={\\sqrt {k_{\\text{B}}T^{2}C}},}where C is the heat capacity.[3]A real bolometer or calorimeter is not at equilibrium because of a temperature gradient between the absorber and the bath. Since G and C are generally nonlinear functions of temperature, a more advanced model may include the temperature of both the absorber and the bath and treat G or C as a power law across this temperature range.","title":"Phonon noise"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Thermal fluctuations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zUxm2EHppcwC&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"\"Transition-Edge Sensors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F10933596_3","external_links_name":"10.1007/10933596_3"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.21.001125","external_links_name":"10.1364/AO.21.001125"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.334129","external_links_name":"10.1063/1.334129"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbs_State_Park
|
Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area
|
["1 History","2 Geology","3 Recreation","3.1 Camping","3.2 Gun shooting range","3.3 Trails","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 36°17′6″N 93°56′19″W / 36.28500°N 93.93861°W / 36.28500; -93.93861State park in Arkansas, United States
Hobbs State Park – Conservation AreaHistoric bridge leading to the Van Winkle siteLocation in ArkansasShow map of ArkansasHobbs State Park – Conservation Area (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationBenton, Carroll, and Madison County, Arkansas, United StatesCoordinates36°17′6″N 93°56′19″W / 36.28500°N 93.93861°W / 36.28500; -93.93861Area12,056 acres (48.79 km2)Established1979Named forRoscoe C. HobbsGoverning bodyArkansas Department of Parks & Tourism/Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission/Arkansas Game and Fish CommissionWebsiteHobbs State Park–Conservation Area
Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area (formerly known as Beaver Lake State Park and Hobbs State Management Area) is a 12,056-acre (4,879 ha) Arkansas state park in Benton, Carroll, and Madison Counties, Arkansas in the United States. The park was bought in 1979 through a huge financial effort from Northwest Arkansas banks. Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area is located almost entirely in the Springfield Plateau subdivision of the Ozark Plateau. The park, located just south of Beaver Lake, is open for year-round recreation, including 32.9 miles (52.9 km) of hiking, mountain bike and equestrian trails. Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area also has several picnic areas, a shooting range, and primitive camping sites.
History
Roscoe C. Hobbs was born in 1881 in Northwest Arkansas. He would become the manager of the Arkansas and Oklahoma Western Railroad, but made his fortune by founding the Hobbs-Western Tie Company. Hobbs' railroad tie business gave him both an appreciation of the hardwoods in the area and the money to buy many acres of undeveloped forest in the region. In 1962, Hobbs donated 320 acres (130 ha) near Huntsville to the state of Arkansas, which became Withrow Springs State Park. Upon his death, Hobbs' land was willed to his heirs with the stipulation that upon sale the state of Arkansas must have first priority to purchase it.
In 1977, the land was offered to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission at $350/acre. In 1978, a California firm offered on the property and the deal went to escrow. Upon learning of the firm's plans to develop the land into vacation houses, citizens began to oppose the development of the area. The Game & Fish Commission did not have adequate funds to purchase the land, even though they labeled it as "highly desirable". The Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism also wanted to purchase the land for a state park, but did not have the necessary funds. With renewed local interest, the acquisition of the park became a legislative issue, and Governor David Pryor eventually decided that the park should be obtained and protected.
In order to pay for the land, a host of organizations including the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration, The Nature Conservancy, and Fayetteville banks joined to offer on the tract. Pryor, along with many representatives from the listed organizations, traveled to St. Louis, Missouri to negotiate with the Hobbs estate trustees. Eventually, all 22 banks in Benton, Carroll, Madison, and Washington Counties were involved in the purchase. Sam Walton, Hayden McIlroy, senators Kaneaster Hodges and Dale Bumpers and many others were instrumental in the process. The Arkansas General Assembly purchased the land from The Nature Conservancy using the money loaned from the banks (a sum of $3,175,000, loaned with 9% interest), made official by Governor Bill Clinton at a ceremony on February 19, 1979.
Because of this joint effort, the park is owned by Arkansas State Parks, the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission, and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. The ownership is also reflected in the park's name.
Geology
The area was historically a limestone seabed, currently being eroded by creeks, creating a classic karst topography. The park contains the springs, seeps, and disappearing streams expected with the limestone formations.
Recreation
Camping
The park contains five campsites along the Pigeon Roost Trail, and six sites on the Karst Loop Trail. The sites are primitive, and some overlook Beaver Lake. Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area does not contain any other types of cabin or lodging.
Gun shooting range
Four target stands are available beginning with 25 feet (7.6 m) and increasing in 25 feet (7.6 m) intervals. The shooting station is covered and has five stations. Only paper targets are allowed and shotguns are prohibited. This is the only shooting range in an Arkansas state park.
Trails
Shaddox Hollow Trail, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) trail in the northwest corner of the park near Arkansas Highway 303
Pigeon Roost Trail, 8.4 miles (13.5 km) trail beginning near the visitor center on Arkansas Highway 12 Pedestrian traffic only. No bicycles or horses.
Hidden Diversity Multi-use Trail, 23 miles (37 km) trail with guided tours available
Historic Van Winkle Trail, 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wheelchair-accessible trail that includes a tunnel under AR 12
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Hobbs State Park–Conservation Area". Arkansas Department of Parks, Heritage & Tourism. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
^ a b "Hobbs State Park–Conservation Area". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Central Arkansas Library System. June 4, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2020. In November 2002, the Parks, Recreation and Travel Commission voted to change the name of Beaver Lake State Park and Hobbs State Management Area to Hobbs State Park-Conservation Area, the name that now covers the entire property.
^ a b c d "Chronology of the Roscoe C. Hobbs Estate Acquisition by the State of Arkansas" (PDF). Friends of Hobbs State Park–Conservation Area. July 11, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area.
Hobbs State Park–Conservation Area Arkansas Department of Parks, Heritage & Tourism
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The park was bought in 1979 through a huge financial effort from Northwest Arkansas banks. Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area is located almost entirely in the Springfield Plateau subdivision of the Ozark Plateau. The park, located just south of Beaver Lake, is open for year-round recreation, including 32.9 miles (52.9 km) of hiking, mountain bike and equestrian trails. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Okello
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Dorothy Okello
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["1 Education","2 Career","3 Academic authorship","4 Family","5 References"]
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Ugandan technologist and electrical engineer
Eng. Dr.Dorothy Kabagaju OkelloNationalityUgandanEducationMakerere University (B.S. in Electrical Engineering, 1992) University of Kansas (M.S. in Electrical Engineering, 1999) McGill University (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, 2004)Engineering careerDisciplineProfessor, engineerInstitutionsBoard Chair Uganda Communications CommissionFormer President, Uganda Institution of Professional EngineersEmployer(s)Makerere UniversityProjectsWomen of Uganda Network WOUGNET Eastern Africa Resilience Innovations Lab (EA RILab)
Dorothy Okello is a Ugandan electrical engineer, and professor known for founding the Women of Uganda Network or WOUGNET. In 2016, she became the first female president of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers
Education
She has a BSc in Electrical Engineering from Makerere University, Uganda, obtained in 1992, an M.S. in Electrical Engineering (1999) from the University of Kansas where she was a Fulbright Scholar, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering (2004) from McGill University in Montreal, Canada (where she received a Commonwealth Scholarship). She has worked to get more women and rural communities engaged in the information society.
Career
She is currently the Dean School of Engineering at Makerere University. She is Africa's first-ever Digital Woman of the Year, an honour bestowed upon her at an Africa ICT Days gala ceremony for the Digital Woman Award finalists that took place on 16 November in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
In October 2012, Okello was awarded the Women Achievers Award for her service in empowering women and girls through Science and Technology.
Okello was elected as the first female president of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers at the institution AGM on 29 April 2016. On 2 June 2016 a congratulatory letter from the Irish President Michael D. Higgins was presented to her by the Irish Ambassador to Uganda Dónal Cronin on becoming the first female president of the institution.
Academic authorship
She is highly respected researcher and has carried out most of her work with netLabs!UG, a research centre within the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the university. Her work has been published in reputable journals and some of it includes (1) Coverage and rate of low density ABS assisted vertical heterogeneous network which was published in the 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) (2) Unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities for developing countries and challenges which was published in the 2020 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa) (3) A deep reinforcement learning-based algorithm for reliability-aware multi-domain service deployment in smart ecosystems. (4) Effect of different organic substrates on reproductive biology, growth rate and offtake of the African night crawler earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae). (5) Resource-aware workload orchestration for edge computing published in 2020 28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR). (6) Leveraging the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles for developing countries published in SAIEE Africa Research Journal. (7) Rebuilding the internet exchange point in Uganda published by the 2017 28th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC). (8) Regulatory and broadband industry responses to COVID-19: cases of Uganda, Peru, and the Caribbean. (9) Enabling models of Internet eXchange Points for developing contexts. (10) Co-designing with engineers for community engagement in rural Uganda published by Oxford University Press.
Family
Okello is married with three children.
References
^ Ted Hart; et al. (2010). Internet management for nonprofits : strategies, tools & trade secrets. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-470-53956-9. Retrieved 31 January 2011. Mobile phones are affordable to many people even in rural areas," explains Wougnet's executive director, Dorothy Okello.
^ Abdelnasser, Abdelaal (28 February 2013). Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures. IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-4666-2998-1.
^ a b NANTABA, AGNES (21 November 2016). "Engineer Dr. Dorothy Okello sparkles in male-dominated profession". independent.co.ug. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
^ "Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
^ "Dr. Dorothy Okello – Short Profile" (PDF). n.d. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Buskens, Doctor Ineke; Webb, Doctor Anne (4 July 2013). African Women and ICTs: Investigating Technology, Gender and Empowerment. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-606-9.
^ "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering | Makerere University". 12 July 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ "African Digital Woman Announced". n.d. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "Dr Dorothy Okello wins Women Achievers Award". College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ Kawalya, Shawn Davis (2 May 2016). "Meet Okello Kabagajju the new Engineers' boss". Eagle Online. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ Kamoga, Jonathan (6 June 2016). "Engineer's president to push for more science students". the Observer (Uganda).
^ "Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ Mugala, Sheila; Serugunda, Jonathan; Zhang, Li; Okello, Dorothy; Zhong, Jihai (12 September 2022). "Coverage and Rate of Low Density ABS Assisted Vertical Heterogeneous Network" (PDF). 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE. pp. 945–950. doi:10.1109/PIMRC54779.2022.9977479. ISBN 978-1-6654-8053-6. S2CID 254930405.
^ MUGALA, Sheila; OKELLO, Dorothy; SERUGUNDA, Jonathan (2020). "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities for Developing Countries and Challenges". 2020 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa): 1–10.
^ Kibalya, Godfrey; Serrat, Joan; Gorricho, Juan-Luis; Okello, Dorothy; Zhang, Peiying (5 October 2020). "A deep reinforcement learning-based algorithm for reliability-aware multi-domain service deployment in smart ecosystems". Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (33): 23795–23817. doi:10.1007/s00521-020-05372-x. hdl:2117/330941. ISSN 1433-3058. S2CID 224870360.
^ Kabi, Fred; Kayima, Denis; Kigozi, Abasi; Mpingirika, Eric Zadok; Kayiwa, Ronald; Okello, Dorothy (1 September 2020). "Effect of different organic substrates on reproductive biology, growth rate and offtake of the African night crawler earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae)". Organic Agriculture. 10 (3): 395–407. doi:10.1007/s13165-020-00284-5. ISSN 1879-4246. S2CID 256063671.
^ Babirye, Susan; Serugunda, Jonathan; Okello, Dorothy; Mwanje, Stephen (24 November 2020). "Resource-Aware Workload Orchestration for Edge Computing". 2020 28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR). pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/TELFOR51502.2020.9306551. ISBN 978-1-6654-0499-0. S2CID 231617676. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Mugala, Sheila N.; Okello, Dorothy K.; Serugunda, Jonathan (2020). "Leveraging the Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Developing Countries". SAIEE Africa Research Journal. 111 (4): 139–148. doi:10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383. ISSN 1991-1696. S2CID 225022391.
^ Ó Briain, Diarmuid; Denieffe, David; Kavanagh, Yvonne; Okello, Dorothy (2017). "Rebuilding the Internet Exchange Point in Uganda". 2017 28th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC). IEEE. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ISSC.2017.7983601. ISBN 978-1-5386-1046-6. S2CID 19081488.
^ Jamison, Mark A.; Okello, Dorothy; Barrantes, Roxana; Cox, David (9 May 2023), Whalley, Jason; Stocker, Volker; Lehr, William (eds.), "Regulatory and Broadband Industry Responses to COVID-19: Cases of Uganda, Peru, and the Caribbean", Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Telecommunications and the Internet, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 153–167, doi:10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231007, ISBN 978-1-80262-050-4, retrieved 19 May 2023
^ Ó Briain, Diarmuid; Denieffe, David; Okello, Dorothy; Kavanagh, Yvonne (2020). "Enabling models of Internet eXchange Points for developing contexts". Development Engineering. 5: 100057. doi:10.1016/j.deveng.2020.100057. S2CID 226371257.
^ White, P. J.; Okello, Dorothy; Casey, Brian P.; Najjuuko, Claire; Lukanga, Ronald (2023). "Co-designing with engineers for community engagement in rural Uganda". Design Science. 9. doi:10.1017/dsj.2023.10. ISSN 2053-4701. S2CID 258464023.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WOUGNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOUGNET"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Institution_of_Professional_Engineers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Dorothy Okello is a Ugandan electrical engineer, and professor known for founding the Women of Uganda Network or WOUGNET.[1][2] In 2016, she became the first female president of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers[3]","title":"Dorothy Okello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"She has a BSc in Electrical Engineering from Makerere University, Uganda, obtained in 1992, an M.S. in Electrical Engineering (1999) from the University of Kansas where she was a Fulbright Scholar,[4] and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering (2004) from McGill University in Montreal, Canada (where she received a Commonwealth Scholarship).[5] She has worked to get more women and rural communities engaged in the information society.[6]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makerere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"She is currently the Dean School of Engineering at Makerere University.[7] She is Africa's first-ever Digital Woman of the Year, an honour bestowed upon her at an Africa ICT Days gala ceremony for the Digital Woman Award finalists that took place on 16 November in Yaoundé, Cameroon.[8]In October 2012, Okello was awarded the Women Achievers Award for her service in empowering women and girls through Science and Technology.[9]Okello was elected as the first female president of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers at the institution AGM on 29 April 2016.[10] On 2 June 2016 a congratulatory letter from the Irish President Michael D. Higgins was presented to her by the Irish Ambassador to Uganda Dónal Cronin on becoming the first female president of the institution.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"She is highly respected researcher and has carried out most of her work with netLabs!UG, a research centre within the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the university.[12] Her work has been published in reputable journals and some of it includes (1) Coverage and rate of low density ABS assisted vertical heterogeneous network which was published in the 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)[13] (2) Unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities for developing countries and challenges which was published in the 2020 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa)[14] (3) A deep reinforcement learning-based algorithm for reliability-aware multi-domain service deployment in smart ecosystems.[15] (4) Effect of different organic substrates on reproductive biology, growth rate and offtake of the African night crawler earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae).[16] (5) Resource-aware workload orchestration for edge computing published in 2020 28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR).[17] (6) Leveraging the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles for developing countries published in SAIEE Africa Research Journal.[18] (7) Rebuilding the internet exchange point in Uganda published by the 2017 28th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC).[19] (8) Regulatory and broadband industry responses to COVID-19: cases of Uganda, Peru, and the Caribbean.[20] (9) Enabling models of Internet eXchange Points for developing contexts.[21] (10) Co-designing with engineers for community engagement in rural Uganda published by Oxford University Press.[22]","title":"Academic authorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Okello is married with three children.[3]","title":"Family"}]
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[{"reference":"Ted Hart; et al. (2010). Internet management for nonprofits : strategies, tools & trade secrets. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-470-53956-9. Retrieved 31 January 2011. Mobile phones are affordable to many people even in rural areas,\" explains Wougnet's executive director, Dorothy Okello.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EofNE4lpPb0C&pg=PA376","url_text":"Internet management for nonprofits : strategies, tools & trade secrets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-53956-9","url_text":"978-0-470-53956-9"}]},{"reference":"Abdelnasser, Abdelaal (28 February 2013). Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures. IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-4666-2998-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jMyeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304","url_text":"Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-2998-1","url_text":"978-1-4666-2998-1"}]},{"reference":"NANTABA, AGNES (21 November 2016). \"Engineer Dr. Dorothy Okello sparkles in male-dominated profession\". independent.co.ug. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.ug/interview-engineer-dr-dorothy-okello-sparkles-male-dominated-profession/","url_text":"\"Engineer Dr. Dorothy Okello sparkles in male-dominated profession\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316201814/https://www.ucc.co.ug/eng-dr-dorothy-okello/","url_text":"\"Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission\""},{"url":"https://www.ucc.co.ug/eng-dr-dorothy-okello/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Dorothy Okello – Short Profile\" (PDF). n.d. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unisa.ac.za/contents/conferences/Heltasa2013/docs/DorothyOkelloShortProfile_June2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Dr. Dorothy Okello – Short Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Buskens, Doctor Ineke; Webb, Doctor Anne (4 July 2013). African Women and ICTs: Investigating Technology, Gender and Empowerment. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-606-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H_xiDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Dorothy+Okello%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT148","url_text":"African Women and ICTs: Investigating Technology, Gender and Empowerment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-606-9","url_text":"978-1-84813-606-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering | Makerere University\". 12 July 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedat.mak.ac.ug/academics/schools/soe/department-of-civil-and-environmental-engineering/","url_text":"\"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering | Makerere University\""}]},{"reference":"\"African Digital Woman Announced\". n.d. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152638/http://digitalwomanaward.com/2013/11/17/african-digital-woman-announced/","url_text":"\"African Digital Woman Announced\""},{"url":"http://digitalwomanaward.com/2013/11/17/african-digital-woman-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Dorothy Okello wins Women Achievers Award\". College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cedat.mak.ac.ug/news/dr-dorothy-okello-wins-women-achievers-award","url_text":"\"Dr Dorothy Okello wins Women Achievers Award\""}]},{"reference":"Kawalya, Shawn Davis (2 May 2016). \"Meet Okello Kabagajju the new Engineers' boss\". Eagle Online. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eagle.co.ug/2016/05/02/eng-kabagajju-new-engineers-boss.html","url_text":"\"Meet Okello Kabagajju the new Engineers' boss\""}]},{"reference":"Kamoga, Jonathan (6 June 2016). \"Engineer's president to push for more science students\". the Observer (Uganda).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316201814/https://www.ucc.co.ug/eng-dr-dorothy-okello/","url_text":"\"Eng. Dr. Dorothy Okello – UCC: Uganda Communications Commission\""},{"url":"https://www.ucc.co.ug/eng-dr-dorothy-okello/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mugala, Sheila; Serugunda, Jonathan; Zhang, Li; Okello, Dorothy; Zhong, Jihai (12 September 2022). \"Coverage and Rate of Low Density ABS Assisted Vertical Heterogeneous Network\" (PDF). 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE. pp. 945–950. doi:10.1109/PIMRC54779.2022.9977479. ISBN 978-1-6654-8053-6. S2CID 254930405.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/189864/1/1570799776%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"Coverage and Rate of Low Density ABS Assisted Vertical Heterogeneous Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPIMRC54779.2022.9977479","url_text":"10.1109/PIMRC54779.2022.9977479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6654-8053-6","url_text":"978-1-6654-8053-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254930405","url_text":"254930405"}]},{"reference":"MUGALA, Sheila; OKELLO, Dorothy; SERUGUNDA, Jonathan (2020). \"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities for Developing Countries and Challenges\". 2020 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa): 1–10.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9144040","url_text":"\"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities for Developing Countries and Challenges\""}]},{"reference":"Kibalya, Godfrey; Serrat, Joan; Gorricho, Juan-Luis; Okello, Dorothy; Zhang, Peiying (5 October 2020). \"A deep reinforcement learning-based algorithm for reliability-aware multi-domain service deployment in smart ecosystems\". Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (33): 23795–23817. doi:10.1007/s00521-020-05372-x. hdl:2117/330941. ISSN 1433-3058. S2CID 224870360.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05372-x","url_text":"\"A deep reinforcement learning-based algorithm for reliability-aware multi-domain service deployment in smart ecosystems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00521-020-05372-x","url_text":"10.1007/s00521-020-05372-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F330941","url_text":"2117/330941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1433-3058","url_text":"1433-3058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224870360","url_text":"224870360"}]},{"reference":"Kabi, Fred; Kayima, Denis; Kigozi, Abasi; Mpingirika, Eric Zadok; Kayiwa, Ronald; Okello, Dorothy (1 September 2020). \"Effect of different organic substrates on reproductive biology, growth rate and offtake of the African night crawler earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae)\". Organic Agriculture. 10 (3): 395–407. doi:10.1007/s13165-020-00284-5. ISSN 1879-4246. S2CID 256063671.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00284-5","url_text":"\"Effect of different organic substrates on reproductive biology, growth rate and offtake of the African night crawler earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13165-020-00284-5","url_text":"10.1007/s13165-020-00284-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1879-4246","url_text":"1879-4246"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256063671","url_text":"256063671"}]},{"reference":"Babirye, Susan; Serugunda, Jonathan; Okello, Dorothy; Mwanje, Stephen (24 November 2020). \"Resource-Aware Workload Orchestration for Edge Computing\". 2020 28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR). pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/TELFOR51502.2020.9306551. ISBN 978-1-6654-0499-0. S2CID 231617676.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9306551","url_text":"\"Resource-Aware Workload Orchestration for Edge Computing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTELFOR51502.2020.9306551","url_text":"10.1109/TELFOR51502.2020.9306551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6654-0499-0","url_text":"978-1-6654-0499-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231617676","url_text":"231617676"}]},{"reference":"Mugala, Sheila N.; Okello, Dorothy K.; Serugunda, Jonathan (2020). \"Leveraging the Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Developing Countries\". SAIEE Africa Research Journal. 111 (4): 139–148. doi:10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383. ISSN 1991-1696. S2CID 225022391.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.23919%2FSAIEE.2020.9194383","url_text":"\"Leveraging the Technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Developing Countries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.23919%2FSAIEE.2020.9194383","url_text":"10.23919/SAIEE.2020.9194383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1991-1696","url_text":"1991-1696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225022391","url_text":"225022391"}]},{"reference":"Ó Briain, Diarmuid; Denieffe, David; Kavanagh, Yvonne; Okello, Dorothy (2017). \"Rebuilding the Internet Exchange Point in Uganda\". 2017 28th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC). IEEE. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ISSC.2017.7983601. ISBN 978-1-5386-1046-6. S2CID 19081488.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7983601","url_text":"\"Rebuilding the Internet Exchange Point in Uganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSC.2017.7983601","url_text":"10.1109/ISSC.2017.7983601"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-1046-6","url_text":"978-1-5386-1046-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19081488","url_text":"19081488"}]},{"reference":"Jamison, Mark A.; Okello, Dorothy; Barrantes, Roxana; Cox, David (9 May 2023), Whalley, Jason; Stocker, Volker; Lehr, William (eds.), \"Regulatory and Broadband Industry Responses to COVID-19: Cases of Uganda, Peru, and the Caribbean\", Beyond the Pandemic? Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Telecommunications and the Internet, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 153–167, doi:10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231007, ISBN 978-1-80262-050-4, retrieved 19 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231007/full/html","url_text":"\"Regulatory and Broadband Industry Responses to COVID-19: Cases of Uganda, Peru, and the Caribbean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F978-1-80262-049-820231007","url_text":"10.1108/978-1-80262-049-820231007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80262-050-4","url_text":"978-1-80262-050-4"}]},{"reference":"Ó Briain, Diarmuid; Denieffe, David; Okello, Dorothy; Kavanagh, Yvonne (2020). \"Enabling models of Internet eXchange Points for developing contexts\". Development Engineering. 5: 100057. doi:10.1016/j.deveng.2020.100057. S2CID 226371257.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.deveng.2020.100057","url_text":"\"Enabling models of Internet eXchange Points for developing contexts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.deveng.2020.100057","url_text":"10.1016/j.deveng.2020.100057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226371257","url_text":"226371257"}]},{"reference":"White, P. J.; Okello, Dorothy; Casey, Brian P.; Najjuuko, Claire; Lukanga, Ronald (2023). \"Co-designing with engineers for community engagement in rural Uganda\". Design Science. 9. doi:10.1017/dsj.2023.10. ISSN 2053-4701. S2CID 258464023.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fdsj.2023.10","url_text":"\"Co-designing with engineers for community engagement in rural Uganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fdsj.2023.10","url_text":"10.1017/dsj.2023.10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2053-4701","url_text":"2053-4701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258464023","url_text":"258464023"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin_Region
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Department of San Martín
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["1 Geography","1.1 Boundaries","1.2 Morphology","2 History","3 Political division","4 Archaeology","5 See also","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 7°12′S 76°48′W / 7.2°S 76.8°W / -7.2; -76.8Departments of Peru
This article is about the Department of San Martín. For the province, see San Martín Province. For other uses, see San Martín (disambiguation).
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Department in 10 provinces and 78 districts, PeruSan Martín
Departamento de San Martín (Spanish)San Martin suyu (Kichwa)DepartmentView of the Huallaga River
FlagSealLocation of the San Martín Region in PeruCoordinates: 7°12′S 76°48′W / 7.2°S 76.8°W / -7.2; -76.8CountryPeruSubdivisions10 provinces and 78 districtsLargest cityTarapotoCapitalMoyobambaGovernment • BodyRegional Council of San Martín • GovernorPedro Bogarín VargasArea • Total51,253.31 km2 (19,789.01 sq mi)Highest elevation3,080 m (10,100 ft)Lowest elevation190 m (620 ft)Population (2017) • Total813,381 • Density16/km2 (41/sq mi)UBIGEO22Dialing code042ISO 3166 codePE-SAMPrincipal resourcesCoffee, rice, yucca, cocoa, tobacco, cebu cattle.Poverty rate62.4%Percentage of Peru's GDP1.85%Websitewww.regionsanmartin.gob.pe
San Martín (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a department and region in northern Peru. Most of the department is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the department is Tarapoto.
Geography
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Boundaries
North and East: Loreto Region
South: Huánuco Region
West: La Libertad and Amazonas regions
Morphology
The territory of San Martín can be divided into four morphological zones:
the west, near the eastern side of the Andean Plateau, with a rough topography and many ravines;
the zone of the wide valleys, with stepped terraces formed by the Huallaga River and its affluents, where population is engaged mainly in cattle and agriculture;
the southwest zone, with a relief coming down from the Cordillera Azul, with low elevation, where is an impressive canyon known as Cajón de Sión, which finishes in the Cayumba rapids;
a small lower-lying jungle zone with areas easily flooded and with almost no hills.
The Huallaga River is one of the most important rivers in the region. It forms, together with its tributaries a hydrographical system which drains all of the region's territory. The Pongo de Aguirre is an important canyon formed by the Huallaga going through the Andean hills.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tupac Yupanqui entered and subdued the Inca dominion, the province of Moyobamba, known back then by its native name, Muyupampa. In 1539, Spaniard Alonso de Alvarado reached the Mayo River and founded a city he named Santiago de los Valles de Moyobamba, which later became the capital of Maynas. Another important personality was Priest Manuel Sobreviela who, between 1787 and 1790, accomplished traveling across the Huallaga River and subsequently published a map named "Planning for the course of the Huallaga and Ucayali Rivers and for the Pampa del Sacramento".
On August 19, 1821, Moyobamba was the first Peruvian city in declaring its independence.
The construction of a highway in recent years has increased the exchange of different products, benefitting the economy of this region.
Political division
Map of the San Martín region showing its provinces
The region is divided into 10 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 78 districts (distritos, singular: distrito).
The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
Bellavista (Bellavista)
El Dorado (San José de Sisa)
Huallaga (Saposoa)
Lamas (Lamas)
Mariscal Cáceres (Juanjuí)
Moyobamba (Moyobamba)
Picota (Picota)
Rioja (Rioja)
San Martín (Tarapoto)
Tocache (Tocache)
Archaeology
Gran Pajáten is a pre Inca complex of circular slate buildings decorated with figures of flying condors situated on the border with La Libertad. Due to its difficult access, tourism is not yet possible at the site.
See also
Rio Abiseo National Park
Regional Museum of the National University of San Martin (Museo Regional de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Martín Region.
(in Spanish) Gobierno Regional San Martín – San Martín Regional Government official website
(in Spanish) Proyecto Mono Tocon – Conservation and study programme for the threatened and endemic titi monkey of San Martin (Callicebus oenanthe). El Tití de San Martín (Callicebus oenanthe), localmente conocido como Mono Tocón, es una de las especies de primates más amenazadas del Perú, recientemente considerada por la UICN como en peligro de extinción.
vte Department capitals of Peru
Chachapoyas (Amazonas)
Huaraz (Ancash)
Abancay (Apurímac)
Arequipa (Arequipa)
Ayacucho (Ayacucho)
Cajamarca (Cajamarca)
Callao (Callao)
Cusco (Cuzco)
Huancavelica (Huancavelica)
Huánuco (Huánuco)
Ica (Ica)
Huancayo (Junín)
Trujillo (La Libertad)
Chiclayo (Lambayeque)
Lima
Huacho (Department of Lima)
Iquitos (Loreto)
Puerto Maldonado (Madre de Dios)
Moquegua (Moquegua)
Cerro de Pasco (Pasco)
Piura (Piura)
Puno (Puno)
Moyobamba (San Martín)
Tacna (Tacna)
Tumbes (Tumbes)
Pucallpa (Ucayali)
vte Regions of Peru
Amazonas
Áncash
Apurímac
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Callao
Cusco
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Ica
Junín
La Libertad
Lambayeque
Lima
Loreto
Madre de Dios
Moquegua
Pasco
Piura
Puno
San Martín
Tacna
Tumbes
Ucayali
Peru's Lima Province is not part of any region.
Authority control databases National
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
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For other uses, see San Martín (disambiguation).Department in 10 provinces and 78 districts, PeruSan Martín (Spanish pronunciation: [sanmaɾˈtin]) is a department and region in northern Peru. Most of the department is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the department is Tarapoto.","title":"Department of San Martín"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loreto Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_Region"},{"link_name":"Huánuco Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Region"},{"link_name":"La Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Region"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Peruvian_department)"}],"sub_title":"Boundaries","text":"North and East: Loreto Region\nSouth: Huánuco Region\nWest: La Libertad and Amazonas regions","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean"},{"link_name":"Huallaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallaga_River"}],"sub_title":"Morphology","text":"The territory of San Martín can be divided into four morphological zones:the west, near the eastern side of the Andean Plateau, with a rough topography and many ravines;\nthe zone of the wide valleys, with stepped terraces formed by the Huallaga River and its affluents, where population is engaged mainly in cattle and agriculture;\nthe southwest zone, with a relief coming down from the Cordillera Azul, with low elevation, where is an impressive canyon known as Cajón de Sión, which finishes in the Cayumba rapids;\na small lower-lying jungle zone with areas easily flooded and with almost no hills.The Huallaga River is one of the most important rivers in the region. It forms, together with its tributaries a hydrographical system which drains all of the region's territory. The Pongo de Aguirre is an important canyon formed by the Huallaga going through the Andean hills.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupac Yupanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Yupanqui"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca"},{"link_name":"Moyobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyobamba_Province"},{"link_name":"Spaniard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniard"},{"link_name":"Alonso de Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Mayo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_River,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Maynas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Huallaga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallaga_River"}],"text":"Tupac Yupanqui entered and subdued the Inca dominion, the province of Moyobamba, known back then by its native name, Muyupampa. In 1539, Spaniard Alonso de Alvarado reached the Mayo River and founded a city he named Santiago de los Valles de Moyobamba, which later became the capital of Maynas. Another important personality was Priest Manuel Sobreviela who, between 1787 and 1790, accomplished traveling across the Huallaga River and subsequently published a map named \"Planning for the course of the Huallaga and Ucayali Rivers and for the Pampa del Sacramento\".On August 19, 1821, Moyobamba was the first Peruvian city in declaring its independence.The construction of a highway in recent years has increased the exchange of different products, benefitting the economy of this region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_of_the_San_Mart%C3%ADn_region_in_Peru.png"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Bellavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellavista_Province"},{"link_name":"Bellavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellavista,_Bellavista"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_Province"},{"link_name":"San José de Sisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sisa"},{"link_name":"Huallaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huallaga_Province"},{"link_name":"Saposoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saposoa"},{"link_name":"Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamas_Province"},{"link_name":"Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamas,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Mariscal Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariscal_C%C3%A1ceres_Province"},{"link_name":"Juanjuí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanju%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Moyobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyobamba_Province"},{"link_name":"Moyobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyobamba"},{"link_name":"Picota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picota_Province"},{"link_name":"Picota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picota"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja_Province"},{"link_name":"Rioja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja,_Peru"},{"link_name":"San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Province"},{"link_name":"Tarapoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapoto"},{"link_name":"Tocache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocache_Province"},{"link_name":"Tocache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocache"}],"text":"Map of the San Martín region showing its provincesThe region is divided into 10 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 78 districts (distritos, singular: distrito).The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are:Bellavista (Bellavista)\nEl Dorado (San José de Sisa)\nHuallaga (Saposoa)\nLamas (Lamas)\nMariscal Cáceres (Juanjuí)\nMoyobamba (Moyobamba)\nPicota (Picota)\nRioja (Rioja)\nSan Martín (Tarapoto)\nTocache (Tocache)","title":"Political division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gran Pajáten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Paj%C3%A1ten"},{"link_name":"pre Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Inca_cultures"},{"link_name":"condors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condors"},{"link_name":"La Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Region"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gran Pajáten is a pre Inca complex of circular slate buildings decorated with figures of flying condors situated on the border with La Libertad. Due to its difficult access, tourism is not yet possible at the site.[citation needed]","title":"Archaeology"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Albanian_National_Championship
|
1957 Albanian National Championship
|
["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 Final","5 Relegation/promotion playoff","6 References"]
|
Football league seasonAlbanian National ChampionshipSeason1957ChampionsPartizani← 1956 1958 →
The 1957 Albanian National Championship was the 20th season of the Albanian National Championship, the top professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1930.
Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and Partizani won the championship.
League standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GR
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Partizani (C)
14
10
3
1
28
7
4.000
23
Champions
2
Dinamo Tirana
14
11
1
2
33
8
4.125
23
3
Puna Korçë
14
7
3
4
17
15
1.133
17
4
Puna Tiranë
14
5
6
3
22
17
1.294
16
5
Puna Vlorë
14
4
4
6
20
28
0.714
12
6
Puna Durrës
14
5
1
8
25
23
1.087
11
7
Puna Kavajë (O)
14
3
2
9
16
35
0.457
8
Qualification for the relegation play-offs
8
Spartaku Tiranë (R)
14
0
2
12
6
34
0.176
2
Relegation to the 1958 Kategoria e Dytë
Source: (C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Partizani and Dinamo Tirana finished the season level on points so the Albanian Football Association decided to organise a championship playoff game to determine the winner of the 1965–66 Albanian National Championship.
Results
Home \ Away
DIN
PAR
DUR
KAV
KOR
TIR
VLO
SPA
Dinamo
1–2
3–1
3–0
3–0
3–1
3–0
3–0
Partizani
1–0
2–0
6–2
0–0
2–1
5–1
3–0
Puna Durrës
1–3
0–1
4–0
0–2
5–2
2–2
4–0
Puna Kavajë
0–3
0–4
1–2
1–2
1–1
2–1
3–0
Puna Korçë
0–2
1–0
3–2
2–0
1–1
2–2
2–1
Puna Tiranë
1–1
0–0
2–1
2–0
1–0
2–1
6–0
Puna Vlorë
1–4
1–2
1–0
3–3
2–1
1–1
3–1
Spartaku
0–1
0–0
1–3
2–3
0–1
1–1
0–1
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Final
Played on 3 July 1957 in Tirana.
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Partizani
3–1
Dinamo Tirana
Relegation/promotion playoff
The second team of Second Division played in three matches promotion playoffs with the 7th of the National Championship (all in Tirana).
Team 1
Series
Team 2
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Puna Kavajë
7–4
Puna Berat
0–2
3–1
4–1
References
Albania - List of final tables (RSSSF)
vteKategoria Superiore seasons in AlbaniaNational Championship
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1968
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
Kategoria Superiore
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1956–57 in European football (UEFA) « 1955–56 1957–58 » Domestic leagues
Albania '56 '57
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria '56 '57
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '56 '57
Finland '56 '57
France
East Germany '56 '57
West Germany (Finals)
Greece
Hungary '56 '57
Iceland '56 '57
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland '56 '57
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '56 '57
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania '57
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '56 '57
Finland '56 '57
France
East Germany '56 '57
West Germany
Greece
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '56 '57
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '57
Spain
Switzerland
Wales
Yugoslavia
League cups
Scotland
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Non-UEFA competitions
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Group stage)
Mitropa Cup
vte1957–58 in European football (UEFA) « 1956–57 1958–59 » Domestic leagues
Albania '57 '58
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria '57 '58
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '57 '58
Finland '57 '58
France
East Germany '57 '58
West Germany (Finals)
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '57 '58
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland '57 '58
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '57 '58
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania '57 '58
Bulgaria
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '57 '58
Finland '57 '58
France
East Germany '57 '58
West Germany
Greece
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '57 '58
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
San Marino
Scotland
Soviet Union '57 '58
Spain
Switzerland
Wales
Yugoslavia
League cups
Scotland
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Non-UEFA competitions
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Final)
Mitropa Cup
Danube Cup
This article about an Albanian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"The 1957 Albanian National Championship was the 20th season of the Albanian National Championship, the top professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1930.","title":"1957 Albanian National Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partizani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizani_Tirana"}],"text":"It was contested by 8 teams, and Partizani won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_C0.7773520619503_1-0"},{"link_name":"Partizani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizani_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed](C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Partizani and Dinamo Tirana finished the season level on points so the Albanian Football Association decided to organise a championship playoff game to determine the winner of the 1965–66 Albanian National Championship.","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Tirana"},{"link_name":"PAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizani_Tirana"},{"link_name":"DUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Teuta_Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"KAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besa_Kavaj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"KOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"TIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"VLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamurtari_Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"SPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Spartaku_Tiran%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Dinamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Partizani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizani_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Puna Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Teuta_Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Puna Kavajë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besa_Kavaj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Puna Korçë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Puna Tiranë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Puna Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamurtari_Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Spartaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Spartaku_Tiran%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nDIN\n\nPAR\n\nDUR\n\nKAV\n\nKOR\n\nTIR\n\nVLO\n\nSPA\n\n\nDinamo\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nPartizani\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n6–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n5–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nPuna Durrës\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n0–2\n\n5–2\n\n2–2\n\n4–0\n\n\nPuna Kavajë\n\n0–3\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n\nPuna Korçë\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nPuna Tiranë\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n6–0\n\n\nPuna Vlorë\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n\nSpartaku\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Played on 3 July 1957 in Tirana.","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The second team of Second Division played in three matches promotion playoffs with the 7th of the National Championship (all in Tirana).","title":"Relegation/promotion playoff"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/alba57.html","external_links_name":"Albania - List of final tables (RSSSF)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_Albanian_National_Championship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Grey_Fiske
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Harrison Grey Fiske
|
["1 Life and career","2 Marriage","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]
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American dramatist
Harrison Grey FiskeFiske featured on a postcard c. 1895Born(1861-07-30)July 30, 1861Harrison, New York, U.S.DiedSeptember 2, 1942(1942-09-02) (aged 81)New York City, New York, U.S.Alma materNew York UniversityOccupation(s)Journalist, playwright, theatre manager, Broadway producerOrganizations
New York Dramatic Mirror
Actors' Fund of America
Manhattan Theatre
Known forDisrupting the monopoly of the Theatrical SyndicateNotable work
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1897)
Kismet (1911)
SpouseMinnie Maddern Fiske
Harrison Grey Fiske (July 30, 1861 – September 2, 1942) was an American journalist, playwright and Broadway producer who fought against the monopoly of the Theatrical Syndicate, a management company that dominated American stage bookings around the turn of the twentieth century.
Life and career
Fiske was born in Harrison, New York, an affluent suburb in Westchester County just thirty minutes from New York City. The second of three sons of the wealthy hotel owner Lyman Fiske and his wife Jennie Maria (Durfee) Fiske, both of seventeenth-century Massachusetts descent, Fiske was still a young boy when his family moved into New York City, and he maintained a strong identity as a New Yorker for much of his life. As a young boy, Fiske was educated by private tutors and showed a strong interest in the arts. He recalled being taken to see his first play at Barnum's Museum at an early age and afterwards receiving the gift of a puppet theatre from his father. Later, whilst attending Mrs. Vanderhoff's School he became exposed to Shakespeare through dramatic readings given by the headmistress's husband. Likewise, he had also been giving a small printing press and, as a boy, he had begun printing his own monthly paper. Fiske next enrolled at Dr. Chapin's Collegiate School for Boys, a college preparatory school on Madison Avenue where he continued to pursue writing. Upon finishing there, he traveled for a summer in Europe and then entered New York University in 1878. There he was asked to sign a pledge to forsake dens of iniquity like theaters, taverns, dance halls, and billiard rooms. Fiske subsequently admitted that he and his friends kept their fingers crossed when it came to attending theaters.
At college, Fiske often wrote short stories and sketches for magazines and soon became an editorial writer and dramatic critic for the daily newspaper the Jersey City Argus. He later served in a similar capacity for the New York Star, which set the stage in 1879 for what would turn out to be a 32-year affiliation with the popular trade magazine the New York Dramatic Mirror. After achieving success as a contributor to the Dramatic Mirror, Fiske decided to leave college after his freshman year with hopes of becoming a journalist. At his behest, Fiske's father bought an interest in the Dramatic Mirror, and made his son (then eighteen) the editor. In 1883 Fiske assumed a controlling interest in the Mirror and by 1888 was sole owner of the Mirror Newspaper Company.
With an inside look into the theatrical profession, Fiske's view of the arts changed dramatically. He was continually distressed by the plight of out-of-work actors and by the "laissez-faire practices of the American stage." Fiske determined to turn the Dramatic Mirror into a sort of artistic and professional conscience for the American theater, writing editorials on not only the aesthetic merits of theatrical productions, but also the improvement of working conditions and the regulation of health hazards in theaters. Though he disapproved of industry efforts to organize an actors' union, Fiske did help to secure the passage of the Cummings Act of 1896 and subsequent laws to protect playwrights against literary piracy. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Actors' Fund of America. With the help of his wife, the celebrated actress Minnie Maddern, as well as the likes of David Belasco, Sarah Bernhardt and the Shubert family staged a coup on the Theatrical Syndicate, helping to break the stranglehold they had maintained on theater bookings from coast to coast.
Poster for The Privateer
In 1901 Fiske leased the Manhattan Theatre on Thirty-Third Street as a showcase for his wife and as a venue for other artists. The theater became home to the "Manhattan Company" whose players included the well-known actors Tyrone Power Sr., George Arliss and John B. Mason.
Over the course of his career, Fiske produced more than 140 plays, many of which he wrote or directed including Hester Crewe (1893), The Privateer (1903), and The Queen of Liars (1896) adapted from a play by Alphonse Daudet and Léon Hennique. He is perhaps best known for his 1911 production of Edward Knoblauch’s Kismet starring Otis Skinner.
Marriage
On March 19, 1890, Harrison Fiske married actress Minnie Maddern at Larchmont Manor. He first saw her when at the age of twelve he attended a local production of King John in which his eight-year-old future bride played a boy’s part. Their paths crossed once again a few years later, but were not formally introduced until she was nearly twenty. Mrs. Fiske, as she was often professionally known, appeared in a number of plays directed by her husband, including Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Salvation Neil, Becky Sharp and Mary of Magdala. The two remained together until her death in 1932.
Death
Fiske died at the age of 81, as a result of a heart attack suffered at his New York apartment on West Sixty-Six Street. He had retired around the time of his wife's death and was working on his memoirs at the time of his passing.
References
^ Reed, William Fields (1900). The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I. Washington, D. C.: Gibson Bros. pp. 485. Retrieved May 27, 2012. The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I.
^ Hanaford, Harry Prescot and Dixie Hines, ed. (1914). Who's Who in Music and Drama: an Encyclopedia of Biography of Notable Men and Women in Music and Drama. New York: Hanaford. pp. 12.
^ 1870 US Census Records
^ a b c d e The New York Times September 4, 1942
^ "Harrison Grey Fiske". Dictionary of American Biography. Gale Biography In Context. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1973. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Masters of Achievement: The World's Greatest Leaders in Literature, Art ... By Press Company 2004 pg. 627
^ The New York Times March 20, 1890
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1915). "Fiske, Harrison Grey" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harrison Grey Fiske.
Works by or about Harrison Grey Fiske at Internet Archive
Harrison Grey Fiske at the Internet Broadway Database
Harrison Grey Fiske at Find a Grave
NYPL Digital Portrait Gallery - Harrison Grey Fiske
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
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Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Mason"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Daudet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet"},{"link_name":"Edward Knoblauch’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Knoblauch"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(play)"},{"link_name":"Otis Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Skinner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Fiske was born in Harrison, New York, an affluent suburb in Westchester County just thirty minutes from New York City. The second of three sons of the wealthy hotel owner Lyman Fiske and his wife Jennie Maria (Durfee) Fiske, both of seventeenth-century Massachusetts descent,[1] Fiske was still a young boy when his family moved into New York City, and he maintained a strong identity as a New Yorker for much of his life. As a young boy, Fiske was educated by private tutors and showed a strong interest in the arts. He recalled being taken to see his first play at Barnum's Museum at an early age and afterwards receiving the gift of a puppet theatre from his father. Later, whilst attending Mrs. Vanderhoff's School he became exposed to Shakespeare through dramatic readings given by the headmistress's husband. Likewise, he had also been giving a small printing press and, as a boy, he had begun printing his own monthly paper. Fiske next enrolled at Dr. Chapin's Collegiate School for Boys, a college preparatory school on Madison Avenue where he continued to pursue writing. Upon finishing there, he traveled for a summer in Europe and then entered New York University in 1878.[2] There he was asked to sign a pledge to forsake dens of iniquity like theaters, taverns, dance halls, and billiard rooms. Fiske subsequently admitted that he and his friends kept their fingers crossed when it came to attending theaters.[3][4]At college, Fiske often wrote short stories and sketches for magazines and soon became an editorial writer and dramatic critic for the daily newspaper the Jersey City Argus. He later served in a similar capacity for the New York Star, which set the stage in 1879 for what would turn out to be a 32-year affiliation with the popular trade magazine the New York Dramatic Mirror. After achieving success as a contributor to the Dramatic Mirror, Fiske decided to leave college after his freshman year with hopes of becoming a journalist. At his behest, Fiske's father bought an interest in the Dramatic Mirror, and made his son (then eighteen) the editor. In 1883 Fiske assumed a controlling interest in the Mirror and by 1888 was sole owner of the Mirror Newspaper Company.With an inside look into the theatrical profession, Fiske's view of the arts changed dramatically. He was continually distressed by the plight of out-of-work actors and by the \"laissez-faire practices of the American stage.\"[5] Fiske determined to turn the Dramatic Mirror into a sort of artistic and professional conscience for the American theater, writing editorials on not only the aesthetic merits of theatrical productions, but also the improvement of working conditions and the regulation of health hazards in theaters. Though he disapproved of industry efforts to organize an actors' union, Fiske did help to secure the passage of the Cummings Act of 1896 and subsequent laws to protect playwrights against literary piracy. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Actors' Fund of America. With the help of his wife, the celebrated actress Minnie Maddern, as well as the likes of David Belasco, Sarah Bernhardt and the Shubert family staged a coup on the Theatrical Syndicate, helping to break the stranglehold they had maintained on theater bookings from coast to coast.[4]Poster for The PrivateerIn 1901 Fiske leased the Manhattan Theatre on Thirty-Third Street as a showcase for his wife and as a venue for other artists. The theater became home to the \"Manhattan Company\" whose players included the well-known actors Tyrone Power Sr., George Arliss and John B. Mason.Over the course of his career, Fiske produced more than 140 plays, many of which he wrote or directed including Hester Crewe (1893), The Privateer (1903), and The Queen of Liars (1896) adapted from a play by Alphonse Daudet and Léon Hennique. He is perhaps best known for his 1911 production of Edward Knoblauch’s Kismet starring Otis Skinner.[4][6]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnie Maddern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Fiske"},{"link_name":"Larchmont Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Park,_Larchmont"},{"link_name":"Tess of the d'Urbervilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles#Adaptations"},{"link_name":"Becky Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Sharp_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On March 19, 1890, Harrison Fiske married actress Minnie Maddern at Larchmont Manor. He first saw her when at the age of twelve he attended a local production of King John in which his eight-year-old future bride played a boy’s part. Their paths crossed once again a few years later, but were not formally introduced until she was nearly twenty. Mrs. Fiske, as she was often professionally known, appeared in a number of plays directed by her husband, including Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Salvation Neil, Becky Sharp and Mary of Magdala. The two remained together until her death in 1932.[4][7]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"Fiske died at the age of 81, as a result of a heart attack suffered at his New York apartment on West Sixty-Six Street. He had retired around the time of his wife's death and was working on his memoirs at the time of his passing.[4]","title":"Death"}]
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[{"image_text":"Poster for The Privateer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiske%27s_The_Privateer.jpg/220px-Fiske%27s_The_Privateer.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Reed, William Fields (1900). The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I. Washington, D. C.: Gibson Bros. pp. 485. Retrieved May 27, 2012. The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descendantsthom01reedgoog","url_text":"The Descendants of Thomas Durfee of Portsmouth, R.I."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descendantsthom01reedgoog/page/n535","url_text":"485"}]},{"reference":"Hanaford, Harry Prescot and Dixie Hines, ed. (1914). Who's Who in Music and Drama: an Encyclopedia of Biography of Notable Men and Women in Music and Drama. New York: Hanaford. pp. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinmusica00hinegoog","url_text":"Who's Who in Music and Drama: an Encyclopedia of Biography of Notable Men and Women in Music and Drama"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinmusica00hinegoog/page/n14","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"\"Harrison Grey Fiske\". Dictionary of American Biography. Gale Biography In Context. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1973.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_S._Hughes
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Russell S. Hughes
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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American screenwriter
Russell Sheldon Hughes (January 15, 1910 – April 16, 1958) was an American screenwriter who was raised in Cincinnati. He began his career as a writer in the 1930s working on radio programs for WLW in Cincinnati. He later spent two years in New York City before moving to Hollywood. His motion picture credits included Thunder Over the Plains (1953), Them! (1954, adaptation), The Yellow Mountain (1954), The Last Frontier (1955), and Jubal (1956). He also wrote extensively for television, including episodes of Maverick, Perry Mason, Zane Grey Theater, and Have Gun – Will Travel. He died of a heart attack in 1958 at his home in North Hollywood, California.
References
^ a b "Writer Passes; Russell Hughes Was TV Author". the Cincinnati Enquirer. April 18, 1958. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b ""Maverick" TV Writer Dies". The Cincinnati Post. April 17, 1958. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Russell Hughes Filmography". TCM: Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
External links
Russell S. Hughes at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_military_units_on_Eastern_front
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1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union
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["1 History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR","2 Formation","3 Combat history","4 Commanders","5 Organisation","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
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1st Czechoslovak Army Corps První československý armádní sbor Prvý československý armádny zborBanner of the 1st Czechoslovak Army CorpsActive5 May 1944 (1944-05-05)–15 May 1945 (1945-05-15)Country Czechoslovakia Soviet UnionAllegiance Czechoslovak government-in-exileBranch Red ArmyTypeCorpsSize16,171 (September 1944)Part of1st Ukrainian Front, later 4th Ukrainian FrontMotto(s)"Věrni zůstaneme"Loyal We Will RemainEngagementsEastern Front (World War II)
Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive
Battle of the Dukla Pass
Western Carpathian offensive
Moravia–Ostrava offensive
Prague Offensive
CommanderJan Kratochvíl (1944)Ludvík Svoboda (1944-1945)Karel Klapálek (1945)Military unit
The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps (Czech: První československý armádní sbor, Slovak: Prvý československý armádny zbor), also known as Svoboda's Army (Czech: Svobodova armáda, after its commander Ludvík Svoboda), was a military formation of the Czechoslovak Army in exile fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviet Red Army in World War II.
The corps was the largest of the Czechoslovak units that fought on the Soviet side on the Eastern Front.
History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR
The 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion, formed in Buzuluk in the Urals, was the first foreign unit fighting alongside the Red Army in Soviet Union. It was formed from former members of the Czechoslovak Legion, Czechoslovak citizens (mostly refugees) living in the Soviet Union, Slovak prisoners-of-war and defectors, and Volhynian Czechs (Soviet citizens of Czech origin). Lieutenant-colonel Ludvík Svoboda was appointed to become the commander of the unit on 15 July 1942.
Despite the plans of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in the United Kingdom, who intended to keep the unit intact to help with the future liberation of the Czechoslovakia, the officers of the battalion tried to bring the unit into the fight as soon as possible. After sending a personal letter to Joseph Stalin, they eventually succeed and the battalion was sent into action. Notably, it took part in the defensive battle of Sokolovo, a part of the larger Third Battle of Kharkov, in March 1943. At the time, it was one of the most well armed infantry battalions on the East Front – fully equipped with automatic guns and semiautomatic infantry weapons. However, the battalion lacked heavier anti-tank weapons and artillery, which was to be provided by supporting Soviet units. Because of this, during the battle, when facing parts of the German armored division, the battalion suffered heavy losses and was later withdrawn from the front line.
In May 1943, the remnants of the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion and the 1st Czechoslovak Reserve Regiment were reorganized into 1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade. The reinforcements were largely Rusyn and Ukrainian prisoners released from the Gulag camps. The brigade played a key role in the 1943 battle of Kiev, and its troops were some of the first to reach the center of the Ukrainian capital city. The brigade suffered only low losses: 33 dead and missing, 82 wounded. At the time the brigade had a strength of 3,348 personnel.
Formation
Large parts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been liberated by 1943 and 1944, allowing the Czechoslovak units to recruit Volhynian Czechs who were technically Soviet citizens. Around 12,000 enlisted, becoming the core of the post-war Czechoslovak Army. At the same time, thousands of Slovak prisoners of war, captured or deserted from Slovak Army, were regrouped and trained as the new parachute unit. This enabled to build the army corps.
The corps was created on April 10, 1944, at Chernivtsi and his headquarters moved to Sadagura. The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps consisted of three (later four) infantry brigades and of tank, artillery, engineer and other support units. Some of these units were later reorganized into higher independent units, such as Tank Brigade and Mixed Air Division. While most of the Czechoslovak units served as part of the Corps, some may have been detached for operations with Red Army formations and units as required.
In late autumn 1944, when parts of Czechoslovakia (Ruthenia and eastern Slovakia) were already liberated, a new infantry brigade was formed and the support units transformed into higher units.
Combat history
Monument to 1st Czechoslovak Tank Brigade in Wodzisław (Silesia- Poland)
Dukla Hill 534
By the time that the Soviet offensive entered Czechoslovakia, it had grown to corps size. In the autumn of 1944, 13,000 members of the corps participated in the Battle of Dukla Pass, and after fierce fighting they finally set foot on their native soil once more. Czechoslovak troops were also involved in the Prague Offensive, the last major World War II battle in Europe.
The Corps initially served within the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army.
From September 4, 1944, as the part of 38th Army the Corps participated in the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive Operation (8 September 1944 – 28 September 1944). During this operation, from 14,900 personnel the Corps suffered a loss of 1,630 dead and 4,069 wounded. While majority of the Corps fought in the Dukla Pass, the 2nd Parachute Brigade and the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment were relocated behind the enemy lines as the direct support to the Slovak National Uprising. After the Uprising was suppressed, the Fighter Regiment was withdrawn, while the soldiers of 2nd Parachute Brigade continued in partisan warfare in Slovak mountains until the battlefront came to central Slovakia.
In November 1944 Corps was reassigned to 4th Ukrainian Front's, 1st Guards Army, only the artillery units saw the action within the 1st Ukrainian Front's in the Soviet offensive near Jasło. As part of 4th Ukrainian Front, 18th Army the Corps took part in the secondary battles until the end of the war and participated in the liberation of central Slovakia and east Moravia. However the 1st Tank Brigade, 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division and some infantry units were reassigned again to the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army and fought in the hardest fights in the Moravian-Ostrava Operation. At the end of the war the remnants of the Tank Brigade formed so called Fast Group in the Prague Strategic Offensive Operation (6 May 1945 -11 May 1945) during which the Corps suffered 112 killed, and 421 wounded from a total of 48,400 personnel.
The First Czechoslovak Army Corps ceased to exist shortly after the victorious end of the war. On 25 May 1945, the provisional organization of the Czechoslovak armed forces was approved, according to which there was a reorganization of the Czechoslovak army in peacetime. Since the end of the May 1945 the Corps was reorganized into the 1st Czechoslovak Army and its brigades were reorganized into respective divisions.
Commanders
Jan Kratochvíl (18. 5. 1944 – 10. 9. 1944)
Ludvík Svoboda (10. 9. 1944 – 3. 4. 1945)
Bohumil Boček – acting commander (08.03.-06.04.1945)
Karel Klapálek (4. 4. 1945 – 15. 5. 1945)
The Corps's initial commander was Brigade General Jan Kratochvíl, who was replaced by Brigade General Ludvík Svoboda during the initial phase of Battle of Dukla Pass. The decision was made by Soviet authorities (Marshal Konev) but was subsequently confirmed by Czechoslovak government in London. Towards the end of the war Svoboda became Minister of Defence in the new government appointed in Košice and was replaced by Brigade General Karel Klapálek who however was recovering from injuries at the time and was therefore substituted by general Boček.
Organisation
The Corps composition on formation was:
1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (original unit, formed prior the Corps, in May 1943), commander in 1945: brigadegeneral Jan Satorie, later brigadegeneral Oldřich Španiel
1st Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: staff captain Ľudovít Takáč, later captain Evžen Surovčík
2nd Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: staff captain Václav Čeřenský, later lieutenant colonel František Voves
3rd Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: lieutenant colonel Štefan Želinský, later captain Jaroslav Svoboda
1st Battalion of Submachine Gunners, commander in 1945: staff cpt. J. Novák, later cpt. F. Felcman
1st Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. Ľ. Stein, later major L. Štalmášek
2nd Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. Vilém Štajner
2nd Czechoslovak Parachute Brigade (formed in January 1944), commander: brigadegeneral Vladimír Přikryl
10th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. V. Vavrinčík
11th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major O. Záhora
12th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. J. Syrovátka
4th Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. K. Vítek, later staff cpt. J. Čambalík
8th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. J. Pazderka
9th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: cpt. J. Foršt, mjr. K. Šíma
3rd Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (formed in June 1944), commander: lieutenant colonel Jaroslav Selner
4th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: captain Ladislav Svátek
5th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major A. Hak, later mjr L. Peroutka
6th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major František Moravec
2nd Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander in 1945: cpt. O. Šacher
3rd Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. V. Formánek
4th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. B. Hlavatý
4th Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (formed in February 1945), commander: colonel Pavol Kuna
7th Infantry Battalion, commander: cpt. P. Kováč, later staff cpt. T. Galba
8th Infantry Battalion, commander: cpt. J. Lipový, later staff cpt. Š. Margitan
9th Infantry Battalion, commander: major V. Střelka
3rd Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander: cpt. M. Čordáš
7th Artillery Regiment, commander: lieutenant colonel J. Svoboda
1st Czechoslovak Independent Tank Brigade (formed in August 1944), commander in 1945: major Vladimír Janko
1st Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. Imrich Gaš
2nd Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. Josef Buršík
3rd Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. Emanuel Šrámek
Motorized Battalion of Submachine Gunners, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. Sergej Petras
1st Czechoslovak Independent Engineering Battalion
Air units operationally attached to the Corps were:
1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
See also
Marie Ljalková
Otakar Jaroš
Vasil Timkovič
Polish Armed Forces in the East
Anders' Army - a Polish formation
References
^ "1st Czechoslovak army corps (1944-1945)". Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
^ Kulka, Erich (1987). "Jews in Svoboda's army in the Soviet Union: Czechoslovak Jewry's fight against the Nazis during World War II". University Press of America ; Institute of Contemporary Jewry. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ "Vznik československých jednotek na východě provázely improvizace". ceskatelevize.cz. 2012-01-15.
^ Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 307–318.
^ "Друга світова – особистий рахунок". day.kiev.ua. 2013-05-07. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07.
^ Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 319–341.
^ Gerlach, David W. (2017). The Economy of Ethnic Cleansing: The Transformation of the German-Czech Borderlands after World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-107-19619-3.
^ Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 363–318.
^ "ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОПЕРАЦИЯ В ЛИТВЕ И ЛАТВИИ". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008. Krivosheyev
^ a b c d Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 665–667.
^ Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. p. 675.
Sources
Czechoslovak military units in USSR (1942–1945) by Michal Gelbič
Russia and USSR in the wars of 20th century: Losses of combat forces, a statistical investigation, under general editorialship of professor, General-Colonel G.F. Krivosheyev, Moscow, Olma-Press, 2001
External links
Czechoslovak military units in USSR (1942–1945)
Ludvík Svoboda Site
A short chronology on the Valka.cz page
Military History – Northeast Slovakia 1944 Annotated Soviet Battle Maps & Topographical Maps for Eastern Czechoslovakia (Slovakia) including Dukla Pass
vteCzechoslovakia in World War IIGovernmentGovernment-in-exile
Edvard Beneš
President
Jan Šrámek
Prime Minister
Jan Masaryk
foreign minister
František Moravec
Chief of Intelligence
ProtectorateNazi
Konstantin von Neurath, Reinhard Heydrich, Kurt Daluege, Wilhelm Frick
Reichsprotektor
Karl Hermann Frank
Chief of Police
Czech
Emil Hácha
President
Alois Eliáš, Jaroslav Krejčí, Richard Bienert
Prime minister
Emanuel Moravec
Slovak Republic
Jozef Tiso
President
Vojtech Tuka
Prime Minister
Ferdinand Čatloš
Minister of Defence
ResistanceActions
Anthropoid (1942)
Vrba–Wetzler report (1944)
Slovak National Uprising (1944)
Prague uprising (1945)
Czech Radio
Groups
Council of Three (cs)
Czech National Council (cs)
Jan Hus partisan brigade
Jan Žižka partisan brigade
Obrana národa
Out Distance
Slovak partisans
Slovak Insurgent Air Force
ÚVOD
Working Group
MilitaryBattles
Sudeten (1938)
Liptaň (1938)
Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
Čajánek's barracks (1939)
Slovak–Hungarian (1939)
Dukla Pass (1944)
Bratislava–Brno Offensive (1945)
Prague Offensive (1945)
Slivice (1945)
Racibórz (1945)
Operation B (1945)
War crimes
17 November (1939)
Heydrichiáda (1942)
Kobylisy
Lidice
Životice (1944)
Kremnička and Nemecká (1944–45)
Ploština (1945)
Holocaust
Sudetenland
Protectorate
Slovakia
Carpathian Ruthenia
Sereď concentration camp
Theresienstadt Ghetto
UnitsWestern
Czechoslovak Legion
1st Czechoslovak Division
RAF Squadrons
310
311
312
313
11th Infantry Battalion
1st Armoured Brigade
Soviet
1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
Axis
Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
Hlinka Guard
Emergency Divisions
Government Army
Slovak Air Force
Slovak Army
Topics
Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
Fall Grün
Munich Agreement
Sudetenland
Sudeten Germans
Western betrayal
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Ludvík Svoboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svoboda"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"}],"text":"Military unitThe 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps (Czech: První československý armádní sbor, Slovak: Prvý československý armádny zbor), also known as Svoboda's Army[2] (Czech: Svobodova armáda, after its commander Ludvík Svoboda), was a military formation of the Czechoslovak Army in exile fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviet Red Army in World War II.[3]The corps was the largest of the Czechoslovak units that fought on the Soviet side on the Eastern Front.","title":"1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buzuluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzuluk,_Orenburg_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"prisoners-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Czechs"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"battle of Sokolovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sokolovo"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"East Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"automatic guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_weapon"},{"link_name":"semiautomatic infantry weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiautomatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"anti-tank weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_weapons"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"German armored division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_307318-4"},{"link_name":"Rusyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_labour_camp"},{"link_name":"1943 battle of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_319341-6"}],"text":"The 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion, formed in Buzuluk in the Urals, was the first foreign unit fighting alongside the Red Army in Soviet Union. It was formed from former members of the Czechoslovak Legion, Czechoslovak citizens (mostly refugees) living in the Soviet Union, Slovak prisoners-of-war and defectors, and Volhynian Czechs (Soviet citizens of Czech origin). Lieutenant-colonel Ludvík Svoboda was appointed to become the commander of the unit on 15 July 1942.Despite the plans of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in the United Kingdom, who intended to keep the unit intact to help with the future liberation of the Czechoslovakia, the officers of the battalion tried to bring the unit into the fight as soon as possible. After sending a personal letter to Joseph Stalin, they eventually succeed and the battalion was sent into action. Notably, it took part in the defensive battle of Sokolovo, a part of the larger Third Battle of Kharkov, in March 1943. At the time, it was one of the most well armed infantry battalions on the East Front – fully equipped with automatic guns and semiautomatic infantry weapons. However, the battalion lacked heavier anti-tank weapons and artillery, which was to be provided by supporting Soviet units. Because of this, during the battle, when facing parts of the German armored division, the battalion suffered heavy losses and was later withdrawn from the front line.[4]In May 1943, the remnants of the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Field Battalion and the 1st Czechoslovak Reserve Regiment were reorganized into 1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade. The reinforcements were largely Rusyn and Ukrainian[5] prisoners released from the Gulag camps. The brigade played a key role in the 1943 battle of Kiev, and its troops were some of the first to reach the center of the Ukrainian capital city. The brigade suffered only low losses: 33 dead and missing, 82 wounded. At the time the brigade had a strength of 3,348 personnel.[6]","title":"History of Czechoslovak military in the USSR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)"},{"link_name":"Slovak Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Army"},{"link_name":"army corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_corps"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Sadagura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadagura"},{"link_name":"Mixed Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Mixed_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_363318-8"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"}],"text":"Large parts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been liberated by 1943 and 1944, allowing the Czechoslovak units to recruit Volhynian Czechs who were technically Soviet citizens. Around 12,000 enlisted, becoming the core of the post-war Czechoslovak Army.[7] At the same time, thousands of Slovak prisoners of war, captured or deserted from Slovak Army, were regrouped and trained as the new parachute unit. This enabled to build the army corps.The corps was created on April 10, 1944, at Chernivtsi and his headquarters moved to Sadagura. The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps consisted of three (later four) infantry brigades and of tank, artillery, engineer and other support units. Some of these units were later reorganized into higher independent units, such as Tank Brigade and Mixed Air Division. While most of the Czechoslovak units served as part of the Corps, some may have been detached for operations with Red Army formations and units as required.[8]In late autumn 1944, when parts of Czechoslovakia (Ruthenia and eastern Slovakia) were already liberated, a new infantry brigade was formed and the support units transformed into higher units.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al._Pomnik_Czechos%C5%82owackiej_Brygady_Pancernej.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wodzisław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dukla_wzg%C3%B3rze_Frank%C3%B3w.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dukla Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dukla_Pass"},{"link_name":"Prague Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive"},{"link_name":"1st Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"38th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"East Carpathian Strategic Offensive Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carpathian_Strategic_Offensive_Operation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krivosheyev-9"},{"link_name":"Dukla Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dukla_Pass"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising"},{"link_name":"partisan warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_warfare"},{"link_name":"4th Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"1st Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"18th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"38th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Moravian-Ostrava Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian-Ostrava_Operation"},{"link_name":"Prague Strategic Offensive Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Offensive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Monument to 1st Czechoslovak Tank Brigade in Wodzisław (Silesia- Poland)Dukla Hill 534By the time that the Soviet offensive entered Czechoslovakia, it had grown to corps size. In the autumn of 1944, 13,000 members of the corps participated in the Battle of Dukla Pass, and after fierce fighting they finally set foot on their native soil once more. Czechoslovak troops were also involved in the Prague Offensive, the last major World War II battle in Europe.The Corps initially served within the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army.From September 4, 1944, as the part of 38th Army the Corps participated in the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive Operation (8 September 1944 – 28 September 1944). During this operation, from 14,900 personnel the Corps suffered a loss of 1,630 dead and 4,069 wounded.[9] While majority of the Corps fought in the Dukla Pass, the 2nd Parachute Brigade and the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment were relocated behind the enemy lines as the direct support to the Slovak National Uprising. After the Uprising was suppressed, the Fighter Regiment was withdrawn, while the soldiers of 2nd Parachute Brigade continued in partisan warfare in Slovak mountains until the battlefront came to central Slovakia.In November 1944 Corps was reassigned to 4th Ukrainian Front's, 1st Guards Army, only the artillery units saw the action within the 1st Ukrainian Front's in the Soviet offensive near Jasło. As part of 4th Ukrainian Front, 18th Army the Corps took part in the secondary battles until the end of the war and participated in the liberation of central Slovakia and east Moravia. However the 1st Tank Brigade, 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division and some infantry units were reassigned again to the 1st Ukrainian Front's 38th Army and fought in the hardest fights in the Moravian-Ostrava Operation. At the end of the war the remnants of the Tank Brigade formed so called Fast Group in the Prague Strategic Offensive Operation (6 May 1945 -11 May 1945) during which the Corps suffered 112 killed, and 421 wounded from a total of 48,400 personnel.The First Czechoslovak Army Corps ceased to exist shortly after the victorious end of the war. On 25 May 1945, the provisional organization of the Czechoslovak armed forces was approved, according to which there was a reorganization of the Czechoslovak army in peacetime. Since the end of the May 1945 the Corps was reorganized into the 1st Czechoslovak Army and its brigades were reorganized into respective divisions.[citation needed]","title":"Combat history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Kratochvíl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kratochv%C3%ADl_(officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludvík Svoboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svoboda"},{"link_name":"Bohumil Boček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohumil_Bo%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karel Klapálek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Klap%C3%A1lek"},{"link_name":"Ludvík Svoboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svoboda"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dukla Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dukla_Pass"},{"link_name":"Marshal Konev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Konev"},{"link_name":"Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Karel Klapálek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Klap%C3%A1lek"}],"text":"Jan Kratochvíl (18. 5. 1944 – 10. 9. 1944)\nLudvík Svoboda (10. 9. 1944 – 3. 4. 1945)\nBohumil Boček – acting commander (08.03.-06.04.1945)\nKarel Klapálek (4. 4. 1945 – 15. 5. 1945)The Corps's initial commander was Brigade General Jan Kratochvíl, who was replaced by Brigade General Ludvík Svoboda during the initial phase of Battle of Dukla Pass. The decision was made by Soviet authorities (Marshal Konev) but was subsequently confirmed by Czechoslovak government in London. Towards the end of the war Svoboda became Minister of Defence in the new government appointed in Košice and was replaced by Brigade General Karel Klapálek who however was recovering from injuries at the time and was therefore substituted by general Boček.","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Czechoslovak_Independent_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"brigadegeneral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadegeneral"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_667-10"},{"link_name":"staff captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_captain"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Submachine Gunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_Gun"},{"link_name":"2nd Czechoslovak Parachute Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Czechoslovak_Parachute_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_667-10"},{"link_name":"3rd Czechoslovak Independent Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Czechoslovak_Independent_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_667-10"},{"link_name":"4th Czechoslovak Independent Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Czechoslovak_Independent_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_667-10"},{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Independent Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Czechoslovak_Independent_Tank_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vojenske_Dejiny_675-11"},{"link_name":"Josef Buršík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bur%C5%A1%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Independent Engineering Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Czechoslovak_Independent_Engineering_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Mixed_Air_Division"}],"text":"The Corps composition on formation was:1st Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (original unit, formed prior the Corps, in May 1943), commander in 1945: brigadegeneral Jan Satorie, later brigadegeneral Oldřich Španiel[10]\n1st Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: staff captain Ľudovít Takáč, later captain Evžen Surovčík\n2nd Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: staff captain Václav Čeřenský, later lieutenant colonel František Voves\n3rd Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: lieutenant colonel Štefan Želinský, later captain Jaroslav Svoboda\n1st Battalion of Submachine Gunners, commander in 1945: staff cpt. J. Novák, later cpt. F. Felcman\n1st Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. Ľ. Stein, later major L. Štalmášek\n2nd Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. Vilém Štajner\n2nd Czechoslovak Parachute Brigade (formed in January 1944), commander: brigadegeneral Vladimír Přikryl[10]\n10th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. V. Vavrinčík\n11th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major O. Záhora\n12th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. J. Syrovátka\n4th Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. K. Vítek, later staff cpt. J. Čambalík\n8th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. J. Pazderka\n9th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: cpt. J. Foršt, mjr. K. Šíma\n3rd Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (formed in June 1944), commander: lieutenant colonel Jaroslav Selner[10]\n4th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: captain Ladislav Svátek\n5th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major A. Hak, later mjr L. Peroutka\n6th Infantry Battalion, commander in 1945: major František Moravec\n2nd Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander in 1945: cpt. O. Šacher\n3rd Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. V. Formánek\n4th Artillery Regiment, commander in 1945: staff cpt. B. Hlavatý\n4th Czechoslovak Independent Brigade (formed in February 1945), commander: colonel Pavol Kuna[10]\n7th Infantry Battalion, commander: cpt. P. Kováč, later staff cpt. T. Galba\n8th Infantry Battalion, commander: cpt. J. Lipový, later staff cpt. Š. Margitan\n9th Infantry Battalion, commander: major V. Střelka\n3rd Battalion of Submachine gunners, commander: cpt. M. Čordáš\n7th Artillery Regiment, commander: lieutenant colonel J. Svoboda\n1st Czechoslovak Independent Tank Brigade (formed in August 1944), commander in 1945: major Vladimír Janko[11]\n1st Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. Imrich Gaš\n2nd Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. Josef Buršík\n3rd Tank Battalion, commander in 1945: cpt. Emanuel Šrámek\nMotorized Battalion of Submachine Gunners, commander in 1945: 1st Lt. Sergej Petras\n1st Czechoslovak Independent Engineering BattalionAir units operationally attached to the Corps were:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czechoslovak military units in USSR (1942–1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080802180723/http://www.czechpatriots.com/csmu/corps.php"}],"text":"Czechoslovak military units in USSR (1942–1945) by Michal Gelbič\nRussia and USSR in the wars of 20th century: Losses of combat forces, a statistical investigation, under general editorialship of professor, General-Colonel G.F. Krivosheyev, Moscow, Olma-Press, 2001","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Monument to 1st Czechoslovak Tank Brigade in Wodzisław (Silesia- Poland)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al._Pomnik_Czechos%C5%82owackiej_Brygady_Pancernej.JPG/200px-Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al._Pomnik_Czechos%C5%82owackiej_Brygady_Pancernej.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dukla Hill 534","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dukla_wzg%C3%B3rze_Frank%C3%B3w.jpg/200px-Dukla_wzg%C3%B3rze_Frank%C3%B3w.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Marie Ljalková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ljalkov%C3%A1"},{"title":"Otakar Jaroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakar_Jaro%C5%A1"},{"title":"Vasil Timkovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Timkovi%C4%8D"},{"title":"Polish Armed Forces in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East"},{"title":"Anders' Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%27_Army"}]
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[{"reference":"\"1st Czechoslovak army corps (1944-1945)\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802180723/http://www.czechpatriots.com/csmu/corps.php","url_text":"\"1st Czechoslovak army corps (1944-1945)\""},{"url":"http://www.czechpatriots.com/csmu/corps.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kulka, Erich (1987). \"Jews in Svoboda's army in the Soviet Union: Czechoslovak Jewry's fight against the Nazis during World War II\". University Press of America ; Institute of Contemporary Jewry. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000917856","url_text":"\"Jews in Svoboda's army in the Soviet Union: Czechoslovak Jewry's fight against the Nazis during World War II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vznik československých jednotek na východě provázely improvizace\". ceskatelevize.cz. 2012-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/domaci/160579-vznik-ceskoslovenskych-jednotek-na-vychode-provazely-improvizace/","url_text":"\"Vznik československých jednotek na východě provázely improvizace\""}]},{"reference":"Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 307–318.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Друга світова – особистий рахунок\". day.kiev.ua. 2013-05-07. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/politika/druga-svitova-osobistiy-rahunok/","url_text":"\"Друга світова – особистий рахунок\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012834/http://www.day.kiev.ua/uk/article/politika/druga-svitova-osobistiy-rahunok","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 319–341.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerlach, David W. (2017). The Economy of Ethnic Cleansing: The Transformation of the German-Czech Borderlands after World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-107-19619-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19619-3","url_text":"978-1-107-19619-3"}]},{"reference":"Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 363–318.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОПЕРАЦИЯ В ЛИТВЕ И ЛАТВИИ\". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html","url_text":"\"ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОПЕРАЦИЯ В ЛИТВЕ И ЛАТВИИ\""},{"url":"http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. pp. 665–667.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kolektiv autorů (1988). Vojenské dějiny Československa. Díl IV. (1939–1945). Praha: Naše vojsko. p. 675.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_combat
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Military psychology
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["1 Role","2 Area of study","2.1 Terrorism","2.2 Operational psychology","2.3 Tactical psychology","2.4 Health, organizational, and occupational psychology","2.5 Feminism","3 History","3.1 Early work","3.2 Intelligence testing in the U.S. military","3.3 Yerkes and war","3.4 World War II","3.5 Korean War","3.6 Vietnam War","3.7 Global War on Terror","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Specialized field in psychological science
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Military psychology is a specialization within psychology that applies psychological science to promote the readiness of military members, organizations, and operations. Military psychologists provide support to the military in many ways, including through direct clinical care, consultation to military commanders, teaching others and supporting military training, and through research relevant to military operations and personnel. Military psychology as a field has been growing since the early 20th century, evidence that the demands and needs for psychological clinical and operational application is continuing to grow steadily. There are many stressors associated with military service, including exposure to high-risk training and combat. As such, psychologists are critical support components that assist military leaders in designing appropriate training programs, providing oversight to those programs, and assisting military members as they navigate the challenges of military training and their new lifestyle. Military psychology covers a wide range of fields throughout the military including operational, tactical, and occupational psychology. Gender differences between military-trained personnel who seek mental health assistance have been extensively studied. Specific examples include post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with combat, or guilt and family/partner difficulties accompanying extended or frequent deployments due to separation. Clinical providers in military psychology are often focused on the treatment of stress, fatigue, and other personal readiness issues. Previous wars such as the Korean war, Vietnam war, and WW 2 provide great insight to the workings and practices of military psychology and how the practices have changed and assisted the military over the years.
Psychologist Performing a Test
Role
The military is a group of individuals who are trained and equipped to perform national security tasks in unique and often chaotic and trauma-filled situations. These situations can include the front-lines of battle, national emergencies, counter-terrorism support, allied assistance, or the disaster response scenarios where they are providing relief-aid for the host populations of both friendly and enemy states. Though many psychologists may have a general understanding with regards to a humans response to traumatic situations, military psychologists are uniquely trained and experienced specialists in applied science and practice among this special population. While the service members may be providing direct aid to the victims of events, military psychologists are providing specialized aid to both members, their families, and the victims of military operations as they cope with the often "normal" response or reaction to uncommon and abnormal circumstances. Military psychologists can assess, diagnose, treat and recommend the duty status most suitable for the optimal well-being of the individual, group, and organization. Through the use of group therapy, individual therapy, and behavior modification, these psychologists actively treat psychological disorders, most commonly emotional trauma. When counseling members of a military personnel's family, they are most often tasked with providing grief counseling after the loss of a loved one in the line of duty. Events that affect the mental state, resilience or psychological assets and vulnerabilities of the warrior and the command are where military psychologists are most equipped to meet the unique challenges and provide expert care and consultation to preserve the behavioral health of the fighting force.
In addition to the specialized roles previously mentioned, military psychologists often provide support to many non-healthcare-related activities. For example, military psychologists may provide their expertise and training in the consultation to hostage negotiations. Military psychologists are not hostage negotiators; however, they often consult with those directly communicating with hostage-takers in a manner that seeks the safety and protections of all involved. Military psychologists may also apply their science to aviation selection and training, to the study and application of survival training, and the selection of personnel for special military duties.
Another common practice domain for military psychologists is in performing fitness for duty evaluations, especially in high risk and high reliability occupations. The types of fitness evaluations include both basic entry examinations and career progression examinations such as those conducted when individuals are seeking promotion, higher-classification clearance status, and specialized, hazardous, and mission critical working conditions. When operational commanders become concerned about the impact of continuous, critical, and traumatic operations on those in their command, they often consult with a military psychologist.
The fitness evaluations might lead to command directed administrative actions or provide the information necessary to make decisions by a medical board or other tribunal and must be thoroughly conducted by non-biased individuals with the experience and training necessary to render a professional opinion that is critical to key decision makers. Military psychologists must be well versed in the art and science of psychology as specialized applied practice professionals. They must also be highly competent generalists in the military profession, and be able to understand both professions well enough to examine human behavior in the context of military operations. It takes the psychologist several years beyond the doctorate to develop the expertise necessary to understand how to integrate psychology with the complex needs of the military.
Another very select and infrequent use of military psychology is in the interview of subjects, the interrogation of prisoners, and the vetting of those who may provide information of operational or intelligence value that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly and enemy casualties. Psychology's scientific principles applied here allow the interviewer, agent, or interrogator to get as much information as possible through non-invasive means without the need to resort to active measures or risk violating the rules of engagement, host nation agreements, international and military law or crossing the threshold of the Geneva Conventions' guidelines to which the United States and its allies subscribe, regardless of the status of many of the modern belligerent countries on the international laws and United Nations agreements.
Area of study
The goals and missions of current military psychologists have been retained over the years, varying with the focus and strength of intensity of research put forth into each sector. Working in research as a military psychologist entails performing personnel research, such as determining what traits are best utilized in which positions, the training procedures, and analyzing what variables impact the health and performance of military personnel. The need for mental health care is now an expected part of high-stress military environments. The importance and severity of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has gained more credibility than those suffering from it received in the past, and is being highlighted in treatment programs. More extensive post-deployment screenings take place now to home in on problematic recoveries that used to be passed unnoticed and untreated.
Terrorism
Terrorism and counterterrorism, information management, and psychological warfare are value-added roles for the applied aspects of military psychology that are developing. For instance, contrary to the common myths and stereotypes about modern terrorists, that tend portray them as mentally disturbed individuals; most terrorists are far from that typology according to studies conducted by behavioral and social scientists who have either directly interviewed and observed terrorists or conducted meta-analytic studies of terrorism and terrorists.
Terrorists have tended to be from among the more well educated in their host countries. They often have developed a well thought out, but not very often publicized or well articulated, rigid ideology that provides the foundation for their strategy and tactics. Psychologically disturbed terrorists increase the risk of damage to the terror organization's strategic outcomes. As in any organization, mentally disturbed terrorists are a liability and the leaders of terrorist groups are well aware of the risks that these types of persons present. As any good organizational leader, the effective terrorist will try to recruit the best person for the job. It is doubtful that modern terrorist groups would adopt the affirmative action and other hiring practices dictated under employment laws in the United States or other Western countries.
It is important to understand when and how the label of terrorism is applied because of its psychological impact as suggested above. The causes, goals, methodology, and strategy of the terrorist mindset is well suited for psychological inquiry and the development of the strategy and tactics used to confront it. Terrorism is an ideology that uses behavioral, emotional, and group dynamics, along with social and psychological principles to influence populations for political purposes. It is a form of psychological warfare. The terrorists are experts in the use of fear, violence, threats of violence and trauma in order to advance the political agenda. Terrorists seek psychological control and use violent behavior to cause the population to behave in ways that disrupt and destroy the existing political processes and symbols of political power. They control people by using deep primal emotions to elicit a reaction and shape behavior.
The goal of a terrorist is to use violence to create the natural fear of death and dismemberment and use it to change or shape political behavior, control thought and modify speech. Military and operational psychologists are highly trained and experienced. They are experts equipped with the specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities in the art and science of the military and psychology professions that give them a great deal of potential in this unique operational environment.
Operational psychology
Operational psychology is a specialty within the field of psychology that applies behavioral science principles through the use of consultation to enable key decision makers to more effectively understand, develop, target, and influence an individual, group or organization to accomplish tactical, operational, or strategic objectives within the domain of national security or national defense. This is a relatively new sub-discipline that has been employed largely by psychologists and behavioral scientists in military, intelligence, and law enforcement arenas (although other areas of public safety employ psychologists in this capacity as well). While psychology has been utilized in non-health related fields for many decades, recent years have seen an increased focus on its national security applications. Examples of such applications include the development of counterinsurgency strategy through human profiling, interrogation and detention support, information-psychological operations, and the selection of personnel for specialized military or other public safety activities.
Recently, operational psychology has been under increased scrutiny due to allegations of unethical conduct by some practitioners supporting military and law enforcement interrogations. As a result, a small group of psychologists have raised concerns about the ethics of such practice. Supporters of operational psychology have responded by providing an ethical defense of such activity. They argue that the American Psychological Association's ethical code is sufficient to support operational psychologists in a number of activities (to include legal interrogation by the military and other law enforcement agencies).
In response to this controversy, the American Psychological Association (APA) assembled a cross-divisional task force to draft professional practice guidelines built around the APA ethics code and related policies. These guidelines were adopted by the APA's Council of Representatives in August 2023 at their annual convention.
Tactical psychology
Tactical psychology is "a sharp focus on what soldiers do once they are in contact with the enemy...on what a front-line soldier can do to win a battle". It combines psychology and historical analysis (the application of statistics to military historical data) to find out how tactics make the enemy freeze, flee or fuss, instead of fight. Tactical psychology examines how techniques like suppressive fire, combined arms or flanking reduce the enemy's will to fight.
Health, organizational, and occupational psychology
Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, including operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing research to help select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. Some military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families. Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs within the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportunity. More modern programs employ the skills and knowledge of military psychologists to address issues such as integrating diverse ethnic and racial groups into the military and reducing sexual assault and discrimination. Others assist in the employment of women in combat positions and other positions traditionally held by men. Other responsibilities include helping to utilize low-capability recruits and rehabilitate drug-addicted and wounded service members.
Many military psychologists are in charge of drug testing and psychological treatment for mental illnesses, such as alcohol and substance abuse. In terms of the prevalence of psychological issues in the military, active duty members and veterans most commonly struggle with PTSD, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. Worsening psychological symptoms due to potentially traumatic events can cause decision-making impairments. During high-stress situations, decision-making impairments can heavily impact the safety of the individual and their unit. Veteran men who served in the Army and Marine Corps showed poorer mental health than Air Force. These men also showed higher use of alcohol and drugs. Research shows that there are high rates of alcohol use in the military, with a higher prevalence in service men than in service women. In modern times, the advisement of military psychologists is being heard and taken into consideration for national policy more than ever before. There are now more psychologists employed by the U.S. Department of Defense than by any other organization in the world. Since the downsizing of the military in the 1990s, however, there has been a considerable reduction in psychological research and support in the armed forces as well.
Female Soldiers Playing Cards
Feminism
Women in military roles is an area of study receiving an increasing amount of attention. Currently women make up 10%-15% of the armed forces. However, gender integration in the military has been an ongoing process. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act was established, allowing women's units to be a part of federal forces. In 1976, women were officially permitted to be integrated into the three main Department of Defense service academies, which only men were originally allowed to attend. While this decision was highly debated, research has shown that gender integration has resulted in men having more positive attitudes towards working in combat positions with women. However, as women tended to move to away from nursing and helping roles, increasing attention is given to how the brutal realities of combat would affect the women psychologically. Research shows that, when affected, women tend to ask for help, more so than men, thus avoiding many of the long-term mental suffering that male soldiers face after their deployment has ended. Some of the mental issues that researchers have been looking into lately is the link between PTSD, sexual harassment, and sexual trauma. Reports indicate that military personnel who report experiencing sexual trauma have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental health condition during their lifetime (e.g., PTSD) as compared to their civilian counterparts. There are gender differences in regard to sexual assault and or harassment while on deployment. Women have shown statistically that they receive more sexual assault than men. A large majority of military members turn away from seeking psychological help because they fear differential treatment from leaders.
History
US Armed Forces Seals
Psychological stress and disorders have always been a part of military life, especially during and after wartime, but the mental health section of military psychology has not always experienced the awareness it does now. Even in the present day there is much more research and awareness needed concerning this area.
One of the first institutions created to care for military psychiatric patients was St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Formerly known as the United States Government Hospital for the Insane, the hospital was founded by the United States Congress in 1855 and is currently in a state of disrepair although operational, with revitalization plans scheduled to begin in 2010.
Early work
In 1890 James McKeen Cattell coined the term “mental tests”. Cattell studied under Wundt at Leipzig in Germany at one point during his life and strongly advocated for psychology to be viewed as a science on par with the physical and life sciences. He promoted the need for standardization of procedures, use of norms, and advocated the use of statistical analysis to study individual differences. He was unwavering in his opposition to America's involvement in World War I.
Lightner Witmer, who also spent some time working under Wundt, changed the scene for psychology forever from his position at the University of Pennsylvania when he coined the term “clinical psychology” and outlined a program of training and study. This model for clinical psychology is still followed in modern times. Eleven years later in 1907 Witmer founded the journal The Psychological Clinic.
Also in 1907, a routine psychological screening plan for hospitalized psychiatric patients was developed by Shepard Ivory Franz, civilian research psychologist at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Two years later, under the leadership of William Alanson White, St. Elizabeth's Hospital became known for research and training of psychiatrists and military medical officers. In 1911 Hebert Butts, a navy medical officer stationed at St. Elizabeth's, published the first protocol for psychological screening of navy recruits based on Franz's work.
Intelligence testing in the U.S. military
Lewis M. Terman, a professor at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon Scale in 1916, renaming it the Stanford-Binet Revision. This test was the beginning of the “Intelligence Testing Movement” and was administered to over 170,000 soldiers in the United States Army during World War I. Yerkes published the results of these tests in 1921 in a document that became known as the Army Report.
There were two tests that initially made up the intelligence tests for the military: Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. They were developed to evaluate vast numbers of military recruits that were both literate (Army Alpha tests) and illiterate (Army Beta tests). The Army Beta test were designed to “measure native intellectual capacity”. The Army Beta test also helped to test non-English speaking service members.
The standardized intelligence and entrance tests that have been used for each military branch in the United States has transformed over the years. Finally, in 1974, “the Department of Defense decided that all Services should use Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) for both screening enlistees and assigning them to military occupations. Combining selection and classification testing made the testing process more efficient. It also enabled the Services to improve the matching of applicants with available job positions and allowed job guarantees for those qualified”. This went fully into effect in 1976.
Yerkes and war
Robert M. Yerkes, while he was president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1917, worked with Edward B. Titchener and a group of psychologists that were known as the “Experimentalists”. Their work resulted in formulating a plan for APA members to offer their professional services to the World War I effort, even though Yerkes was known for being opposed to America being involved in the war at all. It was decided that psychologists could provide support in developing methods for selection of recruits and treatment of war victims. This was spurred, in part, by America's growing interest in the work of Alfred Binet in France on mental measurement, as well as the scientific management movement to enhance worker productivity.
In 1919, Yerkes was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. In a plan proposed to the Surgeon General, Yerkes wrote: "The Council of the American Psychological Association is convinced that in the present emergency American psychology can substantially serve the Government, under the medical corps of the Army and Navy, by examining recruits with respect to intellectual deficiency, psychopathic tendencies, nervous instability, and inadequate self-control". Also in 1919, the Army Division of Psychology in the Medical Department was established at the medical training camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia to train personnel to provide mental testing of large groups.
This was also the era when the condition referred to as “shell shock” was first seriously studied by psychologists and standardized screening tests for pilots were administered.
World War II
World War II ushered in an era of substantial growth for the psychological field, centering around four major areas: testing for individual abilities, applied social psychology, instruction and training, and clinical psychology. During World War II, the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and the Navy General Classification Test (NGCT) were used in place of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests for similar purposes.
The United States Army had no unified program for the use of clinical psychologists until 1944, towards the end of World War II. Before this time, no clinical psychologists were serving in Army hospitals under the supervision of psychiatrists. This had to do with psychologists’ opposition to this type of service and also to the limited role the Army assigned to psychiatry. At this time, the only psychiatric interview that was being processed on the ever-increasing numbers of military recruits lasted only three minutes and could only manage to weed out the severely disturbed recruits. Under these conditions, it was impossible to determine which seemingly normal recruits would crack under the strain of military duties, and the need for clinical psychologists grew. By 1945 there were over 450 clinical psychologists serving in the U.S. Army.
Military psychology matured well past the areas aforementioned that concerned psychologists up until this time, branching off into sectors that included military leadership, the effects of environmental factors on human performance, military intelligence, psychological operations and warfare (such as Special Forces like PSYOP), selection for special duties, and the influences of personal background, attitudes, and the work group on soldier motivation and morals.
Korean War
The Korean War was the first war in which clinical psychologists served overseas, positioned in hospitals as well as combat zones. Their particular roles were vague, broad, and fairly undefined, except for the U.S. Air Force, which provided detailed job descriptions. The Air Force also outlined the standardized tests and procedures for evaluating recruits that were to be used.
Vietnam War
In the Vietnam War, there were significant challenges that obstructed the regular use of psychologists to support combat troops. The mental health teams were very small, usually only consisting of one psychiatrist, one psychologist, and three or four enlisted corpsmen. Quite often, medical officers, including psychologists, were working in severe conditions with little or no field experience. Despite these challenges, military psychiatry had improved compared to previous wars, which focused on maximizing function and minimizing disability by preventive and therapeutic measures.
Global War on Terror
A 2014 study of soldiers who had mental health problems after Overseas Contingency Operation service found that a majority of them had symptoms before they enlisted.
See also
Army Alpha
Army Beta
Center for Deployment Psychology
Human subject research
Military science
MKULTRA
Morale
Psychological warfare
Unit cohesion
References
^ a b Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric A. (30 June 2022). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-4994-8.
^ a b The Oxford handbook of military psychology. Janice H. Laurence, Michael D. Matthews. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-539932-5. OCLC 713834813.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Hacker Hughes, Jamie; McCauley, M; Wilson, L (9 November 2018). "History of military psychology". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 165 (2): 68–70. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001048. ISSN 0035-8665. PMID 30415213. S2CID 53286244.
^ a b c Carrie H. Kennedy and Eric A. Zillmer, ed. (2006). "Military Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations" (PDF). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-724-7.
^ "How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org". careersinpsychology.org. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ "Careers in the Military". www.careersinthemilitary.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ "Research Psychologist". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ a b c "Psychological Warfare and Terrorism"
^ "Research Psychologist". goarmy.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ Staal, Mark; Michael DeVries (2018). "Military Operational Psychology". Psychological Services. 17 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1037/ser0000308. PMID 30211574. S2CID 52198101.
^ Staal, Mark A.; James A. Stephenson (2006). "Operational Psychology: An Emerging Subdiscipline". Military Psychology. 18 (4): 269–282. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1804_2. S2CID 143762046.
^ Staal, M.A. & Stephenson, J.A. (2013). Operational Psychology Post-9/11: A Decade of Evolution. Military Psychology, 25(2), 93-104. doi:10.1037/h0094951
^ Kennedy, C. H., & Williams, T. J. (2010). Operational psychology ethics: Addressing evolving dilemmas. In C. Kennedy and T. Williams (Eds.), The ethics of operational psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
^ Arrigo, J. M., Eidelson, R. J., & Bennett, R. (2012). Psychology under fire: Adversarial operational psychology and psychological ethics. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18, 384–400.
^ Staal, Mark A.; DeVries, Michael R. (May 2020). "Military operational psychology". Psychological Services. 17 (2): 195–198. doi:10.1037/ser0000308. ISSN 1939-148X. PMID 30211574.
^ Staal, Mark A. (2018). "Applied Psychology Under Attack: A Response to the Brookline Principles". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 24 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1037/pac0000333. S2CID 149490959.
^ Staal, M. A., & Greene, C. (2015). An Examination of “Adversarial” Operational Psychology. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21, 264–268.
^ Staal, M. A., & Greene, C. (2015). Operational psychology: An ethical practice–A reply to Arrigo, Eidelson, and Rockwood (2015). Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21, 279–281.
^ "APA, 202".
^ Murray, L., Brains and Bullets: How Psychology Wins War (London: Biteback, 2013) ISBN 978-1849545167
^ a b c d "Division 19 – Society for Military Psychology", (2009). About Military Psychology. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
^ Penix, Elizabeth (2024). "Psychotherapy Dropout in Military Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 85 (2–B): 1–2. ProQuest 2844941463 – via ProQuest.
^ Cohen, G. H.; Fink, D. S.; Sampson, L.; Galea, S. (1 January 2015). "Mental Health Among Reserve Component Military Service Members and Veterans". Epidemiologic Reviews. 37 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu007. ISSN 0193-936X. PMC 4325668. PMID 25595172.
^ Eisen, Susan V.; Schultz, Mark R.; Vogt, Dawne; Glickman, Mark E.; Elwy, A. Rani; Drainoni, Mari-Lynn; Osei-Bonsu, Princess E.; Martin, James (1 March 2012). "Mental and Physical Health Status and Alcohol and Drug Use Following Return From Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (S1): S66–S73. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3496463. PMID 22390605.
^ Osborne, A K; Wilson-Menzfeld, G; McGill, G; Kiernan, M D (2022). "Military service and alcohol use: a systematic narrative review". Occupational Medicine. 72 (5): 313–323. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqac045. ISSN 0962-7480. PMC 9272263. PMID 35674143.
^ Hoggatt, K. J.; Jamison, A. L.; Lehavot, K.; Cucciare, M. A.; Timko, C.; Simpson, T. L. (1 January 2015). "Alcohol and Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence in Women Veterans". Epidemiologic Reviews. 37 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu010. ISSN 0193-936X.
^ Segal, Mady Wechsler; Smith, David G.; Segal, David R.; Canuso, Amy A. (2016). "The Role of Leadership and Peer Behaviors in the Performance and Well-Being of Women in Combat: Historical Perspectives, Unit Integration, and Family Issues". Military Medicine. 181 (1S): 28–39. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00342. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 26741899.
^ "Psychosocial Effects of Trauma on Military Women Serving in the National Guard and Reserves". Advances in Social Work. 13 (1): 166–184. 2012.
^ "Women and War". www.apa.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
^ Katz, Lori S.; Cojucar, Geta; Davenport, Cory T.; Pedram, Christina; Lindl, Claire (20 January 2010). "Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences". Military Psychology. 22 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/08995600903249222. ISSN 0899-5605. S2CID 144431584.
^ Hom, Melanie A.; Stanley, Ian H.; Schneider, Matthew E.; Joiner, Thomas E. (1 April 2017). "A systematic review of help-seeking and mental health service utilization among military service members". Clinical Psychology Review. 53: 59–78. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.008. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 28214634.
^ a b c d e f g h i Michels, K. (2004)." Intelligence Testing in the United States Military Archived 25 January 2013 at archive.today". Retrieved 29 October 2009.
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2006). "Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital". Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ a b Plucker, J. A. (Ed.). (2003). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved 19 November 2009, from http://www.indiana.edu/~intell
^ Grassetti, S. (2007). Lightner Witmer Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
^ a b c "History of Military Testing", ASVAB. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
^ a b Xiao, H. (2007). "CWU Lecture to Outline History of Military Psychology Archived 30 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine", News and Headlines. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
^ United States Veterans Administration and Department of Medicine and Surgery (1972). The Vietnam Veteran in contemporary society; collected materials pertaining to the young veterans. Washington, D.C.: Department of Medicine and Surgery. pp. III–55.
^ "Study: Nearly 1-In-5 US Army Soldiers Had Mental Illness Before Enlistment". cbslocal.com. CBS DC. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
External links
The Center for Deployment Psychology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EEG_early_studies_edited.jpg"}],"text":"Military psychology is a specialization within psychology that applies psychological science to promote the readiness of military members, organizations, and operations.[1] Military psychologists provide support to the military in many ways, including through direct clinical care, consultation to military commanders, teaching others and supporting military training, and through research relevant to military operations and personnel. Military psychology as a field has been growing since the early 20th century, evidence that the demands and needs for psychological clinical and operational application is continuing to grow steadily.[1] There are many stressors associated with military service, including exposure to high-risk training and combat. As such, psychologists are critical support components that assist military leaders in designing appropriate training programs, providing oversight to those programs, and assisting military members as they navigate the challenges of military training and their new lifestyle. Military psychology covers a wide range of fields throughout the military including operational, tactical, and occupational psychology.[2] Gender differences between military-trained personnel who seek mental health assistance have been extensively studied. Specific examples include post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with combat, or guilt and family/partner difficulties accompanying extended or frequent deployments due to separation. Clinical providers in military psychology are often focused on the treatment of stress, fatigue, and other personal readiness issues.[2] Previous wars such as the Korean war, Vietnam war, and WW 2 provide great insight to the workings and practices of military psychology and how the practices have changed and assisted the military over the years.[3]Psychologist Performing a Test","title":"Military psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"},{"link_name":"national emergencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"psychologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"applied science and practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"group therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_therapy"},{"link_name":"individual therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_therapy"},{"link_name":"behavior modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"survival training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_training"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"interrogation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogation"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"international laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"text":"The military is a group of individuals who are trained and equipped to perform national security tasks in unique and often chaotic and trauma-filled situations. These situations can include the front-lines of battle, national emergencies, counter-terrorism support, allied assistance, or the disaster response scenarios where they are providing relief-aid for the host populations of both friendly and enemy states. Though many psychologists may have a general understanding with regards to a humans response to traumatic situations, military psychologists are uniquely trained and experienced specialists in applied science and practice among this special population. While the service members may be providing direct aid to the victims of events, military psychologists are providing specialized aid to both members, their families, and the victims of military operations as they cope with the often \"normal\" response or reaction to uncommon and abnormal circumstances.[4] Military psychologists can assess, diagnose, treat and recommend the duty status most suitable for the optimal well-being of the individual, group, and organization. Through the use of group therapy, individual therapy, and behavior modification, these psychologists actively treat psychological disorders, most commonly emotional trauma. When counseling members of a military personnel's family, they are most often tasked with providing grief counseling after the loss of a loved one in the line of duty.[5][6][7] Events that affect the mental state, resilience or psychological assets and vulnerabilities of the warrior and the command are where military psychologists are most equipped to meet the unique challenges and provide expert care and consultation to preserve the behavioral health of the fighting force.In addition to the specialized roles previously mentioned, military psychologists often provide support to many non-healthcare-related activities. For example, military psychologists may provide their expertise and training in the consultation to hostage negotiations. Military psychologists are not hostage negotiators; however, they often consult [ation] with those directly communicating with hostage-takers in a manner that seeks the safety and protections of all involved. Military psychologists may also apply their science to aviation selection and training, to the study and application of survival training, and the selection of personnel for special military duties.[8]Another common practice domain for military psychologists is in performing fitness for duty evaluations, especially in high risk and high reliability occupations. The types of fitness evaluations include both basic entry examinations and career progression examinations such as those conducted when individuals are seeking promotion, higher-classification clearance status, and specialized, hazardous, and mission critical working conditions. When operational commanders become concerned about the impact of continuous, critical, and traumatic operations on those in their command, they often consult with a military psychologist.The fitness evaluations might lead to command directed administrative actions or provide the information necessary to make decisions by a medical board or other tribunal and must be thoroughly conducted by non-biased individuals with the experience and training necessary to render a professional opinion that is critical to key decision makers. Military psychologists must be well versed in the art and science of psychology as specialized applied practice professionals. They must also be highly competent generalists in the military profession, and be able to understand both professions well enough to examine human behavior in the context of military operations. It takes the psychologist several years beyond the doctorate to develop the expertise necessary to understand how to integrate psychology with the complex needs of the military.[4]Another very select and infrequent use of military psychology is in the interview of subjects, the interrogation of prisoners, and the vetting of those who may provide information of operational or intelligence value that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly and enemy casualties. Psychology's scientific principles applied here allow the interviewer, agent, or interrogator to get as much information as possible through non-invasive means without the need to resort to active measures or risk violating the rules of engagement, host nation agreements, international and military law or crossing the threshold of the Geneva Conventions' guidelines to which the United States and its allies subscribe, regardless of the status of many of the modern belligerent countries on the international laws and United Nations agreements.[8]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"mental health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_care"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"post traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder"}],"text":"The goals and missions of current military psychologists have been retained over the years, varying with the focus and strength of intensity of research put forth into each sector. Working in research as a military psychologist entails performing personnel research, such as determining what traits are best utilized in which positions, the training procedures, and analyzing what variables impact the health and performance of military personnel.[9] The need for mental health care is now an expected part of high-stress military environments.[4] The importance and severity of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has gained more credibility than those suffering from it received in the past, and is being highlighted in treatment programs. More extensive post-deployment screenings take place now to home in on problematic recoveries that used to be passed unnoticed and untreated.","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"counterterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"social scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scientists"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal"},{"link_name":"methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"sub_title":"Terrorism","text":"Terrorism and counterterrorism, information management, and psychological warfare are value-added roles for the applied aspects of military psychology that are developing. For instance, contrary to the common myths and stereotypes about modern terrorists, that tend portray them as mentally disturbed individuals; most terrorists are far from that typology according to studies conducted by behavioral and social scientists who have either directly interviewed and observed terrorists or conducted meta-analytic studies of terrorism and terrorists.Terrorists have tended to be from among the more well educated in their host countries. They often have developed a well thought out, but not very often publicized or well articulated, rigid ideology that provides the foundation for their strategy and tactics. Psychologically disturbed terrorists increase the risk of damage to the terror organization's strategic outcomes. As in any organization, mentally disturbed terrorists are a liability and the leaders of terrorist groups are well aware of the risks that these types of persons present. As any good organizational leader, the effective terrorist will try to recruit the best person for the job. It is doubtful that modern terrorist groups would adopt the affirmative action and other hiring practices dictated under employment laws in the United States or other Western countries.It is important to understand when and how the label of terrorism is applied because of its psychological impact as suggested above. The causes, goals, methodology, and strategy of the terrorist mindset is well suited for psychological inquiry and the development of the strategy and tactics used to confront it. Terrorism is an ideology that uses behavioral, emotional, and group dynamics, along with social and psychological principles to influence populations for political purposes. It is a form of psychological warfare. The terrorists are experts in the use of fear, violence, threats of violence and trauma in order to advance the political agenda. Terrorists seek psychological control and use violent behavior to cause the population to behave in ways that disrupt and destroy the existing political processes and symbols of political power. They control people by using deep primal emotions to elicit a reaction and shape behavior.The goal of a terrorist is to use violence to create the natural fear of death and dismemberment and use it to change or shape political behavior, control thought and modify speech. Military and operational psychologists are highly trained and experienced. They are experts equipped with the specialized knowledge, skills, and abilities in the art and science of the military and psychology professions that give them a great deal of potential in this unique operational environment.[8]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"behavioral science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal4-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staal3-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Operational psychology","text":"Operational psychology is a specialty within the field of psychology that applies behavioral science principles through the use of consultation to enable key decision makers to more effectively understand, develop, target, and influence an individual, group or organization to accomplish tactical, operational, or strategic objectives within the domain of national security or national defense. This is a relatively new sub-discipline that has been employed largely by psychologists and behavioral scientists in military, intelligence, and law enforcement arenas (although other areas of public safety employ psychologists in this capacity as well). While psychology has been utilized in non-health related fields for many decades, recent years have seen an increased focus on its national security applications. Examples of such applications include the development of counterinsurgency strategy through human profiling, interrogation and detention support, information-psychological operations, and the selection of personnel for specialized military or other public safety activities.[10][11][12][13]Recently, operational psychology has been under increased scrutiny due to allegations of unethical conduct by some practitioners supporting military and law enforcement interrogations. As a result, a small group of psychologists have raised concerns about the ethics of such practice.[14][15] Supporters of operational psychology have responded by providing an ethical defense of such activity. They argue that the American Psychological Association's ethical code is sufficient to support operational psychologists in a number of activities (to include legal interrogation by the military and other law enforcement agencies).[16][17][18]In response to this controversy, the American Psychological Association (APA) assembled a cross-divisional task force to draft professional practice guidelines built around the APA ethics code and related policies. These guidelines were adopted by the APA's Council of Representatives in August 2023 at their annual convention.[19]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suppressive fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressive_fire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Tactical psychology","text":"Tactical psychology is \"a sharp focus on what soldiers do once they are in contact with the enemy...on what a front-line soldier can do to win a battle\". It combines psychology and historical analysis (the application of statistics to military historical data) to find out how tactics make the enemy freeze, flee or fuss, instead of fight. Tactical psychology examines how techniques like suppressive fire, combined arms or flanking reduce the enemy's will to fight.[20]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"suicidal ideation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Soldier.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Health, organizational, and occupational psychology","text":"Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, including operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing research to help select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. Some military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families. Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs within the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportunity. More modern programs employ the skills and knowledge of military psychologists to address issues such as integrating diverse ethnic and racial groups into the military and reducing sexual assault and discrimination. Others assist in the employment of women in combat positions and other positions traditionally held by men. Other responsibilities include helping to utilize low-capability recruits and rehabilitate drug-addicted and wounded service members.[21]Many military psychologists are in charge of drug testing and psychological treatment for mental illnesses, such as alcohol and substance abuse. In terms of the prevalence of psychological issues in the military, active duty members and veterans most commonly struggle with PTSD, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. Worsening psychological symptoms due to potentially traumatic events can cause decision-making impairments. During high-stress situations, decision-making impairments can heavily impact the safety of the individual and their unit.[22][23] Veteran men who served in the Army and Marine Corps showed poorer mental health than Air Force. These men also showed higher use of alcohol and drugs.[24] Research shows that there are high rates of alcohol use in the military, with a higher prevalence in service men than in service women.[25][26] In modern times, the advisement of military psychologists is being heard and taken into consideration for national policy more than ever before. There are now more psychologists employed by the U.S. Department of Defense than by any other organization in the world. Since the downsizing of the military in the 1990s, however, there has been a considerable reduction in psychological research and support in the armed forces as well.[21]Female Soldiers Playing Cards","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women in military roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"Women's Armed Services Integration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Armed_Services_Integration_Act"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"mental suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_suffering"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Feminism","text":"Women in military roles is an area of study receiving an increasing amount of attention. Currently women make up 10%-15% of the armed forces. However, gender integration in the military has been an ongoing process. In 1948, the Women's Armed Services Integration Act was established, allowing women's units to be a part of federal forces. In 1976, women were officially permitted to be integrated into the three main Department of Defense service academies, which only men were originally allowed to attend. While this decision was highly debated, research has shown that gender integration has resulted in men having more positive attitudes towards working in combat positions with women.[27] However, as women tended to move to away from nursing and helping roles, increasing attention is given to how the brutal realities of combat would affect the women psychologically. Research shows that, when affected, women tend to ask for help, more so than men, thus avoiding many of the long-term mental suffering that male soldiers face after their deployment has ended.[28] Some of the mental issues that researchers have been looking into lately is the link between PTSD, sexual harassment, and sexual trauma. Reports indicate that military personnel who report experiencing sexual trauma have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental health condition during their lifetime (e.g., PTSD) as compared to their civilian counterparts. [29] There are gender differences in regard to sexual assault and or harassment while on deployment. Women have shown statistically that they receive more sexual assault than men.[30] A large majority of military members turn away from seeking psychological help because they fear differential treatment from leaders.[31]","title":"Area of study"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seals_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces.png"},{"link_name":"St. Elizabeths Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"US Armed Forces SealsPsychological stress and disorders have always been a part of military life, especially during and after wartime, but the mental health section of military psychology has not always experienced the awareness it does now. Even in the present day there is much more research and awareness needed concerning this area.One of the first institutions created to care for military psychiatric patients was St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Formerly known as the United States Government Hospital for the Insane, the hospital was founded by the United States Congress in 1855 and is currently in a state of disrepair although operational, with revitalization plans scheduled to begin in 2010.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James McKeen Cattell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plucker-34"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Lightner Witmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightner_Witmer"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"clinical psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"William Alanson White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alanson_White"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"In 1890 James McKeen Cattell coined the term “mental tests”. Cattell studied under Wundt at Leipzig in Germany at one point during his life and strongly advocated for psychology to be viewed as a science on par with the physical and life sciences.[34] He promoted the need for standardization of procedures, use of norms, and advocated the use of statistical analysis to study individual differences. He was unwavering in his opposition to America's involvement in World War I.[32]Lightner Witmer, who also spent some time working under Wundt, changed the scene for psychology forever from his position at the University of Pennsylvania when he coined the term “clinical psychology” and outlined a program of training and study.[35] This model for clinical psychology is still followed in modern times. Eleven years later in 1907 Witmer founded the journal The Psychological Clinic.Also in 1907, a routine psychological screening plan for hospitalized psychiatric patients was developed by Shepard Ivory Franz, civilian research psychologist at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Two years later, under the leadership of William Alanson White, St. Elizabeth's Hospital became known for research and training of psychiatrists and military medical officers. In 1911 Hebert Butts, a navy medical officer stationed at St. Elizabeth's, published the first protocol for psychological screening of navy recruits based on Franz's work.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis M. Terman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_M._Terman"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford-Binet Revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plucker-34"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Army Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Army Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Beta"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"},{"link_name":"Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"}],"sub_title":"Intelligence testing in the U.S. military","text":"Lewis M. Terman, a professor at Stanford University, revised the Binet-Simon Scale in 1916, renaming it the Stanford-Binet Revision.[34] This test was the beginning of the “Intelligence Testing Movement” and was administered to over 170,000 soldiers in the United States Army during World War I. Yerkes published the results of these tests in 1921 in a document that became known as the Army Report.[32]There were two tests that initially made up the intelligence tests for the military: Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. They were developed to evaluate vast numbers of military recruits that were both literate (Army Alpha tests) and illiterate (Army Beta tests). The Army Beta test were designed to “measure native intellectual capacity”. The Army Beta test also helped to test non-English speaking service members.[36]The standardized intelligence and entrance tests that have been used for each military branch in the United States has transformed over the years. Finally, in 1974, “the Department of Defense decided that all Services should use Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) for both screening enlistees and assigning them to military occupations. Combining selection and classification testing made the testing process more efficient. It also enabled the Services to improve the matching of applicants with available job positions and allowed job guarantees for those qualified”. This went fully into effect in 1976.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert M. Yerkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Yerkes"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"Edward B. Titchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"Alfred Binet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binet"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"},{"link_name":"Surgeon General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"psychopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopath"},{"link_name":"Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"shell shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_shock"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-37"}],"sub_title":"Yerkes and war","text":"Robert M. Yerkes, while he was president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1917, worked with Edward B. Titchener and a group of psychologists that were known as the “Experimentalists”. Their work resulted in formulating a plan for APA members to offer their professional services to the World War I effort, even though Yerkes was known for being opposed to America being involved in the war at all. It was decided that psychologists could provide support in developing methods for selection of recruits and treatment of war victims.[32] This was spurred, in part, by America's growing interest in the work of Alfred Binet in France on mental measurement, as well as the scientific management movement to enhance worker productivity.[21]In 1919, Yerkes was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. In a plan proposed to the Surgeon General, Yerkes wrote: \"The Council of the American Psychological Association is convinced that in the present emergency American psychology can substantially serve the Government, under the medical corps of the Army and Navy, by examining recruits with respect to intellectual deficiency, psychopathic tendencies, nervous instability, and inadequate self-control\". Also in 1919, the Army Division of Psychology in the Medical Department was established at the medical training camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia to train personnel to provide mental testing of large groups.[32]This was also the era when the condition referred to as “shell shock” was first seriously studied by psychologists and standardized screening tests for pilots were administered.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-37"},{"link_name":"Army General Classification Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_General_Classification_Test"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-36"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"PSYOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Operations_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-division-21"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"World War II ushered in an era of substantial growth for the psychological field, centering around four major areas: testing for individual abilities, applied social psychology, instruction and training, and clinical psychology.[37] During World War II, the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and the Navy General Classification Test (NGCT) were used in place of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests for similar purposes.[36]The United States Army had no unified program for the use of clinical psychologists until 1944, towards the end of World War II. Before this time, no clinical psychologists were serving in Army hospitals under the supervision of psychiatrists. This had to do with psychologists’ opposition to this type of service and also to the limited role the Army assigned to psychiatry. At this time, the only psychiatric interview that was being processed on the ever-increasing numbers of military recruits lasted only three minutes and could only manage to weed out the severely disturbed recruits. Under these conditions, it was impossible to determine which seemingly normal recruits would crack under the strain of military duties, and the need for clinical psychologists grew. By 1945 there were over 450 clinical psychologists serving in the U.S. Army.[32]Military psychology matured well past the areas aforementioned that concerned psychologists up until this time, branching off into sectors that included military leadership, the effects of environmental factors on human performance, military intelligence, psychological operations and warfare (such as Special Forces like PSYOP), selection for special duties, and the influences of personal background, attitudes, and the work group on soldier motivation and morals.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"}],"sub_title":"Korean War","text":"The Korean War was the first war in which clinical psychologists served overseas, positioned in hospitals as well as combat zones. Their particular roles were vague, broad, and fairly undefined, except for the U.S. Air Force, which provided detailed job descriptions. The Air Force also outlined the standardized tests and procedures for evaluating recruits that were to be used.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michels-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"In the Vietnam War, there were significant challenges that obstructed the regular use of psychologists to support combat troops. The mental health teams were very small, usually only consisting of one psychiatrist, one psychologist, and three or four enlisted corpsmen. Quite often, medical officers, including psychologists, were working in severe conditions with little or no field experience.[32] Despite these challenges, military psychiatry had improved compared to previous wars, which focused on maximizing function and minimizing disability by preventive and therapeutic measures.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Overseas Contingency Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Contingency_Operation"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Global War on Terror","text":"A 2014 study of soldiers who had mental health problems after Overseas Contingency Operation service found that a majority of them had symptoms before they enlisted.[39]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Psychologist Performing a Test","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/EEG_early_studies_edited.jpg/220px-EEG_early_studies_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"Female Soldiers Playing Cards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Female_Soldier.jpeg/220px-Female_Soldier.jpeg"},{"image_text":"US Armed Forces Seals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Seals_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces.png/220px-Seals_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Army Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Alpha"},{"title":"Army Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Beta"},{"title":"Center for Deployment Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Deployment_Psychology"},{"title":"Human subject research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_subject_research"},{"title":"Military science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science"},{"title":"MKULTRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA"},{"title":"Morale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale"},{"title":"Psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"title":"Unit cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cohesion"}]
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[{"reference":"Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric A. (30 June 2022). Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-4625-4994-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pDh4EAAAQBAJ&dq=military+psychology&pg=PP1","url_text":"Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-4994-8","url_text":"978-1-4625-4994-8"}]},{"reference":"The Oxford handbook of military psychology. Janice H. Laurence, Michael D. Matthews. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-539932-5. OCLC 713834813.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713834813","url_text":"The Oxford handbook of military psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539932-5","url_text":"978-0-19-539932-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713834813","url_text":"713834813"}]},{"reference":"Hacker Hughes, Jamie; McCauley, M; Wilson, L (9 November 2018). \"History of military psychology\". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 165 (2): 68–70. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001048. ISSN 0035-8665. PMID 30415213. 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ISBN 978-1-57230-724-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.igetdoc.com/ddata/84.pdf","url_text":"\"Military Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-724-7","url_text":"978-1-57230-724-7"}]},{"reference":"\"How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org\". careersinpsychology.org. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://careersinpsychology.org/become-a-military-psychologist/","url_text":"\"How To Become a Military Psychologist | CareersinPsychology.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Careers in the Military\". www.careersinthemilitary.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.careersinthemilitary.com/","url_text":"\"Careers in the Military\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Psychologist\". goarmy.com. 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ProQuest 2844941463 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/2844941463","url_text":"\"Psychotherapy Dropout in Military Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2844941463","url_text":"2844941463"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, G. H.; Fink, D. S.; Sampson, L.; Galea, S. (1 January 2015). \"Mental Health Among Reserve Component Military Service Members and Veterans\". Epidemiologic Reviews. 37 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu007. ISSN 0193-936X. PMC 4325668. 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Advances in Social Work. 13 (1): 166–184. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article/download/1878/1961","url_text":"\"Psychosocial Effects of Trauma on Military Women Serving in the National Guard and Reserves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women and War\". www.apa.org. Retrieved 5 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/09/women-war","url_text":"\"Women and War\""}]},{"reference":"Katz, Lori S.; Cojucar, Geta; Davenport, Cory T.; Pedram, Christina; Lindl, Claire (20 January 2010). \"Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences\". Military Psychology. 22 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/08995600903249222. ISSN 0899-5605. S2CID 144431584.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08995600903249222","url_text":"\"Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08995600903249222","url_text":"10.1080/08995600903249222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-5605","url_text":"0899-5605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144431584","url_text":"144431584"}]},{"reference":"Hom, Melanie A.; Stanley, Ian H.; Schneider, Matthew E.; Joiner, Thomas E. (1 April 2017). \"A systematic review of help-seeking and mental health service utilization among military service members\". Clinical Psychology Review. 53: 59–78. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.008. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 28214634.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027273581530204X","url_text":"\"A systematic review of help-seeking and mental health service utilization among military service members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2017.01.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-7358","url_text":"0272-7358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28214634","url_text":"28214634"}]},{"reference":"United States Veterans Administration and Department of Medicine and Surgery (1972). The Vietnam Veteran in contemporary society; collected materials pertaining to the young veterans. Washington, D.C.: Department of Medicine and Surgery. pp. III–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Study: Nearly 1-In-5 US Army Soldiers Had Mental Illness Before Enlistment\". cbslocal.com. CBS DC. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/03/04/study-nearly-1-in-5-us-army-soldiers-had-mental-illness-before-enlistment/","url_text":"\"Study: Nearly 1-In-5 US Army Soldiers Had Mental Illness Before Enlistment\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Cricket_Club
|
Blackpool Cricket Club
|
["1 Raikes Hall","2 Whitegate Park","3 Stanley Park","4 Former players","5 References","6 External links"]
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Stanley ParkGround informationLocationBlackpool, LancashireEstablishment1893Capacity5,000End namesPavilion EndNursery EndInternational informationFirst women's Test26–30 June 1937: England v AustraliaLast women's Test3–7 July 1986: England v IndiaFirst WODI26 August 2007: England v New ZealandLast WODI27 August 2007: England v New ZealandTeam information
Lancashire
(1874–present)As of 5 September 2020Source: Ground profile
Blackpool Cricket Club is a cricket club based in Stanley Park, in Blackpool, Lancashire. Located in western quadrant of the park, the club plays at a 5,000-seater ground, which is regularly used for county cricket matches by Lancashire.
The club's 1st and 2nd XI play in the ECB Northern Premier League while its 3rd XI and Sunday Development XI turn out in the Palace Shield, and its 4th XI in the Fylde League. Its players include first-class cricketer Steven Croft.
Raikes Hall
Blackpool Cricket Club first formed in 1888 and they regularly played at Raikes Hall pleasure gardens. In 1889, R.G. Barlow organised the All England XI to play at the site against the Blackpool team.
Whitegate Park
Due to repairs being needed at the Raikes Hall site in 1893, the Blackpool Athletic Ground Company decided to give the club a more permanent home at Whitegate Park. The new ground covered an area of 150yds by 130yds.
The first recorded match on the ground came in 1893, when Blackpool played the touring Australians, who were on their Ashes tour.
The inaugural first-class match to be played on the ground was between the North and the South in the 1905 North v South fixture. Lancashire played their first first-class match on the ground in 1905 when they played against an England XI. From 1905 to the present day, the club's ground has played host to 98 first-class matches, the last of which came in the 2008 County Championship between Lancashire and Surrey.
In the early 1920s the whitegate site no longer hosted other sports therefore it was decided the site would be dedicated to the Blackpool Cricket Club.
Stanley Park
Further information on Stanley Park Cricket Ground: Stanley Park, Blackpool § Cricket ground
In 1925, the grounds were renamed 'Stanley Park' as it sat within the boundary of the new park and continued to be the home of Blackpool Cricket Club. Sir Lindsay Parkinson donated the ground, valued at £10,000 to the club shortly before it was renamed Stanley Park. The ground is managed by Blackpool Cricket Club and the deeds are held in trust by the mayor.
The club played in the Ribblesdale League and were part of the founding members whom created the Northern League. Blackpool have also won the National Club Cricket Championship in 1990.
Former players
Many professionals have played at the club including: Peter Fairclough, Harold Larwood (played in 1939), Jim Parks, Cecil Parkin, Ted McDonald, Stewart Dempster, Ken James, Bill Alley, Hanif Mohammad, Rohan Kanhai, Cammie Smith, Mushtaq Mohammad, Collis King, Maninder Singh, Richie Richardson and Steven Croft.
Arthur Shrewsbury and Johnny Briggs played at the ground in 1891.
References
^ a b c "Stanley Park, Blackpool". CricketArchive. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
^ a b c d e Lorimer, Malcolm; Ambrose, Don (1992). Cricket Grounds of Lancashire. Nottingham, UK: Association of Cricket Statisticians.
^ "About Us". Blackpool Cricket Club. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
External links
Blackpool Cricket Club
vteLancashire County Cricket Club
Lancashire County Cricket Club
Lancashire Women
Players
Current squad
List of players
Category:Lancashire cricketers
GroundsCurrent grounds
Old Trafford Cricket Ground
Aigburth Cricket Ground, Liverpool
Stanley Park, Blackpool
Trafalgar Road, Southport
Sedbergh School
Previous grounds
Wavertree Road Ground, Liverpool
Station Road Ground, Whalley
Castleton Cricket Club Ground, Rochdale
Lune Road Ground, Lancaster
Seedhill Cricket Ground, Nelson
Alexandra Meadows, Blackburn
West Cliff, Preston
Church Road Ground, Lytham
Moss Lane, Alderley Edge
Captains
List of Lancashire County Cricket Club captains
Other
2005 season
First-class records
Roses Match
vteCulture and infrastructure of BlackpoolHealth
Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Miners' Convalescent Home
Trinity Hospice
Victoria Hospital
History
Shipwrecks
Abana
HMS Foudroyant
Riverdance
Sirene
Blackpool Heritage Trams
Media
Blackpool Gazette
Radio Wave 96.5
Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire
Politics
Council
Council elections
2000
03
07
11
15
Constituencies: Blackpool North
By-election: 1962
Blackpool North and Cleveleys
Blackpool North and Fleetwood
Blackpool South
North Lancashire
By-elections: 1874
78
85
Sport
A.F.C. Blackpool
Blackpool Borough
Blackpool Cricket Club
Blackpool F.C.
Blackpool Panthers
Blackpool Sea Eagles
Blackpool Seagulls
Blackpool Wren Rovers F.C.
Northern Rail Nines
Squires Gate F.C.
2015 World Seniors Championship
Transport
Blackpool Airport
Blackpool and Fleetwood Tramroad
Blackpool branch lines
Blackpool Electric Tramway Company
Blackpool Tramway
Blackpool Transport
British NorthWest Airlines
English Electric Balloon
Flexity 2
Flykeen Airways
List of tram stops
Preston and Wyre Joint Railway
Railway stations
Blackpool North
Blackpool Pleasure Beach
Blackpool South
Layton
Disused stations
Blackpool Central
South Shore
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Stanley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Park,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"county cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_cricket"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"ECB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"Northern Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"first-class cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Steven Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Croft_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-1"}],"text":"Blackpool Cricket Club is a cricket club based in Stanley Park, in Blackpool, Lancashire. Located in western quadrant of the park, the club plays at a 5,000-seater ground, which is regularly used for county cricket matches by Lancashire.The club's 1st and 2nd XI play in the ECB Northern Premier League while its 3rd XI and Sunday Development XI turn out in the Palace Shield, and its 4th XI in the Fylde League. Its players include first-class cricketer Steven Croft.[1]","title":"Blackpool Cricket Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raikes Hall pleasure gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raikes_Hall"},{"link_name":"R.G. Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Barlow"},{"link_name":"All England XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_XI"}],"text":"Blackpool Cricket Club first formed in 1888 and they regularly played at Raikes Hall pleasure gardens. In 1889, R.G. Barlow organised the All England XI to play at the site against the Blackpool team.","title":"Raikes Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorimer-2"},{"link_name":"Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ashes tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1893"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-1"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_England"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England"},{"link_name":"North v South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_v_South"},{"link_name":"England XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2008 County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_County_Championship"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorimer-2"}],"text":"Due to repairs being needed at the Raikes Hall site in 1893, the Blackpool Athletic Ground Company decided to give the club a more permanent home at Whitegate Park. The new ground covered an area of 150yds by 130yds.[2]\nThe first recorded match on the ground came in 1893, when Blackpool played the touring Australians, who were on their Ashes tour.[1]\nThe inaugural first-class match to be played on the ground was between the North and the South in the 1905 North v South fixture. Lancashire played their first first-class match on the ground in 1905 when they played against an England XI. From 1905 to the present day, the club's ground has played host to 98 first-class matches, the last of which came in the 2008 County Championship between Lancashire and Surrey.[1]\nIn the early 1920s the whitegate site no longer hosted other sports therefore it was decided the site would be dedicated to the Blackpool Cricket Club.[2]","title":"Whitegate Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Park, Blackpool § Cricket ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Park,_Blackpool#Cricket_ground"},{"link_name":"Sir Lindsay Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lindsay_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorimer-2"},{"link_name":"Ribblesdale League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_Cricket_League#Foundation"},{"link_name":"Northern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_Cricket_League"},{"link_name":"National Club Cricket Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECB_National_Club_Cricket_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorimer-2"}],"text":"Further information on Stanley Park Cricket Ground: Stanley Park, Blackpool § Cricket groundIn 1925, the grounds were renamed 'Stanley Park' as it sat within the boundary of the new park and continued to be the home of Blackpool Cricket Club. Sir Lindsay Parkinson donated the ground, valued at £10,000 to the club shortly before it was renamed Stanley Park. The ground is managed by Blackpool Cricket Club and the deeds are held in trust by the mayor.[2]\nThe club played in the Ribblesdale League and were part of the founding members whom created the Northern League. Blackpool have also won the National Club Cricket Championship in 1990.[2]","title":"Stanley Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Fairclough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fairclough_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harold Larwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Larwood"},{"link_name":"Jim Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Parks_senior"},{"link_name":"Cecil Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Parkin"},{"link_name":"Ted McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Stewart Dempster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewie_Dempster"},{"link_name":"Ken James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_James_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Alley"},{"link_name":"Hanif Mohammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanif_Mohammad"},{"link_name":"Rohan Kanhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Kanhai"},{"link_name":"Cammie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mushtaq Mohammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushtaq_Mohammad"},{"link_name":"Collis King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collis_King"},{"link_name":"Maninder Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maninder_Singh_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Richie Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Steven Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Croft_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCC-3"},{"link_name":"Arthur Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Shrewsbury_(cricketer,_born_1874)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Briggs_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorimer-2"}],"text":"Many professionals have played at the club including: Peter Fairclough, Harold Larwood (played in 1939), Jim Parks, Cecil Parkin, Ted McDonald, Stewart Dempster, Ken James, Bill Alley, Hanif Mohammad, Rohan Kanhai, Cammie Smith, Mushtaq Mohammad, Collis King, Maninder Singh, Richie Richardson and Steven Croft.[3]\nArthur Shrewsbury and Johnny Briggs played at the ground in 1891.[2]","title":"Former players"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Stanley Park, Blackpool\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 13 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/326.html","url_text":"\"Stanley Park, Blackpool\""}]},{"reference":"Lorimer, Malcolm; Ambrose, Don (1992). Cricket Grounds of Lancashire. Nottingham, UK: Association of Cricket Statisticians.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Blackpool Cricket Club. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209110031/http://www.blackpoolcricket.co.uk/index.php/the-club/about-bcc","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.blackpoolcricket.co.uk/index.php/the-club/about-bcc","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/326.html","external_links_name":"Ground profile"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/326.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Park, Blackpool\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209110031/http://www.blackpoolcricket.co.uk/index.php/the-club/about-bcc","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackpoolcricket.co.uk/index.php/the-club/about-bcc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blackpoolcricket.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Blackpool Cricket Club"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources
|
Natural Resources
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
|
This article is about the album. For other uses, see Natural resource.
1970 studio album by Martha Reeves and the VandellasNatural ResourcesStudio album by Martha Reeves and the VandellasReleasedSeptember 8, 1970Recorded1969 – 1970GenreSoulLength33:10LabelGordyProducerHenry CosbyClarence PaulMartha Reeves and the Vandellas chronology
Sugar 'n' Spice(1969)
Natural Resources(1970)
Black Magic(1972)
Singles from Natural Resources
"I Should Be Proud"Released: February 12, 1970
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Natural Resources is a 1970 soul album released by Motown girl group Martha Reeves and the Vandellas on the Gordy (Motown) label. The album is significant for the Vietnam War ballad "I Should Be Proud" and the slow jam, "Love Guess Who". The album marked a return from lead singer Martha Reeves, recovering from a time in a mental institution after an addiction to painkillers nearly wrecked her (though it still took her until 1977 to beat her addiction). This was the next-to-last album for the Vandellas, whose success had peaked in the mid-1960s.
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Something"George Harrison2:472."Easily Persuaded"Dick CooperClarence PaulErnie ShelbyMorris Broadnax2:443."Didn't We"Jimmy Webb2:414."I'm in Love"Ernie Shelby2:585."Love, Guess Who"Clarence PaulErnie Shelby2:546."Everybody's Talking"Fred Neil2:50
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Put a Little Love in Your Heart"Jackie DeShannonJimmy HolidayRandy Myers2:572."The Hurt Is Over (Since I've Found You)"Duke Browner2:573."Take a Look"Clyde Otis2:164."Won't It Be So Wonderful"Nickolas AshfordValerie Simpson2:305."I Should Be Proud"Henry CosbyJoe HintonPam Sawyer2:566."People Got to Be Free"Felix CavaliereEd Brigati2:40
Personnel
Martha Reeves - lead vocals; background vocals on "Everybody's Talking"
The Andantes - background vocals (side 1, tracks 2, 4, 5; side 2, tracks 2, 5 and 6)
Lois Reeves - backing vocals (side 1, track 1; side 2, track 5)
Sandra Tilley - background vocals (side 1, track 1; side 2, track 5)
Valerie Simpson - background vocals (side 2, track 4)
Nickolas Ashford - background vocals (side 2, track 4)
The Funk Brothers - instrumentation
References
^ Natural Resources at AllMusic
vteMartha and the Vandellas
Martha Reeves and the Vandellas
Martha Reeves
Lois Reeves
Delphine Reeves
The Original Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford
Annette Beard
Roschelle Laughhunn
Gloria Williams
Betty Kelly
Sandra Tilley
Studio albums
Come and Get These Memories
Heat Wave
Dance Party
Watchout!
Ridin' High
Sugar 'n' Spice
Natural Resources
Black Magic
Live albums
Martha and the Vandellas Live!
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Singles
"I'll Have to Let Him Go"
"Come and Get These Memories"
"Heat Wave"
"Quicksand"
"Live Wire"
"In My Lonely Room"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Wild One"
"Nowhere to Run"
"You've Been in Love Too Long"
"My Baby Loves Me"
"I'm Ready for Love"
"Jimmy Mack"
"Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone"
"Honey Chile"
"I Promise to Wait My Love"
"Forget Me Not"
"I Can't Dance to That Music You're Playin'"
"(We've Got) Honey Love"
"I Should Be Proud"
"Bless You"
Related topics
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000870446","external_links_name":"Natural Resources"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/81b693dd-1e45-3e5a-b465-f92d091dbc1c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_Ceti
|
75 Ceti
|
["1 Planetary system","2 References"]
|
Star in the constellation Cetus
75 Ceti
Observation dataEpoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
Constellation
Cetus
Right ascension
02h 32m 09.42241s
Declination
−01° 02′ 05.6166″
Apparent magnitude (V)
+5.36
Characteristics
Spectral type
K1 III
B−V color index
+1.004±0.002
AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)−6.34±0.13 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −23.268 mas/yr Dec.: −30.987 mas/yr Parallax (π)12.1717 ± 0.0962 masDistance268 ± 2 ly (82.2 ± 0.6 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)0.808
DetailsMass1.85±0.05 M☉Radius10.38+0.15−0.26 R☉Luminosity56.1±0.6 L☉Surface gravity (log g)2.67±0.04 cgsTemperature4,846+163−128 KMetallicity 0.00±0.06 dexAge1.41±0.01 Gyr
Other designations 75 Cet, BD–01°353, GC 3043, HD 15779, HIP 11791, HR 739, SAO 129959
Database referencesSIMBADdataExoplanet Archivedata
75 Ceti is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus with at least two planets. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.36. The star is located 268 light-years (82 parsecs) distant from the Sun, based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −6 km/s.
In Chinese, 天囷 (Tiān Qūn), meaning Circular Celestial Granary, refers to an asterism consisting of α Ceti, κ1 Ceti, λ Ceti, μ Ceti, ξ1 Ceti, ξ2 Ceti, ν Ceti, γ Ceti, δ Ceti, 75 Ceti, 70 Ceti, 63 Ceti and 66 Ceti. Consequently, 75 Ceti itself is known as the Tenth Star of Circular Celestial Granary.
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to 10.6 times the Sun's radius, or 0.05 AU. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at the core. The star is 1.4 billion years old with 1.9 times the Sun's mass. It is radiating 56 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,846 K.
Planetary system
A planetary companion was discovered by Doppler measurements at the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, and announced in 2012. The planet's discoverers consider the planet, designated 75 Ceti b, to be "typical" of gas giants. Note that (like many recorded planets) b takes in much more insolation than does Jupiter and, indeed, Earth.
There may be additional periodic factors in the data, corresponding to m sin i of around 0.4 MJ and 1 MJ, at distances of ~0.9 AU and ~4 AU, where i is the orbital inclination and m is the planet's actual mass. In 2023, the presence of a second, Jupiter-mass planet orbiting at 4 AU (75 Ceti c) was confirmed, which is more irradiated than Earth as well. The shorter period signal corresponding to a possible planet at 0.9 AU was found to be an alias of the true period of planet c.
The 75 Ceti planetary system
Companion(in order from star)
Mass
Semimajor axis(AU)
Orbital period(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
Radius
b
≥2.479+0.074−0.090 MJ
1.912+0.002−0.003
696.62+1.33−1.69
0.093+0.026−0.042
—
—
c
≥0.912+0.088−0.143 MJ
3.929+0.058−0.052
2051.62+45.98−40.47
0.023+0.191−0.003
—
—
References
^ a b c d e f Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875.
Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ a b c Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644.
^ a b Houk, N.; Swift, C. (1999). "Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD Stars". Michigan Spectral Survey. 5. Bibcode:1999MSS...C05....0H.
^ Liu, Y. J.; et al. (2007). "The abundances of nearby red clump giants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 382 (2): 553–66. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.382..553L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x.
^ a b c d e f g Gallenne, A.; et al. (August 2018). "Fundamental properties of red-clump stars from long-baseline H-band interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616: 12. arXiv:1806.09572. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833341. S2CID 119331707. A68.
^ a b c d Teng, Huan-Yu; Sato, Bun'ei; et al. (August 2023). "Revisiting Planetary Systems in Okayama Planet Search Program: A new long-period planet, RV astrometry joint analysis, and multiplicity-metallicity trend around evolved stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. arXiv:2308.05343.
^ a b c d e Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
^ "75 Cet". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976.
^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 11 日
^ a b Sato, Bun'ei; et al. (2012). "Substellar Companions to Seven Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 64 (6). 135. arXiv:1207.3141. Bibcode:2012PASJ...64..135S. doi:10.1093/pasj/64.6.135. S2CID 119197073.
^ Square root of luminosity means that an Earth like planet would have to be >7 AU from the star.
vteConstellation of Cetus
List of stars in Cetus
Cetus in Chinese astronomy
StarsBayer
α (Menkar)
β (Diphda)
γ (Kaffaljidhma)
δ
ε
ζ (Baten Kaitos)
η
θ
ι
κ1
κ2
λ
μ
ν
ξ1
ξ2
ο (Mira)
A
B
π
ρ
σ
τ
υ
φ1
φ2
φ3
φ4
χ
Flamsteed
1
2
3
6
7
9
13
14
20
46
49
56 (υ1)
63
64
69
75
77
79
81
84
94
25 Ari
Variable
T
UV
YZ
ZZ
AY
BL
DK
HR
10
72
159
228
500
870
HD
984
1690
2638
4747
5319
6718
7449
11506
11964
15115
16008
224693 (Axólotl)
Other
2MASS J01225093−2439505
BD-07 436
BD−17 63 (Felixvarela)
Cayrel's Star
CFBDS J005910.90–011401.3
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925
GD 40
Gliese 65
Gliese 105
GJ 1002
GJ 1005
HIP 5158
HIP 11952
LHS 1140
NGC 156
NGC 158
NGC 302
NGC 308
NGC 310
PSR J0108−1431
SDSS J001820.5−093939.2
SDSS J0106−1000
ULAS J003402.77−005206.7
WD J2356−209
WASP-20
WASP-26
WASP-44
WASP-71 (Mpingo)
WISE J0254+0223
WHL0137-LS
Exoplanets
79 Ceti b
81 Ceti b
94 Ceti b
BD−17 63 b
HD 1461 b
HD 2638 b
HD 5319 b
HD 11506 b
c
HD 11964 b
c
HD 224693 b
HIP 5158 b
c
HIP 11915 b
τ Ceti e
f
Nebulae
NGC 246
GalaxiesMessier
77
NGC
17
35
45
47
50
54
59
61
62
64
65
66
73
77
102
107
113
114
116
117
118
120
124
132
135
142
143
144
145
151
154
155
157
161
163
165
166
167
168
170
171
172
173
177
178
179
187
191
192
195
196
197
201
207
209
210
216
217
219
223
227
230
232
235
237
239
244
245
247
255
259
263
268
270
271
273
274
275
276
277
279
283
284
285
286
291
293
297
298
301
303
307
309
320
321
325
327
329
331
333
335
336
337
340
341
342
343
344
345
347
349
350
351
352
353
355
356
357
359
363
364
367
369
377
391
413
417
426
428
429
430
435
442
445
448
450
478
480
481
487
493
497
519
521
533
540
541
545
547
555
560
570
584
585
596
615
622
655
681
690
701
720
747
755
779
800
806
833
838
864
874
880
895
908
936
945
950
960
965
966
985
988
1009
1015
1019
1022
1032
1042
1052
1055
1073
1087
1090
1128
1142
1218
7828
7829
Other
Arp 146
Arp 147
Arp 256
3C 75
Cetus Dwarf
HCM-6A
HD2
Holmberg 15A
HXMM01
IC 42
IC 158
IC 1613
IC 1623
MCG -03-04-014
PGC 2456
SDSS J0303-0019
SXDF-NB1006-2
9Spitch
Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte
Galaxy clusters
Abell 133
Abell 222
Abell 223
Abell 370
Abell 400
Arp 251
Gioiello
IRC 0218
JKCS 041
Astronomical events
SN 2005E
SN 2005gj
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggleton2008-9"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"equatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_equator"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Cetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teng2023-6"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson2012-2"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"parsecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR3-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Circular Celestial Granary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_(Chinese_constellation)"},{"link_name":"α Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ceti"},{"link_name":"κ1 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa1_Ceti"},{"link_name":"λ Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Ceti"},{"link_name":"μ Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Ceti"},{"link_name":"ξ1 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi1_Ceti"},{"link_name":"ξ2 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi2_Ceti"},{"link_name":"ν Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_Ceti"},{"link_name":"γ Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ceti"},{"link_name":"δ Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Ceti"},{"link_name":"70 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_Ceti"},{"link_name":"63 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63_Ceti"},{"link_name":"66 Ceti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_Ceti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"giant star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_star"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houk1999-3"},{"link_name":"core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_core"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-7"},{"link_name":"Sun's radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%27s_radius"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"red clump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_clump"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallenne2018-5"},{"link_name":"horizontal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_branch"},{"link_name":"helium fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_fusion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallenne2018-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallenne2018-5"},{"link_name":"Sun's mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%27s_mass"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-7"},{"link_name":"luminosity of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"photosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-7"}],"text":"75 Ceti is a single[9] star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus with at least two planets.[6] It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.36.[2] The star is located 268 light-years (82 parsecs) distant from the Sun, based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −6 km/s.[1]In Chinese, 天囷 (Tiān Qūn), meaning Circular Celestial Granary, refers to an asterism consisting of α Ceti, κ1 Ceti, λ Ceti, μ Ceti, ξ1 Ceti, ξ2 Ceti, ν Ceti, γ Ceti, δ Ceti, 75 Ceti, 70 Ceti, 63 Ceti and 66 Ceti. Consequently, 75 Ceti itself is known as the Tenth Star of Circular Celestial Granary.[10]This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K1 III,[3] having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to 10.6[7] times the Sun's radius, or 0.05 AU. It is a red clump giant,[5] which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at the core. The star is 1.4[5] billion years old with 1.9[5] times the Sun's mass. It is radiating 56[7] times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,846 K.[7]","title":"75 Ceti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doppler measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Okayama Astrophysical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama_Planet_Search_Program"},{"link_name":"gas giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sato2012-11"},{"link_name":"insolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"orbital inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sato2012-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teng2023-6"}],"text":"A planetary companion was discovered by Doppler measurements at the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, and announced in 2012. The planet's discoverers consider the planet, designated 75 Ceti b, to be \"typical\" of gas giants.[11] Note that (like many recorded planets) b takes in much more insolation than does Jupiter and, indeed, Earth.[12]There may be additional periodic factors in the data, corresponding to m sin i of around 0.4 MJ and 1 MJ, at distances of ~0.9 AU and ~4 AU, where i is the orbital inclination and m is the planet's actual mass.[11] In 2023, the presence of a second, Jupiter-mass planet orbiting at 4 AU (75 Ceti c) was confirmed, which is more irradiated than Earth as well. The shorter period signal corresponding to a possible planet at 0.9 AU was found to be an alias of the true period of planet c.[6]","title":"Planetary system"}]
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[]
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S2CID 119257644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4971","url_text":"1108.4971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..331A","url_text":"2012AstL...38..331A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712050015","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773712050015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257644","url_text":"119257644"}]},{"reference":"Houk, N.; Swift, C. (1999). \"Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD Stars\". Michigan Spectral Survey. 5. Bibcode:1999MSS...C05....0H.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MSS...C05....0H","url_text":"1999MSS...C05....0H"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Y. J.; et al. (2007). \"The abundances of nearby red clump giants\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 382 (2): 553–66. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.382..553L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2007.11852.x","url_text":"\"The abundances of nearby red clump giants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.382..553L","url_text":"2007MNRAS.382..553L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2007.11852.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11852.x"}]},{"reference":"Gallenne, A.; et al. (August 2018). \"Fundamental properties of red-clump stars from long-baseline H-band interferometry\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616: 12. arXiv:1806.09572. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833341. S2CID 119331707. A68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09572","url_text":"1806.09572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&A...616A..68G","url_text":"2018A&A...616A..68G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201833341","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/201833341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119331707","url_text":"119331707"}]},{"reference":"Teng, Huan-Yu; Sato, Bun'ei; et al. (August 2023). \"Revisiting Planetary Systems in Okayama Planet Search Program: A new long-period planet, RV astrometry joint analysis, and multiplicity-metallicity trend around evolved stars\". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. arXiv:2308.05343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_of_the_Astronomical_Society_of_Japan","url_text":"Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.05343","url_text":"2308.05343"}]},{"reference":"Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). \"Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brown_(scientist)","url_text":"Brown, A. G. 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Retrieved 2019-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=75+Cet","url_text":"\"75 Cet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMBAD","url_text":"SIMBAD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg","url_text":"Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg"}]},{"reference":"Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). \"A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaysara
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Samayasāra
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["1 History","2 Contents","3 Commentaries","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources"]
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Jain religious text
SamayasāraInformationReligionJainismAuthorKundakundaLanguagePrakritPeriod1st century B.C.Verses439
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Samayasāra (The Nature of the Self) is a famous Jain text composed by Acharya Kundakunda in 439 verses. Its ten chapters discuss the nature of Jīva (pure self/soul), its attachment to Karma and Moksha (liberation). Samayasāra expounds the Jain concepts like Karma, Asrava (influx of karmas), Bandha (Bondage), Samvara (stoppage), Nirjara (shedding) and Moksha (complete annihilation of karmas).
A modern English translation was published by Vijay K. Jain in 2022.
History
Samayasara was written by Acharya Kundakunda in Prakrit.
Contents
The original Samayasara of Kundakunda consists of 415 verses and was written in Prakrit. The first verse (aphorism) of the Samayasāra is an invocation: O bhavyas (potential aspirants to liberation)! Making obeisance to all the Siddhas, established in the fifth state of existence that is eternal, immutable, and incomparable (perfection par excellence), I will articulate this Samayaprābhrita, which has been propounded by the all-knowing Masters of Scripture. According to Samayasāra, the real self is only that soul which has achieved ratnatraya i.e. Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyan and Samyak Charitra. These state when soul achieves purity is Arihant and Siddha. It can be achieved by victory over five senses. According to Samayasāra:The Self, by his own enterprise, protecting himself from virtuous as well as wicked activities that cause merit and demerit, and stationing himself in right faith and knowledge, detached from body and desires etc., devoid of external and internal attachments, contemplates on the Self, through his own Self, and does not reflect upon the karmas and the quasi-karmic matter (nokarma); the Self with such distinctive qualities experiences oneness with the Self. Such a Self, contemplating on the Self, becomes of the nature of right faith and knowledge, and being immersed in the Self, attains, in a short span of time, status of the Pure Self that is free from all karmas.— Samayasāra (187-189)
Commentaries
It has a number of commentaries on it. Atmakhyati or Samayasara Kalasha, written by Acharya Amritchandra in 12th century CE, is a 278-verse Sanskrit commentary. Samaysar Kalash Tika or Balbodh was written by Pande Rajmall or Raymall in 16th century CE. It is a commentary of Amritchandra's Samaysar Kalasha. Nataka Samayasara is a commentary on Rajmall's version which was written by Banarasidas in Braj Bhasha in 17th century CE.
See also
Sarvārthasiddhi
Moksha (Jainism)
References
Citations
^ Jaini 1991, p. 33.
^ Jain 2022.
^ a b c d e Orsini & Schofield 1981, p. 73.
^ Jain 2012, p. 1.
^ Jain 2012, p. 3.
^ Jain 2012, p. 91.
^ Orsini & Schofield 1981, p. 88.
^ Orsini & Schofield 1981, p. 74.
Sources
Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara (in Hindi and English), Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-3-8
Jain, Vijay K. (2022). Ācārya Kundakunda’s Samayasāra – with Hindi and English Translation आचार्य कुन्दकुन्द विरचित समयसार. Dehradun: Vikalp Printers. ISBN 978-93-5680-382-4.
Chakravarti, Prof. A. (2008), Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara, Bhartiya Jnanpith, ISBN 978-81-263-1557-4
Johnson, W. J. (1995), Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1309-X
Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1991), Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-06820-3
Kundakunda, Acharya (1950), Samayasara or the Nature of the Self, Bharatiya Jnanapitha
Orsini, Francesca; Schofield, Katherine Butler, eds. (1981), Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India, Open Book Publishers, ISBN 978-1-78374-105-2
Kundakunda. Samayasāra, text, trans. and comm. by A. Chakravarti, Banaras, 1930.
vteJain literatureFourteen Purvas (The Prior Knowledge – considered totally lost)ŚvetāmbaraCanonical TextsAngāgama
Ācārāṅga Sūtra
Sutrakritanga
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Samavayanga Sutra
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Uvasaggaharam Stotra
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Digambara TextsAgamas
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Mahapurana
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Tattvartha Sutra †
Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra
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Commentary
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Others
Siribhoovalaya
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Jinvani
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† Tattvartha Sutra is accepted by both Digambara and Śvetāmbara as their texts, although Śvetāmbaras do not include it under canonical texts.
vte Jainism topicsGods
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This article related to a book about Jainism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Jain text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_text"},{"link_name":"Acharya Kundakunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundakunda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199133-1"},{"link_name":"Jīva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Asrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrava"},{"link_name":"Bandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Samvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvara"},{"link_name":"Nirjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirjara"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2022-2"}],"text":"This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.Samayasāra (The Nature of the Self) is a famous Jain text composed by Acharya Kundakunda in 439 verses.[1] Its ten chapters discuss the nature of Jīva (pure self/soul), its attachment to Karma and Moksha (liberation). Samayasāra expounds the Jain concepts like Karma, Asrava (influx of karmas), Bandha (Bondage), Samvara (stoppage), Nirjara (shedding) and Moksha (complete annihilation of karmas).A modern English translation was published by Vijay K. Jain in 2022.[2]","title":"Samayasāra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kundakunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundakunda"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198173-3"}],"text":"Samayasara was written by Acharya Kundakunda in Prakrit.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198173-3"},{"link_name":"aphorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20121-4"},{"link_name":"ratnatraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnatraya"},{"link_name":"Arihant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Siddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20123-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain201291-6"}],"text":"The original Samayasara of Kundakunda consists of 415 verses and was written in Prakrit.[3] The first verse (aphorism) of the Samayasāra is an invocation:O bhavyas (potential aspirants to liberation)! Making obeisance to all the Siddhas, established in the fifth state of existence that is eternal, immutable, and incomparable (perfection par excellence), I will articulate this Samayaprābhrita, which has been propounded by the all-knowing Masters of Scripture.[4]According to Samayasāra, the real self is only that soul which has achieved ratnatraya i.e. Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyan and Samyak Charitra. These state when soul achieves purity is Arihant and Siddha.[5] It can be achieved by victory over five senses. According to Samayasāra:The Self, by his own enterprise, protecting himself from virtuous as well as wicked activities that cause merit and demerit, and stationing himself in right faith and knowledge, detached from body and desires etc., devoid of external and internal attachments, contemplates on the Self, through his own Self, and does not reflect upon the karmas and the quasi-karmic matter (nokarma); the Self with such distinctive qualities experiences oneness with the Self. Such a Self, contemplating on the Self, becomes of the nature of right faith and knowledge, and being immersed in the Self, attains, in a short span of time, status of the Pure Self that is free from all karmas.— Samayasāra (187-189)[6]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amritchandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritchandra"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198173-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198173-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198173-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198188-7"},{"link_name":"Banarasidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banarasidas"},{"link_name":"Braj Bhasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhasha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrsiniSchofield198174-8"}],"text":"It has a number of commentaries on it. Atmakhyati or Samayasara Kalasha, written by Acharya Amritchandra in 12th century CE, is a 278-verse Sanskrit commentary.[3] Samaysar Kalash Tika or Balbodh was written by Pande Rajmall or Raymall in 16th century CE.[3] It is a commentary of Amritchandra's Samaysar Kalasha.[3][7] Nataka Samayasara is a commentary on Rajmall's version which was written by Banarasidas in Braj Bhasha in 17th century CE.[8]","title":"Commentaries"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Sarvārthasiddhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarv%C4%81rthasiddhi"},{"title":"Moksha (Jainism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Move
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True Corporation
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["1 History","2 Subsidiaries","3 Alleged government collaboration","4 References","5 External links"]
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Thai telecommunications company
True CorporationFormerly"Old" True Corporation (1990-2023)Company typePublicTraded asSET: TRUEIndustryTelecommunicationConsumer electronicsPredecessorTrue Corporation(original)Total Access CommunicationFounded13 November 1990; 33 years ago (1990-11-13) (original company)1 March 2023; 15 months ago (2023-03-01) (new company)FounderSuphachai ChearavanontDefunct1 March 2023; 15 months ago (2023-03-01) (original company)FateMerged with DTAC to form a new True CorporationHeadquartersBangkok, ThailandArea servedThailandKey peopleManat Manavutiveth, CEOProductsMobile phoneSmartphonesSet-top boxTablet computerServicesCable television, Mobile, InternetRevenue 140.94 billion baht (2019)Operating income 7.1 billion baht (2019)Net income 5.64 billion baht (2019)Total assets 523.99 billion baht (2016)Total equity 126.02 billion baht (2019)Owners
Telenor (26.32%)
Thai NVDR (10.74%)
China Mobile (7.81%)
Number of employees23,000Subsidiariessee SubsidiariesWebsitewww.true.th
True Corporation Public Company Limited (TRUE) (Formerly: True Corporation Public Company Limited and Total Access Communication Public Company Limited) is a communications conglomerate in Thailand. It is a joint venture between Charoen Pokphand Group and Telenor, formed by the merger between the original True Corporation and DTAC in the form of equal partnership to create a new telecommunications company that can fully meet the needs of the digital age. True controls Thailand's largest cable TV provider, TrueVisions, Thailand's largest internet service provider True Online, Thailand's largest mobile operators, TrueMove H and DTAC TriNet, which is second and third only to AIS. and entertainment media including television, internet, online games, and mobile phones under the True Digital brand. As of August 2014, True, along with True Telecommunications Growth Infrastructure Fund, had a combined market capitalization of US$10 billion. TrueMove is also a partner of Vodafone Group. Charoen Pokphand Group and Telenor hold equal ownership of 30% of True's shares as of March 2023. It operates fixed-line (as a concessionaire of NT (formerly known as TOT)), wireless, cable TV, IPTV and broadband services.
History
True Corporation was established on 13 November 1990 as TelecomAsia. The company had partnership with Verizon. The company was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand on 22 December 1993 (1993-12-22). In 2001, TelecomAsia set up mobile phone subsidiary TA Orange with Orange SA. Orange sold off its stake in 2003 but the Orange brand was used until 2006.
In an effort to converge TelecomAsia's telecommunication business into a single brand, the company renamed itself to True Corporation in 2004, and streamlined its operations with subsidiaries Asia Infonet (renamed True Internet) and Orange (renamed True Move in 2006).
In 2005, True took a higher stake in UBC, Thailand's largest cable television provider that time, and renamed the company to UBC-True. On 24 January 2007, UBC-True was renamed TrueVisions.
On 8 May 2013, TrueMove H became Thailand's first mobile operator to provide 4G LTE commercial service on the 2100 MHz bandwidth.
On 11 September 2014, it was announced that China Mobile agreed to purchase 18 percent of its shares for US$881 million.
On 13 November 2014, TrueMove H announced that it allocated 10 billion baht to expand its 4G LTE network in Thailand to cover 80 percent of the country's population.
In June 2015 Suphachai Chearavanont, True's President and CEO, was presented with the "2015 Frost & Sullivan Asia Pacific Telecom CEO of the Year" award in Singapore for his leadership and achievements in developing the telecommunications industry in the Asia Pacific region. In the same month, Chearavanont was elected president of The Telecommunications Association of Thailand.
On 22 November 2021, Charoen Pokphand and Telenor, officially announced they have agreed to explore a USD 8.6 billion merger plan between Thailand’s second and third largest telecom operators (by subscribers), True Corporation (TRUE) and Total Access Communication (DTAC) – The proposed merger is subject to regulatory approvals. The merger is expected to be completed by late-September 2022. The merger was "acknowledged" by the regulator NBTC at a meeting on 20 October 2022. The newly merged company still retain the True Corporation name, which was founded on 1 March 2023 and it was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand under the stock ticker symbol TRUE on 3 March 2023.
Subsidiaries
True Corporation includes the following subsidiaries:
TrueMove H and DTAC TriNet (Mobile telecommunication)
TrueOnline (Broadband/fixed line business)
TrueVisions (Pay TV business)
True Digital (Television, Internet, Online games, and Mobile phones)
Alleged government collaboration
Thai activists have charged that True, Thailand's largest ISP, shared dissidents' internet account details to the junta in the aftermath of the 2014 Thai coup d'état. It is impossible to corroborate that True shared dissidents' data with law enforcement, but Thai governments since 2007 have sought to curb online criticism by passing legislation that compel ISPs to deploy online surveillance and censorship technologies. True's privacy policy allows it to share data with law-enforcement authorities.
References
^ Annual Registration Statement 2009 (56-1). True Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
^ a b c d e "Financial Highlights". True Corporation. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "ความใหญ่ที่แท้ทรู 'True Digital Park' ประกาศรายชื่อพันธมิตรยักษ์ใหญ่ มุ่งสร้าง Startup Ecosystem ครบวงจรที่สุด" (in Thai). Techsauce. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ Barton, James (25 April 2017). "True takes second place in Thai market as Dtac profits slump". Developing Telecoms. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ "Vodafone and Conexus Mobile Alliance Form Strategic Partnership". www.vodafone.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ Shareinvestor. "Investor Relations". True. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
^ a b "Foreigners' Mixed Record". Bangkok Post. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via PressReader.
^ "TRUE Company Profile". Stock Exchange of Thailand. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ "TA Orange's strategic partner Orange SA sells off 39% of its 49% stake in the Thai mobile operator to TelecomAsia for a nominal one Baht". Telecom Asia. 1 April 2004.
^ Suryadinata, Leo (2006). Southeast Asia's Chinese Businesses in an Era of Globalization: Coping with the Rise of China. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812304018.
^ "Orange reaches use-by date: True Corp's mobile unit renamed True Move". TeleGeography. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung and Tortermvasana, Komsan (8 November 2005). "True Corp set to take over UBC" Archived 2008-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, Bangkok Post (retrieved 18 July 2006 until 18 August 2015 via AsiaMedia.com).
^ "True Move H – The First To Offer 4G LTE Service On 2100 MHz In Thailand While Reinforcing Its Leadership As The Largest 3G Operator". thaipr.net.
^ Jittapong, Khettiya (9 June 2014). "China Mobile to buy $881mln stake in Thai billionaire's True Corp". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ Phoosuphanusorn, Srisamorn & Leesa-nguansuk, Suchit (10 June 2014). "China Mobile to buy into True". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ "True announced high-speed Internet in Bangkok with all-fiber network in 2 years". Mobileasia.
^ "A deep dive into the TRUE/DTAC merger in Thailand". Yozzo.com. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "DTAC และ TRUE แจ้งดำเนินการควบรวมต่อ". Thanachart Securities. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ Thai telecoms regulator allows $7.3bn True-DTAC merger
^ Merged True-DTAC to be called True Corp
^ "Annual Report 2014".
^ Ajn, I. U. (1 July 2020). "ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เนตมีส่วนช่วยรัฐไทยติดตามตัวผู้ที่เห็นต่าง" . New Mandala. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
^ "Personal information protection policy". True. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
External links
Official website
vteCharoen PokphandSubsidiaries
Charoen Pokphand Foods
Concordian International School
CP All
7-Eleven
CP Axtra
Lotus's
Makro
Super Brand Mall
True Corporation
TrueMove H
DTAC
TrueVisions
Ascend Group
Aden
WeMall
TrueMoney
Equity investments
CITIC Limited
Ping An Insurance
People
Dhanin Chearavanont
Chearavanont family
vteMajor mobile device companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Acer
Advan
Alba
Amazon
Apple
Asus
BlackBerry Limited
BLU Products
Bush
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Sharp
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Nokia
Fujitsu
GeeksPhone
Gionee
Google (Fitbit)
Haier
Hisense
Honor
HTC
HP
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Intel
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LG
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TCL
Alcatel Mobile
BlackBerry Mobile
RCA
Palm
Toshiba
Transsion
Tecno
Infinix
Itel
Tinno Mobile
Wiko
True
Vaio
VinSmart
Vivo
iQOO
Xiaomi
Redmi
POCO
Black Shark
ZTE
Zoostorm
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Mobile technology companies
Category:Mobile phone manufacturers
vteMajor telecommunications companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$10 billion
América Móvil
Telmex
AT&T
Axiata
Bell Canada
Bharti Airtel
BT Group
China Mobile
CMHK
China Telecommunications Corporation
China Telecom
China Unicom
Chunghwa Telecom
CK Hutchison Holdings
Three
Hutchison Asia Telecom Group
Comcast
Deutsche Telekom
T-Mobile
Digicel
GoI
Vodafone Idea
DoT
BSNL
MTNL
Globe
Jio
KDDI
KPN
KT Corporation
Liberty Global
Liberty LA
Liberty PR
FLOW
Lumen Technologies
MTN
MTS
NTT
NTT DoCoMo
Oi
Ooredoo
Orange S.A.
PCCW
PLDT
Rogers
Singtel
SK Telecom
SoftBank Mobile
Spark
Swisscom
Tata Teleservices
Telefónica
Movistar
O2
Vivo
Telenor
Telstra
Telus
TIM
TPG Telecom
Trilogy International Partners
True
Türk Telekom
VEON
Verizon
Viettel
Vodafone
Vodacom
vteFAT sponsors
BNK48
Chang
Grab
Grand Sport
Gillette
Government Savings Bank
Muang Thai Life Assurance
PTT
Thai AirAsia
True
Toyota
Yuasa
Warrix
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Charoen Pokphand Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand"},{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"DTAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTAC"},{"link_name":"TrueVisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueVisions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Info_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"cable TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_TV"},{"link_name":"IPTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV"},{"link_name":"broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"}],"text":"True Corporation Public Company Limited (TRUE) (Formerly: True Corporation Public Company Limited and Total Access Communication Public Company Limited) is a communications conglomerate in Thailand. It is a joint venture between Charoen Pokphand Group and Telenor, formed by the merger between the original True Corporation and DTAC in the form of equal partnership to create a new telecommunications company that can fully meet the needs of the digital age. True controls Thailand's largest cable TV provider, TrueVisions,[3] Thailand's largest internet service provider True Online,[citation needed] Thailand's largest mobile operators, TrueMove H and DTAC TriNet, which is second and third only to AIS.[4] and entertainment media including television, internet, online games, and mobile phones under the True Digital brand. As of August 2014, True, along with True Telecommunications Growth Infrastructure Fund, had a combined market capitalization of US$10 billion.[citation needed] TrueMove is also a partner of Vodafone Group.[5] Charoen Pokphand Group and Telenor hold equal ownership of 30% of True's shares as of March 2023.[6] It operates fixed-line (as a concessionaire of NT (formerly known as TOT)), wireless, cable TV, IPTV and broadband services.","title":"True Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Stock Exchange of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SETCompanyProfile-8"},{"link_name":"Orange SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"UBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"cable television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"TrueVisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueVisions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thaipr-13"},{"link_name":"China Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Suphachai Chearavanont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphachai_Chearavanont"},{"link_name":"Frost & Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_%26_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charoen Pokphand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand"},{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"Total Access Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Access_Communication"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stock Exchange of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"True Corporation was established on 13 November 1990 as TelecomAsia.[7] The company had partnership with Verizon.[7] The company was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand on 22 December 1993 (1993-12-22).[8] In 2001, TelecomAsia set up mobile phone subsidiary TA Orange with Orange SA. Orange sold off its stake in 2003 but the Orange brand was used until 2006.[9]In an effort to converge TelecomAsia's telecommunication business into a single brand, the company renamed itself to True Corporation in 2004,[10] and streamlined its operations with subsidiaries Asia Infonet (renamed True Internet[citation needed]) and Orange (renamed True Move in 2006[11]).In 2005, True took a higher stake in UBC, Thailand's largest cable television provider that time[citation needed], and renamed the company to UBC-True.[12] On 24 January 2007, UBC-True was renamed TrueVisions.[citation needed]On 8 May 2013, TrueMove H became Thailand's first mobile operator to provide 4G LTE commercial service on the 2100 MHz bandwidth.[13]On 11 September 2014, it was announced that China Mobile agreed to purchase 18 percent of its shares for US$881 million.[14][15]On 13 November 2014, TrueMove H announced that it allocated 10 billion baht to expand its 4G LTE network in Thailand to cover 80 percent of the country's population.[16]In June 2015 Suphachai Chearavanont, True's President and CEO, was presented with the \"2015 Frost & Sullivan Asia Pacific Telecom CEO of the Year\" award in Singapore for his leadership and achievements in developing the telecommunications industry in the Asia Pacific region.[citation needed] In the same month, Chearavanont was elected president of The Telecommunications Association of Thailand.[citation needed]On 22 November 2021, Charoen Pokphand and Telenor, officially announced they have agreed to explore a USD 8.6 billion merger plan between Thailand’s second and third largest telecom operators (by subscribers), True Corporation (TRUE) and Total Access Communication (DTAC) – The proposed merger is subject to regulatory approvals. The merger is expected to be completed by late-September 2022.[17][18] The merger was \"acknowledged\" by the regulator NBTC at a meeting on 20 October 2022.[19] The newly merged company still retain the True Corporation name, which was founded on 1 March 2023 and it was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand under the stock ticker symbol TRUE on 3 March 2023.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"TrueMove H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueMove_H"},{"link_name":"DTAC TriNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTAC"},{"link_name":"TrueVisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueVisions"}],"text":"True Corporation includes the following subsidiaries:[21]TrueMove H and DTAC TriNet (Mobile telecommunication)\nTrueOnline (Broadband/fixed line business)\nTrueVisions (Pay TV business)\nTrue Digital (Television, Internet, Online games, and Mobile phones)","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Thai coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Thai activists have charged that True, Thailand's largest ISP, shared dissidents' internet account details to the junta in the aftermath of the 2014 Thai coup d'état. It is impossible to corroborate that True shared dissidents' data with law enforcement, but Thai governments since 2007 have sought to curb online criticism by passing legislation that compel ISPs to deploy online surveillance and censorship technologies.[22] True's privacy policy allows it to share data with law-enforcement authorities.[23]","title":"Alleged government collaboration"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Annual Registration Statement 2009 (56-1). True Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182949/http://www2.truecorp.co.th/en/get_file_annual_report.aspx?id=12&type=f56&lang=en","url_text":"Annual Registration Statement 2009 (56-1)"},{"url":"http://www2.truecorp.co.th/en/get_file_annual_report.aspx?id=12&type=f56&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Financial Highlights\". True Corporation. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.truecorp.co.th/financials.html","url_text":"\"Financial Highlights\""}]},{"reference":"\"ความใหญ่ที่แท้ทรู 'True Digital Park' ประกาศรายชื่อพันธมิตรยักษ์ใหญ่ มุ่งสร้าง Startup Ecosystem ครบวงจรที่สุด\" (in Thai). Techsauce. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://techsauce.co/pr-news/true-digital-park-unveiled-first-set-of-partners/","url_text":"\"ความใหญ่ที่แท้ทรู 'True Digital Park' ประกาศรายชื่อพันธมิตรยักษ์ใหญ่ มุ่งสร้าง Startup Ecosystem ครบวงจรที่สุด\""}]},{"reference":"Barton, James (25 April 2017). \"True takes second place in Thai market as Dtac profits slump\". Developing Telecoms. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.developingtelecoms.com/business/operator-news/7040-true-takes-second-place-in-thai-market-as-dtac-profits-slump.html","url_text":"\"True takes second place in Thai market as Dtac profits slump\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vodafone and Conexus Mobile Alliance Form Strategic Partnership\". www.vodafone.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204109/https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2011/conexus_partnership.html","url_text":"\"Vodafone and Conexus Mobile Alliance Form Strategic Partnership\""},{"url":"https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2011/conexus_partnership.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shareinvestor. \"Investor Relations\". True. Retrieved 8 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://investor.truecorp.co.th/shareholders.html","url_text":"\"Investor Relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreigners' Mixed Record\". Bangkok Post. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via PressReader.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20150330/282574491577094","url_text":"\"Foreigners' Mixed Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post","url_text":"Bangkok Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182350/https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20150330/282574491577094","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PressReader","url_text":"PressReader"}]},{"reference":"\"TRUE Company Profile\". Stock Exchange of Thailand. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224140936/https://www.set.or.th/set/companyprofile.do?Bahtsymbol=TRUE","url_text":"\"TRUE Company Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.set.or.th/set/companyprofile.do?Bahtsymbol=TRUE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TA Orange's strategic partner Orange SA sells off 39% of its 49% stake in the Thai mobile operator to TelecomAsia for a nominal one Baht\". Telecom Asia. 1 April 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FGI/is_4_15/ai_n6040967","url_text":"\"TA Orange's strategic partner Orange SA sells off 39% of its 49% stake in the Thai mobile operator to TelecomAsia for a nominal one Baht\""}]},{"reference":"Suryadinata, Leo (2006). Southeast Asia's Chinese Businesses in an Era of Globalization: Coping with the Rise of China. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812304018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPgGGhvgfikC&pg=PA336","url_text":"Southeast Asia's Chinese Businesses in an Era of Globalization: Coping with the Rise of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812304018","url_text":"9789812304018"}]},{"reference":"\"Orange reaches use-by date: True Corp's mobile unit renamed True Move\". TeleGeography. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/08/orange-reaches-use-by-date-true-corps-mobile-unit-renamed-true-move/","url_text":"\"Orange reaches use-by date: True Corp's mobile unit renamed True Move\""}]},{"reference":"\"True Move H – The First To Offer 4G LTE Service On 2100 MHz In Thailand While Reinforcing Its Leadership As The Largest 3G Operator\". thaipr.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thaipr.net/communication/476291","url_text":"\"True Move H – The First To Offer 4G LTE Service On 2100 MHz In Thailand While Reinforcing Its Leadership As The Largest 3G Operator\""}]},{"reference":"Jittapong, Khettiya (9 June 2014). \"China Mobile to buy $881mln stake in Thai billionaire's True Corp\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-true-corporation-chinamobile-idUSKBN0EK0QA20140609","url_text":"\"China Mobile to buy $881mln stake in Thai billionaire's True Corp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201612/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/us-true-corporation-chinamobile-idUSKBN0EK0QA20140609","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phoosuphanusorn, Srisamorn & Leesa-nguansuk, Suchit (10 June 2014). \"China Mobile to buy into True\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/414439/china-mobile-to-buy-into-true","url_text":"\"China Mobile to buy into True\""}]},{"reference":"\"True announced high-speed Internet in Bangkok with all-fiber network in 2 years\". Mobileasia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobileasia.net/?p=10252","url_text":"\"True announced high-speed Internet in Bangkok with all-fiber network in 2 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"A deep dive into the TRUE/DTAC merger in Thailand\". Yozzo.com. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yozzo.com/insights/a-deep-dive-into-the-true-dtac-merger-in-thailand/","url_text":"\"A deep dive into the TRUE/DTAC merger in Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"DTAC และ TRUE แจ้งดำเนินการควบรวมต่อ\". Thanachart Securities. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tnsthinkwebcontent.thanachartsec.co.th/2022028845/","url_text":"\"DTAC และ TRUE แจ้งดำเนินการควบรวมต่อ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2014\".","urls":[{"url":"http://true.listedcompany.com/misc/AR/ar2014-en.html","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Ajn, I. U. (1 July 2020). \"ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เนตมีส่วนช่วยรัฐไทยติดตามตัวผู้ที่เห็นต่าง\" [Internet providers are helping the Thai government track down dissidents]. New Mandala. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newmandala.org/internet-providers-are-helping-the-thai-government-track-down-dissidents/","url_text":"\"ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เนตมีส่วนช่วยรัฐไทยติดตามตัวผู้ที่เห็นต่าง\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal information protection policy\". True. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www3.truecorp.co.th/new/privacy-policy","url_text":"\"Personal information protection policy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.set.or.th/en/market/product/stock/quote/TRUE","external_links_name":"TRUE"},{"Link":"https://www.true.th/en/","external_links_name":"www.true.th"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182949/http://www2.truecorp.co.th/en/get_file_annual_report.aspx?id=12&type=f56&lang=en","external_links_name":"Annual Registration Statement 2009 (56-1)"},{"Link":"http://www2.truecorp.co.th/en/get_file_annual_report.aspx?id=12&type=f56&lang=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://investor.truecorp.co.th/financials.html","external_links_name":"\"Financial Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://techsauce.co/pr-news/true-digital-park-unveiled-first-set-of-partners/","external_links_name":"\"ความใหญ่ที่แท้ทรู 'True Digital Park' ประกาศรายชื่อพันธมิตรยักษ์ใหญ่ มุ่งสร้าง Startup Ecosystem ครบวงจรที่สุด\""},{"Link":"https://www.developingtelecoms.com/business/operator-news/7040-true-takes-second-place-in-thai-market-as-dtac-profits-slump.html","external_links_name":"\"True takes second place in Thai market as Dtac profits slump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204109/https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2011/conexus_partnership.html","external_links_name":"\"Vodafone and Conexus Mobile Alliance Form Strategic Partnership\""},{"Link":"https://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-releases/2011/conexus_partnership.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://investor.truecorp.co.th/shareholders.html","external_links_name":"\"Investor Relations\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20150330/282574491577094","external_links_name":"\"Foreigners' Mixed Record\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182350/https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20150330/282574491577094","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224140936/https://www.set.or.th/set/companyprofile.do?Bahtsymbol=TRUE","external_links_name":"\"TRUE Company Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.set.or.th/set/companyprofile.do?Bahtsymbol=TRUE","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FGI/is_4_15/ai_n6040967","external_links_name":"\"TA Orange's strategic partner Orange SA sells off 39% of its 49% stake in the Thai mobile operator to TelecomAsia for a nominal one Baht\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPgGGhvgfikC&pg=PA336","external_links_name":"Southeast Asia's Chinese Businesses in an Era of Globalization: Coping with the Rise of China"},{"Link":"https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/08/orange-reaches-use-by-date-true-corps-mobile-unit-renamed-true-move/","external_links_name":"\"Orange reaches use-by date: True Corp's mobile unit renamed True Move\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=33025","external_links_name":"\"True Corp set to take over UBC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080311233416/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=33025","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thaipr.net/communication/476291","external_links_name":"\"True Move H – The First To Offer 4G LTE Service On 2100 MHz In Thailand While Reinforcing Its Leadership As The Largest 3G Operator\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-true-corporation-chinamobile-idUSKBN0EK0QA20140609","external_links_name":"\"China Mobile to buy $881mln stake in Thai billionaire's True Corp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201612/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/09/us-true-corporation-chinamobile-idUSKBN0EK0QA20140609","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/414439/china-mobile-to-buy-into-true","external_links_name":"\"China Mobile to buy into True\""},{"Link":"http://www.mobileasia.net/?p=10252","external_links_name":"\"True announced high-speed Internet in Bangkok with all-fiber network in 2 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.yozzo.com/insights/a-deep-dive-into-the-true-dtac-merger-in-thailand/","external_links_name":"\"A deep dive into the TRUE/DTAC merger in Thailand\""},{"Link":"https://tnsthinkwebcontent.thanachartsec.co.th/2022028845/","external_links_name":"\"DTAC และ TRUE แจ้งดำเนินการควบรวมต่อ\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Thai-telecoms-regulator-allows-7.3bn-True-DTAC-merger","external_links_name":"Thai telecoms regulator allows $7.3bn True-DTAC merger"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2481210/merged-true-dtac-to-be-called-true-corp","external_links_name":"Merged True-DTAC to be called True Corp"},{"Link":"http://true.listedcompany.com/misc/AR/ar2014-en.html","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.newmandala.org/internet-providers-are-helping-the-thai-government-track-down-dissidents/","external_links_name":"\"ผู้ให้บริการอินเทอร์เนตมีส่วนช่วยรัฐไทยติดตามตัวผู้ที่เห็นต่าง\""},{"Link":"https://www3.truecorp.co.th/new/privacy-policy","external_links_name":"\"Personal information protection policy\""},{"Link":"https://www.true.th/en/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancistrus_mullerae
|
Ancistrus mullerae
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of catfish
Ancistrus mullerae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Siluriformes
Family:
Loricariidae
Genus:
Ancistrus
Species:
A. mullerae
Binomial name
Ancistrus mulleraeBifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009
Ancistrus mullerae is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Iguazu River basin in the state of Paraná in Brazil. The species reaches 12.5 cm (4.9 inches) SL. It was described in 2009 by A. G. Bifi, C. S. Pavanelli, and C. H. Zawadzki, alongside two other species in the genus Ancistrus from the same river basin: A. abilhoai and A. agostinhoi.
References
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2021). "Ancistrus mullerae". FishBase.
^ Bifi, A.G., Pavanelli, C.S., & Zawadzki, C.H. (2009). Three new species of Ancistrus Kner, 1854 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Iguaçu basin, Paraná State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 2275, 41-59.
Taxon identifiersAncistrus mullerae
Wikidata: Q6431206
CoL: DN4B
FishBase: 65210
GBIF: 5961394
iNaturalist: 616146
IUCN: 134660295
Open Tree of Life: 3622604
WoRMS: 1008194
This article relating to Hypostominae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2021). \"Ancistrus mullerae\". FishBase.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fishbase.se/summary/65210","url_text":"\"Ancistrus mullerae\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.se/summary/65210","external_links_name":"\"Ancistrus mullerae\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DN4B","external_links_name":"DN4B"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/65210","external_links_name":"65210"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5961394","external_links_name":"5961394"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/616146","external_links_name":"616146"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/134660295","external_links_name":"134660295"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3622604","external_links_name":"3622604"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1008194","external_links_name":"1008194"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancistrus_mullerae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_Place_for_Us
|
There's a Place for Us
|
["1 Overview","2 Original track listing","2.1 Side one","2.2 Side two","3 Expanded CD track listing","4 Personnel","5 References"]
|
This article is about the 1965 album by The Supremes. For the 2010 song by Carrie Underwood, see There's a Place for Us (song). For other uses, see There's a Place for Us (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "There's a Place for Us" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2004 compilation album by The SupremesThere's a Place for UsCompilation album by The SupremesReleasedJuly 9, 2004RecordedJanuary–April 1965 (original album); 1965–1967 (bonus tracks)GenrePop, show tunes, R&BLength33:10 (original version) 77:36 (exp. version)LabelMotownM 628Hip-O #B0002663-02ProducerMarc Gordon Hal Davis Harvey Fuqua William "Mickey" Stevenson Ivy Jo Hunter Brian Holland Lamont DozierThe Supremes chronology
Joined Together: The Complete Studio Duets(2004)
There's a Place for Us(2004)
The Supremes: Gold(2005)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
There's a Place for Us is an album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes in 1965, for many years the most famous of the trio's unreleased albums. The album, composed of show-tunes and pop standards, was released by Motown and Hip-O Records in 2004.
Overview
There's a Place for Us was recorded in late 1964 and through the first half of 1965, and was to have been issued in the summer of that year to tie in with the group's debut appearance at the famous Copacabana nightclub in New York City. Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson worked with two sets of producers, one in Los Angeles, the other in Detroit. The album was postponed and finally cancelled, with the live album The Supremes at the Copa being released in November 1965. Several standards similar to those recorded for this album appeared on the Supremes' next studio album, 1966's I Hear a Symphony, whose cover is similar to that intended for There's a Place for Us.
Several selections from There's a Place for Us would remain a staple of the group's live act for several years to come, most notably "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" and "Somewhere" from West Side Story. The album's title is derived from the first stanza of "Somewhere's" lyrics.
In 2004, Hip-O Select remastered and released the album, with the original artwork and liner notes, in compact disc and digital download formats. Hip-O also expanded the original twelve tracks to twenty-six by incorporating selections from aborted album projects such as Tribute to the Girls (to have been released in late 1965/early 1966) and The Supremes And The Motown Sound: From Broadway To Hollywood (to have been released in 1967), as well as outtakes from released albums.
Mary Wilson sings lead on "Our Day Will Come", while Florence Ballard sings lead on "People". Diana Ross sings lead on the remaining songs. They are all featured on an original number, "Fancy Passes".
Original track listing
Side one
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"
"Fancy Passes"
"The Boy from Ipanema"
"Put on a Happy Face"
"Our Day Will Come"
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
Side two
"Somewhere"
"Something for My Heart"
"Make Someone Happy" (Jule Styne/Betty Comden/Adolph Green)
"Little Miss Loser"
"Sleep Walk"
"Big City Babies Don't Cry"
Expanded CD track listing
"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody"
"Fancy Passes"
"The Boy from Ipanema"
"Put on a Happy Face"
"Our Day Will Come"
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
"Somewhere"
"Something for My Heart"
"Make Someone Happy"
"Little Miss Loser"
"Sleep Walk"
"Big City Babies Don't Cry"
"People"
"I Am Woman, You Are Man"
"Around the World in 80 Days"
"Sincerely"
"Mister Sandman"
"All of a Sudden My Heart Sings"
"If I Ruled the World"
"Strangers in the Night"
"The Sound of Music"
"Tender Is the Night"
"What Now My Love"
"Who Can I Turn To"
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
"Fancy Passes" (version 2)
Personnel
Diana Ross – lead vocals and Background Vocals on "People"
Mary Wilson – Lead on "Our Day Will Come" and background vocals
Florence Ballard – Lead on "People" and background vocals
The Andantes – background vocals
Marc Gordon – producer
Hal Davis – producer
Harvey Fuqua – producer
William "Mickey" Stevenson – producer
Ivy Jo Hunter – producer
Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier – producers (bonus tracks only)
References
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r729011
vteThe Supremes
Florence Ballard
Cindy Birdsong
Susaye Greene
Lynda Laurence
Barbara Martin
Betty McGlown
Scherrie Payne
Diana Ross
Jean Terrell
Mary Wilson
Studio albums
Meet The Supremes (1962)
Where Did Our Love Go (1964)
More Hits by The Supremes (1965)
I Hear a Symphony (1966)
The Supremes A' Go-Go (1966)
The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland (1967)
Reflections (1968)
Love Child (1968)
Let the Sunshine In (1969)
Cream of the Crop (1969)
Right On (1970)
New Ways but Love Stays (1970)
Touch (1971)
Floy Joy (1972)
The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb (1972)
The Supremes (1975)
High Energy (1976)
Mary, Scherrie & Susaye (1976)
Collaborative albums
Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations (1968)
Together (1969)
The Magnificent 7 (1970)
The Return of the Magnificent Seven (1971)
Dynamite (1971)
Live albums
The Supremes at the Copa (1965)
Live at London's Talk of the Town (1968)
TCB (1968)
On Broadway (1969)
Farewell (1970)
The Supremes Live! In Japan (1973)
Other albums
A Bit of Liverpool (1964)
The Supremes Sing Country, Western and Pop (1965)
We Remember Sam Cooke (1965)
Merry Christmas (1965)
The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart (1967)
Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform "Funny Girl" (1968)
Singles
"Tears of Sorrow" (as The Primettes)
"I Want a Guy"
"Buttered Popcorn"
"Your Heart Belongs to Me"
"Let Me Go the Right Way"
"My Heart Can't Take It No More"
"A Breathtaking Guy"
"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes"
"Run, Run, Run"
"Where Did Our Love Go"
"Baby Love"
"Come See About Me"
"Stop! In the Name of Love"
"Back in My Arms Again"/"Whisper You Love Me Boy"
"Nothing but Heartaches"
"I Hear a Symphony"
"My World Is Empty Without You"
"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart"
"You Can't Hurry Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"
"The Happening"
"Reflections"
"In and Out of Love"
"Forever Came Today"
"Some Things You Never Get Used To"
"Love Child"
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
"I'm Livin' in Shame"
"I'll Try Something New"
"The Composer"
"No Matter What Sign You Are"
"The Weight"
"I Second That Emotion"
"Someday We'll Be Together"
"Why (Must We Fall in Love)"
"Up the Ladder to the Roof"
"Everybody's Got the Right to Love"
"Stoned Love"
"River Deep – Mountain High"
"Nathan Jones"
"You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart"
"Touch"
"Floy Joy"
"Automatically Sunshine"
"Without the One You Love"
"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love"
"I Guess I'll Miss the Man"
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"
"Bad Weather"
"Tossin' and Turnin'"
"He's My Man"
"Where Do I Go from Here"
"Early Morning Love"
"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking"
"High Energy"
"You're My Driving Wheel"
"Let Yourself Go"
"Love, I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good"
Videography
T.A.M.I. Show
Greatest Hits: Live in Amsterdam
Reflections: The Definitive Performances (1964–1969)
Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever
Inspired works
Sparkle (1976 film)
Dreamgirls (musical)
Dreamgirls (film)
Sparkle (2012 film)
Related topics
Discography
Chronology (The band's name history: The Primettes 1959–1961 / The Supremes 1961–1967 / Diana Ross & The Supremes 1967–1970 / The Supremes 1970 / Diana Ross & The Supremes 1970 / The Supremes 1970–)
Members
FLOS
Farewell concert
Return to Love Tour
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson worked with two sets of producers, one in Los Angeles, the other in Detroit. The album was postponed and finally cancelled, with the live album The Supremes at the Copa being released in November 1965. Several standards similar to those recorded for this album appeared on the Supremes' next studio album, 1966's I Hear a Symphony, whose cover is similar to that intended for There's a Place for Us.Several selections from There's a Place for Us would remain a staple of the group's live act for several years to come, most notably \"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\" and \"Somewhere\" from West Side Story. The album's title is derived from the first stanza of \"Somewhere's\" lyrics.In 2004, Hip-O Select remastered and released the album, with the original artwork and liner notes, in compact disc and digital download formats. Hip-O also expanded the original twelve tracks to twenty-six by incorporating selections from aborted album projects such as Tribute to the Girls (to have been released in late 1965/early 1966) and The Supremes And The Motown Sound: From Broadway To Hollywood (to have been released in 1967[citation needed]), as well as outtakes from released albums.Mary Wilson sings lead on \"Our Day Will Come\", while Florence Ballard sings lead on \"People\". Diana Ross sings lead on the remaining songs. They are all featured on an original number, \"Fancy Passes\".","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody"},{"link_name":"The Boy from Ipanema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_Ipanema"},{"link_name":"Our Day Will Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Day_Will_Come"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"}],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"\"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\"\n\"Fancy Passes\"\n\"The Boy from Ipanema\"\n\"Put on a Happy Face\"\n\"Our Day Will Come\"\n\"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\"","title":"Original track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_(song)"},{"link_name":"Make Someone Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Re_Mi_(musical)#Make_Someone_Happy"},{"link_name":"Jule Styne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jule_Styne"},{"link_name":"Betty Comden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Comden"},{"link_name":"Adolph Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Green"}],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"Somewhere\"\n\"Something for My Heart\"\n\"Make Someone Happy\" (Jule Styne/Betty Comden/Adolph Green)\n\"Little Miss Loser\"\n\"Sleep Walk\"\n\"Big City Babies Don't Cry\"","title":"Original track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Bye_Your_Baby_with_a_Dixie_Melody"},{"link_name":"The Boy from Ipanema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_Ipanema"},{"link_name":"Our Day Will Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Day_Will_Come"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Somewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_(song)"},{"link_name":"Make Someone Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Re_Mi_(musical)"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(1964_song)"},{"link_name":"Around the World in 80 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_(1956_song)"},{"link_name":"Sincerely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerely_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mister Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Sandman"},{"link_name":"If I Ruled the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Ruled_the_World"},{"link_name":"Strangers in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tender Is the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Is_the_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"What Now My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Now_My_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"Who Can I Turn To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Can_I_Turn_To%3F"},{"link_name":"The Shadow of Your Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Your_Smile"}],"text":"\"Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody\"\n\"Fancy Passes\"\n\"The Boy from Ipanema\"\n\"Put on a Happy Face\"\n\"Our Day Will Come\"\n\"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\"\n\"Somewhere\"\n\"Something for My Heart\"\n\"Make Someone Happy\"\n\"Little Miss Loser\"\n\"Sleep Walk\"\n\"Big City Babies Don't Cry\"\n\"People\"\n\"I Am Woman, You Are Man\"\n\"Around the World in 80 Days\"\n\"Sincerely\"\n\"Mister Sandman\"\n\"All of a Sudden My Heart Sings\"\n\"If I Ruled the World\"\n\"Strangers in the Night\"\n\"The Sound of Music\"\n\"Tender Is the Night\"\n\"What Now My Love\"\n\"Who Can I Turn To\"\n\"The Shadow of Your Smile\"\n\"Fancy Passes\" (version 2)","title":"Expanded CD track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Mary Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wilson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Florence Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Ballard"},{"link_name":"The Andantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andantes"},{"link_name":"Marc Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Hal Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Davis"},{"link_name":"Harvey Fuqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Fuqua"},{"link_name":"William \"Mickey\" Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Ivy Jo Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Brian Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Holland"},{"link_name":"Lamont Dozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Dozier"}],"text":"Diana Ross – lead vocals and Background Vocals on \"People\"\nMary Wilson – Lead on \"Our Day Will Come\" and background vocals\nFlorence Ballard – Lead on \"People\" and background vocals\nThe Andantes – background vocals\nMarc Gordon – producer\nHal Davis – producer\nHarvey Fuqua – producer\nWilliam \"Mickey\" Stevenson – producer\nIvy Jo Hunter – producer\nBrian Holland and Lamont Dozier – producers (bonus tracks only)","title":"Personnel"}]
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[]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_and_5_September_2019_Kabul_bombings
|
2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Bombing aiming foreign citizens living in Kabul, Afghanistan
2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombingsPart of War in Afghanistan (2001–present)LocationKabul, AfghanistanDate2 September 2019 (first attack)5 September 2019 (second attack)TargetForeign residents (first attack)Civilians and security forces (second attack)Deaths16 (2 September)12 (5 September)Total: 28Injured119 (2 September)40+ (5 September)Total: 159+PerpetratorsTaliban
vteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)History
Timeline
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Battles and operationsvteInvasion
Crescent Wind
Rhino
Mazar-i-Sharif
Kunduz
Herat
Kabul
Tarinkot
Trent
Kandahar
Qala-i-Jangi
Shawali Kowt
Sayyd Alma Kalay
Tora Bora
vteHelmand Province campaign
Lejay
Eagle Fury
Lashkar Gah
Mountain Thrust
1st Sangin
Mountain Fury
Nawzad
Achilles
Musa Qala I
Volcano
Kryptonite
Silver
Pickaxe-Handle
Hammer
Nasrat
Musa Qala II
Garmsir
Eagle's Summit
Red Dagger
Shahi Tandar
Diesel
Mar Lewe
Panther's Claw
Strike of the Sword
Dahaneh
Cobra's Anger
Moshtarak
Tor Shezada
Battle of Sangin
Camp Bastion
January 2017 Lashkargah
Sangin
June 2017 Lashkargah
Camp Shorabak
Grishk
vteKandahar Province
2001 Kandahar bombing
Fall of Kandahar
Tarnak Farm
Mongoose
Medusa
Avalanche
Kaika
Panjwaii
Falcon Summit
Hoover
Luger
Kamin
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2008 Kandahar
Spin Boldak
Sarposa
Arghandab
Wech Baghtu
2009 Kandahar
Nadahan
Hamkari
Dragon Strike
Baawar
Battle of Kandahar
Kandahar massacre
2017 Kandahar
2020 Kandahar
vteEastern Afghanistan
Hazar Qadam
Anaconda (Takur Ghar)
Warrior Sweep
Jacana
Haven Denial
Mountain Resolve
Tar Heels
Korangal valley (Red Wings)
Jaji border incident
Bagram (2007)
South Korean hostages
Nangar Khel
Aranas
Wanat
Ebrahimkhel
Alasay
Bari Alai
Ganjal
Kamdesh
Narang
Khataba
2010 Badakhshan massacre
Bad Pakh
Bulldog Bite
Barawala Kalay Valley
Do Ab
Asadabad
Bagram (2014)
Jalalabad (2015)
Bagram (2015)
Nangarhar
Jalalabad (2016)
Janikhel
Bagram (2016)
Mohmand Valley
Tora Bora
Jalalabad (January 2018)
Jalalabad (July 2018)
Jalalabad (September 2018)
Charikar
Jalalabad (2019)
Bagram (2019)
May 2020
vteKabul Province
2002
2008 Serena Hotel
2008 Indian embassy
Uzbin
2009 raids
NATO HQ
2009 Indian embassy
Bakhtar
January 2010
February 2010
May 2010
2011 Inter-Continental Hotel
September 2011
December 2011
April 2012
June 2013
Palace
January 2014
2014 Serena Hotel
December 2014
Park Palace
Parliament
7 August 2015
10 August 2015
22 August 2015
Spanish Embassy
April 2016
Canadian Embassy
July 2016
American University
September 2016
January 2017
March 2017
May 2017
October 2017 mosque
28 December 2017
2018 Inter-Continental Hotel
Ambulance
March 2018
22 April 2018
30 April 2018
September 2018
2019 mosque
1 July 2019
28 July 2019
7 August 2019
17 August 2019
2 and 5 September 2019
17 September 2019
6 March 2020
Gurdwara
May 2020
June 2020
July 2020
August 2020
September 2020
October 2020
November 2020
University
December 2020
2021 school
Fall of Kabul (2021)
2021 hospital
vteKunduz Province
Airlift
Siege
Harekate Yolo
Karez
Oqab
2009 airstrike
Sahda Ehlm
Gala-e Gorg
Halmazag
2015 battle
Hospital airstrike
Hostage crisis
2016 battle
Boz Qandahari
Kunduz madrassa
2020
Major operations
Mountain Viper
Asbury Park
Perth
Chora
Firebase Anaconda
Shewan
Balamorghab
Sabzak
Derapet
Doan
Kunduz (2015)
Omari
Tarinkot
Kunduz (2016)
Boz Qandahari
Darzab (2017)
Farah
Darzab (2018)
Kunar (2019–2020)
Ghazni
2021 Taliban offensive
Zaranj
Kunduz
Herat
Kandahar
Lashkargah
Kabul
Airstrikes
Sayyd Alma Kalay
Uruzgan wedding
Hyderabad
Gora Prai
Haska Meyna/Deh Bala
Azizabad
Wech Baghtu
Granai
Kunduz (2009)
Uruzgan helicopter
Sangin (2010)
Mano Gai
Baraki Barak
Kapisa
Kunar
Kunduz hospital
Sangin (2017)
Nangarhar
Kunduz madrassa
Major insurgent attacks
2002
Kabul
2007
Bagram
S Korean hostage
Baghlan
2008
Kandahar
Spin Boldak
Khost
Kabul Indian embassy
Kabul hotel
2009
Kabul raids
Kabul NATO
Kandahar
Kabul Indian embassy
Kabul UN guesthouse
Camp Chapman
2010
Kabul (Jan)
Kabul (Feb)
Kabul (May)
Nadahan
2011
Logar
Kabul hotel
Nimruz
Zabul
Kabul (Sep)
Kabul & Mazar-e-Sharif
2012
Raids
Camp Bastion
FOB Salerno Attack
2013
Farah
Kabul court
Kabul palace
Jalalabad
Herat
2014
Kabul restaurant
Kabul hotel
Herat Indian consulate
Bagram
1st Paktika
2nd Paktika
Kabul school
2015
Jalalabad
Kabul hotel
Kabul Parliament
Khost
Kabul police
Kabul Airport
Kabul NATO
Ghazni
Kandahar
Kabul Spanish embassy
Bagram
2016
Jalalabad
Kabul NDS
Kunduz-Takhar highway
Kabul Canadian embassy
Wardak
Kabul Hazara protest
Kabul University
Kabul Defense Ministry
Mazar-i-Sharif
Bagram
2017
Bombings (Jan)
Kabul hospital
Camp Shaheen
Kabul (May)
Herat (Jun)
June Lashkargah
Herat (Aug)
Gardez & Ghazni
Kabul & Ghor
Kabul Shi'ite
2018
Kabul hotel
Jalalabad (Save the Children)
Kabul ambulance
Kabul (Mar)
Kabul (22 Apr)
Kabul (30 Apr)
Jalalabad (Jul)
Baghlan
Kabul (Sep)
Jalalabad (Sep)
2019
Maidan Shar
Camp Shorabak
Kabul mosque
Kabul Defense Ministry
Ghazni
Kabul office
Farah
Kabul police
Kabul wedding
Kabul (Sep)
Charikar & Kabul
Qalat
Jalalabad
Haska Meyna
Bagram
2020
Kabul (6 Mar)
Kabul gurdwara
May
June
July
August
Jalalabad
September
October
November
Kabul University
December
2021
Jan-Aug
Kabul school
Spin Boldak
Massacres
Dasht-i-Leili
Shinwar
Nangar
Narang
Maywand
Khataba
Badakhshan
Kandahar
FOB Delhi
Other
U.S. urination incident
Quran burning protests
Insurgents' bodies
U.S.–Afghan agreement
United States–Taliban deal
U.S. withdrawal
2011–2016
2020–2021
Peace process
2021 Kabul airlift
On the evening of 2 September 2019, a bomb on a tractor killed 16 people and injured 119 others at a housing compound used by international organisations in Kabul, Afghanistan.
The target of the attack was foreign citizens living in the town; five Nepalis, two Britons and a 43-year-old Romanian diplomat were killed in the attack. Twenty-five other foreign residents were wounded, including another Romanian.
On 5 September 2019, at least 12 people, including an American service member and a Romanian soldier, were killed and more than 40 injured when a suicide car bomber exploded in a heavily fortified area of central Kabul, close to the Afghan security offices. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attacks.
See also
List of terrorist attacks in Kabul
References
^ 16 dead in Taliban blast in Afghan capital
^ Eight Foreign Nationals Killed In Taliban Attack In Kabul
^ Romania Hails ‘Hero’ Diplomat Killed in Afghan Terror Attack
^ NATO says US, Romanian soldiers killed in Kabul
^ US, Romanian Soldiers Killed In Kabul Attack
^ "Taliban suicide bomber kills at least 10 civilians, two NATO troops in Kabul". Reuters. Abdul Qadir Sediqi, Rupam Jain. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
|
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Boldak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Spin_Boldak_shooting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dasht-i-Leili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre"},{"link_name":"Shinwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting"},{"link_name":"Nangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident"},{"link_name":"Narang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_raid_on_Narang"},{"link_name":"Maywand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywand_District_murders"},{"link_name":"Khataba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Khataba"},{"link_name":"Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Badakhshan_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_massacre"},{"link_name":"FOB Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Delhi_massacre"},{"link_name":"U.S. urination incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters"},{"link_name":"Quran burning protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests"},{"link_name":"Insurgents' bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgents%27_bodies_incident"},{"link_name":"U.S.–Afghan agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Afghanistan_Strategic_Partnership_Agreement"},{"link_name":"United States–Taliban deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal"},{"link_name":"2011–2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2020–2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_peace_process"},{"link_name":"2021 Kabul airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift"},{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"international organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nepalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalis"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"vteWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)History\nTimeline\n\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\nBattles and operationsvteInvasion\nCrescent Wind\nRhino\nMazar-i-Sharif\nKunduz\nHerat\nKabul\nTarinkot\nTrent\nKandahar\nQala-i-Jangi\nShawali Kowt\nSayyd Alma Kalay\nTora Bora\nvteHelmand Province campaign\nLejay\nEagle Fury\nLashkar Gah\nMountain Thrust\n1st Sangin\nMountain Fury\nNawzad\nAchilles\nMusa Qala I\nVolcano\nKryptonite\nSilver\nPickaxe-Handle\nHammer\nNasrat\nMusa Qala II\nGarmsir\nEagle's Summit\nRed Dagger\nShahi Tandar\nDiesel\nMar Lewe\nPanther's Claw\nStrike of the Sword\nDahaneh\nCobra's Anger\nMoshtarak\nTor Shezada\nBattle of Sangin\nCamp Bastion\nJanuary 2017 Lashkargah\nSangin\nJune 2017 Lashkargah\nCamp Shorabak\nGrishk\nvteKandahar Province\n2001 Kandahar bombing\nFall of Kandahar\nTarnak Farm\nMongoose\nMedusa\nAvalanche\nKaika\nPanjwaii\nFalcon Summit\nHoover\nLuger\nKamin\nShah Wali Kot\n2008 Kandahar\nSpin Boldak\nSarposa\nArghandab\nWech Baghtu\n2009 Kandahar\nNadahan\nHamkari\nDragon Strike\nBaawar\nBattle of Kandahar\nKandahar massacre\n2017 Kandahar\n2020 Kandahar\nvteEastern Afghanistan\nHazar Qadam\nAnaconda (Takur Ghar)\nWarrior Sweep\nJacana\nHaven Denial\nMountain Resolve\nTar Heels\nKorangal valley (Red Wings)\nJaji border incident\nBagram (2007)\nSouth Korean hostages\nNangar Khel\nAranas\nWanat\nEbrahimkhel\nAlasay\nBari Alai\nGanjal\nKamdesh\nNarang\nKhataba\n2010 Badakhshan massacre\nBad Pakh\nBulldog Bite\nBarawala Kalay Valley\nDo Ab\nAsadabad\nBagram (2014)\nJalalabad (2015)\nBagram (2015)\nNangarhar\nJalalabad (2016)\nJanikhel\nBagram (2016)\nMohmand Valley\nTora Bora\nJalalabad (January 2018)\nJalalabad (July 2018)\nJalalabad (September 2018)\nCharikar\nJalalabad (2019)\nBagram (2019)\nMay 2020\nvteKabul Province\n2002\n2008 Serena Hotel\n2008 Indian embassy\nUzbin\n2009 raids\nNATO HQ\n2009 Indian embassy\nBakhtar\nJanuary 2010\nFebruary 2010\nMay 2010\n2011 Inter-Continental Hotel\nSeptember 2011\nDecember 2011\nApril 2012\nJune 2013\nPalace\nJanuary 2014\n2014 Serena Hotel\nDecember 2014\nPark Palace\nParliament\n7 August 2015\n10 August 2015\n22 August 2015\nSpanish Embassy\nApril 2016\nCanadian Embassy\nJuly 2016\nAmerican University\nSeptember 2016\nJanuary 2017\nMarch 2017\nMay 2017\nOctober 2017 mosque\n28 December 2017\n2018 Inter-Continental Hotel\nAmbulance\nMarch 2018\n22 April 2018\n30 April 2018\nSeptember 2018\n2019 mosque\n1 July 2019\n28 July 2019\n7 August 2019\n17 August 2019\n2 and 5 September 2019\n17 September 2019\n6 March 2020\nGurdwara\nMay 2020\nJune 2020\nJuly 2020\nAugust 2020\nSeptember 2020\nOctober 2020\nNovember 2020\nUniversity\nDecember 2020\n2021 school\nFall of Kabul (2021)\n2021 hospital\nvteKunduz Province\nAirlift\nSiege\nHarekate Yolo\nKarez\nOqab\n2009 airstrike\nSahda Ehlm\nGala-e Gorg\nHalmazag\n2015 battle\nHospital airstrike\nHostage crisis\n2016 battle\nBoz Qandahari\nKunduz madrassa\n2020\n\nMajor operations\n\nMountain Viper\nAsbury Park\nPerth\nChora\nFirebase Anaconda\nShewan\nBalamorghab\nSabzak\nDerapet\nDoan\nKunduz (2015)\nOmari\nTarinkot\nKunduz (2016)\nBoz Qandahari\nDarzab (2017)\nFarah\nDarzab (2018)\nKunar (2019–2020)\nGhazni\n2021 Taliban offensive\nZaranj\nKunduz\nHerat\nKandahar\nLashkargah\nKabul\nAirstrikes\n\nSayyd Alma Kalay\nUruzgan wedding\nHyderabad\nGora Prai\nHaska Meyna/Deh Bala\nAzizabad\nWech Baghtu\nGranai\nKunduz (2009)\nUruzgan helicopter\nSangin (2010)\nMano Gai\nBaraki Barak\nKapisa\nKunar\nKunduz hospital\nSangin (2017)\nNangarhar\nKunduz madrassa\nMajor insurgent attacks\n2002\n\nKabul\n2007\n\nBagram\nS Korean hostage\nBaghlan\n2008\n\nKandahar\nSpin Boldak\nKhost\nKabul Indian embassy\nKabul hotel\n2009\n\nKabul raids\nKabul NATO\nKandahar\nKabul Indian embassy\nKabul UN guesthouse\nCamp Chapman\n2010\n\nKabul (Jan)\nKabul (Feb)\nKabul (May)\nNadahan\n2011\n\nLogar\nKabul hotel\nNimruz\nZabul\nKabul (Sep)\nKabul & Mazar-e-Sharif\n2012\n\nRaids\nCamp Bastion\nFOB Salerno Attack\n2013\n\nFarah\nKabul court\nKabul palace\nJalalabad\nHerat\n2014\n\nKabul restaurant\nKabul hotel\nHerat Indian consulate\nBagram\n1st Paktika\n2nd Paktika\nKabul school\n2015\n\nJalalabad\nKabul hotel\nKabul Parliament\nKhost\nKabul police\nKabul Airport\nKabul NATO\nGhazni\nKandahar\nKabul Spanish embassy\nBagram\n2016\n\nJalalabad\nKabul NDS\nKunduz-Takhar highway\nKabul Canadian embassy\nWardak\nKabul Hazara protest\nKabul University\nKabul Defense Ministry\nMazar-i-Sharif\nBagram\n2017\n\nBombings (Jan)\nKabul hospital\nCamp Shaheen\nKabul (May)\nHerat (Jun)\nJune Lashkargah\nHerat (Aug)\nGardez & Ghazni\nKabul & Ghor\nKabul Shi'ite\n2018\n\nKabul hotel\nJalalabad (Save the Children)\nKabul ambulance\nKabul (Mar)\nKabul (22 Apr)\nKabul (30 Apr)\nJalalabad (Jul)\nBaghlan\nKabul (Sep)\nJalalabad (Sep)\n2019\n\nMaidan Shar\nCamp Shorabak\nKabul mosque\nKabul Defense Ministry\nGhazni\nKabul office\nFarah\nKabul police\nKabul wedding\nKabul (Sep)\nCharikar & Kabul\nQalat\nJalalabad\nHaska Meyna\nBagram\n2020\n\nKabul (6 Mar)\nKabul gurdwara\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nJalalabad\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nKabul University\nDecember\n2021\n\nJan-Aug\nKabul school\nSpin Boldak\nMassacres\n\nDasht-i-Leili\nShinwar\nNangar\nNarang\nMaywand\nKhataba\nBadakhshan\nKandahar\nFOB Delhi\nOther\n\nU.S. urination incident\nQuran burning protests\nInsurgents' bodies\nU.S.–Afghan agreement\nUnited States–Taliban deal\nU.S. withdrawal\n2011–2016\n2020–2021\nPeace process\n2021 Kabul airliftOn the evening of 2 September 2019, a bomb on a tractor killed 16 people and injured 119 others at a housing compound used by international organisations in Kabul, Afghanistan.[1]\nThe target of the attack was foreign citizens living in the town; five Nepalis, two Britons and a 43-year-old Romanian diplomat were killed in the attack.[2] Twenty-five other foreign residents were wounded, including another Romanian.[3]On 5 September 2019, at least 12 people, including an American service member and a Romanian soldier,[4] were killed and more than 40 injured when a suicide car bomber exploded in a heavily fortified area of central Kabul, close to the Afghan security offices. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attacks.[5][6]","title":"2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of terrorist attacks in Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_attacks_in_Kabul"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Taliban suicide bomber kills at least 10 civilians, two NATO troops in Kabul\". Reuters. Abdul Qadir Sediqi, Rupam Jain. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack/taliban-suicide-bomber-kills-at-least-10-civilians-two-nato-troops-in-kabul-idUSKCN1VQ0J4?il=0","url_text":"\"Taliban suicide bomber kills at least 10 civilians, two NATO troops in Kabul\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1741819/16-dead-119-hurt-in-taliban-blast-in-afghan-capital","external_links_name":"16 dead in Taliban blast in Afghan capital"},{"Link":"https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/eight-foreign-nationals-killed-taliban-attack-kabul","external_links_name":"Eight Foreign Nationals Killed In Taliban Attack In Kabul"},{"Link":"https://balkaninsight.com/2019/09/04/romania-hails-hero-diplomat-killed-in-afghan-terror-attack/","external_links_name":"Romania Hails ‘Hero’ Diplomat Killed in Afghan Terror Attack"},{"Link":"https://www.apnews.com/5f9d783ed4334afbaa8c046c0f682d8a","external_links_name":"NATO says US, Romanian soldiers killed in Kabul"},{"Link":"https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/us-romanian-soldiers-killed-kabul-attack","external_links_name":"US, Romanian Soldiers Killed In Kabul Attack"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attack/taliban-suicide-bomber-kills-at-least-10-civilians-two-nato-troops-in-kabul-idUSKCN1VQ0J4?il=0","external_links_name":"\"Taliban suicide bomber kills at least 10 civilians, two NATO troops in Kabul\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors_jump
|
Scissors jump
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["1 Description of the technique","2 History","3 References"]
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High jump technique
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Scissors jump" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The scissors is a style used in the athletics event of high jump.
Gold medal winner Ethel Catherwood of Canada scissors over the bar at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Her winning result was 1.59 metres (5 ft 3 in).
Description of the technique
As it allows jumpers to land on their feet, it is the style most often used by junior athletes where the landing surface is not deep or soft enough to meet full competition standards.
The approach (or run-up) in the scissors is a straight line at 30 to 50 degrees to the bar, jumping over the lowest point of the bar which is usually the centre. Speed is brisk, simply to ensure horizontal travel over the bar, but not a full-out sprint, as there is little chance to resolve forward motion into vertical motion at take-off. Horizontal acceleration should be complete by take-off, with the shoulders held high and the take-off leg (the outside leg in the case of the scissors style) flexing to launch the jumper into the air.
At take-off the leg nearer the bar (the lead leg) is held straight and swung into the air to clear the bar. At exactly the same time the hips and body are driven into the air by the take-off leg. As the jumper crosses the bar, the trailing or take-off leg has to be quickly swung up to clear the bar. If this occurs as the lead leg crosses and clears the bar, the lead leg can be driven downwards, helping to keep the athlete's centre of mass closer to the bar (in other words, enabling clearance of a higher bar). This up-down/up movement of the legs can best be described as a scissoring action.
Once the take-off leg has left the ground (but not before) the athlete should attempt to pull the upper body face down towards the knee, also to keep the centre of mass as close as possible to the bar. Care must be taken not to hit the head against the knee.
Driving or swinging the arms into the air at take-off provides additional upwards momentum. The arms can be brought back to the sides during clearance, as a further measure to keep the centre of mass as close as possible to the bar. Even with these measures, it is clear that the bar remains considerably below the centre of mass, so the scissors is far from an optimal clearance technique. Landing from the scissors is usually on the feet, but a landing area of soft matting or sand is desirable to reduce foot impact.
History
Until the invention of the eastern cut-off by Michael Sweeney in the 1890s, high jumpers used fairly primitive variants of
the basic scissors style.
One of the most eminent of these early jumpers was Marshall Brooks of Oxford University, who achieved the first jump of
6 ft (1.83 m) on 17 March 1876. A few weeks later he improved this mark to 6 ft 21⁄2 inches (1.89 m). This record stood until 1880 when Patrick Davin of Ireland jumped 6 ft 23⁄4 inches (1.90 m).
These jumpers ran straight at the bar in a style not unlike long-jumping with legs and hips lifted. Indeed, Davin was also holder of the world long jump record. The next world record in high jump was perhaps the first achieved with a true scissors style.
In 1887 the high jump record was captured by a US athlete, William Byrd-Page of the University of Pennsylvania, first with a
clearance of 6 ft 31⁄4 inches, and later 6 ft 4 inches (1.93 m).
Thereafter, all world high jump records until 1957 were set by US athletes.
(For this reason, we state the records in feet and inches for greater accuracy, since that is how they were originally measured.)
Byrd-Page's record was first bettered by Michael Sweeney, inventor of the eastern cut-off mentioned above. Sweeney jumped 6 ft 55⁄8 inches in 1895, a record that stood until 1912. 1912 was the last time that the men's world record was held by a variant of the scissors style, however the women's world was held in the 1960s by the eastern cut-off jumper Iolanda Balas of Romania.
The eastern cut-off was undoubtedly the most natural and successful variation of the scissors technique. But a few jumpers achieved world-class performances with another variation, the so-called modified scissors.
In the modified scissors, the upper body leans back after takeoff, leading to a layout on the back above the bar. This gives a very
efficient clearance, but it made for an uncomfortable landing in the early days, when the jumper typically fell into a sandpit.
The first successful exponent of the modified scissors was Clinton Larson of Brigham University, in Provo, Utah, who was US champion in 1917. Larson is credited with an exhibition jump of 6 ft 8 inches (2.03m), which exceeded the world record of the time, held by western roller Edward Beeson. More than 30 years later, the style was reinvented by
Bob Barksdale of Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.
Barksdale achieved an official clearance of 6 ft 9 inches (2.05m) in early 1956, when the world record stood at 6 ft 111⁄2 inches (2.12m). His technique differed from Larson's in a small but significant way: his head slightly preceded his hips in crossing the bar. In Larson's time there was a "no diving" rule which disallowed such a jump. When the rule was repealed, in the late 1930s, the main result was the development of "dive" variants of the western roll and straddle techniques. But it
also opened the possibility of a "back dive" scissors, and Barksdale's technique was a first step in that direction.
A full-blown "back dive scissors" is none other than the Fosbury flop, used almost universally today (though of course the "scissors" part has essentially vanished). In a nice recapitulation of high jump history, flop jumpers sometimes use the scissors when warming up. For a good example, see the video of Stefan Holm nonchalantly scissoring over 2.10m while still wearing his track suit, or Mutaz Barshim over 2.16m at training.
References
^ G.H.G. Dyson, High Jumping, Amateur Athletic Association, London, 1956, p. 15
^ William Dooley,Champions of the Athletic Arena, General Publicity Service, Dublin 1946, p. 11
^ William Dooley, Champions of the Athletic Arena, General Publicity
Service, Dublin 1946, p. 17
^
G.T. Bresnahan, W.W. Tuttle, F.X. Cretzmeyer, Track and Field Athletics, C.V. Mosby, St Louis, 1956, pp. 282–86.
^ "Stefan Holm scissor jump 2,10". youtube.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "Mutaz Barshim 2m16 scissors". youtube.com. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
vteHigh jump techniques
Scissors
Eastern cut-off
Straddle
Fosbury flop
Western roll
|
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Her winning result was 1.59 metres (5 ft 3 in).","title":"Scissors jump"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centre of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_mass"}],"text":"As it allows jumpers to land on their feet, it is the style most often used by junior athletes where the landing surface is not deep or soft enough to meet full competition standards.The approach (or run-up) in the scissors is a straight line at 30 to 50 degrees to the bar, jumping over the lowest point of the bar which is usually the centre. Speed is brisk, simply to ensure horizontal travel over the bar, but not a full-out sprint, as there is little chance to resolve forward motion into vertical motion at take-off. Horizontal acceleration should be complete by take-off, with the shoulders held high and the take-off leg (the outside leg in the case of the scissors style) flexing to launch the jumper into the air.At take-off the leg nearer the bar (the lead leg) is held straight and swung into the air to clear the bar. At exactly the same time the hips and body are driven into the air by the take-off leg. As the jumper crosses the bar, the trailing or take-off leg has to be quickly swung up to clear the bar. If this occurs as the lead leg crosses and clears the bar, the lead leg can be driven downwards, helping to keep the athlete's centre of mass closer to the bar (in other words, enabling clearance of a higher bar). This up-down/up movement of the legs can best be described as a scissoring action.Once the take-off leg has left the ground (but not before) the athlete should attempt to pull the upper body face down towards the knee, also to keep the centre of mass as close as possible to the bar. Care must be taken not to hit the head against the knee.Driving or swinging the arms into the air at take-off provides additional upwards momentum. The arms can be brought back to the sides during clearance, as a further measure to keep the centre of mass as close as possible to the bar. Even with these measures, it is clear that the bar remains considerably below the centre of mass, so the scissors is far from an optimal clearance technique. Landing from the scissors is usually on the feet, but a landing area of soft matting or sand is desirable to reduce foot impact.","title":"Description of the technique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eastern cut-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cut-off"},{"link_name":"Marshall Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Iolanda Balas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolanda_Balas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fosbury flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosbury_flop"},{"link_name":"Stefan Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Holm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Until the invention of the eastern cut-off by Michael Sweeney in the 1890s, high jumpers used fairly primitive variants of \nthe basic scissors style.\nOne of the most eminent of these early jumpers was Marshall Brooks of Oxford University, who achieved the first jump of\n6 ft (1.83 m) on 17 March 1876. A few weeks later he improved this mark to 6 ft 21⁄2 inches (1.89 m). This record stood until 1880 when Patrick Davin of Ireland jumped 6 ft 23⁄4 inches (1.90 m).[2]\nThese jumpers ran straight at the bar in a style not unlike long-jumping with legs and hips lifted. Indeed, Davin was also holder of the world long jump record. The next world record in high jump was perhaps the first achieved with a true scissors style.In 1887 the high jump record was captured by a US athlete, William Byrd-Page of the University of Pennsylvania, first with a \nclearance of 6 ft 31⁄4 inches, and later 6 ft 4 inches (1.93 m).[3]\nThereafter, all world high jump records until 1957 were set by US athletes.\n(For this reason, we state the records in feet and inches for greater accuracy, since that is how they were originally measured.)Byrd-Page's record was first bettered by Michael Sweeney, inventor of the eastern cut-off mentioned above. Sweeney jumped 6 ft 55⁄8 inches in 1895, a record that stood until 1912. 1912 was the last time that the men's world record was held by a variant of the scissors style, however the women's world was held in the 1960s by the eastern cut-off jumper Iolanda Balas of Romania.The eastern cut-off was undoubtedly the most natural and successful variation of the scissors technique. But a few jumpers achieved world-class performances with another variation, the so-called modified scissors.[4]\nIn the modified scissors, the upper body leans back after takeoff, leading to a layout on the back above the bar. This gives a very \nefficient clearance, but it made for an uncomfortable landing in the early days, when the jumper typically fell into a sandpit.The first successful exponent of the modified scissors was Clinton Larson of Brigham University, in Provo, Utah, who was US champion in 1917. Larson is credited with an exhibition jump of 6 ft 8 inches (2.03m), which exceeded the world record of the time, held by western roller Edward Beeson. More than 30 years later, the style was reinvented by\nBob Barksdale of Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.Barksdale achieved an official clearance of 6 ft 9 inches (2.05m) in early 1956, when the world record stood at 6 ft 111⁄2 inches (2.12m). His technique differed from Larson's in a small but significant way: his head slightly preceded his hips in crossing the bar. In Larson's time there was a \"no diving\" rule which disallowed such a jump. When the rule was repealed, in the late 1930s, the main result was the development of \"dive\" variants of the western roll and straddle techniques. But it\nalso opened the possibility of a \"back dive\" scissors, and Barksdale's technique was a first step in that direction.A full-blown \"back dive scissors\" is none other than the Fosbury flop, used almost universally today (though of course the \"scissors\" part has essentially vanished). In a nice recapitulation of high jump history, flop jumpers sometimes use the scissors when warming up. For a good example, see the video of Stefan Holm nonchalantly scissoring over 2.10m while still wearing his track suit,[5] or Mutaz Barshim over 2.16m at training.[6]","title":"History"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_shower
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Baby shower
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["1 Etymology","2 Description","2.1 Timing","3 Gifts","4 Social significance","5 History","6 In different countries","7 Baby showers for fathers","8 Names for events","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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Prenatal celebration
For other uses, see Baby shower (disambiguation).
Baby shower cake decorated with a crib
A baby shower is a party centered on gift-giving to celebrate the delivery or expected birth of a child. It is a rite of passage that celebrates through giving gifts and spending time together.
Etymology
The term shower is often assumed to mean that the expectant parent is "showered" with gifts. A related custom, called a bridal shower, may have derived its name from the custom in the 19th century for the presents to be put inside a parasol, which when opened would "shower" the bride-to-be with gifts.
Description
Cake and finger foods are often served at baby showers.
Traditionally, baby showers are given only for the family's first child, and only women are invited,to party .... though this has changed in recent years, now allowing showers being split up for different audiences: workplace, mixed-sex, etc. Smaller showers, or showers in which guests are encouraged to give only diapers or similar necessities, are common for subsequent babies.
Activities at baby showers include gift-giving and playing themed games. Giving gifts is a primary activity. Baby shower games vary, sometimes including standard games such as bingo, and sometimes being pregnancy-themed, such as "guess the mother's measurements" or "guess the baby".
According to etiquette authority Miss Manners, because the party centers on gift-giving, the baby shower is typically arranged and hosted by a close friend rather than a member of the family, since it is considered improper for families to beg for gifts on behalf of their members. The pregnant mother, as well as her mother and mother-in-law, and any sisters and sisters-in-law are commonly considered too closely related to properly host a baby shower, but a more distant family member, such as a cousin, might be accepted. However, this custom varies by culture or region and in some it is expected and customary for a close female family member to host the baby shower.
Timing
Pre-birth baby showers may be held late in the pregnancy, but not usually during the last few weeks, in case of a pre-term birth.
Many cultures do not have pre-birth celebrations. When a baby shower is held after a baby's birth, an invitation to attend the shower may be combined with a baby announcement. In China, it is considered unlucky to have a baby shower before the baby is born, and gifts are usually sent after the birth, unrelated to a party. In the US, if a baby shower does not happen before the arrival of the baby, a sip-and-see party or other similar events can be organized after the birth.
Gifts
Gifts on a table at a baby shower
Guests bring small gifts for the expectant parent. Typical gifts related to babies include diapers, blankets, baby bottles, clothes, and toys. It is common to open gifts during the party; sometimes the host will make a game of opening gifts.
Whether and how a gift registry is used depends partly on the family's class, because wealthier families do not depend on the gifts received to care for the baby. Preparing a gift registry is a time-consuming and potentially fun activity for the parents-to-be. It may result in less personal gifts (e.g., the purchase of a store-bought item instead of a handmade one). As with gift registries for other gift-giving occasions, some guests appreciate them, and others do not.
Some families discourage gifts, saying that they want "your presence, not presents", or organizing a different activity, such as a blessing ceremony.
Social significance
In the United States, the baby shower is the only public event that recognizes a woman's transition into motherhood.
The baby shower is a family's first opportunity to gather people together to help play a part in their child's life. The new parents may wish to call on people to assist in the upbringing of their child, and help educate the child over time. People around the family, who care for them, want to be involved in the child's life, and a baby shower presents an opportunity for them to give gifts and be of help, showing their love for the family. If it happens before the birth, it allows the new family to thank everyone.
History
Baby shower shortbread biscuits
Baby showers are relatively new, having become popular only in the middle of the 20th century, but other celebrations and rituals associated with pregnancy and childbirth are both ancient and enduring.
Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, rituals relating to the birth of a child took place after the event itself. Quite unlike modern baby showers, this involved the mother and the child being separated to "contain and eliminate the pollution of birth" – this may have included visiting local temples or shrines. After this, household rituals may have taken place, but the specifics are hard to study as these are such female-focuses events.
Ancient and Modern India
In India, a pregnancy ritual has been followed since the Vedic ages: an event called Simantha, held in the 7th or 8th month. The mother-to-be is showered with dry fruits, sweets and other gifts that help the baby's growth. A musical event to please the baby's ears is the highlight of the ritual, as it was common knowledge that the baby's ears would start functioning within the womb. The ritual prays for a healthy baby and mother, as well as a happy delivery and motherhood.
Ancient Greece
The ancient Greeks also celebrated pregnancy after the birth, with a shout (oloyge) after the labor has ended, to indicate that "peace had arrived". Five to seven days later, there is a ceremony called Amphidromia, to indicate that the baby had integrated into the household. In wealthy families, the public dekate ceremony, after ten days, indicated the mother's return to society. (The ten-day period is still observed in modern-day Iran.)
Medieval Europe
Due to the likelihood a mother would die in childbirth, this time was recognized as having a great risk of spiritual danger in addition to the risk of physical danger. Priests would often visit women during labor so they could confess their sins. After the birth, usually on the same day, a baptism ceremony would take place for the baby. In this ceremony, the godparents would give gifts to the child, including a pair of silver spoons.
Renaissance Europe
Pregnancies at this time were celebrated with many other kinds of birth gifts: functional items, like wooden trays and bowls, as well as paintings, sculptures, and food. Childbirth was seen as almost mystical, and mothers-to-be were often surrounded with references to the Annunciation by way of encouragement and celebration.
Victorian Britain and North America
Superstitions sometimes led to speculation that a woman might be pregnant, such as two teaspoons being accidentally placed together on a saucer. Gifts were usually hand-made, but the grandmother would give silver, such as a spoon, mug, or porringer. In Britain, the manners of the upper-class (and, later, middle-class) required pregnancy to be treated with discretion: the declining of social invitations was often the only hint given. After the birth, a monthly nurse would be engaged, whose duties included regulating visitors. When the nanny took over, the mother began to resume normal domestic life, and the resumption of the weekly 'at home' afternoon tea an opportunity for female friends to visit. The Christening - usually held when the child was between 8-12 weeks old - was an important social event for the family, godparents and friends.
Modern North America
The modern baby shower in America started in the late 1940s and the 1950s, as post-war women were expecting the Baby Boom generation. As in earlier eras, when young women married and were provided with trousseaux, the shower served the function of providing the mother and her home with useful material goods.
While continuing the traditions from the 1950s, modern technology has altered the form a baby shower takes: games can include identifying baby parts on a sonogram. Moreover, although traditional baby showers were female-exclusive, mixed-sex showers have increased in frequency.
In different countries
A diaper cake is a party decoration made from baby diapers, elaborately arranged to look like a fancy tiered cake.
Baby showers and other social events to celebrate an impending or recent birth are popular around the world, but not in Western Europe. They are often women-only social gatherings.
In Armenia, a baby shower is called "qarasunq" (քառասունք) and is celebrated 40 days after the birth. It is a mixed party for all relatives and friends. Guests usually bring gifts for the baby or parents.
In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, baby showers are a common tradition.
In Brazil, a party called "chá de bebê" (baby tea) is offered before birth.
In Bulgaria, as a superstition, no baby gifts are given to the family before the baby's birth. However, family and friends give or send unsolicited gifts to the newborn baby, even if some babies are kept from the public for the first 40 days to prevent early infections.
In Chinese tradition a baby shower, manyue (满月), is held one month after the baby is born.
In Hmong culture, a baby shower is called "Puv Hli", and is held one month after the baby is born. A ceremony would be hosted by the paternal grandparents or the father to welcome the baby to the family by tying the baby's wrist with white yarn and/or strings.
In Costa Rica, a baby shower party is called té de canastilla ("basket tea"), and multiple events are held for a single pregnancy for the family, co-workers, and friends.
In Egypt a baby shower is known as " Sebouh " (سبوع) (sebouh means week) which is usually celebrated one week after birth hence its name. This is usually celebrated with a DJ, much decoration, a food and candy buffet, activities and games.
In Guatemala, only women attend this event. Middle-class women usually celebrate more than one baby shower (one with close friends, co-workers, family, etc.).
In Indian tradition, they are called by different names depending on the family's community.
In northern India it is known as godbharaai (filled lap), in the Punjab region, it is also known as "reet". In western India, especially Maharashtra, the celebration is known as dohaaljewan, and in Odisha it is called saadhroshi. In West Bengal, in many places a party named "sadh" (সাধ) or "sadhbhokkhon" (সাধভক্ষণ) is observed on the seventh month of pregnancy. After this, the woman resides in her father's house instead of her husband's until the birth.
In southern India, in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh it is called seemantham, valaikaapu or poochoottal. The expecting mother wears bangles and is adorned with flowers.
In Karnataka it is called seemanta(ಸೀಮಂತ) or kubasa (ಕುಬಸ). It is held when the woman is in her 5th, 7th, or 9th month of pregnancy.
In coastal Karnataka, especially in Tulunadu (Tulu speaking region), the ceremony is also known as "baayake" ('ಬಾಯಕೆ'). Baayake in Tulu means desire. It is popularly considered that pregnant women crave fruits and eatables during the pregnancy period; and the ceremony was designed in the olden days to fulfill the desire or food cravings of the mother-to-be.
Although these might be celebrated together, they are very different: seemantham is a religious ceremony, while valaikappu and poochoottal are purely social events much like Western baby showers. In a valaikappu or poochoottal, music is played and the expectant mother is decked in traditional attire with many flowers and garlands made of jasmine or mogra. A swing is decorated with flowers of her choice, which she uses to sit and swing. At times, symbolic cut-outs of moons and stars are put up. The elderly ladies from the household and community shower blessings on the expectant mother and gifts are given to her.
In Gujarat, it is known as seemant or kholo bharyo, a religious ritual for most Gujarati Hindus during the 5th or 7th month of pregnancy, usually only for the first child. The expectant mother can only go to her father's house for delivery after her seemant. They offer special prayer and food to the goddess "Randal, the wife of the Sun".
In Jain tradition, the baby shower ceremony is often called as "Shreemant". The expectant mother can go to her father's house in the 5th month of pregnancy and has to come back before the baby shower ceremony. After the ceremony the expectant mother cannot go back to her father's house. The ceremony is only performed on Sunday, Tuesday or Thursday of the seventh or ninth month of pregnancy. During the ceremony one of the practice is that the younger brother-in-law of the expectant mother dips his hands in Kumkuma water and slaps the expectant mother seven times on her cheeks and then the expectant mother slaps her younger brother-in-law seven times on his cheeks.
In Kerala it is known as pulikudi or vayattu pongala', and is practiced predominantly in the Nair community, though its popularity has spread to other Hindu sects over the years. On an auspicious day, after being massaged with homemade ayurvedic oil the woman has a customary bath with the help of the elderly women in the family. After this, the family deity is worshipped, invoking all the paradevatas (family deities) and a concoction of herbal medicines prepared traditionally, is given to the woman. She is dressed in new clothes and jewellery used for such occasions. A big difference in the western concept of baby shower and Hindu tradition is that the Hindu ceremony is a religious ceremony to pray for the baby's well-being. In most conservative families, gifts are bought for the mother-to-be but not the baby. The baby is showered with gifts only after birth.
In Iran, a baby shower (Persian:حمام زایمان) is also called a "sismooni party" (Persian:جشن سیسمونی). It is celebrated 1–3 months before the baby's birth. Family and close friends give gifts intended for the baby such as a cot, toys, and baby clothes.
In the Islamic tradition of Aqiqah, an animal (such as a sheep) is slaughtered anytime after the birth, and the meat is distributed among relatives and the poor. The practice is considered sunnah and is not done universally.
In Italy a party is held when the expectant mother is three or four months pregnant. Marked by the revelation of the baby's gender to parents, friends, and relatives, this festive gathering features an array of food and music. Symbolically, colored balloons, either pink or blue, are released into the air, signifying the anticipated arrival of a baby girl or boy. Attendees express their well-wishes through the presentation of gifts to the soon-to-be parents; this tradition has been recently imported to Italy, where it was not celebrated before the early 2010s;
In Mongolia, a baby shower is called "хүүхдийн угаалга" (huuhdyn ugaalga).
In Nepal a baby shower is known as "dahi chiura khuwaune". The mother-to-be is given gifts from her elders and a meal is cooked for her according to her preferences. The pregnant mother is often invited by her relatives to eat meals with them. Pasni is a traditional celebration that often marks a baby boy's 6th month or a baby girl's fifth month, marking the transition to a diet higher in carbohydrates and allowing guests to bestow blessings, and money and other gifts.
In Puerto Rico, a baby shower is celebrated anytime after other family members are made aware of the pregnancy, but typically during the last trimester. The grandmother, sisters, or friends of the pregnant mother organize the celebration and invite other relatives and friends. It is not common for men to attend baby showers. The "bendición" (blessing) is bestowed money and other gifts.
In Russia, and Commonwealth of Independent States, there are no baby showers, though some of the younger generation are starting to adopt the custom.
In South Africa, a baby shower is called a stork party (named after the folk myth that a white stork delivers babies), and typically takes place during the mother's 6th month. Stork parties, usually not attended by men and often organized as a surprise for the mother, involve silliness such as dressing up, and mothers receive gifts of baby supplies.
In Vietnam, as a superstition no baby shower should be planned before the baby arrives. The baby shower is only organized when it is one month old. The baby shower is known as “ Đầy tháng” which means “ one full month” . The party is usually organized by the baby’s parents and/or the grandparents (baby’s father’s side). Relatives and close friends are invited. Gifts are welcomed, but try to avoid white color material gifts such as white clothing, white towels, white cloths …(mourning color)
Baby showers for fathers
Some baby showers are directed at fathers. These may be more oriented towards drinking beer, watching sports, fishing, or playing video games. The primary nature of these gifts is diapers and/or diaper-related items. The organization of the diaper party is typically done by the friends of the father-to-be as a way of helping to prepare for the coming child. These parties may be held at local pubs/bars, a friend's house, or the soon-to-be grandfather's house. In the United Kingdom, this is called wetting the baby's head, and is generally more common than baby showers. However, with the growth of American cultural influence – accelerated through celebrities via social media sites like Instagram – baby shower decorations are becoming more common in the United Kingdom. Wetting the baby's head is traditionally when the father celebrates the birth by having a few drinks and getting drunk with a group of friends.
There has been some controversy over these, with Judith Martin calling them a "monstrous imposition", although she was referring to the attitude of demanding gifts and not necessarily the male version of a baby shower.
In Hungary, such an event is called a milking party, and is held by tradition in favor of the mother to be blessed with breast milk for the newborn. Practically, it is the last day-off of the father for some time as he is expected to stay home to help. No similar domestic custom exists for mothers, such as a baby shower. Gifts for the baby are given on the first visit to his/her home. This, due to health concerns, happens at the appropriate and suitable time for each counterpart.
Names for events
A buffet at a baby shower. The "cake" in the center of the table is made from disposable diapers.
Diaper shower refers to a small-scale baby shower, generally for subsequent children, when the parents don't need as many baby supplies.
Grandma's shower refers to a shower at which people bring items for the grandparents to keep at their house, such as a collapsible crib and a changing pad.
Sprinkles or mistings are small showers for a subsequent child, especially a child who is of a different gender than the previous offspring.
A sip and see party is a celebration usually planned by the new parents after the baby's birth, so that friends and family can sip on refreshments and meet the new baby.
An adoption shower is held to celebrate a child's adoption into a family. Such events are called welcome parties when it's an older child being adopted rather than an infant.
See also
Gender reveal party
Maternity package (or baby box), another way for parents to acquire the necessities for their first child
Postpartum confinement, a set of customs for mother and baby immediately following the birth
Simantonnayana, a Hindu ritual similar to a baby shower
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Han, Sallie (2013-07-01). "Consumption and Communitas: Baby Showers". Pregnancy in Practice: Expectation and Experience in the Contemporary US. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-988-6.
^ Montemurro, Beth (2006). "Origins of Bridal Showers and Bachelorette Parties". Something Old, Something Bold. Rutgers University Press. pp. 26. ISBN 0-8135-3811-4.
^ Robin Elise Weiss (2009). The Complete Illustrated Pregnancy Companion. Fair Winds. pp. 320. ISBN 978-1616734435. baby shower history and tradition.
^ "The History of Baby Showers". www.parentingpage.com. 10 October 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
^ a b c d e f g Smith, Jodi R. R. (2011-06-07). "Baby Showers". The Etiquette Book: A Complete Guide to Modern Manners. Union Square & Co. ISBN 978-1-4027-8251-0.
^ William Haviland; Harald Prins; Dana Walrath; Bunny McBride (2013). Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Cengage Learning. p. 784. ISBN 978-1285677583.
^ Martin, Judith (10 September 2010). "Miss Manners: Modesty is the best party policy". The Washington Post.
^ Xiaowei Zang (2012). Understanding Chinese Society. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1136632709.
^ "Why to Have Baby Showers?". The Pregnancy Zone. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
^ a b c d e f g h "Ritual and Ceremony: A History of Baby Showers". www.randomhistory.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
^ The sacred meadows : a structural analysis of religious symbolism in an East African town / by Abdul Hamid M. el Zein.
^ 'Raise your voices and kill your animals' : Islamic discourses on the Idd el-Hajj and sacrifices in Tanga (Tanzania) : authoritative texts, ritual practices and social identities / by Gerard C. van de Bruinhorst full text
^ "Fathers-to-be get their own baby showers male style". TribLIVE. 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ "It's buddies, beers and diapers". StarTribune.com. 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ a b Yadegaran, Jessica (2011-09-25). "Home & Garden | Diaper parties: Dad-to-be's answer to baby showers | Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ a b Martin, Judith (2009-01-28). "Miss Manners: Diaper party is beyond the pail - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ Tjader, Aimie (25 July 2011). "It's buddies, beers and diapers". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ Kate Fox (2008). Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85788-508-8.
^ Murray, Linda J.; Hennen, Leah; Scott, Jim; et al. (2005-06-22). The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource. Rodale. p. 346. ISBN 9781594862113. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
^ Hill, Sabrina (2010-09-30). Everything Baby Shower Book: Throw a memorable event for mother-to-be. Adams Media. pp. 133–144. ISBN 9781440524455. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
^ Vora, Shivani (9 December 2012). "For Baby No. 2 or 3, No Shower but a Sprinkle". The New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
External links
Look up baby shower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Baby shower at Wikimedia Commons
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It is a rite of passage that celebrates through giving gifts and spending time together.[1]","title":"Baby shower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bridal shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridal_shower"},{"link_name":"parasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol#China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOSBIntro-2"}],"text":"The term shower is often assumed to mean that the expectant parent is \"showered\" with gifts. A related custom, called a bridal shower, may have derived its name from the custom in the 19th century for the presents to be put inside a parasol, which when opened would \"shower\" the bride-to-be with gifts.[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teatime_in_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"link_name":"finger foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_food"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parenting_page-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Miss Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Manners"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cake and finger foods are often served at baby showers.Traditionally, baby showers are given only for the family's first child, and only women are invited,to party ....[3] though this has changed in recent years, now allowing showers being split up for different audiences: workplace, mixed-sex, etc.[4][5] Smaller showers, or showers in which guests are encouraged to give only diapers or similar necessities, are common for subsequent babies.[5]Activities at baby showers include gift-giving and playing themed games. Giving gifts is a primary activity.[1] Baby shower games vary, sometimes including standard games such as bingo, and sometimes being pregnancy-themed, such as \"guess the mother's measurements\" or \"guess the baby\".According to etiquette authority Miss Manners, because the party centers on gift-giving,[6] the baby shower is typically arranged and hosted by a close friend rather than a member of the family, since it is considered improper for families to beg for gifts on behalf of their members.[7] The pregnant mother, as well as her mother and mother-in-law, and any sisters and sisters-in-law are commonly considered too closely related to properly host a baby shower, but a more distant family member, such as a cousin, might be accepted.[5] However, this custom varies by culture or region and in some it is expected and customary for a close female family member to host the baby shower.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"baby announcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_announcement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Timing","text":"Pre-birth baby showers may be held late in the pregnancy, but not usually during the last few weeks, in case of a pre-term birth.[5]Many cultures do not have pre-birth celebrations.[5] When a baby shower is held after a baby's birth, an invitation to attend the shower may be combined with a baby announcement. In China, it is considered unlucky to have a baby shower before the baby is born, and gifts are usually sent after the birth, unrelated to a party.[8] In the US, if a baby shower does not happen before the arrival of the baby, a sip-and-see party or other similar events can be organized after the birth.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_shower_gifts_-_October_2022_Sarah_Stierch.jpg"},{"link_name":"diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper"},{"link_name":"baby bottles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_bottle"},{"link_name":"gift registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_registry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Gifts on a table at a baby showerGuests bring small gifts for the expectant parent. Typical gifts related to babies include diapers, blankets, baby bottles, clothes, and toys. It is common to open gifts during the party; sometimes the host will make a game of opening gifts.Whether and how a gift registry is used depends partly on the family's class, because wealthier families do not depend on the gifts received to care for the baby.[1] Preparing a gift registry is a time-consuming and potentially fun activity for the parents-to-be.[1] It may result in less personal gifts (e.g., the purchase of a store-bought item instead of a handmade one).[1] As with gift registries for other gift-giving occasions, some guests appreciate them, and others do not.[1]Some families discourage gifts, saying that they want \"your presence, not presents\", or organizing a different activity, such as a blessing ceremony.[1]","title":"Gifts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepregnancyzone-9"}],"text":"In the United States, the baby shower is the only public event that recognizes a woman's transition into motherhood.[1]The baby shower is a family's first opportunity to gather people together to help play a part in their child's life. The new parents may wish to call on people to assist in the upbringing of their child, and help educate the child over time. People around the family, who care for them, want to be involved in the child's life, and a baby shower presents an opportunity for them to give gifts and be of help, showing their love for the family.[9] If it happens before the birth, it allows the new family to thank everyone.","title":"Social significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_shower_shortbread_biscuits_1_(8515549806).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"Simantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemantham"},{"link_name":"Amphidromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidromia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"teaspoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaspoon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"Christening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Baby Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Boom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"trousseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"},{"link_name":"sonogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-random_history-10"}],"text":"Baby shower shortbread biscuitsBaby showers are relatively new, having become popular only in the middle of the 20th century,[1] but other celebrations and rituals associated with pregnancy and childbirth are both ancient and enduring.[10]Ancient Egypt\nIn ancient Egypt, rituals relating to the birth of a child took place after the event itself. Quite unlike modern baby showers, this involved the mother and the child being separated to \"contain and eliminate the pollution of birth\" – this may have included visiting local temples or shrines. After this, household rituals may have taken place, but the specifics are hard to study as these are such female-focuses events.[10]\nAncient and Modern India\nIn India, a pregnancy ritual has been followed since the Vedic ages: an event called Simantha, held in the 7th or 8th month. The mother-to-be is showered with dry fruits, sweets and other gifts that help the baby's growth. A musical event to please the baby's ears is the highlight of the ritual, as it was common knowledge that the baby's ears would start functioning within the womb. The ritual prays for a healthy baby and mother, as well as a happy delivery and motherhood.\nAncient Greece\nThe ancient Greeks also celebrated pregnancy after the birth, with a shout (oloyge) after the labor has ended, to indicate that \"peace had arrived\". Five to seven days later, there is a ceremony called Amphidromia, to indicate that the baby had integrated into the household. In wealthy families, the public dekate ceremony, after ten days, indicated the mother's return to society. (The ten-day period is still observed in modern-day Iran.)[10]\nMedieval Europe\nDue to the likelihood a mother would die in childbirth, this time was recognized as having a great risk of spiritual danger in addition to the risk of physical danger. Priests would often visit women during labor so they could confess their sins. After the birth, usually on the same day, a baptism ceremony would take place for the baby. In this ceremony, the godparents would give gifts to the child, including a pair of silver spoons.[10]\nRenaissance Europe\nPregnancies at this time were celebrated with many other kinds of birth gifts: functional items, like wooden trays and bowls, as well as paintings, sculptures, and food. Childbirth was seen as almost mystical, and mothers-to-be were often surrounded with references to the Annunciation by way of encouragement and celebration.[10]\nVictorian Britain and North America\nSuperstitions sometimes led to speculation that a woman might be pregnant, such as two teaspoons being accidentally placed together on a saucer. Gifts were usually hand-made, but the grandmother would give silver, such as a spoon, mug, or porringer.[10] In Britain, the manners of the upper-class (and, later, middle-class) required pregnancy to be treated with discretion: the declining of social invitations was often the only hint given. After the birth, a monthly nurse would be engaged, whose duties included regulating visitors. When the nanny took over, the mother began to resume normal domestic life, and the resumption of the weekly 'at home' afternoon tea an opportunity for female friends to visit. The Christening - usually held when the child was between 8-12 weeks old - was an important social event for the family, godparents and friends.\nModern North America\nThe modern baby shower in America started in the late 1940s and the 1950s, as post-war women were expecting the Baby Boom generation.[1] As in earlier eras, when young women married and were provided with trousseaux, the shower served the function of providing the mother and her home with useful material goods.[10]While continuing the traditions from the 1950s, modern technology has altered the form a baby shower takes: games can include identifying baby parts on a sonogram. Moreover, although traditional baby showers were female-exclusive, mixed-sex showers have increased in frequency.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue-yellow-diaper-cake.jpg"},{"link_name":"baby diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_diapers"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(meal)"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"seemantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemantham"},{"link_name":"valaikaapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaikaapu"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"jasmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine"},{"link_name":"mogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasminum_sambac"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Kumkuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumkuma"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nair"},{"link_name":"herbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"Aqiqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqiqah"},{"link_name":"sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"white stork delivers babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_stork#Storks_and_delivery_of_babies"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"text":"A diaper cake is a party decoration made from baby diapers, elaborately arranged to look like a fancy tiered cake.Baby showers and other social events to celebrate an impending or recent birth are popular around the world, but not in Western Europe. They are often women-only social gatherings.In Armenia, a baby shower is called \"qarasunq\" (քառասունք) and is celebrated 40 days after the birth. It is a mixed party for all relatives and friends. Guests usually bring gifts for the baby or parents.\nIn Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, baby showers are a common tradition.\nIn Brazil, a party called \"chá de bebê\" (baby tea) is offered before birth.\nIn Bulgaria, as a superstition, no baby gifts are given to the family before the baby's birth. However, family and friends give or send unsolicited gifts to the newborn baby, even if some babies are kept from the public for the first 40 days to prevent early infections.\nIn Chinese tradition a baby shower, manyue (满月), is held one month after the baby is born.\nIn Hmong culture, a baby shower is called \"Puv Hli\", and is held one month after the baby is born. A ceremony would be hosted by the paternal grandparents or the father to welcome the baby to the family by tying the baby's wrist with white yarn and/or strings.\nIn Costa Rica, a baby shower party is called té de canastilla (\"basket tea\"), and multiple events are held for a single pregnancy for the family, co-workers, and friends.\nIn Egypt a baby shower is known as \" Sebouh \" (سبوع) (sebouh means week) which is usually celebrated one week after birth hence its name. This is usually celebrated with a DJ, much decoration, a food and candy buffet, activities and games.\nIn Guatemala, only women attend this event. Middle-class women usually celebrate more than one baby shower (one with close friends, co-workers, family, etc.).\nIn Indian tradition, they are called by different names depending on the family's community.\nIn northern India it is known as godbharaai (filled lap), in the Punjab region, it is also known as \"reet\". In western India, especially Maharashtra, the celebration is known as dohaaljewan, and in Odisha it is called saadhroshi. In West Bengal, in many places a party named \"sadh\" (সাধ) or \"sadhbhokkhon\" (সাধভক্ষণ) is observed on the seventh month of pregnancy. After this, the woman resides in her father's house instead of her husband's until the birth.\nIn southern India, in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh it is called seemantham, valaikaapu or poochoottal. The expecting mother wears bangles and is adorned with flowers.\nIn Karnataka it is called seemanta(ಸೀಮಂತ) or kubasa (ಕುಬಸ). It is held when the woman is in her 5th, 7th, or 9th month of pregnancy.\nIn coastal Karnataka, especially in Tulunadu (Tulu speaking region), the ceremony is also known as \"baayake\" ('ಬಾಯಕೆ'). Baayake in Tulu means desire. It is popularly considered that pregnant women crave fruits and eatables during the pregnancy period; and the ceremony was designed in the olden days to fulfill the desire or food cravings of the mother-to-be.\nAlthough these might be celebrated together, they are very different: seemantham is a religious ceremony, while valaikappu and poochoottal are purely social events much like Western baby showers. In a valaikappu or poochoottal, music is played and the expectant mother is decked in traditional attire with many flowers and garlands made of jasmine or mogra. A swing is decorated with flowers of her choice, which she uses to sit and swing. At times, symbolic cut-outs of moons and stars are put up. The elderly ladies from the household and community shower blessings on the expectant mother and gifts are given to her.\nIn Gujarat, it is known as seemant or kholo bharyo, a religious ritual for most Gujarati Hindus during the 5th or 7th month of pregnancy, usually only for the first child. The expectant mother can only go to her father's house for delivery after her seemant. They offer special prayer and food to the goddess \"Randal, the wife of the Sun\".\nIn Jain tradition, the baby shower ceremony is often called as \"Shreemant\". The expectant mother can go to her father's house in the 5th month of pregnancy and has to come back before the baby shower ceremony. After the ceremony the expectant mother cannot go back to her father's house. The ceremony is only performed on Sunday, Tuesday or Thursday of the seventh or ninth month of pregnancy. During the ceremony one of the practice is that the younger brother-in-law of the expectant mother dips his hands in Kumkuma water and slaps the expectant mother seven times on her cheeks and then the expectant mother slaps her younger brother-in-law seven times on his cheeks.\nIn Kerala it is known as pulikudi or vayattu pongala', and is practiced predominantly in the Nair community, though its popularity has spread to other Hindu sects over the years. On an auspicious day, after being massaged with homemade ayurvedic oil the woman has a customary bath with the help of the elderly women in the family. After this, the family deity is worshipped, invoking all the paradevatas (family deities) and a concoction of herbal medicines prepared traditionally, is given to the woman. She is dressed in new clothes and jewellery used for such occasions. A big difference in the western concept of baby shower and Hindu tradition is that the Hindu ceremony is a religious ceremony to pray for the baby's well-being. In most conservative families, gifts are bought for the mother-to-be but not the baby. The baby is showered with gifts only after birth.In Iran, a baby shower (Persian:حمام زایمان) is also called a \"sismooni party\" (Persian:جشن سیسمونی). It is celebrated 1–3 months before the baby's birth. Family and close friends give gifts intended for the baby such as a cot, toys, and baby clothes.\nIn the Islamic tradition of Aqiqah, an animal (such as a sheep) is slaughtered anytime after the birth, and the meat is distributed among relatives and the poor. The practice is considered sunnah and is not done universally.[11][12]\nIn Italy a party is held when the expectant mother is three or four months pregnant. Marked by the revelation of the baby's gender to parents, friends, and relatives, this festive gathering features an array of food and music. Symbolically, colored balloons, either pink or blue, are released into the air, signifying the anticipated arrival of a baby girl or boy. Attendees express their well-wishes through the presentation of gifts to the soon-to-be parents; this tradition has been recently imported to Italy, where it was not celebrated before the early 2010s;\nIn Mongolia, a baby shower is called \"хүүхдийн угаалга\" (huuhdyn ugaalga).\nIn Nepal a baby shower is known as \"dahi chiura khuwaune\". The mother-to-be is given gifts from her elders and a meal is cooked for her according to her preferences. The pregnant mother is often invited by her relatives to eat meals with them. Pasni is a traditional celebration that often marks a baby boy's 6th month or a baby girl's fifth month, marking the transition to a diet higher in carbohydrates and allowing guests to bestow blessings, and money and other gifts.\nIn Puerto Rico, a baby shower is celebrated anytime after other family members are made aware of the pregnancy, but typically during the last trimester. The grandmother, sisters, or friends of the pregnant mother organize the celebration and invite other relatives and friends. It is not common for men to attend baby showers. The \"bendición\" (blessing) is bestowed money and other gifts.\nIn Russia, and Commonwealth of Independent States, there are no baby showers, though some of the younger generation are starting to adopt the custom.\nIn South Africa, a baby shower is called a stork party (named after the folk myth that a white stork delivers babies), and typically takes place during the mother's 6th month. Stork parties, usually not attended by men and often organized as a surprise for the mother, involve silliness such as dressing up, and mothers receive gifts of baby supplies.\nIn Vietnam, as a superstition no baby shower should be planned before the baby arrives. The baby shower is only organized when it is one month old. The baby shower is known as “ Đầy tháng” which means “ one full month” . The party is usually organized by the baby’s parents and/or the grandparents (baby’s father’s side). Relatives and close friends are invited. Gifts are welcomed, but try to avoid white color material gifts such as white clothing, white towels, white cloths …(mourning color)","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"at fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadchelor_party"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miss-manners-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Judith Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Martin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miss-manners-16"}],"text":"Some baby showers are directed at fathers. These may be more oriented towards drinking beer, watching sports, fishing, or playing video games.[13][14] The primary nature of these gifts is diapers and/or diaper-related items.[15][16] The organization of the diaper party is typically done by the friends of the father-to-be as a way of helping to prepare for the coming child. These parties may be held at local pubs/bars, a friend's house, or the soon-to-be grandfather's house.[15][17] In the United Kingdom, this is called wetting the baby's head, and is generally more common than baby showers. However, with the growth of American cultural influence – accelerated through celebrities via social media sites like Instagram – baby shower decorations are becoming more common in the United Kingdom.[18] Wetting the baby's head is traditionally when the father celebrates the birth by having a few drinks and getting drunk with a group of friends.There has been some controversy over these, with Judith Martin calling them a \"monstrous imposition\",[16] although she was referring to the attitude of demanding gifts and not necessarily the male version of a baby shower.In Hungary, such an event is called a milking party, and is held by tradition in favor of the mother to be blessed with breast milk for the newborn. Practically, it is the last day-off of the father for some time as he is expected to stay home to help. No similar domestic custom exists for mothers, such as a baby shower. Gifts for the baby are given on the first visit to his/her home. This, due to health concerns, happens at the appropriate and suitable time for each counterpart.","title":"Baby showers for fathers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_shower_buffet_(2011)-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabyCenterMurray2005-19"},{"link_name":"crib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crib_(furniture)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill2010-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"A buffet at a baby shower. The \"cake\" in the center of the table is made from disposable diapers.Diaper shower refers to a small-scale baby shower, generally for subsequent children, when the parents don't need as many baby supplies.[19]\nGrandma's shower refers to a shower at which people bring items for the grandparents to keep at their house, such as a collapsible crib and a changing pad.[20]\nSprinkles or mistings are small showers for a subsequent child, especially a child who is of a different gender than the previous offspring.[21][5]\nA sip and see party is a celebration usually planned by the new parents after the baby's birth, so that friends and family can sip on refreshments and meet the new baby.\nAn adoption shower is held to celebrate a child's adoption into a family.[5] Such events are called welcome parties when it's an older child being adopted rather than an infant.","title":"Names for events"}]
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[{"image_text":"Baby shower cake decorated with a crib","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Special_occasion_cakes_%28baby_shower%29.jpg/220px-Special_occasion_cakes_%28baby_shower%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cake and finger foods are often served at baby showers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Teatime_in_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Teatime_in_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gifts on a table at a baby shower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Baby_shower_gifts_-_October_2022_Sarah_Stierch.jpg/220px-Baby_shower_gifts_-_October_2022_Sarah_Stierch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baby shower shortbread biscuits","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Baby_shower_shortbread_biscuits_1_%288515549806%29.jpg/220px-Baby_shower_shortbread_biscuits_1_%288515549806%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A diaper cake is a party decoration made from baby diapers, elaborately arranged to look like a fancy tiered cake.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Blue-yellow-diaper-cake.jpg/170px-Blue-yellow-diaper-cake.jpg"},{"image_text":"A buffet at a baby shower. The \"cake\" in the center of the table is made from disposable diapers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baby_shower_buffet_%282011%29-01.jpg/220px-Baby_shower_buffet_%282011%29-01.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Gender reveal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_reveal_party"},{"title":"Maternity package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_package"},{"title":"Postpartum confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_confinement"},{"title":"Simantonnayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simantonnayana"}]
|
[{"reference":"Han, Sallie (2013-07-01). \"Consumption and Communitas: Baby Showers\". Pregnancy in Practice: Expectation and Experience in the Contemporary US. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-988-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-XkKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144","url_text":"\"Consumption and Communitas: Baby Showers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-988-6","url_text":"978-0-85745-988-6"}]},{"reference":"Montemurro, Beth (2006). \"Origins of Bridal Showers and Bachelorette Parties\". Something Old, Something Bold. Rutgers University Press. pp. 26. ISBN 0-8135-3811-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/somethingoldsome00mont_743","url_text":"Something Old, Something Bold"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/somethingoldsome00mont_743/page/n42","url_text":"26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3811-4","url_text":"0-8135-3811-4"}]},{"reference":"Robin Elise Weiss (2009). The Complete Illustrated Pregnancy Companion. Fair Winds. pp. 320. ISBN 978-1616734435. baby shower history and tradition.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completeillustra00weis","url_text":"The Complete Illustrated Pregnancy Companion"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completeillustra00weis/page/320","url_text":"320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616734435","url_text":"978-1616734435"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Baby Showers\". www.parentingpage.com. 10 October 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://parentingpage.com/the-history-of-baby-showers/","url_text":"\"The History of Baby Showers\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jodi R. R. (2011-06-07). \"Baby Showers\". The Etiquette Book: A Complete Guide to Modern Manners. Union Square & Co. ISBN 978-1-4027-8251-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tlu1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22baby+shower%22+%22small%22+etiquette&pg=PT233","url_text":"\"Baby Showers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-8251-0","url_text":"978-1-4027-8251-0"}]},{"reference":"William Haviland; Harald Prins; Dana Walrath; Bunny McBride (2013). Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Cengage Learning. p. 784. ISBN 978-1285677583.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nfIWAAAAQBAJ&q=baby+shower+gift-giving&pg=PT499","url_text":"Anthropology: The Human Challenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285677583","url_text":"978-1285677583"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Judith (10 September 2010). \"Miss Manners: Modesty is the best party policy\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/10/AR2010091005903.html","url_text":"\"Miss Manners: Modesty is the best party policy\""}]},{"reference":"Xiaowei Zang (2012). Understanding Chinese Society. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1136632709.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYWoAgAAQBAJ&q=baby+shower+baby%27s+grandmother&pg=PA25","url_text":"Understanding Chinese Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136632709","url_text":"978-1136632709"}]},{"reference":"\"Why to Have Baby Showers?\". The Pregnancy Zone. Retrieved 2018-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepregnancyzone.com/pregnancy-tips/baby-showers/","url_text":"\"Why to Have Baby Showers?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritual and Ceremony: A History of Baby Showers\". www.randomhistory.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151103101414/http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/01_baby.html","url_text":"\"Ritual and Ceremony: A History of Baby Showers\""},{"url":"http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/01_baby.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fathers-to-be get their own baby showers male style\". TribLIVE. 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/family/s_759997.html","url_text":"\"Fathers-to-be get their own baby showers male style\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's buddies, beers and diapers\". StarTribune.com. 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2012-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/relationship/125181054.html","url_text":"\"It's buddies, beers and diapers\""}]},{"reference":"Yadegaran, Jessica (2011-09-25). \"Home & Garden | Diaper parties: Dad-to-be's answer to baby showers | Seattle Times Newspaper\". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2012-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130130031319/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2016297534_showers26.html","url_text":"\"Home & Garden | Diaper parties: Dad-to-be's answer to baby showers | Seattle Times Newspaper\""},{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2016297534_showers26.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Judith (2009-01-28). \"Miss Manners: Diaper party is beyond the pail - Houston Chronicle\". Chron.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/life/article/Miss-Manners-Diaper-party-is-beyond-the-pail-1604050.php","url_text":"\"Miss Manners: Diaper party is beyond the pail - Houston Chronicle\""}]},{"reference":"Tjader, Aimie (25 July 2011). \"It's buddies, beers and diapers\". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2012-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/its-buddies-beers-and-diapers","url_text":"\"It's buddies, beers and diapers\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Fox (2008). Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85788-508-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/watchingenglishh00kate","url_text":"Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85788-508-8","url_text":"978-1-85788-508-8"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Linda J.; Hennen, Leah; Scott, Jim; et al. (2005-06-22). The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource. Rodale. p. 346. ISBN 9781594862113. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/babycenteressentmurr","url_text":"The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/babycenteressentmurr/page/346","url_text":"346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594862113","url_text":"9781594862113"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Sabrina (2010-09-30). Everything Baby Shower Book: Throw a memorable event for mother-to-be. Adams Media. pp. 133–144. ISBN 9781440524455. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0JemKVYVC8wC&pg=PA134","url_text":"Everything Baby Shower Book: Throw a memorable event for mother-to-be"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440524455","url_text":"9781440524455"}]},{"reference":"Vora, Shivani (9 December 2012). \"For Baby No. 2 or 3, No Shower but a Sprinkle\". The New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/fashion/celebrating-a-new-baby-but-modestly.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"For Baby No. 2 or 3, No Shower but a Sprinkle\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-XkKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"\"Consumption and Communitas: Baby Showers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/somethingoldsome00mont_743","external_links_name":"Something Old, Something Bold"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/somethingoldsome00mont_743/page/n42","external_links_name":"26"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completeillustra00weis","external_links_name":"The Complete Illustrated Pregnancy Companion"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completeillustra00weis/page/320","external_links_name":"320"},{"Link":"https://parentingpage.com/the-history-of-baby-showers/","external_links_name":"\"The History of Baby Showers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tlu1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22baby+shower%22+%22small%22+etiquette&pg=PT233","external_links_name":"\"Baby Showers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nfIWAAAAQBAJ&q=baby+shower+gift-giving&pg=PT499","external_links_name":"Anthropology: The Human Challenge"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/10/AR2010091005903.html","external_links_name":"\"Miss Manners: Modesty is the best party policy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYWoAgAAQBAJ&q=baby+shower+baby%27s+grandmother&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Understanding Chinese Society"},{"Link":"https://www.thepregnancyzone.com/pregnancy-tips/baby-showers/","external_links_name":"\"Why to Have Baby Showers?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151103101414/http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/01_baby.html","external_links_name":"\"Ritual and Ceremony: A History of Baby Showers\""},{"Link":"http://www.randomhistory.com/2008/11/01_baby.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/12442","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/family/s_759997.html","external_links_name":"\"Fathers-to-be get their own baby showers male style\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/relationship/125181054.html","external_links_name":"\"It's buddies, beers and diapers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130130031319/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2016297534_showers26.html","external_links_name":"\"Home & Garden | Diaper parties: Dad-to-be's answer to baby showers | Seattle Times Newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/homegarden/2016297534_showers26.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chron.com/life/article/Miss-Manners-Diaper-party-is-beyond-the-pail-1604050.php","external_links_name":"\"Miss Manners: Diaper party is beyond the pail - Houston Chronicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/its-buddies-beers-and-diapers","external_links_name":"\"It's buddies, beers and diapers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/watchingenglishh00kate","external_links_name":"Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/babycenteressentmurr","external_links_name":"The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/babycenteressentmurr/page/346","external_links_name":"346"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0JemKVYVC8wC&pg=PA134","external_links_name":"Everything Baby Shower Book: Throw a memorable event for mother-to-be"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/fashion/celebrating-a-new-baby-but-modestly.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"For Baby No. 2 or 3, No Shower but a Sprinkle\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%A4%B5
|
Arrow (symbol)
|
["1 History","2 Usage","3 Unicode","3.1 By block","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Graphical symbol or pictogram used to point or indicate direction
This article is about the symbol. For other uses, see Arrow (disambiguation).
"⇈", "⇅", and "⇶" redirect here. For the mathematical notation for tetration, see Knuth's up-arrow notation. For the quantum theory of electron spin, see Spin (physics). For the political symbol of the Iron Front, see Three Arrows.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Advertising billboards in Okazaki, Japan, featuring many different arrow symbols
An arrow is a graphical symbol, such as ← or →, or a pictogram, used to point or indicate direction. In its simplest form, an arrow is a triangle, chevron, or concave kite, usually
affixed to a line segment or rectangle, and in more complex forms a representation of an actual arrow (e.g. ➵ U+27B5). The direction indicated by an arrow is the one along the length of the line or rectangle toward the single pointed end.
History
An older (medieval) convention is the manicule (pointing hand, 👈).
Pedro Reinel in c. 1504 first used the fleur-de-lis as indicating north in a compass rose;
the convention of marking the eastern direction with a cross is older (medieval).
Use of the arrow symbol does not appear to pre-date the 18th century. An early arrow symbol is found in an illustration of Bernard Forest de Bélidor's treatise L'architecture hydraulique, printed in France in 1737. The arrow is here used to illustrate the direction of the flow of water and of the water wheel's rotation. At about the same time, arrow symbols were used to indicate the flow of rivers in maps.
A trend toward abstraction, in which the arrow's fletching is removed, can be observed in the mid-to-late 19th century. The arrow can be seen in the work of Paul Klee. In a further abstraction of the symbol, John Richard Green's A Short History of the English People of 1874 contained maps by cartographer Emil Reich, which indicated army movements by curved lines, with solid triangular arrowheads placed intermittently along the lines.
Use of arrow symbols in mathematical notation is still younger and developed in the first half of the 20th century.
David Hilbert in 1922 introduced the arrow symbol representing logical implication.
The double-headed arrow representing logical equivalence was introduced by Albrecht Becker in Die Aristotelische Theorie der Möglichkeitsschlüsse, Berlin, 1933.
Usage
An exit sign with an arrow to indicate the exit is to the left
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
Arrows are universally recognised for indicating directions. They are widely used on signage and for wayfinding, and are often used in road surface markings.
Upward arrows are often used to indicate an increase in a numerical value, and downward arrows indicate a decrease.
In mathematical logic, a right-facing arrow indicates material conditional, and a left-right (bidirectional) arrow indicates if and only if, an upwards arrow indicates the NAND operator (negation of conjunction), an downwards arrow indicates the NOR operator (negation of disjunction).
Unicode
In Unicode, the block Arrows occupies the hexadecimal range U+2190–U+21FF, as described below.
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Name
Symbol
Name
Hex
Hex
Hex
Hex
Picture of this symbol
Picture of this symbol
Picture of this symbol
Picture of this symbol
←
Leftwards Arrow
↬
Rightwards Arrow With Loop
⇈
Upwards Paired Arrows
⇤
Leftwards Arrow To Bar
U+2190
U+21AC
U+21C8
U+21E4
↑
Upwards Arrow
↭
Left Right Wave Arrow
⇉
Rightwards Paired Arrows
⇥
Rightwards Arrow To Bar
U+2191
U+21AD
U+21C9
U+21E5
→
Rightwards Arrow
↮
Left Right Arrow With Stroke
⇊
Downwards Paired Arrows
⇦
Leftwards Thick Arrow
U+2192
U+21AE
U+21CA
U+21E6
↓
Downwards Arrow
↯
Downwards Zigzag Arrow
⇋
Leftwards Harpoon Over Rightwards Harpoon
⇧
Upwards Thick Arrow
U+2193
U+21AF
U+21CB
U+21E7
↔
Left Right Arrow
↰
Upwards Arrow With Tip Leftwards
⇌
Rightwards Harpoon Over Leftwards Harpoon
⇨
Rightwards Thick Arrow
U+2194
U+21B0
U+21CC
U+21E8
↕
Up Down Arrow
↱
Upwards Arrow With Tip Rightwards
⇍
Leftwards Double Arrow With Stroke
⇩
Downwards Thick Arrow
U+2195
U+21B1
U+21CD
U+21E9
↖
North West Arrow
↲
Downwards Arrow With Tip Leftwards
⇎
Left Right Double Arrow With Stroke
⇪
Upwards Thick Arrow From Bar
U+2196
U+21B2
U+21CE
U+21EA
↗
North East Arrow
↳
Downwards Arrow With Tip Rightwards
⇏
Rightwards Double Arrow With Stroke
⇫
Upwards Thick Arrow On Pedestal
U+2197
U+21B3
U+21CF
U+21EB
↘
South East Arrow
↴
Rightwards Arrow With Corner Downwards
⇐
Leftwards Double Arrow
⇬
Upwards Thick Arrow On Pedestal With Horizontal Bar
U+2198
U+21B4
U+21D0
U+21EC
↙
South West Arrow
↵
Downwards Arrow With Corner Leftwards
⇑
Upwards Double Arrow
⇭
Upwards Thick Arrow On Pedestal With Vertical Bar
U+2199
U+21B5
U+21D1
U+21ED
↚
Leftwards Arrow With Stroke
↶
Anticlockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
⇒
Rightwards Double Arrow
⇮
Upwards Thick Double Arrow
U+219A
U+21B6
U+21D2
U+21EE
↛
Rightwards Arrow With Stroke
↷
Clockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
⇓
Downwards Double Arrow
⇯
Upwards Thick Double Arrow On Pedestal
U+219B
U+21B7
U+21D3
U+21EF
↜
Leftwards Wave Arrow
↸
North West Arrow To Long Bar
⇔
Left Right Double Arrow
⇰
Rightwards Thick Arrow From Wall
U+219C
U+21B8
U+21D4
U+21F0
↝
Rightwards Wave Arrow
↹
Leftwards Arrow To Bar Over Rightwards Arrow To Bar
⇕
Up Down Double Arrow
⇱
North West Arrow To Corner
U+219D
U+21B9
U+21D5
U+21F1
↞
Leftwards Two Headed Arrow
↺
Anticlockwise Open Circle Arrow
⇖
North West Double Arrow
⇲
South East Arrow To Corner
U+219E
U+21BA
U+21D6
U+21F2
↟
Upwards Two Headed Arrow
↻
Clockwise Open Circle Arrow
⇗
North East Double Arrow
⇳
Up Down Thick Arrow
U+219F
U+21BB
U+21D7
U+21F3
↠
Rightwards Two Headed Arrow
↼
Leftwards Harpoon With Barb Upwards
⇘
South East Double Arrow
⇴
Right Arrow With Small Circle
U+21A0
U+21BC
U+21D8
U+21F4
↡
Downwards Two Headed Arrow
↽
Leftwards Harpoon With Barb Downwards
⇙
South West Double Arrow
⇵
Downwards Arrow Leftwards Of Upwards Arrow
U+21A1
U+21BD
U+21D9
U+21F5
↢
Leftwards Arrow With Tail
↾
Upwards Harpoon With Barb Rightwards
⇚
Leftwards Triple Arrow
⇶
Three Rightwards Arrows
U+21A2
U+21BE
U+21DA
U+21F6
↣
Rightwards Arrow With Tail
↿
Upwards Harpoon With Barb Leftwards
⇛
Rightwards Triple Arrow
⇷
Leftwards Arrow With Vertical Stroke
U+21A3
U+21BF
U+21DB
U+21F7
↤
Leftwards Arrow From Bar
⇀
Rightwards Harpoon With Barb Upwards
⇜
Leftwards Squiggle Arrow
⇸
Rightwards Arrow With Vertical Stroke
U+21A4
U+21C0
U+21DC
U+21F8
↥
Upwards Arrow From Bar
⇁
Rightwards Harpoon With Barb Downwards
⇝
Rightwards Squiggle Arrow
⇹
Left Right Arrow With Vertical Stroke
U+21A5
U+21C1
U+21DD
U+21F9
↦
Rightwards Arrow From Bar
⇂
Downwards Harpoon With Barb Rightwards
⇞
Upwards Arrow With Double Stroke
⇺
Leftwards Arrow With Double Vertical Stroke
U+21A6
U+21C2
U+21DE
U+21FA
↧
Downwards Arrow From Bar
⇃
Downwards Harpoon With Barb Leftwards
⇟
Downwards Arrow With Double Stroke
⇻
Rightwards Arrow With Double Vertical Stroke
U+21A7
U+21C3
U+21DF
U+21FB
↨
Up Down Arrow With Base
⇄
Rightwards Arrow Over Leftwards Arrow
⇠
Leftwards Dashed Arrow
⇼
Left Right Arrow With Double Vertical Stroke
U+21A8
U+21C4
U+21E0
U+21FC
↩
Leftwards Arrow With Hook
⇅
Upwards Arrow Leftwards Of Downwards Arrow
⇡
Upwards Dashed Arrow
⇽
Leftwards Open-Headed Arrow
U+21A9
U+21C5
U+21E1
U+21FD
↪
Rightwards Arrow With Hook
⇆
Leftwards Arrow Over Rightwards Arrow
⇢
Rightwards Dashed Arrow
⇾
Rightwards Open-Headed Arrow
U+21AA
U+21C6
U+21E2
U+21FE
↫
Leftwards Arrow With Loop
⇇
Leftwards Paired Arrows
⇣
Downwards Dashed Arrow
⇿
Left Right Open-Headed Arrow
U+21AB
U+21C7
U+21E3
U+21FF
By block
ArrowsOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
U+219x
←
↑
→
↓
↔
↕
↖
↗
↘
↙
↚
↛
↜
↝
↞
↟
U+21Ax
↠
↡
↢
↣
↤
↥
↦
↧
↨
↩
↪
↫
↬
↭
↮
↯
U+21Bx
↰
↱
↲
↳
↴
↵
↶
↷
↸
↹
↺
↻
↼
↽
↾
↿
U+21Cx
⇀
⇁
⇂
⇃
⇄
⇅
⇆
⇇
⇈
⇉
⇊
⇋
⇌
⇍
⇎
⇏
U+21Dx
⇐
⇑
⇒
⇓
⇔
⇕
⇖
⇗
⇘
⇙
⇚
⇛
⇜
⇝
⇞
⇟
U+21Ex
⇠
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⇦
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⇨
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⇬
⇭
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U+21Fx
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⇳
⇴
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⇷
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Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
DingbatsOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
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U+270x
✀
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U+271x
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U+272x
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U+273x
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U+274x
❀
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U+275x
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U+276x
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U+277x
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U+278x
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U+279x
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➔
➕
➖
➗
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➙
➚
➛
➜
➝
➞
➟
U+27Ax
➠
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➢
➣
➤
➥
➦
➧
➨
➩
➪
➫
➬
➭
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U+27Bx
➰
➱
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➴
➵
➶
➷
➸
➹
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Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
Miscellaneous Symbols and ArrowsOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
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A
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U+2B0x
⬀
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⬅
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⬈
⬉
⬊
⬋
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⬍
⬎
⬏
U+2B1x
⬐
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⬒
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U+2B2x
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U+2B3x
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U+2B4x
⭀
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U+2B5x
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U+2B6x
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U+2B7x
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U+2B8x
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U+2B9x
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U+2BAx
⮠
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⮤
⮥
⮦
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⮨
⮩
⮪
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U+2BBx
⮰
⮱
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⮵
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U+2BCx
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U+2BDx
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U+2BEx
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U+2BFx
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Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Supplemental Arrows-AOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
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U+27Fx
⟰
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⟳
⟴
⟵
⟶
⟷
⟸
⟹
⟺
⟻
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⟾
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Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
Supplemental Arrows-BOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
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U+290x
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U+291x
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U+292x
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U+293x
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U+294x
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U+295x
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U+296x
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⥦
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U+297x
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Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
Supplemental Arrows-COfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
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U+1F80x
🠀
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🠂
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🠅
🠆
🠇
🠈
🠉
🠊
🠋
U+1F81x
🠐
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🠒
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🠔
🠕
🠖
🠗
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🠚
🠛
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U+1F82x
🠠
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🠦
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U+1F83x
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U+1F84x
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U+1F85x
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U+1F86x
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🡦
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🡫
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U+1F87x
🡰
🡱
🡲
🡳
🡴
🡵
🡶
🡷
🡸
🡹
🡺
🡻
🡼
🡽
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U+1F88x
🢀
🢁
🢂
🢃
🢄
🢅
🢆
🢇
U+1F89x
🢐
🢑
🢒
🢓
🢔
🢕
🢖
🢗
🢘
🢙
🢚
🢛
🢜
🢝
🢞
🢟
U+1F8Ax
🢠
🢡
🢢
🢣
🢤
🢥
🢦
🢧
🢨
🢩
🢪
🢫
🢬
🢭
U+1F8Bx
🢰
🢱
U+1F8Cx
U+1F8Dx
U+1F8Ex
U+1F8Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Symbols for Legacy ComputingOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
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U+1FB0x
🬀
🬁
🬂
🬃
🬄
🬅
🬆
🬇
🬈
🬉
🬊
🬋
🬌
🬍
🬎
🬏
U+1FB1x
🬐
🬑
🬒
🬓
🬔
🬕
🬖
🬗
🬘
🬙
🬚
🬛
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🬝
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U+1FB2x
🬠
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🬢
🬣
🬤
🬥
🬦
🬧
🬨
🬩
🬪
🬫
🬬
🬭
🬮
🬯
U+1FB3x
🬰
🬱
🬲
🬳
🬴
🬵
🬶
🬷
🬸
🬹
🬺
🬻
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🬽
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U+1FB4x
🭀
🭁
🭂
🭃
🭄
🭅
🭆
🭇
🭈
🭉
🭊
🭋
🭌
🭍
🭎
🭏
U+1FB5x
🭐
🭑
🭒
🭓
🭔
🭕
🭖
🭗
🭘
🭙
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🭛
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🭝
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U+1FB6x
🭠
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🭦
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🭨
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🭪
🭫
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U+1FB7x
🭰
🭱
🭲
🭳
🭴
🭵
🭶
🭷
🭸
🭹
🭺
🭻
🭼
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U+1FB8x
🮀
🮁
🮂
🮃
🮄
🮅
🮆
🮇
🮈
🮉
🮊
🮋
🮌
🮍
🮎
🮏
U+1FB9x
🮐
🮑
🮒
🮔
🮕
🮖
🮗
🮘
🮙
🮚
🮛
🮜
🮝
🮞
🮟
U+1FBAx
🮠
🮡
🮢
🮣
🮤
🮥
🮦
🮧
🮨
🮩
🮪
🮫
🮬
🮭
🮮
🮯
U+1FBBx
🮰
🮱
🮲
🮳
🮴
🮵
🮶
🮷
🮸
🮹
🮺
🮻
🮼
🮽
🮾
🮿
U+1FBCx
🯀
🯁
🯂
🯃
🯄
🯅
🯆
🯇
🯈
🯉
🯊
U+1FBDx
U+1FBEx
U+1FBFx
🯰
🯱
🯲
🯳
🯴
🯵
🯶
🯷
🯸
🯹
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Additional arrows can be found in the Combining Diacritical Marks, Combining Diacritical Marks Extended, Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols, Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Miscellaneous Technical, Modifier Tone Letters and Spacing Modifier Letters Unicode blocks.
See also
Dingbat
Box Drawing (Unicode Block)
Block Elements (Unicode Block)
Geometric Shapes (Unicode Block)
Box-drawing character
References
J. R. Finkel, "History of the Arrow", Up Down Left Right (2011)
^ a b c "How to Design and Use Arrows on Signage for Wayfinding". Travel wayfinding. 7 April 2019. Key Point 5; Key Point 9. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Atlas of 18th Century Maps and Charts, Theatres of Operations, United States Naval History Division (1972), 14f.
^ E. H. Dobrich, "Pictorial Instructions" in: H. Barlow et al. (eds.), Images and understanding, Cambridge University Press (1990).
^ a b History of the Arrow, American Printing History Society (2015).
^ Green, J.J, Rossberg, M., and Ebert, P.A., : The Convenience of the Typesetter; Notation and Typography in Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 21 (2015): 13-30, fn. 17 | DOI
External links
Semantics of Simple Arrow Diagrams Archived 2020-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
Emojipedia
arrow symbol
vteCommon logical symbols
∧ or & and
∨ or
¬ or ~ not
→ implies
⊃ implies,superset
↔ or ≡ iff
| nand
∀ universalquantification
∃ existentialquantification
⊤ true,tautology
⊥ false,contradiction
⊢ entails,proves
⊨ entails,therefore
∴ therefore
∵ because
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Knuth's up-arrow notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%27s_up-arrow_notation"},{"link_name":"Spin (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Three Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Arrows"},{"link_name":"special characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrows_in_Okazaki.jpeg"},{"link_name":"billboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboards"},{"link_name":"Okazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"pictogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"concave kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(geometry)#Characterizations"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"rectangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Design_Arrows-1"},{"link_name":"arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow"}],"text":"This article is about the symbol. For other uses, see Arrow (disambiguation).\"⇈\", \"⇅\", and \"⇶\" redirect here. For the mathematical notation for tetration, see Knuth's up-arrow notation. For the quantum theory of electron spin, see Spin (physics). For the political symbol of the Iron Front, see Three Arrows.This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.Advertising billboards in Okazaki, Japan, featuring many different arrow symbolsAn arrow is a graphical symbol, such as ← or →, or a pictogram, used to point or indicate direction. In its simplest form, an arrow is a triangle, chevron, or concave kite, usually\naffixed to a line segment or rectangle,[1] and in more complex forms a representation of an actual arrow (e.g. ➵ U+27B5). The direction indicated by an arrow is the one along the length of the line or rectangle toward the single pointed end.","title":"Arrow (symbol)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manicule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicule"},{"link_name":"Pedro Reinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Reinel"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"compass rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bernard Forest de Bélidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fletching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletching"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"A Short History of the English People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_the_English_People"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHS2015-4"},{"link_name":"mathematical notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David Hilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert"},{"link_name":"logical implication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional"},{"link_name":"logical equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_equivalence"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Becker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHS2015-4"}],"text":"An older (medieval) convention is the manicule (pointing hand, 👈).\nPedro Reinel in c. 1504 first used the fleur-de-lis as indicating north in a compass rose; \nthe convention of marking the eastern direction with a cross is older (medieval).[2]\nUse of the arrow symbol does not appear to pre-date the 18th century. An early arrow symbol is found in an illustration of Bernard Forest de Bélidor's treatise L'architecture hydraulique, printed in France in 1737. The arrow is here used to illustrate the direction of the flow of water and of the water wheel's rotation. At about the same time, arrow symbols were used to indicate the flow of rivers in maps.[3]A trend toward abstraction, in which the arrow's fletching is removed, can be observed in the mid-to-late 19th century. The arrow can be seen in the work of Paul Klee. In a further abstraction of the symbol, John Richard Green's A Short History of the English People of 1874 contained maps by cartographer Emil Reich, which indicated army movements by curved lines, with solid triangular arrowheads placed intermittently along the lines.[4]Use of arrow symbols in mathematical notation is still younger and developed in the first half of the 20th century.[5] \nDavid Hilbert in 1922 introduced the arrow symbol representing logical implication. \nThe double-headed arrow representing logical equivalence was introduced by Albrecht Becker in Die Aristotelische Theorie der Möglichkeitsschlüsse, Berlin, 1933.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_exit.svg"},{"link_name":"exit sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_sign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Design_Arrows-1"},{"link_name":"signage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signage"},{"link_name":"wayfinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfinding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Design_Arrows-1"},{"link_name":"road surface markings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface_marking"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"material conditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional"},{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"NAND operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_operator"},{"link_name":"NOR operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_NOR"}],"text":"An exit sign with an arrow to indicate the exit is to the leftArrows are universally recognised for indicating directions.[1] They are widely used on signage and for wayfinding,[1] and are often used in road surface markings.Upward arrows are often used to indicate an increase in a numerical value, and downward arrows indicate a decrease.In mathematical logic, a right-facing arrow indicates material conditional, and a left-right (bidirectional) arrow indicates if and only if, an upwards arrow indicates the NAND operator (negation of conjunction), an downwards arrow indicates the NOR operator (negation of disjunction).","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"}],"text":"In Unicode, the block Arrows occupies the hexadecimal range U+2190–U+21FF, as described below.","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combining Diacritical Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks"},{"link_name":"Combining Diacritical Marks Extended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended"},{"link_name":"Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_for_Symbols"},{"link_name":"Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Mathematical_Symbols-B"},{"link_name":"Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs"},{"link_name":"Miscellaneous Technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical"},{"link_name":"Modifier Tone Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_Tone_Letters"},{"link_name":"Spacing Modifier Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters"},{"link_name":"Unicode blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_block"}],"sub_title":"By block","text":"Additional arrows can be found in the Combining Diacritical Marks, Combining Diacritical Marks Extended, Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols, Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Miscellaneous Technical, Modifier Tone Letters and Spacing Modifier Letters Unicode blocks.","title":"Unicode"}]
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[{"image_text":"Advertising billboards in Okazaki, Japan, featuring many different arrow symbols","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Arrows_in_Okazaki.jpeg/300px-Arrows_in_Okazaki.jpeg"},{"image_text":"An exit sign with an arrow to indicate the exit is to the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fire_exit.svg/220px-Fire_exit.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Dingbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingbat"},{"title":"Box Drawing (Unicode Block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Drawing"},{"title":"Block Elements (Unicode Block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Elements"},{"title":"Geometric Shapes (Unicode Block)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Shapes"},{"title":"Box-drawing character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-drawing_character"}]
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[{"reference":"\"How to Design and Use Arrows on Signage for Wayfinding\". Travel wayfinding. 7 April 2019. Key Point 5; Key Point 9. Retrieved 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelwayfinding.com/design-arrows-wayfinding-signage/","url_text":"\"How to Design and Use Arrows on Signage for Wayfinding\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrow_(symbol)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2190.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2B00.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U27F0.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2900.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F800.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1FB00.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://printinghistory.org/arrow/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Arrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelwayfinding.com/design-arrows-wayfinding-signage/","external_links_name":"\"How to Design and Use Arrows on Signage for Wayfinding\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VYdCpYUAchYC&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"14f."},{"Link":"https://printinghistory.org/arrow/","external_links_name":"History of the Arrow"},{"Link":"http://soliton.vm.bytemark.co.uk/pub/jjg/pdf/cott.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2015.5","external_links_name":"DOI"},{"Link":"http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2005/SS-05-06/SS05-06-020.pdf","external_links_name":"Semantics of Simple Arrow Diagrams"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201121024647/https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2005/SS-05-06/SS05-06-020.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://emojipedia.org/search/?q=arrow","external_links_name":"Emojipedia"},{"Link":"https://www.copyandpastesymbol.com/arrow-symbols.html","external_links_name":"arrow symbol"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_Zeta_function
|
Riemann zeta function
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["1 Definition","2 Euler's product formula","3 Riemann's functional equation","4 Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis","4.1 Number of zeros in the critical strip","4.2 The Hardy–Littlewood conjectures","4.3 Zero-free region","4.4 Other results","5 Specific values","6 Various properties","6.1 Reciprocal","6.2 Universality","6.3 Estimates of the maximum of the modulus of the zeta function","6.4 The argument of the Riemann zeta function","7 Representations","7.1 Dirichlet series[29]","7.2 Mellin-type integrals","7.3 Theta functions","7.4 Laurent series","7.5 Integral","7.6 Rising factorial","7.7 Hadamard product","7.8 Globally convergent series","7.9 Rapidly convergent series","7.10 Series representation at positive integers via the primorial","7.11 Series representation by the incomplete poly-Bernoulli numbers","7.12 The Mellin transform of the Engel map","7.13 Thue-Morse sequence","8 Numerical algorithms","9 Applications","9.1 Musical tuning","9.2 Infinite series","10 Generalizations","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
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Analytic function in mathematics
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring.
The pole at
z
=
1
{\displaystyle z=1}
and two zeros on the critical line.
The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as
ζ
(
s
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
s
=
1
1
s
+
1
2
s
+
1
3
s
+
⋯
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{1^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{s}}}+\cdots }
for
Re
(
s
)
>
1
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (s)>1}
, and its analytic continuation elsewhere.
The Riemann zeta function plays a pivotal role in analytic number theory, and has applications in physics, probability theory, and applied statistics.
Leonhard Euler first introduced and studied the function over the reals in the first half of the eighteenth century. Bernhard Riemann's 1859 article "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude" extended the Euler definition to a complex variable, proved its meromorphic continuation and functional equation, and established a relation between its zeros and the distribution of prime numbers. This paper also contained the Riemann hypothesis, a conjecture about the distribution of complex zeros of the Riemann zeta function that many mathematicians consider the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics.
The values of the Riemann zeta function at even positive integers were computed by Euler. The first of them, ζ(2), provides a solution to the Basel problem. In 1979 Roger Apéry proved the irrationality of ζ(3). The values at negative integer points, also found by Euler, are rational numbers and play an important role in the theory of modular forms. Many generalizations of the Riemann zeta function, such as Dirichlet series, Dirichlet L-functions and L-functions, are known.
Definition
Bernhard Riemann's article On the number of primes below a given magnitude
The Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is a function of a complex variable s = σ + it, where σ and t are real numbers. (The notation s, σ, and t is used traditionally in the study of the zeta function, following Riemann.) When Re(s) = σ > 1, the function can be written as a converging summation or as an integral:
ζ
(
s
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
s
=
1
Γ
(
s
)
∫
0
∞
x
s
−
1
e
x
−
1
d
x
,
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{\Gamma (s)}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\,\mathrm {d} x\,,}
where
Γ
(
s
)
=
∫
0
∞
x
s
−
1
e
−
x
d
x
{\displaystyle \Gamma (s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{s-1}\,e^{-x}\,\mathrm {d} x}
is the gamma function. The Riemann zeta function is defined for other complex values via analytic continuation of the function defined for σ > 1.
Leonhard Euler considered the above series in 1740 for positive integer values of s, and later Chebyshev extended the definition to
Re
(
s
)
>
1.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} (s)>1.}
The above series is a prototypical Dirichlet series that converges absolutely to an analytic function for s such that σ > 1 and diverges for all other values of s. Riemann showed that the function defined by the series on the half-plane of convergence can be continued analytically to all complex values s ≠ 1. For s = 1, the series is the harmonic series which diverges to +∞, and
lim
s
→
1
(
s
−
1
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
1.
{\displaystyle \lim _{s\to 1}(s-1)\zeta (s)=1.}
Thus the Riemann zeta function is a meromorphic function on the whole complex plane, which is holomorphic everywhere except for a simple pole at s = 1 with residue 1.
Euler's product formula
In 1737, the connection between the zeta function and prime numbers was discovered by Euler, who proved the identity
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
s
=
∏
p
prime
1
1
−
p
−
s
,
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}=\prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}{\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}},}
where, by definition, the left hand side is ζ(s) and the infinite product on the right hand side extends over all prime numbers p (such expressions are called Euler products):
∏
p
prime
1
1
−
p
−
s
=
1
1
−
2
−
s
⋅
1
1
−
3
−
s
⋅
1
1
−
5
−
s
⋅
1
1
−
7
−
s
⋅
1
1
−
11
−
s
⋯
1
1
−
p
−
s
⋯
{\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}{\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}={\frac {1}{1-2^{-s}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-3^{-s}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-5^{-s}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-7^{-s}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-11^{-s}}}\cdots {\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}\cdots }
Both sides of the Euler product formula converge for Re(s) > 1. The proof of Euler's identity uses only the formula for the geometric series and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Since the harmonic series, obtained when s = 1, diverges, Euler's formula (which becomes Πp p/p − 1) implies that there are infinitely many primes. Since the logarithm of p/p − 1 is approximately 1/p, the formula can also be used to prove the stronger result that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes is infinite. On the other hand, combining that with the sieve of Eratosthenes shows that the density of the set of primes within the set of positive integers is zero.
The Euler product formula can be used to calculate the asymptotic probability that s randomly selected integers are set-wise coprime. Intuitively, the probability that any single number is divisible by a prime (or any integer) p is 1/p. Hence the probability that s numbers are all divisible by this prime is 1/ps, and the probability that at least one of them is not is 1 − 1/ps. Now, for distinct primes, these divisibility events are mutually independent because the candidate divisors are coprime (a number is divisible by coprime divisors n and m if and only if it is divisible by nm, an event which occurs with probability 1/nm). Thus the asymptotic probability that s numbers are coprime is given by a product over all primes,
∏
p
prime
(
1
−
1
p
s
)
=
(
∏
p
prime
1
1
−
p
−
s
)
−
1
=
1
ζ
(
s
)
.
{\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{s}}}\right)=\left(\prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}{\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}\right)^{-1}={\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}.}
Riemann's functional equation
This zeta function satisfies the functional equation
ζ
(
s
)
=
2
s
π
s
−
1
sin
(
π
s
2
)
Γ
(
1
−
s
)
ζ
(
1
−
s
)
,
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=2^{s}\pi ^{s-1}\ \sin \left({\frac {\pi s}{2}}\right)\ \Gamma (1-s)\ \zeta (1-s),}
where Γ(s) is the gamma function. This is an equality of meromorphic functions valid on the whole complex plane. The equation relates values of the Riemann zeta function at the points s and 1 − s, in particular relating even positive integers with odd negative integers. Owing to the zeros of the sine function, the functional equation implies that ζ(s) has a simple zero at each even negative integer s = −2n, known as the trivial zeros of ζ(s). When s is an even positive integer, the product sin(πs/2)Γ(1 − s) on the right is non-zero because Γ(1 − s) has a simple pole, which cancels the simple zero of the sine factor.
Proof of Riemann's functional equation
A proof of the functional equation proceeds as follows:
We observe that if
σ
>
0
{\displaystyle \sigma >0}
, then
∫
0
∞
x
1
2
s
−
1
e
−
n
2
π
x
d
x
=
Γ
(
s
2
)
n
s
π
s
2
.
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{{1 \over 2}{s}-1}e^{-n^{2}\pi x}\,dx={\Gamma \left({s \over 2}\right) \over {n^{s}\pi ^{s \over 2}}}.}
As a result, if
σ
>
1
{\displaystyle \sigma >1}
then
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
π
s
/
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
∫
0
∞
x
s
2
−
1
e
−
n
2
π
x
d
x
=
∫
0
∞
x
s
2
−
1
∑
n
=
1
∞
e
−
n
2
π
x
d
x
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {\Gamma \left({\frac {s}{2}}\right)\zeta (s)}{\pi ^{s/2}}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{{s \over 2}-1}e^{-n^{2}\pi x}\,dx=\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{{s \over 2}-1}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-n^{2}\pi x}\,dx,}
with the inversion of the limiting processes justified by absolute convergence (hence the stricter requirement on
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
).
For convenience, let
ψ
(
x
)
:=
∑
n
=
1
∞
e
−
n
2
π
x
{\displaystyle \psi (x):=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-n^{2}\pi x}}
which is a special case of the theta function. Then
ζ
(
s
)
=
π
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
∫
0
∞
x
1
2
s
−
1
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\pi ^{s \over 2} \over \Gamma ({s \over 2})}\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{{1 \over 2}{s}-1}\psi (x)\,dx.}
By the Poisson summation formula we have
∑
n
=
−
∞
∞
e
−
n
2
π
x
=
1
x
∑
n
=
−
∞
∞
e
−
n
2
π
x
,
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }{e^{-n^{2}\pi x}}={1 \over {\sqrt {x}}}\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }{e^{-n^{2}\pi \over x}},}
so that
2
ψ
(
x
)
+
1
=
1
x
{
2
ψ
(
1
x
)
+
1
}
.
{\displaystyle 2\psi (x)+1={1 \over {\sqrt {x}}}\left\{2\psi \left({1 \over x}\right)+1\right\}.}
Hence
π
−
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
∫
0
1
x
s
2
−
1
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
1
∞
x
s
2
−
1
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
.
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-{s \over 2}}\Gamma \left({s \over 2}\right)\zeta (s)=\int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \over 2}-1}\psi (x)\,dx+\int _{1}^{\infty }x^{{s \over 2}-1}\psi (x)\,dx.}
This is equivalent to
∫
0
1
x
s
2
−
1
{
1
x
ψ
(
1
x
)
+
1
2
x
−
1
2
}
d
x
+
∫
1
∞
x
s
2
−
1
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \over 2}-1}\left\{{1 \over {\sqrt {x}}}\psi \left({1 \over x}\right)+{1 \over 2{\sqrt {x}}}-{1 \over 2}\right\}\,dx+\int _{1}^{\infty }x^{{s \over 2}-1}\psi (x)\,dx}
or
1
s
−
1
−
1
s
+
∫
0
1
x
s
2
−
3
2
ψ
(
1
x
)
d
x
+
∫
1
∞
x
s
2
−
1
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
.
{\displaystyle {1 \over {s-1}}-{1 \over s}+\int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \over 2}-{3 \over 2}}\psi \left({1 \over x}\right)\,dx+\int _{1}^{\infty }x^{{s \over 2}-1}\psi (x)\,dx.}
So
π
−
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
(
s
−
1
)
+
∫
1
∞
(
x
−
s
2
−
1
2
+
x
s
2
−
1
)
ψ
(
x
)
d
x
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-{s \over 2}}\Gamma \left({s \over 2}\right)\zeta (s)={1 \over {s({s-1})}}+\int _{1}^{\infty }\left({x^{-{{s} \over 2}-{1 \over 2}}+x^{{{s} \over 2}-1}}\right)\psi (x)\,dx}
which is convergent for all s, so holds by analytic continuation. Furthermore, the RHS is unchanged if s is changed to 1 − s. Hence
π
−
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
π
−
1
2
+
s
2
Γ
(
1
2
−
s
2
)
ζ
(
1
−
s
)
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-{s \over 2}}\Gamma \left({s \over 2}\right)\zeta (s)=\pi ^{-{1 \over 2}+{s \over 2}}\Gamma \left({1 \over 2}-{s \over 2}\right)\zeta (1-s)}
which is the functional equation.
E. C. Titchmarsh (1986). The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-19-853369-1. Attributed to Bernhard Riemann.
The functional equation was established by Riemann in his 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude" and used to construct the analytic continuation in the first place. An equivalent relationship had been conjectured by Euler over a hundred years earlier, in 1749, for the Dirichlet eta function (the alternating zeta function):
η
(
s
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
s
=
(
1
−
2
1
−
s
)
ζ
(
s
)
.
{\displaystyle \eta (s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{s}}}=\left(1-{2^{1-s}}\right)\zeta (s).}
Incidentally, this relation gives an equation for calculating ζ(s) in the region 0 < Re(s) < 1, i.e.
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
1
−
2
1
−
s
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
s
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{1-{2^{1-s}}}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{s}}}}
where the η-series is convergent (albeit non-absolutely) in the larger half-plane s > 0 (for a more detailed survey on the history of the functional equation, see e.g. Blagouchine).
Riemann also found a symmetric version of the functional equation applying to the xi-function:
ξ
(
s
)
=
1
2
π
−
s
2
s
(
s
−
1
)
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
,
{\displaystyle \xi (s)={\frac {1}{2}}\pi ^{-{\frac {s}{2}}}s(s-1)\Gamma \left({\frac {s}{2}}\right)\zeta (s),}
which satisfies:
ξ
(
s
)
=
ξ
(
1
−
s
)
.
{\displaystyle \xi (s)=\xi (1-s).}
(Riemann's original ξ(t) was slightly different.)
The
π
−
s
/
2
Γ
(
s
/
2
)
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-s/2}\Gamma (s/2)}
factor was not well-understood at the time of Riemann, until John Tate's (1950) thesis, in which it was shown that this so-called "Gamma factor" is in fact the local L-factor corresponding to the Archimedean place, the other factors in the Euler product expansion being the local L-factors of the non-Archimedean places.
Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis
Main article: Riemann hypothesis
Riemann zeta spiral along the critical line from height 999000 to a million (from red to violet)
The Riemann zeta function has no zeros to the right of σ = 1 or (apart from the trivial zeros) to the left of σ = 0 (nor can the zeros lie too close to those lines). Furthermore, the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the real axis and the line σ = 1/2 and, according to the Riemann hypothesis, they all lie on the line σ = 1/2.
This image shows a plot of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line for real values of t running from 0 to 34. The first five zeros in the critical strip are clearly visible as the place where the spirals pass through the origin.
The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. The first non-trivial zeros can be seen at Im(s) = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011.
The functional equation shows that the Riemann zeta function has zeros at −2, −4,.... These are called the trivial zeros. They are trivial in the sense that their existence is relatively easy to prove, for example, from sin πs/2 being 0 in the functional equation. The non-trivial zeros have captured far more attention because their distribution not only is far less understood but, more importantly, their study yields important results concerning prime numbers and related objects in number theory. It is known that any non-trivial zero lies in the open strip
{
s
∈
C
:
0
<
Re
(
s
)
<
1
}
{\displaystyle \{s\in \mathbb {C} :0<\operatorname {Re} (s)<1\}}
, which is called the critical strip. The set
{
s
∈
C
:
Re
(
s
)
=
1
/
2
}
{\displaystyle \{s\in \mathbb {C} :\operatorname {Re} (s)=1/2\}}
is called the critical line. The Riemann hypothesis, considered one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics, asserts that all non-trivial zeros are on the critical line. In 1989, Conrey proved that more than 40% of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line.
For the Riemann zeta function on the critical line, see Z-function.
First few nontrivial zeros
Zero
1/2 ± 14.134725 i
1/2 ± 21.022040 i
1/2 ± 25.010858 i
1/2 ± 30.424876 i
1/2 ± 32.935062 i
1/2 ± 37.586178 i
1/2 ± 40.918719 i
Number of zeros in the critical strip
Let
N
(
T
)
{\displaystyle N(T)}
be the number of zeros of
ζ
(
s
)
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)}
in the critical strip
0
<
Re
(
s
)
<
1
{\displaystyle 0<\operatorname {Re} (s)<1}
, whose imaginary parts are in the interval
0
<
Im
(
s
)
<
T
{\displaystyle 0<\operatorname {Im} (s)<T}
.
Trudgian proved that, if
T
>
e
{\displaystyle T>e}
, then
|
N
(
T
)
−
T
2
π
log
T
2
π
e
|
≤
0.112
log
T
+
0.278
log
log
T
+
3.385
+
0.2
T
{\displaystyle \left|N(T)-{\frac {T}{2\pi }}\log {\frac {T}{2\pi e}}\right|\leq 0.112\log T+0.278\log \log T+3.385+{\frac {0.2}{T}}}
.
The Hardy–Littlewood conjectures
In 1914, Godfrey Harold Hardy proved that ζ (1/2 + it) has infinitely many real zeros.
Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood formulated two conjectures on the density and distance between the zeros of ζ (1/2 + it) on intervals of large positive real numbers. In the following, N(T) is the total number of real zeros and N0(T) the total number of zeros of odd order of the function ζ (1/2 + it) lying in the interval (0, T].
For any ε > 0, there exists a T0(ε) > 0 such that when
T
≥
T
0
(
ε
)
and
H
=
T
1
4
+
ε
,
{\displaystyle T\geq T_{0}(\varepsilon )\quad {\text{ and }}\quad H=T^{{\frac {1}{4}}+\varepsilon },}
the interval (T, T + H] contains a zero of odd order.For any ε > 0, there exists a T0(ε) > 0 and cε > 0 such that the inequality
N
0
(
T
+
H
)
−
N
0
(
T
)
≥
c
ε
H
{\displaystyle N_{0}(T+H)-N_{0}(T)\geq c_{\varepsilon }H}
holds when
T
≥
T
0
(
ε
)
and
H
=
T
1
2
+
ε
.
{\displaystyle T\geq T_{0}(\varepsilon )\quad {\text{ and }}\quad H=T^{{\frac {1}{2}}+\varepsilon }.}
These two conjectures opened up new directions in the investigation of the Riemann zeta function.
Zero-free region
The location of the Riemann zeta function's zeros is of great importance in number theory. The prime number theorem is equivalent to the fact that there are no zeros of the zeta function on the Re(s) = 1 line. A better result that follows from an effective form of Vinogradov's mean-value theorem is that ζ (σ + it) ≠ 0 whenever
σ
≥
1
−
1
57.54
(
log
|
t
|
)
2
3
(
log
log
|
t
|
)
1
3
{\displaystyle \sigma \geq 1-{\frac {1}{57.54(\log {|t|})^{\frac {2}{3}}(\log {\log {|t|}})^{\frac {1}{3}}}}}
and |t| ≥ 3.
In 2015, Mossinghoff and Trudgian proved that zeta has no zeros in the region
σ
≥
1
−
1
5.573412
log
|
t
|
{\displaystyle \sigma \geq 1-{\frac {1}{5.573412\log |t|}}}
for |t| ≥ 2.
This is the largest known zero-free region in the critical strip for
3.06
⋅
10
10
<
|
t
|
<
exp
(
10151.5
)
≈
5.5
⋅
10
4408
{\displaystyle 3.06\cdot 10^{10}<|t|<\exp(10151.5)\approx 5.5\cdot 10^{4408}}
.
The strongest result of this kind one can hope for is the truth of the Riemann hypothesis, which would have many profound consequences in the theory of numbers.
Other results
It is known that there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line. Littlewood showed that if the sequence (γn) contains the imaginary parts of all zeros in the upper half-plane in ascending order, then
lim
n
→
∞
(
γ
n
+
1
−
γ
n
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\left(\gamma _{n+1}-\gamma _{n}\right)=0.}
The critical line theorem asserts that a positive proportion of the nontrivial zeros lies on the critical line. (The Riemann hypothesis would imply that this proportion is 1.)
In the critical strip, the zero with smallest non-negative imaginary part is 1/2 + 14.13472514...i (OEIS: A058303). The fact that
ζ
(
s
)
=
ζ
(
s
¯
)
¯
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\overline {\zeta ({\overline {s}})}}}
for all complex s ≠ 1 implies that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are symmetric about the real axis. Combining this symmetry with the functional equation, furthermore, one sees that the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the critical line Re(s) = 1/2.
It is also known that no zeros lie on the line with real part 1.
Specific values
Main article: Particular values of the Riemann zeta function
For any positive even integer 2n,
ζ
(
2
n
)
=
|
B
2
n
|
(
2
π
)
2
n
2
(
2
n
)
!
,
{\displaystyle \zeta (2n)={\frac {|{B_{2n}}|(2\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}},}
where B2n is the 2n-th Bernoulli number.
For odd positive integers, no such simple expression is known, although these values are thought to be related to the algebraic K-theory of the integers; see Special values of L-functions.
For nonpositive integers, one has
ζ
(
−
n
)
=
−
B
n
+
1
n
+
1
{\displaystyle \zeta (-n)=-{\frac {B_{n+1}}{n+1}}}
for n ≥ 0 (using the convention that B1 = 1/2).
In particular, ζ vanishes at the negative even integers because Bm = 0 for all odd m other than 1. These are the so-called "trivial zeros" of the zeta function.
Via analytic continuation, one can show that
ζ
(
−
1
)
=
−
1
12
{\displaystyle \zeta (-1)=-{\tfrac {1}{12}}}
This gives a pretext for assigning a finite value to the divergent series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯, which has been used in certain contexts (Ramanujan summation) such as string theory. Analogously, the particular value
ζ
(
0
)
=
−
1
2
{\displaystyle \zeta (0)=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}
can be viewed as assigning a finite result to the divergent series 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯.
The value
ζ
(
1
2
)
=
−
1.46035450880958681288
…
{\displaystyle \zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigr )}=-1.46035450880958681288\ldots }
is employed in calculating kinetic boundary layer problems of linear kinetic equations.
Although
ζ
(
1
)
=
1
+
1
2
+
1
3
+
⋯
{\displaystyle \zeta (1)=1+{\tfrac {1}{2}}+{\tfrac {1}{3}}+\cdots }
diverges, its Cauchy principal value
lim
ε
→
0
ζ
(
1
+
ε
)
+
ζ
(
1
−
ε
)
2
{\displaystyle \lim _{\varepsilon \to 0}{\frac {\zeta (1+\varepsilon )+\zeta (1-\varepsilon )}{2}}}
exists and is equal to the Euler–Mascheroni constant γ = 0.5772....
The demonstration of the particular value
ζ
(
2
)
=
1
+
1
2
2
+
1
3
2
+
⋯
=
π
2
6
{\displaystyle \zeta (2)=1+{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}+\cdots ={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}}
is known as the Basel problem. The reciprocal of this sum answers the question: What is the probability that two numbers selected at random are relatively prime?
The value
ζ
(
3
)
=
1
+
1
2
3
+
1
3
3
+
⋯
=
1.202056903159594285399...
{\displaystyle \zeta (3)=1+{\frac {1}{2^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{3}}}+\cdots =1.202056903159594285399...}
is Apéry's constant.
Taking the limit
s
→
+
∞
{\displaystyle s\rightarrow +\infty }
through the real numbers, one obtains
ζ
(
+
∞
)
=
1
{\displaystyle \zeta (+\infty )=1}
. But at complex infinity on the Riemann sphere the zeta function has an essential singularity.
Various properties
For sums involving the zeta function at integer and half-integer values, see rational zeta series.
Reciprocal
The reciprocal of the zeta function may be expressed as a Dirichlet series over the Möbius function μ(n):
1
ζ
(
s
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
μ
(
n
)
n
s
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\zeta (s)}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}}
for every complex number s with real part greater than 1. There are a number of similar relations involving various well-known multiplicative functions; these are given in the article on the Dirichlet series.
The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that this expression is valid when the real part of s is greater than 1/2.
Universality
The critical strip of the Riemann zeta function has the remarkable property of universality. This zeta function universality states that there exists some location on the critical strip that approximates any holomorphic function arbitrarily well. Since holomorphic functions are very general, this property is quite remarkable. The first proof of universality was provided by Sergei Mikhailovitch Voronin in 1975. More recent work has included effective versions of Voronin's theorem and extending it to Dirichlet L-functions.
Estimates of the maximum of the modulus of the zeta function
Let the functions F(T;H) and G(s0;Δ) be defined by the equalities
F
(
T
;
H
)
=
max
|
t
−
T
|
≤
H
|
ζ
(
1
2
+
i
t
)
|
,
G
(
s
0
;
Δ
)
=
max
|
s
−
s
0
|
≤
Δ
|
ζ
(
s
)
|
.
{\displaystyle F(T;H)=\max _{|t-T|\leq H}\left|\zeta \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}+it\right)\right|,\qquad G(s_{0};\Delta )=\max _{|s-s_{0}|\leq \Delta }|\zeta (s)|.}
Here T is a sufficiently large positive number, 0 < H ≪ log log T, s0 = σ0 + iT, 1/2 ≤ σ0 ≤ 1, 0 < Δ < 1/3. Estimating the values F and G from below shows, how large (in modulus) values ζ(s) can take on short intervals of the critical line or in small neighborhoods of points lying in the critical strip 0 ≤ Re(s) ≤ 1.
The case H ≫ log log T was studied by Kanakanahalli Ramachandra; the case Δ > c, where c is a sufficiently large constant, is trivial.
Anatolii Karatsuba proved, in particular, that if the values H and Δ exceed certain sufficiently small constants, then the estimates
F
(
T
;
H
)
≥
T
−
c
1
,
G
(
s
0
;
Δ
)
≥
T
−
c
2
,
{\displaystyle F(T;H)\geq T^{-c_{1}},\qquad G(s_{0};\Delta )\geq T^{-c_{2}},}
hold, where c1 and c2 are certain absolute constants.
The argument of the Riemann zeta function
The function
S
(
t
)
=
1
π
arg
ζ
(
1
2
+
i
t
)
{\displaystyle S(t)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\arg {\zeta \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}+it\right)}}
is called the argument of the Riemann zeta function. Here arg ζ(1/2 + it) is the increment of an arbitrary continuous branch of arg ζ(s) along the broken line joining the points 2, 2 + it and 1/2 + it.
There are some theorems on properties of the function S(t). Among those results are the mean value theorems for S(t) and its first integral
S
1
(
t
)
=
∫
0
t
S
(
u
)
d
u
{\displaystyle S_{1}(t)=\int _{0}^{t}S(u)\,\mathrm {d} u}
on intervals of the real line, and also the theorem claiming that every interval (T, T + H] for
H
≥
T
27
82
+
ε
{\displaystyle H\geq T^{{\frac {27}{82}}+\varepsilon }}
contains at least
H
ln
T
3
e
−
c
ln
ln
T
{\displaystyle H{\sqrt{\ln T}}e^{-c{\sqrt {\ln \ln T}}}}
points where the function S(t) changes sign. Earlier similar results were obtained by Atle Selberg for the case
H
≥
T
1
2
+
ε
.
{\displaystyle H\geq T^{{\frac {1}{2}}+\varepsilon }.}
Representations
Dirichlet series
An extension of the area of convergence can be obtained by rearranging the original series. The series
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
n
(
n
+
1
)
s
−
n
−
s
n
s
)
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {n}{(n+1)^{s}}}-{\frac {n-s}{n^{s}}}\right)}
converges for Re(s) > 0, while
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
(
n
+
1
)
2
(
2
n
+
3
+
s
(
n
+
1
)
s
+
2
−
2
n
−
1
−
s
n
s
+
2
)
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}\left({\frac {2n+3+s}{(n+1)^{s+2}}}-{\frac {2n-1-s}{n^{s+2}}}\right)}
converge even for Re(s) > −1. In this way, the area of convergence can be extended to Re(s) > −k for any negative integer −k.
The recurrence connection is clearly visible from the expression valid for Re(s) > −2 enabling further expansion by integration by parts.
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
+
1
s
−
1
−
s
2
!
[
ζ
(
s
+
1
)
−
1
]
−
s
(
s
+
1
)
3
!
[
ζ
(
s
+
2
)
−
1
]
−
s
(
s
+
1
)
(
s
+
2
)
3
!
∑
n
=
1
∞
∫
0
1
t
3
d
t
(
n
+
t
)
s
+
3
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\zeta (s)=&1+{\frac {1}{s-1}}-{\frac {s}{2!}}\\-&{\frac {s(s+1)}{3!}}\\&-{\frac {s(s+1)(s+2)}{3!}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {t^{3}dt}{(n+t)^{s+3}}}\end{aligned}}}
Mellin-type integrals
The Mellin transform of a function f(x) is defined as
∫
0
∞
f
(
x
)
x
s
d
x
x
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }f(x)x^{s}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{x}}}
in the region where the integral is defined. There are various expressions for the zeta function as Mellin transform-like integrals. If the real part of s is greater than one, we have
Γ
(
s
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
∫
0
∞
x
s
−
1
e
x
−
1
d
x
{\displaystyle \Gamma (s)\zeta (s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\,\mathrm {d} x\quad }
and
Γ
(
s
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
2
s
∫
0
∞
x
s
cosh
(
x
)
−
1
d
x
{\displaystyle \quad \Gamma (s)\zeta (s)={\frac {1}{2s}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{s}}{\cosh(x)-1}}\,\mathrm {d} x}
,
where Γ denotes the gamma function. By modifying the contour, Riemann showed that
2
sin
(
π
s
)
Γ
(
s
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
i
∮
H
(
−
x
)
s
−
1
e
x
−
1
d
x
{\displaystyle 2\sin(\pi s)\Gamma (s)\zeta (s)=i\oint _{H}{\frac {(-x)^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\,\mathrm {d} x}
for all s (where H denotes the Hankel contour).
We can also find expressions which relate to prime numbers and the prime number theorem. If π(x) is the prime-counting function, then
ln
ζ
(
s
)
=
s
∫
0
∞
π
(
x
)
x
(
x
s
−
1
)
d
x
,
{\displaystyle \ln \zeta (s)=s\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\pi (x)}{x(x^{s}-1)}}\,\mathrm {d} x,}
for values with Re(s) > 1.
A similar Mellin transform involves the Riemann function J(x), which counts prime powers pn with a weight of 1/n, so that
J
(
x
)
=
∑
π
(
x
1
n
)
n
.
{\displaystyle J(x)=\sum {\frac {\pi \left(x^{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}{n}}.}
Now
ln
ζ
(
s
)
=
s
∫
0
∞
J
(
x
)
x
−
s
−
1
d
x
.
{\displaystyle \ln \zeta (s)=s\int _{0}^{\infty }J(x)x^{-s-1}\,\mathrm {d} x.}
These expressions can be used to prove the prime number theorem by means of the inverse Mellin transform. Riemann's prime-counting function is easier to work with, and π(x) can be recovered from it by Möbius inversion.
Theta functions
The Riemann zeta function can be given by a Mellin transform
2
π
−
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
∫
0
∞
(
θ
(
i
t
)
−
1
)
t
s
2
−
1
d
t
,
{\displaystyle 2\pi ^{-{\frac {s}{2}}}\Gamma \left({\frac {s}{2}}\right)\zeta (s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\theta (it)-1{\bigr )}t^{{\frac {s}{2}}-1}\,\mathrm {d} t,}
in terms of Jacobi's theta function
θ
(
τ
)
=
∑
n
=
−
∞
∞
e
π
i
n
2
τ
.
{\displaystyle \theta (\tau )=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }e^{\pi in^{2}\tau }.}
However, this integral only converges if the real part of s is greater than 1, but it can be regularized. This gives the following expression for the zeta function, which is well defined for all s except 0 and 1:
π
−
s
2
Γ
(
s
2
)
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
−
1
s
+
1
2
∫
0
1
(
θ
(
i
t
)
−
t
−
1
2
)
t
s
2
−
1
d
t
+
1
2
∫
1
∞
(
θ
(
i
t
)
−
1
)
t
s
2
−
1
d
t
.
{\displaystyle \pi ^{-{\frac {s}{2}}}\Gamma \left({\frac {s}{2}}\right)\zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}-{\frac {1}{s}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{0}^{1}\left(\theta (it)-t^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}\right)t^{{\frac {s}{2}}-1}\,\mathrm {d} t+{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{1}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\theta (it)-1{\bigr )}t^{{\frac {s}{2}}-1}\,\mathrm {d} t.}
Laurent series
The Riemann zeta function is meromorphic with a single pole of order one at s = 1. It can therefore be expanded as a Laurent series about s = 1; the series development is then
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
γ
n
n
!
(
1
−
s
)
n
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\gamma _{n}}{n!}}(1-s)^{n}.}
The constants γn here are called the Stieltjes constants and can be defined by the limit
γ
n
=
lim
m
→
∞
(
(
∑
k
=
1
m
(
ln
k
)
n
k
)
−
(
ln
m
)
n
+
1
n
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \gamma _{n}=\lim _{m\rightarrow \infty }{\left(\left(\sum _{k=1}^{m}{\frac {(\ln k)^{n}}{k}}\right)-{\frac {(\ln m)^{n+1}}{n+1}}\right)}.}
The constant term γ0 is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
Integral
For all s ∈ C, s ≠ 1, the integral relation (cf. Abel–Plana formula)
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
+
1
2
+
2
∫
0
∞
sin
(
s
arctan
t
)
(
1
+
t
2
)
s
/
2
(
e
2
π
t
−
1
)
d
t
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+2\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(s\arctan t)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^{s/2}\left(e^{2\pi t}-1\right)}}\,\mathrm {d} t}
holds true, which may be used for a numerical evaluation of the zeta function.
Rising factorial
Another series development using the rising factorial valid for the entire complex plane is
ζ
(
s
)
=
s
s
−
1
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
s
+
n
)
−
1
)
s
(
s
+
1
)
⋯
(
s
+
n
−
1
)
(
n
+
1
)
!
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {s}{s-1}}-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\zeta (s+n)-1{\bigr )}{\frac {s(s+1)\cdots (s+n-1)}{(n+1)!}}.}
This can be used recursively to extend the Dirichlet series definition to all complex numbers.
The Riemann zeta function also appears in a form similar to the Mellin transform in an integral over the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator acting on xs − 1; that context gives rise to a series expansion in terms of the falling factorial.
Hadamard product
On the basis of Weierstrass's factorization theorem, Hadamard gave the infinite product expansion
ζ
(
s
)
=
e
(
log
(
2
π
)
−
1
−
γ
2
)
s
2
(
s
−
1
)
Γ
(
1
+
s
2
)
∏
ρ
(
1
−
s
ρ
)
e
s
ρ
,
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {e^{\left(\log(2\pi )-1-{\frac {\gamma }{2}}\right)s}}{2(s-1)\Gamma \left(1+{\frac {s}{2}}\right)}}\prod _{\rho }\left(1-{\frac {s}{\rho }}\right)e^{\frac {s}{\rho }},}
where the product is over the non-trivial zeros ρ of ζ and the letter γ again denotes the Euler–Mascheroni constant. A simpler infinite product expansion is
ζ
(
s
)
=
π
s
2
∏
ρ
(
1
−
s
ρ
)
2
(
s
−
1
)
Γ
(
1
+
s
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\pi ^{\frac {s}{2}}{\frac {\prod _{\rho }\left(1-{\frac {s}{\rho }}\right)}{2(s-1)\Gamma \left(1+{\frac {s}{2}}\right)}}.}
This form clearly displays the simple pole at s = 1, the trivial zeros at −2, −4, ... due to the gamma function term in the denominator, and the non-trivial zeros at s = ρ. (To ensure convergence in the latter formula, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeros, i.e. the factors for a pair of zeros of the form ρ and 1 − ρ should be combined.)
Globally convergent series
A globally convergent series for the zeta function, valid for all complex numbers s except s = 1 + 2πi/ln 2n for some integer n, was conjectured by Konrad Knopp in 1926 and proven by Helmut Hasse in 1930 (cf. Euler summation):
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
1
−
2
1
−
s
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
2
n
+
1
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
(
−
1
)
k
(
k
+
1
)
s
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{1-2^{1-s}}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n+1}}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(k+1)^{s}}}.}
The series appeared in an appendix to Hasse's paper, and was published for the second time by Jonathan Sondow in 1994.
Hasse also proved the globally converging series
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
n
+
1
∑
k
=
0
n
(
n
k
)
(
−
1
)
k
(
k
+
1
)
s
−
1
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n+1}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(k+1)^{s-1}}}}
in the same publication. Research by Iaroslav Blagouchine
has found that a similar, equivalent series was published by Joseph Ser in 1926.
In 1997 K. Maślanka gave another globally convergent (except s = 1) series for the Riemann zeta function:
ζ
(
s
)
=
1
s
−
1
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
∏
i
=
1
k
(
i
−
s
2
)
)
A
k
k
!
=
1
s
−
1
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
1
−
s
2
)
k
A
k
k
!
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)={\frac {1}{s-1}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\biggl (}\prod _{i=1}^{k}(i-{\frac {s}{2}}){\biggl )}{\frac {A_{k}}{k!}}={\frac {1}{s-1}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\biggl (}1-{\frac {s}{2}}{\biggl )}_{k}{\frac {A_{k}}{k!}}}
where real coefficients
A
k
{\displaystyle A_{k}}
are given by:
A
k
=
∑
j
=
0
k
(
−
1
)
j
(
k
j
)
(
2
j
+
1
)
ζ
(
2
j
+
2
)
=
∑
j
=
0
k
(
k
j
)
B
2
j
+
2
π
2
j
+
2
(
2
)
j
(
1
2
)
j
{\displaystyle A_{k}=\sum _{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}{\binom {k}{j}}(2j+1)\zeta (2j+2)=\sum _{j=0}^{k}{\binom {k}{j}}{\frac {B_{2j+2}\pi ^{2j+2}}{\left(2\right)_{j}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)_{j}}}}
Here
B
n
{\displaystyle B_{n}}
are the Bernoulli numbers and
(
x
)
k
{\displaystyle (x)_{k}}
denotes the Pochhammer symbol.
Note that this representation of the zeta function is essentially an interpolation with nodes, where the nodes are points
s
=
2
,
4
,
6
,
…
{\displaystyle s=2,4,6,\ldots }
, i.e. exactly those where the zeta values are precisely known, as Euler showed. An elegant and very short proof of this representation of the zeta function, based on Carlson's theorem, was presented by Philippe Flajolet in 2006.
The asymptotic behavior of the coefficients
A
k
{\displaystyle A_{k}}
is rather curious: for growing
k
{\displaystyle k}
values, we observe regular oscillations with a nearly exponentially decreasing amplitude and slowly decreasing frequency (roughly as
k
−
2
/
3
{\displaystyle k^{-2/3}}
). Using the saddle point method, we can show that
A
k
∼
4
π
3
/
2
3
κ
exp
(
−
3
κ
2
+
π
2
4
κ
)
cos
(
4
π
3
−
3
3
κ
2
+
3
π
2
4
κ
)
{\displaystyle A_{k}\sim {\frac {4\pi ^{3/2}}{\sqrt {3\kappa }}}\exp {\biggl (}-{\frac {3\kappa }{2}}+{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{4\kappa }}{\biggl )}\cos {\biggl (}{\frac {4\pi }{3}}-{\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}\kappa }{2}}+{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}\pi ^{2}}{4\kappa }}{\biggl )}}
where
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
stands for:
κ
:=
π
2
k
3
{\displaystyle \kappa :={\sqrt{\pi ^{2}k}}}
(see for details).
On the basis of this representation, in 2003 Luis Báez-Duarte provided a new criterion for the Riemann hypothesis. Namely, if we define the coefficients
c
k
{\displaystyle c_{k}}
as
c
k
:=
∑
j
=
0
k
(
−
1
)
j
(
k
j
)
1
ζ
(
2
j
+
2
)
{\displaystyle c_{k}:=\sum _{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}{\binom {k}{j}}{\frac {1}{\zeta (2j+2)}}}
then the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to
c
k
=
O
(
k
−
3
/
4
+
ε
)
(
∀
ε
>
0
)
{\displaystyle c_{k}={\mathcal {O}}{\biggl (}k^{-3/4+\varepsilon }{\biggl )}\qquad (\forall \varepsilon >0)}
Rapidly convergent series
Peter Borwein developed an algorithm that applies Chebyshev polynomials to the Dirichlet eta function to produce a very rapidly convergent series suitable for high precision numerical calculations.
Series representation at positive integers via the primorial
ζ
(
k
)
=
2
k
2
k
−
1
+
∑
r
=
2
∞
(
p
r
−
1
#
)
k
J
k
(
p
r
#
)
k
=
2
,
3
,
…
.
{\displaystyle \zeta (k)={\frac {2^{k}}{2^{k}-1}}+\sum _{r=2}^{\infty }{\frac {(p_{r-1}\#)^{k}}{J_{k}(p_{r}\#)}}\qquad k=2,3,\ldots .}
Here pn# is the primorial sequence and Jk is Jordan's totient function.
Series representation by the incomplete poly-Bernoulli numbers
The function ζ can be represented, for Re(s) > 1, by the infinite series
ζ
(
s
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
B
n
,
≥
2
(
s
)
(
W
k
(
−
1
)
)
n
n
!
,
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }B_{n,\geq 2}^{(s)}{\frac {(W_{k}(-1))^{n}}{n!}},}
where k ∈ {−1, 0}, Wk is the kth branch of the Lambert W-function, and B(μ)n, ≥2 is an incomplete poly-Bernoulli number.
The Mellin transform of the Engel map
The function
g
(
x
)
=
x
(
1
+
⌊
x
−
1
⌋
)
−
1
{\displaystyle g(x)=x\left(1+\left\lfloor x^{-1}\right\rfloor \right)-1}
is iterated to find the coefficients appearing in Engel expansions.
The Mellin transform of the map
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle g(x)}
is related to the Riemann zeta function by the formula
∫
0
1
g
(
x
)
x
s
−
1
d
x
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
∫
1
n
+
1
1
n
(
x
(
n
+
1
)
−
1
)
x
s
−
1
d
x
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
−
s
(
s
−
1
)
+
(
n
+
1
)
−
s
−
1
(
n
2
+
2
n
+
1
)
+
n
−
s
−
1
s
−
n
1
−
s
(
s
+
1
)
s
(
n
+
1
)
=
ζ
(
s
+
1
)
s
+
1
−
1
s
(
s
+
1
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int _{0}^{1}g(x)x^{s-1}\,dx&=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\int _{\frac {1}{n+1}}^{\frac {1}{n}}(x(n+1)-1)x^{s-1}\,dx\\&=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {n^{-s}(s-1)+(n+1)^{-s-1}(n^{2}+2n+1)+n^{-s-1}s-n^{1-s}}{(s+1)s(n+1)}}\\&={\frac {\zeta (s+1)}{s+1}}-{\frac {1}{s(s+1)}}\end{aligned}}}
Thue-Morse sequence
Certain linear combinations of Dirichlet series whose coefficients are terms of the Thue-Morse sequence give rise to identities involving the Riemann Zeta function (Tóth, 2022 ). For instance:
∑
n
≥
1
5
t
n
−
1
+
3
t
n
n
2
=
4
ζ
(
2
)
=
2
π
2
3
,
∑
n
≥
1
9
t
n
−
1
+
7
t
n
n
3
=
8
ζ
(
3
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sum _{n\geq 1}{\frac {5t_{n-1}+3t_{n}}{n^{2}}}&=4\zeta (2)={\frac {2\pi ^{2}}{3}},\\\sum _{n\geq 1}{\frac {9t_{n-1}+7t_{n}}{n^{3}}}&=8\zeta (3),\end{aligned}}}
where
(
t
n
)
n
≥
0
{\displaystyle (t_{n})_{n\geq 0}}
is the
n
t
h
{\displaystyle n^{\rm {th}}}
term of the Thue-Morse sequence. In fact, for all
s
{\displaystyle s}
with real part greater than
1
{\displaystyle 1}
, we have
(
2
s
+
1
)
∑
n
≥
1
t
n
−
1
n
s
+
(
2
s
−
1
)
∑
n
≥
1
t
n
n
s
=
2
s
ζ
(
s
)
.
{\displaystyle (2^{s}+1)\sum _{n\geq 1}{\frac {t_{n-1}}{n^{s}}}+(2^{s}-1)\sum _{n\geq 1}{\frac {t_{n}}{n^{s}}}=2^{s}\zeta (s).}
Numerical algorithms
A classical algorithm, in use prior to about 1930, proceeds by applying the Euler-Maclaurin formula to obtain, for n and m positive integers,
ζ
(
s
)
=
∑
j
=
1
n
−
1
j
−
s
+
1
2
n
−
s
+
n
1
−
s
s
−
1
+
∑
k
=
1
m
T
k
,
n
(
s
)
+
E
m
,
n
(
s
)
{\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\sum _{j=1}^{n-1}j^{-s}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}n^{-s}+{\frac {n^{1-s}}{s-1}}+\sum _{k=1}^{m}T_{k,n}(s)+E_{m,n}(s)}
where, letting
B
2
k
{\displaystyle B_{2k}}
denote the indicated Bernoulli number,
T
k
,
n
(
s
)
=
B
2
k
(
2
k
)
!
n
1
−
s
−
2
k
∏
j
=
0
2
k
−
2
(
s
+
j
)
{\displaystyle T_{k,n}(s)={\frac {B_{2k}}{(2k)!}}n^{1-s-2k}\prod _{j=0}^{2k-2}(s+j)}
and the error satisfies
|
E
m
,
n
(
s
)
|
<
|
s
+
2
m
+
1
σ
+
2
m
+
1
T
m
+
1
,
n
(
s
)
|
,
{\displaystyle |E_{m,n}(s)|<\left|{\frac {s+2m+1}{\sigma +2m+1}}T_{m+1,n}(s)\right|,}
with σ = Re(s).
A modern numerical algorithm is the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm.
Applications
The zeta function occurs in applied statistics (see Zipf's law and Zipf–Mandelbrot law).
Zeta function regularization is used as one possible means of regularization of divergent series and divergent integrals in quantum field theory. In one notable example, the Riemann zeta function shows up explicitly in one method of calculating the Casimir effect. The zeta function is also useful for the analysis of dynamical systems.
Musical tuning
In the theory of musical tunings, the zeta function can be used to find equal divisions of the octave (EDOs) that closely approximate the intervals of the harmonic series. For increasing values of
t
∈
R
{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }
, the value of
|
ζ
(
1
2
+
2
π
i
ln
(
2
)
t
)
|
{\displaystyle \left\vert \zeta \left({\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {2\pi {i}}{\ln {(2)}}}t\right)\right\vert }
peaks near integers that correspond to such EDOs. Examples include popular choices such as 12, 19, and 53.
Infinite series
The zeta function evaluated at equidistant positive integers appears in infinite series representations of a number of constants.
∑
n
=
2
∞
(
ζ
(
n
)
−
1
)
=
1
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\zeta (n)-1{\bigr )}=1}
In fact the even and odd terms give the two sums
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
2
n
)
−
1
)
=
3
4
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\zeta (2n)-1{\bigr )}={\frac {3}{4}}}
and
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
)
=
1
4
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\zeta (2n+1)-1{\bigr )}={\frac {1}{4}}}
Parametrized versions of the above sums are given by
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
2
n
)
−
1
)
t
2
n
=
t
2
t
2
−
1
+
1
2
(
1
−
π
t
cot
(
t
π
)
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(\zeta (2n)-1)\,t^{2n}={\frac {t^{2}}{t^{2}-1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\left(1-\pi t\cot(t\pi )\right)}
and
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
)
t
2
n
=
t
2
t
2
−
1
−
1
2
(
ψ
0
(
t
)
+
ψ
0
(
−
t
)
)
−
γ
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(\zeta (2n+1)-1)\,t^{2n}={\frac {t^{2}}{t^{2}-1}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\left(\psi ^{0}(t)+\psi ^{0}(-t)\right)-\gamma }
with
|
t
|
<
2
{\displaystyle |t|<2}
and where
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
and
γ
{\displaystyle \gamma }
are the polygamma function and Euler's constant, respectively, as well as
∑
n
=
1
∞
ζ
(
2
n
)
−
1
n
t
2
n
=
log
(
1
−
t
2
sinc
(
π
t
)
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (2n)-1}{n}}\,t^{2n}=\log \left({\dfrac {1-t^{2}}{\operatorname {sinc} (\pi \,t)}}\right)}
all of which are continuous at
t
=
1
{\displaystyle t=1}
. Other sums include
∑
n
=
2
∞
ζ
(
n
)
−
1
n
=
1
−
γ
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (n)-1}{n}}=1-\gamma }
∑
n
=
2
∞
ζ
(
n
)
−
1
n
(
(
3
2
)
n
−
1
−
1
)
=
1
3
ln
π
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (n)-1}{n}}\left(\left({\tfrac {3}{2}}\right)^{n-1}-1\right)={\frac {1}{3}}\ln \pi }
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
ζ
(
4
n
)
−
1
)
=
7
8
−
π
4
(
e
2
π
+
1
e
2
π
−
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\bigl (}\zeta (4n)-1{\bigr )}={\frac {7}{8}}-{\frac {\pi }{4}}\left({\frac {e^{2\pi }+1}{e^{2\pi }-1}}\right).}
∑
n
=
2
∞
ζ
(
n
)
−
1
n
Im
(
(
1
+
i
)
n
−
1
−
i
n
)
=
π
4
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (n)-1}{n}}\operatorname {Im} {\bigl (}(1+i)^{n}-1-i^{n}{\bigr )}={\frac {\pi }{4}}}
where Im denotes the imaginary part of a complex number.
There are yet more formulas in the article Harmonic number.
Generalizations
There are a number of related zeta functions that can be considered to be generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. These include the Hurwitz zeta function
ζ
(
s
,
q
)
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
(
k
+
q
)
s
{\displaystyle \zeta (s,q)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(k+q)^{s}}}}
(the convergent series representation was given by Helmut Hasse in 1930, cf. Hurwitz zeta function), which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when q = 1 (the lower limit of summation in the Hurwitz zeta function is 0, not 1), the Dirichlet L-functions and the Dedekind zeta function. For other related functions see the articles zeta function and L-function.
The polylogarithm is given by
Li
s
(
z
)
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
z
k
k
s
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{s}(z)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{k^{s}}}}
which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when z = 1.
The Clausen function Cls(θ) can be chosen as the real or imaginary part of Lis(eiθ).
The Lerch transcendent is given by
Φ
(
z
,
s
,
q
)
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
z
k
(
k
+
q
)
s
{\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,q)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{(k+q)^{s}}}}
which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when z = 1 and q = 1 (the lower limit of summation in the Lerch transcendent is 0, not 1).
The multiple zeta functions are defined by
ζ
(
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
,
s
n
)
=
∑
k
1
>
k
2
>
⋯
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{\displaystyle \zeta (s_{1},s_{2},\ldots ,s_{n})=\sum _{k_{1}>k_{2}>\cdots >k_{n}>0}{k_{1}}^{-s_{1}}{k_{2}}^{-s_{2}}\cdots {k_{n}}^{-s_{n}}.}
One can analytically continue these functions to the n-dimensional complex space. The special values taken by these functions at positive integer arguments are called multiple zeta values by number theorists and have been connected to many different branches in mathematics and physics.
See also
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ···
Arithmetic zeta function
Generalized Riemann hypothesis
Lehmer pair
Prime zeta function
Riemann Xi function
Renormalization
Riemann–Siegel theta function
ZetaGrid
Notes
^ "Jupyter Notebook Viewer". Nbviewer.ipython.org. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b Steuding, Jörn; Suriajaya, Ade Irma (1 November 2020). "Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its Julia Lines". Computational Methods and Function Theory. 20 (3): 389–401. doi:10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x. hdl:2324/4483207. ISSN 2195-3724. S2CID 216323223. Theorem 2 implies that ζ has an essential singularity at infinity
^ Bombieri, Enrico. "The Riemann Hypothesis – official problem description" (PDF). Clay Mathematics Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Devlin, Keith (2002). The Millennium Problems: The seven greatest unsolved mathematical puzzles of our time. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-0-7607-8659-8.
^ Sandifer, Charles Edward (2007). How Euler Did It. Mathematical Association of America. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88385-563-8.
^ Blagouchine, I.V. (1 March 2018). The history of the functional equation of the zeta-function. Seminar on the History of Mathematics. St. Petersburg, RU: Steklov Institute of Mathematics; "online PDF". Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ Blagouchine, I.V. (2014). "Rediscovery of Malmsten's integrals, their evaluation by contour integration methods and some related results". The Ramanujan Journal. 35 (1): 21–110. doi:10.1007/s11139-013-9528-5. S2CID 120943474. Blagouchine, I.V. (2017). "Addendum". The Ramanujan Journal. 42: 777–781. doi:10.1007/s11139-015-9763-z. S2CID 125198685. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ Conrey, J. B. (1989). "More than two fifths of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line". J. Reine Angew. Math. 1989 (399): 1–26. doi:10.1515/crll.1989.399.1. MR 1004130. S2CID 115910600.
^ Eric Weisstein. "Riemann Zeta Function Zeros". Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^ The L-functions and Modular Forms Database. "Zeros of ζ(s)".
^ Trudgian, Timothy S. (2014). "An improved upper bound for the argument of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line II". J. Number Theory. 134: 280–292. arXiv:1208.5846. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2013.07.017.
^ Hardy, G. H.; Fekete, M.; Littlewood, J. E. (1 September 1921). "The Zeros of Riemann's Zeta-Function on the Critical Line". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s1-1: 15–19. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-1.1.15.
^ Diamond, Harold G. (1982). "Elementary methods in the study of the distribution of prime numbers". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 7 (3): 553–89. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15057-1. MR 0670132.
^ Ford, K. (2002). "Vinogradov's integral and bounds for the Riemann zeta function". Proc. London Math. Soc. 85 (3): 565–633. arXiv:1910.08209. doi:10.1112/S0024611502013655. S2CID 121144007.
^ Mossinghoff, Michael J.; Trudgian, Timothy S. (2015). "Nonnegative trigonometric polynomials and a zero-free region for the Riemann zeta-function". J. Number Theory. 157: 329–349. arXiv:1410.3926. doi:10.1016/J.JNT.2015.05.010. S2CID 117968965.
^ Polchinski, Joseph (1998). An Introduction to the Bosonic String. String Theory. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-63303-1.
^ Kainz, A. J.; Titulaer, U. M. (1992). "An accurate two-stream moment method for kinetic boundary layer problems of linear kinetic equations". J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 25 (7): 1855–1874. Bibcode:1992JPhA...25.1855K. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/25/7/026.
^ Further digits and references for this constant are available at OEIS: A059750.
^ Sondow, Jonathan (1998). "An antisymmetric formula for Euler's constant". Mathematics Magazine. 71 (3): 219–220. doi:10.1080/0025570X.1998.11996638. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
^ Ogilvy, C. S.; Anderson, J. T. (1988). Excursions in Number Theory. Dover Publications. pp. 29–35. ISBN 0-486-25778-9.
^ Voronin, S. M. (1975). "Theorem on the Universality of the Riemann Zeta Function". Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Matem. 39: 475–486. Reprinted in Math. USSR Izv. (1975) 9: 443–445.
^ Ramūnas Garunkštis; Antanas Laurinčikas; Kohji Matsumoto; Jörn Steuding; Rasa Steuding (2010). "Effective uniform approximation by the Riemann zeta-function". Publicacions Matemàtiques. 54 (1): 209–219. doi:10.5565/PUBLMAT_54110_12. JSTOR 43736941.
^ Bhaskar Bagchi (1982). "A Joint Universality Theorem for Dirichlet L-Functions". Mathematische Zeitschrift. 181 (3): 319–334. doi:10.1007/bf01161980. ISSN 0025-5874. S2CID 120930513.
^ Steuding, Jörn (2007). Value-Distribution of L-Functions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1877. Berlin: Springer. p. 19. arXiv:1711.06671. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-44822-8. ISBN 978-3-540-26526-9.
^ Karatsuba, A. A. (2001). "Lower bounds for the maximum modulus of ζ(s) in small domains of the critical strip". Mat. Zametki. 70 (5): 796–798.
^ Karatsuba, A. A. (2004). "Lower bounds for the maximum modulus of the Riemann zeta function on short segments of the critical line". Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 68 (8): 99–104. Bibcode:2004IzMat..68.1157K. doi:10.1070/IM2004v068n06ABEH000513. S2CID 250796539.
^ Karatsuba, A. A. (1996). "Density theorem and the behavior of the argument of the Riemann zeta function". Mat. Zametki (60): 448–449.
^ Karatsuba, A. A. (1996). "On the function S(t)". Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 60 (5): 27–56.
^ a b Knopp, Konrad (1947). Theory of Functions, Part Two. New York, Dover publications. pp. 51–55.
^ Riemann, Bernhard (1859). "On the number of primes less than a given magnitude". Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. translated and reprinted in Edwards, H. M. (1974). Riemann's Zeta Function. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-232750-0. Zbl 0315.10035.
^ Neukirch, Jürgen (1999). Algebraic number theory. Springer. p. 422. ISBN 3-540-65399-6.
^ Hashimoto, Yasufumi; Iijima, Yasuyuki; Kurokawa, Nobushige; Wakayama, Masato (2004). "Euler's constants for the Selberg and the Dedekind zeta functions". Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, Simon Stevin. 11 (4): 493–516. doi:10.36045/bbms/1102689119. MR 2115723.
^ "A series representation for the Riemann Zeta derived from the Gauss-Kuzmin-Wirsing Operator" (PDF). Linas.org. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b Blagouchine, Iaroslav V. (2018). "Three Notes on Ser's and Hasse's Representations for the Zeta-functions". INTEGERS: The Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory. 18A: 1–45. arXiv:1606.02044. Bibcode:2016arXiv160602044B.
^ a b c Hasse, Helmut (1930). "Ein Summierungsverfahren für die Riemannsche ζ-Reihe" . Mathematische Zeitschrift (in German). 32 (1): 458–464. doi:10.1007/BF01194645. S2CID 120392534.
^ Sondow, Jonathan (1994). "Analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function and values at negative integers via Euler's transformation of series" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 120 (2): 421–424. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1994-1172954-7.
^ Blagouchine, Iaroslav V. (2016). "Expansions of generalized Euler's constants into the series of polynomials in π−2 and into the formal enveloping series with rational coefficients only". Journal of Number Theory. 158: 365–396. arXiv:1501.00740. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2015.06.012.
^ Ser, Joseph (1926). "Sur une expression de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann" . Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 182: 1075–1077.
^ Maślanka, Krzysztof (1997). "The Beauty of Nothingness". Acta Cosmologica. XXIII–I: 13–17.
^ Báez-Duarte, Luis (2010). "On Maslanka's Representation for the Riemann Zeta Function". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. 2010: 1–9. arXiv:math/0307214. doi:10.1155/2010/714147.
^ Flajolet, Philippe; Vepstas, Linas (2008). "On Differences of Zeta Values". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 220 (1-2 October): 58–73. arXiv:math/0611332. Bibcode:2008JCoAM.220...58F. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2007.07.040.
^ Maślanka, Krzysztof; Koleżyński, Andrzej (2022). "The High Precision Numerical Calculation of Stieltjes Constants. Simple and Fast Algorithm". Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 28 (2): 47–59. arXiv:2210.04609. doi:10.12921/cmst.2022.0000014. S2CID 252780397.
^ Báez-Duarte, Luis (2003). "A New Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Riemann Hypothesis". Number Theory. arXiv:math/0307215. Bibcode:2003math......7215B.
^ Maślanka, Krzysztof (2006). "Báez-Duarte's Criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis and Rice's Integrals". Number Theory. arXiv:math/0603713v2. Bibcode:2006math......3713M.
^ Wolf, Marek (2014). "Some remarks on the Báez-Duarte criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis". Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 20 (2): 39–47. doi:10.12921/cmst.2014.20.02.39-47.
^ Borwein, Peter (2000). "An Efficient Algorithm for the Riemann Zeta Function" (PDF). In Théra, Michel A. (ed.). Constructive, Experimental, and Nonlinear Analysis. Conference Proceedings, Canadian Mathematical Society. Vol. 27. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, on behalf of the Canadian Mathematical Society. pp. 29–34. ISBN 978-0-8218-2167-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ Mező, István (2013). "The primorial and the Riemann zeta function". The American Mathematical Monthly. 120 (4): 321.
^ Komatsu, Takao; Mező, István (2016). "Incomplete poly-Bernoulli numbers associated with incomplete Stirling numbers". Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen. 88 (3–4): 357–368. arXiv:1510.05799. doi:10.5486/pmd.2016.7361. S2CID 55741906.
^ "A220335 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^
Tóth, László (2022). "Linear Combinations of Dirichlet Series Associated with the Thue-Morse Sequence". Integers. 22 (article 98). arXiv:2211.13570.
^ Odlyzko, A. M.; Schönhage, A. (1988). "Fast algorithms for multiple evaluations of the Riemann zeta function". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 309 (2): 797–809. doi:10.2307/2000939. JSTOR 2000939. MR 0961614..
^ "Work on spin-chains by A. Knauf, et. al". Empslocal.ex.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ Gene Ward Smith. "Nearest integer to locations of increasingly large peaks of abs(zeta(0.5 + i*2*Pi/log(2)*t)) for increasing real t". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^ William A. Sethares (2005). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag London. p. 74. ...there are many different ways to evaluate the goodness, reasonableness, fitness, or quality of a scale...Under some measures, 12-tet is the winner, under others 19-tet appears best, 53-tet often appears among the victors...
^ Most of the formulas in this section are from § 4 of J. M. Borwein et al. (2000)
References
Apostol, T. M. (2010). "Zeta and Related Functions". In Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W. (eds.). NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5. MR 2723248..
Borwein, Jonathan; Bradley, David M.; Crandall, Richard (2000). "Computational Strategies for the Riemann Zeta Function" (PDF). J. Comput. Appl. Math. 121 (1–2): 247–296. Bibcode:2000JCoAM.121..247B. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00)00336-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013.
Cvijović, Djurdje; Klinowski, Jacek (2002). "Integral Representations of the Riemann Zeta Function for Odd-Integer Arguments". J. Comput. Appl. Math. 142 (2): 435–439. Bibcode:2002JCoAM.142..435C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(02)00358-8. MR 1906742.
Cvijović, Djurdje; Klinowski, Jacek (1997). "Continued-fraction expansions for the Riemann zeta function and polylogarithms". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 125 (9): 2543–2550. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-97-04102-6.
Edwards, H. M. (1974). Riemann's Zeta Function. Academic Press. ISBN 0-486-41740-9. Has an English translation of Riemann's paper.
Hadamard, Jacques (1896). "Sur la distribution des zéros de la fonction ζ(s) et ses conséquences arithmétiques". Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France. 14: 199–220. doi:10.24033/bsmf.545.
Hardy, G. H. (1949). Divergent Series. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Hasse, Helmut (1930). "Ein Summierungsverfahren für die Riemannsche ζ-Reihe". Math. Z. 32: 458–464. doi:10.1007/BF01194645. MR 1545177. S2CID 120392534. (Globally convergent series expression.)
Ivic, A. (1985). The Riemann Zeta Function. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-80634-X.
Motohashi, Y. (1997). Spectral Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521445205.
Karatsuba, A. A.; Voronin, S. M. (1992). The Riemann Zeta-Function. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
Mező, István; Dil, Ayhan (2010). "Hyperharmonic series involving Hurwitz zeta function". Journal of Number Theory. 130 (2): 360–369. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2009.08.005. hdl:2437/90539. MR 2564902. S2CID 122707401.
Montgomery, Hugh L.; Vaughan, Robert C. (2007). Multiplicative number theory. I. Classical theory. Cambridge tracts in advanced mathematics. Vol. 97. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 10. ISBN 978-0-521-84903-6.
Newman, Donald J. (1998). Analytic number theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 177. Springer-Verlag. Ch. 6. ISBN 0-387-98308-2.
Raoh, Guo (1996). "The Distribution of the Logarithmic Derivative of the Riemann Zeta Function". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. s3–72: 1–27. doi:10.1112/plms/s3-72.1.1.
Riemann, Bernhard (1859). "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse". Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie.. In Gesammelte Werke, Teubner, Leipzig (1892), Reprinted by Dover, New York (1953).
Sondow, Jonathan (1994). "Analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function and values at negative integers via Euler's transformation of series" (PDF). Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 120 (2): 421–424. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1994-1172954-7.
Titchmarsh, E. C. (1986). Heath-Brown (ed.). The Theory of the Riemann Zeta Function (2nd rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.
Whittaker, E. T.; Watson, G. N. (1927). A Course in Modern Analysis (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Ch. 13.
Zhao, Jianqiang (1999). "Analytic continuation of multiple zeta functions". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 128 (5): 1275–1283. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-99-05398-8. MR 1670846.
External links
Media related to Riemann zeta function at Wikimedia Commons
"Zeta-function". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. EMS Press. 2001 .
Riemann Zeta Function, in Wolfram Mathworld — an explanation with a more mathematical approach
Tables of selected zeros Archived 17 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Prime Numbers Get Hitched A general, non-technical description of the significance of the zeta function in relation to prime numbers.
X-Ray of the Zeta Function Visually oriented investigation of where zeta is real or purely imaginary.
Formulas and identities for the Riemann Zeta function functions.wolfram.com
Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums of Reciprocal Powers, section 23.2 of Abramowitz and Stegun
Frenkel, Edward. "Million Dollar Math Problem" (video). Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Mellin transform and the functional equation of the Riemann Zeta function—Computational examples of Mellin transform methods involving the Riemann Zeta Function
Visualizing the Riemann zeta function and analytic continuation a video from 3Blue1Brown
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cplot_zeta.svg"},{"link_name":"domain coloring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_coloring"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riemann-Zeta-Detail.png"},{"link_name":"Greek letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta"},{"link_name":"mathematical function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"complex variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_variable"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"analytic number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_number_theory"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler"},{"link_name":"reals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Riemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann"},{"link_name":"On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Number_of_Primes_Less_Than_a_Given_Magnitude"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic"},{"link_name":"functional equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_equation"},{"link_name":"zeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"the distribution of prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem"},{"link_name":"Riemann hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecture"},{"link_name":"pure mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Basel problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem"},{"link_name":"Roger Apéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ap%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"ζ(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"modular forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_form"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet L-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_L-function"},{"link_name":"L-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-function"}],"text":"The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring.[1]The pole at \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=1}\n \n and two zeros on the critical line.The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined asζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 3\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n^{s}}}={\\frac {1}{1^{s}}}+{\\frac {1}{2^{s}}}+{\\frac {1}{3^{s}}}+\\cdots }Re\n \n (\n s\n )\n >\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Re} (s)>1}\n \n,analytic continuation[2]The Riemann zeta function plays a pivotal role in analytic number theory, and has applications in physics, probability theory, and applied statistics.Leonhard Euler first introduced and studied the function over the reals in the first half of the eighteenth century. Bernhard Riemann's 1859 article \"On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude\" extended the Euler definition to a complex variable, proved its meromorphic continuation and functional equation, and established a relation between its zeros and the distribution of prime numbers. This paper also contained the Riemann hypothesis, a conjecture about the distribution of complex zeros of the Riemann zeta function that many mathematicians consider the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics.[3]The values of the Riemann zeta function at even positive integers were computed by Euler. The first of them, ζ(2), provides a solution to the Basel problem. In 1979 Roger Apéry proved the irrationality of ζ(3). The values at negative integer points, also found by Euler, are rational numbers and play an important role in the theory of modular forms. Many generalizations of the Riemann zeta function, such as Dirichlet series, Dirichlet L-functions and L-functions, are known.","title":"Riemann zeta function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ueber_die_Anzahl_der_Primzahlen_unter_einer_gegebenen_Gr%C3%B6sse.pdf"},{"link_name":"gamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function"},{"link_name":"analytic continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation"},{"link_name":"Leonhard Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler"},{"link_name":"Chebyshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devlin-4"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"converges absolutely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_convergence"},{"link_name":"analytic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"diverges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series"},{"link_name":"harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Bernhard Riemann's article On the number of primes below a given magnitudeThe Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is a function of a complex variable s = σ + it, where σ and t are real numbers. (The notation s, σ, and t is used traditionally in the study of the zeta function, following Riemann.) When Re(s) = σ > 1, the function can be written as a converging summation or as an integral:ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n Γ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n^{s}}}={\\frac {1}{\\Gamma (s)}}\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {x^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\\,\\mathrm {d} x\\,,}whereΓ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }x^{s-1}\\,e^{-x}\\,\\mathrm {d} x}is the gamma function. The Riemann zeta function is defined for other complex values via analytic continuation of the function defined for σ > 1.Leonhard Euler considered the above series in 1740 for positive integer values of s, and later Chebyshev extended the definition to \n \n \n \n Re\n \n (\n s\n )\n >\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Re} (s)>1.}\n \n[4]The above series is a prototypical Dirichlet series that converges absolutely to an analytic function for s such that σ > 1 and diverges for all other values of s. Riemann showed that the function defined by the series on the half-plane of convergence can be continued analytically to all complex values s ≠ 1. For s = 1, the series is the harmonic series which diverges to +∞, andlim\n \n s\n →\n 1\n \n \n (\n s\n −\n 1\n )\n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{s\\to 1}(s-1)\\zeta (s)=1.}meromorphic functionholomorphicsimple poles = 1residue1","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"proved the identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_the_Euler_product_formula_for_the_Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"infinite product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_product"},{"link_name":"Euler products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_product"},{"link_name":"proof of Euler's identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_the_Euler_product_formula_for_the_Riemann_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"geometric series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series"},{"link_name":"fundamental theorem of arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"infinitely many primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sieve of Eratosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes"},{"link_name":"asymptotic probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_density"},{"link_name":"coprime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime"}],"text":"In 1737, the connection between the zeta function and prime numbers was discovered by Euler, who proved the identity∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∏\n \n p\n \n prime\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n^{s}}}=\\prod _{p{\\text{ prime}}}{\\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}},}where, by definition, the left hand side is ζ(s) and the infinite product on the right hand side extends over all prime numbers p (such expressions are called Euler products):∏\n \n p\n \n prime\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 2\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 3\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 5\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 7\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 11\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{p{\\text{ prime}}}{\\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}={\\frac {1}{1-2^{-s}}}\\cdot {\\frac {1}{1-3^{-s}}}\\cdot {\\frac {1}{1-5^{-s}}}\\cdot {\\frac {1}{1-7^{-s}}}\\cdot {\\frac {1}{1-11^{-s}}}\\cdots {\\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}\\cdots }Both sides of the Euler product formula converge for Re(s) > 1. The proof of Euler's identity uses only the formula for the geometric series and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Since the harmonic series, obtained when s = 1, diverges, Euler's formula (which becomes Πp p/p − 1) implies that there are infinitely many primes.[5] Since the logarithm of p/p − 1 is approximately 1/p, the formula can also be used to prove the stronger result that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes is infinite. On the other hand, combining that with the sieve of Eratosthenes shows that the density of the set of primes within the set of positive integers is zero.The Euler product formula can be used to calculate the asymptotic probability that s randomly selected integers are set-wise coprime. Intuitively, the probability that any single number is divisible by a prime (or any integer) p is 1/p. Hence the probability that s numbers are all divisible by this prime is 1/ps, and the probability that at least one of them is not is 1 − 1/ps. Now, for distinct primes, these divisibility events are mutually independent because the candidate divisors are coprime (a number is divisible by coprime divisors n and m if and only if it is divisible by nm, an event which occurs with probability 1/nm). Thus the asymptotic probability that s numbers are coprime is given by a product over all primes,∏\n \n p\n \n prime\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n p\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∏\n \n p\n \n prime\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n p\n \n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{p{\\text{ prime}}}\\left(1-{\\frac {1}{p^{s}}}\\right)=\\left(\\prod _{p{\\text{ prime}}}{\\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}\\right)^{-1}={\\frac {1}{\\zeta (s)}}.}","title":"Euler's product formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functional equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_equation"},{"link_name":"trivial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triviality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"theta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_function"},{"link_name":"Poisson summation formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_summation_formula"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-853369-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853369-1"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Riemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann"},{"link_name":"On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Number_of_Primes_Less_Than_a_Given_Magnitude"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet eta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_eta_function"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry"},{"link_name":"original ξ(t)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_%CE%9E_function"},{"link_name":"John Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tate_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%27s_thesis"},{"link_name":"local L-factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_L-factor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archimedean place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_place"}],"text":"This zeta function satisfies the functional equationζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n 2\n \n s\n \n \n \n π\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n sin\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n π\n s\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n Γ\n (\n 1\n −\n s\n )\n \n ζ\n (\n 1\n −\n s\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=2^{s}\\pi ^{s-1}\\ \\sin \\left({\\frac {\\pi s}{2}}\\right)\\ \\Gamma (1-s)\\ \\zeta (1-s),}Γ(s)gamma functioncomplex planes1 − sζ(s)s = −2ntrivial zerosζ(s)ssin(πs/2)Γ(1 − s)Γ(1 − s)poleProof of Riemann's functional equation\nA proof of the functional equation proceeds as follows:\nWe observe that if \n \n \n \n σ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma >0}\n \n, then\n\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n s\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n x\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{\\infty }x^{{1 \\over 2}{s}-1}e^{-n^{2}\\pi x}\\,dx={\\Gamma \\left({s \\over 2}\\right) \\over {n^{s}\\pi ^{s \\over 2}}}.}\n \n\nAs a result, if \n \n \n \n σ\n >\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma >1}\n \n then\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n π\n \n s\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n x\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n x\n \n \n \n d\n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\Gamma \\left({\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)\\zeta (s)}{\\pi ^{s/2}}}=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }\\int _{0}^{\\infty }x^{{s \\over 2}-1}e^{-n^{2}\\pi x}\\,dx=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }e^{-n^{2}\\pi x}\\,dx,}\n \n\nwith the inversion of the limiting processes justified by absolute convergence (hence the stricter requirement on \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n).\nFor convenience, let\n\n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (x):=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }e^{-n^{2}\\pi x}}\n \n\nwhich is a special case of the theta function. Then \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n s\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\pi ^{s \\over 2} \\over \\Gamma ({s \\over 2})}\\int _{0}^{\\infty }x^{{1 \\over 2}{s}-1}\\psi (x)\\,dx.}\n \n\nBy the Poisson summation formula we have \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n x\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n \n −\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n π\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=-\\infty }^{\\infty }{e^{-n^{2}\\pi x}}={1 \\over {\\sqrt {x}}}\\sum _{n=-\\infty }^{\\infty }{e^{-n^{2}\\pi \\over x}},}\n \n\nso that \n \n \n \n 2\n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n +\n 1\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n 2\n ψ\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n x\n \n \n )\n \n +\n 1\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\psi (x)+1={1 \\over {\\sqrt {x}}}\\left\\{2\\psi \\left({1 \\over x}\\right)+1\\right\\}.}\n \n\nHence \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n +\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-{s \\over 2}}\\Gamma \\left({s \\over 2}\\right)\\zeta (s)=\\int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\psi (x)\\,dx+\\int _{1}^{\\infty }x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\psi (x)\\,dx.}\n \n\nThis is equivalent to \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n x\n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n d\n x\n +\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\left\\{{1 \\over {\\sqrt {x}}}\\psi \\left({1 \\over x}\\right)+{1 \\over 2{\\sqrt {x}}}-{1 \\over 2}\\right\\}\\,dx+\\int _{1}^{\\infty }x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\psi (x)\\,dx}\n \n\nor\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n s\n \n \n +\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n x\n \n \n )\n \n \n d\n x\n +\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {1 \\over {s-1}}-{1 \\over s}+\\int _{0}^{1}x^{{s \\over 2}-{3 \\over 2}}\\psi \\left({1 \\over x}\\right)\\,dx+\\int _{1}^{\\infty }x^{{s \\over 2}-1}\\psi (x)\\,dx.}\n \n\nSo\n\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n (\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n −\n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n ψ\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-{s \\over 2}}\\Gamma \\left({s \\over 2}\\right)\\zeta (s)={1 \\over {s({s-1})}}+\\int _{1}^{\\infty }\\left({x^{-{{s} \\over 2}-{1 \\over 2}}+x^{{{s} \\over 2}-1}}\\right)\\psi (x)\\,dx}\n \n\nwhich is convergent for all s, so holds by analytic continuation. Furthermore, the RHS is unchanged if s is changed to 1 − s. Hence\n\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n 1\n −\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-{s \\over 2}}\\Gamma \\left({s \\over 2}\\right)\\zeta (s)=\\pi ^{-{1 \\over 2}+{s \\over 2}}\\Gamma \\left({1 \\over 2}-{s \\over 2}\\right)\\zeta (1-s)}\n \n\nwhich is the functional equation.\nE. C. Titchmarsh (1986). The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-function (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-19-853369-1. Attributed to Bernhard Riemann.The functional equation was established by Riemann in his 1859 paper \"On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude\" and used to construct the analytic continuation in the first place. An equivalent relationship had been conjectured by Euler over a hundred years earlier, in 1749, for the Dirichlet eta function (the alternating zeta function):η\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 2\n \n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta (s)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{s}}}=\\left(1-{2^{1-s}}\\right)\\zeta (s).}Incidentally, this relation gives an equation for calculating ζ(s) in the region 0 < Re(s) < 1, i.e.ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 2\n \n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{1-{2^{1-s}}}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{s}}}}ηconvergentnon-absolutelys > 0[6][7]Riemann also found a symmetric version of the functional equation applying to the xi-function:ξ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n s\n (\n s\n −\n 1\n )\n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (s)={\\frac {1}{2}}\\pi ^{-{\\frac {s}{2}}}s(s-1)\\Gamma \\left({\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)\\zeta (s),}ξ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n ξ\n (\n 1\n −\n s\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi (s)=\\xi (1-s).}(Riemann's original ξ(t) was slightly different.)The \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n s\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n Γ\n (\n s\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-s/2}\\Gamma (s/2)}\n \n factor was not well-understood at the time of Riemann, until John Tate's (1950) thesis, in which it was shown that this so-called \"Gamma factor\" is in fact the local L-factor corresponding to the Archimedean place, the other factors in the Euler product expansion being the local L-factors of the non-Archimedean places.","title":"Riemann's functional equation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riemann0xf4240.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zero-free_region_for_the_Riemann_zeta-function.svg"},{"link_name":"Riemann hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeta_polar.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiemannCriticalLine.svg"},{"link_name":"Riemann hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Z-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_function"}],"text":"Riemann zeta spiral along the critical line from height 999000 to a million (from red to violet)The Riemann zeta function has no zeros to the right of σ = 1 or (apart from the trivial zeros) to the left of σ = 0 (nor can the zeros lie too close to those lines). Furthermore, the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the real axis and the line σ = 1/2 and, according to the Riemann hypothesis, they all lie on the line σ = 1/2.This image shows a plot of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line for real values of t running from 0 to 34. The first five zeros in the critical strip are clearly visible as the place where the spirals pass through the origin.The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. The first non-trivial zeros can be seen at Im(s) = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011.The functional equation shows that the Riemann zeta function has zeros at −2, −4,.... These are called the trivial zeros. They are trivial in the sense that their existence is relatively easy to prove, for example, from sin πs/2 being 0 in the functional equation. The non-trivial zeros have captured far more attention because their distribution not only is far less understood but, more importantly, their study yields important results concerning prime numbers and related objects in number theory. It is known that any non-trivial zero lies in the open strip \n \n \n \n {\n s\n ∈\n \n C\n \n :\n 0\n <\n Re\n \n (\n s\n )\n <\n 1\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{s\\in \\mathbb {C} :0<\\operatorname {Re} (s)<1\\}}\n \n, which is called the critical strip. The set \n \n \n \n {\n s\n ∈\n \n C\n \n :\n Re\n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{s\\in \\mathbb {C} :\\operatorname {Re} (s)=1/2\\}}\n \n is called the critical line. The Riemann hypothesis, considered one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics, asserts that all non-trivial zeros are on the critical line. In 1989, Conrey proved that more than 40% of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line.[8]For the Riemann zeta function on the critical line, see Z-function.","title":"Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Number of zeros in the critical strip","text":"Let \n \n \n \n N\n (\n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(T)}\n \n be the number of zeros of \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)}\n \n in the critical strip \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n Re\n \n (\n s\n )\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\operatorname {Re} (s)<1}\n \n, whose imaginary parts are in the interval \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n Im\n \n (\n s\n )\n <\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\operatorname {Im} (s)<T}\n \n.\nTrudgian proved that, if \n \n \n \n T\n >\n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T>e}\n \n, then[11]|\n \n N\n (\n T\n )\n −\n \n \n T\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n log\n \n \n \n T\n \n 2\n π\n e\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ≤\n 0.112\n log\n \n T\n +\n 0.278\n log\n \n log\n \n T\n +\n 3.385\n +\n \n \n 0.2\n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|N(T)-{\\frac {T}{2\\pi }}\\log {\\frac {T}{2\\pi e}}\\right|\\leq 0.112\\log T+0.278\\log \\log T+3.385+{\\frac {0.2}{T}}}\n \n.","title":"Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godfrey Harold Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Edensor Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood"}],"sub_title":"The Hardy–Littlewood conjectures","text":"In 1914, Godfrey Harold Hardy proved that ζ (1/2 + it) has infinitely many real zeros.[12]Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood formulated two conjectures on the density and distance between the zeros of ζ (1/2 + it) on intervals of large positive real numbers. In the following, N(T) is the total number of real zeros and N0(T) the total number of zeros of odd order of the function ζ (1/2 + it) lying in the interval (0, T].For any ε > 0, there exists a T0(ε) > 0 such that when\n\n \n \n \n T\n ≥\n \n T\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n ε\n )\n \n \n and \n \n \n H\n =\n \n T\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n +\n ε\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\geq T_{0}(\\varepsilon )\\quad {\\text{ and }}\\quad H=T^{{\\frac {1}{4}}+\\varepsilon },}\n \n\nthe interval (T, T + H] contains a zero of odd order.For any ε > 0, there exists a T0(ε) > 0 and cε > 0 such that the inequality\n\n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n T\n +\n H\n )\n −\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n T\n )\n ≥\n \n c\n \n ε\n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{0}(T+H)-N_{0}(T)\\geq c_{\\varepsilon }H}\n \n\nholds when\n\n \n \n \n T\n ≥\n \n T\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n ε\n )\n \n \n and \n \n \n H\n =\n \n T\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n ε\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\geq T_{0}(\\varepsilon )\\quad {\\text{ and }}\\quad H=T^{{\\frac {1}{2}}+\\varepsilon }.}These two conjectures opened up new directions in the investigation of the Riemann zeta function.","title":"Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime number theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamond1982-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vinogradov's mean-value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinogradov%27s_mean-value_theorem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis#Consequences"}],"sub_title":"Zero-free region","text":"The location of the Riemann zeta function's zeros is of great importance in number theory. The prime number theorem is equivalent to the fact that there are no zeros of the zeta function on the Re(s) = 1 line.[13] A better result[14] that follows from an effective form of Vinogradov's mean-value theorem is that ζ (σ + it) ≠ 0 whenever \n \n \n \n σ\n ≥\n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n 57.54\n (\n log\n \n \n \n |\n \n t\n \n |\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n \n (\n log\n \n \n log\n \n \n \n |\n \n t\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma \\geq 1-{\\frac {1}{57.54(\\log {|t|})^{\\frac {2}{3}}(\\log {\\log {|t|}})^{\\frac {1}{3}}}}}\n \n and |t| ≥ 3.In 2015, Mossinghoff and Trudgian proved[15] that zeta has no zeros in the regionσ\n ≥\n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n 5.573412\n log\n \n \n |\n \n t\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma \\geq 1-{\\frac {1}{5.573412\\log |t|}}}for |t| ≥ 2.\nThis is the largest known zero-free region in the critical strip for \n \n \n \n 3.06\n ⋅\n \n 10\n \n 10\n \n \n <\n \n |\n \n t\n \n |\n \n <\n exp\n \n (\n 10151.5\n )\n ≈\n 5.5\n ⋅\n \n 10\n \n 4408\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3.06\\cdot 10^{10}<|t|<\\exp(10151.5)\\approx 5.5\\cdot 10^{4408}}\n \n.The strongest result of this kind one can hope for is the truth of the Riemann hypothesis, which would have many profound consequences in the theory of numbers.","title":"Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood"},{"link_name":"upper half-plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_half-plane"},{"link_name":"critical line theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_line_theorem"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A058303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A058303"}],"sub_title":"Other results","text":"It is known that there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line. Littlewood showed that if the sequence (γn) contains the imaginary parts of all zeros in the upper half-plane in ascending order, thenlim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n γ\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n −\n \n γ\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\rightarrow \\infty }\\left(\\gamma _{n+1}-\\gamma _{n}\\right)=0.}The critical line theorem asserts that a positive proportion of the nontrivial zeros lies on the critical line. (The Riemann hypothesis would imply that this proportion is 1.)In the critical strip, the zero with smallest non-negative imaginary part is 1/2 + 14.13472514...i (OEIS: A058303). The fact thatζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n \n \n s\n ¯\n \n \n )\n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\overline {\\zeta ({\\overline {s}})}}}for all complex s ≠ 1 implies that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are symmetric about the real axis. Combining this symmetry with the functional equation, furthermore, one sees that the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the critical line Re(s) = 1/2.It is also known that no zeros lie on the line with real part 1.","title":"Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytic continuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polchinski-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sondow1998-19"},{"link_name":"relatively prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"complex infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_infinity"},{"link_name":"Riemann sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sphere"},{"link_name":"essential singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_singularity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"For any positive even integer 2n,ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n )\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (2n)={\\frac {|{B_{2n}}|(2\\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}},}B2n2nBernoulli numberKSpecial values of L-functionsFor nonpositive integers, one hasζ\n (\n −\n n\n )\n =\n −\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (-n)=-{\\frac {B_{n+1}}{n+1}}}n ≥ 0B1 = 1/2ζBm = 0mVia analytic continuation, one can show thatζ\n (\n −\n 1\n )\n =\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (-1)=-{\\tfrac {1}{12}}}1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯Ramanujan summationstring theory[16]ζ\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (0)=-{\\tfrac {1}{2}}}1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯The valueζ\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n −\n 1.46035450880958681288\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta {\\bigl (}{\\tfrac {1}{2}}{\\bigr )}=-1.46035450880958681288\\ldots }[17][18]Althoughζ\n (\n 1\n )\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (1)=1+{\\tfrac {1}{2}}+{\\tfrac {1}{3}}+\\cdots }Cauchy principal valuelim\n \n ε\n →\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n 1\n +\n ε\n )\n +\n ζ\n (\n 1\n −\n ε\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{\\varepsilon \\to 0}{\\frac {\\zeta (1+\\varepsilon )+\\zeta (1-\\varepsilon )}{2}}}Euler–Mascheroni constantγ = 0.5772...[19]The demonstration of the particular valueζ\n (\n 2\n )\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n =\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (2)=1+{\\frac {1}{2^{2}}}+{\\frac {1}{3^{2}}}+\\cdots ={\\frac {\\pi ^{2}}{6}}}Basel problemWhat is the probability that two numbers selected at random are relatively prime?[20]ζ\n (\n 3\n )\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 3\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n =\n 1.202056903159594285399...\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (3)=1+{\\frac {1}{2^{3}}}+{\\frac {1}{3^{3}}}+\\cdots =1.202056903159594285399...}Apéry's constantTaking the limit \n \n \n \n s\n →\n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\rightarrow +\\infty }\n \n through the real numbers, one obtains \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n +\n ∞\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (+\\infty )=1}\n \n. But at complex infinity on the Riemann sphere the zeta function has an essential singularity.[2]","title":"Specific values"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rational zeta series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_zeta_series"}],"text":"For sums involving the zeta function at integer and half-integer values, see rational zeta series.","title":"Various properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"},{"link_name":"Möbius function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_function"},{"link_name":"multiplicative functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_function"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_series"}],"sub_title":"Reciprocal","text":"The reciprocal of the zeta function may be expressed as a Dirichlet series over the Möbius function μ(n):1\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\zeta (s)}}=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\mu (n)}{n^{s}}}}for every complex number s with real part greater than 1. There are a number of similar relations involving various well-known multiplicative functions; these are given in the article on the Dirichlet series.The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that this expression is valid when the real part of s is greater than 1/2.","title":"Various properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zeta function universality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_universality"},{"link_name":"holomorphic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"effective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_universality#Effective_universality"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"extending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_universality#Universality_of_other_zeta_functions"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet L-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_L-function"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Universality","text":"The critical strip of the Riemann zeta function has the remarkable property of universality. This zeta function universality states that there exists some location on the critical strip that approximates any holomorphic function arbitrarily well. Since holomorphic functions are very general, this property is quite remarkable. The first proof of universality was provided by Sergei Mikhailovitch Voronin in 1975.[21] More recent work has included effective versions of Voronin's theorem[22] and extending it to Dirichlet L-functions.[23][24]","title":"Various properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanakanahalli Ramachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakanahalli_Ramachandra"},{"link_name":"Anatolii Karatsuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolii_Alexeevitch_Karatsuba"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Estimates of the maximum of the modulus of the zeta function","text":"Let the functions F(T;H) and G(s0;Δ) be defined by the equalitiesF\n (\n T\n ;\n H\n )\n =\n \n max\n \n \n |\n \n t\n −\n T\n \n |\n \n ≤\n H\n \n \n \n |\n \n ζ\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n i\n t\n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n ,\n \n G\n (\n \n s\n \n 0\n \n \n ;\n Δ\n )\n =\n \n max\n \n \n |\n \n s\n −\n \n s\n \n 0\n \n \n \n |\n \n ≤\n Δ\n \n \n \n |\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n \n |\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(T;H)=\\max _{|t-T|\\leq H}\\left|\\zeta \\left({\\tfrac {1}{2}}+it\\right)\\right|,\\qquad G(s_{0};\\Delta )=\\max _{|s-s_{0}|\\leq \\Delta }|\\zeta (s)|.}Here T is a sufficiently large positive number, 0 < H ≪ log log T, s0 = σ0 + iT, 1/2 ≤ σ0 ≤ 1, 0 < Δ < 1/3. Estimating the values F and G from below shows, how large (in modulus) values ζ(s) can take on short intervals of the critical line or in small neighborhoods of points lying in the critical strip 0 ≤ Re(s) ≤ 1.The case H ≫ log log T was studied by Kanakanahalli Ramachandra; the case Δ > c, where c is a sufficiently large constant, is trivial.Anatolii Karatsuba proved,[25][26] in particular, that if the values H and Δ exceed certain sufficiently small constants, then the estimatesF\n (\n T\n ;\n H\n )\n ≥\n \n T\n \n −\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n G\n (\n \n s\n \n 0\n \n \n ;\n Δ\n )\n ≥\n \n T\n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(T;H)\\geq T^{-c_{1}},\\qquad G(s_{0};\\Delta )\\geq T^{-c_{2}},}hold, where c1 and c2 are certain absolute constants.","title":"Various properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_argument"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"mean value theorems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_value_theorems_for_definite_integrals"},{"link_name":"Atle Selberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle_Selberg"}],"sub_title":"The argument of the Riemann zeta function","text":"The functionS\n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n π\n \n \n arg\n \n \n ζ\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n i\n t\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(t)={\\frac {1}{\\pi }}\\arg {\\zeta \\left({\\tfrac {1}{2}}+it\\right)}}is called the argument of the Riemann zeta function. Here arg ζ(1/2 + it) is the increment of an arbitrary continuous branch of arg ζ(s) along the broken line joining the points 2, 2 + it and 1/2 + it.There are some theorems on properties of the function S(t). Among those results[27][28] are the mean value theorems for S(t) and its first integralS\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n t\n \n \n S\n (\n u\n )\n \n \n d\n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{1}(t)=\\int _{0}^{t}S(u)\\,\\mathrm {d} u}on intervals of the real line, and also the theorem claiming that every interval (T, T + H] forH\n ≥\n \n T\n \n \n \n 27\n 82\n \n \n +\n ε\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\geq T^{{\\frac {27}{82}}+\\varepsilon }}contains at leastH\n \n \n \n ln\n \n T\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n c\n \n \n ln\n \n ln\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H{\\sqrt[{3}]{\\ln T}}e^{-c{\\sqrt {\\ln \\ln T}}}}points where the function S(t) changes sign. Earlier similar results were obtained by Atle Selberg for the caseH\n ≥\n \n T\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n ε\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\geq T^{{\\frac {1}{2}}+\\varepsilon }.}","title":"Various properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dirichlet series[29]","text":"An extension of the area of convergence can be obtained by rearranging the original series. The seriesζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n n\n −\n s\n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }\\left({\\frac {n}{(n+1)^{s}}}-{\\frac {n-s}{n^{s}}}\\right)}converges for Re(s) > 0, whileζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 2\n n\n +\n 3\n +\n s\n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n s\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 2\n n\n −\n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n n\n \n s\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}\\left({\\frac {2n+3+s}{(n+1)^{s+2}}}-{\\frac {2n-1-s}{n^{s+2}}}\\right)}converge even for Re(s) > −1. In this way, the area of convergence can be extended to Re(s) > −k for any negative integer −k.The recurrence connection is clearly visible from the expression valid for Re(s) > −2 enabling further expansion by integration by parts.ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n s\n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n [\n ζ\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n ]\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n [\n ζ\n (\n s\n +\n 2\n )\n −\n 1\n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n s\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n s\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 3\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n (\n n\n +\n t\n \n )\n \n s\n +\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\zeta (s)=&1+{\\frac {1}{s-1}}-{\\frac {s}{2!}}[\\zeta (s+1)-1]\\\\-&{\\frac {s(s+1)}{3!}}[\\zeta (s+2)-1]\\\\&-{\\frac {s(s+1)(s+2)}{3!}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }\\int _{0}^{1}{\\frac {t^{3}dt}{(n+t)^{s+3}}}\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mellin transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin_transform"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"gamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function"},{"link_name":"contour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_integration"},{"link_name":"Hankel contour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankel_contour"},{"link_name":"prime number theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem"},{"link_name":"prime-counting function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function"},{"link_name":"prime-counting function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function"},{"link_name":"Möbius inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_inversion_formula"}],"sub_title":"Mellin-type integrals","text":"The Mellin transform of a function f(x) is defined as[30]∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n x\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{\\infty }f(x)x^{s}\\,{\\frac {\\mathrm {d} x}{x}}}in the region where the integral is defined. There are various expressions for the zeta function as Mellin transform-like integrals. If the real part of s is greater than one, we haveΓ\n (\n s\n )\n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (s)\\zeta (s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {x^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\\,\\mathrm {d} x\\quad }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n s\n )\n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n s\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n s\n \n \n \n cosh\n \n (\n x\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\Gamma (s)\\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{2s}}\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {x^{s}}{\\cosh(x)-1}}\\,\\mathrm {d} x}\n \n,where Γ denotes the gamma function. By modifying the contour, Riemann showed that2\n sin\n \n (\n π\n s\n )\n Γ\n (\n s\n )\n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n i\n \n ∮\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n x\n \n )\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\sin(\\pi s)\\Gamma (s)\\zeta (s)=i\\oint _{H}{\\frac {(-x)^{s-1}}{e^{x}-1}}\\,\\mathrm {d} x}for all s (where H denotes the Hankel contour).We can also find expressions which relate to prime numbers and the prime number theorem. If π(x) is the prime-counting function, thenln\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n s\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n π\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n x\n (\n \n x\n \n s\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\zeta (s)=s\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\pi (x)}{x(x^{s}-1)}}\\,\\mathrm {d} x,}for values with Re(s) > 1.A similar Mellin transform involves the Riemann function J(x), which counts prime powers pn with a weight of 1/n, so thatJ\n (\n x\n )\n =\n ∑\n \n \n \n π\n \n (\n \n x\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J(x)=\\sum {\\frac {\\pi \\left(x^{\\frac {1}{n}}\\right)}{n}}.}Nowln\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n s\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n J\n (\n x\n )\n \n x\n \n −\n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\zeta (s)=s\\int _{0}^{\\infty }J(x)x^{-s-1}\\,\\mathrm {d} x.}These expressions can be used to prove the prime number theorem by means of the inverse Mellin transform. Riemann's prime-counting function is easier to work with, and π(x) can be recovered from it by Möbius inversion.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jacobi's theta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_function"}],"sub_title":"Theta functions","text":"The Riemann zeta function can be given by a Mellin transform[31]2\n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n θ\n (\n i\n t\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n t\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi ^{-{\\frac {s}{2}}}\\Gamma \\left({\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)\\zeta (s)=\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\theta (it)-1{\\bigr )}t^{{\\frac {s}{2}}-1}\\,\\mathrm {d} t,}in terms of Jacobi's theta functionθ\n (\n τ\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n −\n ∞\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n e\n \n π\n i\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n τ\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta (\\tau )=\\sum _{n=-\\infty }^{\\infty }e^{\\pi in^{2}\\tau }.}However, this integral only converges if the real part of s is greater than 1, but it can be regularized. This gives the following expression for the zeta function, which is well defined for all s except 0 and 1:π\n \n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n (\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n s\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n θ\n (\n i\n t\n )\n −\n \n t\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n t\n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n θ\n (\n i\n t\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n t\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{-{\\frac {s}{2}}}\\Gamma \\left({\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)\\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}-{\\frac {1}{s}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\int _{0}^{1}\\left(\\theta (it)-t^{-{\\frac {1}{2}}}\\right)t^{{\\frac {s}{2}}-1}\\,\\mathrm {d} t+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\int _{1}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\theta (it)-1{\\bigr )}t^{{\\frac {s}{2}}-1}\\,\\mathrm {d} t.}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic"},{"link_name":"pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"Laurent series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_series"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stieltjes constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stieltjes_constants"},{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_sequence"},{"link_name":"Euler–Mascheroni constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Mascheroni_constant"}],"sub_title":"Laurent series","text":"The Riemann zeta function is meromorphic with a single pole of order one at s = 1. It can therefore be expanded as a Laurent series about s = 1; the series development is then[32]ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n s\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}+\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\gamma _{n}}{n!}}(1-s)^{n}.}The constants γn here are called the Stieltjes constants and can be defined by the limitγ\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n lim\n \n m\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n ln\n \n k\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n \n \n (\n ln\n \n m\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma _{n}=\\lim _{m\\rightarrow \\infty }{\\left(\\left(\\sum _{k=1}^{m}{\\frac {(\\ln k)^{n}}{k}}\\right)-{\\frac {(\\ln m)^{n+1}}{n+1}}\\right)}.}The constant term γ0 is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abel–Plana formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Plana_formula"}],"sub_title":"Integral","text":"For all s ∈ C, s ≠ 1, the integral relation (cf. Abel–Plana formula)ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n s\n arctan\n \n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n s\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n t\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}+2\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\sin(s\\arctan t)}{\\left(1+t^{2}\\right)^{s/2}\\left(e^{2\\pi t}-1\\right)}}\\,\\mathrm {d} t}holds true, which may be used for a numerical evaluation of the zeta function.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rising factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer_symbol"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopp-29"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Kuzmin%E2%80%93Wirsing_operator"},{"link_name":"falling factorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_factorial"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Rising factorial","text":"Another series development using the rising factorial valid for the entire complex plane is [29]ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n s\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n +\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n ⋯\n (\n s\n +\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {s}{s-1}}-\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\zeta (s+n)-1{\\bigr )}{\\frac {s(s+1)\\cdots (s+n-1)}{(n+1)!}}.}This can be used recursively to extend the Dirichlet series definition to all complex numbers.The Riemann zeta function also appears in a form similar to the Mellin transform in an integral over the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator acting on xs − 1; that context gives rise to a series expansion in terms of the falling factorial.[33]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weierstrass's factorization theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_factorization_theorem"},{"link_name":"Hadamard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard"},{"link_name":"infinite product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_product"},{"link_name":"Euler–Mascheroni constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Mascheroni_constant"},{"link_name":"infinite product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_product"}],"sub_title":"Hadamard product","text":"On the basis of Weierstrass's factorization theorem, Hadamard gave the infinite product expansionζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n (\n \n log\n \n (\n 2\n π\n )\n −\n 1\n −\n \n \n γ\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n s\n \n \n \n 2\n (\n s\n −\n 1\n )\n Γ\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n ∏\n \n ρ\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n s\n ρ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n e\n \n \n s\n ρ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {e^{\\left(\\log(2\\pi )-1-{\\frac {\\gamma }{2}}\\right)s}}{2(s-1)\\Gamma \\left(1+{\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)}}\\prod _{\\rho }\\left(1-{\\frac {s}{\\rho }}\\right)e^{\\frac {s}{\\rho }},}where the product is over the non-trivial zeros ρ of ζ and the letter γ again denotes the Euler–Mascheroni constant. A simpler infinite product expansion isζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n π\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∏\n \n ρ\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n s\n ρ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n (\n s\n −\n 1\n )\n Γ\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=\\pi ^{\\frac {s}{2}}{\\frac {\\prod _{\\rho }\\left(1-{\\frac {s}{\\rho }}\\right)}{2(s-1)\\Gamma \\left(1+{\\frac {s}{2}}\\right)}}.}This form clearly displays the simple pole at s = 1, the trivial zeros at −2, −4, ... due to the gamma function term in the denominator, and the non-trivial zeros at s = ρ. (To ensure convergence in the latter formula, the product should be taken over \"matching pairs\" of zeros, i.e. the factors for a pair of zeros of the form ρ and 1 − ρ should be combined.)","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konrad Knopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Knopp"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blag2018-34"},{"link_name":"Helmut Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hasse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasse1930-35"},{"link_name":"Euler summation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_summation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasse1930-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blag2018-34"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ser"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Globally convergent series","text":"A globally convergent series for the zeta function, valid for all complex numbers s except s = 1 + 2πi/ln 2n for some integer n, was conjectured by Konrad Knopp in 1926 [34] and proven by Helmut Hasse in 1930[35] (cf. Euler summation):ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n −\n \n 2\n \n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{1-2^{1-s}}}\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n+1}}}\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\binom {n}{k}}{\\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(k+1)^{s}}}.}The series appeared in an appendix to Hasse's paper, and was published for the second time by Jonathan Sondow in 1994.[36]Hasse also proved the globally converging seriesζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n+1}}\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\\binom {n}{k}}{\\frac {(-1)^{k}}{(k+1)^{s-1}}}}in the same publication.[35] Research by Iaroslav Blagouchine[37][34]\nhas found that a similar, equivalent series was published by Joseph Ser in 1926.[38]In 1997 K. Maślanka gave another globally convergent (except s = 1) series for the Riemann zeta function:ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n k\n \n \n (\n i\n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n s\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)={\\frac {1}{s-1}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\biggl (}\\prod _{i=1}^{k}(i-{\\frac {s}{2}}){\\biggl )}{\\frac {A_{k}}{k!}}={\\frac {1}{s-1}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\biggl (}1-{\\frac {s}{2}}{\\biggl )}_{k}{\\frac {A_{k}}{k!}}}where real coefficients \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}}\n \n are given by:A\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n k\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n j\n +\n 1\n )\n ζ\n (\n 2\n j\n +\n 2\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n k\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n j\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n j\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}=\\sum _{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}{\\binom {k}{j}}(2j+1)\\zeta (2j+2)=\\sum _{j=0}^{k}{\\binom {k}{j}}{\\frac {B_{2j+2}\\pi ^{2j+2}}{\\left(2\\right)_{j}\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)_{j}}}}Here \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}}\n \n are the Bernoulli numbers and \n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x)_{k}}\n \n denotes the Pochhammer symbol.[39][40]Note that this representation of the zeta function is essentially an interpolation with nodes, where the nodes are points \n \n \n \n s\n =\n 2\n ,\n 4\n ,\n 6\n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s=2,4,6,\\ldots }\n \n, i.e. exactly those where the zeta values are precisely known, as Euler showed. An elegant and very short proof of this representation of the zeta function, based on Carlson's theorem, was presented by Philippe Flajolet in 2006.[41]The asymptotic behavior of the coefficients \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}}\n \n is rather curious: for growing \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n values, we observe regular oscillations with a nearly exponentially decreasing amplitude and slowly decreasing frequency (roughly as \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n −\n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k^{-2/3}}\n \n). Using the saddle point method, we can show thatA\n \n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n \n 4\n \n π\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 3\n κ\n \n \n \n exp\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 3\n κ\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n κ\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n cos\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n π\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n κ\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 4\n κ\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k}\\sim {\\frac {4\\pi ^{3/2}}{\\sqrt {3\\kappa }}}\\exp {\\biggl (}-{\\frac {3\\kappa }{2}}+{\\frac {\\pi ^{2}}{4\\kappa }}{\\biggl )}\\cos {\\biggl (}{\\frac {4\\pi }{3}}-{\\frac {3{\\sqrt {3}}\\kappa }{2}}+{\\frac {{\\sqrt {3}}\\pi ^{2}}{4\\kappa }}{\\biggl )}}where \n \n \n \n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa }\n \n stands for:κ\n :=\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n k\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa :={\\sqrt[{3}]{\\pi ^{2}k}}}(see [42] for details).On the basis of this representation, in 2003 Luis Báez-Duarte provided a new criterion for the Riemann hypothesis.[43][44][45] Namely, if we define the coefficients \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}}\n \n asc\n \n k\n \n \n :=\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n k\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ζ\n (\n 2\n j\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}:=\\sum _{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}{\\binom {k}{j}}{\\frac {1}{\\zeta (2j+2)}}}then the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent toc\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n O\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n k\n \n −\n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n +\n ε\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n ∀\n ε\n >\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}={\\mathcal {O}}{\\biggl (}k^{-3/4+\\varepsilon }{\\biggl )}\\qquad (\\forall \\varepsilon >0)}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Borwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Borwein"},{"link_name":"Chebyshev polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_polynomial"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet eta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_eta_function"},{"link_name":"very rapidly convergent series suitable for high precision numerical calculations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_eta_function#Borwein's_method"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Rapidly convergent series","text":"Peter Borwein developed an algorithm that applies Chebyshev polynomials to the Dirichlet eta function to produce a very rapidly convergent series suitable for high precision numerical calculations.[46]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorial"},{"link_name":"Jordan's totient function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s_totient_function"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Series representation at positive integers via the primorial","text":"ζ\n (\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n r\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n r\n −\n 1\n \n \n #\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n r\n \n \n #\n )\n \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (k)={\\frac {2^{k}}{2^{k}-1}}+\\sum _{r=2}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(p_{r-1}\\#)^{k}}{J_{k}(p_{r}\\#)}}\\qquad k=2,3,\\ldots .}Here pn# is the primorial sequence and Jk is Jordan's totient function.[47]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambert W-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Series representation by the incomplete poly-Bernoulli numbers","text":"The function ζ can be represented, for Re(s) > 1, by the infinite seriesζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n ≥\n 2\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n W\n \n k\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n )\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }B_{n,\\geq 2}^{(s)}{\\frac {(W_{k}(-1))^{n}}{n!}},}where k ∈ {−1, 0}, Wk is the kth branch of the Lambert W-function, and B(μ)n, ≥2 is an incomplete poly-Bernoulli number.[48]","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engel expansions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_expansion"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Mellin transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellin_transform"}],"sub_title":"The Mellin transform of the Engel map","text":"The function \n \n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n ⌊\n \n x\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(x)=x\\left(1+\\left\\lfloor x^{-1}\\right\\rfloor \\right)-1}\n \n is iterated to find the coefficients appearing in Engel expansions.[49]The Mellin transform of the map \n \n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(x)}\n \n is related to the Riemann zeta function by the formula∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n x\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n (\n x\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n )\n \n x\n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n −\n s\n \n \n (\n s\n −\n 1\n )\n +\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n −\n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n +\n \n n\n \n −\n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n s\n −\n \n n\n \n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n \n \n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n s\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n s\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n \n s\n (\n s\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\int _{0}^{1}g(x)x^{s-1}\\,dx&=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }\\int _{\\frac {1}{n+1}}^{\\frac {1}{n}}(x(n+1)-1)x^{s-1}\\,dx\\\\[6pt]&=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {n^{-s}(s-1)+(n+1)^{-s-1}(n^{2}+2n+1)+n^{-s-1}s-n^{1-s}}{(s+1)s(n+1)}}\\\\[6pt]&={\\frac {\\zeta (s+1)}{s+1}}-{\\frac {1}{s(s+1)}}\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thue-Morse sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue-Morse_sequence"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Thue-Morse sequence","text":"Certain linear combinations of Dirichlet series whose coefficients are terms of the Thue-Morse sequence give rise to identities involving the Riemann Zeta function (Tóth, 2022 [50]). For instance:∑\n \n n\n ≥\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n \n t\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n ζ\n (\n 2\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n ≥\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n t\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n 7\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 8\n ζ\n (\n 3\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\sum _{n\\geq 1}{\\frac {5t_{n-1}+3t_{n}}{n^{2}}}&=4\\zeta (2)={\\frac {2\\pi ^{2}}{3}},\\\\\\sum _{n\\geq 1}{\\frac {9t_{n-1}+7t_{n}}{n^{3}}}&=8\\zeta (3),\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n (\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n n\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (t_{n})_{n\\geq 0}}\n \n is the \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{\\rm {th}}}\n \n term of the Thue-Morse sequence. In fact, for all \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s}\n \n with real part greater than \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n, we have(\n \n 2\n \n s\n \n \n +\n 1\n )\n \n ∑\n \n n\n ≥\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n +\n (\n \n 2\n \n s\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n ∑\n \n n\n ≥\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n 2\n \n s\n \n \n ζ\n (\n s\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (2^{s}+1)\\sum _{n\\geq 1}{\\frac {t_{n-1}}{n^{s}}}+(2^{s}-1)\\sum _{n\\geq 1}{\\frac {t_{n}}{n^{s}}}=2^{s}\\zeta (s).}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euler-Maclaurin formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler-Maclaurin_formula"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odlyzko%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nhage_algorithm"}],"text":"A classical algorithm, in use prior to about 1930, proceeds by applying the Euler-Maclaurin formula to obtain, for n and m positive integers,ζ\n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n j\n \n −\n s\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n −\n s\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n −\n s\n \n \n \n s\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n T\n \n k\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n +\n \n E\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s)=\\sum _{j=1}^{n-1}j^{-s}+{\\tfrac {1}{2}}n^{-s}+{\\frac {n^{1-s}}{s-1}}+\\sum _{k=1}^{m}T_{k,n}(s)+E_{m,n}(s)}where, letting \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2k}}\n \n denote the indicated Bernoulli number,T\n \n k\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n =\n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n k\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n −\n s\n −\n 2\n k\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 2\n k\n −\n 2\n \n \n (\n s\n +\n j\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{k,n}(s)={\\frac {B_{2k}}{(2k)!}}n^{1-s-2k}\\prod _{j=0}^{2k-2}(s+j)}and the error satisfies|\n \n \n E\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n |\n \n <\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n s\n +\n 2\n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n σ\n +\n 2\n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n m\n +\n 1\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n |\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |E_{m,n}(s)|<\\left|{\\frac {s+2m+1}{\\sigma +2m+1}}T_{m+1,n}(s)\\right|,}with σ = Re(s).[51]A modern numerical algorithm is the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm.","title":"Numerical algorithms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Zipf's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Zipf–Mandelbrot law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%E2%80%93Mandelbrot_law"},{"link_name":"Zeta function regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function_regularization"},{"link_name":"regularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(physics)"},{"link_name":"divergent series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_series"},{"link_name":"divergent integrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_integral"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"Casimir effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect"},{"link_name":"dynamical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The zeta function occurs in applied statistics (see Zipf's law and Zipf–Mandelbrot law).Zeta function regularization is used as one possible means of regularization of divergent series and divergent integrals in quantum field theory. In one notable example, the Riemann zeta function shows up explicitly in one method of calculating the Casimir effect. The zeta function is also useful for the analysis of dynamical systems.[52]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical tunings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"equal divisions of the octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Musical tuning","text":"In the theory of musical tunings, the zeta function can be used to find equal divisions of the octave (EDOs) that closely approximate the intervals of the harmonic series. For increasing values of \n \n \n \n t\n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\in \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, the value of|\n \n ζ\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n i\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\vert \\zeta \\left({\\frac {1}{2}}+{\\frac {2\\pi {i}}{\\ln {(2)}}}t\\right)\\right\\vert }peaks near integers that correspond to such EDOs.[53] Examples include popular choices such as 12, 19, and 53.[54]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"polygamma function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamma_function"},{"link_name":"Euler's constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"imaginary part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_part"},{"link_name":"Harmonic number.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_number#Relation_to_the_Riemann_zeta_function"}],"sub_title":"Infinite series","text":"The zeta function evaluated at equidistant positive integers appears in infinite series representations of a number of constants.[55]∑\n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ζ\n (\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=2}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\zeta (n)-1{\\bigr )}=1}In fact the even and odd terms give the two sums∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n 3\n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\zeta (2n)-1{\\bigr )}={\\frac {3}{4}}}and∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\zeta (2n+1)-1{\\bigr )}={\\frac {1}{4}}}Parametrized versions of the above sums are given by∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n t\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n π\n t\n cot\n \n (\n t\n π\n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }(\\zeta (2n)-1)\\,t^{2n}={\\frac {t^{2}}{t^{2}-1}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(1-\\pi t\\cot(t\\pi )\\right)}and∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n t\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ψ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n +\n \n ψ\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n −\n t\n )\n \n )\n \n −\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }(\\zeta (2n+1)-1)\\,t^{2n}={\\frac {t^{2}}{t^{2}-1}}-{\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(\\psi ^{0}(t)+\\psi ^{0}(-t)\\right)-\\gamma }with \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n t\n \n |\n \n <\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |t|<2}\n \n and where \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi }\n \n and \n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n are the polygamma function and Euler's constant, respectively, as well as∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n =\n log\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n sinc\n \n (\n π\n \n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\zeta (2n)-1}{n}}\\,t^{2n}=\\log \\left({\\dfrac {1-t^{2}}{\\operatorname {sinc} (\\pi \\,t)}}\\right)}all of which are continuous at \n \n \n \n t\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t=1}\n \n. Other sums include∑\n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n n\n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=2}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\zeta (n)-1}{n}}=1-\\gamma }\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n n\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n ln\n \n π\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=2}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\zeta (n)-1}{n}}\\left(\\left({\\tfrac {3}{2}}\\right)^{n-1}-1\\right)={\\frac {1}{3}}\\ln \\pi }\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ζ\n (\n 4\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n 7\n 8\n \n \n −\n \n \n π\n 4\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\bigl (}\\zeta (4n)-1{\\bigr )}={\\frac {7}{8}}-{\\frac {\\pi }{4}}\\left({\\frac {e^{2\\pi }+1}{e^{2\\pi }-1}}\\right).}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n \n n\n \n \n Im\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n i\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n −\n \n i\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n π\n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=2}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\zeta (n)-1}{n}}\\operatorname {Im} {\\bigl (}(1+i)^{n}-1-i^{n}{\\bigr )}={\\frac {\\pi }{4}}}where Im denotes the imaginary part of a complex number.There are yet more formulas in the article Harmonic number.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zeta functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Helmut Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Hasse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hasse1930-35"},{"link_name":"Hurwitz zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet L-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_L-function"},{"link_name":"Dedekind zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_function"},{"link_name":"L-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-function"},{"link_name":"polylogarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylogarithm"},{"link_name":"Clausen function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen_function"},{"link_name":"Lerch transcendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerch_transcendent"},{"link_name":"multiple zeta functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_zeta_functions"},{"link_name":"multiple zeta values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_zeta_values"}],"text":"There are a number of related zeta functions that can be considered to be generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. These include the Hurwitz zeta functionζ\n (\n s\n ,\n q\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n k\n +\n q\n \n )\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s,q)=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{(k+q)^{s}}}}(the convergent series representation was given by Helmut Hasse in 1930,[35] cf. Hurwitz zeta function), which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when q = 1 (the lower limit of summation in the Hurwitz zeta function is 0, not 1), the Dirichlet L-functions and the Dedekind zeta function. For other related functions see the articles zeta function and L-function.The polylogarithm is given byLi\n \n s\n \n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Li} _{s}(z)=\\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {z^{k}}{k^{s}}}}which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when z = 1. \nThe Clausen function Cls(θ) can be chosen as the real or imaginary part of Lis(eiθ).The Lerch transcendent is given byΦ\n (\n z\n ,\n s\n ,\n q\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n k\n +\n q\n \n )\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi (z,s,q)=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {z^{k}}{(k+q)^{s}}}}which coincides with the Riemann zeta function when z = 1 and q = 1 (the lower limit of summation in the Lerch transcendent is 0, not 1).The multiple zeta functions are defined byζ\n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n >\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n >\n ⋯\n >\n \n k\n \n n\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n k\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\zeta (s_{1},s_{2},\\ldots ,s_{n})=\\sum _{k_{1}>k_{2}>\\cdots >k_{n}>0}{k_{1}}^{-s_{1}}{k_{2}}^{-s_{2}}\\cdots {k_{n}}^{-s_{n}}.}One can analytically continue these functions to the n-dimensional complex space. The special values taken by these functions at positive integer arguments are called multiple zeta values by number theorists and have been connected to many different branches in mathematics and physics.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jupyter Notebook Viewer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbviewer.ipython.org/github/empet/Math/blob/master/DomainColoring.ipynb"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its Julia Lines\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40315-020-00316-x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40315-020-00316-x"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2324/4483207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2324%2F4483207"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2195-3724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-3724"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"216323223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216323223"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Riemann Hypothesis – official problem description\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151222090027/http://www.claymath.org/sites/default/files/official_problem_description.pdf"},{"link_name":"Clay Mathematics Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Mathematics_Institute"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.claymath.org/sites/default/files/official_problem_description.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-devlin_4-0"},{"link_name":"Devlin, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Devlin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7607-8659-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-8659-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88385-563-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-563-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"The history of the functional equation of the zeta-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mathnet.ru/php/seminars.phtml?&presentid=19339&option_lang=eng"},{"link_name":"\"online PDF\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180502212646/https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-The-history-of-the-functional-equation-of-the-zeta-function-(1-March-2018).php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-The-history-of-the-functional-equation-of-the-zeta-function-(1-March-2018).php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Rediscovery of Malmsten's integrals, their evaluation by contour integration methods and some related results\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11139-013-9528-5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11139-013-9528-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11139-013-9528-5"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"120943474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120943474"},{"link_name":"\"Addendum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180502212749/https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-Malmsten-integrals-and-their-evaluation-by-contour-integration-methods-(Ramanujan-J-2014).php"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11139-015-9763-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11139-015-9763-z"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"125198685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125198685"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-Malmsten-integrals-and-their-evaluation-by-contour-integration-methods-(Ramanujan-J-2014).php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Conrey, J. 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Knauf, et. al\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/mrwatkin/zeta/spinchains.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"Nearest integer to locations of increasingly large peaks of abs(zeta(0.5 + i*2*Pi/log(2)*t)) for increasing real t\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A117536"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"}],"text":"^ \"Jupyter Notebook Viewer\". Nbviewer.ipython.org. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ a b Steuding, Jörn; Suriajaya, Ade Irma (1 November 2020). \"Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its Julia Lines\". Computational Methods and Function Theory. 20 (3): 389–401. doi:10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x. hdl:2324/4483207. ISSN 2195-3724. S2CID 216323223. Theorem 2 implies that ζ has an essential singularity at infinity\n\n^ Bombieri, Enrico. \"The Riemann Hypothesis – official problem description\" (PDF). Clay Mathematics Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2014.\n\n^ Devlin, Keith (2002). The Millennium Problems: The seven greatest unsolved mathematical puzzles of our time. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-0-7607-8659-8.\n\n^ Sandifer, Charles Edward (2007). How Euler Did It. Mathematical Association of America. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88385-563-8.\n\n^ Blagouchine, I.V. (1 March 2018). The history of the functional equation of the zeta-function. Seminar on the History of Mathematics. St. Petersburg, RU: Steklov Institute of Mathematics; \"online PDF\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.\n\n^ Blagouchine, I.V. (2014). \"Rediscovery of Malmsten's integrals, their evaluation by contour integration methods and some related results\". The Ramanujan Journal. 35 (1): 21–110. doi:10.1007/s11139-013-9528-5. S2CID 120943474. Blagouchine, I.V. (2017). \"Addendum\". The Ramanujan Journal. 42: 777–781. doi:10.1007/s11139-015-9763-z. S2CID 125198685. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.\n\n^ Conrey, J. B. (1989). \"More than two fifths of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line\". J. Reine Angew. Math. 1989 (399): 1–26. doi:10.1515/crll.1989.399.1. MR 1004130. S2CID 115910600.\n\n^ Eric Weisstein. \"Riemann Zeta Function Zeros\". Retrieved 24 April 2021.\n\n^ The L-functions and Modular Forms Database. \"Zeros of ζ(s)\".\n\n^ Trudgian, Timothy S. (2014). \"An improved upper bound for the argument of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line II\". J. Number Theory. 134: 280–292. arXiv:1208.5846. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2013.07.017.\n\n^ Hardy, G. H.; Fekete, M.; Littlewood, J. E. (1 September 1921). \"The Zeros of Riemann's Zeta-Function on the Critical Line\". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s1-1: 15–19. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-1.1.15.\n\n^ Diamond, Harold G. (1982). \"Elementary methods in the study of the distribution of prime numbers\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 7 (3): 553–89. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15057-1. MR 0670132.\n\n^ Ford, K. (2002). \"Vinogradov's integral and bounds for the Riemann zeta function\". Proc. London Math. Soc. 85 (3): 565–633. arXiv:1910.08209. doi:10.1112/S0024611502013655. S2CID 121144007.\n\n^ Mossinghoff, Michael J.; Trudgian, Timothy S. (2015). \"Nonnegative trigonometric polynomials and a zero-free region for the Riemann zeta-function\". J. Number Theory. 157: 329–349. arXiv:1410.3926. doi:10.1016/J.JNT.2015.05.010. S2CID 117968965.\n\n^ Polchinski, Joseph (1998). An Introduction to the Bosonic String. String Theory. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-63303-1.\n\n^ Kainz, A. J.; Titulaer, U. M. (1992). \"An accurate two-stream moment method for kinetic boundary layer problems of linear kinetic equations\". J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 25 (7): 1855–1874. Bibcode:1992JPhA...25.1855K. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/25/7/026.\n\n^ Further digits and references for this constant are available at OEIS: A059750.\n\n^ Sondow, Jonathan (1998). \"An antisymmetric formula for Euler's constant\". Mathematics Magazine. 71 (3): 219–220. doi:10.1080/0025570X.1998.11996638. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2006.\n\n^ Ogilvy, C. S.; Anderson, J. T. (1988). Excursions in Number Theory. Dover Publications. pp. 29–35. ISBN 0-486-25778-9.\n\n^ Voronin, S. M. (1975). \"Theorem on the Universality of the Riemann Zeta Function\". Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Matem. 39: 475–486. Reprinted in Math. USSR Izv. (1975) 9: 443–445.\n\n^ Ramūnas Garunkštis; Antanas Laurinčikas; Kohji Matsumoto; Jörn Steuding; Rasa Steuding (2010). \"Effective uniform approximation by the Riemann zeta-function\". Publicacions Matemàtiques. 54 (1): 209–219. doi:10.5565/PUBLMAT_54110_12. JSTOR 43736941.\n\n^ Bhaskar Bagchi (1982). \"A Joint Universality Theorem for Dirichlet L-Functions\". Mathematische Zeitschrift. 181 (3): 319–334. doi:10.1007/bf01161980. ISSN 0025-5874. S2CID 120930513.\n\n^ Steuding, Jörn (2007). Value-Distribution of L-Functions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1877. Berlin: Springer. p. 19. arXiv:1711.06671. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-44822-8. ISBN 978-3-540-26526-9.\n\n^ Karatsuba, A. A. (2001). \"Lower bounds for the maximum modulus of ζ(s) in small domains of the critical strip\". Mat. Zametki. 70 (5): 796–798.\n\n^ Karatsuba, A. A. (2004). \"Lower bounds for the maximum modulus of the Riemann zeta function on short segments of the critical line\". Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 68 (8): 99–104. Bibcode:2004IzMat..68.1157K. doi:10.1070/IM2004v068n06ABEH000513. S2CID 250796539.\n\n^ Karatsuba, A. A. (1996). \"Density theorem and the behavior of the argument of the Riemann zeta function\". Mat. Zametki (60): 448–449.\n\n^ Karatsuba, A. A. (1996). \"On the function S(t)\". Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 60 (5): 27–56.\n\n^ a b Knopp, Konrad (1947). Theory of Functions, Part Two. New York, Dover publications. pp. 51–55.\n\n^ Riemann, Bernhard (1859). \"On the number of primes less than a given magnitude\". Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. translated and reprinted in Edwards, H. M. (1974). Riemann's Zeta Function. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-232750-0. Zbl 0315.10035.\n\n^ Neukirch, Jürgen (1999). Algebraic number theory. Springer. p. 422. ISBN 3-540-65399-6.\n\n^ Hashimoto, Yasufumi; Iijima, Yasuyuki; Kurokawa, Nobushige; Wakayama, Masato (2004). \"Euler's constants for the Selberg and the Dedekind zeta functions\". Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, Simon Stevin. 11 (4): 493–516. doi:10.36045/bbms/1102689119. MR 2115723.\n\n^ \"A series representation for the Riemann Zeta derived from the Gauss-Kuzmin-Wirsing Operator\" (PDF). Linas.org. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ a b Blagouchine, Iaroslav V. (2018). \"Three Notes on Ser's and Hasse's Representations for the Zeta-functions\". INTEGERS: The Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory. 18A: 1–45. arXiv:1606.02044. Bibcode:2016arXiv160602044B.\n\n^ a b c Hasse, Helmut (1930). \"Ein Summierungsverfahren für die Riemannsche ζ-Reihe\" [A summation method for the Riemann ζ series]. Mathematische Zeitschrift (in German). 32 (1): 458–464. doi:10.1007/BF01194645. S2CID 120392534.\n\n^ Sondow, Jonathan (1994). \"Analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function and values at negative integers via Euler's transformation of series\" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 120 (2): 421–424. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1994-1172954-7.\n\n^ Blagouchine, Iaroslav V. (2016). \"Expansions of generalized Euler's constants into the series of polynomials in π−2 and into the formal enveloping series with rational coefficients only\". Journal of Number Theory. 158: 365–396. arXiv:1501.00740. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2015.06.012.\n\n^ Ser, Joseph (1926). \"Sur une expression de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann\" [Upon an expression for Riemann's ζ function]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 182: 1075–1077.\n\n^ Maślanka, Krzysztof (1997). \"The Beauty of Nothingness\". Acta Cosmologica. XXIII–I: 13–17.\n\n^ Báez-Duarte, Luis (2010). \"On Maslanka's Representation for the Riemann Zeta Function\". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. 2010: 1–9. arXiv:math/0307214. doi:10.1155/2010/714147.\n\n^ Flajolet, Philippe; Vepstas, Linas (2008). \"On Differences of Zeta Values\". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 220 (1-2 October): 58–73. arXiv:math/0611332. Bibcode:2008JCoAM.220...58F. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2007.07.040.\n\n^ Maślanka, Krzysztof; Koleżyński, Andrzej (2022). \"The High Precision Numerical Calculation of Stieltjes Constants. Simple and Fast Algorithm\". Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 28 (2): 47–59. arXiv:2210.04609. doi:10.12921/cmst.2022.0000014. S2CID 252780397.\n\n^ Báez-Duarte, Luis (2003). \"A New Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Riemann Hypothesis\". Number Theory. arXiv:math/0307215. Bibcode:2003math......7215B.\n\n^ Maślanka, Krzysztof (2006). \"Báez-Duarte's Criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis and Rice's Integrals\". Number Theory. arXiv:math/0603713v2. Bibcode:2006math......3713M.\n\n^ Wolf, Marek (2014). \"Some remarks on the Báez-Duarte criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis\". Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 20 (2): 39–47. doi:10.12921/cmst.2014.20.02.39-47.\n\n^ Borwein, Peter (2000). \"An Efficient Algorithm for the Riemann Zeta Function\" (PDF). In Théra, Michel A. (ed.). Constructive, Experimental, and Nonlinear Analysis. Conference Proceedings, Canadian Mathematical Society. Vol. 27. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, on behalf of the Canadian Mathematical Society. pp. 29–34. ISBN 978-0-8218-2167-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2017.\n\n^ Mező, István (2013). \"The primorial and the Riemann zeta function\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 120 (4): 321.\n\n^ Komatsu, Takao; Mező, István (2016). \"Incomplete poly-Bernoulli numbers associated with incomplete Stirling numbers\". Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen. 88 (3–4): 357–368. arXiv:1510.05799. doi:10.5486/pmd.2016.7361. S2CID 55741906.\n\n^ \"A220335 - OEIS\". oeis.org. Retrieved 17 April 2019.\n\n^ \nTóth, László (2022). \"Linear Combinations of Dirichlet Series Associated with the Thue-Morse Sequence\". Integers. 22 (article 98). arXiv:2211.13570.\n\n^ Odlyzko, A. M.; Schönhage, A. (1988). \"Fast algorithms for multiple evaluations of the Riemann zeta function\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 309 (2): 797–809. doi:10.2307/2000939. JSTOR 2000939. MR 0961614..\n\n^ \"Work on spin-chains by A. Knauf, et. al\". Empslocal.ex.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ Gene Ward Smith. \"Nearest integer to locations of increasingly large peaks of abs(zeta(0.5 + i*2*Pi/log(2)*t)) for increasing real t\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Retrieved 4 March 2022.\n\n^ William A. Sethares (2005). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag London. p. 74. ...there are many different ways to evaluate the goodness, reasonableness, fitness, or quality of a scale...Under some measures, 12-tet is the winner, under others 19-tet appears best, 53-tet often appears among the victors...\n\n^ Most of the formulas in this section are from § 4 of J. M. Borwein et al. (2000)","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cplot_zeta.svg/250px-Cplot_zeta.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The pole at \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=1}\n \n and two zeros on the critical line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Riemann-Zeta-Detail.png/200px-Riemann-Zeta-Detail.png"},{"image_text":"Bernhard Riemann's article On the number of primes below a given magnitude","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ueber_die_Anzahl_der_Primzahlen_unter_einer_gegebenen_Gr%C3%B6sse.pdf/page1-170px-Ueber_die_Anzahl_der_Primzahlen_unter_einer_gegebenen_Gr%C3%B6sse.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riemann zeta spiral along the critical line from height 999000 to a million (from red to violet)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Riemann0xf4240.png/720px-Riemann0xf4240.png"},{"image_text":"The Riemann zeta function has no zeros to the right of σ = 1 or (apart from the trivial zeros) to the left of σ = 0 (nor can the zeros lie too close to those lines). Furthermore, the non-trivial zeros are symmetric about the real axis and the line σ = 1/2 and, according to the Riemann hypothesis, they all lie on the line σ = 1/2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zero-free_region_for_the_Riemann_zeta-function.svg/300px-Zero-free_region_for_the_Riemann_zeta-function.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This image shows a plot of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line for real values of t running from 0 to 34. The first five zeros in the critical strip are clearly visible as the place where the spirals pass through the origin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zeta_polar.svg/300px-Zeta_polar.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The real part (red) and imaginary part (blue) of the Riemann zeta function along the critical line Re(s) = 1/2. The first non-trivial zeros can be seen at Im(s) = ±14.135, ±21.022 and ±25.011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RiemannCriticalLine.svg/300px-RiemannCriticalLine.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ···","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%2B_2_%2B_3_%2B_4_%2B_%C2%B7%C2%B7%C2%B7"},{"title":"Arithmetic zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_zeta_function"},{"title":"Generalized Riemann hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Riemann_hypothesis"},{"title":"Lehmer pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer_pair"},{"title":"Prime zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_zeta_function"},{"title":"Riemann Xi function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_Xi_function"},{"title":"Renormalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization"},{"title":"Riemann–Siegel theta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Siegel_theta_function"},{"title":"ZetaGrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZetaGrid"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jupyter Notebook Viewer\". Nbviewer.ipython.org. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/empet/Math/blob/master/DomainColoring.ipynb","url_text":"\"Jupyter Notebook Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"Steuding, Jörn; Suriajaya, Ade Irma (1 November 2020). \"Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its Julia Lines\". Computational Methods and Function Theory. 20 (3): 389–401. doi:10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x. hdl:2324/4483207. ISSN 2195-3724. S2CID 216323223. Theorem 2 implies that ζ has an essential singularity at infinity","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40315-020-00316-x","url_text":"\"Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its Julia Lines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40315-020-00316-x","url_text":"10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2324%2F4483207","url_text":"2324/4483207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-3724","url_text":"2195-3724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216323223","url_text":"216323223"}]},{"reference":"Bombieri, Enrico. \"The Riemann Hypothesis – official problem description\" (PDF). Clay Mathematics Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090027/http://www.claymath.org/sites/default/files/official_problem_description.pdf","url_text":"\"The Riemann Hypothesis – official problem description\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Mathematics_Institute","url_text":"Clay Mathematics Institute"},{"url":"http://www.claymath.org/sites/default/files/official_problem_description.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Devlin, Keith (2002). The Millennium Problems: The seven greatest unsolved mathematical puzzles of our time. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-0-7607-8659-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Devlin","url_text":"Devlin, Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-8659-8","url_text":"978-0-7607-8659-8"}]},{"reference":"Sandifer, Charles Edward (2007). How Euler Did It. Mathematical Association of America. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88385-563-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-563-8","url_text":"978-0-88385-563-8"}]},{"reference":"Blagouchine, I.V. (1 March 2018). The history of the functional equation of the zeta-function. Seminar on the History of Mathematics. St. Petersburg, RU: Steklov Institute of Mathematics;","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/seminars.phtml?&presentid=19339&option_lang=eng","url_text":"The history of the functional equation of the zeta-function"}]},{"reference":"\"online PDF\". Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212646/https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-The-history-of-the-functional-equation-of-the-zeta-function-(1-March-2018).php","url_text":"\"online PDF\""},{"url":"https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-The-history-of-the-functional-equation-of-the-zeta-function-(1-March-2018).php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blagouchine, I.V. (2014). \"Rediscovery of Malmsten's integrals, their evaluation by contour integration methods and some related results\". The Ramanujan Journal. 35 (1): 21–110. doi:10.1007/s11139-013-9528-5. 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Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180502212749/https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-Malmsten-integrals-and-their-evaluation-by-contour-integration-methods-(Ramanujan-J-2014).php","url_text":"\"Addendum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11139-015-9763-z","url_text":"10.1007/s11139-015-9763-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125198685","url_text":"125198685"},{"url":"https://iblagouchine.perso.centrale-marseille.fr/Blagouchine-Malmsten-integrals-and-their-evaluation-by-contour-integration-methods-(Ramanujan-J-2014).php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conrey, J. B. (1989). \"More than two fifths of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line\". J. Reine Angew. Math. 1989 (399): 1–26. doi:10.1515/crll.1989.399.1. MR 1004130. S2CID 115910600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Conrey","url_text":"Conrey, J. B."},{"url":"http://www.digizeitschriften.de/resolveppn/GDZPPN002206781","url_text":"\"More than two fifths of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcrll.1989.399.1","url_text":"10.1515/crll.1989.399.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1004130","url_text":"1004130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115910600","url_text":"115910600"}]},{"reference":"Eric Weisstein. \"Riemann Zeta Function Zeros\". Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Weisstein","url_text":"Eric Weisstein"},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannZetaFunctionZeros.html","url_text":"\"Riemann Zeta Function Zeros\""}]},{"reference":"The L-functions and Modular Forms Database. \"Zeros of ζ(s)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lmfdb.org/zeros/zeta/","url_text":"\"Zeros of ζ(s)\""}]},{"reference":"Trudgian, Timothy S. (2014). \"An improved upper bound for the argument of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line II\". J. Number Theory. 134: 280–292. arXiv:1208.5846. doi:10.1016/j.jnt.2013.07.017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5846","url_text":"1208.5846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnt.2013.07.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.jnt.2013.07.017"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, G. H.; Fekete, M.; Littlewood, J. E. (1 September 1921). \"The Zeros of Riemann's Zeta-Function on the Critical Line\". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. s1-1: 15–19. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-1.1.15.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1447415","url_text":"\"The Zeros of Riemann's Zeta-Function on the Critical Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-1.1.15","url_text":"10.1112/jlms/s1-1.1.15"}]},{"reference":"Diamond, Harold G. (1982). \"Elementary methods in the study of the distribution of prime numbers\". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 7 (3): 553–89. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15057-1. MR 0670132.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1982-15057-1","url_text":"\"Elementary methods in the study of the distribution of prime numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1982-15057-1","url_text":"10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15057-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0670132","url_text":"0670132"}]},{"reference":"Ford, K. (2002). \"Vinogradov's integral and bounds for the Riemann zeta function\". Proc. London Math. Soc. 85 (3): 565–633. arXiv:1910.08209. doi:10.1112/S0024611502013655. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%27s_lattice
|
Post's lattice
|
["1 Basic concepts","2 Naming of clones","3 Description of the lattice","4 Applications","5 Variants","5.1 Clones requiring the constant functions","5.2 Clones allowing nullary functions","5.3 Iterative systems","6 References"]
|
Hasse diagram of Post's lattice.
In logic and universal algebra, Post's lattice denotes the lattice of all clones on a two-element set {0, 1}, ordered by inclusion. It is named for Emil Post, who published a complete description of the lattice in 1941. The relative simplicity of Post's lattice is in stark contrast to the lattice of clones on a three-element (or larger) set, which has the cardinality of the continuum, and a complicated inner structure. A modern exposition of Post's result can be found in Lau (2006).
Basic concepts
A Boolean function, or logical connective, is an n-ary operation f: 2n → 2 for some n ≥ 1, where 2 denotes the two-element set {0, 1}. Particular Boolean functions are the projections
π
k
n
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
=
x
k
,
{\displaystyle \pi _{k}^{n}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=x_{k},}
and given an m-ary function f, and n-ary functions g1, ..., gm, we can construct another n-ary function
h
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
=
f
(
g
1
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
,
…
,
g
m
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
)
,
{\displaystyle h(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=f(g_{1}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}),\dots ,g_{m}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})),}
called their composition. A set of functions closed under composition, and containing all projections, is called a clone.
Let B be a set of connectives. The functions which can be defined by a formula using propositional variables and connectives from B form a clone , indeed it is the smallest clone which includes B. We call the clone generated by B, and say that B is the basis of . For example, are all Boolean functions, and are the monotone functions.
We use the operations ¬, Np, (negation), ∧, Kpq, (conjunction or meet), ∨, Apq, (disjunction or join), →, Cpq, (implication), ↔, Epq, (biconditional), +, Jpq (exclusive disjunction or Boolean ring addition), ↛, Lpq, (nonimplication), ?: (the ternary conditional operator) and the constant unary functions 0 and 1. Moreover, we need the threshold functions
t
h
k
n
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
=
{
1
if
|
{
i
∣
x
i
=
1
}
|
≥
k
,
0
otherwise.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {th} _{k}^{n}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})={\begin{cases}1&{\text{if }}{\bigl |}\{i\mid x_{i}=1\}{\bigr |}\geq k,\\0&{\text{otherwise.}}\end{cases}}}
For example, th1n is the large disjunction of all the variables xi, and thnn is the large conjunction. Of particular importance is the majority function
m
a
j
=
t
h
2
3
=
(
x
∧
y
)
∨
(
x
∧
z
)
∨
(
y
∧
z
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {maj} =\mathrm {th} _{2}^{3}=(x\land y)\lor (x\land z)\lor (y\land z).}
We denote elements of 2n (i.e., truth-assignments) as vectors: a = (a1, ..., an). The set 2n carries a natural product Boolean algebra structure. That is, ordering, meets, joins, and other operations on n-ary truth assignments are defined pointwise:
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
n
)
≤
(
b
1
,
…
,
b
n
)
⟺
a
i
≤
b
i
for
i
=
1
,
…
,
n
,
{\displaystyle (a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})\leq (b_{1},\dots ,b_{n})\iff a_{i}\leq b_{i}{\text{ for }}i=1,\dots ,n,}
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
n
)
∧
(
b
1
,
…
,
b
n
)
=
(
a
1
∧
b
1
,
…
,
a
n
∧
b
n
)
.
{\displaystyle (a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})\land (b_{1},\dots ,b_{n})=(a_{1}\land b_{1},\dots ,a_{n}\land b_{n}).}
Naming of clones
Intersection of an arbitrary number of clones is again a clone. It is convenient to denote intersection of clones by simple juxtaposition, i.e., the clone C1 ∩ C2 ∩ ... ∩ Ck is denoted by C1C2...Ck. Some special clones are introduced below:
M is the set of monotone functions: f(a) ≤ f(b) for every a ≤ b.
D is the set of self-dual functions: ¬f(a) = f(¬a).
A is the set of affine functions: the functions satisfying
f
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
i
−
1
,
c
,
a
i
+
1
,
…
,
a
n
)
=
f
(
a
1
,
…
,
d
,
a
i
+
1
,
…
)
⇒
f
(
b
1
,
…
,
c
,
b
i
+
1
,
…
)
=
f
(
b
1
,
…
,
d
,
b
i
+
1
,
…
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&f(a_{1},\dots ,a_{i-1},c,a_{i+1},\dots ,a_{n})=f(a_{1},\dots ,d,a_{i+1},\dots )\\\Rightarrow &f(b_{1},\dots ,c,b_{i+1},\dots )=f(b_{1},\dots ,d,b_{i+1},\dots )\end{aligned}}}
for every i ≤ n, a, b ∈ 2n, and c, d ∈ 2. Equivalently, the functions expressible as f(x1, ..., xn) = a0 + a1x1 + ... + anxn for some a0, a.
U is the set of essentially unary functions, i.e., functions which depend on at most one input variable: there exists an i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) = f(b) whenever ai = bi.
Λ is the set of conjunctive functions: f(a ∧ b) = f(a) ∧ f(b). The clone Λ consists of the conjunctions
f
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
=
⋀
i
∈
I
x
i
{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\bigwedge _{i\in I}x_{i}}
for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty conjunction, i.e., the constant 1), and the constant 0.
V is the set of disjunctive functions: f(a ∨ b) = f(a) ∨ f(b). Equivalently, V consists of the disjunctions
f
(
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
)
=
⋁
i
∈
I
x
i
{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\bigvee _{i\in I}x_{i}}
for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty disjunction 0), and the constant 1.
For any k ≥ 1, T0k is the set of functions f such that
a
1
∧
⋯
∧
a
k
=
0
⇒
f
(
a
1
)
∧
⋯
∧
f
(
a
k
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ^{1}\land \cdots \land \mathbf {a} ^{k}=\mathbf {0} \ \Rightarrow \ f(\mathbf {a} ^{1})\land \cdots \land f(\mathbf {a} ^{k})=0.}
Moreover,
T
0
∞
=
⋂
k
=
1
∞
T
0
k
{\displaystyle \mathrm {T} _{0}^{\infty }=\bigcap _{k=1}^{\infty }\mathrm {T} _{0}^{k}}
is the set of functions bounded above by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) ≤ ai for all a.
As a special case, P0 = T01 is the set of 0-preserving functions: f(0) = 0. Furthermore, ⊤ can be considered T00 when one takes the empty meet into account.
For any k ≥ 1, T1k is the set of functions f such that
a
1
∨
⋯
∨
a
k
=
1
⇒
f
(
a
1
)
∨
⋯
∨
f
(
a
k
)
=
1
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} ^{1}\lor \cdots \lor \mathbf {a} ^{k}=\mathbf {1} \ \Rightarrow \ f(\mathbf {a} ^{1})\lor \cdots \lor f(\mathbf {a} ^{k})=1,}
and
T
1
∞
=
⋂
k
=
1
∞
T
1
k
{\displaystyle \mathrm {T} _{1}^{\infty }=\bigcap _{k=1}^{\infty }\mathrm {T} _{1}^{k}}
is the set of functions bounded below by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) ≥ ai for all a.
The special case P1 = T11 consists of the 1-preserving functions: f(1) = 1. Furthermore, ⊤ can be considered T10 when one takes the empty join into account.
The largest clone of all functions is denoted ⊤, the smallest clone (which contains only projections) is denoted ⊥, and P = P0P1 is the clone of constant-preserving functions.
Description of the lattice
The set of all clones is a closure system, hence it forms a complete lattice. The lattice is countably infinite, and all its members are finitely generated. All the clones are listed in the table below.
Hasse diagram of Post's lattice
Central part of the lattice
clone
one of its bases
⊤
∨, ¬
P0
∨, +
P1
∧, →
P
x ? y : z
T0k, k ≥ 2
thkk+1, ↛
T0∞
↛
PT0k, k ≥ 2
thkk+1, x ∧ (y → z)
PT0∞
x ∧ (y → z)
T1k, k ≥ 2
th2k+1, →
T1∞
→
PT1k, k ≥ 2
th2k+1, x ∨ (y + z)
PT1∞
x ∨ (y + z)
M
∧, ∨, 0, 1
MP0
∧, ∨, 0
MP1
∧, ∨, 1
MP
∧, ∨
MT0k, k ≥ 2
thkk+1, 0
MT0∞
x ∧ (y ∨ z), 0
MPT0k, k ≥ 2
thkk+1 for k ≥ 3,maj, x ∧ (y ∨ z) for k = 2
MPT0∞
x ∧ (y ∨ z)
MT1k, k ≥ 2
th2k+1, 1
MT1∞
x ∨ (y ∧ z), 1
MPT1k, k ≥ 2
th2k+1 for k ≥ 3,maj, x ∨ (y ∧ z) for k = 2
MPT1∞
x ∨ (y ∧ z)
Λ
∧, 0, 1
ΛP0
∧, 0
ΛP1
∧, 1
ΛP
∧
V
∨, 0, 1
VP0
∨, 0
VP1
∨, 1
VP
∨
D
maj, ¬
DP
maj, x + y + z
DM
maj
A
↔, 0
AD
¬, x + y + z
AP0
+
AP1
↔
AP
x + y + z
U
¬, 0
UD
¬
UM
0, 1
UP0
0
UP1
1
⊥
The eight infinite families have actually also members with k = 1, but these appear separately in the table: T01 = P0, T11 = P1, PT01 = PT11 = P, MT01 = MP0, MT11 = MP1, MPT01 = MPT11 = MP.
The lattice has a natural symmetry mapping each clone C to its dual clone Cd = {fd | f ∈ C}, where fd(x1, ..., xn) = ¬f(¬x1, ..., ¬xn) is the de Morgan dual of a Boolean function f. For example, Λd = V, (T0k)d = T1k, and Md = M.
Applications
The complete classification of Boolean clones given by Post helps to resolve various questions about classes of Boolean functions. For example:
An inspection of the lattice shows that the maximal clones different from ⊤ (often called Post's classes) are M, D, A, P0, P1, and every proper subclone of ⊤ is contained in one of them. As a set B of connectives is functionally complete if and only if it generates ⊤, we obtain the following characterization: B is functionally complete iff it is not included in one of the five Post's classes.
The satisfiability problem for Boolean formulas is NP-complete by Cook's theorem. Consider a restricted version of the problem: for a fixed finite set B of connectives, let B-SAT be the algorithmic problem of checking whether a given B-formula is satisfiable. Lewis used the description of Post's lattice to show that B-SAT is NP-complete if the function ↛ can be generated from B (i.e., ⊇ T0∞), and in all the other cases B-SAT is polynomial-time decidable.
Variants
Subset of Post's lattice showing only the 7 clones containing all constant functions
Clones requiring the constant functions
If one only considers clones that are required to contain the constant functions, the classification is much simpler: there are only 7 such clones: UM, Λ, V, U, A, M, and ⊤. While this can be derived from the full classification, there is a simpler proof, taking less than a page.
Clones allowing nullary functions
Composition alone does not allow to generate a nullary function from the corresponding unary constant function, this is the technical reason why nullary functions are excluded from clones in Post's classification. If we lift the restriction, we get more clones. Namely, each clone C in Post's lattice which contains at least one constant function corresponds to two clones under the less restrictive definition: C, and C together with all nullary functions whose unary versions are in C.
Iterative systems
Post originally did not work with the modern definition of clones, but with the so-called iterative systems, which are sets of operations closed under substitution
h
(
x
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{\displaystyle h(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n+m-1})=f(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n-1},g(x_{n},\dots ,x_{n+m-1})),}
as well as permutation and identification of variables. The main difference is that iterative systems do not necessarily contain all projections. Every clone is an iterative system, and there are 20 non-empty iterative systems which are not clones. (Post also excluded the empty iterative system from the classification, hence his diagram has no least element and fails to be a lattice.) As another alternative, some authors work with the notion of a closed class, which is an iterative system closed under introduction of dummy variables. There are four closed classes which are not clones: the empty set, the set of constant 0 functions, the set of constant 1 functions, and the set of all constant functions.
References
^ E. L. Post, The two-valued iterative systems of mathematical logic, Annals of Mathematics studies, no. 5, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1941, 122 pp.
^ D. Lau, Function algebras on finite sets: Basic course on many-valued logic and clone theory, Springer, New York, 2006, 668 pp. ISBN 978-3-540-36022-3
^ Jozef Maria Bochenski (1959), rev., Albert Menne, ed. and trans., Otto Bird, Precis of Mathematical Logic, New York: Gordon and Breach, Part II, "Logic of Sentences", Sec. 3.23,"'Np,'" Sec. 3.32, "16 dyadic truth functors", pp. 10-11.
^ H. R. Lewis, Satisfiability problems for propositional calculi, Mathematical Systems Theory 13 (1979), pp. 45–53.
^ Appendix 12 of Aaronson, Scott; Grier, Daniel; Schaeffer, Luke (2015). "The Classification of Reversible Bit Operations". arXiv:1504.05155 .
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"universal algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"Emil Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Leon_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cardinality of the continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality_of_the_continuum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In logic and universal algebra, Post's lattice denotes the lattice of all clones on a two-element set {0, 1}, ordered by inclusion. It is named for Emil Post, who published a complete description of the lattice in 1941.[1] The relative simplicity of Post's lattice is in stark contrast to the lattice of clones on a three-element (or larger) set, which has the cardinality of the continuum, and a complicated inner structure. A modern exposition of Post's result can be found in Lau (2006).[2]","title":"Post's lattice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boolean function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_function"},{"link_name":"logical connective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective"},{"link_name":"operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition"},{"link_name":"clone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_(mathematical_logic)"},{"link_name":"propositional variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_variable"},{"link_name":"negation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation"},{"link_name":"conjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction"},{"link_name":"meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"disjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunction"},{"link_name":"join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"implication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional"},{"link_name":"biconditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_biconditional"},{"link_name":"exclusive disjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction"},{"link_name":"Boolean ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring"},{"link_name":"addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nonimplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_nonimplication"},{"link_name":"conditional operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F:"},{"link_name":"majority function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_function"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product"},{"link_name":"Boolean algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(structure)"}],"text":"A Boolean function, or logical connective, is an n-ary operation f: 2n → 2 for some n ≥ 1, where 2 denotes the two-element set {0, 1}. Particular Boolean functions are the projectionsπ\n \n k\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{k}^{n}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=x_{k},}and given an m-ary function f, and n-ary functions g1, ..., gm, we can construct another n-ary functionh\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n f\n (\n \n g\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n g\n \n m\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=f(g_{1}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n}),\\dots ,g_{m}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})),}called their composition. A set of functions closed under composition, and containing all projections, is called a clone.Let B be a set of connectives. The functions which can be defined by a formula using propositional variables and connectives from B form a clone [B], indeed it is the smallest clone which includes B. We call [B] the clone generated by B, and say that B is the basis of [B]. For example, [¬, ∧] are all Boolean functions, and [0, 1, ∧, ∨] are the monotone functions.We use the operations ¬, Np, (negation), ∧, Kpq, (conjunction or meet), ∨, Apq, (disjunction or join), →, Cpq, (implication), ↔, Epq, (biconditional), +, Jpq (exclusive disjunction or Boolean ring addition), ↛, Lpq,[3] (nonimplication), ?: (the ternary conditional operator) and the constant unary functions 0 and 1. Moreover, we need the threshold functionst\n h\n \n \n k\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n if \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n {\n i\n ∣\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n }\n \n \n |\n \n \n ≥\n k\n ,\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n otherwise.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {th} _{k}^{n}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})={\\begin{cases}1&{\\text{if }}{\\bigl |}\\{i\\mid x_{i}=1\\}{\\bigr |}\\geq k,\\\\0&{\\text{otherwise.}}\\end{cases}}}For example, th1n is the large disjunction of all the variables xi, and thnn is the large conjunction. Of particular importance is the majority functionm\n a\n j\n \n =\n \n \n t\n h\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n =\n (\n x\n ∧\n y\n )\n ∨\n (\n x\n ∧\n z\n )\n ∨\n (\n y\n ∧\n z\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {maj} =\\mathrm {th} _{2}^{3}=(x\\land y)\\lor (x\\land z)\\lor (y\\land z).}We denote elements of 2n (i.e., truth-assignments) as vectors: a = (a1, ..., an). The set 2n carries a natural product Boolean algebra structure. That is, ordering, meets, joins, and other operations on n-ary truth assignments are defined pointwise:(\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ≤\n (\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n ⟺\n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n for \n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n})\\leq (b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n})\\iff a_{i}\\leq b_{i}{\\text{ for }}i=1,\\dots ,n,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ∧\n (\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ∧\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n ∧\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n})\\land (b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n})=(a_{1}\\land b_{1},\\dots ,a_{n}\\land b_{n}).}","title":"Basic concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"juxtaposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juxtaposition"},{"link_name":"monotone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness#Characterization_of_functional_completeness"},{"link_name":"self-dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness#Characterization_of_functional_completeness"},{"link_name":"affine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness#Characterization_of_functional_completeness"}],"text":"Intersection of an arbitrary number of clones is again a clone. It is convenient to denote intersection of clones by simple juxtaposition, i.e., the clone C1 ∩ C2 ∩ ... ∩ Ck is denoted by C1C2...Ck. Some special clones are introduced below:M is the set of monotone functions: f(a) ≤ f(b) for every a ≤ b.\nD is the set of self-dual functions: ¬f(a) = f(¬a).\nA is the set of affine functions: the functions satisfyingf\n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n c\n ,\n \n a\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n f\n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n d\n ,\n \n a\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n f\n (\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n c\n ,\n \n b\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n =\n f\n (\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n d\n ,\n \n b\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&f(a_{1},\\dots ,a_{i-1},c,a_{i+1},\\dots ,a_{n})=f(a_{1},\\dots ,d,a_{i+1},\\dots )\\\\\\Rightarrow &f(b_{1},\\dots ,c,b_{i+1},\\dots )=f(b_{1},\\dots ,d,b_{i+1},\\dots )\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\nfor every i ≤ n, a, b ∈ 2n, and c, d ∈ 2. Equivalently, the functions expressible as f(x1, ..., xn) = a0 + a1x1 + ... + anxn for some a0, a.U is the set of essentially unary functions, i.e., functions which depend on at most one input variable: there exists an i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) = f(b) whenever ai = bi.\nΛ is the set of conjunctive functions: f(a ∧ b) = f(a) ∧ f(b). The clone Λ consists of the conjunctions \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ⋀\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=\\bigwedge _{i\\in I}x_{i}}\n \n for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty conjunction, i.e., the constant 1), and the constant 0.\nV is the set of disjunctive functions: f(a ∨ b) = f(a) ∨ f(b). Equivalently, V consists of the disjunctions \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ⋁\n \n i\n ∈\n I\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=\\bigvee _{i\\in I}x_{i}}\n \n for all subsets I of {1, ..., n} (including the empty disjunction 0), and the constant 1.\nFor any k ≥ 1, T0k is the set of functions f such thata\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∧\n ⋯\n ∧\n \n \n a\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n 0\n \n \n ⇒\n \n f\n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ∧\n ⋯\n ∧\n f\n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} ^{1}\\land \\cdots \\land \\mathbf {a} ^{k}=\\mathbf {0} \\ \\Rightarrow \\ f(\\mathbf {a} ^{1})\\land \\cdots \\land f(\\mathbf {a} ^{k})=0.}\n \n\nMoreover, \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n =\n \n ⋂\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {T} _{0}^{\\infty }=\\bigcap _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\mathrm {T} _{0}^{k}}\n \n is the set of functions bounded above by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) ≤ ai for all a.\nAs a special case, P0 = T01 is the set of 0-preserving functions: f(0) = 0. Furthermore, ⊤ can be considered T00 when one takes the empty meet into account.For any k ≥ 1, T1k is the set of functions f such thata\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∨\n ⋯\n ∨\n \n \n a\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n 1\n \n \n ⇒\n \n f\n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ∨\n ⋯\n ∨\n f\n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} ^{1}\\lor \\cdots \\lor \\mathbf {a} ^{k}=\\mathbf {1} \\ \\Rightarrow \\ f(\\mathbf {a} ^{1})\\lor \\cdots \\lor f(\\mathbf {a} ^{k})=1,}\n \n\nand \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n =\n \n ⋂\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 1\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {T} _{1}^{\\infty }=\\bigcap _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\mathrm {T} _{1}^{k}}\n \n is the set of functions bounded below by a variable: there exists i = 1, ..., n such that f(a) ≥ ai for all a.\nThe special case P1 = T11 consists of the 1-preserving functions: f(1) = 1. Furthermore, ⊤ can be considered T10 when one takes the empty join into account.The largest clone of all functions is denoted ⊤, the smallest clone (which contains only projections) is denoted ⊥, and P = P0P1 is the clone of constant-preserving functions.","title":"Naming of clones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closure system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_system"},{"link_name":"complete lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_lattice"},{"link_name":"countably infinite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countably_infinite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-lattice.svg"},{"link_name":"Hasse diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_diagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-lattice-centre.svg"},{"link_name":"de Morgan dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan_dual"}],"text":"The set of all clones is a closure system, hence it forms a complete lattice. The lattice is countably infinite, and all its members are finitely generated. All the clones are listed in the table below.Hasse diagram of Post's latticeCentral part of the latticeThe eight infinite families have actually also members with k = 1, but these appear separately in the table: T01 = P0, T11 = P1, PT01 = PT11 = P, MT01 = MP0, MT11 = MP1, MPT01 = MPT11 = MP.The lattice has a natural symmetry mapping each clone C to its dual clone Cd = {fd | f ∈ C}, where fd(x1, ..., xn) = ¬f(¬x1, ..., ¬xn) is the de Morgan dual of a Boolean function f. For example, Λd = V, (T0k)d = T1k, and Md = M.","title":"Description of the lattice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functionally complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness"},{"link_name":"satisfiability problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability_problem"},{"link_name":"NP-complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete"},{"link_name":"Cook's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"polynomial-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_(complexity)"}],"text":"The complete classification of Boolean clones given by Post helps to resolve various questions about classes of Boolean functions. For example:An inspection of the lattice shows that the maximal clones different from ⊤ (often called Post's classes) are M, D, A, P0, P1, and every proper subclone of ⊤ is contained in one of them. As a set B of connectives is functionally complete if and only if it generates ⊤, we obtain the following characterization: B is functionally complete iff it is not included in one of the five Post's classes.\nThe satisfiability problem for Boolean formulas is NP-complete by Cook's theorem. Consider a restricted version of the problem: for a fixed finite set B of connectives, let B-SAT be the algorithmic problem of checking whether a given B-formula is satisfiable. Lewis[4] used the description of Post's lattice to show that B-SAT is NP-complete if the function ↛ can be generated from B (i.e., [B] ⊇ T0∞), and in all the other cases B-SAT is polynomial-time decidable.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_lattice_with_constants.svg"}],"text":"Subset of Post's lattice showing only the 7 clones containing all constant functions","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Clones requiring the constant functions","text":"If one only considers clones that are required to contain the constant functions, the classification is much simpler: there are only 7 such clones: UM, Λ, V, U, A, M, and ⊤. While this can be derived from the full classification, there is a simpler proof, taking less than a page.[5]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Clones allowing nullary functions","text":"Composition alone does not allow to generate a nullary function from the corresponding unary constant function, this is the technical reason why nullary functions are excluded from clones in Post's classification. If we lift the restriction, we get more clones. Namely, each clone C in Post's lattice which contains at least one constant function corresponds to two clones under the less restrictive definition: C, and C together with all nullary functions whose unary versions are in C.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Iterative systems","text":"Post originally did not work with the modern definition of clones, but with the so-called iterative systems, which are sets of operations closed under substitutionh\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n +\n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n f\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n g\n (\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n +\n m\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n+m-1})=f(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n-1},g(x_{n},\\dots ,x_{n+m-1})),}as well as permutation and identification of variables. The main difference is that iterative systems do not necessarily contain all projections. Every clone is an iterative system, and there are 20 non-empty iterative systems which are not clones. (Post also excluded the empty iterative system from the classification, hence his diagram has no least element and fails to be a lattice.) As another alternative, some authors work with the notion of a closed class, which is an iterative system closed under introduction of dummy variables. There are four closed classes which are not clones: the empty set, the set of constant 0 functions, the set of constant 1 functions, and the set of all constant functions.","title":"Variants"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hasse diagram of Post's lattice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Post-lattice.svg/220px-Post-lattice.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hasse diagram of Post's lattice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Post-lattice.svg/500px-Post-lattice.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Central part of the lattice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Post-lattice-centre.svg/300px-Post-lattice-centre.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Subset of Post's lattice showing only the 7 clones containing all constant functions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Post_lattice_with_constants.svg/300px-Post_lattice_with_constants.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Aaronson, Scott; Grier, Daniel; Schaeffer, Luke (2015). \"The Classification of Reversible Bit Operations\". arXiv:1504.05155 [quant-ph].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.05155","url_text":"1504.05155"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph","url_text":"quant-ph"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.05155","external_links_name":"1504.05155"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph","external_links_name":"quant-ph"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Mills
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List of Once Upon a Time characters
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["1 Cast","1.1 Main cast","1.2 Recurring cast","2 Main cast","3 Recurring cast","4 References"]
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Parts of this article (those related to series finale-related information) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)
The characters of ABC's Once Upon a Time and its spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters, and often tie-in with other Disney media properties.
Cast
Main cast
List indicator(s)
This section includes characters who have appeared in the series as credited cast.
An empty, dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season.
O indicates an older version of the character.
Y indicates a younger version of the character.
D indicates that the character appeared with the use of a body double replacing the credited actor.
= Main cast (credited)
= Recurring cast (3+)
= Guest cast (1-2)
Actor
Counterpart
Once Upon a Time
W
Original
Cursed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
Ginnifer Goodwin
Snow White
Mary Margaret Blanchard
Main
SG
Does not appear
Jennifer Morrison
Emma Swan
—
Main
SG
D
Lana Parrilla
Regina Mills/Evil Queen
Roni
Main
Does not appear
Evil Queen (Serum)
—
Does not appear
Main
Does not appear
Josh Dallas
David/Prince Charming
David Nolan
Main
SG
Does not appear
Jared S. Gilmore
Henry Daniel Mills
—
Main
RY
Does not appear
Andrew J. West
Does not appear
GO
M
Does not appear
Raphael Sbarge
Jiminy Cricket
Dr. Archibald Hopper
M
R
G
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Jamie Dornan
Huntsman
Sheriff Graham Humbert
M
G
Does not appear
Robert Carlyle
Rumplestiltskin
Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver
Main
Does not appear
Eion Bailey
Pinocchio
August Wayne Booth
M
G
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Emilie de Ravin
Belle French
Lacey
R
Main
SG
Does not appear
Meghan Ory
Red Lucas
Ruby
R
M
R
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
D
Colin O'Donoghue
Killian Jones/Hook
—
Does not appear
Main
Does not appear
Hook (Wish Realm)
Det. Rogers
Does not appear
Main
Does not appear
Michael Raymond-James
Baelfire
Neal Cassidy
Does not appear
R
M
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Michael Socha
Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King
—
Does not appear
M
Does not appear
M
Rebecca Mader
Zelena/Wicked Witch of the West
Kelly West
Does not appear
R
Main
R
Does not appear
Tom Ellis
Robin of Locksley/Robin Hood
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Sean Maguire
—
Does not appear
R
M
R
Guest
Dania Ramirez
Ella
Jacinda Vidrio
Does not appear
M
Does not appear
Gabrielle Anwar
Rapunzel Tremaine
Victoria Belfrey
Does not appear
M
Does not appear
Alison Fernandez
Lucy Mills
Lucy Vidrio
Does not appear
G
M
Does not appear
Mekia Cox
Queen Tiana
Sabine
Does not appear
M
Does not appear
Sophie Lowe
Alice
—
Does not appear
M
Peter Gadiot
Cyrus
—
Does not appear
M
Emma Rigby
Anastasia/Red Queen/White Queen
—
Does not appear
M
Oded Fehr
Jafar
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Naveen Andrews
—
Does not appear
M
John Lithgow
Percy/White Rabbit
—
Does not appear
M
Notes
^ The serum version of the Evil Queen only appears in one episode of the fifth season. However, as she is portrayed by starring cast member Parrilla, she is billed as a main character regardless.
^ Dornan is credited as a guest star in the 22nd episode but as main in all of his other appearances.
^ Bailey is billed as recurring during the first half of the first season and is billed main in the second half of the season.
^ O’Donoghue is billed as recurring during the first half of the second season and is billed main in the second half of the season.
^ The Wish Realm version of Hook only appears in one episode of the sixth season. However, as he is portrayed by starring cast member O'Donoghue, he is billed as a main character regardless.
^ Anwar is billed as main for the first eleven episodes of the seventh season.
^ Cox is billed as recurring during the first three episodes of the seventh season and is billed main from the fifth episode of the season.
Recurring cast
= Recurring cast (3+)
= Guest cast (1-2)
Actor
Counterpart
Once Upon a Time
W
Original
Cursed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
Lee Arenberg
Dreamy/Grumpy
Leroy
Recurring
Guest
Beverley Elliott
Widow Lucas/Granny
—
Recurring
G
Does not appear
Keegan Connor Tracy
Reul Ghorm/Blue Fairy
Mother Superior
Recurring
G
R
G
Does not appear
David Anders
Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Dr. Whale
Recurring
Does not appear
Guest
Does not appear
Tony Amendola
Geppetto
Marco
R
Guest
Does not appear
Guest
Does not appear
Tony Perez
Prince Henry Mills
—
R
G
Does not appear
Guest
Does not appear
Giancarlo Esposito
Magic Mirror/Genie
Sidney Glass
R
Does not appear
Guest
Does not appear
Alan Dale
King George
Albert Spencer
R
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Anastasia Griffith
Princess Abigail
Kathryn Nolan
R
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Sebastian Stan
Jefferson/Mad Hatter
—
R
Does not appear
Sarah Bolger
Princess Aurora
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Julian Morris
Prince Phillip
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Jamie Chung
Mulan
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Barbara Hershey
Cora Mills/Queen of Hearts
—
G
R
Does not appear
Guest
Does not appear
G
Chris Gauthier
William Smee
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
William Smee (Wish Realm)
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Ethan Embry
Owen Flynn/Greg Mendell
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Sonequa Martin-Green
Tamara
—
Does not appear
R
G
Parker Croft
Felix
—
Does not appear
G
R
Does not appear
Robbie Kay
Malcom/Peter Pan/Pied Piper
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Peter Pan (Wish Realm)
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Rose McIver
Tinker Bell
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
JoAnna Garcia Swisher
Ariel
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Queen Ariel (Wish Realm)
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Freya Tingley
Wendy Darling
—
Does not appear
G
R
Does not appear
Georgina Haig
Queen Elsa
—
Does not appear
D
R
Does not appear
Elizabeth Lail
Princess Anna
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Christie Laing
Marian
—
Does not appear
Guest
R
Does not appear
Scott Michael Foster
Kristoff
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Elizabeth Mitchell
Ingrid/Snow Queen
Sarah Fisher
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Timothy Webber
Apprentice
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Apprentice (Wish Realm)
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Kristin Bauer van Straten
Maleficent
—
G
D
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
G
Merrin Dungey
Ursula
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Victoria Smurfit
Cruella De Vil
Cruella Feinberg
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Cruella De Vil (Wish Realm)
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Patrick Fischler
Isaac Heller
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
Agnes Bruckner
Lilith Page
Starla
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Elliot Knight
Merlin
—
Does not appear
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Liam Garrigan
King Arthur
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Amy Manson
Queen Merida
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Joana Metrass
Queen Guinevere
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Sinqua Walls
Sir Lancelot
—
Does not appear
G
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Olivia Steele-Falconer
Violet Morgan
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Emma Caulfield
Blind Witch
—
G
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Greg Germann
Hades
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Hank Harris
Dr. Henry Jekyll
—
Does not appear
G
R
Does not appear
Sam Witwer
Mr. Hyde
—
Does not appear
G
R
Does not appear
Giles Matthey
Gideon
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Deniz Akdeniz
Aladdin
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Karen David
Princess Jasmine
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Jaime Murray
Fiona/Black Fairy
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Sara Tomko
Tiger Lily
—
Does not appear
R
G
Does not appear
Adelaide Kane
Drizella
Ivy Belfrey
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Rose Reynolds
Alice
Tilly
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Yael Yurman
Anastasia
—
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Emma Booth
Mother Gothel
Eloise Gardener
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Daniel Francis
Dr. Facilier
Mr. Baron Samdi
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Nathan Parsons
Hansel/Jack
Nick Branson
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Tiera Skovbye
Robin Hood
Margot
Does not appear
D
R
Does not appear
Jeff Pierre
Prince Naveen
Drew
Does not appear
R
Does not appear
Shaun Smyth
Edwin
—
Does not appear
R
Iggy Pop
Caterpillar
—
Does not appear
Does not appear
R
Brian George
Sultan of Lower Agrabah
—
Does not appear
R
Lauren McKnight
Elizabeth/Lizard
—
Does not appear
R
Zuleikha Robinson
Amara
—
Does not appear
R
Heather Doerksen
Sarah
—
Does not appear
R
Peta Sergeant
Jabberwocky
—
Does not appear
R
Notes
^ Merlin was voiced by Jonathan Adams in the fourth season in a guest role.
^ The Caterpillar was originally voiced by Roger Daltrey in Once Upon a Time. The character was recast for the spin-off in a recurring role
Main cast
Emma Swan (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, Abby Ross, and Mckenna Grace, is the daughter of Snow White and Prince David, sister of Prince Neal, wife of Killian Jones, mother of Henry Mills and Hope, and grandmother of Lucy Mills.
Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and Bailee Madison, is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva, step-daughter of Regina Mills, wife of Prince David, mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandmother of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. As a child, she reveals a secret that results in Regina's transformation to the Evil Queen which subsequently leads to the casting of the curse. Separated from her daughter, she is reunited with Emma, and the rest of her family, after the curse breaks. Snow would then clash with Maleficent involving a secret past between them that is eventually resolved. After the merging of the realms, Snow crowns Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms.
Regina Mills/Evil Queen/Roni (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Lana Parrilla and Ava Acres, is the granddaughter of king Xavier, daughter of Cora Mills and Prince Henry, half-sister of Zelena "The Wicked Witch", adoptive mother of Henry Mills, adoptive grandmother of Lucy Mills, and mother-in-law to Cinderella. Regina is responsible for the casting of the original curse that ripped everyone to the Land Without Magic. However, with Emma's arrival and the curse breaking, Regina reforms her evil ways and seeks redemption for the sake of Henry. She later clashes with her half-sister, although the two patch things up eventually after the death of Regina's true love: Robin Hood. Regina is later swept by a new curse which eventually breaks and leads to the merger of all the realms, where she becomes the Good Queen.
David/Prince Charming/David Nolan (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Josh Dallas and Luke Roessler, is the son of Ruth, twin brother of Prince James, husband of Snow White, father of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandfather of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Snow White and gets engaged to her. Hoping to reclaim their realm, David becomes the leader of a war council. After winning the war, he marries Snow. After the curse is cast, he initially becomes a comatose John Doe, and is later to be revealed as David Nolan. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his daughter Emma, and the rest of his family. With magic brought to Storybrooke, David and the other heroes protect their town from various dark forces; among them are Cora, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Snow Queen, the Queens of Darkness, and the Black Fairy. After the creation of the United Realms, he, alongside Snow, crowns Regina the Good Queen of their newly formed realm.
Henry Daniel Mills (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore and Andrew J. West, is the son of Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy, adopted son of Regina Mills, step-son of Killian Jones, the older half-brother of Hope Jones, husband of Ella "Cinderella", father of Lucy Mills, nephew of Prince Neal Nolan, Gideon Gold, and Zelena, grandson of Snow White, Prince David, Cora "The Queen of Hearts" Mills, Prince Henry, Rumplestiltskin "The Dark One" and Milah, step-grandson of Belle and great-grandson of King Leopold, Queen Eva, King Xavier, Ruth, Robert, Malcolm "Peter Pan", and Fiona "The Black Fairy". As a child, he was given up for adoption by his birth mother, Emma Swan and adopted a few weeks later by Regina "The Evil Queen" Mills, mayor of the town Storybrooke. Ten years later he brought Emma to Storybrooke as he believes the town inhabitants are fairy tale characters cursed by Regina. Emma's true love for him broke the curse and he is reunited with his family. He was later abducted by his own great-grandfather, straight to Neverland, because his own special heart would give immortality to "Peter Pan" himself. Still later, he wrote the Once Upon a Time book, where his job would be to witness and record stories of people from all parts of their realm. After his high school graduation, Henry decides to find his own story in another realm. Eventually reaching New Fairy Tale Land, he falls in love with Ella and becomes the father to Lucy. But a new curse is cast and Henry ends up in Hyperion Heights, separated from his wife and daughter. Once he breaks the curse via motherly love for Regina he is reunited with his family. After Regina merges all the realms, he attends her coronation with his entire family.
Jiminy Cricket/Dr. Archibald Hopper (seasons 1–4, 6–7) portrayed by Raphael Sbarge, Morgan Roff, and Adam Young, is the son of con artists who desires to live an honest life but is too weak-willed to leave his family. In the Enchanted Forest, after accidentally turning a couple into puppets, Jiminy gains the help of the Blue Fairy to make amends with the couple's son, Geppetto. The Blue Fairy turns him into a cricket and he serves as Geppetto's conscience. After the curse is cast, he becomes Dr. Archibald Hopper, Storybrooke's psychotherapist. He also owns a dalmatian dog named Pongo. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his former friends. He later officiates Emma and Killian's wedding, and many more to come, as it was mentioned in 7th season by Regina.
The Huntsman/Sheriff Graham Humbert (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Jamie Dornan, is a nameless hunter who is a solitary recluse. In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He is recruited by the Evil Queen to kill Snow White. However, he has a change of heart and spares her, angering the Evil Queen who rips his heart and keeps it in her vault. He then becomes one of her Black Knights as punishment. He is transported to Storybrooke by the Evil Queen's curse where he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town's sheriff. He was also involved in numerous flings with Madame Mayor, Regina. However, after Emma Swan's arrival, he begins to remember his former life, but is killed by Regina before he could reveal it to Emma.
Rumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Robert Carlyle and Wyatt Oleff, is the son of Malcolm "Peter Pan" and Fiona "The Black Fairy", a widower after first wife Milah, Belle's husband, Baelfire's and Gideon's father, Henry Mills' grandfather, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. To save his son from war with ogres, he becomes the powerful wizard, the Dark One, controlled only by a specific dagger, the peak part of Excalibur, with his name written on it. His son Bealfire noticed that he become evil, so he left Rumplestiltskin and went to The Land Without Magic. Rumple made a plan to cast a powerful curse to get there. He was given the nickname ”The Crocodile”, because of his skin as a dark one, by Killian "Hook" Jones, after Rumple killed Milah and took the hand of Killian. Rumpelstiltskin is responsible for the majority of the evil-doings throughout the characters' histories including Cora's quest for power, Ingrid becoming "the Snow Queen", and teaming up "the Queens of Darkness" (Maleficent, Ursula, and Cruella). Most of all, Regina's transformation into the Evil Queen leads to her casting the Dark Curse. After breaking the Dark Curse by Emma Swan, Rumple found Baelfire but he died because of "The Wicked Witch of The West". Because of his love for Belle, Rumplestiltskin would constantly battle between light and dark. Eventually, he settles down with Belle, with whom he has a second son, Gideon. After Belle dies of old age, Rumple seeks the Guardian to rid himself of his Dark One powers and reunite with Belle. Sacrificing his heart to save Hook from Wish Realm, Rumplestiltskin died and reunited with Belle in the afterlife.
Pinocchio/August Wayne Booth (seasons 1–2, 4, 6–7) portrayed by Eion Bailey, Rustin Gresiuk, Jakob Davies, and Jack Davies, is a puppet that Geppetto carved from an enchanted tree. In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Evil Queen's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic. After transporting, Pinocchio and Emma live in an orphanage until he runs away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, as August Wayne Booth, travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny. August goes through several transformations during his time in Storybrooke, especially when the heroes were on the hunt for the Author.
Belle French/Lacey (seasons 1–7), portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, is the daughter of Sir Maurice and Colette, second wife of Rumplestiltskin, mother of Gideon Gold, step-mother of Baelfire, and step-grandmother of Henry Mills. Taken as a prisoner by Rumplestiltskin as part of a deal to save her kingdom from the Ogre War, Belle ends up falling in love with him, but the two fail to express their feelings for each other. She is then captured and declared dead by the Evil Queen, and once the Dark Curse is cast, she remains in Regina's confinement in Storybrooke's General Hospital's mental ward beneath the town. Shortly before the Dark Curse was broken, Jefferson "Mad Hatter" freed her and reunites with Rumplestiltskin. While having an on-and-off relationship with him, Belle eventually marries him and has a son. As her dream is to realm hop, Rumplestiltskin takes her and their son to see the realms, where they eventually settle down at the Edge of Realms. She later dies of old age due to the time difference in the Edge of Realms.
Killian Jones/Hook (seasons 2–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue and Oliver Bell, is the son of Brennan Jones, brother to Liam Jones, half brother to Liam, husband of Emma Swan, step-father of Henry Mills, and father of Hope Jones. Abandoned as a child, Killian and his brother end up with the navy, working for a king. However, after his brother's death, he chooses to rebel against the king and becomes a pirate. After falling in love with and stealing Rumplestiltskin's wife Milah, he loses his hand, earning the name "Hook.” Vowing vengeance against Rumplestiltskin, he spends two centuries in the Neverland and—after the Dark Curse was broken—he travels to Storybrooke with Cora. His vengeance is long forgotten after he falls in love with Emma Swan. They two eventually get married and gain a daughter: Hope. During Regina's coronation after the merger of the realms, Hook, Emma, and baby Hope arrives slightly late, interrupting the ceremony, but are greeted with happiness by Regina.
Red Lucas/Ruby (seasons 1–3, 5, 7 Wonderland) portrayed by Meghan Ory, is the daughter of Anita, granddaughter of Widow "Granny" Lucas, and Dorothy Gale's lover. In the Enchanted Forest, Red didn't know that she is a werewolf which has been terrorizing her village. Her grandmother got her a red cloak to prevent Red from turning during the half-moon. After meeting Snow White, Red discovers the truth after unwillingly killing her boyfriend, Peter. Red then becomes close friends with Snow White. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse. In Storybrooke, She become Ruby, a rebellious yet insecure and loving young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother's ill health and works at Granny's Diner as a waitress. Once the curse breaks, after "The Wicked Witch" was defeated, Ruby returned to Fairy Tale Land, where she eventually finds her way to the Land of Oz and begins a romantic relationship with Dorothy Gale.
"Neal Cassidy" redirects here. For Beat Generation and countercultural figure, see Neal Cassady.
Baelfire/Neal Cassidy (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by Michael Raymond-James, Dylan Schmid, Brandon Spink, Sebastian Wilkinson, and Dean Petriw, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Milah, step-son of Belle, half-brother of Gideon Gold, grandson of Malcolm "Peter Pan" and Fiona "The Black Fairy", Emma Swan's first love, Henry Mills father, Lucy Mills grandfather, and Emma's brother's namesake. As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his unhappy mother Milah left them. Saved by his father from war with ogres, he never accepted how Rumple became evil as the Dark One and chose to live in the Land Without Magic via a magic bean. Abandoned by his father, which chooses power, becomes Neal Cassidy. He met 18-year-old Emma Swan while unintentionally crossing paths with Pinocchio as August Wayne Booth. He convinced him to push Emma on a new path, to break the Dark Curse. Eventually, he engaged Tamara, but the relationship never develops. Ten years later after an awful breakup with Emma, he again met his father and discovered that he has a son, Henry Mills. They brought him and Tamara to Storybrooke after "Hook" successfully attack Rumple in New York, to save "the Dark One" in Storybrooke. Baelfire fought in Neverland with his great-grandfather to get back Henry. After returning to the Enchanted Forest via the reversal curse, he sacrifices himself, against Zelena "The Wicked Witch of the West" to bring back his father and becomes conjoined with him. Following a new curse, Emma separates him from his father, allowing him to peacefully pass on to Mount Olympus. He later briefly visits Emma in the Dreamscape to warn her about the Underworld and its dangers.
Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King (season 4, Wonderland) portrayed by Michael Socha, is the brother of Penelope and lover of Anastasia. He witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. in Oz, he wanted to get a potion that heals broken hearts and met Robin Hood. He then moves to the Enchanted Forest and falls in love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heartbroken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will was sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. After Will's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia and rules alongside her as the White King of Wonderland.
Zelena/Wicked Witch of the West/Kelly West (seasons 3–7) portrayed by Rebecca Mader and Isabella Blake-Thomas, is the older daughter of Cora Mills and a gardener, Jonathan, half-sister of Regina "The Evil Queen" Mills, mother of Robin, and Chad's fiancée. Abandoned as a child, Zelena wishes for family love but grows envious of her half-sister Regina for getting everything she ever wanted. After she was trained by Rumplestilstkin, in hopes to change the past, Zelena collects ingredients to activate a time portal, but her plan has evolved. Zelena later chooses to mend her sisterly bond with Regina after the birth of Robin. After a new curse is cast, Zelana becomes Kelly West and is engaged to Chad, but regains her memories from Regina. After the United Realms is created, Zelena chooses to remain with Chad.
Robin of Locksley/Robin Hood (seasons 2–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Sean Maguire and Tom Ellis, is the widower of Marian, father of their son Roland, and father of his and Zelena's daughter Robin. Second true love of Regina "The Evil Queen". Robbing from the rich for the poor, Robin ends up with Marian because of his honor code, but his actions angers the Sheriff of Nottingham, who threatens to close down Robin's bar, prompting him to make a deal with Rumplestiltskin. Over the years, he gains a son, but loses Marian, but eventually finds a new love: Regina. However, he dies protecting Regina from Hades via annihilation from the Olympian Crystal.
Evil Queen (Serum) (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Lana Parrilla, is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills at the very end of fifth season, thanks to potion of Dr Jekyll. The Serum Evil Queen wages war on Mary Margaret and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shift to avenging Daniel's death by destroying Snow White's happiness. She places a switchable sleeping curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen's heart but refused to crush it. Instead, she shared her own love and embraced back the darkness from her, making her exact, redeemed copy of herself. The Serum Evil Queen finally made amends with Mary Margaret and was sent by Henry "The Author" to Wish Realm. The villagers believed that she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White from Wish Realm, made by Regina from Storybrooke. It forced them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest to Regina's former palace. During the Black Fairy's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterward, Robin of Locksley proposes to her.
Hook (Wish Realm)/Det. Rogers (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue, is a pirate captain and father of Alice via Gothel. While in the New Enchanted Forest, Hook is deceived by Gothel, resulting in the birth of Alice. As Alice is entrapped in a tower via Gothel's magic, Hook decides to raise her by forgetting his former grudges with Rumplestiltskin and moves into the tower. However, Gothel curses his heart, forcing him to stay away from Alice. When the curse is cast, Hook becomes Det. Rogers in Hyperion Heights, working alongside Det. Weaver. During his time as a detective, he becomes close to Tilly, and the two forms a close father-daughter bond, not knowing that they are related. When the curse breaks, Hook reunites with his daughter after Gothel is defeated. He also gives his blessings to Robin to marry Alice. Once the realms are merged, Hook and Alice relocate to Storybrooke and attend Regina's coronation day.
Ella/Jacinda Vidrio (season 7) portrayed by Dania Ramirez and Alejandra Pérez, is the daughter of Cecelia, step-daughter of Marcus Tremaine and Rapunzel Tremaine, step-sister of Anastasia and Drizella (Clorinda and Tisbe in Season 6), wife of Henry Mills, and mother of Lucy Mills. As a child, her mother remarries and she gains a step-family. However, after the return of her step-father's first wife: Rapunzel, the family relations become complicated, as Rapunzel becomes jealous of the new family. Once both her mother and stepfather was eliminated, Ella ends up as a maid. Years later, she falls in love with Henry Mills and gives birth to Lucy. However, after the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic but is reunited with her family after the curse breaks. She later attends Regina's coronation once the realms had been merged.
Rapunzel Tremaine/Victoria Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner, is the first wife of Marcus Tremaine, mother of Anastasia and Drizella, step-mother of Ella, step-mother-in-law of Henry, and step-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey. Remembering her past life, she has Gothel locked away in her tower. After removing Lucy's belief, she awakens Anastasia. She sacrifices herself to save Ivy and trades her life for Lucy.
Lucy Mills/Lucy Vidrio (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Alison Fernandez, is the daughter of Ella and Henry Mills. Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and tries to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a coma after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awakened when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. When all the realms are merged, she joins her family for Regina's coronation.
Queen Tiana/Sabine (season 7) portrayed by Mekia Cox, is the daughter of Queen Eudora and a King. Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, she recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, she becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down. When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Tiana is known as Sabine. Her interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina's coronation to the Good Queen of the United Realms.
Alice (Wonderland) portrayed by Sophie Lowe and Millie Brown, is the daughter of Edwin, stepdaughter of Sarah, half-sister of Millie, wife of Cyrus, and mother to her daughter. In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with the White Rabbit, Cora, Anastasia, and Will Scarlet. She also finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional belief in Wonderland. Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus return to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland.
Cyrus (Wonderland) portrayed by Peter Gadiot, is the son of Amara, brother to Taj and Rafi, lover of Alice and later father to his daughter. In Agrabah, Cyrus and his brothers are turned into genies after stealing magical waters from the Well of Wonders, and Cyrus' genie bottle eventually ends up in Wonderland. When Alice comes to Wonderland, he falls in love with her. He is then "killed" by the Red Queen and captured by Jafar. Twenty-eight years later, upon the revelation that Cyrus is alive, Alice is brought back to Wonderland and she rescues Cyrus. After Jafar's defeat, Cyrus goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland.
Anastasia/Red Queen/White Queen (Wonderland) portrayed by Emma Rigby, is the daughter of an unnamed women, step-sister of an unnamed girl, and lover of Will Scarlet. In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in love with him. For a better life, she and Will escape to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Using the White Rabbit, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar's plan, which shatters their alliance. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will are briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King.
Jafar (season 6, Wonderland) portrayed by Naveen Andrews, Oded Fehr, and Anthony Keyvan, is the son of Ulima, the bastard son of the Sultan, and half-brother of Mirza. After his mother's death, Jafar wishes to be acknowledged as the son of the Sultan, but being the bastard son, the Sultan refuses. Hoping to use three genie lamps to change the laws of magic, he kidnaps the Sultan and makes an alliance with the Red Queen of Wonderland, but betrays her once their goals no longer aligned. Using any means necessary to gain all three genies, Jafar, along with Amara becomes the most powerful sorcerer in all the realms, but his wrongdoing is undone by Nyx when he unintentionally steals the magical waters of the Well of Wonders, and he is turned into a genie and is sent to the Enchanted Forest. Discovered by Princess Jasmine in his genie form, he is killed via transformation to a staff.
Percy/White Rabbit (Wonderland) voiced by John Lithgow, is the husband of Mrs. Rabbit, and father of his son and daughter. As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit-hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Twenty-eight years later, he retrieves the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and help rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help find Cyrus. To defeat Jafar, he recruits an army to defeat Jafar's undead army. Following Jafar's defeat, he opens a portal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and Wille back to Wonderland. Years later, he can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child.
Recurring cast
Dreamy/Grumpy/Leroy (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Lee Arenberg, is a dwarf and mine digger. Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy. He then becomes friends with Snow White while she's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He later ends up in Storybrooke – after the Dark Curse is cast – as a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk. He remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.
Widow Lucas/Granny (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Beverley Elliott, is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas. In the Enchanted Forest, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then transformed her into a wolf. Most aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the curse, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. In Storybrooke, she is the owner of Granny's Bed and breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny's memories are returned when the curse is broken and is then sent back to the Enchanted Forest when the curse is undone by Regina. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.
Reul Ghorm/Blue Fairy/Mother Superior (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Keegan Connor Tracy, is a high-ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others. In the Enchanted Forest, she is the leader of the fairies and sets the rules among her kind, and would go as far as expulsion to those that breaks her rules. When the curse is cast, she becomes the leader of a group of nuns in Storybrooke. She becomes a catalyst in the Final Battle after the arrival of the Black Fairy, as the Blue Fairy herself was partially responsible for the Black Fairy's dark turn.
Dr. Victor Frankenstein/Dr. Whale (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by David Anders, is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science. He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse. In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father and instead he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. However, when his brother dies Victor successfully resurrects him, but not all is as it seems. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital. After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina's home intending to kill her. He later successfully reanimates Daniel's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen but it is crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde.
Geppetto/Marco (seasons 1–4, 6) portrayed by Tony Amendola and Michael Strusievici, is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio. In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Geppetto's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse. In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town's handyman. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior. He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one. Marco takes August in again after the latter is reverted back from his younger form by Mr. Gold while in pursuit of the Author.
Prince Henry Mills (seasons 1–2, 4–6) portrayed by Tony Perez and Zak Santiago, is the son of King Xavier, husband of Cora Mills and the father of Regina Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He loves his daughter very much and would constantly try to protect her from Cora. However, after Regina banishes Cora and becomes the Evil Queen, he becomes her valet. His heart is the used to cast the Dark Curse and his soul ends up in the Underworld. He moves on to Mount Olympus after settling his unfinished business with Regina.
Genie/Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass (seasons 1, 3–6) portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito, is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within. From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror. As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina. In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina's request, he researches Emma Swan's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke. After Graham's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma. Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma. Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder. However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous. He is then placed into Storybrooke's asylum underneath the hospital. Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. Sidney then allies himself with the Snow Queen, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in.
King George/Albert Spencer (seasons 1–2, 6) portrayed by Alan Dale, is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince David. In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir: James. When James is killed in a duel against Behemoth, his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David's mother and burn his home. However, the wedding never happens as David falls in-love with Snow White. After David's engagement with Snow, they lead an army against King George, dethroning him. After the curse is cast, he is the cold-hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard. Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town that David's incapable of control and is arrested. Spencer is briefly confronted again by David following the latter's discovery of the former's role in the death of David's father Robert.
Princess Abigail/Kathryn Nolan (seasons 1, 3) portrayed by Anastasia Griffith, is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick. In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail. In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her. She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn's is found in Mary Margaret's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance. Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping. After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home.
Jefferson/Mad Hatter (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Sebastian Stan, is a thief who is able to jump from world to world with the aid of portals opened by a magic hat he possesses. On a thieving journey to Camelot, he meets a fellow thief named Priscilla with whom he falls in love and has a daughter named Grace. Priscilla is eventually killed while trying to rescue Jefferson from the clutches of the March Hare, who then trapped him in a never-ending tea party, leading Jefferson to give up his life as thief and eke out a meager living as a mushroom seller. He is eventually tempted back into thieving by Regina, who tricks him into going with her to Wonderland, where she leaves him stranded. After the first curse, Jefferson is one of the few residents of Storybrooke to retain his old memories, made all the more painful because he is separated from his daughter in this new reality. After the arrival of the Savior, Jefferson strikes a new deal with Regina in hopes of starting a new life with his daughter, but is again double crossed. However, after the curse is broken, Jefferson is able to reunite with his daughter, now known as Paige and gets his happy ending.
Princess Aurora (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Sarah Bolger, is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Leah, Prince Phillip's lover and mother of Phillip Jr. In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for 28 years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld. After the curse is broken, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith. At first, she blames them for Phillip's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her. Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse. It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child.
Prince Phillip (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Julian Morris, is the lover of Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awaken from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul. It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip's soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child. Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan's curse took them back to their original worlds. Prior to the curse's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke.
Mulan (seasons 2–3, 5) portrayed by Jamie Chung, is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip's death. Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood's Merry Men. Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby's family of lycans which leads them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena.
Cora Mills/Queen of Hearts (seasons 1–5, Wonderland) portrayed by Barbara Hershey, Rose McGowan, and Jennifer Koenig, is the daughter of an unnamed miller, wife of Prince Henry Mills, mother of Zelena and Regina Mills, grandmother of Henry Mills and Robin, and the great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina's Dark Curse. Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest. In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus.
William Smee (seasons 2–4, 6) portrayed by Chris Gauthier, is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find. In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age. In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire. In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French. Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold's most prized possession – Baelfire's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat. He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook.
Owen Flynn/Greg Mendell (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Ethan Embry and Benjamin Stockham, is the son of Kurt Flynn. In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father. More than 28 years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen. When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy's fiancée, Tamara. The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled. The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland. Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan's Shadow to rip out Greg's shadow from his body, killing him instantly.
Tamara (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Sonequa Martin-Green, is Neal's fiancé and Greg Mendell's lover. Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Tracking the Dragon in Hong Kong, she crosses paths with August Booth. After the Dragon reveals himself, Tamara seemingly kills him. Since then, she joins the Home Office, an organisation involved believed to fight magical creatures and gets involved with Greg Mendell. She then tracks down August and finds out about Storybrooke. To get closer, she "accidentally" bumps into Neal Cassidy and gets into a relationship with him. After the curse breaks, Tamara comes to Storybrooke and reunites with Greg. During her time in Storybrooke, she tries to kill August to prevent him from warning the others. After finding a tigger that can eliminate Storybrooke, she and Greg triggers it as a distraction to kidnap Henry to Neverland, where Tamara finds out that the Home Office is fake. As she attempts to escape the Lost Boys, she is struck by an arrow. Mr. Gold later inquires her for Henry's whereabouts before taking her heart out and crushing it.
Felix (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Parker Croft, is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan's right-hand boy. In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted – Henry Mills. When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town "The New Neverland" with possession of the original Dark Curse. However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice.
Malcolm/Peter Pan/Pied Piper (seasons 3, 5–6) portrayed by Robbie Kay and Stephen Lord, is the father of Rumplestiltskin, a former lover of the Black Fairy, the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon, the great-grandfather of Henry Mills, and the great-great grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete. Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen's curse to retrieve a boy soon-to-be-born. After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer. Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora's Box, Regina successfully reclaims Henry's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry's souls. Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse's scroll from Regina's vault and casts a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin and regresses back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina. After death, Malcolm's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrive in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart he has put into Pan's body is actually a wineskin he had filled with water from the River of Lost Souls and glamoured as a heart sending him into the River of Lost Souls.
Tinker Bell (seasons 3, 6) portrayed by Rose McIver, is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy. In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy. Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland. Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan. She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight.
Ariel (seasons 3–4, 6) portrayed by JoAnna Garcia Swisher, is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White, after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff. Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for 12 hours according to the sea goddess Ursula's legend. To repay Ariel, Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric, a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck. Eric invites Ariel to travel with him, though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid, for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world. However, Ariel discovers Ursula's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow. Ariel returns to Eric's castle, only to have her voice stolen by Regina, being unable to communicate with him. Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora's Box from Mr. Gold's shop to defeat Peter Pan. After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman's Island. Ariel eventually reunites with Eric and settles on the island, which was spared from the effects of Snow White's curse. Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke.
Wendy Darling (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Freya Tingley, is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Darling, and sister to John and Michael. When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Every day, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Baelfire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept a prisoner for over a century while her brothers do Pan's bidding to keep her alive. A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora's box, which he and Regina are seeking to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Wendy is later saved by Baelfire, this time known as Neal, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke.
Queen Elsa (seasons 3–4) portrayed by Georgina Haig, is the elder daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda, older sister of Anna and the older niece of Ingrid and Helga. In Arendelle, with Anna away in the Enchanted Forest, Elsa meets her long forgotten aunt Ingrid and learns part of her mother's secret past. However, her relationship with Ingrid strains after Anna's return. As Ingrid wishes to form a new family with Elsa, and after finding Anna unfit, Elsa is entrapped in an urn by Anna, who was cursed by Ingrid. The urn ends up in Rumplestiltskin's possession and because of Emma and Hook, it ends up in present-day Storybrooke via time travel. Elsa's complicated past with Ingrid is revealed as she and Emma bands together to stop Ingrid from succeeding with her spell. Elsa is reunited with Anna, and after witnessing Ingrid's sacrifice, she returns to Arendelle with Anna and Kristoff to reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and to prepare for her sister's wedding.
Princess Anna (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Lail, is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, younger sister of Elsa, younger niece of Ingrid and Helga and the fiancé, later wife of Kristoff. When she was a teenager, her and Elsa's parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Before Anna can register what has occurred and attempting to get Elsa back, Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna's necklace in Mr. Gold's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers just in time for her wedding.
Marian (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Christie Laing, is the wife of Robin Hood and mother of Roland. Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin's castle to heal her. Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death. Years later, after Zelena opens a time-travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena.
Kristoff (season 4) portrayed by Scott Michael Foster, is the lover and later husband of Princess Anna. Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold to find the truth behind her parents' deaths. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only for the couple to be frozen solid by Ingrid. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff from drowning in the trunk and brings them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and reclaims the kingdom just in time for his and Anna's wedding.
Ingrid/Snow Queen/Sarah Fisher (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Mitchell and Brighton Sharbino, the oldest daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja, elder sister of Helga and Gerda, and the aunt of Elsa and Anna. As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic and unintentionally kills her sister Helga, forcing Gerda to entrap Ingrid in an urn. Now as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed reunites with her nieces Elsa and Anna. However, as Anna is unfit to be family, Ingrid, with the help of the Apprentice, goes to the Land Without Magic to find the yet-to-be-born Emma. Hoping that she will be reunited with both Elsa and Emma, she moves to Storybrooke as Sarah Fisher. When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight to remove the rest of Storybrooke's residents, but upon realizing that she has always had her sisters' love, she sacrifices herself to undo the spell.
The Apprentice (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Timothy Webber and Graham Verchere, is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest. He protects his teacher's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One's powers. A Dark One, Rumplestiltskin, later manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility. In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and use its power to be cleaved of the Dark One's dagger's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold's life by placing the Dark One's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterward, the Apprentice takes his last breath and dies. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained.
Maleficent (seasons 1–2, 4, 7, Wonderland) portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten, is the mother of Lilith Page via Zorro. Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent's dragon form. Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her. After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form. When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. Maleficent then reunites with her daughter Lilith and together they locate Lilith's father, Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina's coronation, but does not RSVP.
Ursula (season 4) portrayed by Merrin Dungey and Tiffany Boone, is the daughter of King Poseidon. In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from aging. Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her a happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin's plan in-exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm.
Cruella De Vil/Cruella Feinberg (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Victoria Smurfit and Milli Wilkinson, is the daughter of Madeline. In 1920s England, Cruella kills her father, stepfathers, and later her mother and her dalmatian dogs. To prevent her from taking another soul, Isaac uses his author abilities and seals her fate. Cruella later teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to stop the casting of the Dark Curse, but is accidentally sent to the Land Without Magic. Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on.
Isaac Heller (seasons 4, 6) portrayed by Patrick Fischler, is an author. Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac's writing comes to a halt. Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants’ fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrongdoing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke and returns to the Land Without Magic.
Lilith Page/Starla (season 4) portrayed by Agnes Bruckner and Nicole Munoz, is the daughter of Maleficent. Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar-aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but parts ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her own. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Aboard a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even. Years later, per Maleficent's request, Emma tracks Lilith, who goes by the name of Starla, down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma's car with the Sorcerer's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficent by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterward. Following Isaac's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father. By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be Zorro.
Merlin (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Elliot Knight and voiced by Jonathan Adams is a powerful sorcerer. Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in-need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm. In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future. Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse's ingredients which enacts the curse.
King Arthur (season 5) portrayed by Liam Garrigan and Webb Baker Hayes, is the ruler of Camelot. As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle. Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur—the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook—the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke. In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes some time later. He then crosses paths with Hades, who ends up killing him, thus sending him to the Underworld. There, he helps Hook in sending a message to Emma of a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay behind and repair his new "broken kingdom", the Underworld. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled over the Underworld for over 50 years.
Queen Merida (season 5) portrayed by Amy Manson, is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers. When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On a horseback ride to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook. In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later asked to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch.
Queen Guinevere (season 5) portrayed by Joana Metrass and Dalila Bela, is the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot. As a young girl, she believed in Arthur's dreams of becoming a king, and that upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased, thanks to a new curse cast by Hook as the new Dark One. She is later sent to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot, alongside her people, the Merry Men and Merida.
Sir Lancelot (seasons 2, 5) portrayed by Sinqua Walls, is the son of the Lady of the Lake, and one of King Arthur's knights of the round table. During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur's wife Guinevere. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur and becoming the new Dark One in the process, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake; his status from here onwards is unknown.
Violet Morgan (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Olivia Steele-Falconer, is the daughter of Sir Morgan. She hopes to follow her late mother's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she and Henry grow close over their shared passion for music. Emma manipulates their burgeoning relationship to break Henry's heart and obtain his teardrop as a spell component to free Merlin. Later, the Dark Curse sends Violet and her father to the Land Without Magic, along with much of Camelot's population. With their memories erased, she and Henry are again attracted to each other. After Henry recovers Violet's missing horse, Nicodemus, they share a kiss. Violet accompanies Henry to New York City in his quest to destroy magic, and returns to Storybrooke with him. When the other Camelot residents leave, Violet tells Henry that she and her father will be staying because Sir Morgan is originally from Connecticut in Henry's world. Violet becomes a student at Storybrooke High. When Henry realizes the Evil Queen is impersonating Regina, Violet invents an excuse to help Henry escape during their date. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up.
The Blind Witch (seasons 1, 5) portrayed by Emma Caulfield, is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods. Her house and the treats lure in children, whom she would cook and eat. At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awakening the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and sets the oven alight. Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld's version of Granny's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She hasn't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she wasn't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time of King Arthur's arrival after he was killed by Hades.
Hades (season 5) portrayed by Greg Germann, is the God of the Underworld. He is the son of Kronos, brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules. After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld. When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each soul that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she is kidnapped, he asks Emma's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Crystal.
Dr. Henry Jekyll (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Hank Harris, is a physician. In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments are too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, they both engage in a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories. When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Serum Evil Queen. He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde.
Mr. Hyde (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Sam Witwer, is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego. In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories. Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Land of Untold Stories inhabitants. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Serum Evil Queen. When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego.
Gideon (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Giles Matthey and Anton Starkman, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle, half-brother of Baelfire, and grandson of Malcolm and Fiona. Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full 28 years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma. During the Black Fairy's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold bring Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spend time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time difference in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her.
Aladdin (season 6) portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz, is a thief and the Savior before Emma Swan. As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine afterward reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic. Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a backup plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah's whereabouts. However, he is captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they return to the Enchanted Forest to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar's genie lamp and discover that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threatened with the Black Fairy's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat back to the Enchanted Forest. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine return home.
Princess Jasmine (season 6) portrayed by Karen David, is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah, and Aladdin's lover. When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, she tries to get Aladdin to help her free the realm from his tyranny. However, Aladdin frees himself from his savior state and Jafar entraps the capital into a jewel, forcing Jasmine to retreat to the Land of Untold Stories. Thirty years later, ending up in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and continues their mission to save their home. Confronting Jafar, now a genie, they get the upper hand and kills him, restoring the capital. During the Black Fairy's curse, Jasmine helps Snow locate David with her magic carpet. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, she and Aladdin return home.
Fiona/Black Fairy (season 6) portrayed by Jaime Murray, is the former lover of Malcolm, mother of Rumplestiltskin, grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon, great-grandmother of Henry Mills, and great-great-grandmother of Lucy. With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, reveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust. About 30 years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After 28 years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy has been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma's love ones before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and sets off the destruction of all the realms, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end.
Tiger Lily (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Sara Tomko, is a fairy. After the birth of Fiona's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visit Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveal Fiona's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland. Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. After Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana's palace.
Drizella/Ivy Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Adelaide Kane, Anna Cathcart, and Lula Mae Melench, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Anastasia, step-daughter of Cecelia, step-sister of Ella, and step-aunt of Lucy. As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel's return six years later. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother Victoria at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in-charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in-order to make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy begins to realize her wrongdoings and makes amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia use a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Alice/Tilly (season 7) portrayed by Rose Reynolds, is the daughter of Hook and Gothel and Robin's fiancée. Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower on her 17th birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents her from remembering her past life. Once, when she refuses, she remembers Rumplestiltskin and shoots Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the Coven of Eights. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memory and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for her action, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embrace each other. Eventually with Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to her and after the creation of the United Realms, they both attend Regina's coronation.
Anastasia (season 7) portrayed by Yael Yurman and Sophia Reid-Gant, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Drizella, step-daughter of Cecelia, and step-sister of Ella. Despite her mother's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awoken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin are sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is awaken by Victoria but is manipulated by Eloise, who plans to use Anastasia's guardian powers for her own means. She is saved by Ivy, and together they return to the New Enchanted Forest.
Mother Gothel/Eloise Gardener/Mother Nature (season 7) portrayed by Emma Booth, is the daughter of Flora (a.k.a.) and the mother of Alice. As a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel befriends a group of human women. However, they betray her and slaughter her family, with Gothel inheriting her mother's title of Mother Nature. Angered with mankind, Gothel and Seraphina wipe the realm clean and escape to New Fairy Tale Land where she forms the Coven of the Eight with hopes of returning to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the realm. Gothel also sexually assaults Hook, resulting in the birth of Alice. Eventually, pawning Drizella, the Dark Curse is cast, returning Gothel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She also seeks out the Guardian's magic. Eventually reforming her coven and purging the realm, the destruction stops after the curse breaks and Gothel is turned into a tree by Alice.
Dr. Facilier/Mr. Baron Samdi (season 7) portrayed by Daniel Francis, is a voodoo magician who has a history with the Evil Queen. His intentions with Tiana's family is never clear, but he tries to bring fear by threatening Tiana on her coronation day and later keeping Prince Naveen apart from her. When the curse is cast, he becomes Mr. Baron Samdi and for an unclear reason, wants the Dark One's dagger. However, he is later killed by the Wish Realm version of Rumplestiltskin.
Hansel/Jack/Nick Branson (season 7) portrayed by Nathan Parsons and Seth Isaac Johnson, is the son of Ivo and brother of Gretel. As a child, he and his sister were kidnapped by a Witch who wanted to eat them. He also sees Zelena as a wicked witch and harbors a grudge against witches. After his sister's death, he assumes the identity of Jack to hunt down the witches. Once the curse is cast and he is awaken by Mr. Samdi, he continues his witch hunt. But he is arrested and then killed by Mr. Samdi as collateral damage.
Robin Hood/Margot (season 7) portrayed by Tiera Skovbye, is the daughter of Robin and Zelena, half-sister of Roland, and Alice's fiancée. Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterward, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a 25-year-old woman who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly's daughter. However, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterward ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home. She eventually comes back to Hyperion Heights and reconnects with her mother. She unknowingly re-meets her lover Alice and they continue their relationship. Once the curse breaks, they're reunited. With Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to Alice and after the creation of the United Realms, they attend Regina's coronation.
Prince Naveen/Drew (season 7) portrayed by Jeff Pierre, is the Prince of Maldonia. After his brother died from an alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the alligator. Once it's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast. In Hyperion Heights, he is Drew, a food truck operator and forced to do Mr. Samdi's bidding. After the curse breaks, he reunites with Tiana.
Edwin (Wonderland) portrayed by Shaun Smyth, is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie. In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife's death and Alice's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London.
The Caterpillar (seasons 1, 6, Wonderland) voiced by Roger Daltrey and Iggy Pop, is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking. The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar. Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget-Me-Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget-Me-Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar to get his compass back.
The Sultan of Lower Agrabah (Wonderland) portrayed by Brian George and Amir Arison, is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah. In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan's son, Prince Mirza, couldn't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slap Jafar for overstepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan. Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him.
Elizabeth (Wonderland) portrayed by Lauren McKnight, is a young woman who is one of the Caterpillar's Collectors. Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland....to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave's petrified form. Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus' lamp.
Amara (Wonderland) portrayed by Zuleikha Robinson, is the mother of Taj, Cyrus and Rafi. She is a powerful healer and sorceress who is feared amongst the residents of Agrabah. After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar. Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx.
The Jabberwocky (Wonderland) portrayed by Peta Sergeant, is an ancient human-like creature who can enter the minds of anyone. In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest. Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth's dead body, she takes her eyes for Jafar to locate the third genie's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"tie-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-in"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"}],"text":"The characters of ABC's Once Upon a Time and its spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters, and often tie-in with other Disney media properties.","title":"List of Once Upon a Time characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"body double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"List indicator(s)\nThis section includes characters who have appeared in the series as credited cast.\n\nAn empty, dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season.\n O indicates an older version of the character.\n Y indicates a younger version of the character.D indicates that the character appeared with the use of a body double replacing the credited actor.= Main cast (credited) \n = Recurring cast (3+)\n = Guest cast (1-2)Notes^ The serum version of the Evil Queen only appears in one episode of the fifth season. However, as she is portrayed by starring cast member Parrilla, she is billed as a main character regardless.\n\n^ Dornan is credited as a guest star in the 22nd episode but as main in all of his other appearances.\n\n^ Bailey is billed as recurring during the first half of the first season and is billed main in the second half of the season.\n\n^ O’Donoghue is billed as recurring during the first half of the second season and is billed main in the second half of the season.\n\n^ The Wish Realm version of Hook only appears in one episode of the sixth season. However, as he is portrayed by starring cast member O'Donoghue, he is billed as a main character regardless.\n\n^ Anwar is billed as main for the first eleven episodes of the seventh season.\n\n^ Cox is billed as recurring during the first three episodes of the seventh season and is billed main from the fifth episode of the season.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Adams_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"= Recurring cast (3+)\n = Guest cast (1-2)Notes^ Merlin was voiced by Jonathan Adams in the fourth season in a guest role.\n\n^ The Caterpillar was originally voiced by Roger Daltrey in Once Upon a Time. The character was recast for the spin-off in a recurring role","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Swan"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Mckenna Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mckenna_Grace"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"Ginnifer Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Bailee Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailee_Madison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"Evil Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Queen"},{"link_name":"Lana Parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Parrilla"},{"link_name":"Ava Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Acres"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E13-12"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper"},{"link_name":"Prince Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Josh Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dallas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E03-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season1CastBio-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnDoe-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheShepherdIGNReview-16"},{"link_name":"Jared S. Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_S._Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Andrew J. West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E09-17"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Raphael Sbarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Sbarge"},{"link_name":"psychotherapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"Huntsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsman_(Snow_White)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dornan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dornan"},{"link_name":"hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E07-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E22-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E07-18"},{"link_name":"Rumplestiltskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin"},{"link_name":"Robert Carlyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carlyle"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Oleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Oleff"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio"},{"link_name":"Eion Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eion_Bailey"},{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"Belle French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Emilie de Ravin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin"},{"link_name":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Colin O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Red Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Meghan Ory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Ory"},{"link_name":"werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E10-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E08-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"Neal Cassady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Cassady"},{"link_name":"Michael Raymond-James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Raymond-James"},{"link_name":"Will Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Knave of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knave_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"White King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_King_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Michael Socha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Socha"},{"link_name":"Wicked Witch of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Mader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mader"},{"link_name":"Isabella Blake-Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Blake-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Robin of Locksley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Sean Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Tom Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ellis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Evil Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Mills#Alternate_form"},{"link_name":"Lana Parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Parrilla"},{"link_name":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Colin O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Ella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Dania Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dania_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"Rapunzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel"},{"link_name":"Tremaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Meegan Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meegan_Warner"},{"link_name":"Alison Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Queen Tiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiana_(The_Princess_and_the_Frog)"},{"link_name":"Mekia Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekia_Cox"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Sophie Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Millie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie_Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Peter Gadiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gadiot"},{"link_name":"Red Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"White Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Queen_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Emma Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Naveen Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Oded Fehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oded_Fehr"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"}],"text":"Emma Swan (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, Abby Ross, and Mckenna Grace, is the daughter of Snow White and Prince David, sister of Prince Neal, wife of Killian Jones, mother of Henry Mills and Hope, and grandmother of Lucy Mills.\nSnow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and Bailee Madison, is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva, step-daughter of Regina Mills,[1][2] wife of Prince David, mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandmother of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandmother of Lucy Mills.[1] As a child, she reveals a secret that results in Regina's transformation to the Evil Queen which subsequently leads to the casting of the curse. Separated from her daughter, she is reunited with Emma, and the rest of her family, after the curse breaks. Snow would then clash with Maleficent involving a secret past between them that is eventually resolved. After the merging of the realms, Snow crowns Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms.\nRegina Mills/Evil Queen/Roni (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Lana Parrilla and Ava Acres, is the granddaughter of king Xavier, daughter of Cora Mills and Prince Henry, half-sister of Zelena \"The Wicked Witch\", adoptive mother of Henry Mills,[2][3] adoptive grandmother of Lucy Mills, and mother-in-law to Cinderella. Regina is responsible for the casting of the original curse that ripped everyone to the Land Without Magic. However, with Emma's arrival and the curse breaking, Regina reforms her evil ways and seeks redemption for the sake of Henry. She later clashes with her half-sister, although the two patch things up eventually after the death of Regina's true love: Robin Hood. Regina is later swept by a new curse which eventually breaks and leads to the merger of all the realms, where she becomes the Good Queen.\nDavid/Prince Charming/David Nolan (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Josh Dallas and Luke Roessler, is the son of Ruth, twin brother of Prince James, husband of Snow White, father of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandfather of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills.[4] In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Snow White and gets engaged to her. Hoping to reclaim their realm, David becomes the leader of a war council. After winning the war, he marries Snow. After the curse is cast, he initially becomes a comatose John Doe, and is later to be revealed as David Nolan.[5][6][7] After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his daughter Emma, and the rest of his family. With magic brought to Storybrooke, David and the other heroes protect their town from various dark forces; among them are Cora, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Snow Queen, the Queens of Darkness, and the Black Fairy. After the creation of the United Realms, he, alongside Snow, crowns Regina the Good Queen of their newly formed realm.\nHenry Daniel Mills (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore and Andrew J. West, is the son of Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy, adopted son of Regina Mills,[1][8] step-son of Killian Jones, the older half-brother of Hope Jones, husband of Ella \"Cinderella\", father of Lucy Mills, nephew of Prince Neal Nolan, Gideon Gold, and Zelena, grandson of Snow White, Prince David, Cora \"The Queen of Hearts\" Mills, Prince Henry, Rumplestiltskin \"The Dark One\" and Milah, step-grandson of Belle and great-grandson of King Leopold, Queen Eva, King Xavier, Ruth, Robert, Malcolm \"Peter Pan\", and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\". As a child, he was given up for adoption by his birth mother, Emma Swan and adopted a few weeks later by Regina \"The Evil Queen\" Mills, mayor of the town Storybrooke. Ten years later he brought Emma to Storybrooke as he believes the town inhabitants are fairy tale characters cursed by Regina. Emma's true love for him broke the curse and he is reunited with his family. He was later abducted by his own great-grandfather, straight to Neverland, because his own special heart would give immortality to \"Peter Pan\" himself. Still later, he wrote the Once Upon a Time book, where his job would be to witness and record stories of people from all parts of their realm. After his high school graduation, Henry decides to find his own story in another realm. Eventually reaching New Fairy Tale Land, he falls in love with Ella and becomes the father to Lucy. But a new curse is cast and Henry ends up in Hyperion Heights, separated from his wife and daughter. Once he breaks the curse via motherly love for Regina he is reunited with his family. After Regina merges all the realms, he attends her coronation with his entire family.\nJiminy Cricket/Dr. Archibald Hopper (seasons 1–4, 6–7) portrayed by Raphael Sbarge, Morgan Roff, and Adam Young, is the son of con artists who desires to live an honest life but is too weak-willed to leave his family. In the Enchanted Forest, after accidentally turning a couple into puppets, Jiminy gains the help of the Blue Fairy to make amends with the couple's son, Geppetto. The Blue Fairy turns him into a cricket and he serves as Geppetto's conscience. After the curse is cast, he becomes Dr. Archibald Hopper, Storybrooke's psychotherapist.[1] He also owns a dalmatian dog named Pongo. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his former friends. He later officiates Emma and Killian's wedding, and many more to come, as it was mentioned in 7th season by Regina.\nThe Huntsman/Sheriff Graham Humbert (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Jamie Dornan, is a nameless hunter who is a solitary recluse. In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He is recruited by the Evil Queen to kill Snow White. However, he has a change of heart and spares her, angering the Evil Queen who rips his heart and keeps it in her vault.[9] He then becomes one of her Black Knights as punishment.[10] He is transported to Storybrooke by the Evil Queen's curse where he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town's sheriff. He was also involved in numerous flings with Madame Mayor, Regina.[1] However, after Emma Swan's arrival, he begins to remember his former life, but is killed by Regina before he could reveal it to Emma.[9]\nRumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Robert Carlyle and Wyatt Oleff, is the son of Malcolm \"Peter Pan\" and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\", a widower after first wife Milah, Belle's husband, Baelfire's and Gideon's father, Henry Mills' grandfather, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. To save his son from war with ogres, he becomes the powerful wizard, the Dark One, controlled only by a specific dagger, the peak part of Excalibur, with his name written on it. His son Bealfire noticed that he become evil, so he left Rumplestiltskin and went to The Land Without Magic. Rumple made a plan to cast a powerful curse to get there. He was given the nickname ”The Crocodile”, because of his skin as a dark one, by Killian \"Hook\" Jones, after Rumple killed Milah and took the hand of Killian. Rumpelstiltskin is responsible for the majority of the evil-doings throughout the characters' histories including Cora's quest for power, Ingrid becoming \"the Snow Queen\", and teaming up \"the Queens of Darkness\" (Maleficent, Ursula, and Cruella). Most of all, Regina's transformation into the Evil Queen leads to her casting the Dark Curse. After breaking the Dark Curse by Emma Swan, Rumple found Baelfire but he died because of \"The Wicked Witch of The West\". Because of his love for Belle, Rumplestiltskin would constantly battle between light and dark. Eventually, he settles down with Belle, with whom he has a second son, Gideon. After Belle dies of old age, Rumple seeks the Guardian to rid himself of his Dark One powers and reunite with Belle. Sacrificing his heart to save Hook from Wish Realm, Rumplestiltskin died and reunited with Belle in the afterlife.\nPinocchio/August Wayne Booth (seasons 1–2, 4, 6–7) portrayed by Eion Bailey, Rustin Gresiuk, Jakob Davies, and Jack Davies, is a puppet that Geppetto carved from an enchanted tree. In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Evil Queen's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic. After transporting, Pinocchio and Emma live in an orphanage until he runs away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, as August Wayne Booth, travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny.[11] August goes through several transformations during his time in Storybrooke, especially when the heroes were on the hunt for the Author.\nBelle French/Lacey (seasons 1–7), portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, is the daughter of Sir Maurice and Colette, second wife of Rumplestiltskin, mother of Gideon Gold, step-mother of Baelfire, and step-grandmother of Henry Mills. Taken as a prisoner by Rumplestiltskin as part of a deal to save her kingdom from the Ogre War, Belle ends up falling in love with him, but the two fail to express their feelings for each other. She is then captured and declared dead by the Evil Queen, and once the Dark Curse is cast, she remains in Regina's confinement in Storybrooke's General Hospital's mental ward beneath the town. Shortly before the Dark Curse was broken, Jefferson \"Mad Hatter\" freed her and reunites with Rumplestiltskin. While having an on-and-off relationship with him, Belle eventually marries him and has a son. As her dream is to realm hop, Rumplestiltskin takes her and their son to see the realms, where they eventually settle down at the Edge of Realms. She later dies of old age due to the time difference in the Edge of Realms.\nKillian Jones/Hook (seasons 2–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue and Oliver Bell, is the son of Brennan Jones, brother to Liam Jones, half brother to Liam, husband of Emma Swan, step-father of Henry Mills, and father of Hope Jones. Abandoned as a child, Killian and his brother end up with the navy, working for a king. However, after his brother's death, he chooses to rebel against the king and becomes a pirate. After falling in love with and stealing Rumplestiltskin's wife Milah, he loses his hand, earning the name \"Hook.” Vowing vengeance against Rumplestiltskin, he spends two centuries in the Neverland and—after the Dark Curse was broken—he travels to Storybrooke with Cora. His vengeance is long forgotten after he falls in love with Emma Swan. They two eventually get married and gain a daughter: Hope. During Regina's coronation after the merger of the realms, Hook, Emma, and baby Hope arrives slightly late, interrupting the ceremony, but are greeted with happiness by Regina.\nRed Lucas/Ruby (seasons 1–3, 5, 7 Wonderland) portrayed by Meghan Ory, is the daughter of Anita, granddaughter of Widow \"Granny\" Lucas, and Dorothy Gale's lover. In the Enchanted Forest, Red didn't know that she is a werewolf which has been terrorizing her village. Her grandmother got her a red cloak to prevent Red from turning during the half-moon. After meeting Snow White, Red discovers the truth after unwillingly killing her boyfriend, Peter. Red then becomes close friends with Snow White. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse. In Storybrooke, She become Ruby, a rebellious yet insecure and loving young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother's ill health[1] and works at Granny's Diner as a waitress.[12][13][1] Once the curse breaks, after \"The Wicked Witch\" was defeated, Ruby returned to Fairy Tale Land, where she eventually finds her way to the Land of Oz and begins a romantic relationship with Dorothy Gale.\"Neal Cassidy\" redirects here. For Beat Generation and countercultural figure, see Neal Cassady.Baelfire/Neal Cassidy (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by Michael Raymond-James, Dylan Schmid, Brandon Spink, Sebastian Wilkinson, and Dean Petriw, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Milah, step-son of Belle, half-brother of Gideon Gold, grandson of Malcolm \"Peter Pan\" and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\", Emma Swan's first love, Henry Mills father, Lucy Mills grandfather, and Emma's brother's namesake. As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his unhappy mother Milah left them. Saved by his father from war with ogres, he never accepted how Rumple became evil as the Dark One and chose to live in the Land Without Magic via a magic bean. Abandoned by his father, which chooses power, becomes Neal Cassidy. He met 18-year-old Emma Swan while unintentionally crossing paths with Pinocchio as August Wayne Booth. He convinced him to push Emma on a new path, to break the Dark Curse. Eventually, he engaged Tamara, but the relationship never develops. Ten years later after an awful breakup with Emma, he again met his father and discovered that he has a son, Henry Mills. They brought him and Tamara to Storybrooke after \"Hook\" successfully attack Rumple in New York, to save \"the Dark One\" in Storybrooke. Baelfire fought in Neverland with his great-grandfather to get back Henry. After returning to the Enchanted Forest via the reversal curse, he sacrifices himself, against Zelena \"The Wicked Witch of the West\" to bring back his father and becomes conjoined with him. Following a new curse, Emma separates him from his father, allowing him to peacefully pass on to Mount Olympus. He later briefly visits Emma in the Dreamscape to warn her about the Underworld and its dangers.\nWill Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King (season 4, Wonderland) portrayed by Michael Socha, is the brother of Penelope and lover of Anastasia. He witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. in Oz, he wanted to get a potion that heals broken hearts and met Robin Hood. He then moves to the Enchanted Forest and falls in love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heartbroken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will was sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. After Will's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia and rules alongside her as the White King of Wonderland.\nZelena/Wicked Witch of the West/Kelly West (seasons 3–7) portrayed by Rebecca Mader and Isabella Blake-Thomas, is the older daughter of Cora Mills and a gardener, Jonathan, half-sister of Regina \"The Evil Queen\" Mills, mother of Robin, and Chad's fiancée. Abandoned as a child, Zelena wishes for family love but grows envious of her half-sister Regina for getting everything she ever wanted. After she was trained by Rumplestilstkin, in hopes to change the past, Zelena collects ingredients to activate a time portal, but her plan has evolved. Zelena later chooses to mend her sisterly bond with Regina after the birth of Robin. After a new curse is cast, Zelana becomes Kelly West and is engaged to Chad, but regains her memories from Regina. After the United Realms is created, Zelena chooses to remain with Chad.\nRobin of Locksley/Robin Hood (seasons 2–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Sean Maguire and Tom Ellis, is the widower of Marian, father of their son Roland, and father of his and Zelena's daughter Robin. Second true love of Regina \"The Evil Queen\". Robbing from the rich for the poor, Robin ends up with Marian because of his honor code, but his actions angers the Sheriff of Nottingham, who threatens to close down Robin's bar, prompting him to make a deal with Rumplestiltskin. Over the years, he gains a son, but loses Marian, but eventually finds a new love: Regina. However, he dies protecting Regina from Hades via annihilation from the Olympian Crystal.\nEvil Queen (Serum) (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Lana Parrilla, is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills at the very end of fifth season, thanks to potion of Dr Jekyll. The Serum Evil Queen wages war on Mary Margaret and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shift to avenging Daniel's death by destroying Snow White's happiness. She places a switchable sleeping curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen's heart but refused to crush it. Instead, she shared her own love and embraced back the darkness from her, making her exact, redeemed copy of herself. The Serum Evil Queen finally made amends with Mary Margaret and was sent by Henry \"The Author\" to Wish Realm. The villagers believed that she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White from Wish Realm, made by Regina from Storybrooke. It forced them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest to Regina's former palace. During the Black Fairy's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterward, Robin of Locksley proposes to her.\nHook (Wish Realm)/Det. Rogers (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue, is a pirate captain and father of Alice via Gothel. While in the New Enchanted Forest, Hook is deceived by Gothel, resulting in the birth of Alice. As Alice is entrapped in a tower via Gothel's magic, Hook decides to raise her by forgetting his former grudges with Rumplestiltskin and moves into the tower. However, Gothel curses his heart, forcing him to stay away from Alice. When the curse is cast, Hook becomes Det. Rogers in Hyperion Heights, working alongside Det. Weaver. During his time as a detective, he becomes close to Tilly, and the two forms a close father-daughter bond, not knowing that they are related. When the curse breaks, Hook reunites with his daughter after Gothel is defeated. He also gives his blessings to Robin to marry Alice. Once the realms are merged, Hook and Alice relocate to Storybrooke and attend Regina's coronation day.\nElla/Jacinda Vidrio (season 7) portrayed by Dania Ramirez and Alejandra Pérez, is the daughter of Cecelia, step-daughter of Marcus Tremaine and Rapunzel Tremaine, step-sister of Anastasia and Drizella (Clorinda and Tisbe in Season 6), wife of Henry Mills, and mother of Lucy Mills. As a child, her mother remarries and she gains a step-family. However, after the return of her step-father's first wife: Rapunzel, the family relations become complicated, as Rapunzel becomes jealous of the new family. Once both her mother and stepfather was eliminated, Ella ends up as a maid. Years later, she falls in love with Henry Mills and gives birth to Lucy. However, after the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic but is reunited with her family after the curse breaks. She later attends Regina's coronation once the realms had been merged.\nRapunzel Tremaine/Victoria Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner, is the first wife of Marcus Tremaine, mother of Anastasia and Drizella, step-mother of Ella, step-mother-in-law of Henry, and step-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey. Remembering her past life, she has Gothel locked away in her tower. After removing Lucy's belief, she awakens Anastasia. She sacrifices herself to save Ivy and trades her life for Lucy.\nLucy Mills/Lucy Vidrio (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Alison Fernandez, is the daughter of Ella and Henry Mills. Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio[14] and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and tries to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a coma after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awakened when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. When all the realms are merged, she joins her family for Regina's coronation.\nQueen Tiana/Sabine (season 7) portrayed by Mekia Cox, is the daughter of Queen Eudora and a King. Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, she recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, she becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down. When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Tiana is known as Sabine. Her interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina's coronation to the Good Queen of the United Realms.\nAlice (Wonderland) portrayed by Sophie Lowe and Millie Brown, is the daughter of Edwin, stepdaughter of Sarah, half-sister of Millie, wife of Cyrus, and mother to her daughter. In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with the White Rabbit, Cora, Anastasia, and Will Scarlet. She also finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional belief in Wonderland. Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus return to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland.\nCyrus (Wonderland) portrayed by Peter Gadiot, is the son of Amara, brother to Taj and Rafi, lover of Alice and later father to his daughter. In Agrabah, Cyrus and his brothers are turned into genies after stealing magical waters from the Well of Wonders, and Cyrus' genie bottle eventually ends up in Wonderland. When Alice comes to Wonderland, he falls in love with her. He is then \"killed\" by the Red Queen and captured by Jafar. Twenty-eight years later, upon the revelation that Cyrus is alive, Alice is brought back to Wonderland and she rescues Cyrus. After Jafar's defeat, Cyrus goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland.\nAnastasia/Red Queen/White Queen (Wonderland) portrayed by Emma Rigby, is the daughter of an unnamed women, step-sister of an unnamed girl, and lover of Will Scarlet. In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in love with him. For a better life, she and Will escape to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Using the White Rabbit, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar's plan, which shatters their alliance. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will are briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King.\nJafar (season 6, Wonderland) portrayed by Naveen Andrews, Oded Fehr, and Anthony Keyvan, is the son of Ulima, the bastard son of the Sultan, and half-brother of Mirza. After his mother's death, Jafar wishes to be acknowledged as the son of the Sultan, but being the bastard son, the Sultan refuses. Hoping to use three genie lamps to change the laws of magic, he kidnaps the Sultan and makes an alliance with the Red Queen of Wonderland, but betrays her once their goals no longer aligned. Using any means necessary to gain all three genies, Jafar, along with Amara becomes the most powerful sorcerer in all the realms, but his wrongdoing is undone by Nyx when he unintentionally steals the magical waters of the Well of Wonders, and he is turned into a genie and is sent to the Enchanted Forest. Discovered by Princess Jasmine in his genie form, he is killed via transformation to a staff.\nPercy/White Rabbit (Wonderland) voiced by John Lithgow, is the husband of Mrs. Rabbit, and father of his son and daughter. As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit-hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Twenty-eight years later, he retrieves the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and help rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help find Cyrus. To defeat Jafar, he recruits an army to defeat Jafar's undead army. Following Jafar's defeat, he opens a portal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and Wille back to Wonderland. Years later, he can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child.","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dwarfs"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Lee Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E14-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E03-13"},{"link_name":"Granny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"Bed and breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E22-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"Reul Ghorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_with_Turquoise_Hair"},{"link_name":"Blue 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Amendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Amendola"},{"link_name":"handyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handyman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tony Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Perez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Zak Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"link_name":"Magic Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Mirror_(Snow_White)"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E09-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E07-18"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E02-29"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E08-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E19-31"},{"link_name":"King George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper#Plot"},{"link_name":"Alan Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dale"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E06-32"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E07-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E06-32"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E10-21"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E19-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Stan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Stan"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot"},{"link_name":"March Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Hare"},{"link_name":"Princess Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bolger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bolger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E12-39"},{"link_name":"Prince Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Phillip_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Julian Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Morris"},{"link_name":"Yaoguai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoguai"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E11-40"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E12-39"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Mulan"},{"link_name":"Jamie Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Chung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"Cora Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin#Plot"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Rose McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McGowan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E09-41"},{"link_name":"William Smee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Smee"},{"link_name":"Chris Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gauthier"},{"link_name":"Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E04-42"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E04-42"},{"link_name":"Ethan Embry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Embry"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stockham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stockham"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E17-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E21-45"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"Sonequa Martin-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonequa_Martin-Green"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys_(Peter_Pan)"},{"link_name":"Parker Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Croft"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E10-46"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin"},{"link_name":"Robbie Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Kay"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lord"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E08-48"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E08-48"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E09-49"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"Tinker Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Bell"},{"link_name":"Rose McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McIver"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E10-46"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)"},{"link_name":"JoAnna Garcia Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnna_Garcia_Swisher"},{"link_name":"mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E17-51"},{"link_name":"Wendy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Freya Tingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Tingley"},{"link_name":"Pandora's box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%27s_box"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E07-52"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E09-49"},{"link_name":"Queen Elsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Georgina Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Haig"},{"link_name":"Princess Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Lail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lail"},{"link_name":"Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marian"},{"link_name":"Christie Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Laing"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lacey-53"},{"link_name":"Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Scott Michael Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Michael_Foster"},{"link_name":"Snow Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Brighton Sharbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Sharbino"},{"link_name":"Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"Timothy Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Webber"},{"link_name":"Graham Verchere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Verchere"},{"link_name":"Maleficent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleficent"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Kristin Bauer van Straten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Bauer_van_Straten"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E22-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E02-29"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheEvilQueen-54"},{"link_name":"Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Merrin Dungey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrin_Dungey"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"Cruella De Vil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Victoria Smurfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Smurfit"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fischler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fischler"},{"link_name":"Agnes Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Nicole Munoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Hopkins, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"Elliot Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Knight"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Adams_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"sorcerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Liam Garrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Garrigan"},{"link_name":"Queen Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merida_(Brave)"},{"link_name":"Amy Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Manson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comiccon2015-55"},{"link_name":"Queen Guinevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinevere"},{"link_name":"Sir Lancelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot"},{"link_name":"Sinqua Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqua_Walls"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Blind Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"Emma Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Greg Germann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Germann"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Hank Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Harris"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Sam Witwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Witwer"},{"link_name":"Giles Matthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Matthey"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin"},{"link_name":"Deniz Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Akdeniz"},{"link_name":"Princess Jasmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Jasmine"},{"link_name":"Karen David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_David"},{"link_name":"Black Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"},{"link_name":"Jaime Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Murray"},{"link_name":"Tiger Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Lily_(Peter_Pan)"},{"link_name":"Sara Tomko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Tomko"},{"link_name":"Drizella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizella_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Kane"},{"link_name":"Anna Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cathcart"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Rose Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Lupinus pilosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_pilosus"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Mother Gothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Gothel#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Mother Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature"},{"link_name":"Emma Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Booth_(actress)"},{"link_name":"nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"Dr. Facilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Princess_and_the_Frog_characters"},{"link_name":"Hansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(hero)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Seth Isaac Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Isaac_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Tiera Skovbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiera_Skovbye"},{"link_name":"Prince Naveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Princess_and_the_Frog_characters"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Lower Agrabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Brian George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_George"},{"link_name":"Amir Arison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Arison"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_the_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Lauren McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_McKnight"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Zuleikha Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuleikha_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Jabberwocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Peta Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jabby-56"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Dreamy/Grumpy/Leroy (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Lee Arenberg, is a dwarf and mine digger. Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy.[15] He then becomes friends with Snow White while she's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He later ends up in Storybrooke – after the Dark Curse is cast – as a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk.[4] He remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.\nWidow Lucas/Granny (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Beverley Elliott, is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas. In the Enchanted Forest, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then transformed her into a wolf. Most aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the curse, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. In Storybrooke, she is the owner of Granny's Bed and breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny's memories are returned when the curse is broken and is then sent back to the Enchanted Forest when the curse is undone by Regina. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.[10][11]\nReul Ghorm/Blue Fairy/Mother Superior (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Keegan Connor Tracy, is a high-ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others. In the Enchanted Forest, she is the leader of the fairies and sets the rules among her kind, and would go as far as expulsion to those that breaks her rules. When the curse is cast, she becomes the leader of a group of nuns in Storybrooke. She becomes a catalyst in the Final Battle after the arrival of the Black Fairy, as the Blue Fairy herself was partially responsible for the Black Fairy's dark turn.\nDr. Victor Frankenstein/Dr. Whale (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by David Anders, is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science. He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse. In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father and instead he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. However, when his brother dies Victor successfully resurrects him, but not all is as it seems.[16] When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital.[4] After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina's home intending to kill her.[11][17] He later successfully reanimates Daniel's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen but it is crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde.\nGeppetto/Marco (seasons 1–4, 6) portrayed by Tony Amendola and Michael Strusievici, is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio. In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Geppetto's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse. In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town's handyman. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior.[18] He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one. Marco takes August in again after the latter is reverted back from his younger form by Mr. Gold while in pursuit of the Author.[19]\nPrince Henry Mills (seasons 1–2, 4–6) portrayed by Tony Perez and Zak Santiago, is the son of King Xavier, husband of Cora Mills and the father of Regina Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He loves his daughter very much and would constantly try to protect her from Cora. However, after Regina banishes Cora and becomes the Evil Queen, he becomes her valet. His heart is the used to cast the Dark Curse and his soul ends up in the Underworld. He moves on to Mount Olympus after settling his unfinished business with Regina.\nGenie/Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass (seasons 1, 3–6) portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito, is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within. From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror.[2] As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina.[8][9] In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina's request, he researches Emma Swan's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke.[20] After Graham's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma.[13] Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma.[2] Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder.[21] However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous.[22] He is then placed into Storybrooke's asylum underneath the hospital. Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. Sidney then allies himself with the Snow Queen, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in.\nKing George/Albert Spencer (seasons 1–2, 6) portrayed by Alan Dale, is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince David. In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir: James. When James is killed in a duel against Behemoth, his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David's mother and burn his home.[23] However, the wedding never happens as David falls in-love with Snow White. After David's engagement with Snow, they lead an army against King George, dethroning him. After the curse is cast, he is the cold-hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard.[21] Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town that David's incapable of control and is arrested.[24] Spencer is briefly confronted again by David following the latter's discovery of the former's role in the death of David's father Robert.[25]\nPrincess Abigail/Kathryn Nolan (seasons 1, 3) portrayed by Anastasia Griffith, is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick. In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail. In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her.[23][12] She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn's is found in Mary Margaret's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance.[21] Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping.[22] After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home.[26]\nJefferson/Mad Hatter (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Sebastian Stan, is a thief who is able to jump from world to world with the aid of portals opened by a magic hat he possesses. On a thieving journey to Camelot, he meets a fellow thief named Priscilla with whom he falls in love and has a daughter named Grace. Priscilla is eventually killed while trying to rescue Jefferson from the clutches of the March Hare, who then trapped him in a never-ending tea party, leading Jefferson to give up his life as thief and eke out a meager living as a mushroom seller. He is eventually tempted back into thieving by Regina, who tricks him into going with her to Wonderland, where she leaves him stranded. After the first curse, Jefferson is one of the few residents of Storybrooke to retain his old memories, made all the more painful because he is separated from his daughter in this new reality. After the arrival of the Savior, Jefferson strikes a new deal with Regina in hopes of starting a new life with his daughter, but is again double crossed. However, after the curse is broken, Jefferson is able to reunite with his daughter, now known as Paige and gets his happy ending.\nPrincess Aurora (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Sarah Bolger, is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Leah, Prince Phillip's lover and mother of Phillip Jr. In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for 28 years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld. After the curse is broken, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith.[11] At first, she blames them for Phillip's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke,[27] assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her.[29] Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse.[30] It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child.\nPrince Phillip (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Julian Morris, is the lover of Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for 28 years.[31] Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awaken from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul.[11] It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip's soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child.[29] Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan's curse took them back to their original worlds.[30] Prior to the curse's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke.\nMulan (seasons 2–3, 5) portrayed by Jamie Chung, is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip's death.[11] Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke,[27] assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood's Merry Men.[29] Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby's family of lycans which leads them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena.\nCora Mills/Queen of Hearts (seasons 1–5, Wonderland) portrayed by Barbara Hershey, Rose McGowan, and Jennifer Koenig, is the daughter of an unnamed miller, wife of Prince Henry Mills, mother of Zelena and Regina Mills, grandmother of Henry Mills and Robin, and the great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina's Dark Curse. Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest.[32] In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus.\nWilliam Smee (seasons 2–4, 6) portrayed by Chris Gauthier, is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find. In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age.[33] In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire. In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French.[33] Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold's most prized possession – Baelfire's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat. He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook.\nOwen Flynn/Greg Mendell (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Ethan Embry and Benjamin Stockham, is the son of Kurt Flynn. In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father.[34] More than 28 years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen.[35] When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy's fiancée, Tamara.[18] The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled.[36] The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland. Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan's Shadow to rip out Greg's shadow from his body, killing him instantly.[27][28]\nTamara (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Sonequa Martin-Green, is Neal's fiancé and Greg Mendell's lover. Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Tracking the Dragon in Hong Kong, she crosses paths with August Booth. After the Dragon reveals himself, Tamara seemingly kills him. Since then, she joins the Home Office, an organisation involved believed to fight magical creatures and gets involved with Greg Mendell. She then tracks down August and finds out about Storybrooke. To get closer, she \"accidentally\" bumps into Neal Cassidy and gets into a relationship with him.[18] After the curse breaks, Tamara comes to Storybrooke and reunites with Greg. During her time in Storybrooke, she tries to kill August to prevent him from warning the others. After finding a tigger that can eliminate Storybrooke, she and Greg triggers it as a distraction to kidnap Henry to Neverland, where Tamara finds out that the Home Office is fake. As she attempts to escape the Lost Boys, she is struck by an arrow. Mr. Gold later inquires her for Henry's whereabouts before taking her heart out and crushing it.[28]\nFelix (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Parker Croft, is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan's right-hand boy. In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted – Henry Mills.[27] When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town \"The New Neverland\" with possession of the original Dark Curse.[37] However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice.[38]\nMalcolm/Peter Pan/Pied Piper (seasons 3, 5–6) portrayed by Robbie Kay and Stephen Lord, is the father of Rumplestiltskin, a former lover of the Black Fairy, the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon, the great-grandfather of Henry Mills, and the great-great grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete.[39] Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen's curse to retrieve a boy soon-to-be-born. After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer.[28] Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora's Box,[39] Regina successfully reclaims Henry's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry's souls.[40] Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse's scroll from Regina's vault and casts a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin and regresses back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina.[38] After death, Malcolm's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrive in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart he has put into Pan's body is actually a wineskin he had filled with water from the River of Lost Souls and glamoured as a heart sending him into the River of Lost Souls.\nTinker Bell (seasons 3, 6) portrayed by Rose McIver, is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy. In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy.[29] Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland. Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan.[29] She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight.[37]\nAriel (seasons 3–4, 6) portrayed by JoAnna Garcia Swisher, is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White, after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff. Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for 12 hours according to the sea goddess Ursula's legend. To repay Ariel, Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric, a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck. Eric invites Ariel to travel with him, though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid, for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world. However, Ariel discovers Ursula's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow. Ariel returns to Eric's castle, only to have her voice stolen by Regina, being unable to communicate with him.[41] Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora's Box from Mr. Gold's shop to defeat Peter Pan.[41] After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds.[38] It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman's Island. Ariel eventually reunites with Eric and settles on the island, which was spared from the effects of Snow White's curse. Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke.[42]\nWendy Darling (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Freya Tingley, is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Darling, and sister to John and Michael. When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Every day, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Baelfire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept a prisoner for over a century while her brothers do Pan's bidding to keep her alive. A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora's box, which he and Regina are seeking to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan.[43] Wendy is later saved by Baelfire, this time known as Neal, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke.[40]\nQueen Elsa (seasons 3–4) portrayed by Georgina Haig, is the elder daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda, older sister of Anna and the older niece of Ingrid and Helga. In Arendelle, with Anna away in the Enchanted Forest, Elsa meets her long forgotten aunt Ingrid and learns part of her mother's secret past. However, her relationship with Ingrid strains after Anna's return. As Ingrid wishes to form a new family with Elsa, and after finding Anna unfit, Elsa is entrapped in an urn by Anna, who was cursed by Ingrid. The urn ends up in Rumplestiltskin's possession and because of Emma and Hook, it ends up in present-day Storybrooke via time travel. Elsa's complicated past with Ingrid is revealed as she and Emma bands together to stop Ingrid from succeeding with her spell. Elsa is reunited with Anna, and after witnessing Ingrid's sacrifice, she returns to Arendelle with Anna and Kristoff to reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and to prepare for her sister's wedding.\nPrincess Anna (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Lail, is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, younger sister of Elsa, younger niece of Ingrid and Helga and the fiancé, later wife of Kristoff. When she was a teenager, her and Elsa's parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Before Anna can register what has occurred and attempting to get Elsa back, Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna's necklace in Mr. Gold's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers just in time for her wedding.\nMarian (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Christie Laing, is the wife of Robin Hood and mother of Roland. Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin's castle to heal her.[44] Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death. Years later, after Zelena opens a time-travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena.\nKristoff (season 4) portrayed by Scott Michael Foster, is the lover and later husband of Princess Anna. Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold to find the truth behind her parents' deaths. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only for the couple to be frozen solid by Ingrid. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff from drowning in the trunk and brings them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and reclaims the kingdom just in time for his and Anna's wedding.\nIngrid/Snow Queen/Sarah Fisher (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Mitchell and Brighton Sharbino, the oldest daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja, elder sister of Helga and Gerda, and the aunt of Elsa and Anna. As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic and unintentionally kills her sister Helga, forcing Gerda to entrap Ingrid in an urn. Now as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed reunites with her nieces Elsa and Anna. However, as Anna is unfit to be family, Ingrid, with the help of the Apprentice, goes to the Land Without Magic to find the yet-to-be-born Emma. Hoping that she will be reunited with both Elsa and Emma, she moves to Storybrooke as Sarah Fisher. When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight to remove the rest of Storybrooke's residents, but upon realizing that she has always had her sisters' love, she sacrifices herself to undo the spell.\nThe Apprentice (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Timothy Webber and Graham Verchere, is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest. He protects his teacher's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One's powers. A Dark One, Rumplestiltskin, later manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility. In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and use its power to be cleaved of the Dark One's dagger's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold's life by placing the Dark One's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterward, the Apprentice takes his last breath and dies. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained.\nMaleficent (seasons 1–2, 4, 7, Wonderland) portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten, is the mother of Lilith Page via Zorro. Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent's dragon form.[10] Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her.[20] After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form.[45] When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. Maleficent then reunites with her daughter Lilith and together they locate Lilith's father, Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina's coronation, but does not RSVP.\nUrsula (season 4) portrayed by Merrin Dungey and Tiffany Boone, is the daughter of King Poseidon.[41] In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from aging. Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her a happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin's plan in-exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm.\nCruella De Vil/Cruella Feinberg (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Victoria Smurfit and Milli Wilkinson, is the daughter of Madeline. In 1920s England, Cruella kills her father, stepfathers, and later her mother and her dalmatian dogs. To prevent her from taking another soul, Isaac uses his author abilities and seals her fate. Cruella later teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to stop the casting of the Dark Curse, but is accidentally sent to the Land Without Magic. Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on.\nIsaac Heller (seasons 4, 6) portrayed by Patrick Fischler, is an author. Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac's writing comes to a halt. Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants’ fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrongdoing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke and returns to the Land Without Magic.\nLilith Page/Starla (season 4) portrayed by Agnes Bruckner and Nicole Munoz, is the daughter of Maleficent. Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar-aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but parts ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her own. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Aboard a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even. Years later, per Maleficent's request, Emma tracks Lilith, who goes by the name of Starla, down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma's car with the Sorcerer's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficent by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterward. Following Isaac's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father. By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be Zorro.\nMerlin (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Elliot Knight and voiced by Jonathan Adams is a powerful sorcerer. Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in-need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm. In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future. Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse's ingredients which enacts the curse.\nKing Arthur (season 5) portrayed by Liam Garrigan and Webb Baker Hayes, is the ruler of Camelot. As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle. Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur—the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook—the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke. In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes some time later. He then crosses paths with Hades, who ends up killing him, thus sending him to the Underworld. There, he helps Hook in sending a message to Emma of a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay behind and repair his new \"broken kingdom\", the Underworld. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled over the Underworld for over 50 years.\nQueen Merida (season 5) portrayed by Amy Manson, is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers.[46] When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On a horseback ride to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook. In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later asked to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch.\nQueen Guinevere (season 5) portrayed by Joana Metrass and Dalila Bela, is the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot. As a young girl, she believed in Arthur's dreams of becoming a king, and that upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased, thanks to a new curse cast by Hook as the new Dark One. She is later sent to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot, alongside her people, the Merry Men and Merida.\nSir Lancelot (seasons 2, 5) portrayed by Sinqua Walls, is the son of the Lady of the Lake, and one of King Arthur's knights of the round table. During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur's wife Guinevere. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur and becoming the new Dark One in the process, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake; his status from here onwards is unknown.\nViolet Morgan (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Olivia Steele-Falconer, is the daughter of Sir Morgan. She hopes to follow her late mother's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she and Henry grow close over their shared passion for music. Emma manipulates their burgeoning relationship to break Henry's heart and obtain his teardrop as a spell component to free Merlin. Later, the Dark Curse sends Violet and her father to the Land Without Magic, along with much of Camelot's population. With their memories erased, she and Henry are again attracted to each other. After Henry recovers Violet's missing horse, Nicodemus, they share a kiss. Violet accompanies Henry to New York City in his quest to destroy magic, and returns to Storybrooke with him. When the other Camelot residents leave, Violet tells Henry that she and her father will be staying because Sir Morgan is originally from Connecticut in Henry's world. Violet becomes a student at Storybrooke High. When Henry realizes the Evil Queen is impersonating Regina, Violet invents an excuse to help Henry escape during their date. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up.\n The Blind Witch (seasons 1, 5) portrayed by Emma Caulfield, is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods. Her house and the treats lure in children, whom she would cook and eat. At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awakening the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and sets the oven alight. Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld's version of Granny's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She hasn't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she wasn't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time of King Arthur's arrival after he was killed by Hades.\nHades (season 5) portrayed by Greg Germann, is the God of the Underworld. He is the son of Kronos, brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules. After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld. When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each soul that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she is kidnapped, he asks Emma's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Crystal.\nDr. Henry Jekyll (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Hank Harris, is a physician. In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments are too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, they both engage in a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories. When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Serum Evil Queen. He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde.\nMr. Hyde (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Sam Witwer, is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego. In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories. Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Land of Untold Stories inhabitants. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Serum Evil Queen. When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego.\nGideon (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Giles Matthey and Anton Starkman, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle, half-brother of Baelfire, and grandson of Malcolm and Fiona. Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full 28 years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma. During the Black Fairy's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold bring Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spend time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time difference in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her.\nAladdin (season 6) portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz, is a thief and the Savior before Emma Swan. As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine afterward reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic. Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a backup plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah's whereabouts. However, he is captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they return to the Enchanted Forest to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar's genie lamp and discover that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threatened with the Black Fairy's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat back to the Enchanted Forest. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine return home.\nPrincess Jasmine (season 6) portrayed by Karen David, is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah, and Aladdin's lover. When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, she tries to get Aladdin to help her free the realm from his tyranny. However, Aladdin frees himself from his savior state and Jafar entraps the capital into a jewel, forcing Jasmine to retreat to the Land of Untold Stories. Thirty years later, ending up in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and continues their mission to save their home. Confronting Jafar, now a genie, they get the upper hand and kills him, restoring the capital. During the Black Fairy's curse, Jasmine helps Snow locate David with her magic carpet. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, she and Aladdin return home.\nFiona/Black Fairy (season 6) portrayed by Jaime Murray, is the former lover of Malcolm, mother of Rumplestiltskin, grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon, great-grandmother of Henry Mills, and great-great-grandmother of Lucy. With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, reveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust. About 30 years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After 28 years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy has been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma's love ones before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and sets off the destruction of all the realms, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end.\nTiger Lily (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Sara Tomko, is a fairy. After the birth of Fiona's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visit Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveal Fiona's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland. Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. After Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana's palace.\nDrizella/Ivy Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Adelaide Kane, Anna Cathcart, and Lula Mae Melench, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Anastasia, step-daughter of Cecelia, step-sister of Ella, and step-aunt of Lucy. As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel's return six years later. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother Victoria at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in-charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in-order to make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy begins to realize her wrongdoings and makes amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia use a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest.\nAlice/Tilly (season 7) portrayed by Rose Reynolds, is the daughter of Hook and Gothel and Robin's fiancée. Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower on her 17th birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents her from remembering her past life. Once, when she refuses, she remembers Rumplestiltskin and shoots Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the Coven of Eights. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memory and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for her action, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embrace each other. Eventually with Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to her and after the creation of the United Realms, they both attend Regina's coronation.\nAnastasia (season 7) portrayed by Yael Yurman and Sophia Reid-Gant, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Drizella, step-daughter of Cecelia, and step-sister of Ella. Despite her mother's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awoken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin are sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is awaken by Victoria but is manipulated by Eloise, who plans to use Anastasia's guardian powers for her own means. She is saved by Ivy, and together they return to the New Enchanted Forest.\nMother Gothel/Eloise Gardener/Mother Nature (season 7) portrayed by Emma Booth, is the daughter of Flora (a.k.a.) and the mother of Alice. As a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel befriends a group of human women. However, they betray her and slaughter her family, with Gothel inheriting her mother's title of Mother Nature. Angered with mankind, Gothel and Seraphina wipe the realm clean and escape to New Fairy Tale Land where she forms the Coven of the Eight with hopes of returning to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the realm. Gothel also sexually assaults Hook, resulting in the birth of Alice. Eventually, pawning Drizella, the Dark Curse is cast, returning Gothel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She also seeks out the Guardian's magic. Eventually reforming her coven and purging the realm, the destruction stops after the curse breaks and Gothel is turned into a tree by Alice.\nDr. Facilier/Mr. Baron Samdi (season 7) portrayed by Daniel Francis, is a voodoo magician who has a history with the Evil Queen. His intentions with Tiana's family is never clear, but he tries to bring fear by threatening Tiana on her coronation day and later keeping Prince Naveen apart from her. When the curse is cast, he becomes Mr. Baron Samdi and for an unclear reason, wants the Dark One's dagger. However, he is later killed by the Wish Realm version of Rumplestiltskin.\nHansel/Jack/Nick Branson (season 7) portrayed by Nathan Parsons and Seth Isaac Johnson, is the son of Ivo and brother of Gretel. As a child, he and his sister were kidnapped by a Witch who wanted to eat them. He also sees Zelena as a wicked witch and harbors a grudge against witches. After his sister's death, he assumes the identity of Jack to hunt down the witches. Once the curse is cast and he is awaken by Mr. Samdi, he continues his witch hunt. But he is arrested and then killed by Mr. Samdi as collateral damage.\nRobin Hood/Margot (season 7) portrayed by Tiera Skovbye, is the daughter of Robin and Zelena, half-sister of Roland, and Alice's fiancée. Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterward, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a 25-year-old woman who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly's daughter. However, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterward ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home. She eventually comes back to Hyperion Heights and reconnects with her mother. She unknowingly re-meets her lover Alice and they continue their relationship. Once the curse breaks, they're reunited. With Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to Alice and after the creation of the United Realms, they attend Regina's coronation.\nPrince Naveen/Drew (season 7) portrayed by Jeff Pierre, is the Prince of Maldonia. After his brother died from an alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the alligator. Once it's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast. In Hyperion Heights, he is Drew, a food truck operator and forced to do Mr. Samdi's bidding. After the curse breaks, he reunites with Tiana.\nEdwin (Wonderland) portrayed by Shaun Smyth, is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie. In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife's death and Alice's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London.\nThe Caterpillar (seasons 1, 6, Wonderland) voiced by Roger Daltrey and Iggy Pop, is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking. The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar. Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget-Me-Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget-Me-Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar to get his compass back.\nThe Sultan of Lower Agrabah (Wonderland) portrayed by Brian George and Amir Arison, is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah. In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan's son, Prince Mirza, couldn't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slap Jafar for overstepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan. Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him.\nElizabeth (Wonderland) portrayed by Lauren McKnight, is a young woman who is one of the Caterpillar's Collectors. Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland....to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave's petrified form. Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus' lamp.\nAmara (Wonderland) portrayed by Zuleikha Robinson, is the mother of Taj, Cyrus and Rafi. She is a powerful healer and sorceress who is feared amongst the residents of Agrabah. After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar. Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx.\nThe Jabberwocky (Wonderland) portrayed by Peta Sergeant, is an ancient human-like creature who can enter the minds of anyone. In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest. Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth's dead body, she takes her eyes for Jafar to locate the third genie's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed.[47][non-primary source needed]","title":"Recurring cast"}]
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[{"reference":"Orlando, Christine (October 23, 2011). \"Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic\". TV Fanatic. Retrieved January 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-review-pilot/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic\""}]},{"reference":"Ratcliffe, Amy (January 30, 2012). \"Once Upon a Time: \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved January 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/01/30/once-upon-a-time-fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree-review/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Shaunna (November 7, 2011). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Woods Are Lovely, Dark, And Deep\". Entertainment Weekly. 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Retrieved October 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-once-a-time-josh-dallas-lana-parrilla-interview-255095","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Stars Lana Parrilla and Josh Dallas Talk Show Creators' Secretive Ways (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (December 5, 2011). \"Once Upon a Time: \"The Shepherd\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved October 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2011/12/05/once-upon-a-time-the-shepherd-review","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"The Shepherd\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hilary (January 15, 2012). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: It Takes Two\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-9/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: It Takes Two\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Ratcliffe, Amy (December 12, 2011). \"Once Upon a Time: \"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved April 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.ign.com/articles/121/1214545p1.html","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Prudom, Laura (September 30, 2012). \"'Once Upon A Time' Season Premiere Recap: Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In 'Broken'\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/laura-prudom/once-upon-a-time-premiere-recap_b_1926331.html","url_text":"\"'Once Upon A Time' Season Premiere Recap: Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In 'Broken'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hilary (January 23, 2012). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: When Doves Fly\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-10/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: When Doves Fly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (January 9, 2012). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Dark One Rises\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-8/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Dark One Rises\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Homecoming\". www.disneyabcpress.com. Retrieved May 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.disneyabcpress.com/abc/shows/onceuponatime/episodes/homecoming-1525366777/videos/","url_text":"\"Homecoming\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (March 5, 2012). \"Once Upon a Time' recap: A Fairy Tale – Literally\". Retrieved March 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-14/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time' recap: A Fairy Tale – Literally\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Rachel (March 19, 2012). \"WonderCon 2012: ONCE UPON A TIME Panel Recap; Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz\". Collider.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/wondercon-once-upon-a-time/153420/","url_text":"\"WonderCon 2012: ONCE UPON A TIME Panel Recap; Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkland, Justin (March 5, 2017). \"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Magic Isn't Nearly as Cool as This Impossible Return to Storybrooke\". EW.com. Retrieved July 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-11/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Magic Isn't Nearly as Cool as This Impossible Return to Storybrooke\""}]},{"reference":"Shaunna, Murphy (October 31, 2011). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: This Town Ain't Big Enough\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-2/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: This Town Ain't Big Enough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Sava, Oliver (April 22, 2012). \"The Return\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-return,72583/","url_text":"\"The Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Sava, Oliver (December 4, 2011). \"Once Upon A Time: 'The Shepherd'\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/review/once-upon-a-time-the-shepherd-65911","url_text":"\"Once Upon A Time: 'The Shepherd'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Kirkland, Justin (March 12, 2017). \"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Regina Finds Out More About Robin's Return\". EW.com. Retrieved July 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-12/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Regina Finds Out More About Robin's Return\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (September 29, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Season 3 premiere\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-premiere/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Season 3 premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Hillary, Busis (March 9, 2014). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-12/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234332/http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (December 8, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-10/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hilary (December 15, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The End Is the Beginning Is the End\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-midseason-finale/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The End Is the Beginning Is the End\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (November 17, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: A Family Affair\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-8/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: A Family Affair\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Freaky Sunday\". Entertainment Weekly. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-9/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Freaky Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (November 10, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Dark Hollow'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-7/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Dark Hollow'\""}]},{"reference":"Milan Cheylov, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz (April 21, 2013). \"Lacey\". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 19. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cheylov","url_text":"Milan Cheylov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacey_(Once_Upon_a_Time)","url_text":"Lacey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)","url_text":"Once Upon a Time"}]},{"reference":"Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Writ. Jane Espenson and Christine Boylan (April 28, 2013). \"The Evil Queen\". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 20. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth_Horder-Payton","url_text":"Gwyneth Horder-Payton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Espenson","url_text":"Jane Espenson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Boylan","url_text":"Christine Boylan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Queen_(Once_Upon_a_Time)","url_text":"The Evil Queen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)","url_text":"Once Upon a Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Adam Horowitz on Twitter\". Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AdamHorowitzLA/status/513359366129340416","url_text":"\"Adam Horowitz on Twitter\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-review-pilot/","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic\""},{"Link":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/01/30/once-upon-a-time-fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree-review/","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\" Review\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-13/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The 'Snare Witch' Project\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-3/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Woods Are Lovely, Dark, And Deep\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s181/once-upon-a-time/tubetalk/a346363/once-upon-a-time-meet-the-cast-of-abcs-new-fantasy-drama.html","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time': Meet the cast of ABC's new fantasy drama\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-once-a-time-josh-dallas-lana-parrilla-interview-255095","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Stars Lana Parrilla and Josh Dallas Talk Show Creators' Secretive Ways (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2011/12/05/once-upon-a-time-the-shepherd-review","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"The Shepherd\" Review\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-9/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: It Takes Two\""},{"Link":"http://tv.ign.com/articles/121/1214545p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter\" Review\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' season finale recap: Now I'm a Believer\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/laura-prudom/once-upon-a-time-premiere-recap_b_1926331.html","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon A Time' Season Premiere Recap: Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In 'Broken'\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-10/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: When Doves Fly\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-8/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Dark One Rises\""},{"Link":"https://www.disneyabcpress.com/abc/shows/onceuponatime/episodes/homecoming-1525366777/videos/","external_links_name":"\"Homecoming\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-14/","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time' recap: A Fairy Tale – Literally\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Oh Brother\""},{"Link":"http://collider.com/wondercon-once-upon-a-time/153420/","external_links_name":"\"WonderCon 2012: ONCE UPON A TIME Panel Recap; Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-18/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Dead Wood\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-11/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Magic Isn't Nearly as Cool as This Impossible Return to Storybrooke\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-2/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: This Town Ain't Big Enough\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-18/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Snow White meets 'Black Swan'\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-return,72583/","external_links_name":"\"The Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/once-upon-a-time-the-shepherd-65911","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon A Time: 'The Shepherd'\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-7/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: There's a She-Wolf in the Freezer\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Regina Finds Out More About Robin's Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Once-Upon-Time-Spoilers-Kitsis-Horowitz-ABC-1060428.aspx","external_links_name":"Lightning Round 5: Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Little Boy Lost\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Season 3 premiere\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-3/","external_links_name":"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Faith, Hope and Fairy Dust"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-11/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Fare Thee Belle\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-9-winter-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: There and Back Again\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-captain-hook/","external_links_name":"'Once Upon a Time' recap: O Captain! My Captain!"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-17/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: That '80s Show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234332/http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-21/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Dark Shadows\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-10/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-midseason-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The End Is the Beginning Is the End\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-8/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: A Family Affair\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-9/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Freaky Sunday\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-ariel-little-mermaid/","external_links_name":"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Secrets, Secrets Are No Fun"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-17/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Boat Show\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-7/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Dark Hollow'\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/11/comic-con-once-upon-time-panel-merida-season-5","external_links_name":"\"Comic-Con 2015: 'Once Upon a Time' introducing Merida in season 5\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/AdamHorowitzLA/status/513359366129340416","external_links_name":"\"Adam Horowitz on Twitter\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Austrian_First_Class
|
1919–20 Austrian First Class
|
["1 League standings","2 Results","3 References"]
|
9th season of top-tier football league in Austria
Football league seasonAustrian First ClassSeason1919–20ChampionsSK Rapid Wien (6th Austrian title)Matches played132Goals scored453 (3.43 per match)Top goalscorerErnst Winker (23 goals)← 1918–19 1920–21 → This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The 1919–20 Austrian First Class season was the ninth season of top-tier football in Austria. With the league expanded to a twelve team competition, it was won by SK Rapid Wien by goal average over SV Amateure.
League standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
SK Rapid Wien
22
15
3
4
71
29
+42
33
2
SV Amateure
22
14
5
3
55
24
+31
33
3
Wiener Sportclub
22
13
4
5
37
28
+9
30
4
Floridsdorfer AC
22
11
6
5
36
24
+12
28
5
SC Rudolfshügel
22
11
3
8
42
30
+12
25
6
Wiener AC
22
8
6
8
31
36
−5
22
7
1. Simmeringer SC
22
8
5
9
39
44
−5
21
8
SC Wacker
22
6
5
11
27
48
−21
17
9
ASV Hertha
22
6
4
12
24
33
−9
16
10
First Vienna FC
22
4
7
11
36
47
−11
15
11
Wiener AF
22
4
5
13
30
43
−13
13
12
SK Admira Wien
22
3
5
14
25
67
−42
11
Source: rsssf.com
Results
Home \ Away
ADM
AMA
FIR
FLO
HER
RAP
RUD
SIM
WAK
WAC
WAF
SPO
SK Admira Wien
1–4
1–4
0–4
1–2
2–5
0–3
1–0
0–0
1–2
2–1
0–2
SV Amateure
4–2
3–2
2–2
3–1
2–3
6–0
4–1
2–0
3–0
2–0
2–2
First Vienna
2–2
1–3
1–1
2–2
1–1
1–5
3–3
2–3
3–0
0–2
2–3
Floridsdorfer AC
0–0
1–1
1–2
1–0
1–0
1–0
4–1
3–1
4–0
4–2
1–2
ASV Hertha
3–1
0–2
1–0
1–1
1–2
0–2
0–1
3–0
1–1
4–0
2–1
SK Rapid Wien
11–2
1–2
1–1
2–0
4–1
3–1
2–1
9–2
4–2
4–2
1–0
SC Rudolfshügel
0–2
1–1
4–2
5–0
1–0
4–2
2–0
2–2
1–2
1–1
0–1
Simmeringer SC
1–1
1–0
1–4
1–0
3–1
2–5
4–2
6–1
1–0
3–3
0–3
SC Wacker
6–1
2–4
4–1
1–2
0–0
0–4
0–2
1–1
0–2
1–0
0–0
Wiener AC
4–1
1–0
4–1
2–2
3–1
0–0
0–4
2–2
0–2
1–1
3–1
Wiener AF
7–2
0–3
1–1
0–1
3–0
2–0
1–2
1–3
0–1
2–2
0–1
Wiener Sportclub
2–2
2–2
1–0
0–2
1–0
0–7
1–0
4–3
4–0
1–0
5–1
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
References
Austria - List of final tables (RSSSF)
vteTop division football seasons in Austria1911 to 1938
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
Gauliga(1938 to 1945)
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945 to 1974
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
Bundesliga(1974 to current)
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1919–20 in European football « 1918–19 1920–21 » Domestic leagues
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
England
Germany
Hungary
Iceland '19 '20
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Scotland
Switzerland
Domestic cups
Austria
England
France
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway '19 '20
Scotland
Spain '19 '20
Sweden '19 '20
Wales
This article about an Austrian association football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"SK Rapid Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"SV Amateure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Amateure"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1919–20 Austrian First Class season was the ninth season of top-tier football in Austria. With the league expanded to a twelve team competition, it was won by SK Rapid Wien by goal average over SV Amateure.","title":"1919–20 Austrian First Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tableso/oosthist.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ADM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Admira_Wacker_M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"AMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Amateure"},{"link_name":"FIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_FC"},{"link_name":"FLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridsdorfer_AC"},{"link_name":"HER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASV_Hertha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"RUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SC_Rudolfsh%C3%BCgel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Simmeringer_SC"},{"link_name":"WAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Wacker"},{"link_name":"WAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_AC"},{"link_name":"WAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_AF"},{"link_name":"SPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Sportclub"},{"link_name":"SK Admira Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Admira_Wacker_M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"SV Amateure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Amateure"},{"link_name":"First Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_FC"},{"link_name":"Floridsdorfer AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridsdorfer_AC"},{"link_name":"ASV Hertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASV_Hertha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SK Rapid Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"SC Rudolfshügel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SC_Rudolfsh%C3%BCgel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simmeringer SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Simmeringer_SC"},{"link_name":"SC Wacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Wacker"},{"link_name":"Wiener AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_AC"},{"link_name":"Wiener AF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_AF"},{"link_name":"Wiener Sportclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Sportclub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nADM\n\nAMA\n\nFIR\n\nFLO\n\nHER\n\nRAP\n\nRUD\n\nSIM\n\nWAK\n\nWAC\n\nWAF\n\nSPO\n\n\nSK Admira Wien\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n1–4\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n2–5\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n\nSV Amateure\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–3\n\n6–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nFirst Vienna\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n\nFloridsdorfer AC\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nASV Hertha\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nSK Rapid Wien\n\n11–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n9–2\n\n4–2\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nSC Rudolfshügel\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nSimmeringer SC\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–5\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n6–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n0–3\n\n\nSC Wacker\n\n6–1\n\n2–4\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–4\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nWiener AC\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nWiener AF\n\n7–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n\nWiener Sportclub\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–7\n\n1–0\n\n4–3\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/oosthist.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/oosthist.html","external_links_name":"Austria - List of final tables (RSSSF)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%E2%80%9320_Austrian_First_Class&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraggane
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Scraggane
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["1 External links","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°18′37″N 10°2′5″W / 52.31028°N 10.03472°W / 52.31028; -10.03472Fishing port in County Kerry, Ireland
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Scraggane" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Scraggane pier
Scraggane (Irish: An Scragán) is a fishing port located on the Maharees peninsula near Castlegregory in County Kerry, Ireland.
The main local catch consists of lobster, flat-back crab, spider crab, Atlantic crayfish, Atlantic salmon and mackerel. Scraggane is home to a fleet of about twenty fishing trawlers.
Scraggane Bay is used as a flatwater windsurfing venue owing, and is also sailable in almost any conditions, regardless of wind direction.
External links
Directions for visiting sailing vessels
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
^ "Placenames Database of Ireland". Dublin City University. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
52°18′37″N 10°2′5″W / 52.31028°N 10.03472°W / 52.31028; -10.03472
vtePlaces in County KerryCounty town: TraleeTowns
Ballybunion
Cahersiveen
Castleisland
Dingle
Kenmare
Killorglin
Killarney
Listowel
Tralee
Parishes, Villages andTownlands
Abbeydorney
Annascaul
Ardfert
Asdee
Ballydavid
Ballinskelligs
Ballyduff
Ballyferriter
Ballyheigue
Ballylongford
Ballymacelligott
Ballyseedy
Blennerville
Bonane
Brandon Creek
Brandon
Brosna
Caherboshina
Caherdaniel
Camp
Castlecove
Castlegregory
Castlemaine
Causeway
Chapeltown
Cloghane
Coolgarriv
Currans
Currow
Derrymore
Derrynane
Duagh
Dunquin
Doonshean
Fahamore
Farranfore
Fenit
Feothanach
Fieries
Finuge
Fossa
Glenbeigh
Glenflesk
Gneeveguilla
Kilcummin
Kilderry
Kilflynn
Kilgarvan
Kilmoyley
Knightstown
Knockanure
Knocknagoshel
Lispole
Lisselton
Lixnaw
Milltown
Moyvane
Portmagee
Rathmore
Scraggane
Sneem
Spa
Tarbert
Templenoe
Tuosist
Valentia Island
Ventry
Waterville
Islands
Beginish
Blasket Islands
Deenish
Fenit
Innisfallen
Magharee Islands
Puffin
Scariff
Skellig Islands
Valentia
List of townlands in County Kerry
Category:Geography of County Kerry
This article related to the geography of County Kerry, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Scraggane pier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Scraggane_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_332886.jpg/220px-Scraggane_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_332886.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Kerry.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Kerry.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Placenames Database of Ireland\". Dublin City University. Retrieved 3 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.logainm.ie/22783.aspx","url_text":"\"Placenames Database of Ireland\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_IRB_Sevens_World_Series
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2006–07 IRB Sevens World Series
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["1 Calendar","2 The season","3 Points schedule","4 Final standings","5 The events","5.1 Dubai","5.2 South Africa","5.3 New Zealand","5.4 United States","5.5 Hong Kong","5.6 Australia","5.7 London","5.8 Scotland","6 References","7 External links"]
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2006–07 IRB SevensSeries VIIIHosts
United Arab Emirates
South Africa
New Zealand
United States
Hong Kong
Australia
England
Scotland
Nations32Final positionsChampions New ZealandRunners-up FijiThird Samoa← 2005–06 2007–08 →
2006–07 IRB Sevens World Series was the eighth of an annual series of rugby sevens tournaments for full national sides run by the International Rugby Board since 1999–2000.
New Zealand were the series champions, winning the final tournament in Edinburgh to take the lead on the standings. In that event, the then-defending series champions Fiji would have clinched the season crown by defeating Wales in the Cup quarterfinals. However, a Wales upset win opened the door for New Zealand to take the season crown by winning the Cup in Edinburgh, which they did.
Sevens is traditionally played in a two-day tournament format; however, the most famous event, the Hong Kong Sevens, is played over three days.
Calendar
Tournaments in Australia and Scotland were added for 2006-07. The Australian event returned after a three season hiatus to effectively replace Singapore. The Scotland event effectively replaced the Paris Sevens.
Leg
Venue
Date
Winner
Dubai
Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground
December 1–2, 2006
South Africa
South Africa
Outeniqua Park, George
December 8–9, 2006
New Zealand
New Zealand
Westpac Stadium, Wellington
February 2–3, 2007
Samoa
United States
Petco Park, San Diego
February 10–11, 2007
Fiji
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Stadium
March 30-April 1, 2007
Samoa
Australia
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
April 7–8, 2007
Fiji
London
Twickenham
May 26–27, 2007
New Zealand
Scotland
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
June 2–3, 2007
New Zealand
The season
In a normal event, 16 teams are entered; in Hong Kong, 24 teams enter. In each tournament, the teams are divided into pools of four teams, who play a round-robin within the pool. Points are awarded in each pool on a different schedule from most rugby tournaments—3 for a win, 2 for a draw, 1 for a loss. The first tiebreaker is the head-to-head result between the tied teams, followed by difference in points scored during the tournament.
Four trophies are awarded in each tournament, except for Hong Kong. In descending order of prestige, they are the Cup, whose winner is the overall tournament champion, Plate, Bowl and Shield. In Hong Kong, the Shield is not awarded. Each trophy is awarded at the end of a knockout tournament.
In a normal event, the top two teams in each pool advance to the Cup competition. The four quarterfinal losers drop into the bracket for the Plate. The Bowl is contested by the third-place finishers in each pool, while the Shield is contested by the last-place teams from each pool.
In Hong Kong, the six pool winners, plus the two highest-finishing second-place teams, advance to the Cup. The Plate participants are the eight highest-ranked teams remaining, while the lowest eight drop to the Bowl.
Points schedule
The season championship was determined by the total points earned in all tournaments. The points schedules used for 2006–07 World Sevens Series were tweaked slightly from the previous season at the bottom end of each scale:
Points schedule: 16-team event
Points
Place
Status
20
1st
Cup winner
16
2nd
Cup runner-up
12
3rd(2-way share)
Losing Cup semifinalists
8
5th
Plate winner
6
6th
Plate runner-up
4
7th(2-way share)
Losing Plate semifinalists
2
9th
Bowl winner
Points schedule: 24-team event
Points
Place
Status
30
1st
Cup winner
24
2nd
Cup runner-up
18
3rd(2-way share)
Losing Cup semifinalists
8
5th(4-way share)
Losing Cup quarterfinalists
4
9th
Plate winner
3
10th
Plate runner-up
2
11th(2-way share)
Losing Plate semifinalists
1
17th
Bowl winner
Final standings
Further information: 2006–07 IRB Sevens full standings – including teams that did not score points.
The points awarded to the teams at each event, as well as their overall series totals, are shown in the table below.
2006–07 IRB Sevens – Series VIII
Pos.
Event Team
Dubai
George
Wellington
San Diego
Hong Kong
Adelaide
London
Edinburgh
Pointstotal
1
New Zealand
16
20
12
12
18
12
20
20
130
2
Fiji
12
12
16
20
24
20
16
8
128
3
Samoa
8
4
20
16
30
16
12
16
126
4
South Africa
20
16
12
8
18
6
8
4
92
5
England
12
12
8
4
8
4
2
2
52
6
Wales
0
8
–
–
4
2
12
12
38
7
Australia
4
2
0
4
8
8
6
0
30
8
France
6
4
6
12
0
0
0
0
28
9
Scotland
0
0
0
6
8
4
4
4
26
10
Argentina
2
0
2
0
3
0
4
12
23
11
Kenya
0
0
4
0
0
12
0
6
22
12
Tonga
–
–
0
2
8
0
–
–
10
13
Canada
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
8
14
Tunisia
0
6
–
–
0
–
–
–
6
15*
Portugal
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
15*
United States
–
–
0
0
2
–
–
–
2
17
Russia
–
–
–
–
1
–
0
0
1
Sources: rugby7.com (archived), irb.com (archived), world.rugby (archived)
Notes:
Light blue line on the left indicates a core team eligible to participate in all events of the series.
Points for the event winners are indicated in bold. A zero (0) is recorded in the event column where a team played in a tournament but did not gain any points. A dash (–) is recorded in the event column if a team did not compete at a tournament.
Teams that share a position in the standings (on the same total series points) are marked with an asterisk (*) beside their position.
The events
Dubai
Main article: 2006 Dubai Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
South Africa
31–12
New Zealand
Fiji England
Plate
Samoa
26–7
France
Canada Australia
Bowl
Argentina
26–7
Zimbabwe
Portugal Tunisia
Shield
Wales
33–0
Arabian Gulf
Kenya Scotland
South Africa
Main article: 2006 South Africa Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
New Zealand
24–19
South Africa
Fiji England
Plate
Wales
26–7
Tunisia
France Samoa
Bowl
Australia
41–7
Kenya
Argentina Canada
Shield
Portugal
14–12
Zimbabwe
Scotland Uganda
New Zealand
Main article: 2007 Wellington Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
Samoa
17–14
Fiji
New Zealand South Africa
Plate
England
21–12
France
Canada Kenya
Bowl
Argentina
12–5
Tonga
Australia Cook Islands
Shield
Portugal
26–24
Scotland
Papua New Guinea United States
United States
Main article: 2007 USA Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
Fiji
38–24
Samoa
France New Zealand
Plate
South Africa
28–19
Scotland
Australia England
Bowl
Tonga
22–17
Argentina
Canada Kenya
Shield
United States
26–5
Portugal
West Indies Chile
Hong Kong
Main article: 2007 Hong Kong Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Quarter Finalists
Cup
Samoa
27–22
Fiji
New Zealand South Africa
Australia England Scotland Tonga
Plate
Wales
26–19
Argentina
Portugal United States
Canada Italy Hong Kong Tunisia
Bowl
Russia
21–7
France
Kenya Japan
China Chinese Taipei South Korea Sri Lanka
Australia
Main article: 2007 Adelaide Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
Fiji
21–7
Samoa
Kenya New Zealand
Plate
Australia
31–0
South Africa
England Scotland
Bowl
Wales
26–14
Tonga
Argentina France
Shield
Canada
43–17
Japan
Portugal Hong Kong
London
Main article: 2007 London Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
New Zealand
29–7
Fiji
Samoa Wales
Plate
South Africa
14–5
Australia
Argentina Scotland
Bowl
England
26–14
Portugal
France Russia
Shield
Kenya
15–0
Italy
Canada Georgia
Scotland
Main article: 2007 Edinburgh Sevens
Event
Winners
Score
Finalists
Semi Finalists
Cup
New Zealand
34–5
Samoa
Argentina Wales
Plate
Fiji
31–7
Kenya
South Africa Scotland
Bowl
England
31–0
Portugal
Australia Georgia
Shield
France
21–12
Russia
Canada Italy
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2006–07 IRB Sevens World Series" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
External links
Official tournament site
"2006-07 Season Overview". irb.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
"2006-07 Season Player Points". irb.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
vteSVNSSeasons
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2021
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2023–24 events
Dubai
Cape Town
Perth
Vancouver
Los Angeles
Hong Kong
Singapore
Madrid (Grand Final)
Former events
Argentina
Chile
China
Fiji
France
Japan
London (England)
Malaysia
New Zealand
Scotland
Uruguay
Wales
Current stadiums
BC Place
Cape Town Stadium
Dignity Health Sports Park
Hong Kong Stadium
Metropolitano Stadium
National Stadium, Singapore
Perth Rectangular Stadium
The Sevens
Related articles
Sevens Challenger Series
Olympic Sevens
Rugby World Cup Sevens
vteRugby union schedule for 2007
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
H. Cup
Six Nations Championship
Heineken Cup
World Cup
H. Cup
English Premiership
English Premiership
Mid-year test series
RWC warm-ups
End-of-year tests
Under 19 World Championship
Pacific Nations Cup
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Sevens
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vteRugby union schedule for 2006
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Celtic League
Mid-year tests
Celtic League
H. Cup
Six Nations Championship
Heineken Cup
H. Cup
H. Cup
English Premiership
English Premiership
Top 14
Top 14
Super 14
Tri Nations
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World Sevens Series
Sevens
Powergen Cup
North America 4
North America 4
End-of-year tests
GFI Hong Kong Tens
U21 World C'ship
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Australian Provincial C'ship
European Challenge Cup
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2007 Rugby World Cup qualifying
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"International Rugby Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Board"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Edinburgh_Sevens"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens"}],"text":"2006–07 IRB Sevens World Series was the eighth of an annual series of rugby sevens tournaments for full national sides run by the International Rugby Board since 1999–2000.New Zealand were the series champions, winning the final tournament in Edinburgh to take the lead on the standings. In that event, the then-defending series champions Fiji would have clinched the season crown by defeating Wales in the Cup quarterfinals. However, a Wales upset win opened the door for New Zealand to take the season crown by winning the Cup in Edinburgh, which they did.Sevens is traditionally played in a two-day tournament format; however, the most famous event, the Hong Kong Sevens, is played over three days.","title":"2006–07 IRB Sevens World Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Sevens"},{"link_name":"Paris Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Sevens"}],"text":"Tournaments in Australia and Scotland were added for 2006-07. The Australian event returned after a three season hiatus to effectively replace Singapore. The Scotland event effectively replaced the Paris Sevens.","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In a normal event, 16 teams are entered; in Hong Kong, 24 teams enter. In each tournament, the teams are divided into pools of four teams, who play a round-robin within the pool. Points are awarded in each pool on a different schedule from most rugby tournaments—3 for a win, 2 for a draw, 1 for a loss. The first tiebreaker is the head-to-head result between the tied teams, followed by difference in points scored during the tournament.Four trophies are awarded in each tournament, except for Hong Kong. In descending order of prestige, they are the Cup, whose winner is the overall tournament champion, Plate, Bowl and Shield. In Hong Kong, the Shield is not awarded. Each trophy is awarded at the end of a knockout tournament.In a normal event, the top two teams in each pool advance to the Cup competition. The four quarterfinal losers drop into the bracket for the Plate. The Bowl is contested by the third-place finishers in each pool, while the Shield is contested by the last-place teams from each pool.In Hong Kong, the six pool winners, plus the two highest-finishing second-place teams, advance to the Cup. The Plate participants are the eight highest-ranked teams remaining, while the lowest eight drop to the Bowl.","title":"The season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The season championship was determined by the total points earned in all tournaments. The points schedules used for 2006–07 World Sevens Series were tweaked slightly from the previous season at the bottom end of each scale:Points schedule: 16-team event\n\n\nPoints\n\nPlace\n\nStatus\n\n\n20\n1st\nCup winner\n\n\n16\n2nd\nCup runner-up\n\n\n12\n\n3rd(2-way share)\n\nLosing Cup semifinalists\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n5th\nPlate winner\n\n\n6\n6th\nPlate runner-up\n\n\n4\n\n7th(2-way share)\n\nLosing Plate semifinalists\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n9th\nBowl winner\n\n\nPoints schedule: 24-team event\n\n\nPoints\n\nPlace\n\nStatus\n\n\n30\n1st\nCup winner\n\n\n24\n2nd\nCup runner-up\n\n\n18\n\n3rd(2-way share)\n\nLosing Cup semifinalists\n\n\n8\n\n5th(4-way share)\n\nLosing Cup quarterfinalists\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n9th\nPlate winner\n\n\n3\n10th\nPlate runner-up\n\n\n2\n\n11th(2-way share)\n\nLosing Plate semifinalists\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n17th\nBowl winner","title":"Points schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006–07 IRB Sevens full standings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Edinburgh_Sevens#Final_standings"},{"link_name":"rugby7.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150930170032/http://www.rugby7.com/IRBS.asp?Y=2007"},{"link_name":"irb.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101023094134/http://www.irb.com/irbsevens/archive/tcode=1050/season=2006/standings.html"},{"link_name":"world.rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20191208203015/https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/standings/mens?series=7"}],"text":"Further information: 2006–07 IRB Sevens full standings – including teams that did not score points.The points awarded to the teams at each event, as well as their overall series totals, are shown in the table below.Sources: rugby7.com (archived), irb.com (archived), world.rugby (archived)Notes:Light blue line on the left indicates a core team eligible to participate in all events of the series.Points for the event winners are indicated in bold. A zero (0) is recorded in the event column where a team played in a tournament but did not gain any points. A dash (–) is recorded in the event column if a team did not compete at a tournament.\nTeams that share a position in the standings (on the same total series points) are marked with an asterisk (*) beside their position.","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dubai","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Africa","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Zealand","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australia","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"London","title":"The events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scotland","title":"The events"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulaphouca
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Poulaphouca
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["1 Poulaphouca waterfall and bridge","2 Rail connection","3 References in media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722Location with waterfall, bridge and reservoir in County Wicklow, Ireland
Poulaphouca / PollaphucaPholl an Phúca (Irish)Poulaphouca / Pollaphuca bridgeLocation in IrelandLocationCounty WicklowCoordinates53°8′N 6°31′W / 53.133°N 6.517°W / 53.133; -6.517TypeReservoirPrimary outflowsRiver LiffeyBasin countriesIreland
Pollaphuca dam
53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722
Poulaphouca, officially Pollaphuca (Irish: Poll an Phúca, meaning 'the Púca's hole'), is the name of a waterfall and bridge on the River Liffey between County Wicklow and County Kildare. It is primarily known for its hydroelectric generating station and the associated artificial lake, known as Poulaphouca Reservoir, Poulaphouca Lake, or Blessington Lakes. The once-famous Poulaphouca Waterfall has little water running over it any longer because of the hydroelectric project.
Poulaphouca waterfall and bridge
A waterfall immediately west of the bridge, renowned as a beauty spot from at least the 18th century, was lost with the construction of the Poulaphouca Reservoir. The waterfall, marked as 'Poolapooka - a remarkable cataract' on Noble & Keenan's map of 1752, is depicted and described in the Post-Chaise Companion of 1786, when Ballymore parish was still within Dublin: Poll-A-Phuca or the Daemon's Hole, being a grand waterfall formed from the head of the Liffey, that rises from the Wicklow Mountains, and here divides the counties of Wicklow and Dublin. It belongs to the Earl of Milltown; where his lordship has displayed great taste and judgement in forming and improving the several walks leading to this beautiful waterfall
Both Pollaphuca Bridge and a second bridge, crossing a dry gorge 150m to the southwest, were designed by Alexander Nimmo in Gothic style and built between 1822 and 1827 for a total cost of £4,704. Poulaphouca Bridge replaced Horsepass Bridge to the northeast, now under Poulaphouca Reservoir. Wright's Guide to the County of Wicklow describes the bridge and waterfall in 1827:The celebrated fall of the River Liffey, called Pol-a-Phuca or the Daemon's Hole, is about one mile from the village of Ballymore Eustace. In rainy seasons, when the river is much swollen, the fall is calculated at 150 feet in height. This is to be understood as combining the altitudes of the three stages constituting the cascade. The chasm through which the water rushes is only forty feet wide, lined on each side with perpendicular masses of Greywacke rock. The centre fall is an extraordinary and terrific object. Here the whole body of water composing the stream of the Liffey, rushes down with the utmost impetuosity into a circular basin of stone, worn perfectly smooth, the form of which imparts to the water a rotatory motion...across this chasm a bridge has been thrown, to continue the new line of road to New Ross, the span of the arch is 65 feet, the altitude of the chord above the upper fall is 47, and the height of the keystone of the arch above the river's bed 150 feet; from the battlements there is a direct perpendicular view into the whirlpool just now described, and which gives name to the waterfall. This beautiful object and bold conception, the bridge of Pol-a-Phuca, is built from the design of Alexander Nimmo, Esq.'
Rail connection
A four-and-a-half-mile extension of the Dublin and Blessington Steam Tramway terminated at Poulaphouca. It was built by the Blessington and Poulaphouca Steam Tramway and opened on 1 May 1895. Service ended in 1932. The ticket office survives as a private residence immediately northeast of the bridge on the N81 road.
References in media
In James Joyce's novel Ulysses, Poulaphouca is the site of a childhood indiscretion (masturbation) by protagonist Leopold Bloom, who hallucinates the waterfall as a speaking character in the chapter "Circe".
The Dry Bridge at Poulaphouca
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
^ Placenames Database of Ireland
^ "Ordnance Survey Ireland - Online map viewer". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ Noble J. & Keenan J. 1752. Map of county Kildare. D.Pomarede, Dublin.
^ Wilson, William 1786. The Post-Chaise Companion: Or Traveller's Direction Through Ireland. Dublin. pp. 263-265.
^ Wright, G. N. 1822. Guide to the County of Wicklow. Dublin pp. 152-153: The 1822 'Guide' describes construction of the bridge as about to commence. The completed bridge is described in the 1827 'Guide'.
^ Wright, G.N. 1827. A Guide to the County of Wicklow. Dublin. pp. 162-164.
^ Ruddock, Ted 2008. Arch Bridges and Their Builders 1735-1835. p. 198.
^ "Pollaphuca Bridge, BRITONSTOWN, County Wicklow". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
^ "Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
^ "Dry Bridge, BLAKESTOWN LOWER, WICKLOW - Buildings of Ireland".
^ Wright, G. N. 1827. A Guide to the County of Wicklow. Dublin. pp. 162-164.
^ The Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway
^ Ticket to hide, 12 June 2005, The Times. Retrieved on 25-07-06.
External links
ESB history of hydroelectricity development
2005 Irish Independent article about the sale of the Tramway House at Poulaphouca
Beneath the Poulaphuca Reservoir
Early photograph of Poulaphouca Bridge and Waterfall on South Dublin County Council Libraries Website
vtePlaces in County WicklowCounty town: WicklowTowns
Arklow
Baltinglass
Blessington
Bray
Greystones
Kilcoole
Newtownmountkennedy
Wicklow
Villages
Aghavannagh
Annacurra
Annamoe
Ashford
Aughrim
Avoca
Ballinaclash
Ballyknockan
Carnew
Coolafancy
Coolboy
Coolkenno
Delgany
Donard
Dunlavin
Enniskerry
Glendalough
Glenealy
Grangecon
Greenan
Hollywood
Kilbride
Killincarrig
Kilmacanogue
Kilpedder
Kilquade
Kiltegan
Knockananna
Lacken
Laragh
Newcastle
Rathdangan
Rathdrum
Rathnew
Redcross
Roundwood
Shillelagh
Stratford-on-Slaney
Tinahely
Valleymount
Woodenbridge
List of townlands in County Wicklow
Category:Mountains and hills of County Wicklow
Category:Rivers of County Wicklow
Category:Geography of County Wicklow
vteElectricity generation in IrelandCompanies / organisations
EirGrid
Ervia
ESB Group
Iberdrola
Northern Ireland Electricity
Premier Power (NI)
SSE Thermal
SSE Renewables
Energia Group (NI)
Electricity generating stations
Aghada
Ardnacrusha
Ballylumford (NI)
Carrigadrohid
Cathaleen's Fall
Coolkeeragh (NI)
Dublin Waste-to-Energy (Poolbeg Incinerator)
Great Island
Inniscarra
Kilroot (NI)
Leixlip
Lough Ree
Moneypoint
Poulaphouca
Poolbeg (decomissioned)
Rhode
SeaGen (NI)
Shannonbridge
Tarbert
Tawnaghmore
Turlough Hill
Whitegate
Lists
High-voltage transmission links in Ireland
Power stations in the Republic of Ireland
Wind farms in the Republic of Ireland
(NI) indicates Northern Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poulaphouca_Dam.JPG"},{"link_name":"53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poulaphouca¶ms=53_07_01_N_6_35_14_W_"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Púca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"County Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"Poulaphouca Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulaphouca_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Blessington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessington"}],"text":"Location with waterfall, bridge and reservoir in County Wicklow, IrelandPollaphuca dam53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722\nPoulaphouca, officially Pollaphuca (Irish: Poll an Phúca, meaning 'the Púca's hole'),[1][2] is the name of a waterfall and bridge on the River Liffey between County Wicklow and County Kildare. It is primarily known for its hydroelectric generating station and the associated artificial lake, known as Poulaphouca Reservoir, Poulaphouca Lake, or Blessington Lakes. The once-famous Poulaphouca Waterfall has little water running over it any longer because of the hydroelectric project.","title":"Poulaphouca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nimmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nimmo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A waterfall immediately west of the bridge, renowned as a beauty spot from at least the 18th century, was lost with the construction of the Poulaphouca Reservoir. The waterfall, marked as 'Poolapooka - a remarkable cataract' on Noble & Keenan's map of 1752,[3] is depicted and described in the Post-Chaise Companion of 1786, when Ballymore parish was still within Dublin:Poll-A-Phuca or the Daemon's Hole, being a grand waterfall formed from the head of the Liffey, that rises from the Wicklow Mountains, and here divides the counties of Wicklow and Dublin. It belongs to the Earl of Milltown; where his lordship has displayed great taste and judgement in forming and improving the several walks leading to this beautiful waterfall [4]Both Pollaphuca Bridge and a second bridge, crossing a dry gorge 150m to the southwest, were designed by Alexander Nimmo in Gothic style and built between 1822 and 1827 for a total cost of £4,704. Poulaphouca Bridge replaced Horsepass Bridge to the northeast, now under Poulaphouca Reservoir.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Wright's Guide to the County of Wicklow describes the bridge and waterfall in 1827:The celebrated fall of the River Liffey, called Pol-a-Phuca or the Daemon's Hole, is about one mile from the village of Ballymore Eustace. In rainy seasons, when the river is much swollen, the fall is calculated at 150 feet in height. This is to be understood as combining the altitudes of the three stages constituting the cascade. The chasm through which the water rushes is only forty feet wide, lined on each side with perpendicular masses of Greywacke rock. The centre fall is an extraordinary and terrific object. Here the whole body of water composing the stream of the Liffey, rushes down with the utmost impetuosity into a circular basin of stone, worn perfectly smooth, the form of which imparts to the water a rotatory motion...across this chasm a bridge has been thrown, to continue the new line of road to New Ross, the span of the arch is 65 feet, the altitude of the chord above the upper fall is 47, and the height of the keystone of the arch above the river's bed 150 feet; from the battlements there is a direct perpendicular view into the whirlpool just now described, and which gives name to the waterfall. This beautiful object and bold conception, the bridge of Pol-a-Phuca, is built from the design of Alexander Nimmo, Esq.'[11]","title":"Poulaphouca waterfall and bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin and Blessington Steam Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_and_Blessington_Steam_Tramway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"N81 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N81_road_(Ireland)"}],"text":"A four-and-a-half-mile extension of the Dublin and Blessington Steam Tramway terminated at Poulaphouca. It was built by the Blessington and Poulaphouca Steam Tramway and opened on 1 May 1895. Service ended in 1932.[12][13] The ticket office survives as a private residence immediately northeast of the bridge on the N81 road.","title":"Rail connection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"masturbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation"},{"link_name":"Leopold Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Bloom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Dry_Bridge_at_Poulaphouca,_County_Wicklow,_Ireland.jpg"}],"text":"In James Joyce's novel Ulysses, Poulaphouca is the site of a childhood indiscretion (masturbation) by protagonist Leopold Bloom, who hallucinates the waterfall as a speaking character in the chapter \"Circe\".The Dry Bridge at Poulaphouca","title":"References in media"}]
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[{"image_text":"Pollaphuca dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Poulaphouca_Dam.JPG/220px-Poulaphouca_Dam.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Dry Bridge at Poulaphouca","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Dry_Bridge_at_Poulaphouca%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-The_Dry_Bridge_at_Poulaphouca%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Wicklow.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Wicklow.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Ordnance Survey Ireland - Online map viewer\". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829114800/http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,700174,709645,3","url_text":"\"Ordnance Survey Ireland - Online map viewer\""},{"url":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,700174,709645,3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pollaphuca Bridge, BRITONSTOWN, County Wicklow\". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 9 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/16400901/pollaphuca-bridge-britonstown-county-wicklow","url_text":"\"Pollaphuca Bridge, BRITONSTOWN, County Wicklow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer\". Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829114800/http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,695205,709039,6,7","url_text":"\"Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer\""},{"url":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,695205,709039,6,7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Bridge, BLAKESTOWN LOWER, WICKLOW - Buildings of Ireland\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI®no=16400902","url_text":"\"Dry Bridge, BLAKESTOWN LOWER, WICKLOW - Buildings of Ireland\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poulaphouca¶ms=53_07_01_N_6_35_14_W_","external_links_name":"53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poulaphouca¶ms=53_8_N_6_31_W_type:waterbody_region:IE","external_links_name":"53°8′N 6°31′W / 53.133°N 6.517°W / 53.133; -6.517"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Poulaphouca¶ms=53_07_01_N_6_35_14_W_","external_links_name":"53°07′01″N 6°35′14″W / 53.11694°N 6.58722°W / 53.11694; -6.58722"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/113024.aspx","external_links_name":"Placenames Database of Ireland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829114800/http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,700174,709645,3","external_links_name":"\"Ordnance Survey Ireland - Online map viewer\""},{"Link":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,700174,709645,3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/en/res/67","external_links_name":"Noble J. & Keenan J. 1752. Map of county Kildare. D.Pomarede, Dublin."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tZw1AQAAMAAJ&q=phuca","external_links_name":"Wilson, William 1786. The Post-Chaise Companion: Or Traveller's Direction Through Ireland. Dublin. pp. 263-265."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/guidetocountyofw00wrig#page/162/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Wright, G.N. 1827. A Guide to the County of Wicklow. Dublin. pp. 162-164."},{"Link":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/16400901/pollaphuca-bridge-britonstown-county-wicklow","external_links_name":"\"Pollaphuca Bridge, BRITONSTOWN, County Wicklow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829114800/http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,695205,709039,6,7","external_links_name":"\"Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer\""},{"Link":"http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,695205,709039,6,7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI®no=16400902","external_links_name":"\"Dry Bridge, BLAKESTOWN LOWER, WICKLOW - Buildings of Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/guidetocountyofw00wrig#page/162/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Wright, G. N. 1827. A Guide to the County of Wicklow. Dublin. pp. 162-164."},{"Link":"http://gofree.indigo.ie/~nigelo/dbstframes.htm","external_links_name":"The Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2098-1648324,00.html","external_links_name":"Ticket to hide"},{"Link":"http://www.esb.ie/main/about-esb/hydro-development.jsp","external_links_name":"ESB history of hydroelectricity development"},{"Link":"http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=303&si=1404886&issue_id=12541","external_links_name":"2005 Irish Independent article about the sale of the Tramway House at Poulaphouca"},{"Link":"http://www.poulaphuca.com/","external_links_name":"Beneath the Poulaphuca Reservoir"},{"Link":"http://source.southdublinlibraries.ie/bitstream/10599/359/2/wm_4666.jpg","external_links_name":"Early photograph of Poulaphouca Bridge and Waterfall on South Dublin County Council Libraries Website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNA
|
KRNA
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°45′0″N 91°50′16″W / 41.75000°N 91.83778°W / 41.75000; -91.83778Radio station in Iowa City, IowaKRNAIowa City, IowaBroadcast areaCedar Rapids, IowaFrequency94.1 MHzBranding94.1 KRNAProgrammingFormatClassic rockAffiliationsCompass Media NetworksOwnershipOwnerTownsquare Media(Townsquare License, LLC)Sister stationsKDAT, KHAKHistoryFirst air dateOctober 4, 1974 (at 93.5)Former frequencies93.5 MHz (1974–1979)93.9 MHz (1979–1991)Technical informationFacility ID35555ClassC1ERP100,000 wattsHAAT299 meters (981 ft)Transmitter coordinates41°45′0″N 91°50′16″W / 41.75000°N 91.83778°W / 41.75000; -91.83778LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitekrna.com
KRNA (94.1 FM) is a classic rock-formatted radio station licensed to Iowa City, Iowa. The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media. KRNA's studios located in the Alliant Energy Building in Downtown Cedar Rapids, and their transmitter is located west of Oxford.
History
In 1971, a group of University of Iowa students formed a company known as Communicators Inc. of Iowa that aimed "to put together a radio station with a major market sound in what was basically a small-to-medium market." At the time, FM radio stations in Iowa were primarily used for beautiful music formats or repeater signals for co-owned AM stations while popular music was played on AM stations. By 1974, Communicators Inc. of Iowa had been renamed KRNA, Inc., and the company was granted FCC approval to begin broadcasting. KRNA began broadcasting at 93.5 FM on October 4, 1974. (KRNA later moved to 93.9 FM in 1979 before moving to its present 94.1 FM at 9 a.m. on October 14, 1991.) By January 1975, Arbitron telephone surveys showed that nearly half of local radio listeners were tuned into KRNA. As part of its "major market sound", KRNA pre-recorded its commercial announcements during a time when most commercials were read live on the air, and it also broadcast 24 hours a day while other radio stations signed off during the overnight hours for equipment maintenance.
When the early 1980s rolled along, KRNA began tweaking its Top 40 format with a more rock connection. In June 1985, the station dropped its rock-leaned Top 40 format for AOR. In 1994, KRNA purchased KQCR (102.9 FM) in Cedar Rapids, the area's longtime dominant CHR station, to create the area's first radio duopoly. After reformatting KQCR as country music station KXMX, owners Rob Norton and Eliot Keller agreed to sell KRNA and KXMX to Capstar Broadcasting in 1998. While the KRNA sale was successful, Capstar terminated the agreement to buy KXMX. (Norton and Keller kept KXMX, renaming it KZIA and changing the station's format to contemporary hits.) AMFM, Inc., acquired Capstar in 1999, and Clear Channel Communications acquired AMFM in 2000; however, KRNA was sold to Cumulus Media that year since Clear Channel already owned a group of stations in eastern Iowa.
In 2004, KRNA's format shifted from classic rock to active rock, adopting the nickname "Real Rock 94.1". That year, former KFMW morning DJs Lou Waters and Scott Steele became the station's morning-drive disc jockeys. Lou and Scott were replaced by Davenport-based DJs Greg Dwyer and Bill Michaels in January 2007. Dwyer and Michaels joined KRNA as the result of a non-compete clause that prevented them from working at any station in the Quad Cities market for six months after their contract with Clear Channel Communications expired at the end of 2006. Dwyer and Michaels, who had previously worked with WXLP and KCQQ radio in the Quad Cities, rejoined Cumulus-owned WXLP on July 13, 2007, but continued to simulcast their show on KRNA until late 2008. Clear Channel sued Dwyer and Michaels in February 2007, claiming that KRNA was audible in the Quad Cities area and the duo was actively promoting the show in the Quad Cities. On March 1, 2007, a Scott County judge ruled that Dwyer and Michaels did not violate the clause since Arbitron did not consider the Quad Cities part of KRNA's market area. Dwyer and Michaels would return to KRNA in October 2020.
For many years, KRNA was known for distributing free posters of the Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team at live remote broadcasts. This tradition began in the late 1970s, and while the posters are now sold by the University of Iowa athletic department, they continue to be printed under the sponsorship of KZIA.
On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 Cumulus stations, including KRNA, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.
On September 5, 2014, KRNA adjusted its playlist to include more songs from the alternative rock genre.
At 5 p.m. on August 12, 2016, KRNA shifted back to classic rock.
References
^ "KRNA Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ Stein, Jeff (2004). Making Waves: The People and Places of Iowa Broadcasting. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: WDG Communications. p. 109. ISBN 0-9718323-1-5.
^ Stein, 111.
^ Ford, George C (1998-06-09). "KRNA buy OK'd after KXMX deal nixed". The Gazette. p. 8B.
^ Muller, Lyle (2000-03-12). "Dial spins on radio station ownership". The Gazette. p. B1.
^ Radio Online (2007-03-02). "Judge Rules for Dwyer & Michaels in Non-Compete Case".
^ "Hello Cleveland! The Dwyer and Michaels Show Added to KRNA".
^ Stein, 54.
^ "Official: Cumulus Buys Dial Global, Spins Some Stations To Townsquare; Peak Stations Sold To Townsquare, Fresno Spun To Cumulus". All Access. August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ "Cumulus Makes Dial Global And Townsquare Deals Official". RadioInsight. August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ "Cumulus-Townsquare-Peak Deal Closes". All Access. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ Iowa's Alternative is on the Air!
^ 94.1 KRNA Brings Classic Rock That Rocks Back to The Corridor
External links
KRNA website
Dwyer and Michaels Website
KRNA in the FCC FM station database
KRNA in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, metropolitan area including Iowa CityBy AM frequency
600
800
860
910
1360
1380
1450
1540
1600
1630
By FM frequency
88.3
89.1
89.7
90.9
91.7
92.3
94.1
95.7
96.5
98.1
99.1
99.7
100.7
101.9
102.9
104.5
105.7
106.1
107.1
107.9
LPFM
97.5
Translators
93.1
95.1
95.3
98.5
101.5
102.3
103.9
105.1
106.3
107.5
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.45
162.475
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
102.9-1
102.9-2
102.9-3
102.9-4
By call sign
K226BO
K236AA
K237GD
K253BE
K268CY
K272GB
K280HA
K286BY
K292FZ
K298BM
KACJ-LP
KBEA-FM
KCCK-FM
KCII
KCII-FM
KCJJ
KDAT
KFMW
KGYM
KHAK
KJY64
KKRQ
KKSY-FM
KMJM
KMRY
KNWS-FM
KOEL-FM
KOKZ
KOSY-FM
KRNA
KRQN
KRUI-FM
KSKB
KSUI
KUNI
KWPC
KXEL
KXGM
KXIC
KZIA
HD2
HD3
HD4
WMT
WSUI
WXL61
Defunct
KOJC (89.7 FM)
KRNL-FM (89.7 FM)
Nearby regions
Burlington
Dubuque
Des Moines–Ames
Fort Dodge
Ottumwa
Quad Cities
Waterloo–Cedar Falls
See also
List of radio stations in Iowa
vteClassic rock radio stations in the state of IowaBy frequency
92.1
94.1
94.9
96.9
97.7
99.5
100.7
101.5
102.1
102.3
103.7
105.3
By Callsign:
KCRR
KGGO
KIWA-FM
KKMA
KKRQ
KKSI
KLKK
KRNA
KUQQ
KXGE
WQKQ
WXLP
By city
Burlington (Dallas City, IL)
Davenport
Des Moines
Dubuque
Iowa City/Cedar Rapids (KKRQ)
Iowa City/Cedar Rapids (KRNA)
Mason City
Ottumwa
Sheldon
Sioux City
Spirit Lake
Waterloo
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Iowa
See also
active rock
classic rock
mainstream rock
modern rock
vteTownsquare Media(formerly Regent Communications, and including former Gap Broadcasting Group and Double O Radio)Alabama
WALJ
WFFN
WQRR
WTBC
WTSK
WTUG-FM
Arkansas
KMJI
KYGL
Arizona
KTAN(+K251CQ)
KWCD
KXFF
KZMK
Colorado
KARS-FM(+FM1)**
KBKL
KEKB
KEXO
KKNN
KKPL
KKXK(+K232BW, K233AH, K257AS, K257AT, K257AU, K267AB)
KMAX-FM
KMXY
KSNN
KTRR
KUAD-FM
KUBC(+K283CZ)
Connecticut
WRKI
Idaho
KAWO
KCIX
KEZJ-FM
KFXD
KIDO
KLIX
KLIX-FM
KSAS-FM
KSNQ
KXLT-FM
Illinois
WDBQ-FM
WKGL-FM
WLIQ
WROK
WXLP
WXXQ
WZOK
Indiana
WDKS
WGBF
WGBF-FM
WJLT
WKDQ
Iowa
KBEA-FM
KBOB
KCRR**
KDAT
KHAK
KIIK-FM
KJOC
KKHQ-FM**
KLYV
KOEL
KOEL-FM**
KRNA
KXGE
WDBQ
WJOD
Kentucky
WBKR
WOMI
Louisiana
KEEL
KFTE**
KHLA
KHXT
KJMH
KLCL
KMDL
KNGT
KPEL
KPEL-FM
KROF
KRUF
KTDY
KTSR
KVKI-FM
KWKH
KXKS-FM
Maine
WBLM
WBPW
WBZN
WCYY
WDEA
WEBB
WEZQ
WJBQ
WJZN
WMME-FM
WOZI
WQCB
WQHR
WWMJ
Massachusetts
WBEC
WBEC-FM
WBSM
WFHN
WNAW
WSBS
WUPE
WUPE-FM
Michigan
WBCK
WBXX
WCRZ
WFGR
WFMK
WFNT
WGRD-FM
WITL-FM
WJIM
WJIM-FM
WKFR-FM
WKMI
WLHT-FM
WMMQ
WNWZ
WQUS
WRCL
WRKR
WTRV
WVFN
WWBN
Minnesota
KBMX
KDCZ
KDHL
KDOC-FM
KFIL
KFIL-FM
KFNL-FM
KKCB
KLDJ
KLZZ
KMXK
KOLM
KQCL
KRFO
KRFO-FM
KROC
KROC-FM
KWWK
KXSS
KYBA
KZRV
WEBC
WJON
WWJO
WWPE-FM
Missouri
KHMO
KICK-FM
KRRY
KSDL
KSIS
KXKX
Montana
KAAK
KAAR
KBAZ
KBUL
KCHH(+K236AB)
KCTR-FM
KGGL(+K239AP, K245AP)
KGRZ(+K224AA)
KGVO
KISN
KKBR
KLFM
KMBR
KMHK
KMMS
KMMS-FM
KMON
KMON-FM(+K260AU, K280GG, K298BL)
KMPT
KMTZ
KPRK
KSEN
KTHC
KVVR
KXLB(+K254AL)
KXTL(+K234AT)
KYSS-FM(+K252BM)
KZIN-FM
KZMY
KZOQ-FM
New Hampshire
WHOM
WOKQ
WPKQ
WSAK
WSHK
New Jersey
WCHR
WCHR-FM
WENJ
WFPG
WNJE
WJLK
WJLK-FM
WKXW
WOBM
WOBM-FM
WPGG
WPST
WPUR
WSJO
New York
WAAL
WBKT
WBLK
WBUF
WCZX
WDBY
WDHI
WDLA
WDLA-FM
WDOS
WEOK
WFRG-FM
WGNA-FM(+W235AY)
WHWK
WIBX
WIYN
WKXP
WKXZ(+W232AT)
WLZW
WNBF
WODZ-FM
WOUR
WPBZ-FM
WPDA
WPDH
WQBK-FM(+W256BU)
WQSH
WRRB
WRRV
WSRK
WTBD-FM
WTMM-FM
WTSS
WWYL
WYRK
WZAD
WZOZ
North Dakota
KACL
KBYZ
KEYZ
KKCT
KLXX
KUSB
KYYZ
Oklahoma
KLAW
KVRW
KZCD
South Dakota
KIKN-FM
KKLS-FM
KKRC-FM
KSOO
KSOO-FM
KXRB
KXRB-FM
KYBB
Texas
KAFX-FM
KATP
KBAT
KBZS
KEAN-FM
KELI
KEYJ-FM
KFMX-FM
KFYO
KGKL
KGKL-FM
KISX
KIXS
KIXZ
KKAM
KKCL-FM
KKCN
KKTX-FM
KKYR-FM
KLAQ
KLTD
KLUB
KMND
KMWX
KMXJ-FM
KNFM
KNIN-FM
KNRX
KNUE
KODM
KOOC
KPRF
KPWW
KQBR
KQVT
KROD
KSFA
KSII
KSLI
KSSM
KTBQ
KTEM
KTUX
KTYL-FM
KULL
KUSJ
KVLL-FM
KWFS
KWFS-FM
KXSS-FM
KYKS
KYYW
KZBT
KZII-FM
Utah
KCIN
KDXU(+K223DI)
KHKR(+K249EQ)
KIYK
KREC(+K253BB)
KSUB(+K299BU)
KXBN
KXFF(+K270BV)
Washington
KAPL-FM
KATS(+K232CV)
KDBL
KEYW
KFFM
KFLD
KIT
KKWN
KMGW
KONA
KONA-FM
KORD-FM
KPQ(+K269HC)
KPQ-FM
KWNC
KWWW-FM
KXRX
KYSN
KYSP
KZHR
Wyoming
KCGY
KGAB
KIGN
KKTL
KLEN
KOWB
KRNK
KRVK
KTRS-FM
KTWO
KWYY
Defunct
KJEF
KJEF-CA
KOSY
KRIL
KUTI
WCHN
WPUT
WTVL
Live events
Country Jam USA
Mountain Jam (50%)
WE Fest
Websites
King
Loudwire
Noisecreep
XXL
Radio networks
Michigan Talk Network
**License held by a divestiture trust; sale pending.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Iowa City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Townsquare Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media"},{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Radio station in Iowa City, IowaKRNA (94.1 FM) is a classic rock-formatted radio station licensed to Iowa City, Iowa. The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media. KRNA's studios located in the Alliant Energy Building in Downtown Cedar Rapids, and their transmitter is located west of Oxford.[1]","title":"KRNA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"KQCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZIA"},{"link_name":"duopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KZIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZIA"},{"link_name":"contemporary hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"active rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_rock"},{"link_name":"KFMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFMW"},{"link_name":"disc jockeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Dwyer and Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyer_and_Michaels"},{"link_name":"non-compete clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause"},{"link_name":"Quad Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_Cities"},{"link_name":"WXLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXLP"},{"link_name":"KCQQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCQQ"},{"link_name":"Scott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Iowa Hawkeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Townsquare Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media"},{"link_name":"Dial Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_Global"},{"link_name":"Oaktree Capital Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaktree_Capital_Management"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa-cumulustownsquarepeak-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-cumulustownsquarepeak-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa-cumulustownsquarefinal-11"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1971, a group of University of Iowa students formed a company known as Communicators Inc. of Iowa that aimed \"to put together a radio station with a major market sound in what was basically a small-to-medium market.\"[2] At the time, FM radio stations in Iowa were primarily used for beautiful music formats or repeater signals for co-owned AM stations while popular music was played on AM stations. By 1974, Communicators Inc. of Iowa had been renamed KRNA, Inc., and the company was granted FCC approval to begin broadcasting. KRNA began broadcasting at 93.5 FM on October 4, 1974. (KRNA later moved to 93.9 FM in 1979 before moving to its present 94.1 FM at 9 a.m. on October 14, 1991.) By January 1975, Arbitron telephone surveys showed that nearly half of local radio listeners were tuned into KRNA. As part of its \"major market sound\", KRNA pre-recorded its commercial announcements during a time when most commercials were read live on the air, and it also broadcast 24 hours a day while other radio stations signed off during the overnight hours for equipment maintenance.[3]When the early 1980s rolled along, KRNA began tweaking its Top 40 format with a more rock connection. In June 1985, the station dropped its rock-leaned Top 40 format for AOR. In 1994, KRNA purchased KQCR (102.9 FM) in Cedar Rapids, the area's longtime dominant CHR station, to create the area's first radio duopoly. After reformatting KQCR as country music station KXMX, owners Rob Norton and Eliot Keller agreed to sell KRNA and KXMX to Capstar Broadcasting in 1998. While the KRNA sale was successful, Capstar terminated the agreement to buy KXMX.[4] (Norton and Keller kept KXMX, renaming it KZIA and changing the station's format to contemporary hits.) AMFM, Inc., acquired Capstar in 1999, and Clear Channel Communications acquired AMFM in 2000; however, KRNA was sold to Cumulus Media that year since Clear Channel already owned a group of stations in eastern Iowa.[5]In 2004, KRNA's format shifted from classic rock to active rock, adopting the nickname \"Real Rock 94.1\". That year, former KFMW morning DJs Lou Waters and Scott Steele became the station's morning-drive disc jockeys. Lou and Scott were replaced by Davenport-based DJs Greg Dwyer and Bill Michaels in January 2007. Dwyer and Michaels joined KRNA as the result of a non-compete clause that prevented them from working at any station in the Quad Cities market for six months after their contract with Clear Channel Communications expired at the end of 2006. Dwyer and Michaels, who had previously worked with WXLP and KCQQ radio in the Quad Cities, rejoined Cumulus-owned WXLP on July 13, 2007, but continued to simulcast their show on KRNA until late 2008. Clear Channel sued Dwyer and Michaels in February 2007, claiming that KRNA was audible in the Quad Cities area and the duo was actively promoting the show in the Quad Cities. On March 1, 2007, a Scott County judge ruled that Dwyer and Michaels did not violate the clause since Arbitron did not consider the Quad Cities part of KRNA's market area.[6] Dwyer and Michaels would return to KRNA in October 2020.[7]For many years, KRNA was known for distributing free posters of the Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team at live remote broadcasts. This tradition began in the late 1970s, and while the posters are now sold by the University of Iowa athletic department, they continue to be printed under the sponsorship of KZIA.[8]On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 Cumulus stations, including KRNA, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management.[9][10] The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.[11]On September 5, 2014, KRNA adjusted its playlist to include more songs from the alternative rock genre.[12]At 5 p.m. on August 12, 2016, KRNA shifted back to classic rock.[13]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"KRNA Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division. Retrieved 2010-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KRNA","url_text":"\"KRNA Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Jeff (2004). Making Waves: The People and Places of Iowa Broadcasting. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: WDG Communications. p. 109. ISBN 0-9718323-1-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9718323-1-5","url_text":"0-9718323-1-5"}]},{"reference":"Ford, George C (1998-06-09). \"KRNA buy OK'd after KXMX deal nixed\". The Gazette. p. 8B.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Cedar_Rapids)","url_text":"The Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Muller, Lyle (2000-03-12). \"Dial spins on radio station ownership\". The Gazette. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Radio Online (2007-03-02). \"Judge Rules for Dwyer & Michaels in Non-Compete Case\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/$rol.exe/headline_id=n16245","url_text":"\"Judge Rules for Dwyer & Michaels in Non-Compete Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hello Cleveland! The Dwyer and Michaels Show Added to KRNA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://97x.com/hello-cleveland-the-dwyer-and-michaels-show-added-to-krna/","url_text":"\"Hello Cleveland! The Dwyer and Michaels Show Added to KRNA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official: Cumulus Buys Dial Global, Spins Some Stations To Townsquare; Peak Stations Sold To Townsquare, Fresno Spun To Cumulus\". All Access. August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/121835/official-cumulus-buys-dial-global-spins-some-stati","url_text":"\"Official: Cumulus Buys Dial Global, Spins Some Stations To Townsquare; Peak Stations Sold To Townsquare, Fresno Spun To Cumulus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumulus Makes Dial Global And Townsquare Deals Official\". RadioInsight. August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84851/are-these-the-markets-in-the-cumulustownsquaredial-global-deal/","url_text":"\"Cumulus Makes Dial Global And Townsquare Deals Official\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cumulus-Townsquare-Peak Deal Closes\". All Access. November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/124346/cumulus-townsquare-peak-deal-closes","url_text":"\"Cumulus-Townsquare-Peak Deal Closes\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KRNA¶ms=41_45_0_N_91_50_16_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°45′0″N 91°50′16″W / 41.75000°N 91.83778°W / 41.75000; -91.83778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KRNA¶ms=41_45_0_N_91_50_16_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"41°45′0″N 91°50′16″W / 41.75000°N 91.83778°W / 41.75000; -91.83778"},{"Link":"https://krna.com/listen-live/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://krna.com/","external_links_name":"krna.com"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KRNA","external_links_name":"\"KRNA Facility Record\""},{"Link":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/$rol.exe/headline_id=n16245","external_links_name":"\"Judge Rules for Dwyer & Michaels in Non-Compete Case\""},{"Link":"https://97x.com/hello-cleveland-the-dwyer-and-michaels-show-added-to-krna/","external_links_name":"\"Hello Cleveland! The Dwyer and Michaels Show Added to KRNA\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/121835/official-cumulus-buys-dial-global-spins-some-stati","external_links_name":"\"Official: Cumulus Buys Dial Global, Spins Some Stations To Townsquare; Peak Stations Sold To Townsquare, Fresno Spun To Cumulus\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84851/are-these-the-markets-in-the-cumulustownsquaredial-global-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Cumulus Makes Dial Global And Townsquare Deals Official\""},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/124346/cumulus-townsquare-peak-deal-closes","external_links_name":"\"Cumulus-Townsquare-Peak Deal Closes\""},{"Link":"http://krna.com/iowas-alternative-is-on-the-air/","external_links_name":"Iowa's Alternative is on the Air!"},{"Link":"http://krna.com/94-1-krna-brings-classic-rock-that-rocks-back-to-the-corridor/","external_links_name":"94.1 KRNA Brings Classic Rock That Rocks Back to The Corridor"},{"Link":"http://www.krna.com/","external_links_name":"KRNA website"},{"Link":"http://www.2dorks.com/","external_links_name":"Dwyer and Michaels Website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KRNA","external_links_name":"KRNA"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KRNA","external_links_name":"KRNA"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretide
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Fluticasone/salmeterol
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["1 Medical uses","2 Side effects","3 Mechanism of action","4 Society and culture","4.1 Legal status","4.2 Generic equivalents","4.3 Civil settlements","5 References"]
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Formulation used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fluticasone/salmeterolFluticasone propionate (top) and salmeterol (bottom)Combination ofFluticasone propionateGlucocorticoidSalmeterolLong-acting β2 agonist (LABA)Clinical dataTrade namesAdvair, Seretide, Cyplos, othersAHFS/Drugs.comFDA Professional Drug InformationMedlinePlusa699063License data
US DailyMed: Fluticasone and salmeterol
Pregnancycategory
AU: B3
Routes ofadministrationInhalationATC codeR03AK06 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
IdentifiersCAS Number136112-01-1 YPubChem CID9811567ChemSpider7987322 YKEGGD08699 (verify)
Fluticasone/salmeterol, sold under the brand name Advair among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication containing fluticasone propionate and salmeterol. It is used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is used by inhaling the medication into the lungs.
Common side effects include thrush, headache, and cough. Serious side effects may include worsening asthma, anaphylaxis, seizures, and heart problems. Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear. Fluticasone, a corticosteroid, works by decreasing inflammation while salmeterol, a long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA), works by activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000. A generic version was approved in the United States in 2019. In 2021, it was the 64th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10 million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Fluticasone, a corticosteroid, is the anti-inflammatory component of the combination which decreases inflammation in the lungs. This leads to improvement in breathing. Salmeterol, an LABA, treats constriction of the airways. The combination of both is meant to be used as maintenance therapy and not as a rescue therapy for sudden symptoms.
Side effects
The common side effects of this combination are those of its individual drugs. For instance, the use of inhaled corticosteroids is associated with oral candidiasis, commonly known as yeast infection or thrush. Rinsing the mouth with water after inhaling the medication decreases the risk of developing this condition.
While the use of inhaled steroids and LABA are recommended for the resulting improvement in control of symptoms of asthma, concerns have been raised that salmeterol may increase the risk of death due to asthma, and this additional risk is not reduced by the addition of inhaled steroids. Other side effects from this drug combination may include increased blood pressure, change in heart rate, an irregular heartbeat, increased risk of osteoporosis, cataracts, and glaucoma. Studies have demonstrated the safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate in children. A systematic review published in 2013 found no significant adverse effect on the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, growth, and bone mineral density in asthmatic children when inhaled fluticasone is used for up to three months.
Mechanism of action
Fluticasone/salmeterol contains fluticasone propionate, a synthetic corticosteroid, and salmeterol, a selective long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. Fluticasone works as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, inhibiting multiple cell types such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils all of which contribute to inflammation, a large component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Salmeterol works by stimulating intracellular adenyl cyclase, which acts as a catalyst in the production of cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels lead to a relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. Additionally, cyclic AMP inhibits the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity.
Society and culture
Legal status
On 28 January 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Seffalair Spiromax, intended for the treatment of asthma. The applicant for this medicinal product is Teva B.V. The CHMP also recommended the granting of a marketing authorization for the duplicate product BroPair Spiromax. Seffalair Spiromax and BroPair Spiromax were both approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2021.
Generic equivalents
In January 2019, the FDA granted Mylan N.V. the first generic approval for Advair Diskus.
Civil settlements
In 2012, Advair was part of a larger civil settlement agreement between GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the United States, in which GSK agreed to pay $1.043 billion; the United States said that GSK promoted off-label uses of Advair and paid kickbacks to healthcare professionals to sell this drug, among others.
References
^ "Seroflo Multihaler (Cipla Australia Pty Ltd)". Department of Health and Ages Care. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ a b c British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 263–264. ISBN 9780857113382.
^ a b c d "Fluticasone and Salmeterol inhalation - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
^ "Fluticasone / salmeterol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ Office of the Commissioner. "Press Announcements - FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ "Fluticasone; Salmeterol - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ "Guideline 101: British Guideline on the Management of Asthma". British Thoracic Society & Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Archived from the original on 18 April 2015.
^ Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE (June 2006). "Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (12): 904–12. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126. PMID 16754916.
^ "US fluticasone propionate/Salmeterol label" (PDF). FDA. April 2016.
^ Muley P, Shah M, Muley A (July 2013). "Safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate therapy for pediatric asthma - a systematic review". Current Drug Safety. 8 (3): 186–194. doi:10.2174/15748863113089990038. PMID 23859431.
^ "Advair Diskus 100/50" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ a b "Seffalair Spiromax: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
^ "BroPair Spiromax: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
^ "Seffalair Spiromax EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ "BroPair Spiromax EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ "Seffalair Spiromax Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ "BroPair Spiromax Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ "FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 March 2020.
^ "GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data". Department of Justice: Office of Public Affairs. 2 July 2012.
vteDrugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD (R03)Adrenergics, inhalantsShort-acting β2 agonists
Bitolterol
Carbuterol
Fenoterol
Isoetarine
Pirbuterol
Procaterol
Reproterol
Rimiterol
Salbutamol (albuterol)#/Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol)
Terbutaline
Tulobuterol
Long-acting β2 agonists
Bambuterol
Clenbuterol
Formoterol/Arformoterol
Salmeterol
Salmefamol
Ultra-long-acting β2 agonists
Abediterol
Carmoterol
Indacaterol
Olodaterol
Vilanterol
Other
Epinephrine#
Hexoprenaline
Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
Orciprenaline (metaproterenol)
Glucocorticoids
Beclometasone#
Betamethasone#
Budesonide
Ciclesonide
Flunisolide
Fluticasone propionate
Mometasone
Triamcinolone
Anticholinergics/muscarinic antagonist
Aclidinium bromide
Glycopyrronium bromide
Ipratropium bromide#
Oxitropium bromide
Tiotropium bromide
Umeclidinium bromide
Mast cell stabilizers
Cromoglicate
Nedocromil
Xanthines
Acefylline
Ambuphylline
Aminophylline
Bamifylline
Choline theophyllinate
Doxofylline
Enprofylline
Etamiphylline
Proxyphylline
Theophylline
Eicosanoid inhibitionLeukotriene antagonists
Montelukast
Pranlukast
Zafirlukast
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
Zileuton
Thromboxane receptor antagonists
Ramatroban
Seratrodast
Non-xanthine PDE4 inhibitors
Ibudilast
Roflumilast
Others/unknown
Amlexanox
Eprozinol
Fenspiride‡
Omalizumab
Combination products
Aclidinium bromide/formoterol
Beclometasone/formoterol
Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide
Budesonide/formoterol
Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide
Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone
Indacaterol/mometasone
Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
Mometasone/formoterol
Salbutamol (albuterol)/budesonide
Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
vteGSKSubsidiariesCurrent
GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan
GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Stiefel Laboratories
Tesaro
ViiV Healthcare (85%)
FormerHaleonPredecessors,acquisitions
Allen & Hanburys
Beecham Group
Block Drug
Burroughs Wellcome
Glaxo
Glaxo Wellcome
Human Genome Sciences
Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques
Reliant Pharmaceuticals
S. E. Massengill Company
SmithKline Beecham
Smith, Kline & French
ProductsCurrentPharma
Advair
Alli
Augmentin
Avandia
Beconase
Boniva
Flixonase
Hycamtin
Lamictal
Paxil/Seroxat
Serlipet
Tagamet
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Wellbutrin/Zyban
Zantac … more
Vaccines
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Havrix
Hepatyrix
Hiberix
Infanrix
H5N1 vaccine
Kinrix
Menveo
Pandemrix
Pediarix
Rabavert
Rotarix
Shingrix
Twinrix … more
Former
Actifed
Advil
Aquafresh
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Caltrate
Centrum
ChapStick
Emergen-C
Eno
Excedrin
Flonase
Geritol
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Horlicks
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PeopleBoard of Directors
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Emma Walmsley
Simon Dingemans
Roy M. Anderson
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United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
United States v. GlaxoSmithKline
Other
Drug Industry Documents Archive
GlaxoSmithKline Prize
Side Effects
Study 329
Category
Portal: Medicine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fixed-dose combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-dose_combination"},{"link_name":"fluticasone propionate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate"},{"link_name":"salmeterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmeterol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-2"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-2"},{"link_name":"thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA2018PI-3"},{"link_name":"anaphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA2018PI-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preg2019-4"},{"link_name":"corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-acting_beta-adrenoceptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"beta-2 adrenergic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA2018PI-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA2018PI-3"},{"link_name":"generic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Fluticasone/salmeterol, sold under the brand name Advair among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication containing fluticasone propionate and salmeterol.[2] It is used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[2] It is used by inhaling the medication into the lungs.[2]Common side effects include thrush, headache, and cough.[3] Serious side effects may include worsening asthma, anaphylaxis, seizures, and heart problems.[3] Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear.[4] Fluticasone, a corticosteroid, works by decreasing inflammation while salmeterol, a long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA), works by activating beta-2 adrenergic receptors.[3]The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000.[3] A generic version was approved in the United States in 2019.[5] In 2021, it was the 64th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10 million prescriptions.[6][7]","title":"Fluticasone/salmeterol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"}],"text":"Fluticasone, a corticosteroid, is the anti-inflammatory component of the combination which decreases inflammation in the lungs. This leads to improvement in breathing. Salmeterol, an LABA, treats constriction of the airways. The combination of both is meant to be used as maintenance therapy and not as a rescue therapy for sudden symptoms.","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oral candidiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIGN-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16754916-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USlabel2016-10"},{"link_name":"hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The common side effects of this combination are those of its individual drugs. For instance, the use of inhaled corticosteroids is associated with oral candidiasis, commonly known as yeast infection or thrush. Rinsing the mouth with water after inhaling the medication decreases the risk of developing this condition.While the use of inhaled steroids and LABA are recommended for the resulting improvement in control of symptoms of asthma,[8] concerns have been raised that salmeterol may increase the risk of death due to asthma, and this additional risk is not reduced by the addition of inhaled steroids.[9] Other side effects from this drug combination may include increased blood pressure, change in heart rate, an irregular heartbeat, increased risk of osteoporosis, cataracts, and glaucoma.[10] Studies have demonstrated the safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate in children. A systematic review published in 2013 found no significant adverse effect on the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, growth, and bone mineral density in asthmatic children when inhaled fluticasone is used for up to three months.[11]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluticasone propionate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate"},{"link_name":"salmeterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmeterol"},{"link_name":"beta-adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic"},{"link_name":"mast cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell"},{"link_name":"eosinophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil"},{"link_name":"basophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil"},{"link_name":"lymphocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"neutrophils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil"},{"link_name":"adenyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"cyclic AMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_AMP"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Fluticasone/salmeterol contains fluticasone propionate, a synthetic corticosteroid, and salmeterol, a selective long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. Fluticasone works as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, inhibiting multiple cell types such as mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils all of which contribute to inflammation, a large component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Salmeterol works by stimulating intracellular adenyl cyclase, which acts as a catalyst in the production of cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels lead to a relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. Additionally, cyclic AMP inhibits the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity.[12]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seffalair_Spiromax:_Pending_EC_decision-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seffalair_Spiromax:_Pending_EC_decision-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroPair_Spiromax:_Pending_EC_decision-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seffalair_Spiromax_EPAR-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroPair_Spiromax_EPAR-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Legal status","text":"On 28 January 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Seffalair Spiromax, intended for the treatment of asthma.[13] The applicant for this medicinal product is Teva B.V.[13] The CHMP also recommended the granting of a marketing authorization for the duplicate product BroPair Spiromax.[14] Seffalair Spiromax and BroPair Spiromax were both approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2021.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mylan N.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Generic equivalents","text":"In January 2019, the FDA granted Mylan N.V. the first generic approval for Advair Diskus.[19]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOJ-20"}],"sub_title":"Civil settlements","text":"In 2012, Advair was part of a larger civil settlement agreement between GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the United States, in which GSK agreed to pay $1.043 billion; the United States said that GSK promoted off-label uses of Advair and paid kickbacks to healthcare professionals to sell this drug, among others.[20]","title":"Society and culture"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Seroflo Multihaler (Cipla Australia Pty Ltd)\". Department of Health and Ages Care. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/seroflo-multihaler-cipla-australia-pty-ltd","url_text":"\"Seroflo Multihaler (Cipla Australia Pty Ltd)\""}]},{"reference":"British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 263–264. ISBN 9780857113382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857113382","url_text":"9780857113382"}]},{"reference":"\"Fluticasone and Salmeterol inhalation - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses\". Drugs.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/pro/fluticasone-and-salmeterol-inhalation.html","url_text":"\"Fluticasone and Salmeterol inhalation - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fluticasone / salmeterol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings\". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/fluticasone-salmeterol.html","url_text":"\"Fluticasone / salmeterol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings\""}]},{"reference":"Office of the Commissioner. \"Press Announcements - FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 1 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm630151.htm","url_text":"\"Press Announcements - FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 300 of 2021\". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx","url_text":"\"The Top 300 of 2021\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fluticasone; Salmeterol - Drug Usage Statistics\". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/FluticasoneSalmeterol","url_text":"\"Fluticasone; Salmeterol - Drug Usage Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guideline 101: British Guideline on the Management of Asthma\". British Thoracic Society & Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Archived from the original on 18 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418153117/http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html","url_text":"\"Guideline 101: British Guideline on the Management of Asthma\""},{"url":"http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE (June 2006). \"Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths\". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (12): 904–12. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126. PMID 16754916.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126","url_text":"\"Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126","url_text":"10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754916","url_text":"16754916"}]},{"reference":"\"US fluticasone propionate/Salmeterol label\" (PDF). FDA. April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/021077s054lbl.pdf","url_text":"\"US fluticasone propionate/Salmeterol label\""}]},{"reference":"Muley P, Shah M, Muley A (July 2013). \"Safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate therapy for pediatric asthma - a systematic review\". Current Drug Safety. 8 (3): 186–194. doi:10.2174/15748863113089990038. PMID 23859431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F15748863113089990038","url_text":"10.2174/15748863113089990038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23859431","url_text":"23859431"}]},{"reference":"\"Advair Diskus 100/50\" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021077s026lbl.pdf","url_text":"\"Advair Diskus 100/50\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seffalair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210112559/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/seffalair-spiromax","url_text":"\"Seffalair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/seffalair-spiromax","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BroPair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214625/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/bropair-spiromax","url_text":"\"BroPair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/bropair-spiromax","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seffalair Spiromax EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/seffalair-spiromax","url_text":"\"Seffalair Spiromax EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"BroPair Spiromax EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/bropair-spiromax","url_text":"\"BroPair Spiromax EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Seffalair Spiromax Product information\". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1533.htm","url_text":"\"Seffalair Spiromax Product information\""}]},{"reference":"\"BroPair Spiromax Product information\". Union Register of medicinal products. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1534.htm","url_text":"\"BroPair Spiromax Product information\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm630151.htm","url_text":"\"FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data\". Department of Justice: Office of Public Affairs. 2 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/glaxosmithkline-plead-guilty-and-pay-3-billion-resolve-fraud-allegations-and-failure-report","url_text":"\"GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/pro/fluticasone-and-salmeterol-inhalation.html","external_links_name":"FDA Professional Drug Information"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699063.html","external_links_name":"a699063"},{"Link":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fluticasone+and+salmeterol","external_links_name":"Fluticasone and salmeterol"},{"Link":"https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=R03AK06","external_links_name":"WHO"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=136112-01-1","external_links_name":"136112-01-1"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9811567","external_links_name":"9811567"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.7987322.html","external_links_name":"7987322"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08699","external_links_name":"D08699"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=447411501&page2=Fluticasone%2Fsalmeterol","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/seroflo-multihaler-cipla-australia-pty-ltd","external_links_name":"\"Seroflo Multihaler (Cipla Australia Pty Ltd)\""},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/pro/fluticasone-and-salmeterol-inhalation.html","external_links_name":"\"Fluticasone and Salmeterol inhalation - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses\""},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/fluticasone-salmeterol.html","external_links_name":"\"Fluticasone / salmeterol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings\""},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm630151.htm","external_links_name":"\"Press Announcements - FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\""},{"Link":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Top 300 of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/FluticasoneSalmeterol","external_links_name":"\"Fluticasone; Salmeterol - Drug Usage Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418153117/http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Guideline 101: British Guideline on the Management of Asthma\""},{"Link":"http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126","external_links_name":"\"Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting beta-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126","external_links_name":"10.7326/0003-4819-144-12-200606200-00126"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754916","external_links_name":"16754916"},{"Link":"http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/021077s054lbl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"US fluticasone propionate/Salmeterol label\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F15748863113089990038","external_links_name":"10.2174/15748863113089990038"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23859431","external_links_name":"23859431"},{"Link":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021077s026lbl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Advair Diskus 100/50\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210112559/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/seffalair-spiromax","external_links_name":"\"Seffalair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\""},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/seffalair-spiromax","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214625/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/bropair-spiromax","external_links_name":"\"BroPair Spiromax: Pending EC decision\""},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/bropair-spiromax","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/seffalair-spiromax","external_links_name":"\"Seffalair Spiromax EPAR\""},{"Link":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/bropair-spiromax","external_links_name":"\"BroPair Spiromax EPAR\""},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1533.htm","external_links_name":"\"Seffalair Spiromax Product information\""},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1534.htm","external_links_name":"\"BroPair Spiromax Product information\""},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm630151.htm","external_links_name":"\"FDA approves first generic Advair Diskus\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/glaxosmithkline-plead-guilty-and-pay-3-billion-resolve-fraud-allegations-and-failure-report","external_links_name":"\"GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Romania
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Telekom Romania Mobile
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["1 History","1.1 Cosmorom","1.2 Cosmote Romania","1.3 Telekom Romania","2 Shareholders","3 Radio Frequency Summary","4 References","5 External links"]
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Mobile network company in Romania
Telekom Romania Mobile Communications SAFormerlyCosmorom (1999–2005)Cosmote (2005–2014)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded30 July 1990; 33 years ago (1990-07-30) (as ROM-POST-TELECOM)1999; 25 years ago (1999) (as Cosmorom)13 September 2014; 9 years ago (2014-09-13) (merger)HeadquartersBucharest, RomaniaKey peopleCharalampos Mazarakis (CEO)ServicesMobile phone telecommunicationsRevenue €380 million (2021)Net income €36 million (2021)Number of employees853 (2021)ParentOTEWebsiteOfficial website
Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. is a mobile network company in Romania, wholly owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom, operating under Telekom brand. Telekom Romania Mobile had 3.5 million subscribers with 15% market share as of July 2021.
The network operated together with Telekom Romania Communications (which traces its ancestry back to ROM-POST-TELECOM , later renamed Romtelecom) from 2014 until 2021 under the same brand Telekom. Both companies were majority owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom.
On November 6, 2020, OTE agreed to sell the 54% stake in the fixed network company Telekom Romania Communications to Orange Romania for €295 million. In order for the transaction to be approved by the authorities, OTE has committed to buy the remaining 30% of shares in Telekom Romania Mobile, which operates the mobile network. The transaction was completed in July 2021.
OTE did not succeed in selling the mobile phone company after the transaction with Digi failed due to the fact that it only wanted to buy cell sites and mobile frequencies, thus making Deutsche Telekom to rebrand it as Telekom Mobile and keep the company in OTE's portfolio until it finds a buyer.
In November 2023, OTE would eventually sell Telekom Romania Mobile to Clever Group, the owner of Prima TV.
History
Cosmorom
The company was launched as Cosmorom in 1999 by Romtelecom as its mobile telephony brand and entered service in April 2000. In the first years, the company failed to gain market share. Having around 1% market share and financial losses, there were talks about the selling of the company, but the decision was delayed several times due to disagreement between OTE, the majority owner of Romtelecom and the Romanian Government. In January 2004 Romtelecom decided to sell a majority stake in the company. Buying offers were made by Mobilkom (now A1 Telekom Austria), which was seen as a favorite, and the Hungarian company Matev of Deutsche Telekom. But in the end, the Greek company OTE, which owned 54% of Cosmorom's parent company, decided to buy 70% of the company, leaving Romtelecom with the remaining 30%.
Cosmote Romania
In July 2005 OTE's mobile division Cosmote relaunched the mobile operator separate from the fixed services company Romtelecom, with a popular offer for prepaid services. In December 2005 had approximately 50,000 subscribers. The process of relaunching, started with the rebranding as Cosmote on 6 December 2005. On 2 March 2006 started a wide advertising campaign on prepaid market, offering a limited number of SIM cards with 2000 free minutes within the network per month for a low price (3 euro). The network could no longer cope with the large number of users and network failures often occurred. So on March 20, the company announced that the offer will work until March 31 only for people who have activated the service until March 22.
On 30 June 2009 Cosmote acquired Zapp Mobile, a CDMA mobile operator with 374,000 subscribers, who also had a 3G license. Following Zapp acquisition, Cosmote launched 3G service. At the end of 2013, Cosmote Romania had 6.1 million customers, of which 25.9% were postpaid subscribers and the rest were users of prepaid services.
Telekom Romania
On 12 September 2014, Romtelecom and Cosmote România unified mobile and fixed services under a single brand and changed their respective legal names to Telekom Romania Communications and Telekom Romania Mobile Communications. The company tried to attract postpaid customers, including with bundling mobile and fixed services, but the market share dropped. The company raised prices, but financial losses continued.
Shareholders
Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (mobile services):
OTE - 99.9999994%
Societatea Națională de Radiocomunicații S.A - 0.0000006%
Radio Frequency Summary
Frequencies used on the Telekom Romania Mobile Network
MCC
MNC
Frequency
Band Number
Protocol (Downlink/Uplink speed)
Class
Notes
226
03
900 MHz
8
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
2G
226
03
1800 MHz
3
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
2G
226
03
800 MHz
20
LTE (37.5 Mbit/s/12.5 Mbit/s)
4G
226
03
900 MHz
8
LTE (37.5 Mbit/s/12.5 Mbit/s)
4G
226
03
1800 MHz
3
LTE (150 Mbit/s/50 Mbit/s)
4G
226
03
2100 MHz
1
LTE (112.5 Mbit/s/37.5 Mbit/s)
4G
226
03
2100 MHz
n1
NR NSA (250 Mbit/s/50 Mbit/s)
5G
References
^ "Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. din BUCURESTI - CUI 11952970". termene.ro. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
^ "OTE Q2 Results" (PDF) (in Romanian). August 5, 2021.
^ "Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes". zf.ro. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
^ "OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m". mobileeurope.co.uk. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. July 29, 2021.
^ "Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile". idevice.ro. March 2, 2020.
^ "Telekom Romania Mobile sale "agreed"". Broadband TV News. November 16, 2023.
^ "Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta". capital.ro. December 11, 2003.
^ "Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom". capital.ro. January 29, 2004.
^ ""CosmOTE" a transferat banii pentru "Cosmorom"". bursa.ro. July 11, 2020.
^ "ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună". comunic.ro. March 2, 2006.
^ "UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro". hotnews.ro. June 30, 2009.
^ "COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM". evz.ro. August 14, 2014.
^ "Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services". romaniajournal.ro. March 6, 2019.
^ "Actionari (Shareholders)" (in Romanian). Telekom Romania. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ "Consultare benzi" (PDF) (in Romanian). July 26, 2017.
External links
Telekom Romania Mobile
vteDeutsche TelekomMain companies
T-Mobile Austria
Magyar Telekom (60.49%)
Makedonski Telekom 56,67%
OTE (45%)
Slovak Telekom
Hrvatski Telekom (51.71%)
Crnogorski Telekom 76.53%
HT Eronet 39.1%
BT Group (12%)
Main services
T-Home
T-Mobile
T-Systems
Mobile networks
T-Mobile Czech Republic
T-Mobile Polska
T-Mobile US
Assurance Wireless
Mint Mobile
Ultra Mobile
Metro by T-Mobile
Cosmote (via OTE)
Telekom Romania Mobile (via OTE)
Absorbed companies
MobileStar
Omnipoint Communications
Powertel (United States)
Sprint Corporation
SunCom
VoiceStream Wireless
Western Wireless Corporation
Divested companies
Telekom Albania
T-Mobile Netherlands
T-Online
Related
Attempted purchase of T-Mobile USA by AT&T
Merger of Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US
Detecon
Electronic Beats
Kabel Deutschland
Nomad Digital
T-Center
T-Mobile Arena
T-Mobile Center
T-Mobile Park
T-Mobile Team
Telekom Innovation Laboratories
United States v. Davis
T-Mobile 4G LTE CellSpot
Category
Commons
vteMobile phone companies operating in Romania
Digi
Orange
Telekom
Vodafone
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"OTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTE"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ROM-POST-TELECOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROM-POST-TELECOM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-POST-TELECOM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"OTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTE"},{"link_name":"Orange Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Romania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Digi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi_Communications"},{"link_name":"cell sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site"},{"link_name":"mobile frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_frequencies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Prima TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_TV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. is a mobile network company in Romania, wholly owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom, operating under Telekom brand. Telekom Romania Mobile had 3.5 million subscribers with 15% market share as of July 2021.[2]The network operated together with Telekom Romania Communications (which traces its ancestry back to ROM-POST-TELECOM [ro], later renamed Romtelecom) from 2014 until 2021 under the same brand Telekom.[3] Both companies were majority owned by OTE, which in turn is controlled by Deutsche Telekom.On November 6, 2020, OTE agreed to sell the 54% stake in the fixed network company Telekom Romania Communications to Orange Romania for €295 million.[4] In order for the transaction to be approved by the authorities, OTE has committed to buy the remaining 30% of shares in Telekom Romania Mobile, which operates the mobile network. The transaction was completed in July 2021.[5]OTE did not succeed in selling the mobile phone company after the transaction with Digi failed due to the fact that it only wanted to buy cell sites and mobile frequencies, thus making Deutsche Telekom to rebrand it as Telekom Mobile and keep the company in OTE's portfolio until it finds a buyer.[6]In November 2023, OTE would eventually sell Telekom Romania Mobile to Clever Group, the owner of Prima TV.[7]","title":"Telekom Romania Mobile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Government"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mobilkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilkom"},{"link_name":"A1 Telekom Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Cosmorom","text":"The company was launched as Cosmorom in 1999 by Romtelecom as its mobile telephony brand and entered service in April 2000. In the first years, the company failed to gain market share. Having around 1% market share and financial losses, there were talks about the selling of the company, but the decision was delayed several times due to disagreement between OTE, the majority owner of Romtelecom and the Romanian Government.[8] In January 2004 Romtelecom decided to sell a majority stake in the company. Buying offers were made by Mobilkom (now A1 Telekom Austria), which was seen as a favorite, and the Hungarian company Matev of Deutsche Telekom.[9] But in the end, the Greek company OTE, which owned 54% of Cosmorom's parent company, decided to buy 70% of the company, leaving Romtelecom with the remaining 30%.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosmote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmote"},{"link_name":"prepaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"SIM cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Zapp Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp_Mobile"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Cosmote Romania","text":"In July 2005 OTE's mobile division Cosmote relaunched the mobile operator separate from the fixed services company Romtelecom, with a popular offer for prepaid services. In December 2005 had approximately 50,000 subscribers. The process of relaunching, started with the rebranding as Cosmote on 6 December 2005. On 2 March 2006 started a wide advertising campaign on prepaid market, offering a limited number of SIM cards with 2000 free minutes within the network per month for a low price (3 euro).[11] The network could no longer cope with the large number of users and network failures often occurred. So on March 20, the company announced that the offer will work until March 31 only for people who have activated the service until March 22.On 30 June 2009 Cosmote acquired Zapp Mobile, a CDMA mobile operator with 374,000 subscribers, who also had a 3G license.[12] Following Zapp acquisition, Cosmote launched 3G service. At the end of 2013, Cosmote Romania had 6.1 million customers, of which 25.9% were postpaid subscribers and the rest were users of prepaid services.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Telekom Romania","text":"On 12 September 2014, Romtelecom and Cosmote România unified mobile and fixed services under a single brand and changed their respective legal names to Telekom Romania Communications and Telekom Romania Mobile Communications.[13] The company tried to attract postpaid customers, including with bundling mobile and fixed services, but the market share dropped. The company raised prices, but financial losses continued.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telekomactionari-15"}],"text":"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (mobile services):[15]OTE - 99.9999994%\nSocietatea Națională de Radiocomunicații S.A - 0.0000006%","title":"Shareholders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio Frequency Summary"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. din BUCURESTI - CUI 11952970\". termene.ro. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://termene.ro/firma/11952970-TELEKOM-ROMANIA-MOBILE-COMMUNICATIONS-SA","url_text":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. din BUCURESTI - CUI 11952970\""}]},{"reference":"\"OTE Q2 Results\" (PDF) (in Romanian). August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmote.gr/otegroup_company/investor_relations/financial_results/financial_statements_ote_group_k_ote_sa/en/OTE_Q2_2021_ENG_RESULTS.pdf","url_text":"\"OTE Q2 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes\". zf.ro. Retrieved October 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zf.ro/business-hi-tech/telekom-mobil-si-a-definitivat-echipa-de-management-dupa-separarea-20284298","url_text":"\"Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes\""}]},{"reference":"\"OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m\". mobileeurope.co.uk. Retrieved October 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/ote-sells-telekom-romania-to-orange-for-295-6-million/","url_text":"\"OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote\" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-24947865-dispare-ultima-piedica-achizitia-telekom-romania-catre-orange-ote-anuntat-vrea-cumpere-pachetul-30-din-fostul-cosmote.htm","url_text":"\"Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile\". idevice.ro. March 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idevice.ro/2020/03/02/telekom-acord-rcs-rds-405618/","url_text":"\"Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile sale \"agreed\"\". Broadband TV News. November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/16/telekom-romania-mobile-sale-agreed/","url_text":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile sale \"agreed\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta\". capital.ro. December 11, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capital.ro/destinul-cosmorom-ramane-o-mare-necunoscuta-12158.html","url_text":"\"Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom\". capital.ro. January 29, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capital.ro/trei-oferte-pentru-cumpararea-cosmorom-12843.html","url_text":"\"Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"CosmOTE\" a transferat banii pentru \"Cosmorom\"\". bursa.ro. July 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bursa.ro/cosmote-a-transferat-banii-pentru-cosmorom-04410515","url_text":"\"\"CosmOTE\" a transferat banii pentru \"Cosmorom\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună\". comunic.ro. March 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiva.comunic.ro/article/%C3%AEncepe-revolu%C8%9Bia-cosmote-lanseaz%C4%83-2000-de-minute-lunar-%C3%AEn-re%C8%9Bea-pentru-numai-3-euro-pe-lun-0","url_text":"\"ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro\". hotnews.ro. June 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-5874004-update-cosmote-cumpara-zapp-romania-pentru-circa-207-milioane-euro.htm","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro\""}]},{"reference":"\"COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM\". evz.ro. August 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://evz.ro/cosmote-si-romtelecom-devin-un-singur-brand-telekom.html","url_text":"\"COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services\". romaniajournal.ro. March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romaniajournal.ro/business/telekom-romania-to-increase-the-price-for-all-fix-and-mobile-services/","url_text":"\"Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actionari (Shareholders)\" (in Romanian). Telekom Romania. Retrieved January 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telekom.ro/despre-noi/telekom-romania/actionari","url_text":"\"Actionari (Shareholders)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consultare benzi\" (PDF) (in Romanian). July 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancom.ro/uploads/forms_files/CONSULTARE_ACORDARE_SPECTRU_700_800_1500__2600_MHz_3,5GHz_revizuit_12_07_20171499848014.pdf","url_text":"\"Consultare benzi\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://mobile.telekom.ro/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://termene.ro/firma/11952970-TELEKOM-ROMANIA-MOBILE-COMMUNICATIONS-SA","external_links_name":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. din BUCURESTI - CUI 11952970\""},{"Link":"https://www.cosmote.gr/otegroup_company/investor_relations/financial_results/financial_statements_ote_group_k_ote_sa/en/OTE_Q2_2021_ENG_RESULTS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OTE Q2 Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.zf.ro/business-hi-tech/telekom-mobil-si-a-definitivat-echipa-de-management-dupa-separarea-20284298","external_links_name":"\"Telekom Mobil şi-a definitivat echipa de management după separarea de divizia fixă. Odată cu finalizarea vânzării către Orange, grecii de la OTE pot începe să distribuie primele de succes\""},{"Link":"https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/ote-sells-telekom-romania-to-orange-for-295-6-million/","external_links_name":"\"OTE sells stake in fixed line provider Telekom Romania to Orange for €295.6m\""},{"Link":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-24947865-dispare-ultima-piedica-achizitia-telekom-romania-catre-orange-ote-anuntat-vrea-cumpere-pachetul-30-din-fostul-cosmote.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dispare și ultima piedică în achiziția Telekom România de către Orange: OTE a anunțat că vrea să cumpere pachetul de 30% din fostul Cosmote\""},{"Link":"https://www.idevice.ro/2020/03/02/telekom-acord-rcs-rds-405618/","external_links_name":"\"Telekom: Aproape de un Acord cu RCS & RDS pentru Vanzarea Diviziei Mobile\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/16/telekom-romania-mobile-sale-agreed/","external_links_name":"\"Telekom Romania Mobile sale \"agreed\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.capital.ro/destinul-cosmorom-ramane-o-mare-necunoscuta-12158.html","external_links_name":"\"Destinul Cosmorom ramane o mare necunoscuta\""},{"Link":"https://www.capital.ro/trei-oferte-pentru-cumpararea-cosmorom-12843.html","external_links_name":"\"Trei oferte pentru cumpararea Cosmorom\""},{"Link":"https://www.bursa.ro/cosmote-a-transferat-banii-pentru-cosmorom-04410515","external_links_name":"\"\"CosmOTE\" a transferat banii pentru \"Cosmorom\"\""},{"Link":"http://arhiva.comunic.ro/article/%C3%AEncepe-revolu%C8%9Bia-cosmote-lanseaz%C4%83-2000-de-minute-lunar-%C3%AEn-re%C8%9Bea-pentru-numai-3-euro-pe-lun-0","external_links_name":"\"ÎNCEPE REVOLUȚIA! COSMOTE lansează 2000 de minute lunar în rețea pentru numai 3 euro pe lună\""},{"Link":"https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-telecom-5874004-update-cosmote-cumpara-zapp-romania-pentru-circa-207-milioane-euro.htm","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Cosmote cumpara Zapp in Romania, pentru circa 207 milioane euro\""},{"Link":"https://evz.ro/cosmote-si-romtelecom-devin-un-singur-brand-telekom.html","external_links_name":"\"COSMOTE şi ROMTELECOM devin un singur brand, TELEKOM\""},{"Link":"https://www.romaniajournal.ro/business/telekom-romania-to-increase-the-price-for-all-fix-and-mobile-services/","external_links_name":"\"Telekom Romania To Increase The Price For All Fix And Mobile Services\""},{"Link":"https://www.telekom.ro/despre-noi/telekom-romania/actionari","external_links_name":"\"Actionari (Shareholders)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancom.ro/uploads/forms_files/CONSULTARE_ACORDARE_SPECTRU_700_800_1500__2600_MHz_3,5GHz_revizuit_12_07_20171499848014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Consultare benzi\""},{"Link":"https://mobile.telekom.ro/","external_links_name":"Telekom Romania Mobile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_Feronia
|
72 Feronia
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Main-belt asteroid
72 FeroniaA three-dimensional model of 72 Feronia based on its light curve.DiscoveryDiscovered byChristian Heinrich Friedrich PetersDiscovery dateMay 29, 1861DesignationsMPC designation(72) FeroniaPronunciation/fɛˈroʊniə/Named afterFeroniaMinor planet categoryMain beltAdjectivesFeronianOrbital characteristicsEpoch December 31, 2006 (JD 2454100.5)Aphelion2.539 AU (379.8 Gm)Perihelion1.993 AU (298.1 Gm)Semi-major axis2.266 AU (339.0 Gm)Eccentricity0.121Orbital period (sidereal)1,246.123 days (3.41 a)Mean anomaly146.950°Inclination5.417°Longitude of ascending node208.137°Argument of perihelion102.608°Physical characteristicsDimensions83.95±4.02 kmMass(9.45 ± 3.76/1.75)×1017 kgMean density3.045 ± 1.212/0.565 g/cm3Synodic rotation period8.09068 hPole ecliptic latitude287 or 102Pole ecliptic longitude−39 or −55Geometric albedo0.063Spectral typeTDGAbsolute magnitude (H)8.94
72 Feronia (minor planet designation: 72 Feronia) is a quite large and dark main belt asteroid. It was the first asteroid discovery by C. H. F. Peters, on May 29, 1861, from Hamilton College, New York State. It was initially thought that Peters had merely seen the already known asteroid 66 Maja, but T.H. Safford showed that it was a new body. Safford named it after Feronia, a Roman fertility goddess.
This asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.41 years, having a semimajor axis of 2.266 AU and an eccentricity of 0.121. The orbital plane is inclined by an angle of 5.4° to the plane of the ecliptic. This is a spectral type TDG asteroid with a cross-section size of 84 km. The asteroid has an estimated rotation period of 8.09 h. Hanuš et al. (2013) gives two possible solutions for the pole in ecliptic coordinates: (λ1, β1) = (287°, −39°) or (λ1, β1) = (102°, −55°).
References
^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
^ Carry, B. (December 2012), "Density of asteroids", Planetary and Space Science, vol. 73, pp. 98–118, arXiv:1203.4336, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. See Table 1.
^ a b Fienga, A.; Avdellidou, C.; Hanuš, J. (February 2020). "Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (1). doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3407.
^ a b c Hanuš, J.; et al. (September 2013), "Sizes of main-belt asteroids by combining shape models and Keck adaptive optics observations", Icarus, 226 (1): 1045−1057, arXiv:1308.0446, Bibcode:2013Icar..226.1045H, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.023.
^ "Asteroid Data Sets". Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
^ *JPL Small-Body Database Browser
^ Sheehan, William (1999), "Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters", Biographical Memoirs, vol. 76, National Academies Press, p. 289, ISBN 0309064341.
^ Schmadel, Lutz (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names (fifth ed.). Germany: Springer. p. 22. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
External links
72 Feronia at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
72 Feronia at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters
vteMinor planets navigator
71 Niobe
72 Feronia
73 Klytia
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This article about an asteroid native to the asteroid belt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planet designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet_designation"},{"link_name":"main belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_belt"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"C. H. F. Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Friedrich_Peters"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheehan1999-7"},{"link_name":"Hamilton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"66 Maja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_Maja"},{"link_name":"T.H. Safford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Henry_Safford"},{"link_name":"Feronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"semimajor axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimajor_axis"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"orbital plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane"},{"link_name":"plane of the ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_of_the_ecliptic"}],"text":"72 Feronia (minor planet designation: 72 Feronia) is a quite large and dark main belt asteroid. It was the first asteroid discovery by C. H. F. Peters, on May 29, 1861,[7] from Hamilton College, New York State. It was initially thought that Peters had merely seen the already known asteroid 66 Maja, but T.H. Safford showed that it was a new body. Safford named it after Feronia, a Roman fertility goddess.[8]This asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.41 years, having a semimajor axis of 2.266 AU and an eccentricity of 0.121. The orbital plane is inclined by an angle of 5.4° to the plane of the ecliptic. This is a spectral type TDG asteroid with a cross-section size of 84 km. The asteroid has an estimated rotation period of 8.09 h. Hanuš et al. (2013) gives two possible solutions for the pole in ecliptic coordinates: (λ1, β1) = (287°, −39°) or (λ1, β1) = (102°, −55°).","title":"72 Feronia"}]
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[{"reference":"Carry, B. (December 2012), \"Density of asteroids\", Planetary and Space Science, vol. 73, pp. 98–118, arXiv:1203.4336, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4336","url_text":"1203.4336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012P&SS...73...98C","url_text":"2012P&SS...73...98C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2012.03.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009"}]},{"reference":"Fienga, A.; Avdellidou, C.; Hanuš, J. (February 2020). \"Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (1). doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3407.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/492/1/589/5658701","url_text":"\"Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz3407","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/stz3407"}]},{"reference":"Hanuš, J.; et al. (September 2013), \"Sizes of main-belt asteroids by combining shape models and Keck adaptive optics observations\", Icarus, 226 (1): 1045−1057, arXiv:1308.0446, Bibcode:2013Icar..226.1045H, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0446","url_text":"1308.0446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..226.1045H","url_text":"2013Icar..226.1045H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.07.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.023"}]},{"reference":"\"Asteroid Data Sets\". Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091217104722/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/albedo.html","url_text":"\"Asteroid Data Sets\""},{"url":"http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/albedo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sheehan, William (1999), \"Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters\", Biographical Memoirs, vol. 76, National Academies Press, p. 289, ISBN 0309064341.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4D-OIyTLoO0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA289","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0309064341","url_text":"0309064341"}]},{"reference":"Schmadel, Lutz (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names (fifth ed.). Germany: Springer. p. 22. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. Retrieved 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_D._Schmadel","url_text":"Schmadel, Lutz"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA22","url_text":"Dictionary of minor planet names"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3","url_text":"3-540-00238-3"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4336","external_links_name":"1203.4336"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012P&SS...73...98C","external_links_name":"2012P&SS...73...98C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2012.03.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/492/1/589/5658701","external_links_name":"\"Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz3407","external_links_name":"10.1093/mnras/stz3407"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0446","external_links_name":"1308.0446"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..226.1045H","external_links_name":"2013Icar..226.1045H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.07.023","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.023"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091217104722/http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/albedo.html","external_links_name":"\"Asteroid Data Sets\""},{"Link":"http://www.psi.edu/pds/resource/albedo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=72%20Feronia;orb=0;cov=0;log=0#orb","external_links_name":"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4D-OIyTLoO0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA289","external_links_name":"Biographical Memoirs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Dictionary of minor planet names"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.0","external_links_name":"72 Feronia"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.3.0","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.4.0","external_links_name":"Observation prediction"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.1","external_links_name":"Orbital info"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.6","external_links_name":"Proper elements"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=72&pc=1.1.7.0","external_links_name":"Observational info"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072#content","external_links_name":"72 Feronia"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072;cad=1#cad","external_links_name":"Close approach"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072#discovery","external_links_name":"Discovery"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=20000072","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072&orb=1#orb","external_links_name":"Orbit diagram"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072#elem","external_links_name":"Orbital elements"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072#phys_par","external_links_name":"Physical parameters"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20000072","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=72","external_links_name":"MPC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=72_Feronia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_from_Granada
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South from Granada
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["1 Film version","2 References"]
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Autobiographical book by Gerald Brenan
This article is about the autobiographical book. For the 2003 film, see South from Granada (film).
South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village AuthorGerald BrenanLanguageEnglishSubjectTravel LiteraturePublished1957Media typePrint
South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village is an autobiographical book by Gerald Brenan, first published in 1957.
Brenan, a fringe member of the Bloomsbury Group, moved to Spain in 1919 and lived there on and off for the rest of his life. The book is an example of travel literature, mixing an autobiographical account of his life in Yegen, the village where he found his first home in Spain, with detailed background information about the Alpujarras region of Andalusia. He describes visits to his home by Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Dora Carrington.
Film version
South from Granada has been adapted into a film, Al sur de Granada (2003), directed by Fernando Colomo. The film includes some biographical material not in the original book.
References
^ Holland, R. F. (2018). The warm south: how the Mediterranean shaped the British imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780300240870.
^ Speake, Jennifer, ed. (2003). Literature of travel and exploration: an encyclopedia. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1119. ISBN 9781579584405.
This article about a biographical book on writers or poets is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South from Granada (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_from_Granada_(film)"},{"link_name":"autobiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographical"},{"link_name":"Gerald Brenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brenan"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegen"},{"link_name":"Alpujarras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpujarras"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Lytton Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Strachey"},{"link_name":"Dora Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Carrington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the autobiographical book. For the 2003 film, see South from Granada (film).South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village is an autobiographical book by Gerald Brenan, first published in 1957.Brenan, a fringe member of the Bloomsbury Group, moved to Spain in 1919 and lived there on and off for the rest of his life.[1] The book is an example of travel literature, mixing an autobiographical account of his life in Yegen, the village where he found his first home in Spain, with detailed background information about the Alpujarras region of Andalusia. He describes visits to his home by Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Dora Carrington.[2]","title":"South from Granada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al sur de Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_sur_de_Granada"},{"link_name":"Fernando Colomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Colomo"}],"text":"South from Granada has been adapted into a film, Al sur de Granada (2003), directed by Fernando Colomo. The film includes some biographical material not in the original book.","title":"Film version"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Holland, R. F. (2018). The warm south: how the Mediterranean shaped the British imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780300240870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300240870","url_text":"9780300240870"}]},{"reference":"Speake, Jennifer, ed. (2003). Literature of travel and exploration: an encyclopedia. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1119. ISBN 9781579584405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Speake","url_text":"Speake, Jennifer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579584405","url_text":"9781579584405"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_from_Granada&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorantraniliprole
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Chlorantraniliprole
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["1 References"]
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Chemical compound
Chlorantraniliprole
Chlorantraniliprole 3D molecular model generated using Avogadro software
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Bromo-N--1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
Other names
Rynaxypyr, Coragen, Altacor
Identifiers
CAS Number
500008-45-7
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:67113
ChEMBL
ChEMBL399318
ECHA InfoCard
100.112.607
EC Number
610-489-8
KEGG
C18454
PubChem CID
11271640
UNII
622AK9DH9G
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID2044345
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H14BrCl2N5O2/c1-9-6-10(20)7-11(17(27)22-2)15(9)24-18(28)13-8-14(19)25-26(13)16-12(21)4-3-5-23-16/h3-8H,1-2H3,(H,22,27)(H,24,28)Key: PSOVNZZNOMJUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
CC1=C(C(=CC(=C1)Cl)C(=O)NC)NC(=O)C2=CC(=NN2C3=C(C=CC=N3)Cl)Br
Properties
Chemical formula
C18H14BrCl2N5O2
Molar mass
483.15 g·mol−1
Melting point
209 °C (408 °F; 482 K)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H319, H335, H410
Precautionary statements
P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P337+P313, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr) is an insecticide of the ryanoid classes. Chlorantraniliprole was developed world-wide by DuPont and belongs to a class of selective insecticides featuring a novel mode of action to control a range of pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera (moth), and some Coleoptera (beetle), Diptera (fly), and Isoptera (termite) species.
Chlorantraniliprole opens muscular calcium channels, in particular the ryanodine receptor, rapidly causing paralysis and ultimately death of sensitive species. The differential selectivity chlorantraniliprole has towards insect ryanodine receptors explains the outstanding profile of low mammalian toxicity. Chlorantraniliprole is active on chewing pest insects primarily by ingestion and secondarily by contact.
Chlorantraniliprole is an active ingredient in the insecticidal products Ferterra (0.4% chlorantraniliprole), Scotts GrubEx1 (0.08% chlorantraniliprole), and Coragen (18.5% chlorantraniliprole).
References
^ EPA Pesticides Fact Sheet: Chlorantraniliprole
vtePest control: InsecticidesCarbamates
Aldicarb
Aminocarb
Bendiocarb
Butocarboxim
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbosulfan
m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
Ethienocarb
Fenobucarb
Isoprocarb
Methomyl
Metolcarb
Oxamyl
Promecarb
Propoxur
Inorganic compounds
Aluminium phosphide
Boric acid
Chromated copper arsenate
Copper(II) arsenate
Copper(I) cyanide
Cryolite
Diatomaceous earth
Lead hydrogen arsenate
Paris Green
Scheele's Green
Insect growth regulators
Benzoylureas
Diflubenzuron
Flufenoxuron
Hydroprene
Lufenuron
Methoprene
Pyriproxyfen
Neonicotinoids
Acetamiprid
Clothianidin
Dinotefuran
Imidacloprid
Nitenpyram
Nithiazine
Thiacloprid
Thiamethoxam
Organochlorides
Aldrin
Beta-HCH
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Cyclodiene
1,2-DCB
1,4-DCB
1,1-DCE
1,2-DCE
DDD
DDE
DDT
DFDT
Dicofol
Dieldrin
Endosulfan
Endrin
Heptachlor
Kepone
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Tetradifon
Toxaphene
Organophosphorus
Acephate
Azamethiphos
Azinphos-methyl
Bensulide
Chlorethoxyfos
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Coumaphos
Demeton-S-methyl
Diazinon
Dichlorvos
Dicrotophos
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
Dimefox
Dimethoate
Dioxathion
Disulfoton
Ethion
Ethoprop
Fenamiphos
Fenitrothion
Fenthion
Fosthiazate
Isoxathion
Malathion
Methamidophos
Methidathion
Mevinphos
Mipafox
Monocrotophos
Naled
Omethoate
Oxydemeton-methyl
Parathion
Parathion-methyl
Phenthoate
Phorate
Phosalone
Phosmet
Phoxim
Pirimiphos-methyl
Quinalphos
R-16661
Schradan
Temefos
Tebupirimfos
Terbufos
Tetrachlorvinphos
Tribufos
Trichlorfon
Pyrethroids
Acrinathrin
Allethrins
Bifenthrin
Bioallethrin
Cyfluthrin
Cyhalothrin
Cypermethrin
Cyphenothrin
Deltamethrin
Empenthrin
Esfenvalerate
Etofenprox
Fenpropathrin
Fenvalerate
Flumethrin
Fluvalinate
Imiprothrin
Metofluthrin
Permethrin
Phenothrin
Prallethrin
Pyrethrin (I, II; chrysanthemic acid)
Pyrethrum
Resmethrin
Silafluofen
Tefluthrin
Tetramethrin
Tralomethrin
Transfluthrin
Ryanoids
Chlorantraniliprole
Cyantraniliprole
Flubendiamide
Ryanodine
Ryanodol
Other chemicals
Afoxolaner
Amitraz
Azadirachtin
Bensultap
Buprofezin
Cartap
Chlordimeform
Chlorfenapyr
Cyromazine
Fenazaquin
Fenoxycarb
Fipronil
Fluralaner
Hydramethylnon
Indoxacarb
Limonene
Lotilaner (+milbemycin oxime)
Pyridaben
Pyriprole
Sarolaner
Adjuvants (Piperonyl butoxide, Sesamex)
Spinosad
Sulfluramid
Tebufenozide
Tebufenpyrad
Veracevine
Xanthone
Metaflumizone
Metabolites
Oxon
Malaoxon
Paraoxon
TCPy
Biopesticides
Bacillus thuringiensis
Baculovirus
Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria brongniartii
Isaria fumosorosea
Metarhizium acridum
Metarhizium anisopliae
Nomuraea rileyi
Lecanicillium lecanii
Paenibacillus popilliae
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Spinosad
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ryanoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanoid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Coleoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptera"},{"link_name":"Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera"},{"link_name":"Isoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoptera"},{"link_name":"calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channels"},{"link_name":"ryanodine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor"},{"link_name":"ryanodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"active ingredient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredient"}],"text":"Chemical compoundChlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr) is an insecticide of the ryanoid classes.[1] Chlorantraniliprole was developed world-wide by DuPont and belongs to a class of selective insecticides featuring a novel mode of action to control a range of pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera (moth), and some Coleoptera (beetle), Diptera (fly), and Isoptera (termite) species.Chlorantraniliprole opens muscular calcium channels, in particular the ryanodine receptor, rapidly causing paralysis and ultimately death of sensitive species. The differential selectivity chlorantraniliprole has towards insect ryanodine receptors explains the outstanding profile of low mammalian toxicity.[citation needed] Chlorantraniliprole is active on chewing pest insects primarily by ingestion and secondarily by contact.Chlorantraniliprole is an active ingredient in the insecticidal products Ferterra (0.4% chlorantraniliprole), Scotts GrubEx1 (0.08% chlorantraniliprole), and Coragen (18.5% chlorantraniliprole).","title":"Chlorantraniliprole"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=500008-45-7","external_links_name":"500008-45-7"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC1%3DC%28C%28%3DCC%28%3DC1%29Cl%29C%28%3DO%29NC%29NC%28%3DO%29C2%3DCC%28%3DNN2C3%3DC%28C%3DCC%3DN3%29Cl%29Br","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=67113","external_links_name":"CHEBI:67113"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL399318","external_links_name":"ChEMBL399318"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.112.607","external_links_name":"100.112.607"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C18454","external_links_name":"C18454"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11271640","external_links_name":"11271640"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/622AK9DH9G","external_links_name":"622AK9DH9G"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2044345","external_links_name":"DTXSID2044345"},{"Link":"https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-090100_01-Apr-08.pdf","external_links_name":"EPA Pesticides Fact Sheet: Chlorantraniliprole"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damper_(disambiguation)
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Damper
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["1 Music","2 Structure","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
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Look up damper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A damper is a device that deadens, restrains, or depresses. It may refer to:
Music
Damper pedal, a device that mutes musical tones, particularly in stringed instruments
A mute for various brass instruments
Structure
Damper (flow), a mechanical device in a duct or chimney that regulates airflow
Stockbridge damper, used to suppress wind-induced vibrations on taut cables
Tuned mass damper, a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or structural failure by vibration
Other uses
Damper (food), a bread of the Australian Outback
In mechanical engineering, a damper is a device for suppressing vibrations in a mechanical system by dissipating energy.
Dashpot, a type of hydraulic or mechanical damper
Shock absorber (British or technical use: damper), a mechanical device designed to dissipate kinetic energy
An item of boiler technology used to regulate the fire
In electronics, a kind of diode intended to absorb energy peaks, normally generated by inductive circuitry
See also
Damping (disambiguation)
Attenuator (electronics)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Damper.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"title":"Damping (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Attenuator (electronics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator_(electronics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Damper&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Damper&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Records
|
Imaginary Records
|
["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 EPs","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Imaginary Records was an independent record label based in Heywood, Greater Manchester, England, which specialised mainly in indie rock and post-punk. It was started in 1985 by Alan Duffy, known for his lyrical contributions to Porcupine Tree's first two albums, On the Sunday of Life and Up the Downstair, and Andy Hopkins.
The label released many albums by the Chameleons and related bands, including the Reegs, and Mark Burgess' Zima Junction.
The label also released a number of artist tribute albums, on which contemporary acts recorded cover versions of influential artists such as Captain Beefheart, the Velvet Underground, the Byrds, Syd Barrett, the Kinks, and Nick Drake, leading to Duffy being described as a "tribute entrepreneur". Contributors to this series of albums included Sonic Youth, the Membranes, Nirvana, Echo & the Bunnymen, XTC, Dinosaur Jr., Ride, Screaming Trees and Buffalo Tom. The albums were released in the US by Communion Records.
Discography
Albums
Tiny Lights - Hot Chocolate Massage (ILLCD 011)
The Mock Turtles - Turtle Soup (ILLCD 012)
Cud - Elvis Belt (ILLCD 013)
Various - Outlaw Blues - A Tribute to Bob Dylan (ILLCD 014)
The Beat Poets - Totally Radio (ILLCD 015)
Various - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume One) (ILLCD 016)
Various - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Two) (ILLCD 017)
Spiral Jetty - Dog star (ILLCD 018)
The Mock Turtles - 87-90 (ILLCD 019)
The Infant God - Puberty (ILLCD 020)
Cud - Leggy Mambo (ILLCD 021)
Various - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Three) (ILLCD 022)
Various - Through the Looking Glass - 1966 (ILLCD 023)
Bill Nelson - Luminous (ILLCD 024)
Various - 1965 - Through the Looking Glass (ILLCD 025)
Various - Brittle Days - A Tribute to Nick Drake (ILLCD 026)
The Rhythm Sisters - Willerby (ILLCD 027)
The Cherryblades - In Dependence (ILLCD 028)
The Reegs - Return of the Sea Monkeys (ILLCD 029)
The Prudes - Designer Karma (ILLCD 030)
Various - Out of Time - The Very Best of the Imaginary Tribute Series (ILLCD 031)
Various - Through the Looking Glass - 1968 (ILLCD 032)
Various - You Done My Brain In - A Tribute to the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (ILLCD 033)
Various - Seconds Out Round One - Live Hit The North Sessions (ILLCD 034)
The Chameleons - Here Today ... Gone Tomorrow (ILLCD 035)
The Chameleons - Live in Toronto (ILLCD 036)
The Chameleons - Here Today ... Gone Tomorrow/Live In Toronto (ILLCD 037)
The Chameleons - Free Trade Hall Rehearsal (ILLCD 039)
Various - Outlaw Blues - A Tribute to Bob Dylan (Volume Two) (ILLCD 040)
The Chameleons - Dali's Picture (ILLCD 041)
The Chameleons - Auffuhrung In Berlin (ILLCD 042)
The Chameleons - Dali's Picture / Live In Berlin (ILLCD 043)
Mark Burgess and the Sons of God - Zima Junction (ILLCD 044)
The Reegs - Rock the Magic Rock (ILLCD 045)
Who By Fire - Road Movie (ILLCD 046)
Various - Fifteen Minutes - A Tribute to The Velvet Underground (ILLCD 047P)
Various - Beyond the Wildwood - A Tribute To Syd Barrett (ILLCD 100)
Various - Fast 'n' Bulbous - A Tribute to Captain Beefheart (ILLCD 200)
Various - Shangri-La - A Tribute to the Kinks (ILLCD 300)
Various - Time Between - A Tribute to The Byrds (ILLCD 400)
Cud - When In Rome, Kill Me (ILLCD 500)
Various - Stoned Again - A Tribute to the Rolling Stones (ILLCD 600)
Benny Profane – Dumb Luck Charm/Trapdoor Swing (ILLCD 700)
Various - If 6 Was 9 - A Tribute To Jimi Hendrix (ILLCD 800)
The Bachelor Pad - Tales of Hofmann (ILLCD 900)
Various - Through the Looking Glass - 1967 (ILLCD 1000)
EPs
The Stairs - Last Time Around Stairs (MIRACD 040)
The Chemistry Set - (Don't) Turn Away EP (MIRACD 026)
The Chemistry Set - The Candleburns EP (MIRACD 030)
See also
List of record labels: I–Q
References
^ "Porcupine Tree Interview". porcupinetree.com. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
^ InMusic, Volumes 1-2, p. 16, ABC Consumer Magazines, 1990
^ a b c Palmer, Robert (1989) "RECORDINGS; Rock's Icons: Hero Today, Homage Tomorrow", The New York Times, 15 October 1989. Retrieved 6 August 2015
^ "Mark Burgess and the Sons of God: Zima Junction", thechameleons.com. Retrieved 6 August 2015
^ Petridis, Alexis (9 November 2001). "They are not worthy". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
^ Walters, Neal & Mansfield, Brian (1998) MusicHound Folk: The Essential Album Guide, Visible Ink, ISBN 978-1578590377
^ Studies in Popular Culture, Volumes 15-16, p. 7, Popular Culture Association in the South, 1992
^ "Lola", cudband.com. Retrieved 6 August 2015
External links
Imaginary Records discography at Discogs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
|
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The albums were released in the US by Communion Records.[3]","title":"Imaginary Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiny Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Lights"},{"link_name":"The Mock Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mock_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Turtle Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Soup_(Mock_Turtles_album)"},{"link_name":"Cud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cud_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Belt"},{"link_name":"Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume One)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_%26_Hell_-_A_Tribute_to_The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Two)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_%26_Hell_-_A_Tribute_to_The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"The Mock Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mock_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Cud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cud_(band)"},{"link_name":"Leggy Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggy_Mambo"},{"link_name":"Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Three)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_%26_Hell_-_A_Tribute_to_The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bill Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"1965 - Through the Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_-_Through_the_Looking_Glass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Rhythm Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rhythm_Sisters"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"The Chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chameleons"},{"link_name":"Mark Burgess and the Sons of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Burgess_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Wildwood - A Tribute To Syd Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Wildwood"},{"link_name":"Fast 'n' Bulbous - A Tribute to Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_%27n%27_Bulbous_-_A_Tribute_to_Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"Time Between - A Tribute to The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Between_-_A_Tribute_to_The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Cud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cud_(band)"},{"link_name":"When In Rome, Kill Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_in_Rome,_Kill_Me"},{"link_name":"Stoned Again - A Tribute to the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoned_Again_-_A_Tribute_to_the_Rolling_Stones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benny Profane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Profane"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Tiny Lights - Hot Chocolate Massage (ILLCD 011)\nThe Mock Turtles - Turtle Soup (ILLCD 012)\nCud - Elvis Belt (ILLCD 013)\nVarious - Outlaw Blues - A Tribute to Bob Dylan (ILLCD 014)\nThe Beat Poets - Totally Radio (ILLCD 015)\nVarious - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume One) (ILLCD 016)\nVarious - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Two) (ILLCD 017)\nSpiral Jetty - Dog star (ILLCD 018)\nThe Mock Turtles - 87-90 (ILLCD 019)\nThe Infant God - Puberty (ILLCD 020)\nCud - Leggy Mambo (ILLCD 021)\nVarious - Heaven & Hell - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground (Volume Three) (ILLCD 022)\nVarious - Through the Looking Glass - 1966 (ILLCD 023)\nBill Nelson - Luminous (ILLCD 024)\nVarious - 1965 - Through the Looking Glass (ILLCD 025)\nVarious - Brittle Days - A Tribute to Nick Drake (ILLCD 026)\nThe Rhythm Sisters - Willerby (ILLCD 027)\nThe Cherryblades - In Dependence (ILLCD 028)\nThe Reegs - Return of the Sea Monkeys (ILLCD 029)\nThe Prudes - Designer Karma (ILLCD 030)\nVarious - Out of Time - The Very Best of the Imaginary Tribute Series (ILLCD 031)\nVarious - Through the Looking Glass - 1968 (ILLCD 032)\nVarious - You Done My Brain In - A Tribute to the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (ILLCD 033)\nVarious - Seconds Out Round One - Live Hit The North Sessions (ILLCD 034)\nThe Chameleons - Here Today ... Gone Tomorrow (ILLCD 035)\nThe Chameleons - Live in Toronto (ILLCD 036)\nThe Chameleons - Here Today ... Gone Tomorrow/Live In Toronto (ILLCD 037)\nThe Chameleons - Free Trade Hall Rehearsal (ILLCD 039)\nVarious - Outlaw Blues - A Tribute to Bob Dylan (Volume Two) (ILLCD 040)\nThe Chameleons - Dali's Picture (ILLCD 041)\nThe Chameleons - Auffuhrung In Berlin (ILLCD 042)\nThe Chameleons - Dali's Picture / Live In Berlin (ILLCD 043)\nMark Burgess and the Sons of God - Zima Junction (ILLCD 044)\nThe Reegs - Rock the Magic Rock (ILLCD 045)\nWho By Fire - Road Movie (ILLCD 046)\nVarious - Fifteen Minutes - A Tribute to The Velvet Underground (ILLCD 047P)\nVarious - Beyond the Wildwood - A Tribute To Syd Barrett (ILLCD 100)\nVarious - Fast 'n' Bulbous - A Tribute to Captain Beefheart (ILLCD 200)\nVarious - Shangri-La - A Tribute to the Kinks (ILLCD 300)\nVarious - Time Between - A Tribute to The Byrds (ILLCD 400)\nCud - When In Rome, Kill Me (ILLCD 500)\nVarious - Stoned Again - A Tribute to the Rolling Stones (ILLCD 600)\nBenny Profane – Dumb Luck Charm/Trapdoor Swing (ILLCD 700)\nVarious - If 6 Was 9 - A Tribute To Jimi Hendrix (ILLCD 800)\nThe Bachelor Pad - Tales of Hofmann (ILLCD 900)\nVarious - Through the Looking Glass - 1967 (ILLCD 1000)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stairs"},{"link_name":"The Chemistry Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemistry_Set_(UK_band)"},{"link_name":"The Chemistry Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemistry_Set_(UK_band)"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"The Stairs - Last Time Around Stairs (MIRACD 040)\nThe Chemistry Set - (Don't) Turn Away EP (MIRACD 026)\nThe Chemistry Set - The Candleburns EP (MIRACD 030)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of record labels: I–Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels:_I%E2%80%93Q"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Porcupine Tree Interview\". porcupinetree.com. Retrieved 13 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.porcupinetree.com/background.interviews.cfm?press=1472","url_text":"\"Porcupine Tree Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (9 November 2001). \"They are not worthy\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/09/shopping.artsfeatures","url_text":"\"They are not worthy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.porcupinetree.com/background.interviews.cfm?press=1472","external_links_name":"\"Porcupine Tree Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/15/arts/recordings-rock-s-icons-hero-today-homage-tomorrow.html","external_links_name":"RECORDINGS; Rock's Icons: Hero Today, Homage Tomorrow"},{"Link":"http://www.thechameleons.com/releases/sleevenotes.php?recording=78","external_links_name":"Mark Burgess and the Sons of God: Zima Junction"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/09/shopping.artsfeatures","external_links_name":"\"They are not worthy\""},{"Link":"http://www.cudband.com/singles_lola.html","external_links_name":"Lola"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/Imaginary+Records","external_links_name":"Imaginary Records"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/97cead7a-aef8-457c-8f27-7b62267ed881","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics
|
Sweden at the 1908 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Medalists","2 Athletics","3 Cycling","4 Diving","5 Fencing","6 Figure skating","7 Football","8 Gymnastics","9 Sailing","10 Shooting","11 Swimming","12 Tennis","13 Tug of war","14 Water polo","15 Wrestling","16 Sources"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sporting event delegationSweden at the1908 Summer OlympicsIOC codeSWENOCSwedish Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.sok.se (in Swedish and English)in LondonCompetitors168 in 14 sportsFlag bearerErik GranfeltMedalsRanked 3rd
Gold
8
Silver
6
Bronze
11
Total
25
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games
Sweden competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. It was the third appearance of the European nation, which had missed only the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Medalists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Gold
Frithiof Mårtensson
Wrestling (Greco-Roman)
Men's middleweight
Gold
Swedish men's team
Gymnastics
Men's team
Gold
Hjalmar Johansson
Diving
Men's 10 m platform
Gold
Ulrich Salchow
Figure skating
Men's singles
Gold
Oscar Swahn
Shooting
Men's single-shot running deer
Gold
Arvid KnöppelErnst RosellAlfred SwahnOscar Swahn
Shooting
Men's team single-shot running deer
Gold
Eric Lemming
Athletics
Men's javelin throw
Gold
Eric Lemming
Athletics
Men's freestyle javelin
Silver
Mauritz Andersson
Wrestling (Greco-Roman)
Men's middleweight
Silver
Karl Malmström
Diving
Men's 10 m platform
Silver
Richard Johansson
Figure skating
Men's singles
Silver
Carl HellströmEdmund ThormählenErik WalleriusEric SandbergHarald Wallin
Sailing
Men's 8 metre class
Silver
Per-Olof ArvidssonJanne GustafssonAxel JanssonGustaf Adolf JonssonClaës RundbergGustav-Adolf Sjöberg
Shooting
Men's team free rifle
Silver
Eric CarlbergVilhelm CarlbergJohan Hübner von HolstFranz-Albert Schartau
Shooting
Men's team small-bore rifle
Bronze
Robert AnderssonErik BergvallPontus HansonHarald JulinTorsten KumfeldtAxel RunströmGunnar Wennerström
Water polo
Men's competitionGD
Bronze
Märtha Adlerstråhle
Tennis
Women's indoor singles
Bronze
Wollmar BoströmGunnar Setterwall
Tennis
Men's indoor doubles
Bronze
Harald Julin
Swimming
Men's 100 m freestyle
Bronze
Pontus Hanson
Swimming
Men's 200 m breaststroke
Bronze
Arvid Spångberg
Diving
Men's 10 m platform
Bronze
Per Thorén
Figure skating
Men's singles
Bronze
Oscar Swahn
Shooting
Men's double-shot running deer
Bronze
Otto Nilsson
Athletics
Men's freestyle javelin
Bronze
Bruno Söderström
Athletics
Men's pole vault
Bronze
John Svanberg
Athletics
Men's 5 miles
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sweden was one of 5 nations to win at least one gold medal in athletics, and one of only three to earn more than one. Sweden's two gold medals placed the nation third in the standings behind the United States and Great Britain.
Running
Event
Place
Athlete
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Men's 100 metres
Heats
Knut Lindberg
11.2 seconds 2nd, heat 8
Did not advance
Knut Stenborg
11.5 seconds 2nd, heat 7
Karl Fryksdal
Unknown 3rd, heat 12
Men's 200 metres
Semi-finalist
Sven Låftman
23.8 seconds 1st, heat 6
Did not start —, semifinal 2
Did not advance
Heats
Knut Stenborg
Unknown 4th, heat 2
Did not advance
Knut Lindberg
Unknown 4th, heat 11
Men's 400 metres
Heats
Sven Låftman
Unknown 3rd, heat 4
Did not advance
Arvid Ringstrand
Unknown 3rd, heat 14
Men's 800 metres
Semi-finalist
Kristian Hellström
None held
Unknown 2nd, semifinal 8
Did not advance
Evert Björn
Unknown 3rd, semifinal 1
—
Edward Dahl
Did not finish —, semifinal 5
Frank Danielson
Did not finish —, semifinal 6
Men's 1500 metres
Semi-finalist
Edward Dahl
None held
Unknown 2nd, semifinal 8
Did not advance
Axel Andersson
Unknown 6th, semifinal 8
Evert Björn
Did not finish —, semifinal 3
Men's 110 metre hurdles
—
Oscar Lemming
Did not finish —, heat 6
Did not advance
Men's medley relay
Semi-finalist
Sven Laftman Knut Lindberg Knut Stenborg Evert Björn
None held
Unknown 2nd, semifinal 1
Did not advance
Men's 3 mile team race
Semi-finalist
John Svanberg
None held
14:57.0 6 points, team=21
Did not advance
Georg Peterson
15:14.4 7 points, team=21
Edward Dahl
15:21.0 8 points, team=21
No place
Axel Wiegandt
15:33.0 No score, team=21
Seth Landqvist
15:46.4 No score, team=21
Men's 5 miles
3rd
John Svanberg
None held
25:46.2 1st, semifinal 1
25:37.2
9th
Seth Landqvist
27:00.2 1st, semifinal 3
Unknown
Heats
Georg Peterson
Unknown 3rd, semifinal 4
Did not advance
—
Edward Dahl
Did not finish —, semifinal 2
Men's marathon
8th
John Svanberg
None held
3:07:50.8
21st
Gustaf Törnros
3:30:20.8
—
Seth Landqvist
Did not finish
Johan Lindqvist
Did not finish
J. T. Bergvall
Did not start
J. G. A. Lundberg
Did not start
Georg Peterson
Did not start
Men's 3500 metre walk
7th
Einar Rothman
None held
17:40.2 3rd, semifinal 2
17:50.0
Men's 10 mile walk
—
Einar Rothman
None held
Did not finish —, semifinal 2
Did not advance
Jumping
Event
Place
Athlete
Height/Distance
Men's high jump
8th
Axel Hedenlund
1.80 metres
16th
Folke Hellstedt
1.67 metres
Men's long jump
10th
Gunnar Rönström
6.66 metres
20th
Carl Silfverstrand
6.34 metres
21-32
Arvid Ringstrand
Unknown
Hugo Wieslander
Unknown
Men's triple jump
7th
Karl Fryksdal
13.65 metres
Men's pole vault
3rd
Bruno Söderström
3.58 metres
10th
Carl Silfverstrand
3.20 metres
Men's standing high jump
14th
Allan Bengtsson
1.40 metres
Karl Fryksdahl
1.40 metres
Men's standing long jump
5th
Ragnar Ekberg
3.19 metres
Throwing
Event
Place
Athlete
Distance
Men's shot put
9-25
Hugo Wieslander
Unknown
Men's discus throw
12-42
Folke Fleetwood
Unknown
Eric Lemming
Unknown
Theodor Neijström
Unknown
Otto Nilsson
Unknown
Hugo Wieslander
Unknown
Men's hammer throw
8th
Eric Lemming
43.06 metres
10-19
Robert Olsson
Unknown
Men's javelin throw
1st
Eric Lemming
51.92 metres
3rd
Otto Nilsson
47.11 metres
8-16
Hugo Wieslander
Unknown
Men's Greek discus
11-23
Folke Fleetwood
Unknown
Eric Lemming
Unknown
Men's freestyle javelin
1st
Eric Lemming
54.44 metres
5th
Hugo Wieslander
47.56 metres
10-33
Knut Lindberg
Unknown
Otto Nilsson
Unknown
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Event
Place
Cyclist
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Men's 660 yards
Heats
Andrew Hansen
Unknown 3rd, heat 6
Did not advance
Men's 20 kilometres
5-9
Andrew Hansen
None held
34:53.6 1st, semifinal 5
Unknown
Semi-finalist
Gustaf Westerberg
33:41.4 3rd, semifinal 6
Did not advance
Men's 100 kilometres
9-17
Andrew Hansen
None held
2:50:21.4 1st, semifinal 1
Did not finish
Gustaf Westerberg
Unknown 3rd, semifinal 2
Did not finish
Men's sprint
Heats
Andrew Hansen
Unknown 2nd, heat 3
Did not advance
Diving
Main article: Diving at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sweden dominated the platform diving in 1908, taking the top four spots in the event. In addition to the men's competitions, Ebba Gisico participated in a women's diving exhibition along with Valborg Florström of Finland.
Event
Place
Diver
Preliminary groups
Semi-finals
Final
Men's 10 metre platform
1st
Hjalmar Johansson
78.40 points 1st, group 2
80.75 points 1st, semifinal 2
83.75 points
2nd
Karl Malmström
73.95 points 2nd, group 2
67.00 points 2nd, semifinal 1
78.73 points
3rd
Arvid Spangberg
79.20 points 1st, group 4
72.30 points 1st, semifinal 1
74.00 points
4th
Robert Andersson
73.55 points 1st, group 5
66.75 points 2nd, semifinal 2
68.30 points
8th
Hilmer Löfberg
68.90 points 1st, group 3
59.18 points 4th, semifinal 1
Did not advance
9th
Harald Arbin
76.80 points 2nd, group 4
52.81 points 5th, semifinal 1
11th
Erik Adlerz
74.10 points 3rd, group 1
Did not advance
15th
Gunnar Vingqvist
65.70 points 4th, group 4
17th
Sigfrid Larsson
64.80 points 3rd, group 3
20th
Axel Runström
57.60 points 4th, group 5
Men's 3 metre springboard
14th
Karl Malmström
70.30 points 4th, group 3
Did not advance
20th
Sigfrid Larsson
64.50 points 5th, group 4
Fencing
Main article: Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Event
Place
Fencer
First round
Second round
Semi-final
Final
Men's épée
Semi-finalist
Gustaf Lindblom
5-3 (2nd in I)
3-1 (1st in 5)
4-5 (6th in 2)
Did not advance
First round
Eric Carlberg
3-3 (4th in A)
Did not advance
Henry Peyron
3-3 (4th in F)
Birger Cnattingius
1-4 (4th in L)
Pontus von Rosen
3-4 (5th in A)
Georg Branting
0-4 (5th in K)
Gösta Olson
1-5 (6th in L)
Event
Place
Fencers
Play-in match
First round
Semi-finals
Final
Repechage
Silver medal match
Men's team épée
6th
Eric Carlberg Gustaf Lindblom Henry Peyron Pontus von Rosen
Bye
Lost to Belgium 11-6 Out 6th place
Did not advance
Not relegated
Figure skating
Main article: Figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics
The Swedish men swept the medals, while the only female Swedish skater took 4th.
Event
Place
Skater
Score
Men's individual
1st
Ulrich Salchow
377.3
2nd
Richard Johansson
365.2
3rd
Per Thorén
357.4
Women's individual
4th
Elna Montgomery
170.3
Football
Main article: Football at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Summary
Key:
W – Win D – Draw L – Loss
A.E.T – After extra time.
RP – Game replayed
Team
Event
First round
Semifinal
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Sweden men's
Men's tournament
Great BritainL 1–12
Did not advance
NetherlandsL 0–2
4
Players
Sune Almkvist, Nils Andersson, Karl Ansén, Oskar Bengtsson, Gustaf Bergström, Arvid Fagrell, Åke Fjästad, Karl Gustafsson, Valter Lidén, Hans Lindman (captain), Teodor Malm, Sven Ohlsson, Olle Olsson, Sven Olsson
Gymnastics
Main article: Gymnastics at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Event
Place
Gymnast
Score
Men's team
1st
Gösta Åsbrink, Carl Bertilsson, Andreas Cervin, Hjalmar Cederkrona, Rudolf Degermark, Carl Folcker, Sven Forssman, Erik Granfelt, Carl Hårleman, Nils Hellsten, Gunnar Höjer, Arvid Holmberg, Carl Holmberg, Osvald Holmberg, Hugo Jahnke, John Jarlén, Gustaf Johnsson, Rolf Johnsson, Nils Kantzow, Sven Landberg, Olle Lanner, Axel Jung, Osvald Moberg, Carl Martin Norberg, Erik Norberg, Thor Norberg, Axel Norling, Daniel Norling, Gösta Olsson, Leonard Peterson, Sven Rosén, Gustav Rosenqvist, Axel Sjöblom, Birger Sörvik, Haakon Sörvik, Karl Johan Svensson, Gustav Vinqvist, Nils Widforss
438
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Class
Place
Boat
Sailors
6 metre
5th
Freja
Karl-Einar Sjögren, Birger Gustafsson, Jonas Jonsson
8 metre
2nd
Vinga
Carl Hellström, Edmund Thormählen, Erik Wallerius, Eric Sandberg, Harald Wallin
5th
Saga
John Carlsson, Edvin Hagberg, Hjalmar Lönnroth, Karl Ljungberg, August Olsson
Shooting
Event
Place
Shooter
Score
Men's 1000 yard free rifle
34th
Ossian Jörgensen
77
43rd
Erik Ohlsson
54
44th
Fredrik Mossberg
48
46th
Ernst Rosell
27
Men's 300 metre free rifle
4th
Gustav-Adolf Sjöberg
874
5th
Janne Gustafsson
872
7th
Axel Jansson
843
12th
Per-Olof Arvidsson
823
15th
Gustaf Adolf Jonsson
812
23rd
Fredrik Mossberg
761
28th
Erik Ohlsson
751
50th
Ossian Jörgensen
420
Men's team free rifle
2nd
Gustaf Adolf Jonsson Per-Olof Arvidsson Axel Jansson Gustav-Adolf Sjöberg Claës Rundberg Janne Gustafsson
4711
Men's team military rifle
5th
Claës Rundberg Ossian Jörgensen Janne Gustafsson Per-Olof Arvidsson Axel Jansson Gustaf Adolf Jonsson
2213
Men's stationary target small-bore rifle
10th
Vilhelm Carlberg
370
18th
Johan Hübner von Holst
349
Men's moving target small-bore rifle
8th
Otto von Rosen
18
15th
Eric Carlberg
9
Vilhelm Carlberg
9
Johan Hübner von Holst
9
—
Frans-Albert Schartau
Did not finish
Men's disappearing target small-bore rifle
7th
Vilhelm Carlberg
45
9th
Eric Carlberg
42
Otto von Rosen
42
Frans-Albert Schartau
42
15th
Johan Hübner von Holst
39
Men's team small-bore rifle
2nd
Vilhelm Carlberg Frans-Albert Schartau Johan Hübner von Holst Eric Carlberg
737
Men's single-shot running deer
1st
Oscar Swahn
25
11th
Ernst Rosell
17
Men's double-shot running deer
3rd
Oscar Swahn
38
8th
Ernst Rosell
27
Men's team single-shot running deer
1st
Alfred Swahn G. Arvid Knöppel Oscar Swahn Ernst Rosell
86
Men's individual pistol
18th
Frans-Albert Schartau
436
20th
Vilhelm Carlberg
432
27th
Johan Hübner von Holst
408
33rd
Eric Carlberg
396
35th
Otto von Rosen
386
Men's team pistol
5th
Vilhelm Carlberg Eric Carlberg Johan Hübner von Holst Frans-Albert Schartau
1732
Men's individual trap shooting
25th
Alfred Swahn
22
27th
Edward Benedicks
19
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Event
Place
Swimmer
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Men's 100 metre freestyle
3rd
Harald Julin
1:12.0 1st, heat 4
1:10.2 2nd, semifinal 1
1:08.0
Heats
Robert Andersson
Unknown 3-5, heat 3
Did not advance
Men's 400 metre freestyle
Heats
Robert Andersson
6:28.0 2nd, heat 2
Did not advance
Vilhelm Andersson
Unknown 4th, heat 1
Men's 1500 metre freestyle
Heats
Gunnar Wennerström
27:15.4 2nd, heat 1
Did not advance
Gustaf Wretman
28:40.8 3rd, heat 6
Vilhelm Andersson
27:34.4 4th, heat 2
Men's 100 metre backstroke
Heats
Gustaf Wretman
Unknown 3rd, heat 6
Did not advance
Men's 200 metre breaststroke
3rd
Pontus Hanson
3:15.0 2nd, heat 4
3:13.0 2nd, semifinal 2
3:14.6
Semi-finalist
Wilhelm Persson
3:17.6 1st, heat 2
Unknown 3rd, semifinal 2
Did not advance
Heats
Hjalmar Johansson
3:21.2 2nd, heat 3
Did not advance
Per Fjästad
3:31.4 2nd, heat 5
Torsten Kumfeldt
3:24.6 2nd, heat 6
Max Gumpel
Unknown 3rd, heat 1
Adolf Andersson
Unknown 3rd, heat 7
Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay
Semi-finalist
Gustaf Wretman Gunnar Wennerström Harald Julin Adolf Andersson
None held
Unknown 3rd, semifinal 2
Did not advance
Tennis
Main article: Tennis at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sweden was Great Britain's only competitor in the indoor tennis events, taking two bronze medals.
Event
Place
Name
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Men's indoor singles
5th
Wollmar Boström
Bye
Lost to Eaves
Did not advance
Gunnar Setterwall
Defeated Escombe
Lost to Caridia
Women's indoor singles
3rd
Märtha Adlerstråhle
None held
Bye
Lost to Greene
Did not advance
4th
Elsa Wallenberg
Defeated Coles
Lost to Eastlake-Smith
Men's indoor doubles
3rd
Wollmar Boström Gunnar Setterwall
None held
Bye
Lost to Caridia/Simond
Did not advance
Opponent nation
Wins
Losses
Percent
Great Britain
3
5
.375
Total international
3
5
.375
Sweden
1
1
.500
Total
4
6
.400
Tug of war
Main article: Tug of war at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sweden's tug of war team lost in the semifinals (their first match). They did not appear for the bronze medal match, thereby taking 4th place.
Event
Place
Athletes
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Tug of war
4th
Albrekt Almqwist, Frans Fast, Carl-Emil Johansson, Emil Johansson, Knut Johansson, Karl Krook, Karl-Gustaf Nilsson, Anders Wollgarth
Bye
Lost to Great Britain Liverpool Police
Did not advance
Water polo
Main article: Water polo at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Summary
Team
Event
First round
Semifinal
Final
Rank
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Sweden men
Men's tournament
Bye
BelgiumL 4–8
Did not advance
Event
Place
Water poloists
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Men's water polo
3rd
Robert Andersson, Erik Bergvall, Pontus Hanson, Harald Julin, Torsten Kumfeldt, Axel Runström, Gunnar Wennerström
Bye
Lost to Belgium 8-4
Did not advance
Wrestling
Main article: Wrestling at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Event
Place
Wrestler
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Greco-Roman lightweight
4th
Gunnar Persson
Bye
Defeated Blount
Defeated Maróthy
Lost to Porro
Lost to Lindén
5th
Gustaf Malmström
Defeated McKenzie
Defeated Bruseker
Lost to Porro
Did not advance
9th
Carl Erik Lund
Bye
Lost to Orlov
Did not advance
Greco-Roman middleweight
1st
Frithiof Mårtensson
Defeated Bechynê
Defeated Bradshaw
Defeated Larsson
Defeated Andersen
Defeated Andersson
2nd
Mauritz Andersson
Defeated S. Bacon
Defeated Beck
Defeated Eriksen
Defeated Jósepsson
Lost to Mårtensson
5th
Axel Frank
Bye
Defeated Demin
Lost to Jósepsson
Did not advance
17th
Harry Challstorp
Lost to Beck
Did not advance
Greco-Roman light heavyweight
5th
Fritz Larsson
Defeated Christiansen
Defeated Wijbrands
Lost to Weckman
Did not advance
Event
Place
Wrestler
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Freestyle middleweight
4th
Carl Andersson
Bye
Defeated Craige
Lost to Relwyskow
Lost to Beck
9th
Harry Challstorp
Lost to Relwyskow
Did not advance
Opponent nation
Wins
Losses
Percent
Bohemia
1
0
1.000
Denmark
5
1
.833
Finland
0
2
.000
Great Britain
5
4
.556
Hungary
1
0
1.000
Italy
0
2
.000
Netherlands
2
0
1.000
Russia
1
1
.500
United States
1
0
1.000
Total international
16
10
.615
Sweden
1
1
.500
Total
17
11
.607
Sources
Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.
De Wael, Herman (2001). "Top London 1908 Olympians". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 5 June 2006.
Reyes, Macario (2001). "IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
vteSweden at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Sweden hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics.
vteNations at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom
Argentina
Australasia
Austria
Belgium
Bohemia
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United States
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Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1980_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Intercalated Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nations_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nations_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nations_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1908 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.\nDe Wael, Herman (2001). \"Top London 1908 Olympians\". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 5 June 2006.\nReyes, Macario (2001). \"IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 May 2006.vteSweden at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Sweden hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics.vteNations at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom\nArgentina\nAustralasia\nAustria\nBelgium\nBohemia\nCanada\nDenmark\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreat Britain\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nItaly\nNetherlands\nNorway\nRussia\nSouth Africa\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.","urls":[]},{"reference":"De Wael, Herman (2001). \"Top London 1908 Olympians\". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 5 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/toplon08.html","url_text":"\"Top London 1908 Olympians\""}]},{"reference":"Reyes, Macario (2001). \"IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1908f.html","url_text":"\"IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.sok.se/","external_links_name":"www.sok.se"},{"Link":"http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/toplon08.html","external_links_name":"\"Top London 1908 Olympians\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1908f.html","external_links_name":"\"IV. Olympiad London 1908 Football Tournament\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liestal_railway_station
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Liestal railway station
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["1 Services","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°29′4.060″N 7°43′52.921″E / 47.48446111°N 7.73136694°E / 47.48446111; 7.73136694Railway station in Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
LiestalLiestal station, with main line to left and Waldenburg line to rightGeneral informationLocationLiestalSwitzerlandCoordinates47°29′4.060″N 7°43′52.921″E / 47.48446111°N 7.73136694°E / 47.48446111; 7.73136694Elevation327 m (1,073 ft)Owned bySwiss Federal RailwaysLine(s)
Hauenstein line
Waldenburg line
Distance14.4 km (8.9 mi) from Basel SBBPlatforms2Train operators
Swiss Federal Railways
Baselland Transport
ConnectionsPostAuto Schweiz and Autobus AG Liestal bus linesConstructionArchitectBurkard Meyer BSA (2019–2025), Alfred RamseyerOther informationFare zone20 (tnw)Passengers201820,500 per weekday
Services
Preceding station
Swiss Federal Railways
Following station
Basel SBBtowards Hamburg-Altona
EuroCity
Oltentowards Interlaken Ost
Basel SBBTerminus
IC 61
IR 27
Sissachtowards Lucerne
IR 37
Sissachtowards Zürich Hauptbahnhof
Preceding station
DB Fernverkehr
Following station
Basel SBBtowards Berlin Ostbahnhof
ICE 12
Oltentowards Interlaken Ost
Basel SBBtowards Hamburg-Altona
ICE 20
OltenOne-way operation
Preceding station
Basel trinational S-Bahn
Following station
Frenkendorf-Füllinsdorftowards Porrentruy
S3
Lausentowards Olten
Preceding station
Baselland Transport
Following station
Terminus
Line 19
Altmarkttowards Waldenburg
Location
Liestal railway station (German: Bahnhof Liestal) is a railway station in Switzerland, in the municipality of Liestal and canton of Basel-Landschaft. The station is on the Swiss Federal Railway's Hauenstein main line, which connects Basel and Olten. It is served by five trains per hour to Basel, four trains per hour to Olten, and hourly trains to Interlaken, Lucerne, and Zürich. Several trains a day operate through to Frankfurt and Berlin. The station is also the junction for, and terminus of, the Waldenburg narrow gauge railway, which operates a train service every ten or twenty minutes to Waldenburg. The Waldenburg line closed in April 2021 until December 2022 for conversion to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge. Since 2019, the Swiss Federal Railways has been undertaking renovation and expansion works at Liestal which were commissioned by the federal government and which are due to be completed in 2025.
Services
As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Liestal:
EuroCity / InterCity / Intercity Express (ICE): hourly service between Basel SBB and Interlaken Ost, with a single EuroCity continuing from Basel to Hamburg-Altona and two ICEs continuing to Berlin Ostbahnhof.
InterRegio:
hourly service between Basel SBB and Lucerne.
hourly service between Basel SBB and Zürich Hauptbahnhof.
Basel trinational S-Bahn: S3: half-hourly service between Laufen and Olten, with every other train continuing from Laufen to Porrentruy.
Baselland Transport Waldenburg line 19: service every 10 or 20 minutes to Waldenburg.
References
^ a b c Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2012. p. 2. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.
^ "Liniennetz: Pratteln/Liestal /Oberes Baselbiet" (PDF). Tarifverbund Nordwestschweiz. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Zonen- und Linienplan" (PDF) (in German). Tarifverbund Nordwestschweiz. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Passagierfrequenz". Swiss Federal Railways. September 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ map.geo.admin.ch (Map). Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
^ "Abfahrt Bahnhof Liestal" (PDF). Swiss Federal Railways. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-23. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
^ "Das Projekt". Baselland Transport (in German). Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Ausbau Bahnknoten Liestal | SBB". company.sbb.ch (in German). Retrieved 2021-01-31.
^ "Basel - Olten" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Waldenburg - Liestal (Linie 19)" (PDF). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
External links
Media related to Liestal railway station at Wikimedia Commons
Liestal railway station – SBB
This article about a railway station in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"municipality of Liestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liestal"},{"link_name":"canton of Basel-Landschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel-Landschaft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swmap-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saw-1"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hauenstein main line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauenstein_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Olten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olten"},{"link_name":"Interlaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaken"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Waldenburg narrow gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenburg_railway"},{"link_name":"Waldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenburg,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saw-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_federal_government"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Railway station in Basel-Landschaft, SwitzerlandLiestal railway station (German: Bahnhof Liestal) is a railway station in Switzerland, in the municipality of Liestal and canton of Basel-Landschaft.[5][1] The station is on the Swiss Federal Railway's Hauenstein main line, which connects Basel and Olten. It is served by five trains per hour to Basel, four trains per hour to Olten, and hourly trains to Interlaken, Lucerne, and Zürich. Several trains a day operate through to Frankfurt and Berlin. The station is also the junction for, and terminus of, the Waldenburg narrow gauge railway, which operates a train service every ten or twenty minutes to Waldenburg.[1][6] The Waldenburg line closed in April 2021 until December 2022 for conversion to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge.[7] Since 2019, the Swiss Federal Railways has been undertaking renovation and expansion works at Liestal which were commissioned by the federal government and which are due to be completed in 2025. [8]","title":"Liestal railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liestal_railway_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fpf500-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fpf502-10"},{"link_name":"EuroCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCity"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCity#Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Intercity Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_Express"},{"link_name":"Basel SBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_SBB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Interlaken Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaken_Ost_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hamburg-Altona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Altona_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Berlin Ostbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Ostbahnhof"},{"link_name":"InterRegio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterRegio"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Basel trinational S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_trinational_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_trinational_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Laufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Olten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Porrentruy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porrentruy_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Baselland Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselland_Transport"},{"link_name":"Waldenburg line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenburg_railway"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenburg_railway"}],"text":"As of the December 2020 timetable change,[update] the following services stop at Liestal:[9][10]EuroCity / InterCity / Intercity Express (ICE): hourly service between Basel SBB and Interlaken Ost, with a single EuroCity continuing from Basel to Hamburg-Altona and two ICEs continuing to Berlin Ostbahnhof.\nInterRegio:\nhourly service between Basel SBB and Lucerne.\nhourly service between Basel SBB and Zürich Hauptbahnhof.\nBasel trinational S-Bahn: S3: half-hourly service between Laufen and Olten, with every other train continuing from Laufen to Porrentruy.\nBaselland Transport Waldenburg line 19: service every 10 or 20 minutes to Waldenburg.","title":"Services"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.O._Plauen
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E. O. Plauen
|
["1 Life and work","2 Vater und Sohn","3 Memorials","4 Sources","5 External links"]
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German painter
E. O. PlauenBorn(1903-03-18)18 March 1903Died5 April 1944(1944-04-05) (aged 41)Berlin, Nazi GermanyNationalityGerman
E. O. Plauen (often stylized as e.o.plauen) was the pseudonym of Erich Ohser (18 March 1903 – 5 April 1944) (some sources give his birth year as 1909), a German cartoonist best known for his strip Vater und Sohn ("Father and Son").
Life and work
Ohser was born in Untergettengrün, nowadays an outlying centre of Adorf, in the Vogtland. When he was four years old, his family moved to Plauen (hence his choice of pseudonym). He completed his studies at the Akademie für Graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe in Leipzig in 1928, and began work at the Sächsische Sozialdemokratische Presse. In his work for such democratic magazines as Vorwärts, satirical representations of Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler earned him the enmity of the Nazis, and he was prohibited from practicing his trade (Berufsverbot). He continued to work under pseudonyms, and from 1940, began again to produce cartoons on political themes. He was arrested on charges of expressing anti-Nazi opinions (reichsfeindliche Äußerungen).
On 5 April 1944, the day before his trial, Ohser committed suicide in his cell.
E.O.Plauen also did the black and white illustrations in the satirical poetry books 'Herz auf Taille' and 'Ein Mann gibt Auskunft' by Erich Kaestner (Atrium Verlag Zuerich).
Vater und Sohn
Statue of "Vater und Sohn" in Plauen
Vater und Sohn was a generally wordless feature consisting typically of five or six panels, in which a stout, bald man with a moustache and his young son Eric get into and out of various predicaments regarding day-to-day events. The strip featured slapstick humour most of all (spankings are frequent) but emphasizes the tender and conspiratorial relationship between the two. The strip appeared from 1934 to 1937 in the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung, for a total of 157 episodes.
In the early 1990s, the feature was also transformed into a children's book series by Iranian publisher, 'Vazheh', which included explanations of the cartoons (in Persian) along with the strip on the opposite page.
Memorials
In 1968 his ashes were interred in the central cemetery of his hometown, which took over responsibility for the grave's maintenance in 1988. The Städtische Galerie in Karlsruhe mounted an exhibition of his works in 2001. He is also remembered with the E.O. Plauen prize for an outstanding living caricaturist. Moreover, his "Vater und Sohn" characters have a statue in his hometown, where the figures also appear on storefronts and tram schedules
Vater und Sohn also inspired the Belgian comic strip Piet Fluwijn en Bolleke (1947-1974) by Marc Sleen, which is also a gag-a-day comic about a father and his son.
On 18 March 2018, Google celebrated Erich Ohser’s 115th birthday with a doodle.
Sources
^ KOUSEMAKER, Kees en Evelien, "Wordt Vervolgd- Stripleksikon der Lage Landen", Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, Utrecht, Antwerpen, 1979, blz. 192.
^ Desk, OV Digital (2023-03-17). "18 March: Remembering Erich Ohser on Birthday". Observer Voice. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erich Ohser.
"E. O. Plauen". lambiek.net. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
"Cartoon Vater und Sohn und die Lebensgeschichte von E.O.Plauen - Biografie". www.kunstsam.de. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
"Erich Ohser - e.o.plauen ..:: 1903 - 1944 ::.". e.o.plauen.de. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
Authority control databases International
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BnF data
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Plauen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adorf_(Vogtland)"},{"link_name":"Vogtland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogtland"},{"link_name":"Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plauen"},{"link_name":"Akademie für Graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akademie_f%C3%BCr_Graphische_K%C3%BCnste_und_Buchgewerbe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Sächsische Sozialdemokratische Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A4chsische_Sozialdemokratische_Presse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vorwärts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorw%C3%A4rts"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"}],"text":"Ohser was born in Untergettengrün, nowadays an outlying centre of Adorf, in the Vogtland. When he was four years old, his family moved to Plauen (hence his choice of pseudonym). He completed his studies at the Akademie für Graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe in Leipzig in 1928, and began work at the Sächsische Sozialdemokratische Presse. In his work for such democratic magazines as Vorwärts, satirical representations of Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler earned him the enmity of the Nazis, and he was prohibited from practicing his trade (Berufsverbot). He continued to work under pseudonyms, and from 1940, began again to produce cartoons on political themes. He was arrested on charges of expressing anti-Nazi opinions (reichsfeindliche Äußerungen).On 5 April 1944, the day before his trial, Ohser committed suicide in his cell.E.O.Plauen also did the black and white illustrations in the satirical poetry books 'Herz auf Taille' and 'Ein Mann gibt Auskunft' by Erich Kaestner (Atrium Verlag Zuerich).","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plauen5083.JPG"},{"link_name":"Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plauen"},{"link_name":"Vater und Sohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_and_Son_(comics)"},{"link_name":"slapstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick"},{"link_name":"spankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanking"},{"link_name":"Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung"}],"text":"Statue of \"Vater und Sohn\" in PlauenVater und Sohn was a generally wordless feature consisting typically of five or six panels, in which a stout, bald man with a moustache and his young son Eric get into and out of various predicaments regarding day-to-day events. The strip featured slapstick humour most of all (spankings are frequent) but emphasizes the tender and conspiratorial relationship between the two. The strip appeared from 1934 to 1937 in the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung, for a total of 157 episodes.In the early 1990s, the feature was also transformed into a children's book series by Iranian publisher, 'Vazheh', which included explanations of the cartoons (in Persian) along with the strip on the opposite page.","title":"Vater und Sohn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Städtische Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A4dtische_Galerie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080616093150/http://www1.karlsruhe.de/Kultur/Galerie/Beendet/e-o-plauen.htm"},{"link_name":"E.O. Plauen prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.O._Plauen_prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090506221556/http://www.e.o.plauen.de/site/eopreistraeger.html"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110524173034/http://www.plauen.de/pitcms/.plauen/hauptordner3/e1_o10/e2_o3/bilder1/foto_vater_sohn.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elektrische-plauen.de/seite053.html"},{"link_name":"Piet Fluwijn en Bolleke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Fluwijn_en_Bolleke"},{"link_name":"Marc Sleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Sleen"},{"link_name":"gag-a-day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag-a-day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1968 his ashes were interred in the central cemetery of his hometown, which took over responsibility for the grave's maintenance in 1988. The Städtische Galerie in Karlsruhe mounted an exhibition of his works in 2001.[1] He is also remembered with the E.O. Plauen prize for an outstanding living caricaturist.[2] Moreover, his \"Vater und Sohn\" characters have a statue in his hometown,[3] where the figures also appear on storefronts and tram schedules\n[4]Vater und Sohn also inspired the Belgian comic strip Piet Fluwijn en Bolleke (1947-1974) by Marc Sleen, which is also a gag-a-day comic about a father and his son.[1]On 18 March 2018, Google celebrated Erich Ohser’s 115th birthday with a doodle.[2]","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"18 March: Remembering Erich Ohser on Birthday\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observervoice.com/18-march-remembering-erich-ohser-on-birthday-17065/"}],"text":"^ KOUSEMAKER, Kees en Evelien, \"Wordt Vervolgd- Stripleksikon der Lage Landen\", Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, Utrecht, Antwerpen, 1979, blz. 192.\n\n^ Desk, OV Digital (2023-03-17). \"18 March: Remembering Erich Ohser on Birthday\". Observer Voice. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","title":"Sources"}]
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